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Glossary of bets offered by UK bookmakers
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This glossary of bets offered by UK bookmakers is a non-exhaustive list of traditional and popular bets offered by bookmakers in the United Kingdom. The 'multiple-selection' bets in particular are most often associated with horse racing selections but since the advent of fixed-odds betting on football matches some punters use these traditional combination bets for football selections as well.
Contents
1 Types of bet
1.1 Win
1.2 Place
1.3 Each-Way
2 Single
3 Multiple bet
3.1 Double
3.2 Treble
3.3 Accumulator
4 Full cover bet
4.1 Trixie
4.2 Yankee
4.3 Canadian or Super Yankee
4.4 Heinz
4.5 Super Heinz
4.6 Goliath
5 Full cover bets with singles
5.1 Patent
5.2 Lucky 15
5.3 Lucky 31
5.4 Lucky 63
5.5 Alphabet
6 'Any to Come' (ATC) or 'if cash' bets
6.1 Up-and-Down
6.2 Round Robin
6.3 Flag
6.4 Super Flag
6.5 Rounder
6.6 Roundabout
7 Speciality bets
7.1 Union Jack
8 Forecasts
8.1 Straight Forecast
8.2 Reversed Forecast
8.3 Combination Forecast
8.4 Tricast
8.5 Combination Tricast
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Types of bet[edit]
Win[edit]
A bet that produces a return only if the selection comes first in an event (i.e. wins). A win bet may be placed on a single event.
Place[edit]
A bet that produces a return only if the selection finishes first or within a predetermined number of positions (places) of the winner of an event. The return is often based on a fixed proportion of the win odds of the selection.
Each-Way[edit]
A combination of win and place bets of equal size. Each-Way bets may be placed on a single event or on two or more selections in a multiple bet. Each-Way multiple bets are settled on a win-to-win and place-to-place basis.
Single[edit]
A bet on an individual selection or outcome.[1]
Multiple bet[edit]
A double, treble or accumulator. A linked series of win singles where all the return from the first selection is automatically staked on the second selection as a win single and so on until all selections have won, thus giving a return, or until one selection loses in which case the whole bet is lost.
Double[edit]
A bet on two selections; both of which must win to gain a return.[1]
Treble[edit]
A bet on three selections; all three of which must win to gain a return.[1]
Accumulator[edit]
A bet on four or more selections; all of which must win to gain a return. Accumulators are often named after the number of selections they contain - thus we can get a fourfold, fivefold or sixfold accumulator (or even higher).[1]
Full cover bet[edit]
A wager consisting of all possible doubles, trebles and accumulators across a given number of selections. These include: Trixie, Yankee, Canadian or Super Yankee, Heinz, Super Heinz and Goliath. A double may be thought of as a full cover bet with only two selections.
Trixie[edit]
A wager on three selections and consisting of four separate bets: 3 doubles and a treble. A minimum two selections must win to gain a return.[1]
Yankee[edit]
A wager on four selections and consisting of 11 separate bets: 6 doubles, 4 trebles and a fourfold accumulator. A minimum two selections must win to gain a return.[2]
Canadian or Super Yankee[edit]
A wager on five selections and consisting of 26 separate bets: 10 doubles, 10 trebles, 5 fourfolds and a fivefold accumulator. A minimum two selections must win to gain a return.[1]
Heinz[edit]
A wager on six selections and consisting of 57 separate bets: 15 doubles, 20 trebles, 15 fourfolds, 6 fivefolds and a sixfold accumulator. A minimum two selections must win to gain a return.[1] It is named for the '57 varieties' advertising slogan of the H. J. Heinz Company.
Super Heinz[edit]
A wager on seven selections and consisting of 120 separate bets: 21 doubles, 35 trebles, 35 fourfolds, 21 fivefolds, 7 sixfolds and a sevenfold accumulator. A minimum two selections must win to gain a return.
Goliath[edit]
A wager on eight selections and consisting of 247 separate bets: 28 doubles, 56 trebles, 70 fourfolds, 56 fivefolds, 28 sixfolds, 8 sevenfolds and an eightfold accumulator. A minimum two selections must win to gain a return.
Full cover bets with singles[edit]
Patent[edit]
A wager on three selections and consisting of 7 separate bets: 3 singles, 3 doubles and a treble. Equivalent to a Trixie plus 3 singles. One winning selection will guarantee a return.[1]
Lucky 15[edit]
A wager on four selections and consisting of 15 separate bets: 4 singles, 6 doubles, 4 trebles and a fourfold accumulator. Equivalent to a Yankee plus 4 singles. One winning selection will guarantee a return. The 'Lucky' part of the name of this and other similar bets comes from the bookmaker's practice of offering bonuses for one or more winners; usually including 'double the odds' for only one winning selection.[1]
Lucky 31[edit]
A wager on five selections and consisting of 31 separate bets: 5 singles, 10 doubles, 10 trebles, 5 fourfolds and a fivefold accumulator. Equivalent to a Canadian plus 5 singles. One winning selection will guarantee a return.
Lucky 63[edit]
A wager on six selections and consisting of 63 separate bets: 6 singles, 15 doubles, 20 trebles, 15 fourfolds, 6 fivefolds and a sixfold accumulator. One winning selection will guarantee a return.
Alphabet[edit]
A bet consisting of six selections - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, usually on horse racing or greyhound racing. Selections 1, 2, and 3 form a patent, as described above. Selections 4, 5, and 6 form a second patent. Selections 2, 3, 4, and 5 form a Yankee, as described above. Selections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 form a sixfold accumulator, as described above. The total number of bets in an alphabet is therefore 26 [2 patents at 7 bets each, plus 1 yankee at 11 bets, and one accumulator at one bet - (7+7+11+1=26)]. At least one correct selection guarantees a return.
'Any to Come' (ATC) or 'if cash' bets[edit]
Wagers which include conditional bets, i.e. if part of the wager produces a sufficient return then a predetermined amount may be wagered on one or more of the other selections. ATC and 'if cash' bets (generally referred to as 'conditional bets') are normally not accepted on Ante-post selections.
Up-and-Down[edit]
An example of an 'if cash' or 'any-to-come (ATC)' bet. A wager on two selections and consisting of two single bets. If one selection wins (hence the phrase 'if cash') then the original stake is placed as an additional single bet on the second selection. If both selections win each original stake is placed as a single on the other selection: in effect giving twice the winnings for just two stake units. The downside of only one winning selection is that both original stakes are lost.
Usually played for 'single stakes about (SSA)' meaning stakes identical to the original ones are placed on selections in the case of one or more winners. 'Double stakes about (DSA)' means twice the original stake is placed on selections in the case of one or more winners. Note: an odds-on winner will not supply enough money for 'double stakes about' so the whole amount actually available is used.
Round Robin[edit]
A wager on three selections and consisting of 10 separate bets: 3 doubles, 1 treble and 3 up-and-down bets (each of 2 separate bets). It may be considered to be a Trixie to which 3 up-and-down bets have been added. One winning selection will guarantee a return.
Flag[edit]
A wager on four selections and consisting of 23 separate bets: 6 doubles, 4 trebles, 1 fourfold and 6 up-and-down bets. It may be considered to be a Yankee to which 6 up-and-down bets have been added. One winning selection will guarantee a return.
Super Flag[edit]
A wager on five selections and consisting of 46 separate bets: 10 doubles, 10 trebles, 5 fourfolds, 1 fivefold and 10 up-and-down bets. It may be considered to be a Canadian to which 10 up-and-down bets have been added. One winning selection will guarantee a return.
Rounder[edit]
A wager on three selections A, B and C consisting of 3 singles and 3 any-to-come (ATC) doubles to the original singles stakes. For example: £1 win A, ATC £1 double BC; £1 win B, ATC £1 double AC; £1 win C, ATC £1 double AB.
Roundabout[edit]
As Rounder (above) except the ATC doubles are to twice the stake, e.g. £1 win A, ATC £2 double BC etc. Note: In the event of an odds-on winner the complete returns (less than £2 in this example) from the winning single are bet on the appropriate double.
Speciality bets[edit]
Union Jack[edit]
A wager on nine selections usually placed in a 3 by 3 grid on a purpose-designed betting slip and consisting of 8 trebles. If the selections A to I are placed thus:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
then the 8 trebles are (horizontally) ABC, DEF, GHI, (vertically) ADG, BEH, CFI, (diagonally) AEI, CEG. All three selections in a particular treble must win to achieve a return. It is possible to get five or even six winners from the nine selections and yet still not achieve any return (e.g. A, B, E, F, G do not give a winning treble in example 1, and A, B, D, F, H, I do not produce a return in example 2, as shown below).
Example 1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Example 2
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Note that selection E appears in 4 of the trebles; A, C, G and I appear in 3 trebles; B, D, F, and H appear in only 2 trebles.
This is considered more of a novelty bet.
Forecasts[edit]
Forecasts are bets on a single event that require the correct forecasting of the finishing order of (usually) the first two or three finishers in the event.[1] Returns on correctly predicted finishing orders are calculated by industry sources via computer software that uses the starting price of all participants in the event, and are usually declared to a £1 stake unit on (mainly) horse and greyhound races.
Straight Forecast[edit]
A straight forecast (SF) or computer straight forecast (CSF) is a wager requiring the naming of two selections a and b to finish 1st and 2nd in the correct order in a specified event.[1] Requires a single unit stake. Usually declared on horse and greyhound races of three or more runners. Equivalent to the USA exacta or perfecta, or the Canadian exactor.
Reversed Forecast[edit]
A reversed forecast (RF) is a wager requiring the naming of two selections to finish 1st and 2nd in either order in a specified event.[1] It is the same as two straight forecasts on selections a and b: a 1st, b 2nd and b 1st, a 2nd. Requires two unit stakes. Equivalent to a "boxed" exacta/perfecta in North America, where the quinella is a similar wager that requires only one unit stake.
Combination Forecast[edit]
A combination forecast is a wager on three or more named selections in order to choose two of the selections to finish 1st and 2nd in the correct order in a specified event.[1] It is the same as the number of straight forecasts on selections a, b ... n given by the formula n(n − 1) and therefore requires this number of unit stakes. E.g. 3 selections - 6 bets; 4 selections - 12 bets; 5 selections - 20 bets; etc. Equivalent to boxing an exacta/perfecta with more than two runners in North America.
Tricast[edit]
A tricast is a wager requiring the choosing of three named selections a, b and c to finish 1st, 2nd and 3rd in the correct order in a specified event.[1] Requires a single unit stake. Accepted on horse races where 8 or more horses are declared and at least 6 run, and on greyhound races of 5 or more runners that form part of the bookmakers' main service. In North America, this wager is known as the trifecta (USA) or triactor (Canada).
Combination Tricast[edit]
A combination tricast is a wager on three or more named selections in order to choose three selections to finish 1st, 2nd and 3rd in the correct order in a specified event.[1] Requires multiple unit stakes given by n(n − 1) (n − 2) where n is the number of selections. E.g. 3 selections, 6 bets; 4 selections, 24 bets; 5 selections, 60 bets; etc. In North America, this is a "boxed" trifecta.
See also[edit]
Mathematics of bookmaking
Betting calculator [3]
Betting glossary [4]
The Art of Legging (2003) by C Sidney[5]
The Art of Legging (1976) by C Sydney[6]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Britodds - betting glossary
Jump up ^ Yankee Bet Explained: Hityah.com
Jump up ^ Betting calculator – check your winnings
Jump up ^ - betting glossary
Jump up ^ Sidney, C (2003). The Art of Legging: The History Theory and Practice of Bookmaking on the English Turf, 3rd edition, Rotex Publishing 2003, 224pp. ISBN 978-1-872254-06-7, p.167.
Jump up ^ Sidney, C (1976). The Art of Legging, Maxline International, pp.155-156.
External links[edit]
Media related to Wagering at Wikimedia Commons
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Perjury
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1978 book, see Perjury: The Hiss–Chambers Case.
Criminal law
Elements
Actus reus
Mens rea
Causation
Concurrence
Scope of criminal liability
Complicity
Corporate
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Severity of offense
Felony
Infraction (also called violation)
Misdemeanor
Inchoate offenses
Attempt
Conspiracy
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Offence against the person
Assassination
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Homicide
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Mayhem
Murder
corporate
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Rape
Robbery
Sexual assault
Crimes against property
Arson
Blackmail
Bribery
Burglary
Embezzlement
Extortion
False pretenses
Fraud
Larceny
Payola
Pickpocketing
Possessing stolen property
Robbery
Smuggling
Tax evasion
Theft
Crimes against justice
Compounding
Malfeasance in office
Miscarriage of justice
Misprision
Obstruction
Perjury
Perverting the course of justice
Victimless crimes
Adultery
Apostasy
Buggery
Providing contraception information (Comstock law)
Dueling
Fornication
Gambling
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Exhibitionism
Creation of obscenity
Prostitution
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Sodomy
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Law
v
t
e
Perjury is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding.[1][A] In some jurisdictions, contrary to popular misconception, no crime has occurred when a false statement is (intentionally or unintentionally) made while under oath or subject to penalty. Instead, criminal culpability attaches only at the instant the declarant falsely asserts the truth of statements (made or to be made) that are material to the outcome of the proceeding. For example, it is not perjury to lie about one's age except if age is a fact material to influencing the legal result, such as eligibility for old age retirement benefits or whether a person was of an age to have legal capacity.
Perjury is considered a serious offense, as it can be used to usurp the power of the courts, resulting in miscarriages of justice. In the United States, for example, the general perjury statute under federal law classifies perjury as a felony and provides for a prison sentence of up to five years.[2] The California Penal Code allows for perjury to be a capital offense in cases causing wrongful execution. Perjury causing the wrongful execution of another is normally punishable by death in countries that retain the death penalty. Perjury is considered a felony in most U.S. states as well as most Australian states. In Queensland, under Section 124 of the Queensland Criminal Code Act 1899, perjury is punishable by up to life in prison if it is committed to procure an innocent person for a crime that is punishable by life in prison. However, prosecutions for perjury are rare.[3] In some countries such as France and Italy, suspects cannot be heard under oath or affirmation and so cannot commit perjury, regardless of what they say during their trial.
The rules for perjury also apply when a person has made a statement under penalty of perjury even if the person has not been sworn or affirmed as a witness before an appropriate official. An example is the US income tax return, which, by law, must be signed as true and correct under penalty of perjury (see 26 U.S.C. § 6065). Federal tax law provides criminal penalties of up to three years in prison for violation of the tax return perjury statute. See: 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1)
Statements that entail an interpretation of fact are not perjury because people often draw inaccurate conclusions unwittingly or make honest mistakes without the intent to deceive. Individuals may have honest but mistaken beliefs about certain facts or their recollection may be inaccurate, or may have a different perception of what is the accurate way to state the truth. Like most other crimes in the common law system, to be convicted of perjury one must have had the intention (mens rea) to commit the act and to have actually committed the act (actus reus). Further, statements that are facts cannot be considered perjury, even if they might arguably constitute an omission, and it is not perjury to lie about matters that are immaterial to the legal proceeding.
In the United States, Kenya, and Scotland, subornation of perjury, which is attempting to induce another person to commit perjury, is itself a crime.
Contents
[hide]
1 Perjury law by country
1.1 Canada
1.2 European Union
1.3 Nigeria
1.4 United Kingdom
1.4.1 England and Wales
1.4.1.1 History
1.4.2 Northern Ireland
1.5 United States
1.5.1 Statutory definitions
1.5.2 Precedents
1.5.3 Materiality
1.5.4 Defense of recantation
1.5.5 Subornation of perjury
2 Notable convicted perjurers
3 Allegations of perjury
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Notes
6 External links
Perjury law by country[edit]
Canada[edit]
See also: b:Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Perjury
The offence of perjury is codified by section 132 of the Criminal Code. It is defined by section 131, which provides:
(1) Subject to subsection (3), every one commits perjury who, with intent to mislead, makes before a person who is authorized by law to permit it to be made before him a false statement under oath or solemn affirmation, by affidavit, solemn declaration or deposition or orally, knowing that the statement is false.
(1.1) Subject to subsection (3), every person who gives evidence under subsection 46(2) of the Canada Evidence Act, or gives evidence or a statement pursuant to an order made under section 22.2 of the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act, commits perjury who, with intent to mislead, makes a false statement knowing that it is false, whether or not the false statement was made under oath or solemn affirmation in accordance with subsection (1), so long as the false statement was made in accordance with any formalities required by the law of the place outside Canada in which the person is virtually present or heard.
(2) Subsection (1) applies, whether or not a statement referred to in that subsection is made in a judicial proceeding.
(3) Subsections (1) and (1.1) do not apply to a statement referred to in either of those subsections that is made by a person who is not specially permitted, authorized or required by law to make that statement.[4]
As to corroboration, see section 133.
Mode of trial and sentence
Every one who commits perjury is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.[5]
European Union[edit]
A person who, before the Court of Justice of the European Union, swears anything which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true is, whatever his nationality, guilty of perjury.[6] Proceedings for this offence may be taken in any place in the State and the offence may for all incidental purposes be treated as having been committed in that place.[7]
Nigeria[edit]
Main article: Perjury in Nigeria
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
Perjury is a statutory offence in England and Wales. It is created by section 1(1) of the Perjury Act 1911. Section 1 of that Act reads:
(1) If any person lawfully sworn as a witness or as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding wilfully makes a statement material in that proceeding, which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true, he shall be guilty of perjury, and shall, on conviction thereof on indictment, be liable to penal servitude for a term not exceeding seven years, or to imprisonment . . . for a term not exceeding two years, or to a fine or to both such penal servitude or imprisonment and fine.
(2) The expression "judicial proceeding" includes a proceeding before any court, tribunal, or person having by law power to hear, receive, and examine evidence on oath.
(3) Where a statement made for the purposes of a judicial proceeding is not made before the tribunal itself, but is made on oath before a person authorised by law to administer an oath to the person who makes the statement, and to record or authenticate the statement, it shall, for the purposes of this section, be treated as having been made in a judicial proceeding.
(4) A statement made by a person lawfully sworn in England for the purposes of a judicial proceeding-
(a) in another part of His Majesty’s dominions; or
(b) in a British tribunal lawfully constituted in any place by sea or land outside His Majesty’s dominions; or
(c) in a tribunal of any foreign state,
shall, for the purposes of this section, be treated as a statement made in a judicial proceeding in England.
(5) Where, for the purposes of a judicial proceeding in England, a person is lawfully sworn under the authority of an Act of Parliament-
(a) in any other part of His Majesty’s dominions; or
(b) before a British tribunal or a British officer in a foreign country, or within the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England;
a statement made by such person so sworn as aforesaid (unless the Act of Parliament under which it was made otherwise specifically provides) shall be treated for the purposes of this section as having been made in the judicial proceeding in England for the purposes whereof it was made.
(6) The question whether a statement on which perjury is assigned was material is a question of law to be determined by the court of trial.[8]
The words omitted from section 1(1) were repealed by section 1(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948.
A person guilty of an offence under section 11(1) of the European Communities Act 1972 may be proceeded against and punished in England and Wales as for an offence under section 1(1).[9]
Section 1(4) has effect in relation to proceedings in the Court of Justice of the European Communities as it has effect in relation to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.[10]
Section 1(4) applies in relation to proceedings before a relevant convention court under the European Patent Convention as it applies to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.[11]
A statement made on oath by a witness outside the United Kingdom and given in evidence through a live television link by virtue of section 32 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 must be treated for the purposes of section 1 as having been made in the proceedings in which it is given in evidence.[12]
Section 1 applies in relation to a person acting as an intermediary as it applies in relation to a person lawfully sworn as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding; and for this purpose, where a person acts as an intermediary in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1, that proceeding must be taken to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the witness’s evidence is given.[13]
Where any statement made by a person on oath in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1 is received in evidence in pursuance of a special measures direction, that proceeding must be taken for the purposes of section 1 to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the statement is so received in evidence.[14]
Judicial proceeding
The definition in section 1(2) is not "comprehensive".[15]
The book "Archbold" said that it appears to be immaterial whether the court, before which the statement is made, has jurisdiction in the particular cause in which the statement is made, because there is no express requirement in the Act that the court be one of "competent jurisdiction" and because the definition in section 1(2) does not appear to require this by implication either.[15]
Actus reus
The actus reus of perjury might be considered to be the making of a statement, whether true or false, on oath in a judicial proceeding, where the person knows the statement to be false or believes it to be false.[16][17]
Perjury is a conduct crime.[18]
Mode of trial
Perjury is triable only on indictment.[19]
Sentence
A person convicted of perjury is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or to a fine, or to both.[20]
The following cases are relevant:
R v Hall (1982) 4 Cr App R (S) 153
R v Knight, 6 Cr App R (S) 31, [1984] Crim LR 304, CA
R v Healey (1990) 12 Cr App R (S) 297
R v Dunlop [2001] 2 Cr App R (S) 27
R v Archer [2002] EWCA Crim 1996, [2003] 1 Cr App R (S) 86
R v Adams [2004] 2 Cr App R (S) 15
R v Cunningham [2007] 2 Cr App R (S) 61
See also the Crown Prosecution Service sentencing manual.[21]
History[edit]
In Anglo-Saxon legal procedure, the offence of perjury could only be committed by both jurors and by compurgators.[22] With time witnesses began to appear in court they were not so treated despite the fact that their functions were akin to that of modern witnesses. This was due to the fact that their role were not yet differentiated from those of the juror – hence false evidence or perjury by witnesses was not made a crime. Even in the fourteenth century when witnesses started appearing before the jury to testify, perjury by them was not made a punishable offence. The maxim then was that every witness’s evidence on oath was true.[22] Perjury by witnesses began to be punished before the end of fifteenth century by the Star Chamber. The immunity enjoyed by witnesses began also to be whittled down or interfered with by the parliament in England in 1540 with subornation of perjury[22] and, in 1562, with perjury proper. The punishment for the offence then was in the nature of monetary penalty, recoverable in a civil action and, not by penal sanction. In 1613, the Star Chamber declared perjury by a witness to be a punishable offence at common law.
See section 3 of the Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540, the 5 Eliz 1 c 9 (An Act for the Punyshement of suche persones as shall procure or comit any wyllful Perjurye) and the Perjury Act 1728.
Materiality
The requirement that the statement be material can be traced back to,[23] and has been credited to,[24] Coke. He said:
For if it be not material, then though it be false, yet it is no perjury, because it concerneth not the point in suit, and therefore in effect it is extra-judicial. Also this act giveth remedy to the party grieved, and if the deposition be not material, he cannot be grieved thereby.[25]
Northern Ireland[edit]
Perjury is a statutory offence in Northern Ireland. It is created by article 3(1) of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19)). This replaces the Perjury Act (Northern Ireland) 1946 (c. 13) (N.I.).
United States[edit]
NSA director Alexander (left) and DNI director Clapper (right) both lied under oath to Congress.[26]
Perjury operates in American law as an inherited principle of the common law of England, which defined the act as the "willful and corrupt giving, upon a lawful oath, or in any form allowed by law to be substituted for an oath, in a judicial proceeding or course of justice, of a false testimony material to the issue or matter of inquiry."[27] William Blackstone touched on the subject in his Commentaries on the Laws of England, establishing perjury as "a crime committed when a lawful oath is administered, in some judicial proceeding, to a person who swears willfully, absolutely, and falsely, in a matter material to the issue or point in question."[28] The punishment for perjury under the common law has varied from death to banishment and has included such grotesque penalties as severing the tongue of the perjurer.[29] The definitional structure of perjury provides an important framework for legal proceedings, as the component parts of this definition have permeated jurisdictional lines, finding a home in American legal constructs. As such, the main tenets of perjury, including mens rea, a lawful oath, occurring during a judicial proceeding, a false testimony have remained necessary pieces of perjury’s definition in the United States.[30]
Statutory definitions[edit]
Perjury’s current position in the American legal system takes the form of state and federal statutes. Most notably, the United States Code prohibits perjury, which is defined in two senses for federal purposes as someone who:
(1) Having taken an oath before a competent tribunal, officer, or person, in any case in which a law of the United States authorizes an oath to be administered, that he will testify, declare, depose, or certify truly, or that any written testimony, declaration, deposition, or certificate by him subscribed, is true, willfully and contrary to such oath states or subscribes any material matter which he does not believe to be true; or
(2) in any declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28, United States Code, willfully subscribes as true any material matter which he does not believe to be true[31]
The above statute provides for a fine and/or up to five years in prison as punishment. Within federal jurisdiction, statements made in two broad categories of judicial proceedings may qualify as perjurious: 1) Federal official proceedings, and 2) Federal Court or Grand Jury proceedings. A third type of perjury entails the procurement of perjurious statements from another person.[29] More generally, the statement must occur in the "course of justice," but this definition leaves room open for interpretation.[32] One particularly precarious aspect of this phrasing is that it entails knowledge of the accused person’s perception of the truthful nature of events and not necessarily the actual truth of those events. It is important to note the distinction here, between giving a false statement under oath and merely misstating a fact accidentally, though this distinction can be especially difficult to discern in court of law.[33]
Precedents[edit]
The development of perjury law in the United States centers on United States v. Dunnigan, a seminal case that set out the parameters of perjury within United States law. The court uses the Dunnigan-based legal standard to determine if an accused person, "[T]estifying under oath or affirmation violates this section if she gives false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory."[34] However, a defendant shown to be willfully ignorant may in fact be eligible for perjury prosecution.[35] The Dunnigan distinction manifests its importance with regard to the relation between two component parts of perjury’s definition: in willfully giving a false statement, a person must understand that she is giving a false statement to be considered a perjurer under the Dunnigan framework. Deliberation on the part of the defendant is required for a statement to constitute perjury.[32] Jurisprudential developments in the American law of perjury have revolved around the facilitation of "perjury prosecutions and thereby enhance the reliability of testimony before federal courts and grand juries."[36] With this goal in mind, Congress has sometimes expanded the grounds on which an individual may be prosecuted for perjury, with section 1623 of the United States Code recognizing the utterance of two mutually incompatible statements as grounds for perjury indictment even if neither can unequivocally be proven false.[37] However, the two statements must be so mutually incompatible that at least one must necessarily be false; it is irrelevant whether the false statement can be specifically identified from among the two.[38] It thus falls on the government to show that a defendant (a) knowingly made a (b) false (c) material statement (d) under oath (e) in a legal proceeding.[39] These proceedings can be ancillary to normal court proceedings, and thus, even such menial interactions as bail hearings can qualify as protected proceedings under this statute.[40]
Wilfulness is an element of the offense. The mere existence of two mutually exclusive factual statements is not sufficient to prove perjury; the prosecutor nonetheless has the duty to plead and prove statement was willfully made. Mere contradiction will not sustain the charge; there must be strong corroborative evidence of the contradiction.[41]
One significant legal distinction lies in the specific realm of knowledge necessarily possessed by a defendant for her statements to be properly called perjury. Though the defendant must knowingly render a false statement in a legal proceeding or under federal jurisdiction, the defendant need not know that they are speaking under such conditions for the statement to constitute perjury.[42] All tenets of perjury qualification persist–the “knowingly” aspect of telling the false statement simply does not apply to the defendant’s knowledge about the person she intends to deceive.
Materiality[edit]
Perjury law’s evolution in the United States has experienced the most debate with regards to the materiality requirement. Fundamentally, statements that are literally true cannot provide the basis for a perjury charge[43] (as they do not meet the falsehood requirement) just as answers to truly ambiguous statements cannot constitute perjury.[44] However, such fundamental truths of perjury law become muddled when discerning the materiality of a given statement and the way in which it was material to the given case. In United States v. Brown, the court defined material statements as those with "a natural tendency to influence, or is capable of influencing, the decision of the decision-making body to be addressed," such as a jury or grand jury.[45] While courts have specifically made clear certain instances which have succeeded or failed to meet the nebulous threshold for materiality, the topic remains unresolved in large part, except in certain legal areas where intent manifests itself in an abundantly clear fashion, such as with the so-called perjury trap, a specific situation in which a prosecutor calls a person to testify before a grand jury with the intent of drawing a perjurious statement from the person being questioned.[46]
Defense of recantation[edit]
Despite a tendency of American perjury law toward broad prosecutory power under perjury statutes, American perjury law has afforded potential defendants a new form of defense not found in the British Common Law. This defense requires that an individual admit to making a perjurious statement during that same proceeding and recanting the statement.[47] Though this defensive loophole slightly narrows the types of cases which may be prosecuted for perjury, the effect of this statutory defense is to promote a truthful retelling of facts by witnesses, thus helping to ensure the reliability of American court proceedings just as broadened perjury statutes aimed to do.
Subornation of perjury[edit]
Subornation of perjury stands as a subset of American perjury laws and prohibits an individual from inducing another to commit perjury.[48] Subornation of perjury entails equivalent possible punishments as perjury on the federal level. This crime requires an extra level of satisfactory proof, as prosecutors must show not only that perjury occurred, but also that the defendant positively induced said perjury. Furthermore, the inducing defendant must know that the suborned statement is a false, perjurious statement.[49]
Notable convicted perjurers[edit]
Jonathan Aitken, British politician, was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment in 1999 for perjury.[50]
Jeffrey Archer, British novelist and politician, was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment for perjury in 2001.[51]
Kwame Kilpatrick, Detroit mayor was convicted of perjury in 2008.[52][53]
Marion Jones, American track and field athlete, was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment after being found guilty of two counts of perjury in 2008.[54]
Mark Fuhrman, Los Angeles Police Department detective, entered a no contest plea to a perjury charge relating to his testimony in the murder trial of O. J. Simpson.[55] This was one of the seminal occurrences of Testilying by a police officer.[56]
Alger Hiss, American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.
Lil' Kim, American rapper was convicted of perjury in 2005 after lying to a grand jury in 2003 about a February 2001 shooting. She was sentenced to one year and one day of imprisonment.[57]
Lewis "Scooter" Libby, was convicted in 2007 of two counts of perjury in connection with the Plame affair.[58]
Bernie Madoff, the former Chairman of the NASDAQ stock exchange, in 2009 he was found guilty of perjury in relation to investment fraud arising from his operating a Ponzi scheme.[59]
Michele Sindona, convicted of perjury related to a bogus kidnapping in August 1979.[60]
Tommy Sheridan, Scottish politician, found guilty of lying on affirmation in a trial in 2010.[61]
John Waller, British highwayman, known for his death while being pilloried for perjury in 1732
Allegations of perjury[edit]
Play media
Excerpt of James Clapper's testimony to Congress on NSA surveillance programs
Notable people who have been accused of perjury include:
Barry Bonds was indicted by a federal grand jury for allegedly perjuring himself in testimony denying the use of performance-enhancing drugs.[62] The perjury charges were later dropped after a deadlock by the trial jury.[63]
Former U.S. President Bill Clinton was accused of perjury and as a result was impeached by the House of Representatives on 19 December 1998.[64] No criminal charges were ever brought and upon leaving office he accepted immunity.[65]
Andy Coulson, British journalist and political aide, was cleared of perjury charges in the News International phone hacking scandal, because his questioned testimony was ruled immaterial.[66]
James R. Clapper, former Director of National Intelligence, was accused of perjury for telling a congressional committee in March 2013, that the National Security Agency does not collect any type of data at all on millions of Americans.[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
See also[edit]
Brady material
Horkos
Making false statements
Obstruction of justice
Pitchess motion
Testilying
Statutory declaration
Performativity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Perjury The act or an instance of a person’s deliberately making material false or misleading statements while under oath. – Also termed false swearing; false oath; (archaically forswearing." Garner, Bryan A. (1999). Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed.). St. Paul MN: West Group. p. 1160.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Perjury - What is it?". Law Advice: White Collar Crimes. FreeAdvice. December 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ See: 18 U.S.C. § 1621; 28 U.S.C. § 1746.
Jump up ^ "Perjury". Criminal Law Lawyer Source. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 131, as amended by RSC 1985, c 27 (1st Supp.), s 17, and SC 1999, c 18, s. 92.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, s 132, as amended by RSC 1985, c 27 (1st Supp), s 17 and SC 1998, c 35, s 119.
Jump up ^ The Court of Justice of the European Communities (Perjury) Act 1975, section 1
Jump up ^ The Court of Justice of the European Communities (Perjury) Act 1975, section 2
Jump up ^ "Perjury Act 1911". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ The European Communities Act 1972, section 11(1)(a)
Jump up ^ The Evidence (European Court) Order 1976 (S.I. 1976/428), article 3, as read with article 2
Jump up ^ The Patents Act 1977, section 92(5)
Jump up ^ The Criminal Justice Act 1988, section 32(3)
Jump up ^ The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, section 29(7)
Jump up ^ The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, section 31(6)
^ Jump up to: a b Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice. 1999. Paragraph 28-159 at page 2303.
Jump up ^ Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. Section 4.1.4 at page 49.
Jump up ^ Smith, J C and Hogan, Brian. Criminal Law. Second Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1965. p. 509 footnote 12.
Jump up ^ Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. Section 4.1.5.2 at page 50.
Jump up ^ The Perjury Act 1911, section 1(1); the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, section 17(1) and Schedule 1, paragraph 14(a)
Jump up ^ The Perjury Act 1911, section 1(1); the Criminal Justice Act 1948, sections 1(1) and (2)
Jump up ^ "Perjury". cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Turner, J.W.C: Kenny Outlines on Criminal Law (Cambridge at University, Press: London, 1964) (18th edition), p.421.
Jump up ^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice. 1999. Paragraph 28-160 at page 2303. They cite 3 Inst 167.
Jump up ^ Smith, J.C, and Hogan, Brian. Criminal Law. Sweet & Maxwell. 1965. Second Edition. Page 506.
Jump up ^ 3 Inst 167. This passage is quoted by Smith, J.C, and Hogan, Brian, Criminal Law (Sweet & Maxwell, 1965) (2nd Edition), p. 506.
Jump up ^ "To reform the NSA, fire officials who lie". The Guardian. 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Clark, William (1894). Hand-Book of Criminal Law. West Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ Blackstone, William (1765). Commentaries on the Law of England.
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle, Charles (2010). "Perjury Under Federal Law: A Brief Overview". Congressional Research Service.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Edward (1828). A System of Penal Law for the United States of America.
Jump up ^ United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Section 1621.
^ Jump up to: a b cLARK, William (1894). Hand-Book of Criminal Law. West Publishing Co.
Jump up ^ Shuy, Roger (2011). he Language of Perjury Cases. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ United States v. Dunnigan 507 U.S. 87 (1993).
Jump up ^ United States v. Fawley (1998).
Jump up ^ Dunn v. United States 480 U.S. 294 (1987).
Jump up ^ United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Section 1623 (c).
Jump up ^ United States v. McAfee 971 F.2d 755 (1992).
Jump up ^ United States v. Gorman.
Jump up ^ United States v. Greene 355 U.S. 184 (1957).
Jump up ^ People v Cash, 388 Michigan Reports 153 (1972). See People v McIntire, 232 Mich App 71 (1998), rev’d on other grounds 461 Mich 147 (1999).
Jump up ^ United States v. Yermian 468 U.S. 63 (1984).
Jump up ^ Bronston v. United States, 409 U.S. 352 (1973).
Jump up ^ United States v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974).
Jump up ^ United States v. Brown, 381 U.S. 437 (1965).
Jump up ^ Gershman, Bennett (1981). "The "Perjury Trap"". Pace Law Faculty Publications.
Jump up ^ United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Section 1623 (d).
Jump up ^ United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Section 1622.
Jump up ^ Rosen v. N.L.R.B. 735 F.2d 564 (1984).
Jump up ^ "UK Politics: Aitken's downfall complete". BBC News Online. BBC. 8 June 1999. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archer jailed for perjury". BBC News Online. BBC. 19 July 2001. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Chris Lawrence (24 March 2008). "Detroit mayor faces felony charges". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mayor: 'I lied under oath'". Retrieved 2008-09-04.
Jump up ^ Lynn Zinser (12 January 2008). "Judge Sentences Jones to 6 Months in Prison". New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mark Fuhrman's perjury probation ends". CNN.
Jump up ^ Slobogin, Christopher (Fall 1996). "Reform The Police: TESTILYING: POLICE PERJURY AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT". University of Colorado Law Review. Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado Law School. 67: 1037. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lil' Kim Sentenced To Jail". NME. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen. "Lewis "Scooter" Libby conviction". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Brockman, Joshua (17 December 2008). "Q&A: Madoff Case Puts Spotlight On SEC". National Public Radio. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nation: Account Settled". Time. Time. 7 April 1980. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tommy Sheridan found guilty of perjury". BBC. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Barry Bonds indicted on perjury, obstruction charges". ESPN. 19 November 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Mintz, Howard (18 September 2014). "Barry Bonds case: Court to rehear home-run king's appeal". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Alison Mitchell (20 December 1998). "Impeachment: the overview -- Clinton impeached; he faces a senate trial, 2d in history; vows to do job till term's 'last hour'". New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Neil A Lewis (20 January 2000). "Exiting Job, Clinton Accepts Immunity Deal". New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Andy Coulson cleared of perjury as trial collapses". BBC News. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Has James Clapper been indicted for perjury yet?". Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lawmakers to Obama: Fire your intelligence chief for lying". MSNBC. February 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lock Him Up? Lawmakers Renew Calls for James Clapper Perjury Charges". U.S. News. November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Trujillo, Mario (19 December 2013). "Paul: Clapper should resign for 'lying to Congress'". TheHill. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rand Paul: Clapper lied to Congress". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Did Intel Director James Clapper Lie to Congress? It's Complicated". ABC News. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Sottek, T. C. (19 December 2013). "Lawmakers slam intelligence chief James Clapper for lying to Congress, call for DOJ investigation". The Verge. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lock Him Up? Lawmakers Renew Calls for James Clapper Perjury Charges". Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "James Clapper says he misspoke, didn't lie about NSA surveillance". Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Hattem, Julian (8 May 2015). "Attorney: Spy chief had 'forgotten' about NSA program when he misled Congress". TheHill. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Kieren. "James Clapper has found another reason why he lied about NSA spying". Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Director of National Intelligence James Clapper has resigned". NBC News. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Look up perjury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Perjury
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perjury.
Bryan Druzin, and Jessica Li, The Criminalization of Lying: Under what Circumstances, if any, should Lies be made Criminal?, 101 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY (Northwestern University) (forthcoming 2011).
Gabriel J. Chin and Scott Wells, The "Blue Wall of Silence" as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: A New Approach to Police Perjury, 59 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 233 (1998).
Perjury Under Federal Law: A Brief Overview Congressional Research Service
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text:
Huey, Dewey, and Louie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck
Left to right: Louie, Dewey, and Huey
First appearance
Donald Duck Sunday newspaper strip, 1937
Donald's Nephews (1938)
Created by
Ted Osborne
Al Taliaferro
Voiced by
Clarence Nash (1938–1965)
The Mellomen (1967)
Russi Taylor (1987–present)
Tony Anselmo (1987, 1999–present)
In Quack Pack:
Huey: Jeannie Elias
Dewey: Pamela Adlon
Louie: Elizabeth Daily
In DuckTales (2017):
Huey: Danny Pudi
Dewey: Ben Schwartz
Louie: Bobby Moynihan
Information
Full name
Huebert Duck, Deuteronomy Duck and Louis Duck (Quack Pack)
Huebert Duck, Dewford Duck and Louis Duck (DuckTales 2017)
Species
American Pekin duck
Occupation
students (trained scouts)
Family
Duck family
Relatives
Donald Duck (maternal uncle, legal guardian)
Scrooge McDuck (great-uncle)
Nationality
American
Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck are triplet cartoon characters created in 1937 by writer Ted Osborne and cartoonist Al Taliaferro, and are owned by The Walt Disney Company. Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the nephews of Donald Duck and the grandnephews of Scrooge McDuck. Like their uncles, the boys are anthropomorphic white ducks with yellow-orange beaks and feet. They typically wear shirts and colorful baseball caps, which are sometimes used to differentiate each character. Huey, Dewey and Louie have made several animated appearances in both films and television, but comics remain their primary medium. The trio are collectively the 11th most published comic book characters in the world, and outside of the superhero genre, second only to Donald.[1]
While the boys were originally created as mischief-makers to provoke Donald's famous temper, later appearances showed them to be valuable assets to him and Scrooge on their adventures. All three of the boys are members of the fictional scouting organization the Junior Woodchucks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 Character background
1.2 Colors of Huey, Dewey, and Louie's outfits
1.3 Voices
1.4 Phooey Duck
2 Character appearances
2.1 Films
2.1.1 List of animated short films
2.2 Literature
2.3 Television
2.3.1 DuckTales
2.3.2 Quack Pack
2.4 Video games
2.4.1 Kingdom Hearts
2.5 Parks and attractions
2.5.1 Tokyo Disney
2.5.2 Disneyland Paris
3 Cultural influences
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
Final panel of 1937 Sunday newspaper strip Donald Duck that introduced Donald's nephews; drawn by Al Taliaferro
Officially Huey, Dewey, and Louie were the idea of Al Taliaferro, the artist for the Silly Symphonies comic strip, which featured Donald Duck. The Walt Disney Productions Story Dept. on February 5, 1937, sent Taliaferro a memo recognizing him as the source of the idea for the planned short, Donald's Nephews. The nephews debuted in Taliaferro's comic strip, which by this time had been renamed Donald Duck, on Sunday, October 17, 1937, beating the theatrical release of Donald's Nephews by almost six months. According to Don Rosa, Carl Barks has claimed that in fact they were his creation while working as a writer on Donald Duck animated cartoons in 1937[2]. The names were devised by Disney gag man Dana Coty, who took them from Huey Long, Thomas Dewey, and Louis Schmitt, an animator at the Disney Studio in the 1930s and 1940s. Taliaferro's introduction of the nephews emulated the three nephews in the Happy Hooligan comic strip and was also influenced by Mickey Mouse's nephews, Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse.[3]
In other languages, the characters are known as Knatte, Fnatte and Tjatte (Swedish); Riri, Fifi and Loulou (French); Tick, Trick and Track (German); Qui, Quo and Qua (Italian); Soso, Tutu and Lulu (Arabic); Billy, Willy and Dilly (Russian); Rip, Rap and Rup (Danish); Kwik, Kwek and Kwak (Dutch and Indonesian); Bilis, Dilis and Vilis (Lithuanian); Tiki, Niki and Viki (Hungarian); Ole, Dole and Doffen (Norwegian); Hyzio, Dyzio and Zyzio (Polish); Tupu, Hupu and Lupu (Finnish); Raja, Gaja and Vlaja (Serbian); Hinko, Dinko and Vinko (Croatian); Huguinho, Zezinho and Luisinho (Portuguese); Jorgito, Juanito and Jaimito (Spanish-Spain) and Hugo, Paco and Luis (Latin American Spanish); Titus, Totus and Tutus (Latin), Kulík, Dulík a Bubík (Czech); Pak, Žak and Mak (Slovenian).
Character background[edit]
Further information: Duck family (Disney) § Della Duck and § Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father
Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the sons of Donald's sister Della Duck; in Donald's Nephews, their mother is instead named Dumbella. In the original theatrical shorts, they were originally sent to visit Donald for only one day; in the comics, the three were sent to stay with Donald on a temporary basis, until their father came back from the hospital (the boys ended up sending him there after a practical joke of putting firecrackers under his chair). According to a published Duck family tree, their full names are Huebert, Deuteronomy and Louis. In both the comics and animated shorts, the boys' parents were never heard from or mentioned again after these instances, with the boys ending up permanently living with Donald. All four of them live in the fictional city of Duckburg, in the fictional state of Calisota.
The three ducklings are noted for their identical appearances and personalities. A running joke involves the three sometimes even finishing each other's sentences. In the theatrical shorts, Huey, Dewey, and Louie often behave in a rambunctious and mischievous manner, and they sometimes commit retaliation or revenge on their uncle Donald Duck. In the comics, however, as developed by Al Taliaferro and Carl Barks, the young ducks are more usually portrayed as well-behaved, preferring to assist their uncle Donald Duck and great-uncle Scrooge McDuck in the adventure at hand. In the early Barks comics, the ducklings were still wild and unruly, but their character improved considerably due to their membership in the Junior Woodchucks and the good influence of their wise old great-grandmother Elvira Coot "Grandma" Duck. According to Don Rosa, Huey, Dewey and Louie became members of the Junior Woodchucks when they were around 11 years old.[4]
Colors of Huey, Dewey, and Louie's outfits[edit]
Self-referential humor: Scrooge with Huey, Dewey, and Louie in "Return to Plain Awful" (1989) by Don Rosa
In early comic books and shorts, the caps of Huey, Dewey, and Louie were colored randomly, depending on the whim of the colorist.
On few occasions until 1945 and most every cartoon short afterward, all three nephews wore identical outfits (most commonly red). It wasn't until the 1980s when it became established that Huey is dressed in red, Dewey in blue, and Louie in green. Disney's archivist Dave Smith, in "Disney A to Z," said, "Note that the brightest hue of the three is red (Huey), the color of water, dew, is blue (Dewey), and that leaves Louie, and leaves are green." A few random combinations appear in early Disney merchandise and books, such as orange and yellow. Another combination that shows up from time to time is Huey in blue, Dewey in green, and Louie in red. In-story, this inconsistency is explained away as a result of the ducklings borrowing each other's clothes.
In Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge comics the trio have occasionally been known to dress in their usual outfits, but rather than have their usual colors they all wear black (or the same dark color), rendering them visually identical, leaving their hat color available if they care to be distinguished.
One story in Donald Duck comics was based around Donald spending so much time trying to tell his three nephews apart that he developed a heightened sense of sight.
Voices[edit]
Clarence Nash, Donald's voice actor, gave the voices to the boys in the cartoon shorts, making them just as unintelligible as Donald's. Huey, Dewey, and Louie were all voiced by Russi Taylor in DuckTales. In Quack Pack, they were voiced by Jeannie Elias, Pamela Segall, and Elizabeth Daily, respectively. Tony Anselmo voiced the characters in Down and Out with Donald Duck (1987), House of Mouse and Mickey Mouse Works, but Russi Taylor still voices the trio in other projects, such as the video games Donald Duck: Goin' Quackers and Mickey's Speedway USA, and the direct-to-video films Mickey's Once and Twice Upon a Christmas. Russi Taylor also reprised her role as the nephews in the DuckTales: Remastered video game and the post-2013 Mickey Mouse shorts. Danny Pudi, Ben Schwartz and Bobby Moynihan will be voicing the brothers in the 2017 reboot.
Phooey Duck[edit]
Panel with Huey, Dewey, and Louie along with a fourth nephew, Phooey Duck
On a few occasions, an artist by error drew four nephews and the error was not noticed but was published. This fourth nephew has been named Phooey Duck by Disney comic editor Bob Foster.[5][6]
One short Egmont-licensed Disney comic (called Much Ado About Phooey in English-language version) used Phooey as a character and explained Phooey's sporadic appearances as a freak incident of nature. (The Swedish text in the two speech balloons says "It is a fourth nephew! An exact copy of the others! / Yes, it's probably best that I explain".)[7]
Character appearances[edit]
Films[edit]
After the era of theatrical shorts ended, they appeared in:
Donald Duck Presents (1983)
DuckTales (1987)
Sport Goofy in Soccermania (1987)
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
Quack Pack (1996)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
House of Mouse (2001)
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
DuckTales (2017)
In the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Huey, Dewey, and Louie appear in a picture on a newspaper in Eddie Valiant's office. In 1990, the boys also made an appearance in the anti-drug TV special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue. Furthermore, they also appeared in Duck Tales the movie where they go on a treasure hunt with their Uncle Scrooge and end befriending a kindhearted Genie. As the movie progresses, they make unimaginable wishes and end-up having to help Uncle Scrooge face an old enemy. They also make a cameo in Mickey's Christmas Carol.
List of animated short films[edit]
#
Short film
Date
Shirt Colours
Notes
1 Donald's Nephews April 15, 1938 Red, Green, Orange
2 Good Scouts July 8, 1938 All scout uniforms
3 Donald's Golf Game November 4, 1938 Red, Yellow, Orange
4 The Hockey Champ April 28, 1939 Red, Green, Orange
5 Sea Scouts June 30, 1939 All Red
6 Mr. Duck Steps Out June 7, 1940 Yellow, Green, Red Also starring Daisy Duck
7 Fire Chief December 13, 1940 Red, Yellow, Blue/All Red
8 All Together 13 January 1942 All Red A WWII Cartoon
9 The Nifty Nineties June 20, 1941 All Blue A Mickey Mouse Cartoon
10 Truant Officer Donald August 1, 1941 Red, Green, Orange
11 Donald's Snow Fight April 10, 1942 Red, Green, Orange
12 Home Defense November 26, 1943 All Red
13 Donald Duck and the Gorilla March 31, 1944 Red, Yellow, Green
14 Donald's Off Day December 8, 1944 All Red
15 Donald's Crime June 29, 1945 Red, Green, Orange Also starring Daisy Duck
16 Straight Shooters April 18, 1947 All Red
17 Soup's On October 15, 1948 All Red
18 Donald's Happy Birthday February 11, 1949 All Red
19 Lion Around January 20, 1950 All Red
20 Lucky Number July 20, 1951 All Red
21 Trick or Treat October 10, 1952 Various Halloween costumes Also starring Witch Hazel
22 Don's Fountain of Youth May 30, 1953 All Red
23 Canvas Back Duck December 25, 1953 All Red Also starring Peg Leg Pete
24 Spare the Rod January 15, 1954 All Green/Red
25 Donald's Diary March 5, 1954 All Light Blue Also starring Daisy Duck; Huey, Dewey and Louie (who are not named) are Daisy's little brothers and not Donald's nephews
26 The Litterbug June 21, 1961 Red, Yellow, Green
27 Donald's Fire Survival Plan 1965 All Red
They also appeared with Uncle Scrooge but without Donald in Scrooge McDuck and Money.
Literature[edit]
Within the comics, Huey, Dewey, and Louie often play a major role in most stories involving either their uncle Donald or great-uncle Scrooge McDuck, accompanying them on most of their adventures. Also seen in the comics is the boys' membership in the Boy Scouts of America-like organization, the Junior Woodchucks, including their use of the Junior Woodchucks Guidebook, a manual containing all manner of information on virtually every subject possible (however, there are some resources, such as the ancient libraries of Tralla La, that hold information not found in the guidebook). This excellent youth organization, which has twin goals of preserving knowledge and preserving the environment, was instrumental in transforming the three brothers from little hellions to upstanding young ducks.
In Disney comic writer Don Rosa's (unofficial) continuity, Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck were born around 1940 in Duckburg. True to his jocular style, Rosa occasionally makes subtle references to the untold mystery of the three boys' life: What became of their parents? In his epic comic series, Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, Rosa pictures how Scrooge first met Donald and his nephews, saying: "I'm not used to relatives, either! The few I had seem to have... disappeared!" Huey, Dewey, and Louie answer: "We know how that feels, Unca Scrooge!"
In Some Heir Over the Rainbow by Carl Barks, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, along with Donald Duck and Gladstone Gander, are tested by Scrooge McDuck, who wants to pick an heir to his fortune. Using the legend of a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow, Scrooge secretly gives US$ 3,000 (One thousand to Huey, Dewey, and Louie, another for Gladstone, and the last one for Donald). Donald uses his money for a down payment of a new car, now being $1,000 in debt. Gladstone, considering himself too lucky to need the money this soon, hides the money for when and if he needs it, causing Scrooge to consider him a better option than Donald. Huey, Dewey, and Louie lend their money to a man who claims to need the money to search for a treasure. Initially thinking they were tricked out of the money, Scrooge actually considers leaving his fortune to Gladstone, even though he sees that as "an awful injustice to the world", but the man actually finds the treasure and pays the kids back. Scrooge makes Huey, Dewey, and Louie his heirs. Although this is disregarded in a number of later comics, it seems to be the most solidly canon indication of Scrooge's plans.
Television[edit]
DuckTales[edit]
Main articles: DuckTales and DuckTales (2017 TV series)
They later starred in the 1987 animated television series DuckTales, in which they appeared in adventures with their great-uncle, Scrooge McDuck (Donald having enlisted in the U.S. Navy). The boys' personalities in this series were mainly based on their comic book appearances versus the theatrical shorts.
A new adaptation of the series once again titled, DuckTales features the three brothers as well, who move to Scrooge's house with Donald after the boat where they lived is destroyed by accident. In the new installment, the brothers also travel in adventures with Scrooge, now with Donald in tow. The first episode also shows an image of Della, the triplets' mother, who also traveled the world in adventures with Donald and Scrooge.
A revitalized adaptation of DuckTales features the trio, albeit with different designs and distinct personalities like in Quack Pack.
Quack Pack[edit]
Main article: Quack Pack
Huey, Dewey, and Louie as teenagers in Quack Pack.
Huey, Dewey, and Louie also starred in the 1990s series Quack Pack, in which the three were portrayed as teenagers. In Quack Pack, the boys were given distinct personalities, with Huey serving as the group's leader, Dewey as a computer whiz, and Louie as enjoying sports. After Quack Pack, the boys were reverted to their original ages in future appearances, including 2000s series Mickey Mouse Works, and then re-aged in House of Mouse. On House of Mouse, they served as the house band in a variety of different styles (most commonly as 'The Quackstreet Boys'). They also feature prominently, in a segment of the computer-animated film, Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas from 2004.
Video games[edit]
Huey, Dewey, and Louie appear in the third Magical Quest game. The object of the game is to rescue them from the clutches of the villainous King Pete. The trio also appear in Quackshot piloting Donald's plane as he travels the world in search of a lost treasure.
They also appear in The Lucky Dime Caper for the Sega Master system, where they are kidnapped by Magica De Spell. Donald must find Scrooge's lucky dime and barter for their safety.
They also appear in Donald Duck: Goin' Quackers, aiding Donald to rescue Daisy and beat Gladstone to her, while he rescues their hexed play toys.
They even appear in Mickey's Speedway USA as unlockable lightweight characters.
They also appear in DuckTales, aiding their Uncle Scrooge in finding treasure.
They also appear on Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Mix, where they appear as DJ's on certain music tracks
Kingdom Hearts[edit]
In Kingdom Hearts they work in the item shop in the First District of Traverse Town. In Kingdom Hearts II, they individually run an item shop (Huey), a weapon shop (Louie), and an accessory shop (Dewey) in Hollow Bastion/Radiant Garden. In both endings, they are all seen going back to Disney Castle. They reappear in Kingdom Hearts: Birth By Sleep in Disney Town, recreating Ice Cream flavors, this time with a speaking role. They appear once more in the mobile game Kingdom Hearts Unchained as special Support medals that grant the player's other medals a set amount of experience points based on the medal's star value.
Parks and attractions[edit]
Huey, Dewey and Louie appear as characters only at Tokyo Disney and Disneyland Paris.
Tokyo Disney[edit]
Huey, Dewey and Louie only appeared in seasonal Parades Easter, Halloween and Christmas 2011 after a long absence. They also appeared in the Countdown Party Parade 2011.
Disneyland Paris[edit]
Huey, Dewey and Louie appear more regularly in Paris. They appeared during the Christmas season 2010 in their daytime and nighttime Parades at the Disneyland Park "Disneyland Paris's Magic Kingdom" Disney's Once Upon a Dream Parade and in the Disney's Fantillusion Parade in glittery outfits. They made another appearance at Disneyland Paris for meet and greet at the Disneyland Hotel on April 2, 2011 the day of the Press Event for the launch of their new season "Magical Moments Festival". They also appeared at the Disney's Once Upon a Dream Parade at the Disneyland Park in special outfits for the Parade and at the Disney's Stars 'n' Cars Parade at the Walt Disney Studios Park in a unique directors outfits.
The Three Nephews appeared at Disneyland Paris's Halloween season 2011. they have their own show during "Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Parties" at the Disneyland Park in Disneyland Paris, titled "Huey, Dewey and Louie's Trick or Treat Party". They also made an appearance for meet and greet at Disneyland Paris's "Disney's Halloween Party" on October 31, 2011. This is the first time ever that the three nephews appear for meet and greet at any of the Disney Parks for regular park guests. They were also part of the Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve 2011/2012 celebrations at the Disneyland Hotel.
Cultural influences[edit]
In the 1972 science fiction film Silent Running directed by Douglas Trumbull, the main character, Lowell, befriends three robot drones and renames them Huey, Dewey and Louie. Coincidentally, the drones appear in their semi-official colors: Huey is reddish-orange, Dewey is blue and Louie is green.
In the Canadian television series Due South, two of the detectives at the Chicago Police Department where the series takes place are named Jack Huey and Louis (Louie) Gardino. After season two, Gardino is replaced by Detective Thomas Dewey. They are often referred to as "the duck boys" by other characters.
In Finland, the three main political parties, namely the National Coalition Party, the Centre Party and the Social Democratic Party, are sometimes sarcastically referred as Huey, Dewey, and Louie, for there are allegedly no differences in their political agendas. The joke is based on the fact that the parties use the same symbolic colours (blue – NCP, green – Centre, red – Social Democrats) as the three ducks' caps.
In the Cowboy Bebop episode "Waltz for Venus," Spike and Faye capture three minor bounty heads named Louey, Huey, and Dewey.
They all appeared in the Robot Chicken episode "Some like it Hitman" voiced by Seth Green (Huey and Dewey) and Sam Kwasman (Louie). In that sketch, they ask their Uncle Donald (also voiced by Kwasman) if they can see their mom (Della Duck) again.
The three prototypes of the MooresCloud ambient devices were named "Huey, Dewey and Louie" when first presented to the tech press in Sydney, Australia by futurist Mark Pesce.[8]
In The Dukes of Hazzard, Boss Hogg has a nephew called Hughie Hogg (who appears in several episodes from season two onwards) while Boss Hogg's big brother Louie Hogg appears in season six's "How To Succeed In Hazzard."
In the 1988 post-apocalyptic role playing game Wasteland, the player's party can neutralize a gang led by triplets named Huey, Dewey and Louie.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Comic Vine, retrieved 31 October 2014. (Character database was searched by most appearances.)
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Thomas Andrae,"The Legacy of Al Taliaferro," in Disney's Four Color Adventures vol. 1 (2011).
Jump up ^ http://duckman.pettho.com/characters/hdl.html
Jump up ^ Mailing list entry from writer Lars Jensen, near bottom of entry
Jump up ^ http://www.sullivanet.com/duckburg/phooey.htm
Jump up ^ Much Ado About Phooey - Indexed
Jump up ^ http://blog.moorescloud.com/2012/10/12/meet-the-press/
External links[edit]
Huey, Dewey, and Louie at the INDUCKS
Toonopedia page about Huey, Dewey, and Louie
Disney shorts encyclopedia page about Huey, Dewey, and Louie
The boys' profile on the Disney HooZoo
Huey Duck on IMDb
Dewey Duck on IMDb
Louie Duck on IMDb
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values: كركور وفرفور وزرزور – Arabic

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values: ヒューイ・デューイ・ルーイ – Japanese

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