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The Screwtape Letters
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The Screwtape Letters
First edition dust wrapper
Author
C. S. Lewis
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Epistolary novel, Christian apologetics, satire
Publisher
Geoffrey Bles
Publication date
1942
1961 (first omnibus)
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback)
Pages
160 (1st)[a]
157 (1st omnibus)
LC Class
BR125
Followed by
Screwtape Proposes a Toast
The Screwtape Letters is a Christian apologetic novel by C. S. Lewis. It is written in a satirical, epistolary style and while it is fictional in format, the plot and characters are used to address Christian theological issues, primarily those to do with temptation and resistance to it.
First published in February 1942,[1] the story takes the form of a series of letters from a senior Demon Screwtape to his nephew Wormwood, a Junior Tempter. The uncle's mentorship pertains to the nephew's responsibility in securing the damnation of a British man known only as "the Patient".
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Plot overview
3 Literary sequels
3.1 "Screwtape Proposes a Toast"
3.2 Other literary sequels
4 Adaptations
4.1 Audio drama
4.2 Comic book adaptation
4.3 Film adaptation
4.4 Stage adaptation
5 In popular culture
5.1 Documentary
5.2 Literature
5.3 Music
5.4 Speeches
6 Reviews
7 Other uses
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Summary[edit]
In The Screwtape Letters, C. S. Lewis provides a series of lessons in the importance of taking a deliberate role in Christian faith by portraying a typical human life, with all its temptations and failings, seen from devils' viewpoints. Screwtape holds an administrative post in the bureaucracy ("Lowerarchy") of Hell, and acts as a mentor to his nephew Wormwood, an inexperienced (and incompetent) tempter.
In the thirty-one letters which constitute the book, Screwtape gives Wormwood detailed advice on various methods of undermining faith and of promoting sin in "the Patient", interspersed with observations on human nature and on Christian doctrine. In Screwtape's advice, selfish gain and power are seen as the only good, and neither demon can comprehend God's love for man or acknowledge human virtue.
Versions of the letters were originally published weekly in the Anglican periodical The Guardian, in wartime between May and November 1941,[2][3] and the standard edition contains an introduction explaining how the author chose to write his story.
Lewis wrote the sequel "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" in 1959 – a critique of certain trends in British public education. (Although Britain calls its major private schools "public schools", Lewis is referring to state schools when he criticizes "public education".) Omnibus editions with a new preface by Lewis were published by Bles in 1961 and by Macmillan in 1962.
The Screwtape Letters became one of Lewis' most popular works, although he claimed that it was "not fun" to write and "resolved never to write another 'Letter'".[4]
Both The Screwtape Letters and "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" have been released on both audio cassette and CD, with narrations by John Cleese, Joss Ackland and Ralph Cosham.
Plot overview[edit]
The Screwtape Letters comprises 31 letters written by a senior demon named Screwtape to his nephew, Wormwood (named after a star in Revelation), a younger and less experienced demon, charged with guiding a man (called "the patient") toward "Our Father Below" (Devil / Satan) from "the Enemy" (Jesus).
After the second letter, the Patient converts to Christianity, and Wormwood is chastised for allowing this. A striking contrast is formed between Wormwood and Screwtape during the rest of the book, wherein Wormwood is depicted through Screwtape's letters as anxious to tempt his patient into extravagantly wicked and deplorable sins, often recklessly, while Screwtape takes a more subtle stance, as in Letter XII wherein he remarks: "... the safest road to hell is the gradual one - the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts".
In Letter VIII, Screwtape explains to his protégé the different purposes that God and the devils have for the human race: "We want cattle who can finally become food; He wants servants who can finally become sons". With this end in mind, Screwtape urges Wormwood in Letter VI to promote passivity and irresponsibility in the Patient: "(God) wants men to be concerned with what they do; our business is to keep them thinking about what will happen to them".
With his own views on theology, Lewis goes on to describe and discuss sex, love, pride, gluttony, and war in successive letters. Lewis, an Oxford and Cambridge scholar himself, suggests in his work that even intellectuals are not impervious to the influence of such demons, especially during complacent acceptance of the "Historical Point of View" (Letter XXVII).
In Letter XXII, after several attempts to find a licentious woman for the Patient "to promote a useful marriage", and after Screwtape's receiving a painful punishment for having divulged to Wormwood God's genuine love for humanity (which Wormwood informed the Infernal authorities about), Screwtape notes that the Patient has fallen in love with a Christian girl and through her and her family a very Christian way of life. Toward the end of this letter, in his anger Screwtape becomes a large centipede, mimicking a similar transformation in Book X of Paradise Lost, wherein the demons are changed into snakes. Later in the correspondence, it is revealed that the young man may be placed in harm's way by his possibly Civil defense duties (it is stated in an earlier letter that he is eligible for military service, but it is never actually confirmed that he was indeed called up). While Wormwood is delighted at this and by the war in general, Screwtape admonishes Wormwood to keep the Patient safe, in hopes that they can compromise his faith over a long lifetime.
In the last letter, the Patient has been killed during a World War II air raid and has gone to Heaven, and for his ultimate failure Wormwood is doomed to suffer the consumption of his spiritual essence by the other demons, especially by Screwtape himself. Screwtape responds to Wormwood's final letter that he may expect as little assistance as Screwtape would expect from Wormwood were their situations reversed ("My love for you and your love for me are as alike as two peas ... The only difference is that I am the stronger."), mimicking the situation where Wormwood himself informed on his uncle to the Infernal Police for Infernal Heresy (making a religiously positive remark that would offend Satan).
Literary sequels[edit]
"Screwtape Proposes a Toast"[edit]
The short sequel "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" (1959), first published as an article in the Saturday Evening Post, is an addendum to The Screwtape Letters; the two works are often published together as one book.[5] "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" takes the form of an after-dinner speech given by Screwtape at the Tempters' Training College for young demons. In stage adaptations it is sometimes added as a prelude, making the work a prequel. "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" is Lewis' criticism of leveling and featherbedding trends in public education; more specifically, as he reveals in the foreword to the American edition, public education in America (though in the text, it is English education that is held up as the purportedly awful example).[citation needed]
The Cold War opposition between the West and the Communist World is explicitly discussed as a backdrop to the educational issues. Screwtape and other demons are portrayed as consciously using the subversion of education and intellectual thought in the West to bring about its overthrow by the communist enemy from without and within. In this sense "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" is more strongly political than The Screwtape Letters, wherein no strong stand is made on political issues of the day, such as World War II.[6]
Other literary sequels[edit]
Though C. S. Lewis had resolved not to write another letter, and only revisited the character of Screwtape once, in Screwtape Proposes a Toast, the format, referred to by Lewis himself as a kind of "demonic ventriloquism", has inspired other authors to prepare sequels or similar works, such as:
Spinaze, Nathan (2018). Screwtape Takes Note. ISBN 978-1980727453. [7]
Alcorn, Randy (2001). Lord Foulgrin's Letters. ISBN 978-1-57673-861-0.
Deace, Steve. (2016). A Nefarious Plot. ISBN 978-1-61868-823-1. [8]
Forest, Jim (2004). The Wormwood File: E-mail From Hell. ISBN 978-1-57075-554-5. Another Wormwood series of instructions.
Kreeft, Peter (1998). The Snakebite Letters: Devilishly Devious Secrets for Subverting Society as Taught in Tempter's Training School. ISBN 978-0-89870-721-2.
Laymon, Barbara (2004). The Devil's Inbox. ISBN 978-0-8066-4945-0.
Martin, Walter R. (1975). Screwtape Writes Again. ISBN 978-0-88449-033-3. [9]
Miles, Bryan (2003). The Wormwood Letters. ISBN 978-0-595-28392-7. Wormwood, who has somehow survived, now finds himself in a new era writing to his own nephew, Soulsniper.
Peschke, Jim (2010). The Michael Letters: Heaven's answer to Screwtape. ISBN 978-1-4536-6027-0. The Archangel Michael provides advice to Jacob, a guardian angel.
Platt, Richard (2012). As One Devil to Another: A Fiendish Correspondence in the Tradition of C. S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters. ISBN 978-1-4143-7166-5.
Williams, Arthur H., Jr. (2006). The Screwtape Email. ISBN 978-1-4120-0067-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Longenecker, Dwight (2009). The Gargoyle Code: Lenten Letters between a Master Tempter and his diabolical Trainee. ISBN 978-0615673851. Master Tempter Slubgrip advises Dogwart how to corrupt a young Catholic, while struggling to control his own ‘patient.’
Adaptations[edit]
Audio drama[edit]
Focus on the Family Radio Theatre, a project of Focus on the Family, was granted the rights to dramatize The Screwtape Letters as a feature length audio drama. Production began in 2008, and the product was released in the fall of 2009.[10] Andy Serkis, known for playing Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, provides the voice for Screwtape, with Bertie Carvel as Wormwood, Philip Bird as The Patient (identified in this production as "John Hamilton"), Laura Michael Kelly as The Girl (identified in this production as "Dorothy"), Roger Hammond as Toadpipe, Christina Greatrex as Slumtrimpet, Janet Henfrey as Glubose, Philip Sherlock as the Messenger, Susie Brann as the Presenter and Geoffrey Palmer as C.S. Lewis. There is a 7-and-a-half minute video preview of the Radio Theatre production with interviews and making-of footage.[11] This production was a 2010 Audie Award finalist.
Comic book adaptation[edit]
Marvel Comics and religious book publisher Thomas Nelson produced a comic book adaptation of The Screwtape Letters in 1994.[12]
Film adaptation[edit]
The Screwtape Letters is a planned film based on the novel. 20th Century Fox bought the film rights to the book in the 1950s and partnered with Walden Media to make this film as they were doing with The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010). Walden originally intended to release the film in 2008.[13] Ralph Winter, the producer, credited the success of the Chronicles of Narnia film series for the greenlighting of The Screwtape Letters.[14] The Screwtape Letters is to be a live-action film.[15] Because the novel is a series of letters with limited action, critics have questioned how a film adaptation is possible.[16]
Stage adaptation[edit]
The stage play Dear Wormwood (later renamed Screwtape), written by James Forsyth, was published in 1961. The setting is changed to wartime London, where we actually see Wormwood going about the business of tempting his "patient" (in the play, given the name "Michael Green"). The ending is changed as well, with Wormwood trying to repent and beg for forgiveness, when it appears that his mission has failed. "Dear Wormwood" premiered in Luther High School North, Chicago, IL in April, 1961.
Philadelphia playwright and actor Anthony Lawton's original adaptation of The Screwtape Letters has been staged several times since 2000 by Lantern Theater Company, most recently in May/June 2014. In Lawton's adaptation, each of Screwtape's letters is punctuated by varied dances including tap, Latin ballroom, jazz, martial arts, and rock – and whips and fire-eating. Screwtape performs these dances with his secretary, Toadpipe.
The Fellowship for the Performing Arts obtained from the Lewis estate the rights to adapt The Screwtape Letters for the stage. The initial production opened off-off-Broadway at Theatre 315 in New York City in January 2006. The initial three-week run was extended to eleven and finally closed because the theater was contractually obligated to another production.[17] It was co-written by Max McLean (who also starred) and Jeffrey Fiske (who also directed). A second, expanded production opened off Broadway at the Theatre at St. Clements on 18 October 2007, originally scheduled to run through 6 January 2008. The production re-opened at the Mercury Theater in Chicago in September 2008, and continued on a national tour including San Francisco, Phoenix, Louisville, Chattanooga, Fort Lauderdale, Houston and Austin, through January 2010 as well as playing at The Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C. for ten weeks.[18] The Screwtape Letters played for 309 performances at New York City's Westside Theatre in 2010. The 2011 tour visited performing arts venues in cities throughout the United States including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Seattle, Minneapolis, and Boston. The 2012–2013 tour began in Los Angeles in January 2012, with return engagements in San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, Chicago and Atlanta as well as stops in several other cities. The Screwtape Letters has been described as "Humorous and lively ... the Devil has rarely been given his due more perceptively!" by The New York Times, "A profound experience" by Christianity Today and "Wickedly witty ... One hell of good show!" by The Wall Street Journal.[18]
The Barley Sheaf Players of Lionville, Pennsylvania performed James Forsyth's play Screwtape in September 2010. It was directed by Scott Ryan and the play ran the last 3 weekends in September.[19] The production was reviewed by Paul Recupero for Stage Magazine.[20]
In popular culture[edit]
Documentary[edit]
Affectionately Yours, Screwtape: The Devil and C.S. Lewis (January 1, 2007), directed by Tom Dallis and written by Amy Dallis, aired on the History Channel[21]
Literature[edit]
In 2010, the Marine Corps Gazette began publishing a series of articles entitled "The Attritionist Letters" styled in the manner of The Screwtape Letters. In the letters, General Screwtape chastises Captain Wormwood for his inexperience and naivete while denouncing the concepts of maneuver warfare in favor of attrition warfare.[22]
Music[edit]
Called To Arms' concept album Peril and the Patient (August 10, 2010) is based entirely on The Screwtape Letters.[23][24]
In U2's music video for the song "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" (1995), an animated Bono is seen walking down the street holding the book The Screwtape Letters. While on stage during the Zoo TV Tour Bono would dress as Mr. MacPhisto, his alter ego. Bono would wear a gold suit and devil horns and usually make prank calls to politicians.
The lyrics for The Receiving End of Sirens' song "Oubliette (Disappear)", from the album The Earth Sings Mi Fa Mi (2007) were inspired by a passage from The Screwtape Letters.[25]
In the Christian metal band Living Sacrifice's album Ghost Thief, there is a track titled "Screwtape". Frontman of Living Sacrifice, Bruce Fitzhugh, explained that the song is "about temptation and the proverbial 'devil on your shoulder.' It's about the thought process we go through to justify a thought or action that is not good for the soul". Fitzhugh also explains how he thought it was interesting Lewis wrote from the perspective of Screwtape and that he wrote from the same perspective in the song.[26]
The group The Oh Hellos released the album Dear Wormwood which they have described as a form of speculative fiction from the point of view of "the patient".
Speeches[edit]
U.S. President Ronald Reagan quoted from The Screwtape Letters in his famous 1983 speech to the National Association of Evangelicals.[27]
Reviews[edit]
"C.S. Lewis is the most popular Christian theologian being published today." - The Christian Book Club
"Lewis is the ideal persuader for the half-convinced, for the good man who would like to be a Christian but finds his intellect getting in the way." - Anthony Burgess, The New York Times Book Review
"Apparently this Oxford don and Cambridge professor is going to be around for a long time; he called himself a dinosaur but he seems to speak to people where they are." - Chad Walsh, The Washington Post Book World
"A legacy of solid, genial Christianity." - Dorothy Dohen, Commonweal
Other uses[edit]
David Foster Wallace praised the book in interviews and placed it first on his list of top ten favorite books.[28]
In an October 2013 interview in New York magazine, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, professed his admiration for the book. Scalia remarked, "The Screwtape Letters is a great book. It really is, just as a study of human nature." The book was discussed in the highly publicized interview during Scalia's discourse regarding the nature of his Catholic faith.[29]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Screwtape Letters title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.
• ISFDB shows unillustrated covers, and credits no cover artists, for both first editions published by Geoffrey Bles, the Letters (1942) and the omnibus with "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" and a new preface by Lewis (1961).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roger & Hooper 2002, p. 237.
Jump up ^ Roger & Hooper 2002, p. 236.
Jump up ^ Griffin, William (2005), C.S. Lewis: The Authentic Voice, Oxford: Lion Hudson, p. 188, ISBN 0-7459-5208-9 .
Jump up ^ Lewis, C. S. (2001), The Screwtape Letters, New York: HarperCollins, p. 184
Jump up ^ Lewis, C. S. (2001). The Screwtape Letters, with Screwtape Proposes a Toast. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-065293-4.
Jump up ^ Hein, David (2007). "A Note on C. S. Lewis's The Screwtape Letters". The Anglican Digest. 49 (2). pp. 55–58.
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/1980727457/
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Nefarious-Plot-Steve-Deace/dp/1618688235/
Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/products/isbn/9780884490333/198728758
Jump up ^ "Radio Theatre". Radio Theatre. 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Video preview of The Screwtape Letters Audio Drama". chriskou.com. May 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lewis, C. S. The Screwtape Letters. The Christian classic series. New York: Marvel Comics, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8407-6261-0
Jump up ^ Nicole Laporte (2007-01-31). "'Screwtape' attaches Walden". Variety. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Update on The Screwtape Letters Movie From Producer Ralph Winter". The Stone Table. 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
Jump up ^ "'Screwtape Letters' to be released on film". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Another CS Lewis Film In The Works". Empire. January 2, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "About the NYC Production of C.S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters". Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "About The Screwtape Letters", ScrewtapeOnStage. Retrieved on 27 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barley Sheaf Players Screwtape"
Jump up ^ Recupero, Paul. "Turn of the SCREWTAPE", Stage Magazine Review, September 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dallis, Tom (Director) & Dallis, Amy (Writer) (January 1, 2007). "Affectionately Yours, Screwtape: The Devil and C.S. Lewis". IMDb. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "The Attritionist Letters (Archives)". Marine Corps Gazette. MCA Marines. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Called to Arms is Rad" (news). Indie Vision Music. 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Called To Arms" (profile). Absolute Punk. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Disappear (Oubliette) Lyric Meaning – The Receiving End of Sirens Meanings". Song meanings. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Living Sacrifice's "Screwtape" song premiere". Lambgoat. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida" (PDF). The Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library. March 8, 1983. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "David Foster Wallace: R.I.P." News observer. September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "In Conversation: Antonin Scalia". New York. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Lancelyn Green, Roger; Hooper, Walter (2002), C. S. Lewis: a biography, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-628164-8 .
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Screwtape Letters
The Screwtape Letters at Faded Page (Canada)
Lewis, C.S. "The Screwtape Letters" (audio drama). Focus on the Family.
"Commentary on The Screwtape letters". Butler-Bowdon.
"Quotations and Allusions in The Screwtape Letters". Lewisiana.
"Free Screwtape Letters Study Guide (From a Christian Perspective)". That Dan Kent.
Lewis, C.S. (1941). The Screwtape Letters (PDF). Samizdat (full text). Québec, CA.
Lewis, C.S. (1959). Screwtape Proposes a Toast (PDF). Samizdat (full text). Québec, CA.
[show]
v
t
e
Works by C. S. Lewis
Poetry
Spirits in Bondage (1919)
Dymer (1926)
Fiction
The Pilgrim's Regress (1933)
The Screwtape Letters (1942)
The Great Divorce (1945)
Till We Have Faces (1956)
Screwtape Proposes a Toast (1959)
Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer (1964)
Boxen (1985)
The Space Trilogy
Out of the Silent Planet (1938)
Perelandra (1943)
That Hideous Strength (1945)
The Dark Tower (manuscript) (1977)
The Chronicles
of Narnia
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
Prince Caspian (1951)
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
The Silver Chair (1953)
The Horse and His Boy (1954)
The Magician's Nephew (1955)
The Last Battle (1956)
Non-fiction
The Allegory of Love (1936)
The Personal Heresy (1939)
The Problem of Pain (1940)
A Preface to Paradise Lost (1942)
The Abolition of Man (1943)
Miracles (1947)
Mere Christianity (1952)
Surprised by Joy (1955)
The Four Loves (1960)
Studies in Words (1960)
The World's Last Night and Other Essays (1960)
An Experiment in Criticism (1961)
A Grief Observed (1961)
They Asked for a Paper: Papers and Addresses (1962)
Selections from Layamon's Brut (1963)
The Discarded Image (1964)
The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses (1965)
Of Other Worlds (1966)
God in the Dock (1970-1971)
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Chapters and verses of the Bible
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The Gospel according to John - a text showing chapter and verse divisions (King James Version)
The Bible is a compilation of many shorter books written at different times by a variety of authors, and later assembled into the biblical canon. Since the early 13th century, most copies and editions of the Bible present all but the shortest of these books with divisions into chapters, generally a page or so in length. Since the mid-16th century editors have further subdivided each chapter into verses - each consisting of a few short lines or sentences. Sometimes a sentence spans more than one verse, as in the case of Ephesians 2:8–9, and sometimes there is more than one sentence in a single verse, as in the case of Genesis 1:2.
As the chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts, they form part of the paratext of the Bible.
The Jewish divisions of the Hebrew text differ at various points from those used by Christians. For instance, in Jewish tradition, the ascriptions to many Psalms are regarded as independent verses or parts of the subsequent verses, making 116 more verses, whereas established Christian practice treats each Psalm ascription as independent and unnumbered. Some chapter divisions also occur in different places, e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5:27–41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6:1–15.[citation needed]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Chapters
1.2 Verses
2 Jewish tradition
2.1 Verse endings
2.2 Parashiyot
2.3 Sedarim
3 Christian versions
4 Protestant Bible statistics
4.1 Chapters
4.2 Verses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
"...they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." ~ Isaiah 2:4 KJV (Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City)
Chapters[edit]
Early manuscripts of the biblical texts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers. In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs (parashot) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Peh פ indicated an "open" paragraph that began on a new line, while Samekh ס indicated a "closed" paragraph that began on the same line after a small space.[1] These two letters begin the Hebrew words open (patuach) and closed (sagoor), and are, themselves, open פ and closed ס. The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions.[2] (This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions, known as acrostics, such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations.)
The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections. In Israel the Torah (its first five books) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years. In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections (Parashat ha-Shavua) so it could be read through in one year.[2] The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century. Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons. Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions.[3] (See fuller discussions below.)
Chapter divisions, with titles, are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3, the so-called Bible of Rorigo.[4]
Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.[5][6][7]
While chapter divisions have become nearly universal, editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them. Such editions, which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead, include John Locke's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1707),[8] Alexander Campbell's The Sacred Writings (1826),[9] Daniel Berkeley Updike’s fourteen-volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, Richard Moulton's The Modern Reader's Bible (1907),[10] Ernest Sutherland Bates's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature (1936),[11] The Books of the Bible (2007) from the International Bible Society (Biblica), Adam Lewis Greene’s five-volume Bibliotheca (2014),[12][13] and the six-volume ESV Reader's Bible[14] (2016) from Crossway Books.
Verses[edit]
Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon (:) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440.[6]
The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini (1470–1541), but his system was never widely adopted.[15] His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today.[16] Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament[17] which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles. Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text. Before this work, they were printed in the margins.[16]
The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham (c. 1524–1579). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages. (Nevertheless, some Bibles have removed the verse numbering, including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses, not chapters, is The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson.)[18]
Jewish tradition[edit]
Main article: Tanakh § Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions
The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books:
Verse endings[edit]
Main article: Sof passuk
Most important are the verse endings. According to the Talmudic tradition, the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin.[19] In Masoretic versions of the Bible, the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq (which means "stop"). Less formally, verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq.
Parashiyot[edit]
Main article: Parashah
The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot, which are usually indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section) or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic. Unlike chapters, the parashot are not numbered, but some of them have special titles.
In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex), an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always start at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.
Sedarim[edit]
Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text. For the Torah, this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel.
Christian versions[edit]
The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions, called kephalaia (singular kephalaion, literally meaning heading).[20] This system, which was in place no later than the 5th century, is not identical to the present chapters. Unlike the modern chapters, which tend to be of roughly similar length, the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next. For example, the Sermon on the Mount, comprising three chapters in the modern system, has but one kephalaion mark, while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several, one per miracle. Moreover, there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark, even though the latter is the shorter text. In the manuscripts, the kephalaia with their numbers, their standard titles (titloi) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book; in the book's main body, they would be marked only with arrow-shaped or asterisk-like symbols in the margin, not in the text itself.
The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only, and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins (for example, the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage gets two marked kephalaia, one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture – well before the ruler's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded). Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text, helping a reader to quickly find one of several well-known episodes, than like a true system of chapter divisions.
Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense, but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[21]
The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars. Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context. Nevertheless, the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.
Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011. In 2014, Crossway published the ESV Reader's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV.[22] Projects such as Icthus[23] also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations.
Protestant Bible statistics[edit]
The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119, the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms, and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles, are included. Except where stated, the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66-book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament, not the deuterocanonical books.
Chapters[edit]
There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament.
187 chapters in the Pentateuch
249 chapters in the Historical books
243 chapters in the Poetic books ("Wisdom")
183 chapters in the Major prophets
67 chapters in the Minor prophets
There are 260 chapters in the New Testament.
89 chapters in the Gospels
28 chapters in Acts
87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles (excluding Hebrews)
34 chapters in the General Epistles (including Hebrews)
22 chapters in Revelation
This gives a total of 1,189 chapters (on average, 18 per book).
Psalm 117, the shortest chapter, is also the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter.[24]
Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter of the Bible.
Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible.
Five books are a single chapter: Obadiah, Philemon, 2 & 3 John, Jude. In many printed editions, the chapter number is omitted for these books, and references just use the verse numbers.
Old Testament - 929 chapters[25]
Book / Division
Chapters
Pentateuch (or the Law) 187
Genesis 50
Exodus 40
Leviticus 27
Numbers 36
Deuteronomy 34
Historical Books 249
Joshua 24
Judges 21
Ruth 4
1 Samuel 31
2 Samuel 24
1 Kings 22
2 Kings 25
1 Chronicles 29
2 Chronicles 36
Ezra 10
Nehemiah 13
Esther 10
Books of Wisdom (or "Poetry") 243
Job 42
Psalms 150
Proverbs 31
Ecclesiastes 12
Song of Solomon 8
Major Prophets 183
Isaiah 66
Jeremiah 52
Lamentations 5
Ezekiel 48
Daniel 12
Minor Prophets 67
Hosea 14
Joel 3
Amos 9
Obadiah 1
Jonah 4
Micah 7
Nahum 3
Habakkuk 3
Zephaniah 3
Haggai 2
Zechariah 14
Malachi 4
New Testament - 260 chapters[25]
Book / Division
Chapters
Gospels 89
Matthew 28
Mark 16
Luke 24
John 21
History 28
Acts 28
Pauline Epistles 87
Romans 16
1 Corinthians 16
2 Corinthians 13
Galatians 6
Ephesians 6
Philippians 4
Colossians 4
1 Thessalonians 5
2 Thessalonians 3
1 Timothy 6
2 Timothy 4
Titus 3
Philemon 1
General Epistles 34
Hebrews 13
James 5
1 Peter 5
2 Peter 3
1 John 5
2 John 1
3 John 1
Jude 1
Apocalyptic Writings
(Prophecy)
22
Revelation 22
Verses[edit]
There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses,[25] which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter.
Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses (31,102), with the two middle verses being Psalm 103:1–2.[26]
John 11:35 ("Jesus wept") is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations — including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader's Version — render Job 3:2 as "He said". However, that is a translators' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is: "And Job answered and said."
The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20:30 ("και ο δευτερος", "And the second") with twelve letters, according to the Westcott and Hort text. In the Textus Receptus, the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5:16 ("παντοτε χαιρετε", "Rejoice always") with fourteen letters,[27] since Stephanus' rendering of Luke 20:30 includes some additional words.[28]
Isaiah 10:8 ("Dicet enim") is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate.[29]
Esther 8:9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran (in the Dead Sea Scrolls) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8:9 in length.
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Bible
Bible citation
List of omitted Bible verses
Parashah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, n. 28.
Jump up ^ Kurt and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans and Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989), pp. 252 ff.
Jump up ^ Consortium, Europeana Regia. "Europeana Regia - Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France MSS Latin 3".
Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible, pages 73–78 at JSTOR. page 75
Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The early versions of the New Testament: Their origin, transmission and limitations, Oxford University Press (1977), p.347. Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse, 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ London: Awnsham and John Churchill, 1707
Jump up ^ 1826; repr. Nashville: Gospel Advocate Restoration Reprints, 2001
Jump up ^ New York: Macmillan, 1907
Jump up ^ New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936)
Jump up ^ "Bibliotheca Multivolume Readers' Bible Homepage". BIBLIOTHECA. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ "The Bible's a mess, but a designer is fixing it". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ https://www.crossway.org/bibles/esv-readers-bible-none-tru/
Jump up ^ Miller, Stephen M.; Huber, Robert V. (2004). The Bible: A History. Good Books. p. 173. ISBN 1-56148-414-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pitts Theology Library Exhibit on the Verses of the New Testament".
Jump up ^ "Chapters and Verses: Who Needs Them?," Christopher R. Smith, Bible Study Magazine (July–Aug 2009): 46–47.
Jump up ^ Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002
Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud, Nedarim 37b
Jump up ^ Snapp, James (15 April 2016). "Kephalaia: The Ancient Chapters of the Gospels". Retrieved 31 March 2018.
Jump up ^ The Examiner.
Jump up ^ Zylstra, Sarah Eekhof (25 July 2014). "Introducing the Bible! Now with Less!". Christianity Today. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Icthus".
Jump up ^ The Center of the Bible Archived August 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. at BreakTheChain.org
^ Jump up to: a b c Study Resources: The Books of the Bible at BlueLetterBible.org
Jump up ^ King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com
Jump up ^ First Thessalonians 5:12–28, John Walvoord at Bible.org
Jump up ^ Luke 20:30 και ο δευτερος – and the second with interlinear Greek-English and KJV
Luke 20:30, in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament and the 1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament.
Jump up ^ Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com
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Nepotism (The Office)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Nepotism"
The Office episode
Episode no.
Season 7
Episode 1
Directed by
Jeffrey Blitz
Written by
Daniel Chun
Production code
7001[1]
Original air date
September 23, 2010
Running time
22 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Kathy Bates as Jo Bennett
Evan Peters as Luke Cooper
Hugh Dane as Hank[2]
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Whistleblower" Next →
"Counseling"
The Office (U.S. season 7)
List of The Office (U.S. TV series) episodes
"Nepotism" is the seventh season premiere of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's 127th episode overall. Written by Daniel Chun and directed by Jeffrey Blitz, the episode aired on NBC in the United States on September 23, 2010. The episode guest stars Kathy Bates as Jo Bennett, Evan Peters as Luke Cooper, and Hugh Dane as Hank.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, the office turns against Michael Scott when he refuses to fire the new office assistant, Luke (Peters), who has a terrible attitude and happens to be Michael's nephew. Meanwhile, after accidentally ruining one of Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) pranks, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) tries to prank Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) in return.
"Nepotism" received generally positive reviews from television critics; many commented upon the episode's opening lip dub, although some noted it did not advance any story arcs. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was watched by 8.4 million viewers, a slight increase from the sixth season premiere, "Gossip", and it finished second in its timeslot.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The office returns from summer with a new office assistant, Luke (Evan Peters). However, it soon becomes clear that he only goofs off, deliberately messes up food and coffee runs, and has a poor attitude that leads everyone to openly despise him. When Michael (Steve Carell) steps up to defend him, it is revealed that Luke is Michael's nephew, whom Michael hired in hope that it will end the estrangement between him and his half sister, Luke's mother. The office demands Michael get rid of Luke, but he refuses. Later on in the day, the office employees discover the trunk of Luke's car is filled with packages from the office that he neglected to send (along with Michael's rejected pants from Talbot's). Since Luke is now costing the office customers, Gabe (Zach Woods) sends a heads-up on the situation to CEO Jo Bennett (Kathy Bates), who sternly tells Michael to deal with the situation. During a meeting Luke continues to rebel and act out, so Michael spanks him in front of the entire office, leaving Luke to quit and run away crying and the rest of them satisfied. Gabe assigns Michael six hours of counseling with Toby (Paul Lieberstein) after his 'physical assault' of a fellow employee; Michael is aghast at having to sit down with his archenemy, but under company policies the only alternative is termination.
Meanwhile, the rest of the office tells the camera crew what they've been doing over the summer. Erin (Ellie Kemper) started dating Gabe, and Andy (Ed Helms) tries to play it cool by using his anger management techniques. Kelly attended a corporate training class as part of the "Print in All Colors" initiative for Sabre, and is trying to impress everyone by dressing up and 'sounding smarter'. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) bought the industrial park building, and Jim (John Krasinski) begins a lengthy prank to overload Dwight's key ring with fake keys. Seeing Jim adding on keys, Pam (Jenna Fischer) involuntarily laughs, alerting Dwight to Jim's prank. Though Jim tries to take it gracefully, Pam senses that he is mad at her for spoiling the prank, so she tries to make it up to him by devising a prank of her own. She enlists Kevin to rewire the elevator so the buttons all do different things. To her dismay, Kevin's alterations to the elevator's 'circus board' result in Pam and Dwight getting trapped in the elevator together. In the end the backfired prank does impress Jim.
Production[edit]
Jeffrey Blitz directed "Nepotism".
"Nepotism" was written by Daniel Chun and directed by Jeffrey Blitz, both of whom had worked on several previous episodes of The Office as writer and director, respectively. It was the seventh season premiere, and the first new episode to be broadcast since Steve Carell publicly announced he would depart from The Office by the end of the seventh season.[3][4] At the time that "Nepotism" was filmed, the writers and producers had not yet determined who would replace Michael Scott as the office's manager, nor whether that character would be the primary protagonist of the show.[5] "Nepotism" features Kathy Bates, Hugh Dane and Evan Peters in guest appearances as Jo Bennet, Hank Tate and Luke Cooper, respectively.[6] It was also the first episode to feature Zach Woods as a regular cast member, although he had previously guest starred as Gabe Lewis in several sixth season episodes.[7] "Nepotism" featured an updated opening credits sequence which more strongly highlighted the entire supporting cast, rather than just the main characters.[8] Carell and Peters had previously appeared together in Sleepover (2004).
The official website for The Office included three cut scenes from "Nepotism" within a week of its original release. In the first clip, Toby reveals that he self-published his murder mystery novel and sold four copies, but is now being sued for plagiarism, while Kevin interviews that he's decided to deliberately lie all the time about everything.[9] In the second clip, which is one minute and 17 seconds, Michael attempts to instruct Luke on how to use the photocopier.[10] In the final clip, Dwight inquires about buying a robot.[11]
Cultural references[edit]
During the cold open, the cast performs a lip dub to "Nobody but Me", performed by The Human Beinz,[12] with the intention of placing the video on the Internet. This refers to an Internet meme trend that started with a 2009 YouTube video released by students of the Université du Québec à Montréal, in which hundreds of students lip-synched The Black Eyed Peas song "I Gotta Feeling" in one continuous take.[8][13]
Michael claims that during his summer he caught the West Nile virus, an illness commonly transported by mosquito bite. He also claims to have watched Inception, a Christopher Nolan-directed science fiction film that was critically and commercial successful in the summer of 2010.[8] Michael alludes, however, that he may have only dreamed about watching the film, a reference to the ambiguity surrounding the movie's plot about extracting information from dreams.[14] In one scene, Darryl explains he blew out his knee playing softball over the summer and watched a great deal of the cable news network CNN, which led him to develop grave concerns about the ongoing War in Afghanistan.[12] Throughout the episode, Dwight wears a CamelBak, a hydration backpack from which the wearer drinks water through a hose.[12] When Jim comments on the outrageous number of keys on Dwight's keyring, Dwight responds by saying, "The bigger the keychain, the more powerful the man", which Jim recognizes as a quote by the janitor from the show Scrubs. After pranking Dwight, Pam declares herself the "Bart Simpson of Scranton", a reference to the mischievous protagonist from the animated comedy series The Simpsons.[8]
Luke declares himself a lover of cinema and says his favorite films are Citizen Kane, a classic 1941 film by Orson Welles, and The Boondock Saints, a 1999 crime thriller film.[15] Creed indicates he follows Luke on the social-networking website Twitter specifically because Luke does not write about the actress Betty White, who was particularly popular at the time the episode aired.[13] The same day "Nepotism" was broadcast, White appeared in the second-season premiere of Community, another comedy series on NBC.[8] While trying to recall the last time he saw Luke, Michael remembers it was the release year of Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995), a comedy film starring Jim Carrey.[12] Michael has Luke pick up pants for him from Talbots, a retail store that specializes in women's clothing and accessories; this also serves as a callback to the Season 3 episode "The Negotiation", where Michael accidentally bought and then wore a women's pantsuit produced by a clothing brand called MISSterious.[16] While reflecting on how difficult it is to work with family, he wonders aloud how the Ringling brothers have managed the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus for so many years.[13] He also claims that mixing family and business is a beautiful thing by illustrating what a bad idea it would have been to have open auditions for the band Hanson.
Reception[edit]
"Nepotism" first aired on September 23, 2010.[1] In its original American broadcast, it was viewed by an estimated 8.40 million viewers with a 4.4 rating/11% share in the 18–49 demographic coming second in its time slot and improving its rating by 1.80 million viewers from last season's finale.[17][18]
"Nepotism" doesn't change the game or reinvent the wheel for the aging mockumentary, but rather offers a slightly more energetic variation on the usual formula. If anything, only the outside knowledge that the seventh season represents Steve Carell's final turn as career nincompoop Michael Scott affects the way we perceive this solid, if unremarkable entry into the series.
“
”
Kevin Fitzpatrick, UGO Networks[14]
The Atlantic writer Suzanne Merkelson praised the episode, and felt the opening lip-syncing scene highlighted the talents of the entire cast. However, she said the subplots were not as strong as the main story involving Michael, which underscored the challenge writers would have in maintaining The Office after Steve Carell's departure.[12] The A.V. Club writer Myles McNutt, who said he was critical of the sixth season, said "Nepotism" was effective both in its main storyline involving Michael and Luke, and its B story involving Pam pulling a prank on Dwight. Although slightly disappointed that the episode did not allude to Michael's eventual replacement, McNutt said "Nepotism" demonstrated The Office would continue to be the same show even without Carell.[8] Aishini Thiyagarajan of The Cornell Daily Sun highly praised the episode, claiming it highlighted the best traits of all the characters. She especially praised the cold open and the ending scene with Michael spanking Luke.[6] Phoebe Reilly of New York magazine said the episode lacked any poor points, and said it established the season as one of "a mix of high jinks and heart".[13] Rick Porter of Zap2it described "Nepotism" as "an old-school episode" with a strong main story and subplot, and praised Kelly's new attitude following her executive training. His only criticism was that Dwight seemed too over-the-top, particularly while wielding a knife during the cold open lip dub.[15]
Kevin Fitzpatrick of UGO Networks said that this was a good episode, but not an especially important one which failed to advance any ongoing story lines. Although he called scenes like Michael spanking Luke and his defense of Luke during the meeting as "classic Scott", Fitzpatrick also said the episode does little to start establishing a proper send-off for the character's final season.[14] Time magazine television critic James Poniewozik called it "a fine but unremarkable, meat-and-potatoes Office about a Michael screw-up", which made him question whether the show could continue after Carell left. Although he complimented individual moments, Poniewozik called the cold open a "self-congratulatory, awkward [and] unearned curtain call".[19] Joel Keller of TV Squad praised the cold open, but felt the rest of the episode was extremely disappointing. Keller said few of the characters' stories about how they spent their summers stood out, and said Michael's spanking of Luke was awkward and unfunny.[16] Brooklynne Kelly Peters of Blast magazine said the episode started strong with the lip synching cold open, but that the rest of the episode was not as funny as the series often is, describing it as "mundane hilarity".[20]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Shows A-Z – office, the on nbc". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 3, 2010). "NBC "Premiere Week" Episode Descriptions (Spoilers!)". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hester, Jere (September 23, 2010). "Michael Scott's Long Last Hurrah". WRC-TV. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (September 23, 2010). "The Office: The Pressure's (Not) On for Steve Carell's Last Year". TV Guide. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (September 9, 2010). "'Office' plan: How NBC will tackle replacing Carell". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Thiyagarajan, Aishini (September 24, 2010). "The Office Recap: Nepotism". The Cornell Daily Sun. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael; Patrick, Patrick (June 16, 2010). "Exclusive: 'The Office' promotes 'Gabe' to series regular". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f McNutt, Myles (September 23, 2010). "The Office: "Nepotism"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Office-Nepotism – Clip One – Video". NBC.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Jump up ^ "The Office-Nepotism – Clip Two – Video". NBC.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ "The Office-Nepotism – Clip Three – Video". NBC.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Merkelson, Suzanne (September 4, 2010). "'The Office': The Beginning of the End for Michael Scott". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Reilly, Phoebe (September 24, 2010). "The Office Premiere Recap: Establishing a Pee Corner". New York. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fitzpatrick, Kevin (September 23, 2010). "The Office Doesn't Play Favorites with "Nepotism"". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 24, 2010). "'The Office' premiere: The Good, the bad and the Wuphf". Zap2it. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Keller, Joel (September 24, 2010). "'The Office' Season 7, Episode 1 (Premiere) Recap (VIDEO)". TV Squad. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (September 24, 2010). "TV Ratings Thursday: The Big Bang Theory Scores at 8pm; Grey's Anatomy Tops Night With Young Adults; My Generation Premiere Stalls". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (September 24, 2010). "Thursday Finals: ‘Big Bang Theory,’ ‘$#*! My Dad Says,’ ‘Grey’s Anatomy,’ ‘The Office,’ ‘The Mentalist,’ and ‘Outsourced’ All Rise; Private Practice Falls". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (September 24, 2010). "Office Watch: Spank You Very Much". Time. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Peters, Brooklynne Kelly (September 24, 2010). "The Office and Outsourced recaps". Blast. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
External links[edit]
"Nepotism" at NBC.com
"Nepotism" on IMDb
"Nepotism" at TV.com
[hide]
v
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The Office (U.S.) episodes
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"The Dundies"
"Sexual Harassment"
"Office Olympics"
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"The Fight"
"The Client"
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"Email Surveillance"
"Christmas Party"
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Season 4
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"Launch Party"
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"Branch Wars"
"Survivor Man"
"The Deposition"
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"Goodbye, Toby"
Season 5
"Weight Loss"
"Business Ethics"
"Baby Shower"
"Crime Aid"
"Employee Transfer"
"Customer Survey"
"Business Trip"
"Frame Toby"
"The Surplus"
"Moroccan Christmas"
"The Duel"
"Prince Family Paper"
"Stress Relief"
"Lecture Circuit"
"Blood Drive"
"Golden Ticket"
"New Boss"
"Two Weeks"
"Dream Team"
"Michael Scott Paper Company"
"Heavy Competition"
"Broke"
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"Cafe Disco"
"Company Picnic"
Season 6
"Gossip"
"The Meeting"
"The Promotion"
"Niagara"
"Mafia"
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"Koi Pond"
"Double Date"
"Murder"
"Shareholder Meeting"
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"The Delivery"
"St. Patrick's Day"
"New Leads"
"Happy Hour"
"Secretary's Day"
"Body Language"
"The Cover-Up"
"The Chump"
"Whistleblower"
Season 7
"Nepotism"
"Counseling"
"Andy's Play"
"Sex Ed"
"The Sting
"Costume Contest"
"Christening"
"Viewing Party"
"WUPHF.com"
"China"
"Classy Christmas"
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"Todd Packer"
"Garage Sale"
"Training Day"
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"Goodbye, Michael"
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"Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager"
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Season 8
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"Lotto"
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Season 9
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"Roy's Wedding"
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"Work Bus"
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Webisodes
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Chandragupta Maurya (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Maurya
Genre
Historical drama
Created by
Sagar Arts
Written by
Sumit Roy
Faizal Akhtar
Brij Mohan Vyas
Abhishek Kumar
Directed by
Bhushan Patel
Arif Shamsi
Avi Jain
Vaibhav Mutha
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of episodes
124 (105 Aired)
Production
Producer(s)
Nilanjana Purkayasstha
Sagar
Prem Sagar
Jyoti Sagar
Shiv Sagar
Cinematography
Ravi Naidu
Editor(s)
Shums Mirza
Satya Sharma
Release
Original network
Imagine TV
Original release
March 2011
Chandragupta Maurya (Devanagari: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य) is an Indian historical drama being broadcast on Dangal TV, based on the life of Chandragupta Maurya, one of the major Indian Emperors of ancient India.[1] It premiered on 20 December 2014. It is being re-aired on Dangal TV after Imagine TV was shut-down for unknown reasons. Chandragupta Maurya was first aired in March 2011 on Imagine TV.[2][3] Ashish Sharma played the role of Chandragupta Maurya.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Cast
3 See also
4 References
Summary[edit]
Chandragupta extended the borders of his empire towards Seleucid Persia after his conflict with Seleucus c. 305 BCE.
The story is about Chandragupta Maurya, who ruled over the Indian subcontinent in 300 BC. He would go on to become one of the greatest conquerors of India, with his empire extending from Assam in the east to Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the west.
Cast[edit]
Main Cast
Actor
Role
Ashish Sharma Chandragupta Maurya
Rushiraj Pawar young Chandragupta Maurya[6]
Manish Wadhwa Chanakya (Advi of Chanakya)
Nidhi Tikoo Durdhara
Sooraj Thapar Dhana Nanda and Mahapadma Nanda

Additional Cast
Actor
Role
Rajeev Bhardwaj Bhadrabhatt
Romanch Mehta Purushdatt
Tej Sapru Amatya (pramukh) Rakshas
Ali Hasan Virajas
Mohak Meet Aditya
Ankit Shah Younger Shashank
Nitin Prabhat Ambhik Kumar
Siddhharth Dhanda Young Digvijay
Mohsin Shaikh Sukant
Manas Adhiya Ghanghor
Rishi Raj Arya Aerawat
Ravi Patel Akshay
Malini Sengupta Chitrarupa
Deepti Dhyani Mura (mother of Chandragupta Maurya)
Onkar Nath Mishra Acharya Shreshtha
Vishal Aditya Singh Shashank
Lalit Negi Digvijay
Sumit Vyas Ambhik Kumar
Rohit Purohit Bhadrasaal
Tiya Gandwani Mihika (Vishkanya)
Khan Jaan Dadhich
Raj Premi Ahirya
Tarun Khanna Karvinath
Rajesh Shringarpure Seleucus I Nicator
Yashashri Masurkar Mrignayani
Ankit Kakkar Aryeman
Shiraz Hussain Alexander the Great
King Porus
See also[edit]
Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Imagine-TVs-serial-Chandragupta-Maurya-will-be-revived-by-Sony-Entertainment-Television-Rajat-Tokas-is-likely-to-play-the-lead-/articleshow/13007214.cms
Jump up ^ Chandragupta Maurya comes to small screen
Jump up ^ Chandragupta Maurya on Sony TV?
Jump up ^ http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/playing-chandragupta-is-a-demanding-job-ashish-sharma_93362.html
Jump up ^ http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashish-sharma-believes-it-s-difficult-to-enter-film-industry_148016.html
Jump up ^ What are the real names and faces behind "Chandragupta Maurya", the famous TV show on Imagine ?
[show]
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Categories:
Imagine TV television series
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Indian television series
2011 Indian television series debuts
2012 Indian television series endings
Indian period television series
Works about the Maurya Empire
2010s Indian television series
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