text:
Orthohantavirus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hantavirus
The cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, is a hantavirus carrier that becomes a threat when it enters human habitation in rural and suburban areas.
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Infectious disease
ICD-10
B33.4
ICD-9-CM
079.81
DiseasesDB
5629
MedlinePlus
001382
MeSH
D018778
[edit on Wikidata]
Orthohantaviruses (or hantaviruses) are single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the Hantaviridae family of the order Bunyavirales, which can kill humans.
They normally infect rodents and do not cause disease in these hosts. Humans may become infected with hantaviruses through contact with rodent urine, saliva, or feces. Some strains of hantaviruses cause potentially fatal diseases in humans, such as hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)—also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)—[1] while others have not been associated with known human disease.[2] HPS (HCPS) is a "rare respiratory illness associated with the inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta (urine and feces) contaminated by hantavirus particles."[1]
Human infections of hantaviruses have almost entirely been linked to human contact with rodent excrement, but recent human-to-human transmission has been reported with the Andes virus in South America.[2]
Hantavirus is named for the Hantan River area in South Korea where an early outbreak was observed. The virus was isolated in the late 1970s by Karl M. Johnson and Ho-Wang Lee.[3][4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
1.2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
2 Virology
2.1 Classification
2.2 Genome
2.3 Virions
2.4 Life cycle
2.5 Pathogenesis
2.6 Transmission
2.7 Evolution
3 Prevention
3.1 Vaccine
4 Treatment
5 Epidemiology
5.1 Asia
5.2 South America
5.3 North America
5.3.1 Canada
5.4 Europe
5.5 Africa
6 History
7 Research
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome[edit]
Main article: Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses from the family Bunyaviridae. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and nephropathis epidemica. The species that cause HFRS include Hantaan River, Dobrava-Belgrade, Saaremaa, Seoul, and Puumala. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
In hantavirus-induced hemorrhagic fever incubation time is two to four weeks in humans before symptoms of infection present. Severity of symptoms depends on the viral load.[7]
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome[edit]
Main article: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is found in North, Central and South America.[8] It is an often fatal pulmonary disease. In the United States, the causative agent is the Sin Nombre virus carried by deer mice. Prodromal symptoms include flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, muscle pain, headache, and lethargy. It is characterized by a sudden onset of shortness of breath with rapidly evolving pulmonary edema that is often fatal despite mechanical ventilation and intervention with potent diuretics. It has a fatality rate of 36 percent.[9]
deer mouse
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was first recognized during the 1993 outbreak in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. It was identified by Dr. Bruce Tempest. It was originally called "Four Corners disease," but the name was changed to "Sin Nombre virus" after complaints by Native Americans that the name "Four Corners" stigmatized the region.[10] It has since been identified throughout the United States. Rodent control in and around the home remains the primary prevention strategy.
Virology[edit]
Orthohantavirus
Transmission electron micrograph of the Sin Nombre Hantavirus
Virus classification
Group: Group V ((−)ssRNA)
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Hantaviridae
Genus: Orhtohantavirus
Type species
Hantaan virus
Species
Andes virus
Amur virus
Asama virus
Azagny virus
Bayou virus
Black Creek Canal virus
Bloodland Lake virus
Blue River virus
Cano Delgadito virus
Calabazo virus
Carrizal virus
Catacamas virus
Choclo virus
Dobrava-Belgrade virus
El Moro Canyon virus
Gou virus
Hantaan River virus
Huitzilac virus
Imjin virus
Isla Vista virus
Khabarovsk virus
Laguna Negra virus
Limestone Canyon virus
Magboi virus
Maripa virus
Monongahela virus
Montano virus
Mouyassue virus
Muleshoe virus
Muju virus
New York virus
Nova virus
Oran virus
Oxbow virus
Playa de Oro virus
Prospect Hill virus
Puumala virus
Rockport virus
Rio Mamore virus
Rio Segundo virus
Sangassou virus
Saaremaa virus
Seoul virus
Serang virus
Sin Nombre virus
Soochong virus
Tanganya virus
Thailand virus
Thottapalayam virus
Topografov virus
Tula virus
Xuan Son virus
Classification[edit]
Hantaviruses are Bunyaviruses. The Bunyaviridae family is divided into five genera: Orthobunyavirus, Nairovirus, Phlebovirus, Tospovirus, and Hantavirus. Like all members of this family, hantaviruses have genomes comprising three negative-sense, single-stranded RNA segments, and so are classified as negative sense RNA viruses. Members of other Bunyaviridae family genera are generally arthropod-borne viruses,[11] but hantaviruses are thought to be transmitted to humans mainly through inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta or rodent bites.
Genome[edit]
Like other members of the bunyavirus family, hantaviruses are enveloped viruses with a genome that consists of three single-stranded, negative sense RNA segments designated S (small), M (medium), and L (large). The S RNA encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The M RNA encodes a polyprotein that is cotranslationally cleaved to yield the envelope glycoproteins Gn (formerly G1) and Gc (formerly G2).[11][12]
The L RNA encodes the L protein, which functions as the viral transcriptase/replicase. Within virions, the genomic RNAs of hantaviruses are thought to complex with the N protein to form helical nucleocapsids, the RNA component of which circularizes due to sequence complementarity between the 5' and 3' terminal sequences of genomic segments.
As with other Bunyaviridae, each of the three segments has a consensus 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence (AUCAUCAUC), which is complementary to the 5' terminal sequence and is distinct from those of the other four genera in the family.[13] These sequences appear to form panhandle structures which seem likely to play a role in replication and encapsidation facilitated by binding with the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein.[14] The large segment is 6530-6550 nucleotides (nt) in length, the medium is 3613-3707 nt in length and the small is 1696-2083 nt in length.
No nonstructural proteins are known unlike the other genera in this family. At the 5' and 3' of each segment are short noncoding sequences: the noncoding segment in all sequences at the 5' end is 37-51 nt. The 3' noncoding regions differ: L segment 38-43 nt; M segment 168-229 nt; and S segment 370-730 nt. The 3' end of the S segment is conserved between the genera suggesting a functional role.
Virions[edit]
Hantavirus virions are about 120-160 nanometers (nm) in diameter. The lipid bilayer of the viral envelope is about five nm thick and is embedded with viral surface proteins to which sugar residues are attached. These glycoproteins, known as Gn and Gc, are encoded by the M segment of the viral genome. They tend to associate (heterodimerize) with each other and have both an interior tail and an exterior domain that extends to about six nm beyond the envelope surface.
Inside the envelope are the nucleocapsids. These are composed of many copies of the nucleocapsid protein N, which interact with the three segments of the viral genome to form helical structures. The virally encoded RNA polymerase is also found in the interior. By mass, the virion is greater than 50% protein, 20-30% lipid and 2-7% carbohydrate. The density of the virions is 1.18 gram per cubic centimeter. These features are common to all members of the Bunyaviridae.
Life cycle[edit]
Entry into host cells is thought to occur by attachment of virions to cellular receptors and subsequent endocytosis. Nucleocapsids are introduced into the cytoplasm by pH-dependent fusion of the virion with the endosomal membrane. Subsequent to release of the nucleocapsids into cytoplasm, the complexes are targeted to the ER-Golgi Intermediate compartments (ERGIC) through microtubular associated movement resulting in the formation of viral factories at ERGIC.
These factories then facilitate transcription and subsequent translation of the viral proteins. Transcription of viral genes must be initiated by association of the L protein with the three nucleocapsid species. In addition to transcriptase and replicase functions, the viral L protein is also thought to have an endonuclease activity that cleaves cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for the production of capped primers used to initiate transcription of viral mRNAs. As a result of this "cap snatching," the mRNAs of hantaviruses are capped and contain nontemplated 5' terminal extensions.
The G1 (aka Gn) and G2 (Gc) glycoproteins form hetero-oligomers and are then transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, where glycosylation is completed. The L protein produces nascent genomes by replication via a positive-sense RNA intermediate. Hantavirus virions are believed to assemble by association of nucleocapsids with glycoproteins embedded in the membranes of the Golgi, followed by budding into the Golgi cisternae. Nascent virions are then transported in secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane and released by exocytosis.
Pathogenesis[edit]
The pathogenesis of hantavirus infections is unclear as there is a lack of animal models to describe it (rats and mice do not seem to acquire severe disease). While the primary site of viral replication in the body is not known, in HFRS the main effect is in the blood vessels while in HPS most symptoms are associated with the lungs. In HFRS, there are increased vascular permeability and decreased blood pressure due to endothelial dysfunction and the most dramatic damage is seen in the kidneys, whereas in HPS, the lungs, spleen, and gall bladder are most affected. Early symptoms of HPS tend to present similarly to the flu (muscle aches, fever and fatigue) and usually show up around 2 to 3 weeks after exposure. Later stages of the disease (about 4 to 10 days after symptoms start) include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and coughing.[15]
Transmission[edit]
The species that cause hantavirus hemorrhagic fever have not been shown to transfer from person to person. Transmission by aerosolized rodent excreta still remains the only known way the virus is transmitted to humans. Similar negative-stranded RNA viruses, such as Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers, can be transmitted by contact with infected blood and body fluids, and are known to spread to patient-care workers in African hospitals. But those viruses do not transfer readily in the modern hospital setting with universal precautions. Fomite transfer has not been shown in the hantaviruses in either the hemorrhagic or pulmonary forms.[16][17]
Evolution[edit]
Findings of significant congruence between phylogenies of hantaviruses and phylogenies of their rodent reservoirs have led to the theory that rodents, although infected by the virus are not harmed by it because of long-standing hantavirus-rodent host coevolution.[11][18] However, recent findings have led to scientific debate and new hypotheses regarding hantavirus evolution.[12][19]
Various hantaviruses have been found to infect multiple rodent species, and cases of cross-species transmission (host switching) have been recorded.[20][21][22] Additionally, rates of substitution based on nucleotide sequence data reveal that hantavirus clades and rodent subfamilies may not have diverged at the same time.[19][23] Furthermore, hantaviruses have been found in multiple species of shrews and moles.[19][24][25][26]
Taking into account the inconsistencies in the theory of coevolution, Ramsden et al. (2009) have proposed that the patterns seen in hantaviruses in relation to their reservoirs could be attributed to preferential host switching directed by geographical proximity and adaptation to specific host types.[19] Ulrich et al. (2010) have proposed that the observed geographical clustering of hantavirus sequences may have been caused by an isolation-by-distance mechanism.[22] Upon comparison of the hantaviruses found in hosts of orders Rodentia and Soricomorpha, Yanagihara et al. (2011) have proposed that the evolutionary history of the hantavirus consists of a complex mix of both host switching and codivergence and suggest that ancestral shrews or moles rather than rodents may have been the early original hosts of ancient hantaviruses.[24]
A Bayesian analysis suggests a common origin for these viruses ~2000 years ago.[27] The association with particular rodent families appears to have been more recent. The viruses carried by the Arvicolinae and Murinae subfamilies originated in Asia 500–700 years ago. These subsequently spread to Africa, Europe, North America and Siberia possibly carried by their hosts. The species infecting the Neotominae subfamily evolved 500–600 years ago in Central America. These species then spread toward North America. The species infecting Sigmodontinae evolved in Brazil 400 years ago. Their ancestors may have been a Neotominae associated virus from northern South America.
Prevention[edit]
According to the CDC, the best prevention against contracting Hantavirus is to eliminate or minimize contact with rodents in the home, workplace, or campsite.[28] As the virus can be transmitted by rodent saliva, excretia, and bites, control of rats and mice in areas frequented by humans is key for disease prevention. General prevention can be accomplished by disposing of rodent nests, sealing any cracks and holes in homes where mice or rats could get in, setting up traps, or laying down poisons or using natural predators such as cats in the home.[15]
The duration that hantaviruses remain infectious in the environment varies based on factors such as the rodent's diet, temperature, humidity, and whether indoors or outdoors. The viruses have been demonstrated to remain active for two to three days at normal room temperature, while the ultraviolet rays in direct sunlight kills them within a few hours. However, rodent droppings or urine of indeterminate age should always be treated as infectious.[29][30][31]
Vaccine[edit]
Main article: Hantavirus vaccine
As of 2016 there is no commercially available vaccine that is effective for hantavirus.[32] A vaccine known as Hantavax has been under study since 1990. As of 2016, the development is in clinical phase 3 trial stage.[33] This inactivated vaccine is thought not to be effective against European hantaviruses like the Puumala (PUUV) virus.[34] There is no FDA approved vaccine available and a killed-virus vaccine is not being pursued because of the dangers associated with mass production under high containment as well as the unresolved questions about the efficiency of the vaccine. However, a number of labs have been working towards a vaccine that would deliver viral antigens by either DNA vectors or as recombinant proteins.[35] While these recombinant vaccines are being developed they are not currently available nor will they be in the near future.[36]
Treatment[edit]
There is no known antiviral treatment, but natural recovery from the virus is possible with supportive treatment. Patients with suspected hantavirus are usually admitted to the hospital and given oxygen and mechanical ventilation support to help them breathe during the acute pulmonary stage.[15] However, if the infected individual is recognized early and receive medical care in an intensive care unit they are more likely to be better off because the infected individual is also given oxygen therapy to help them through severe respiratory distress.[37] Another treatment option is immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, treatment of diseases with substances that stimulate the immune response, for this virus has shown that administration of human neutralizing antibodies during acute phases of Hantavirus might prove effective. A strong neutralizing antibody could effectively reduce the presence of the virus as well as promote recovery. However, no published reports of controlled clinical trials except for studies done on mice, hamsters, and rats have been shown. Although, those trials have been successful in protecting those animals from the virus.[35]
Leptospirosis causes similar symptoms and is also carried by rodent vectors, but it is due to a bacterial spirochete rather than a virus. Presumptive treatment of leptospirosis with penicillin (and other) antibiotics is often started for severe symptoms when a diagnostic dilemma between the two diseases is encountered.
Epidemiology[edit]
Regions especially affected by hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome include China, the Korean Peninsula, Russia (Hantaan, Puumala and Seoul viruses), and northern and western Europe (Puumala and Dobrava virus). Regions with the highest incidences of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome include Patagonia Argentina, Chile, Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Panama.
Asia[edit]
In China, Hong Kong, the Korean Peninsula and Russia, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is caused by Hantaan, Puumala and Seoul viruses. Korean Hemorrhagic Fever was first documented during the Korean War when American troops became ill.[38]
South America[edit]
Agents of HPS found in South America include the Andes virus (also called Oran, Castelo de Sonhos (Portuguese for "Castle of Dreams"), Lechiguanas, Juquitiba, Araraquara, and Bermejo virus, among many other synonyms), which is the only hantavirus that has shown an interpersonal form of transmission, and the Laguna Negra virus, an extremely close relative of the previously-known Rio Mamore virus.
Rodents that have been shown to carry hantaviruses include Abrothrix longipilis and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus.[39]
North America[edit]
In the U.S., minor cases of HPS include Sin Nombre virus, New York virus, Bayou virus, and possibly Black Creek Canal virus.
As of January 2017, 728 cases of hantavirus had been reported in the U.S., across 36 states (not including cases with presumed exposure outside the U.S.). More than 96% of cases have occurred in states west of the Mississippi. The top 10 states by number of cases reported (which differs slightly from a count ordered by the state of original exposure) are New Mexico (109), Colorado (104), Arizona (78), California (61), Washington (50), Texas (45), Montana (43), Utah (38), Idaho (21), and Oregon (21). 36% of reported cases have resulted in death.[40][41][42]
In Mexico a number of rodents have been found to carry hantaviruses: Megadontomys thomasi, Neotoma picta, Peromyscus beatae, Reithrodontomys megalotis and Reithrodontomys sumichrasti.[43]
Canada[edit]
Although there are Sin Nombre virus-infected deer mice— the primary cause of the disease— all across Canada, by June 2015, there had been only one documented case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in eastern Canada with most cases in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the west. The total of confirmed cases in Canada was 109; about thirty per cent of those infected died.[1] In Canada "[a]ll cases occurred in rural settings and approximately 70% of the cases have been associated with domestic and farming activities."[1]
In Canada, the first confirmed death in Northern British Columbia in January, 2013 and then another in Kindersley, Saskatchewan, in June 2013.[44] One confirmed case (July 2013) in Burr, Saskatchewan (near Kindersley); the patient was gravely ill but survived.
Europe[edit]
In Europe three hantaviruses - Puumala, Dobrava and Saaremaa viruses - are known to cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.[45] Puumala usually causes a generally mild disease - nephropathia epidemica - which typically presents with fever, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, impaired renal function and blurred vision. Dobrava infections while similar often also have haemorrhagic complications. There are few reports of confirmed Saaremaa infections but these appear to be similar to those caused by Puumala and less pathogenic than Dobrava.
Puumala is carried by its rodent host, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and is present through most of Europe excluding the Mediterranean region. Dobrava and Saaremaa carried respectively by the yellow necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) and the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) are reported mainly in eastern and central Europe.
Africa[edit]
A novel hantavirus, Sangassou virus has been isolated in Africa that causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.[46]
History[edit]
The hantaviruses are a relatively newly discovered genus of viruses. An outbreak of Korean hemorrhagic fever among American and Korean soldiers during the Korean War (1950–1953) was later found to be caused by a hantavirus infection. More than 3000 troops became ill with symptoms that included renal failure, generalized hemorrhage, and shock. It had a 10 percent mortality rate. This outbreak sparked a 25-year search for the etiologic agent. Ho-Wang Lee, a South Korean virologist, Karl M. Johnson, an American tropical virologist, and colleagues isolated Hantaan virus in 1976 from the lungs of striped field mice.[47][48]
In late medieval England a mysterious sweating sickness swept through the country in 1485 just before the Battle of Bosworth Field. Noting the similar symptoms which overlap with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (see below), several scientists have theorised that the virus may have been the cause of the disease.[49][50] The hypothesis was criticised because sweating sickness was recorded as being transmitted from human to human, whereas hantaviruses were not known to spread in this way.[51] Limited transmission via human-to-human contact has since been shown in Hantavirus outbreaks in Argentina.[52]
In 1993, an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome occurred in the Four Corners region in the southwestern United States. The viral cause of the disease was found only weeks later and was called the Sin Nombre virus (SNV), or in Spanish, "virus sin nombre", meaning "nameless virus". The host was first identified as the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) by Terry Yates, a professor at the University of New Mexico.[53]
Research[edit]
The Korean Army is one of the largest consumers of the hantavirus vaccine, second only to public health centers. There are more than 20 recognized hantaviruses, some of which are associated with one of two serious human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Efforts are continuing to develop safe and effective hantavirus vaccines. Several classical and molecular vaccine approaches are in pre-clinical stages of development. The development of hantavirus vaccines is hampered by the lack of adequate animal models of hantavirus-associated disease. No specific antiviral therapy is yet available. No hantavirus vaccine has been approved for use in the US, and no WHO-approved vaccine has gained widespread acceptance.[54]
See also[edit]
Medicine portal
Viruses portal
Conjunctival suffusion
List of cutaneous conditions
Sweating sickness, which may have been caused by a hantavirus
1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak
Hantavirus vaccine
Bat-borne virus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Drebot,, Jones S.; Grolla, A.; Safronetz, D.; Strong, J. E.; Kobinger, G.; Lindsay, R. L. (4 June 2015). Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Canada: An overview of clinical features, diagnostics, epidemiology and prevention. Canada Communicable Disease Report CCDR (Report). Vector-borne diseases in Canada. 41-06. Winnipeg, MB: National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada. p. 40. ISSN 1481-8531.
^ Jump up to: a b Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, Pinna D, Forlenza R, Elder M, Padula PJ (2005). "Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1848–1853. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050501. PMC 3367635  . PMID 16485469.
Jump up ^ Johnson KM (2001). "Hantaviruses: history and overview". Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 256 (256): 1–14. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56753-7_1. PMID 11217399.
Jump up ^ Schmaljohn C, Hjelle B (1997). "Hantaviruses: a global disease problem". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 3 (2): 95–104. doi:10.3201/eid0302.970202. PMC 2627612  . PMID 9204290.
Jump up ^ Lee HW (1989). "Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Korea". Reviews of infectious diseases. 11 (Suppl 4): S864–76. PMID 2568676.
Jump up ^ Lee HW, Lee PW, Johnson KM (1978). "Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean Hemorrhagic fever". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 137 (3): 298–308. doi:10.1093/infdis/137.3.298. PMID 24670.
Jump up ^ Yi J, Xu Z, Zhuang R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yan G, Zhang F, Xu Z, Yang A, Jin B (2013). "Hantaan virus RNA load in patients having hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: correlation with disease severity". J. Infect. Dis. 207 (9): 1457–61. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis475. PMID 22869912.
Jump up ^ "CDC - Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – Hantavirus". Cdc.gov. 2 June 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Reported Cases of HPS: HPS in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 21 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Death at the Corners". DiscoverMagazine.com. 1 December 1993. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c Plyusnin A, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A (1996). "Hantaviruses: genome structure, expression and evolution". J. Gen. Virol. 77 (11): 2677–87. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-11-2677. PMID 8922460.
^ Jump up to: a b Jonsson CB, Figueiredo LT, Vapalahti O (2010). "A Global Perspective on Hantavirus Ecology, Epidemiology, and Disease". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (2): 412–441. doi:10.1128/CMR.00062-09. PMC 2863364  . PMID 20375360.
Jump up ^ Elliott RM (1990). "Molecular biology of the Bunyaviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 71 (3): 501–522. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-3-501. PMID 2179464.
Jump up ^ Mir MA, Panganiban AT (2005). "The Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Recognizes Specific Features of the Viral RNA Panhandle and is Altered in Conformation upon RNA Binding". Journal of Virology. 79 (3): 1824–1835. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1824-1835.2005. PMC 544099  . PMID 15650206.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hantavirus: Canadian Lung Association". Canadian Lung Association. 18 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Peters, C.J. (2006). "Emerging Infections: Lessons from the Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 117: 189–197. PMC 1500910  . PMID 18528473.
Jump up ^ Crowley, J.; Crusberg, T. "Ebola and Marburg Virus Genomic Structure, Comparative and Molecular Biology". Dept. of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15.
Jump up ^ Jackson AP, Charleston MA (2003). "A Cophylogenetic Perspective of RNA-Virus Evolution". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg232. PMID 12949128.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ramsden C, Holmes EC, Charleston MA (2008). "Hantavirus Evolution in Relation to Its Rodent and Insectivore Hosts: No Evidence for Codivergence". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (1): 143–153. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn234. PMID 18922760.
Jump up ^ Delfraro A, Tomé L, D'Elía G, Clara M, Achával F, Russi JC, Arbiza Rodonz JR (2008). "Juquitiba-like Hantavirus from 2 Nonrelated Rodent Species, Uruguay". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (9): 1447–1451. doi:10.3201/eid1409.080455. PMC 2603116  . PMID 18760017.
Jump up ^ Plyusnina A, Ibrahim IN, Plyusnin A (2009). "A newly recognized hantavirus in the Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Indonesia". Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 1): 205–209. doi:10.1099/Vir.0.006155-0. PMID 19088290.
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt-Chanasit J, Essbauer S, Petraityte R, Yoshimatsu K, Tackmann K, Conraths FJ, Sasnauskas K, Arikawa J, Thomas A, Pfeffer M, Scharninghausen JJ, Splettstoesser W, Wenk M, Heckel G, Ulrich RG (2009). "Extensive Host Sharing of Central European Tula Virus". Journal of Virology. 84 (1): 459–474. doi:10.1128/Jvi.01226-09. PMC 2798396  . PMID 19889769.
Jump up ^ Ramsden C, Melo FL, Figueiredo LM, Holmes EC, Zanotto PM (2008). "High Rates of Molecular Evolution in Hantaviruses". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1488–1492. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn093. PMID 18417484.
^ Jump up to: a b Kang HJ, Bennett SN, Hope AG, Cook JA, Yanagihara R (2011). "Shared Ancestry between a Newfound Mole-Borne Hantavirus and Hantaviruses Harbored by Cricetid Rodents". Journal of Virology. 85 (15): 7496–7503. doi:10.1128/JVI.02450-10. PMC 3147906  . PMID 21632770.
Jump up ^ Song JW, Baek LJ, Schmaljohn CS, Yanagihara R (2007). "Thottapalayam Virus, a Prototype Shrewborne Hantavirus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (7): 980–985. doi:10.3201/eid1307.070031. PMC 2254531  . PMID 18214168.
Jump up ^ Song JW, Kang HJ, Song KJ, Truong TT, Bennett SN, Arai S, Truong NU, Yanagihara R (2007). "Newfound Hantavirus in Chinese Mole Shrew, Vietnam". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (11): 1784–1787. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070492. PMC 2262106  . PMID 18217572.
Jump up ^ Souza WM, Bello G, Amarilla AA, Alfonso HL, Aquino VH, Figueiredo LT (2014). "Phylogeography and evolutionary history of rodent-borne hantaviruses". Infect. Genet. Evol. 21: 198–204. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.11.015. PMID 24287104.
Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html
Jump up ^ Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (April 2010). "Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and the workplace". wisha-training.lni.wa.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2016-01-08). "Hantavirus : OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Washington State Department of Health (2017). "Hantavirus :: Washington State Department of Health". www.doh.wa.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Manigold, T; Vial, P (20 March 2014). "Human hantavirus infections: epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology". Swiss Medical Weekly. 144: w13937. doi:10.4414/smw.2014.13937. PMID 24652684.
Jump up ^ "Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Hantavax in Healthy Adult". ClinicalTrials.gov. 2015-09-13. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Jump up ^ Oh, MD; Lee, JK (July 2012). "Milestones in history of adult vaccination in Korea". Clinical and experimental vaccine research. 1 (1): 9–17. doi:10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.9. PMC 3623517  . PMID 23596574.
^ Jump up to: a b Jonsson, Colleen B.; Hooper, Jay; Mertz, Gregory (2008-04-01). "Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". Antiviral Research. Special Issue: Treatment of highly pathogenic RNA viral infections. 78 (1): 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.012. PMC 2810485  . PMID 18093668.
Jump up ^ Vapalahti O, Mustonen J, Lundkvist A, Henttonen H, Plyusnin A, Vaheri A. "Hantavirus Infections in Europe". Lancet Infect Dis. 3: 653–61. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00774-6. PMID 14522264. Retrieved 2016-11-09. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "CDC - Diagnosing and Treating Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) - Hantavirus". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
Jump up ^ http://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20170330/bkn-20170330165102561-0330_00822_001.html?refer=fn2
Jump up ^ Medina RA, Torres-Perez F, Galeno H, Navarrete M, Vial PA, Palma RE, Ferres M, Cook JA, Hjelle B (2008). "Ecology, Genetic Diversity, and Phylogeographic Structure of Andes Virus in Humans and Rodents in Chile". Journal of Virology. 83 (6): 2446–2459. doi:10.1128/JVI.01057-08. PMC 2648280  . PMID 19116256.
Jump up ^ "Hantavirus Cases, by State of Reporting | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Hantavirus Infection Cases, by State of Exposure | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Reported Cases of Hantavirus Infection | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Kariwa H, Yoshida H, Sánchez-Hernández C, Romero-Almaraz Mde L, Almazán-Catalán JA, Ramos C, Miyashita D, Seto T, Takano A, Totani M, Murata R, Saasa N, Ishizuka M, Sanada T, Yoshii K, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Takashima I (2012). "Genetic diversity of hantaviruses in Mexico: Identification of three novel hantaviruses from Neotominae rodents". Virus Research. 163 (2): 486–494. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.013. PMID 22138671.
Jump up ^ "Death caused by Hantavirus in west central Saskatchewan". CKOM News. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Vapalahti O, Mustonen J, Lundkvist A, Henttonen H, Plyusnin A, Vaheri A (2003). "Hantavirus infections in Europe". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 3 (10): 653–661. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00774-6. PMID 14522264.
Jump up ^ Klempa B, Witkowski PT, Popugaeva E, Auste B, Koivogui L, Fichet-Calvet E, Strecker T, Ter Meulen J, Krüger DH (2012). "Sangassou Virus, the First Hantavirus Isolate from Africa, Displays Genetic and Functional Properties Distinct from Those of Other Murinae-Associated Hantaviruses". Journal of Virology. 86 (7): 3819–3827. doi:10.1128/JVI.05879-11. PMC 3302504  . PMID 22278233.
Jump up ^ "Hantavirus infection—haemorrhagic fever in the Balkans—potential nephrological hazards in the Kosovo war". Ndt.oxfordjournals.org. 2013-04-04. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Jump up ^ Lee HW, Baek LJ, Johnson KM (1982). "Isolation of Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, from wild urban rats". J. Infect. Dis. 146 (5): 638–44. doi:10.1093/infdis/146.5.638. PMID 6127366.
Jump up ^ Thwaites G, Taviner M, Gant V (1997). "The English Sweating Sickness, 1485 to 1551". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (8): 580–582. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702203360812. PMID 9023099.
Jump up ^ Taviner M, Thwaites G, Gant V (1998). "The English sweating sickness, 1485-1551: a viral pulmonary disease?". Medical History. Department of Modern History. St Andrews University, London. 42 (1): 96–98. doi:10.1017/S0025727300063365. PMC 1043971  . PMID 9536626.
Jump up ^ Bridson, Eric (2001). "English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, The". British Journal of Biomedical Science. Archived from the original on 2006-03-24.
Jump up ^ Padula PJ, Edelstein A, Miguel SD, López NM, Rossi CM, Rabinovich RD (February 15, 1998). "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus". Virology. London: Elsevier. 241 (2): 323–330. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8976. PMID 9499807.
Jump up ^ Schudel, Matt (2007-12-24). "Terry Yates, 57; biologist found source of hantavirus". Washington Post. Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
Jump up ^ Park K, Kim CS, Moon KT (2004). "Protective Effectiveness of Hantavirus Vaccine". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (12): 2218–2220. doi:10.3201/eid1012.040684. PMC 3323375  . PMID 15663866.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orthohantavirus.
"Hantaviruses, with emphasis on Four Corners Hantavirus" by Brian Hjelle, M.D., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico
CDC's Hantavirus Fact Sheet (pdf)
CDC's Hantavirus Technical Information Index page
Viralzone: Hantavirus
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Bunyaviridae
Occurrences and deaths in North and South America
[show]
v
t
e
Zoonotic viral diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)
Arthropod-borne
Mosquito-borne
Bunyavirales
Arbovirus encephalitides: La Crosse encephalitis
LACV
Batai virus (BATV)
Bwamba Fever (BWAV)
California encephalitis
CEV
Jamestown Canyon virus
Tete virus
Tahyna virus (TAHV)
Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever
RVFV
Bunyamwera fever (BUNV)
Ngari virus (NRIV)
Flaviviridae
Arbovirus encephalitides: Japanese encephalitis
JEV
Australian encephalitis
MVEV
KUNV
Saint Louis encephalitis
SLEV
Usutu virus
West Nile fever
WNV
Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Dengue fever
DENV-1-4
Yellow fever
YFV
Zika fever
Zika virus
Togaviridae
Arbovirus encephalitides: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
EEEV
Western equine encephalomyelitis
WEEV
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
VEEV
Chikungunya
CHIKV
O'Nyong-nyong fever
ONNV
Ross River fever
RRV
Semliki Forest virus
Sindbis fever
Reoviridae
Banna virus encephalitis
Tick-borne
Bunyavirales
Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
CCHFV
Heartland virus
Bhanja virus
Sandfly fever Naples virus
Lone Star virus
Tete virus
Flaviviridae
Arbovirus encephalitides: Tick-borne encephalitis
TBEV
Powassan encephalitis
POWV
Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Omsk hemorrhagic fever
OHFV
Kyasanur forest disease
KFDV
AHFV
Langat virus (LGTV)
Reoviridae
Colorado tick fever
CTFV
Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
Sandfly-borne
Bunyavirales
Adria virus (ADRV)
Pappataci fever
Toscana virus
Sandfly fever Naples virus
Oropouche fever
Oropouche virus
SFTS virus
Rhabdoviridae
Chandipura virus
Mammal-borne
Rodent-borne
Arenaviridae
Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Lassa fever
LASV
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
GTOV
Argentine hemorrhagic fever
JUNV
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
SABV
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
MACV
LUJV
CHPV
Bunyavirales
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
DOBV
HTNV
PUUV
SEOV
AMRV
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
ANDV
SNV
Bat-borne
Filoviridae
Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Ebola virus disease
BDBV
EBOV
SUDV
TAFV
Marburg virus disease
MARV
RAVV
Rhabdoviridae
Rabies
ABLV
MOKV
DUVV
LBV
CHPV
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus encephalitis
HeV
NiV
Primate-borne
Herpesviridae
Herpes B virus
Retroviridae
Simian foamy virus
HTLV-1
HTLV-2
Poxviridae
Tanapox
Yaba monkey tumor virus
Multiple vectors
Rhabdoviridae
Rabies
RABV
Mokola virus
Poxviridae
Monkeypox
[show]
v
t
e
Baltimore (virus classification)
DNA
[show]
I: dsDNA viruses
Caudovirales
Myoviridae
Podoviridae
Siphoviridae
Herpesvirales
Alloherpesviridae
Herpesviridae
Malacoherpesviridae
Ligamenvirales
Lipothrixviridae
Rudiviridae
Unassigned
NLCDV: Ascoviridae
Asfarviridae
Iridoviridae
Marseilleviridae
Mimiviridae
Phycodnaviridae
Poxviridae
genera: Dinodnavirus
nonenveloped: Adenoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Papovaviridae (obsolete)
Polyomaviridae
genera: Rhizidiovirus
Ampullaviridae
Baculoviridae
Bicaudaviridae
Clavaviridae
Corticoviridae
Fuselloviridae
Globuloviridae
Guttaviridae
Hytrosaviridae
Nimaviridae
Nudiviridae
Plasmaviridae
Polydnaviridae
Sphaerolipoviridae
Tectiviridae
Turriviridae
genera: Salterprovirus
[show]
II: ssDNA viruses
Anelloviridae
Bidnaviridae
Circoviridae
Geminiviridae
Inoviridae
Microviridae
Nanoviridae
Parvoviridae
Spiraviridae
genera: Bacilladnavirus
RNA
[show]
III: dsRNA viruses
Amalgaviridae
Birnaviridae
Chrysoviridae
Cystoviridae
Endornaviridae
Hypoviridae
Megabirnaviridae
Partitiviridae
Picobirnaviridae
Quadriviridae
Reoviridae
Totiviridae
[show]
IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (primarily icosahedral)
Nidovirales
Arteriviridae
Coronaviridae
Mesoniviridae
Roniviridae
Picornavirales
Comoviridae (obsolete)
Dicistroviridae
Iflaviridae
Marnaviridae
Picornaviridae
Secoviridae
Sequiviridae (obsolete)
genera: Bacillarnavirus
Labyrnavirus
Tymovirales
Alphaflexiviridae
Betaflexiviridae
Gammaflexiviridae
Tymoviridae
Unassigned
Alphatetraviridae
Alvernaviridae
Astroviridae
Barnaviridae
Benyviridae
Bromoviridae
Caliciviridae
Carmotetraviridae
Closteroviridae
Flaviviridae
Flexiviridae (obsolete)
Hepeviridae
Leviviridae
Luteoviridae
Narnaviridae
Nodaviridae
Permutotetraviridae
Potyviridae
Tetraviridae (obsolete)
Togaviridae
Tombusviridae
Virgaviridae
genera: Cilevirus
Higrevirus
Idaeovirus
Ourmiavirus
Polemovirus
Sobemovirus
[show]
V: (–)ssRNA viruses (primarily helical)
Mononegavirales
Bornaviridae
Filoviridae
Nyamiviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Bunyavirales
Hantaviridae
Nairoviridae
Peribunyaviridae
Phenuiviridae
Tospoviridae
Feraviridae
Fimoviridae
Jonviridae
Phasmaviridae
Unassigned
Arenaviridae
Ophioviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
genera:Deltavirus
RT
[show]
VI: ssRNA-RT viruses
Metaviridae
Pseudoviridae
Retroviridae
[show]
VII: dsDNA-RT viruses
Caulimoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q276201
EoL: 80608
NCBI: 11598
Authority control
LCCN: sh91003493
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthohantavirus&oldid=814847757"
Categories:
Viral diseases
Hantaviridae
Hemorrhagic fevers
Rodent-carried diseases
Biological weapons
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Infobox medical condition
Articles with 'species' microformats
Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latina
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 08:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/Sigmodon_hispidus
mw-redirect
Sigmodon hispidus

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

values: Edit section: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

values: Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

values:
/wiki/Incubation_time
mw-redirect
Incubation time

values: Edit section: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)

values: Sin Nombre hanta virus TEM PHIL 1136 lores.jpg

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)

values:
/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virus
mw-redirect
Negative-sense ssRNA virus

values:
/wiki/Hantaan_virus
mw-redirect
Hantaan virus

values:
/wiki/Cano_Delgadito_virus
mw-redirect
Cano Delgadito virus

values:
/wiki/Laguna_Negra_virus
mw-redirect
Laguna Negra virus

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Endosomal_membrane
mw-redirect
Endosomal membrane

values:
/wiki/Golgi_complex
mw-redirect
Golgi complex

values:
/wiki/Golgi_cisternae
mw-redirect
Golgi cisternae

values:
/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)
mw-redirect
Vesicle (biology)

values:
/wiki/Plasma_membrane
mw-redirect
Plasma membrane

values:
/wiki/Megadontomys_thomasi
mw-redirect
Megadontomys thomasi

values:
/wiki/Peromyscus_beatae
mw-redirect
Peromyscus beatae

values:
/wiki/Reithrodontomys_megalotis
mw-redirect
Reithrodontomys megalotis

values:
/wiki/Reithrodontomys_sumichrasti
mw-redirect
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti

values:
/wiki/Clethrionomys_glareolus
mw-redirect
Clethrionomys glareolus

values:
/wiki/Apodemus_flavicollis
mw-redirect
Apodemus flavicollis

values:
/wiki/Apodemus_agrarius
mw-redirect
Apodemus agrarius

values:
/wiki/Korean_hemorrhagic_fever
mw-redirect
Korean hemorrhagic fever

values:
/wiki/Medieval_England
mw-redirect
Medieval England

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1481-8531

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1112.050501

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16485469

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11217399

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0302.970202

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204290

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2568676

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F137.3.298

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjis475

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869912

values:
nofollow
https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/
external text

values: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8922460

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00062-09

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375360

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2179464

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650206

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18528473

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg232

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949128

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn234

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922760

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1409.080455

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18760017

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1099%2FVir.0.006155-0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088290

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJvi.01226-09

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889769

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn093

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417484

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.02450-10

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632770

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1307.070031

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18214168

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1311.070492

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217572

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24287104

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2014.13937

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24652684

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.7774%2Fcevr.2012.1.1.9

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596574

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18093668

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522264

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.01057-08

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116256

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138671

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.05879-11

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278233

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F146.5.638

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6127366

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199702203360812

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9023099

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9536626

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.1997.8976

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9499807

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1012.040684

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15663866

values: -moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/La_Crosse_virus
mw-redirect
La Crosse virus

values:
/wiki/California_encephalitis
mw-redirect
California encephalitis

values:
/wiki/Rift_Valley_Fever_virus
mw-redirect
Rift Valley Fever virus

values:
/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_virus
mw-redirect
Japanese encephalitis virus

values:
/wiki/St._Louis_encephalitis_virus
mw-redirect
St. Louis encephalitis virus

values:
/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus
mw-redirect
Yellow fever virus

values:
/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalomyelitis
mw-redirect
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis

values:
/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis_virus
mw-redirect
Eastern equine encephalitis virus

values:
/wiki/Western_equine_encephalomyelitis
mw-redirect
Western equine encephalomyelitis

values:
/wiki/Chikungunya_virus
mw-redirect
Chikungunya virus

values:
/wiki/O%27Nyong-nyong_fever
mw-redirect
O'Nyong-nyong fever

values:
/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever_virus
mw-redirect
Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus

values:
/wiki/Kyasanur_forest_disease
mw-redirect
Kyasanur forest disease

values:
/wiki/Kyasanur_forest_disease_virus
mw-redirect
Kyasanur forest disease virus

values:
/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever_virus
mw-redirect
Colorado tick fever virus

values:
/wiki/Guanarito_virus
mw-redirect
Guanarito virus

values:
/wiki/Machupo_virus
mw-redirect
Machupo virus

values:
/wiki/Hendra_virus
mw-redirect
Hendra virus

values:
/wiki/Nipah_virus
mw-redirect
Nipah virus

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Baltimore (virus classification)

values:
/wiki/DsDNA_virus
mw-redirect
DsDNA virus

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/SsDNA_virus
mw-redirect
SsDNA virus

values:
/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virus
mw-redirect
Positive-sense ssRNA virus

values:
/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus
mw-redirect
SsRNA-RT virus

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;"letter-spacing: .1px;"

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/80608

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Orthohantavirus
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: فيروسات هنتا – Arabic

values: Хантавируси – Bulgarian

values: 한타바이러스 – Korean

values: हंतावाइरस – Hindi

values: ഹാൻഡ വൈറസ് – Malayalam

values: ハンタウイルス – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Orthohantavirus rootpage-Orthohantavirus skin-vector action-view


text:
Rachel Berry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other people named Rachel Berry, see Rachel Berry (disambiguation).
Rachel Berry
Glee character
Lea Michele as Rachel Berry
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Dreams Come True"
Created by
Ryan Murphy
Brad Falchuk
Ian Brennan
Portrayed by
Lea Michele
Information
Occupation
Actress
Singer
Formerly:
High school student
College student
Waitress
Co-director of the glee club
Family
Hiram Berry (father)
LeRoy Berry (father)
Shelby Corcoran (biological mother)
Beth Corcoran (adoptive sister)
Spouse(s)
Jesse St. James (husband)
Significant other(s)
Finn Hudson (ex-fiancé, deceased)
Brody Weston (ex-boyfriend)
Noah Puckerman (ex-boyfriend)
Sam Evans (ex-boyfriend)
Religion
Jewish
Nationality
American
Rachel Barbra Berry is a fictional character and de facto female lead from the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee. The character is portrayed by actress Lea Michele, and has appeared in Glee from its pilot episode, first broadcast on May 19, 2009. Rachel was developed by Glee creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. She is the glee club star of the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, where the show is set. Her storylines have seen her suffer peer alienation due to her Broadway ambitions and self-absorbed, type A personality, and develop romantic feelings for Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), a member of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, but primarily for quarterback and glee club co-captain Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), to whom she eventually becomes engaged.
Michele bases Rachel on herself when she was younger, and also draws inspiration for the character variously from films including Election, and television portrayals such as the Gossip Girl character Blair Waldorf. "Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't considered beautiful," said Michele, "and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out. What's so great about Glee is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't matter: You can still be who you want to be."[1]
Rachel is a "strong, driven girl" but somewhat neurotic, and Glee follows Rachel's journey to become more of a team player as well as fulfil her own aspirations.[2] Michele was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2010, and for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2010 and 2011 for her performance in the role. Rachel has received mostly positive reviews from critics: Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune praised Michele for making the character "more than a humorless stereotype", though The Wall Street Journal's Raymund Flandez has described Rachel as "insufferable".[3][4] Several songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as singles, available for digital download, and also feature on the show's soundtrack albums.
Rachel is the most frequently seen character on the series, with "The Role You Were Born to Play," "Dynamic Duets" and "Shooting Star" (all in season 4) being the only episodes where she does not appear.
Most of Rachel's songs are solos, with some being group tracks and a few being duets. About one song in every episode is led by Rachel. Depending on the theme, her song choice changes from Broadway to Top 40 to '60s music. In college, she leaned more into Broadway songs, because she was at a musical theater college, but did match mostly with whatever theme the Glee club was doing that week.
Contents
1 Storylines
1.1 Season 1
1.2 Season 2
1.3 Season 3
1.4 Season 4
1.5 Season 5
1.6 Season 6
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Accolades
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Rachel is the daughter of an interracial same-sex couple, and is Jewish.[5] Her fathers named her after Rachel Green from Friends.[6] She joins the newly reconstituted glee club hoping that fame will increase her popularity and help her find a boyfriend. She is bullied by members of the school cheerleading and football teams, but is pleased when quarterback Finn Hudson joins the club, developing a crush on him.[7] The two share a kiss in the episode "Showmance", although he tells her to forget that it happened and continues dating his girlfriend, cheerleader Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron).[8] Rachel quits the glee club when she is not assigned a solo she wanted, and is awarded the lead role in the school musical, Cabaret.[9] However, she later quits the musical and rejoins the glee club when she realizes that she would rather be in a group in which she has friends.[10] She has a brief relationship with another glee club member, Puck (Mark Salling), who is also Jewish, and is a football player who used to bully her, but she breaks up with him due to her continuing feelings for Finn.[11] She later discovers and reveals to Finn that Quinn's pregnancy was not caused by him, but that Puck is the father; furious, Finn attacks Puck, breaks up with Quinn, and drops out of New Directions. He returns the day of the group's first major competition, the Sectionals, to undo sabotage by cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch); the group makes up a completely new set list, which Rachel opens with a solo of "Don't Rain on My Parade", and New Directions wins by unanimous decision.[12]
For a short time Rachel believes that she is dating Finn, but he tells her that he needs to take time out for himself. He changes his mind soon after, but Rachel has already begun dating Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), the lead singer of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline. The rest of the glee club presses Rachel to break off with Jesse, but he transfers to William McKinley and joins New Directions, which defuses their concerns. She tells Jesse that her dream is to find her birth mother, and he offers to help her do so. However, he already knows who it is: Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), who has asked Jesse to befriend Rachel so that she might reconnect with her daughter, whom she is not allowed to contact directly until Rachel is eighteen.[13] When Rachel discovers that Shelby is her mother, they both confess to not feeling an immediate attachment and eventually decide not to pursue a relationship.[6] Jesse betrays Rachel and returns to Vocal Adrenaline, leaving her devastated. In the episode "Journey to Regionals", as he and Rachel are about to go onstage at Regionals, Finn tells her that he loves her; although they lose the competition to Vocal Adrenaline, they become a couple.
Season 2[edit]
When the glee club needs to recruit new members to get back up to the minimum twelve required for competitions, Rachel initially encourages transfer student Sunshine Corazon (Charice) to try out, but when she realizes just how good Sunshine is, she sabotages the audition, directing her to an inactive crack house instead of the true location; Sunshine ends up transferring to Carmel High and joining Vocal Adrenaline. Though this and Finn's temporary ouster from the football team test their relationship, it remains quite strong through the beginning of season two; the two work together to throw the glee club's duets competition so newcomer Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) wins instead. Rachel eventually discovers that Finn slept with cheerleader Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) the previous year while Rachel was dating Jesse, and lied about it, though Rachel herself had lied and said she had slept with Jesse when she hadn't; hurt, she makes out with Puck to hurt Finn back; this betrayal causes Finn to break up with her.[14] Rachel tries to win him back, but he instead rekindles his feelings for Quinn and starts dating her.[15] Wounded by Quinn telling her that the two of them are back together, Rachel writes an original song for Regionals, "Get It Right", and when New Directions wins, is named the club's competition MVP.
Just before junior prom, Jesse returns, having flunked out of UCLA, and Rachel invites him to the prom with her, Sam and Mercedes (Amber Riley). Jesse and Finn are kicked out of the prom when Finn picks a fight with Jesse over his attentions to Rachel on the dance floor, which effectively ends Finn and Quinn's campaign for prom king and queen. Finn ultimately breaks up with Quinn when he realizes he has a deeper connection with Rachel, despite the fact that she and Jesse seem to be a couple again. At Nationals, as the New Directions are about to go on stage, Finn begs Rachel to get back together with him, but though she professes her love, she refuses, still torn between her love for New York and Broadway and her love for him. At the end of their duet—"Pretending", written by Finn—an enthusiastic audience falls silent when Rachel and Finn share an overlong, unscripted kiss; the glee club comes in twelfth. Back in Ohio, Finn reminds Rachel that she has a year until graduation and any move to New York; he kisses her, and their relationship resumes.[16]
Season 3[edit]
Rachel, along with Kurt, plans to attend a performing arts school in New York City after graduation. School counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) suggests they consider The New York Academy of Dramatic Arts (NYADA), a highly desirable school. The two attend an Ohio "mixer" for potential applicants, only to discover that their competition is very much like them, and quite talented. Rachel proposes that McKinley do West Side Story as the school musical, since she believes herself to be a shoo-in for the lead role, Maria, and she needs the experience for her NYADA application. However, Mercedes also auditions for Maria, and the directors, unable to decide between the two of them even after head-to-head callbacks, decide to double-cast the role, giving Rachel and Mercedes each a week of the two-week run. Mercedes, believing she did better in the callbacks, refuses to accept the double-casting and withdraws from the show, leaving Rachel to be Maria. She and Finn decide to have sex in the episode "The First Time". In the episode "Mash Off", Rachel abruptly withdraws from the race for senior class president in favor of Kurt after she realizes he might not get into NYADA with her if he doesn't win. She goes even further in the next episode, "I Kissed a Girl", when she stuffs an election ballot box in Kurt's favor to keep him from losing. He loses anyway, and she confesses: she is suspended from school for a week and forbidden to compete in Sectionals with New Directions, though the glee club wins without her. At the end of the episode "Yes/No", Finn asks her to marry him, and after hesitating for several days, she accepts. Their parents find out in "Heart", and hope to discourage the pair, but their plans backfire and the wedding date is moved up to May. Even that date seems too distant, so Rachel and Finn later decide to marry after Regionals in "On My Way".
New Directions wins at Regionals, and hours later the ceremony is about to begin at City Hall, with their parents still hoping to prevent it from occurring. Rachel is waiting for Quinn, who had gone home to get her bridesmaid dress, to arrive. Quinn's car is hit by a truck as the episode ends. The wedding is called off, though the engagement remains on. In the episode "Choke", Rachel auditions for NYADA in front of formidable judge Carmen Tibideaux (Whoopi Goldberg) but forgets the words to a song she has known since she was a child, and the audition abruptly ends. In "Prom-asaurus" Rachel is still upset about her choke and organises an "anti-prom" with Kurt, Blaine, Becky and Puck. She later realizes she is missing one of the best nights of her life and attends the prom with Finn and is voted Prom Queen by secret ballot (altered by Quinn), in a similar situation to Kurt the previous year. Rachel doesn't give up on her dream and sends Carmen Tibideaux fourteen messages and pesters her to give Rachel another chance at the audition, even driving to one of Tibideaux's tryouts with Tina. Her persistence (and Tina's help) persuade Ms. Tibideaux to come and see Rachel perform with New Directions at Nationals in Chicago (unbeknownst to Rachel). In "Nationals" Rachel performs Celine Dion's "It's All Coming Back To Me Now" and gets a standing ovation from the observing Carmen Tibideaux. New Directions return to McKinley as National Show Choir Champions and Rachel presents Mr. Schuester with the Teacher of the Year award. After Rachel graduates from McKinley, she finds out that she was accepted into NYADA. However, both Finn and Kurt were rejected from their colleges. At first, she decides to defer her acceptance so that she can help them both. However, Finn takes Rachel to the train station and sacrifices their relationship for Rachel's dreams. She gets off at Grand Central and walks down the streets of New York.
Season 4[edit]
In the season premiere "The New Rachel", Rachel is struggling to accept her separation from Finn. She meets Brody Weston (Dean Geyer), a handsome NYADA junior, who encourages Rachel to move on and embrace college life. Rachel also deals with her overpowering dance instructor Cassandra July (Kate Hudson), who believes that she does not have what it takes to become a star. After Kurt comes to New York, the two decide to move into together while Kurt pursues an internship with Vogue.com and plans to reapply to NYADA for the second semester. In the episode "Makeover", Rachel gets picked on by a group of female dancers for her childish appearance. With the help of Kurt and his new boss Isabelle Wright (Sarah Jessica Parker), she is convinced to get a makeover. Her new look is met with positive reception from others, including Brody, and she invites him over to dinner. Right after their first kiss, Rachel discover Finn on her doorstep. While visiting, Rachel learns that Finn was medically discharged from the army several weeks ago, and that he no longer wants to live in New York after seeing how happy she was without him. Finn takes off and goes back to Lima where Rachel confronts him, and says that even though she loves him, she can no longer stay in their relationship. She and Brody begin to see each other, and she lets him move in so that they can be closer. When she returns for Will and Emma's wedding, she and Finn reconnect as friends. When Finn asks about Brody, she says that they are not exclusive. Finn says that the reason she has not committed to Brody is because she still thinks they will end up together. They sleep together after the reception, but Rachel leaves after Finn falls asleep. She is later shown taking a pregnancy test; Santana, who has recently moved in, snoops and discovers the discarded test, and confronts Rachel, who then bursts into tears. The two go together to get Rachel checked at a clinic, where she is informed that it was a false alarm. She later breaks up with Brody after Santana reveals that he is a male escort and is stunned to find out Finn flew to New York just to beat him up. When Rachel breaks up with Brody, she admits that the relationship never would have worked because she was using it to try to get over her heartache about Finn. Rachel auditions for Funny Girl and sings "Don't Stop Believin'", imagining the original New Directions members singing in the background. She is called back for further auditions for the title role, Fanny Brice. In the finale, Rachel sings "To Love You More" at the final callback before the role is cast.
Season 5[edit]
In "The Quarterback", Rachel is devastated with the loss of Finn. Michele, who in real life was dating Cory Monteith, had asked to postpone this episode until everyone was ready. Rachel doesn't appear in this episode until the very end where she states, "Before Finn, I used to sing alone, this was one of the songs we would sing when we drove around together." She sings "Make You Feel My Love". Later in the episode, she states that Finn was her person and that they were always going to be together. Later in the season, it is revealed that she got a tattoo of Finn's name (despite telling Kurt that she chickened out when they went to the tattoo shop). Rachel hires Santana to be her publicist, which leads her to take on a charitable cause with a local rescue kennel. She performs with Mercedes and Santana on stage for the benefit, Broadway Bitches, but the publicity stunt goes wrong when the dogs pull her down and drag her for several blocks. Despite this, Santana reassures her and they discuss the next step in their campaign. Rachel lands the lead on the Broadway show, Funny Girl. Santana offers to be Rachel's understudy when Rachel is stuck in Los Angeles for a television show audition. Before the opening, she suffers from a bout of self-doubt, but performs after Santana gives her a pep talk. Lee Paulblatt, a Fox Television executive, sees Rachel perform, and is so impressed, he informs her wants to cast her in an upcoming, untitled television pilot. He has her meet with the famed screenwriter, Mary Halloran, who will be creating the script. After the first meeting, Rachel is confused by Mary's ideas and idiosyncratic behavior. Rachel has the group review Mary's script, and everyone agrees it is terrible (except Brittany). Rachel meets with Mary and tells her that the lead character does not sound like her. Mary points out that television viewers want anti-heroes, but Rachel responds by singing, and Mary, uncharacteristically, is moved and made happy by the performance. She agrees to redo the script, but warns Rachel that the network will never make a pilot from it. Eventually, the network loves the script and calls Rachel, and she moves to LA to start shooting her pilot.
Season 6[edit]
In the final season premiere, "Loser Like Me", it is revealed that Rachel's pilot bombed. It got extremely low ratings and the show was quickly cancelled. Having burned her bridges on Broadway, Rachel retreats home to Lima and discovers that her fathers are divorcing and her house is being sold. Much to her dismay, Sue has disbanded all arts from McKinley and Rachel approaches the Superintendent to reboot the glee club with her remaining TV money to fund it. He agrees as long as she runs the club. With the help of the newly broken-up Kurt, she restarts the New Directions, which angers Sue. She calls her old friends and former fellow glee club members Quinn, Santana, Brittany, Puck, Artie, Mercedes, and Tina to help her, and Kurt recruits students to join the glee club; he gets one student, Roderick, to audition. Blaine, the head coach for the Dalton Academy Warblers, desperately tries to get a female student named Jane to join the Warblers, despite the members' objections. Jane eventually chooses to transfer to McKinley to join the New Directions after a brief coaching with Rachel, much to Blaine's dismay. By the end, Rachel has 4 members of the glee club. During her time as McKinley's faculty, she bonds with Sam, who is the assistant of Coach Beiste, and develops a crush on him, despite him only being hypnotized by Sue to distract Rachel. Sam backs off, stating he is still into Mercedes, which makes her sad. Over time, they have feelings for each other, and after Mercedes giving her blessing and encourages both of them to pursue a relationship, they do. Also, by Mercedes' suggestion, she auditions for Broadway again. Rachel struggles to move on from her old house after it is sold, and her friends and students cheer her up with a farewell party. Later, Rachel plans on applying for readmission to NYADA, and she is accepted, but is torn between Broadway or college. Despite Jesse St. James' suggestion that she work with him on a Broadway musical, she chooses NYADA. She announces that after Regionals is over, she will be departing from McKinley to go back to NYADA again. At the beginning of the series finale, "Dreams Come True", she is seen going to the New Directions competition to assist them. She does make it big on Broadway, marries Jesse, and becomes a surrogate mother to Kurt and Blaine's child. She wins a Tony Award, and thanks everyone on stage, especially Mr. Schuester. In the final minutes of the series, she performs OneRepublic's "I Lived" with almost every former member of New Directions and the adults during the rededication of McKinley's auditorium to Finn Hudson. Rachel then takes a final bow with the rest of the cast.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
Rachel is regularly portrayed by Lea Michele, and as a child has been played by Lauren Boles.[17] In casting Glee, series creator Ryan Murphy sought out actors who could identify with the rush of starring in theatrical roles. Instead of using traditional network casting calls, he spent three months on Broadway, where he found Lea Michele, who starred in Spring Awakening.[18] The role of Rachel was written specifically for Michele.[19] In an interview with The Washington Post, Michele commented on her casting, saying, "I was kind of just thrown into this—this is one of the first television jobs I've ever had. Of course being able to sing helps bring a sense of comfort. The character I'm playing is really outgoing—she performs in her everyday life as though she's performing in front of a huge audience."[20]
In December 2010, Ryan Murphy announced that the cast of Glee would be replaced at the end of the season 3 to coincide with their graduation. Murphy said, "Every year we're going to populate a new group. There's nothing more depressing than a high schooler with a bald spot." He also revealed that some of the original cast will leave as early as 2012, "I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers' lives."[21] Murphy said in July 2011 that Michele would be one of the actors leaving at the end of the third season,[22] and Michele commented on the matter, saying, "We always knew we'd graduate in real time. It's all part of the plan and it's all good! It's going to make Season 3 amazing! This is just the beginning!"[23] However, Falchuk later stated that while Michele, along with Chris Colfer and Cory Monteith, will graduate at the end of the third season, "Because they're graduating doesn't mean they're leaving the show." Falchuk insisted, "It was never our plan or our intention to let them go... They are not done with the show after this season."[24]
Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly commented on the original news that several characters would be leaving the cast when they graduate, and said, "Indeed, a rolling cast list has done some shows good in the past. I'll admit that it took me some time to warm up to the 'new kids' on Friday Night Lights, which ends its run tomorrow on NBC, but it was a well-done transition. What I loved most was that the new blood didn't try to be the new versions of the old characters. They were new characters with completely different outlooks and goals. Glee could learn a lot from what Friday Night Lights accomplished: a seamless, realistic transition. The problem? 'Seamless' and 'realistic' have never been Glee's strong points, which is not to say they couldn't be. But the question is: Is Glee looking to be the less-attractive comedy cousin of Friday Night Lights... or Saved By the Bell: The New Class?"[25]
Characterization[edit]
She took the role because of Rachel's characterization, and explained, "Not only is she a singer, but she has so much heart—I think it's what we need on TV. A show that is filled with heart and love that is funny. It sends an amazing message to kids about the arts and being who you are."[26] Michele described the first thirteen episodes of the series as "Rachel's journey of finding herself within the Glee club", and said that "she's learning how to be a team player and work within this group. She's a very strong, driven girl, who's sometimes a little misunderstood."[2]
Glee's costume designer Lou Eyrich described Rachel's costuming in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, "Originally, the inspiration for her look was Tracy Flick from Election—very buttoned-down, preppy, obnoxious, squeaky clean, nerdy. But she's got at least 12 costume changes each episode. That same look all the time just gets boring for the screen and for the actress to wear, so we spread it out a lot. We try to have her buttoned-up or wearing a nerdy sweater over a cute dress, like she doesn't quite get it right. Or she takes that sweater and tucks it into the skirt and pairs it with knee highs and flats. She makes it her way, which is more quirky. The popular girls find a way to make it look cool, but Rachel makes it look nerdy. But it's not old-school nerdy with thick glasses and pocket protectors. She thinks she's taking a trend and making it cool, but she wears it wrong."[27]
Michele bases Rachel on herself when she was younger, and also draws inspiration from the film Election, and the Gossip Girl character Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester). She has explained, "[Blair] is shady, but you still love her. She's still vulnerable. That's what I try to do with Rachel. Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't considered beautiful, and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out. I was not cool. What's so great about Glee is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't matter: You can still be who you want to be. And in four years, high school will be over and all of that crap won't matter anyway."[1]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
A number of songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as singles.
Several songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as singles, available for digital download, also featuring on the soundtracks Glee: The Music, Volume 1 and Glee: The Music, Volume 2.[28][29] Rachel has received positive reviews from critics. The role saw Michele nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 2010 ceremony, which were hosted on August 29; and for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 2010 Golden Globe Awards.[30][31] Robert A. George of the New York Post has deemed Rachel "the only female [in Glee] who doesn't come across as manipulative or vapidly helpless",[32] while the Chicago Tribune's Maureen Ryan wrote, "Lea Michele not only has an amazing voice but manages to make her character, spoiled diva Rachel Berry, more than a humorless stereotype."[3] Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times commented in her review of the episode "The Rhodes Not Taken", "If there's any justice in the world, Lea Michele will win a Golden Globe and an Emmy for playing Rachel".[33]
Following the episode "Hairography" in which Rachel is badly made-over by Kurt, Mike Hale of The New York Times noted a popular theme amongst critics for negatively highlighting the way Glee treats its female characters. He said that while he understood this stance, he generally disagreed with it as the show treats male characters equally poorly. However, he wrote that "it was a bit much when Finn looked at Rachel in her catsuit and frizzy hair and said she looked like a 'sad clown hooker.' Come on. She looked fantastic."[34] Zap2it's Korbi Ghosh has deemed Rachel's high point on the show romancing of Finn and Puck, commenting: "when we saw Rachel fall for them, she was actually relatable. Likable even. The type-A, uber-talented, self-involved know-it-all who's usually alienating her classmates let her guard down to expose a vulnerable side. And, as a bonus, we got some super solid musical performances from those awkward courtships."[35]
Conversely, Ghosh assessed her low point as being her romancing of Will, writing, "Sure, Schue's got it going on, what with the rapping, the break dancing, the boy band'ing and the lindy hopping too. But Rachel's eye-on-the-prize, I'll-get-what-I-want attitude coupled with her inappropriate crush on the teacher just made her creepier than usual. Infiltrating his home, cooking and cleaning for him right under his crazy wife's nose. Come on, Berry, you're better than that..."[35] Raymund Flandez for The Wall Street Journal commented on the episode "Preggers", "Rachel has become insufferable. The disagreements with Mr. Schue about her own development as a bonafide triple-threat have branded her as an overbearing prima donna to the rest of Glee."[4] Eric Goldman for IGN agreed, "It's hard not to be annoyed by Rachel".[36] James Poniewozik of Time has suggested that Rachel's negative character traits may actually be an asset, commenting on her performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade" in the episode "Sectionals", "The number reminded me how much I like what the show's done with Rachel: she's a lead character, yet the show allows her to be annoying—but at the same time, her dedication makes her likeable. And as we see here, as much of a pill as she can be, her ability to whip out a performance she's been working on since age four is an asset."[37]
AfterEllen.com ranked her No. 18 in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.[38]
Accolades[edit]
Lea Michele as Rachel Berry, performing "Somebody to Love".
Michele has won a number of awards for her portrayal of Rachel. At the 2009 Satellite Awards, she won the award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical or Comedy Television Series.[39] Michele was part of the Glee ensemble cast that was awarded Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[40] In 2010, Michele won the NewNowNext Awards for Brink of Fame: Actor.[41] The role has also garnered Michele numerous award nominations. In 2009, she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the category "Choice TV Breakout Star".[42] That same year, Michele was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy,[43] and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.[44] She received another Teen Choice Award nomination in 2010 for "Choice TV Actress: Comedy".[42] Michele was included in Time's 2010 list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.[45] Her cover of The All-American Rejects' "Gives You Hell" reached the top 40 on the US Billboard 200.[46] Michele is featured as lead singer in 14 of the top 20 selling Glee Cast songs as of 2010.[47] She won the 2012 and 2013 People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress.[48]
Michele was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 2011. The first for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ("Don't Stop Believin'"), and the second for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television, or Other Visual Media (Glee: The Music, Volume 1).[49] Michele said of the first Grammy nomination: "I like that it's for "Don't Stop Believin'" which is for the whole cast, so that we all get to go. That's just awesome."[49] She was nominated again for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 2011 Golden Globe Awards.[50] The cast of Glee was also nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 2011 and 2012 ceremonies.[51][52]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Denise (December 2, 2009). "Lea Michele's 'Glee'-ful awakening". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Starr, Michael (October 19, 2009). "'Glee' song bird". New York Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan, Maureen (May 19, 2009). "'Glee' gets golden time slot, needs a better tune". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Flandez, Raymund (September 23, 2009). ""Glee" Season 1, Episode 3: TV Recap". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk (director, writer) (June 1, 2010). "Funk". Glee. Season 1. Episode 21. Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan Murphy (director, writer) (May 25, 2010). "Theatricality". Glee. Season 1. Episode 20. Fox.
Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy (director, writer), Brad Falchuk (writer), Ian Brennan (writer) (September 2, 2009). "Pilot". Glee. Season 1. Episode 1. Fox.
Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy (director, writer), Brad Falchuk (writer), Ian Brennan (writer) (September 9, 2009). "Showmance". Glee. Season 1. Episode 2. Fox.
Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk (director, writer) (September 23, 2009). "Preggers". Glee. Season 1. Episode 4. Fox.
Jump up ^ John Scott (director), Ian Brennan (writer) (September 30, 2009). "The Rhodes Not Taken". Glee. Season 1. Episode 5. Fox.
Jump up ^ Elodie Keene (director), Ian Brennan (writer) (October 21, 2009). "Mash-Up". Glee. Season 1. Episode 8. Fox.
Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk (director, writer) (December 9, 2009). "Sectionals". Glee. Season 1. Episode 13. Fox.
Jump up ^ Joss Whedon (director), Brad Falchuk (writer) (May 18, 2010). "Dream On". Glee. Season 1. Episode 19. Fox.
Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy (director, writer) (April 25, 2011). "Special Education". Glee. Season 2. Episode 9. Fox.
Jump up ^ Tate Donovan (director), Ryan Murphy (writer) (February 8, 2011). "Silly Love Songs". Glee. Season 2. Episode 12. Fox.
Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk (director, writer) (May 24, 2011). "New York". Glee. Season 2. Episode 22. Fox.
Jump up ^ Mullins, Jenna (October 26, 2010). "Glee-Dux: Oh, the Rocky Horror! Find Out What Went Down and What's Coming Up". E! Online. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin, Denise (April 26, 2009). "Video: 'Glee' team rewrites the school musical". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kuhn, Sarah (September 3, 2009). "Life Stages". Backstage. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ McCan, Ruth (September 6, 2009). "An Interview With Lea Michele, One of the Leads in Fox's 'Glee'". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Helen (December 2, 2010). "Lea Michele and Glee Cast to be replaced in 2012?". EntertainmentWise.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (July 12, 2011). "'Glee' Exclusive: Lea Michele, Chris Colfer, Cory Monteith Not Returning for Season 4". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chen, Joyce (July 15, 2011). "Chris Colfer Found Out He Was Leaving 'Glee' via Twitter". Daily News (New York). Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt (July 24, 2011). "Glee Boss: Chris Colfer, Cory Monteith and Lea Michele Are Staying, But Sam Won't Be Back". TV Line. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (July 14, 2011). "'Glee' ousting three major cast members in season 4: Why this could work... and why it might not". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett (May 19, 2009). "Meet The Cast of 'Glee,' I Did!". New York Post. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ram, Archana (October 10, 2009). "'Glee' yellow dresses: Costume designer Lou Eyrich tells all". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Linder, Brian (November 4, 2009). "Glee: The Music – Vol. 1 Review". IGN. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Linder, Brian (December 8, 2009). "Glee: The Music, Vol. 2 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The 67th Annual Golden Globe Awards Nominations". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Complete List of 2010 Golden Globe Nominations". E! Online. December 15, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ George, Robert A. (October 25, 2009). "Does 'Glee' hate its women?". New York Post. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Martin, Denise (October 1, 2009). "'Glee': The top 5 reasons to rewatch 'The Rhodes Not Taken'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hale, Mike (November 26, 2009). "'Glee' Watch: True Lies". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghosh, Korbi (December 2, 2009). "'Glee's' high and low notes: Lea Michele's Rachel". Screener. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (September 24, 2009). "Glee: "Preggers" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (December 10, 2009). "Glee Watch: Getting What You Want". Time. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters". AfterEllen.com. February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2009 14th Annual Satellite Awards Nominations". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ "16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards scorecard". Los Angeles Times. January 23, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Logo Announces Winners for NewNowNext Awards". Logo. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teen Choice Awards 2010 Nominations Announced". MTV. July 13, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 67th Annual Golden Globe Awards Nominations". Golden Globe Awards. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Emmys.com – Glee". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Newton-John, Olivia (April 29, 2010). "Lea Michele - The 2010 TIME 100". Time. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Killkelly, Daniel (April 29, 2010). "'Glee' cover takes top spot in Ireland". Digital Spy.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Kathy (April 13, 2010). "What's Up, Lea Michele? All About Glee, Newfound Fame and (Sigh!) Jonathan Groff". Broadway.com. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees". People's Choice Awards. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Vena, Jocelyn (December 2, 2010). "'Glee' Star Lea Michele Celebrates Two Grammy Nominations". MTV. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 68th Annual Golden Globe Awards Nominations". Golden Globe Awards. December 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nominations Announced for the 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. December 16, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
External links[edit]
Glee portal
Rachel Berry at Fox.com
hide
v
t
e
Glee
Awards and nominations
Merchandise
Episodes
Season: 1
2
3
4
5
6
Characters
Artie Abrams
Blaine Anderson
Coach Beiste
Rachel Berry
Mike Chang
Tina Cohen-Chang
Shelby Corcoran
Sam Evans
Quinn Fabray
Rory Flanagan
Elliott Gilbert
Holly Holliday
Finn Hudson
Burt Hummel
Kurt Hummel
Mercedes Jones
Dave Karofsky
Santana Lopez
Ryder Lynn
Brittany Pierce
Emma Pillsbury
Noah Puckerman
Terri Schuester
Will Schuester
Sue Sylvester
Kitty Wilde
Lauren Zizes
Songs
Season: 1
2
3
4
5
6
Original songs
"Get It Right"
"Loser like Me"
"Pretending"
"Light Up the World"
"This Time"
Albums
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3 Showstoppers
The Christmas Album
Volume 4
Volume 5
Presents the Warblers
Volume 6
The 3D Concert Movie
The Christmas Album Volume 2
Volume 7
The Graduation Album
Season 4, Volume 1
The Christmas Album Volume 3
Sings the Beatles
Extended plays
The Power of Madonna
Journey to Regionals
The Rocky Horror Glee Show
Britney 2.0
Presents Glease
The Quarterback
The Christmas Album Volume 4
Related
Glee Live! In Concert!
The Glee Project
Glee: The 3D Concert Movie
"See the USA in Your Chevrolet"
LM/DC Tour
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Berry&oldid=855349153"
Categories:
Glee (TV series) characters
Fictional American Jews
Fictional characters from Ohio
Fictional characters introduced in 2009
Fictional dancers
Fictional singers
Fictional waiting staff
Fictional adoptees
Fictional actors
Fictional victims of bullies
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Türkçe
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 August 2018, at 17:10 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Rachel_Berry_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Rachel Berry (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

value: tr

value: i

value: td

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Jesse_St._James
mw-redirect
Jesse St. James

values:
/wiki/Brody_Weston
mw-redirect
Brody Weston

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values:
/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Gossip Girl (TV series)

values:
/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune
mw-redirect
The Chicago Tribune

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Same-sex_couple
mw-redirect
Same-sex couple

values:
/wiki/Sunshine_Corazon
mw-redirect
Sunshine Corazon

values:
/wiki/Get_It_Right_(Glee_Cast_song)
mw-redirect
Get It Right (Glee Cast song)

values:
/wiki/It%27s_All_Coming_Back_To_Me_Now
mw-redirect
It's All Coming Back To Me Now

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Preggers_(Glee)
mw-redirect
Preggers (Glee)

values:
/wiki/Satellite_Awards_2009
mw-redirect
Satellite Awards 2009

values: Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

values:
/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award
mw-redirect
Teen Choice Award

values: Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals

values: Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

values:
/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)
mw-redirect
Daily News (New York)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.goldenglobes.org/news/id/159

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.emmys.com/shows/glee

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards
mw-redirect
People's Choice Awards

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of awards and nominations received by Glee

values: Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 2

values: Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 3

values: Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show

values: The Quarterback (Music from the TV Series)

values: Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 4

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2009

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Rachel_Berry
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: ریچل بری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 레이철 베리 – Korean

values: רייצ'ל ברי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: レイチェル・ベリー – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Рэйчел Берри – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rachel_Berry rootpage-Rachel_Berry skin-vector action-view