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West Coast Customs
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West Coast Customs
Type
Private company
Founded
1994[1] (LA Times), 1997[2] (USA Today)
Founder
Ryan Friedlinghaus
Headquarters
Burbank, California, U.S.
Key people
Quinton Dodson, Chris G. Cooley, Dana Florence
Products
Custom cars, branded merchandise,[3][4] franchising,[5] trade school courses[6]
Revenue
$10 million (2008)[2]
Number of employees
40 (2015)[7]
Website
www.westcoastcustoms.com
CEO of West Coast Customs Ryan Friedlinghaus, in red, poses with three Microsoft employees. Friedlinghaus makes a "W" hand sign as in the opening sequence of Inside West Coast Customs, while the Microsoft employees make V signs.
West Coast Customs (abbreviated by the company[8] as WCC) is an automobile repair shop focusing on the customization of vehicles. It was started by co-founders Ryan Friedlinghaus and Quinton Dodson in 1994.[1] According to Friedlinghaus, he began the business with a $5000 loan from his grandfather,[9] but other sources claim that he raised the seed money for the business while working at his father's liquor store.[1] Owing to the patronage of celebrities such as Shaquille O'Neal, and Sean Combs,[1] along with appearances in the reality television programs Pimp My Ride and Street Customs, the company has gained a high degree of notoriety and has become a multimillion-dollar[2] business.
Besides celebrities, West Coast Customs has also created vehicles for global brands such as Virgin,[9] Nintendo,[10] and Microsoft.[11] It is frequently characterized as one of the best custom car shops in the United States.[12][13][14] However, the company has also at times been accused of missing deadlines,[15][16] using aggressive sales tactics,[17][16] and producing low quality and potentially unsafe customized vehicles.[16][18] Some observers and past employees have also criticized the company's employment practices.[2][19]
It has had some success franchising outside of the United States with open franchises in Dubai, United Arab Emirates[20] and Shanghai, China (as Chinese: 西海岸汽车定制).[21][22] Other franchises, however, such as the one in Berlin, Germany, closed shortly after opening due to becoming insolvent. After a long history of different locations within the U.S. state of California, its current flagship and largest facility of 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)[23] is headquartered in Burbank, California.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years; Pimp My Ride (1990-2007)
1.2 Street Customs and (Inside) West Coast Customs (2007-2017)
2 Location changes
3 Criticism
3.1 Mistreatment of employees
3.2 Quality issues alleged
3.2.1 Jake Glazier's Buick Century
3.2.2 Trisha Paytas' Mercedez-Benz G-Wagen
3.2.3 Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios
4 Franchises
4.1 Closed franchises
4.2 Never opened franchises
4.3 Open franchises
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Early years; Pimp My Ride (1990-2007)[edit]
Main article: Pimp My Ride
According to two contradictory statements in the Los Angeles Times, West Coast Customs was founded in either 1994 or 1998[1] by auto enthusiast Ryan Friedlinghaus. In a 2008 article, USA Today put the foundation year as 1997.[2] The legal entity, West Coast Customs International, LLC, was incorporated in California on 20 October 2000.[24] A young Friedlinghaus had gotten his custom vehicles featured on the covers auto magazines by age 14, but he became frustrated with the tedium of dealing with multiple specialty shops which led to longer times to build the vehicles. According to Entrepreneur, this frustration, coupled to his love for custom cars, was what led to his opening of his own shop.[25]
The company moved many times in its early years, but it is at its Inglewood location that WCC began to gain a reputation for quality, which caused celebrities to have their cars modified there.[1] According to Friedlinghaus, one of his first customers was Shaquille O'Neal, who wanted a customized Chevrolet Suburban,[26] and this relationship helped him get contacts with other celebrities who were looking for custom automobiles.[27] Owing to this, Music Television (MTV) offered Friedlinghaus the opportunity to have a reality television show filmed at his business with co-founder Quinton "Q" Dodson as the star and rapper Xzibit as the host;[28] his acceptance of this deal led to the 2004 TV show Pimp My Ride.[1]
Pimp My Ride was extremely successful, spawning international spin-offs, and its success increased the profile of West Coast Customs substantially.[27][29] The show's format was that the producers at MTV would find typical Americans with junk cars, they would be given a short interview with Xzibit, Friedlinghaus and the WCC crew to determine their interests and hobbies, and then WCC staff would fix their junk car and also transform it into a custom car embodying the interests and personality of its owner. In 2004, CBS News reported that the show consistently ranked first place in the 12 to 34 year old demographic for its 9:30PM time slot.[29]
According to a former employee of the company at the time Pimp My Ride was filmed, most of the work actually done on the vehicles was done behind the scenes. Cars and expectations for the final product would arrive on Monday, and employees had until the following Friday to complete a project, sometimes necessitating twelve hour work days. According to this employee, much of the off-screen labor was done by illegal immigrants from Mexico, around eleven in total. As the employees were of WCC and not MTV, MTV was apparently unconcerned about possible ramifications of this for them.[19]
Owing to the popularity of Pimp My Ride, West Coast Customs was prominently featured in the 2005 street racing video game L.A. Rush as the car upgrade mechanism. According to the Chicago Tribune, Midway, the developer of the game, paid "handsomely" to be able to use the brand.[30]
In June 2005, Friedlinghaus took over the role of host from Dodson for the fourth season.[31]
As early as 2005, during airing of the second season of Pimp My Ride, rumors circulated that the location of the show would change and Friedlinghaus would part with MTV to host a show on a different network.[32] These rumors were confirmed with simultaneous announcements by MTV and Friedlinghaus in 2007,[2] after the fourth and final season with WCC as the shop.[27]
In a 2007 interview in the Los Angeles Times Friedlinghaus gave after the Pimp My Ride relocation from West Coast Customs to Galpin Auto Sports, Friedlinghaus credited Pimp My Ride with helping him build his brand, but said that he felt that his focus on building cars for the television show damaged his relationships with his other customers.[27]
Friedlinghaus speaks with Hewlett-Packard, a client of his, at HP's Global Influencer Summit in 2012 in Shanghai, China.
Exterior of GMC Denali West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit.
Interior of vehicle West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit.
Street Customs and (Inside) West Coast Customs (2007-2017)[edit]
Nevertheless, after leaving Pimp My Ride Friedlinghaus would almost immediately begin a new television program that aired simultaneously on Discovery Channel and The Learning Channel, Street Customs, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television. Instead of building the cars for the people chosen by MTV, the new show followed ongoing customizations being done for consenting customers of West Coast Customs. Friedlinghaus described the difference between the two shows thus: "I want to build cars on TV, not for TV."[27] While the break up was described as amicable,[32] others at WCC were not so subdued: Sean Mahaney, a then-employee of WCC, reportedly said "Most of the MTV people are not real car guys... They pay us to build the cars, so we do what they want even if it sucks."[32]
Street Customs would change names twice and networks four times, but its format remained constant. While cars would still be built for individuals, more and more episodes were devoted to brands as the show ran on. Because MTV was no longer footing the bill, all episodes of the new series were about cars built for people who could afford the high cost of customization. Some notable individuals built for in Street Customs are Carroll Shelby,[33] a Cadillac for Shaquille O'Neal[34] (according to Friedlinghaus, O'Neal had already had 30 cars built for him by WCC by July 2007[27]), a modified Range Rover for an unnamed member of the royal family of Dubai,[35] and a Cadillac CTS-V for Justin Bieber.[36] Brands built for included Chronic Tacos[37] and Vans.[38]
According to Friedlinghaus in an interview with The Press-Enterprise, the 2008 global financial crisis affected his business heavily: he had to lay off half of the company's employees, orders decreased, and customers opted to have used cars repaired instead of buying brand new cars to be customized.[39]
In 2010, West Coast Customs designed three identical customized 1955 Ford F-100 pick up trucks which were prominently featured in the film The Expendables.[40] One of these cars was for Sylvester Stalone, who sold it at auction in 2011 for $132,000.[41] In 2015, WCC created a car by combining the body of a Ford Maverick and the internals of a Ford Ranger for another film, Mad Max: Fury Road.[42]
After the 2009 season, the show was renamed to Inside West Coast Customs. Along with this change, it was also moved to Discovery HD Theater, which later became a different specifically automotive related cable channel, Velocity.[43] In June 2013, Fox Sports Network took over the production of the show, dropping the word "Inside" from the show's name, and has continued to produce new seasons of the show until 2016.[44] In March 2017, the television show moved back to Velocity with a new season.[45]
Location changes[edit]
The company has moved several times in its history, each time to larger spaces. According to Friedlinghaus, the first shop was in Laguna Niguel, Orange County, California, after which it moved to Compton, Los Angeles in 1998.[1] In 2000, it moved again to a location on Olive Street in Inglewood.[1] After the first season of Pimp My Ride, the company moved yet another time to a larger location near Los Angeles International Airport which had a room specifically for the filming.[1] After Pimp My Ride left the company, it moved to a location in Corona, California in preparation for the Street Customs television show.[32]
During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 "WCC's New Zip Part 1" of West Coast Customs, Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location, a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank, Los Angeles County, California.[46] The grand opening of the new facility occurred in January 2015.[47]
Criticism[edit]
Mistreatment of employees[edit]
As early as 2008, USA Today noted that Friedlinghaus's auto shop routinely had 60 hour work weeks and employees had 'insane deadlines' working for Friedlinghaus, a 'self-described micromanager'.[2] One former employee, Mauricio Hernández, who would go on to co-found the Mexican franchise of WCC, claimed in an interview with NPR that during the period of his employment at the California branch (2004-2009), he worked ten to twelve hours per day, six days per week as an undocumented worker, without Social Security or any other benefits, and that by so doing he "missed...the childhood of [his] kids."[19]
In some episodes of Inside West Coast Customs, if Friedlinghaus had agreed to a too tight deadline, employees would stay at the shop late into the night, or even overnight.[48] In Season 1 Episode 3 "Smoothie Operator", Ishmael, an interior designer and upholsterer, was about to have a child with his wife, but Friedlinghaus' sole concern was on the project. After the baby was born, Ishmael left his newborn with his wife the very next day at the request of Friedlinghaus to finish a project.[49]
In an interview with Entertainment Scoop, when asked "What does it take to be an employee at West Coast Customs?", Friedlinghaus replied: "Not saying, 'when do I go home?' The guys who want to stay and work and get things done...it's hard to find people that are good...[people who will do] whatever we ask them to do."[50]
On 23 April 2014, after an investigation by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL), the company was found to have violated the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act.[51] The government found that paying employees overtime, paying employees a minimum wage, and proper record keeping was not being done by the company. During the investigation, the government found that all employees were paid a weekly salary, regardless of how many hours they worked. Because employees were frequently coerced to work overtime, this resulted in a wage of $6/hour for some employees.[51] Furthermore, until 2011, the company attempted to skirt minimum wage and overtime laws by classifying their on-site exclusive long-term employees as independent contractors, which is illegal in the United States.[51]
When presented with the opportunity to go to court or pay the fine assessed by USDOL, Friedlinghaus chose to pay the fine, which amounted to $157,592 in back wages for the wronged employees and $16,830 in civil penalties.[51] In an interview with The Press-Enterprise from after the fine was paid, Daniel Pasquil, the director for the wages and hour division of the West Covina office of the USDOL, noted that "The most important thing is that the company did correct the violations" and stressed that the company is now in full compliance.[52]
Quality issues alleged[edit]
A Buick Century, the same model and color of which were "pimped" on the MTV show.
Jake Glazier's Buick Century[edit]
In 2015, The Huffington Post interviewed three people who were participants on Pimp My Ride, one of whom had a vehicle that was "pimped" during the time that the location of the show was West Coast Customs, Jake Glazier (featured in Season 4 Episode 7, "Jake's Buick Century").[18]
During the episode, the team at West Coast Customs were told that Glazier had recently graduated from a degree program in audio engineering, so they installed an MTX Jackhammer high fidelity sound system (with accompanying decibel meter and warning light, to, in the words of Xzibit, stave off deafness) and a record player inside the dashboard. Other customizations were a flat black paint job (with a red metal flake paint job on the roof with scallops on the sides and hood to match), four inch whitewall tires, removal of the muffler and installation of exhaust pipes, and black and white vinyl interior.[53]
Besides problems caused by the long period of time that the vehicle was in the shop, for around one half of a year, Glazier claimed that the quality of the vehicle he received was also severely compromised. According to Glazier, when the muffler was removed, three "fake" exhaust pipes were substituted instead: these were used to make the engine sound much more powerful to viewers of the television show, but they made the car needlessly loud. He also claimed that very little or no mechanical work was done to the car, to the extent that he had trouble driving it home from the show's set. Due to all of the mechanical trouble, one month after acquiring the car from West Coast Customs, he sold it to MTX Audio for $18,000. According to Glazier, MTX did not buy the car to drive it, but merely to prevent it from falling into the hands of their competitors. Glazier further claimed that when it was time to receive the car, Dana "Big Dane" Florence intimidated him to act more enthusiastic for the cameras, saying "Listen, we put a lot of work into this. We expect you to be a little more fucking enthusiastic."[18] Larry Hochberg, an executive producer for MTV at the time, disputed Glazier's statements, saying that in reality great lengths were taken to provide the participants in the show with automobiles in good driving condition, and that MTV even paid for free for some further repairs and tows after the cameras were rolling.[18]
Despite the problems he faced with the vehicle, and with the caveat that he appear on a show with the same format as Pimp My Ride where MTV paid for all work done until the car was delivered (and for some afterwards, depending on who one believes), Glazier said he would happily participate in the program again if given the chance.[18]
Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen of the same model and year to the one modified on behalf of Paytas.
Trisha Paytas' Mercedez-Benz G-Wagen[edit]
There have been several high-profile incidents of quality issues outside of the context of the MTV program. In 2015, Trisha Paytas, a singer-songwriter and internet personality had her three-week old 2014 Mercedez-Benz G-Wagen customized by WCC. Among other customizations, she requested that the car be painted pink, that Swarovski crystals be integrated into the headrests and steering wheel, and that the floormats be changed out with customized ones.[16] According to Paytas, after bringing in her vehicle she was promised that it would be ready by November 17, but the company missed both that deadline and a further December 9 one. After the second deadline was missed, she uploaded a vlog[17] to YouTube about her experience, and claims that WCC threatened her with a lawsuit if she refused to remove it.[16] December 17 became the deadline that the company would ultimately keep, but when she came to pick up the vehicle she found that none of the electronic components worked, including ones which the non-use of is a crime in the United States besides being major safety issues, such as turn signals, headlights, and in some states, windshield wipers. Furthermore, the dashboard instruments did not function, which could cause the driver to underestimate her speed.[16] To her complaints about these issues, Paytas claims that the company told her to drive the car home and then to the Mercedez-Benz dealership from which she bought it and ask them for an in-warranty repair.[16] Paytas uploaded yet another vlog five days after this incident,[54] after which point WCC uploaded its own video in the form of a scrolling text public relations statement.[55] In the statement, besides denying that they had "talked down" to Paytas, WCC denied that its customization was the reason for the issues with her vehicle, claimed that the vehicle was late because she had changed what she had ordered "several times", denied that they had ignored Paytas as she claimed, and invited Paytas to contact them with any further requests or complaints for an "immediate resolution," noting that they had already committed to fix the problem (which, though they wrote it was "unrelated to their services", they would do it anyway "as part of providing excellent customer service"). The company also noted its track record, but did not provide any concrete details.[55] As of 23 December 2016, the statement-as-YouTube video, which has had its comments disabled, had 261 "likes" and 1,652 "dislikes", or a ratio of 6.32 dislikes for every 1 like.[55]
Despite the many problems her car customization had received, after the fixed vehicle was received by Paytas, she would seemingly forgive West Coast Customs, reportedly writing on Instagram "It was a bit of a struggle getting [it] but I do love my [car] so very very much."[56]
Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios[edit]
The Firefall promotional bus makes its debut appearance at Anime Expo 2012
In 2010, Chinese online game operator The9 Limited announced Firefall, an MMO first-person shooter to be developed by Red 5 Studios as their first game. The game would enter closed beta in 2011, and open beta in 2013. Mark Kern, a video game designer, was appointed by The9 as CEO of the new Red 5 Studios. As CEO, one of Kern's major tasks was promoting the game, and he chose to do this in part with a custom designed tour bus worth US$3 million made to look like one of the vehicles in the videogame and to be converted into a game room on wheels.[15] The customization of the bus was featured on Inside West Coast Customs in Season 3 Episode 4. While in the episode itself it is made to appear that the bus was on-time,[57] arriving at the Los Angeles 2012 Anime Expo which took place between June 29 and July 2,[58] in reality it arrived much later than anticipated, according to both then-CEO Mark Kern[59] and a report by Tech in Asia.[15] Kern also accused WCC of not delivering what he wanted and of going over budget,[59] while Tech in Asia noted that the bus was delivered missing some of its key features, and that it missed all of the key video game conferences for the year 2011 (such as the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, which was held between June 5 and June 7). According to their report, it now "sits in a warehouse somewhere, collecting dust."[15] A Twitter parody of the bus describes itself as a "gross demonstration of capitalistic overindulgence."[60]
Franchises[edit]
West Coast Customs has attempted to franchise its brand to other parts of the world with limited success.
Closed franchises[edit]
Facade of the Berlin franchise shortly after its closure
On 14 September 2008, a franchise was opened in a converted factory building along Revaler Straße in Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany,[61][62] but it closed and declared insolvency less than one year later on 14 August 2009.[63][64][65] Before its closure, professional boxer Wladimir Klitschko[66] and musician "Evil" Jared Hasselhoff[67] were customers. In 2011, following the closure of the business, the building was repainted.[68]
Mauricio Hernández, a former employee at the California location hired just before the debut on Pimp My Ride, co-founded a Mexican franchise with Friedlinghaus' blessing in 2009.[19] A television show with a similar format to the American version called Tunéame la nave was first broadcast on 14 August 2009 by Azteca shortly after the opening of the new business.[69] According to Hernández, who became the host of the show, the franchise was opened with a "high" fee paid to Friedlinghaus to use the brand.[19] The show continued for six seasons on Azteca, but it is unclear if there will be a 2017 season, and where it will air.[70] This is because on 24 May 2016, during airing of season six, Hernández announced that he was abandoning the "West Coast Customs" brand and company in favor of his own brand, PacifiCoast Customs.[71] In an interview with TuningMex, Hernández stated that the new company had hired 20 employees, had an initial investment of MXN 2.5 million (US$133,947), and would be based in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, describing the name change as similar to cutting "an umbilical cord."[72] In a separate interview, Hernández stated that when people in Mexico think of West Coast Customs, they think of him and not Ryan Friedlinghaus; thus hinting that he does not believe that the change in name will hurt business.[19] In an apparent dig at Friedlinghaus, Hernández stated that the new company is projected to work on only twenty cars in its first year, thus guaranteeing quality and that employees will not be overworked.[71]
Never opened franchises[edit]
A Japanese franchise is mentioned on the official WCC website,[5] and a website announcing that it was "coming soon!" became available in 2009,[73] and was online until 13 March 2012,[74] but by 13 April 2012 the server hosting the site began returning a 403 error,[75] and after 7 November 2012 the server hosting the website of the Japanese franchise went offline.[76] In a 2013 video released by HP interviewing Friedlinghaus, the Japanese franchise's logo was displayed as (Japanese: ウエスト・コースト・カスタムズ), despite the fact that no such company existed at the time.[77] An address was never provided, no Japanese media wrote about the opening of the franchise, and no further information about it has been forthcoming from WCC, so it can be assumed that the Japanese franchise never opened.
In 2010, Dana Florence traveled to St. Petersburg, Russia for a question-and-answer session at the "Active Open Air Show Cars [sic]", according to The Village.[78] A Russian franchise under the name Russian: Вест Коуст Customs is likewise mentioned by the company,[77][5] but as of January 2017, as in the case of the Japanese franchise, there is no sign of its opening.
A Malaysian franchise is also mentioned in the 2013 HP video[77] as Malay: Pantai Barat Customs. The owner of the franchise claimed that he would bring "official WCC merchandise to Malaysian shores" in 2013, but has made no further posts as of December 2016.[79]
Open franchises[edit]
Despite these setbacks, some franchisees have created successful businesses.
In 2007, Friedlinghaus announced a Dubai franchise[80] to be owned by Al Ghussein Global Investments which continues to operate as of December 2016.[81] The Dubai franchise was opened with a fee of AED 18 million (US$4.9 million) paid to West Coast Customs to use its trademark.[82]
On 14 January 2016, Friedlinghaus announced a further Shanghai, China franchise via a Facebook post.[83] When the franchise opened on 18 August 2016, the event was met with substantial positive coverage by Chinese media, with articles appearing in the Qilu Evening News,[21] auto magazine Autohome,[84] and the website of Chinese television station Phoenix InfoNews Channel.[85]
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Jump up ^ "Vans Van". Street Customs. Season 3. Episode 4.
Jump up ^ Pierceall, Kimberly (13 October 2010). "Q&A: Full speed ahead for West Coast customizer". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Mata, Jr., John (23 August 2010). "The expendables' F-100: LMC truck teams up with West Coast customs for a wild ride". Truckin'. The Enthusiast Network. Retrieved 22 January 2017 – via Gale (General OneFile). (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Popa, Bogdan (25 January 2011). "Sylvester Stallone's "Expendables" Truck Sells for $132,000". autoevolution. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ungureanu, Ionut (1 September 2015). "West Coast Customs Made a Magnum Opus Car for Mad Max Game, and It's Apocalyptic". autoevolution. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Peter (20 September 2011). "Discovery's New Velocity Channel: What Do Rich Men Want? What's the Sweet Spot? Plus: Who's Next for a Re-name?". DocumentaryTelevision.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Zamalloa, Dana (6 June 2013). "West Coast Customs Moves to FOX Sports Networks". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Velocity and Ryan Friedlinghaus Join Forces to Bring the Inner Workings of the World-Renowned West Coast Customs Back to Velocity" (Press release). New York: Velocity. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
Jump up ^ Laurell, David (3 June 2015). "On the Town: Chamber members, guests tour West Coast Customs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ West Coast Customs (23 January 2015), Grand Opening West Coast Customs Burbank, YouTube, retrieved 19 December 2016
Jump up ^ "Old...Meets New". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 1. Episode 5. 27 February 2011. 35:39 minutes in.
Jump up ^ "Smoothie Operator". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 1. Episode 3. 27 February 2011. 36:20 minutes in.
Jump up ^ Iadonisi, Jackie (7 March 2015). West Coast Customs Burbank Exclusive Interview Ryan Friedlinghaus (YouTube video). 4:10 minutes in.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Carnevali, Jose (23 April 2014). "Auto shop in hit TV show found violating wage law". www.dol.gov. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Katzanek, Jack (23 April 2014). "West Coast Customs fined by for unpaid wages". Press Enterprise. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Pimp My Ride. Season 4. Episode 7. 7 August 2005. MTV.
Jump up ^ Paytas, Trisha (22 December 2015). MY PINK G WAGON NIGHTMARE! (YouTube video).
^ Jump up to: a b c West Coast Customs Official Statement (YouTube Video). 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Huist, Samuel (20 January 2016). "Los Angeles Actress Trisha Paytas' Pink G-Wagen Will Leave You Speechless". The News Wheel. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Firefall". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 3. Episode 4. Available to watch online for free, uploaded by the copyright holder's official YouTube channel.
Jump up ^ "Anime Expo 2012 Convention Information @ AnimeCons.com". AnimeCons.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kern, Mark (28 December 2013). "Mark Kern: My Own Kobayashi Maru • /r/firefall". reddit. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Firefall Bus (@FirefallBus) | Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Render, Tobias (19 July 2008). "Die Jungs von West Coast Customs eröffnen ihre Werkstatt in Berlin" [The guys from West Coast Customs will open a workshop in Berlin]. Berliner Kurier (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Die Jungs von West Coast Customs suchen Schrauber: TV-Auto-Aufmotzen sind jetzt in Berlin" [The guys from West Coast Customs are seeking mechanics: Car pimping from the world of TV now in Berlin]. Berliner Kurier (in German). 6 September 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "News: : TuningScene @ West Coast Custom Corona (CA)". TuningScene. 14 November 2011. Dann wurde es lange Zeit still in Europa um die Jungs von West Coast Customs. Wilde Gerüchte kursierten. Änderungen in der Geschäftsführung folgten, sogar eine Niederlassung in Deutschland wurde gegründet. Jedoch wurde diese Niederlassung mittlerweile wieder geschlossen. (Then it was quiet for a long time in Europe around the guys of West Coast Customs. Wild rumors circulated. Changes in the management team followed, even a branch office in Germany was founded. However, this branch has now been closed again.)
Jump up ^ See also: West Coast Customs §§ Street Customs Berlin (geschlossen) (German)
Jump up ^ "Hat West Coast-Customs Berlin dicht gemacht? (Tuning)". Gutefrage (in German). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Katja, Kirste; Braun, Stefanie (17 September 2008). "DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produziert mit "Street Customs Berlin" erstmals internationale TV-Serie" [DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produces its first international TV series: "Street Customs Berlin"] (Press release) (in German). Germany: Discovery Networks Deutscheland. Ihren ersten Kunden haben sie auch schon: Dr. Wladimir Klitschko, der bei der Werkstatteröffnung diese Woche dabei war, konnte mit Ryan Friedlinghaus schon Einzelheiten seiner Smart-Veredelung besprechen. [They already had their first customers: Dr. Wladimir Klitschko, who was present at the workshop opening this week, was able to discuss the details of his customization with Ryan Friedlinghaus.]
Jump up ^ "Street Customs Berlin: Partybus für die Bloodhound Gang" [Street Customs Berlin: A party bus for Bloodhound Gang]. DMAX (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Lemme (16 October 2011). "West Coast Customs Berlin". E36 Talk Forum (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tunéame la nave". TuningMex. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Clavijo, Judith Chacón (19 April 2016). ""Tunéame la Nave" busca televisora" ["Tunéame la Nave" searches for a television station]. Así Sucede (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Abre PacifiCoast Customs | Ya puedes "tunear" tu nave en Culiacán" [PacifiCoast Customs opens | Now you can "pimp" your ride in Culiacán]. Revista Espejo (in Spanish). 29 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ González, Guadalupe Martínez (24 May 2016). "Mauricio Hernández deja WCC y crea PacifiCoast Customs" [Mauricio Hernández leaves WCC and creates PacifiCoast Customs]. TuningMex (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017. Es una decisión importante en mi vida no puedo vivir conectado en un cordón umbilical que se puede decir era West Coast es momento de empezar mi propia aventura. (It's an important decision in my life. I can't live connected by an umbilical cord, that is to say, connected to West Coast Customs; it is time to start my own adventure.)
Jump up ^ "West Coast Customs Japan, Coming Soon!". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Welcome to West Coast Customs Japan". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "403 Error - Forbidden". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 13 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c お客様事例：West Coast Customs [Customer case study: West Coast Customs] (YouTube Video) (in English and with Japanese subtitles). Hewlett-Packard. 18 August 2013. 0:22 minutes in. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Note: Make sure to choose 720p to see the logo clearly. Sometimes the player defaults to a lower resolution.
Jump up ^ Artamonov, Dmitry (17 June 2010). "West Coast Customs впервые в Питере". The Village (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "West Coast Customs Malaysia | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedlinghaus, Ryan (22 April 2007). West Coast Customs (WCC) coming to Dubai! (YouTube video).
Jump up ^ "West Coast Customs Dubai | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Rahimi, Safura (24 April 2007). "Auto firm to 'pimp' cars in Dubai". m.arabianbusiness.com. Arabian Business. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedlinghaus, Ryan (14 January 2016). "Ryan Friedlinghaus and WCC are going BIG!". www.facebook.com. West Coast Customs, Inc via Facebook. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "【图】全球著名品牌西海岸汽车定制登陆中国" [World famous brand West Coast Customs landing in China]. www.autohome.com.cn (in Chinese). Autohome (汽车之家). 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016. 编辑了解到， 今年8月，大家期待已久的三款豪华定制车将由西海岸汽车定制带到中国上海 。 (Our editor has learned that in August of this year, the world famous luxury brand West Coast Customs will be available in China's "West Coast": Shanghai.)
Jump up ^ "西海岸汽车定制进驻中国，线下业务全面启动！". Phoenix InfoNews Channel (in Chinese). (Republishing of the article of Qilu Evening News). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
External links[edit]
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text:
List of English words of French origin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows:
French: ~29%
Latin (including words used only in scientific, medical or legal contexts): ~29%
Germanic: ~26%
Others: ~16%
A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language to the extent that many Latin words have come to the English language. According to different sources, 45% of all English words have a French origin.[1] This suggests that 80,000 words should appear in this list; this list, however, only includes words imported directly from French, such as both joy and joyous, and does not include derivatives formed in English of words borrowed from French, including joyful, joyfulness, partisanship, and parenthood. It also excludes both combinations of words of French origin with words whose origin is a language other than French — e. g.: ice cream, sunray, jellyfish, killjoy, lifeguard, and passageway— and English-made combinations of words of French origin — e. g.: grapefruit (grape + fruit), layperson (lay + person), mailorder, magpie, marketplace, surrender, petticoat, and straitjacket. This list also excludes words that come from French but were introduced into the English language via a language other than French, which include commodore, domineer, filibuster, ketone, loggia, lotto, mariachi, monsignor, oboe, paella, panzer, picayune, ranch, vendue, and veneer.
Although French is mainly from Latin (which accounts for about 60% of English vocabulary either directly or via a Romance language), it also includes words from Gaulish and Germanic languages (especially Old Frankish). Since English is of Germanic origin, words that have entered English from the Germanic elements in French might not strike the eye as distinctively from French. Conversely, as Latin gave many derivatives to both the English and the French languages, ascertaining that a given Latinate derivative did not come to the English language via French can be difficult in a few cases.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical context
2 Notable fields of French influence
2.1 Feudalism
2.2 Heraldry
2.3 Military
2.4 Politics and economics
2.5 Law
2.6 Diplomacy
2.7 Arts
2.8 Architecture
2.9 Aviation and automobile engineering
2.10 Cuisine
2.11 Colours and Other Influences
2.12 Terms coined by French people
2.13 Named after French people
2.14 Proper names
3 Main patterns of influence
4 A-C
5 D-I
6 J-R
7 S-Z
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Historical context[edit]
Most of the French vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman-speaking peoples. William the Conqueror invaded the island of Britain, distributing lands and property to the Normans. As a result, French became the language of culture and the administration. The majority of the population of England continued to use their Anglo-Saxon language, but it was influenced by the language of the ruling elite, resulting in doublets. Consider for example the words for the meats eaten by the Anglo-Norman nobility and the corresponding animals raised by the Anglo-Saxon peasants: beef / ox, mutton / sheep, veal / calf, pork / pig, or pairs of words pertaining to different registers of language: commence / start, continue / go on, disengage / withdraw, encounter / meet, vend / sell, purchase / buy, commerce / trade. Words of French origin often refer to more abstract or elaborate notions than their Anglo-Saxon equivalents (e.g. liberty / freedom, justice / fairness), and are therefore of less frequent use in everyday language. This may not, however, be the case for all English words of French origin. Consider, for example: able, car, chair, city, country, fine, fruit, journey, juice, just, part, people, real, stay, table, travel, use, very, and wait.
After the rise of Henry Plantagenet to the throne of England, other forms of dialectal French may have gained in influence to the detriment of Norman French (notably the variants of Anjou where the House of Plantagenet came from, and possibly Poitevin, the tongue of Eleanor of Aquitaine). With the English claim to the throne of France, the influence of the language in use at the royal court of France in Paris increased. The cultural influence of France remained strong in the following centuries and from the Renaissance onward borrowings were mainly made from Parisian French, which became the de facto standard language of France.
Notable fields of French influence[edit]
Feudalism[edit]
Norman rule of England had a lasting impact on British society. Words from Anglo-Norman or Old French include terms related to Chivalry (homage, liege, peasant, government, seigniorage, suzerain, vassal, villain) and other institutions (bailiff, chancellor, council, government, mayor, minister, parliament), the organisation of religion (abbey, clergy, cloister, diocese, friar, mass, parish, prayer, preach, priest, sacristy, vestment, vestry, vicar), the nobility (baron, count, dame, duke, marquis, prince, sir), and the art of war (armour, baldric, dungeon, hauberk, mail, portcullis, rampart, surcoat). Many of these words related to the feudal system or medieval warfare have a Germanic origin (mainly through Old Frankish) (see also French words of Germanic origin).
The Norman origin of the British monarchy is still visible in expressions like Prince Regent, heir apparent, Princess Royal where the adjective is placed after the noun, like in French.
Heraldry[edit]
The vocabulary of heraldry has been heavily influenced by French (blazon, or, argent, sable, gules, passant), for more details see tinctures, attitudes, and charges of heraldry.
Sometimes used in heraldry, some mythological beasts (cockatrice, dragon, griffin, hippogriff, phoenix) or exotic animals (lion, leopard, antelope, gazelle, giraffe, camel, zebu, elephant, baboon, macaque, mouflon, dolphin, ocelot, ostrich, chameleon) draw their name from French. It is also the case of some animals native of Europe (via Anglo-Norman: eagle, buzzard, falcon, squirrel, coney, rabbit, leveret, lizard, marten, ferret, salmon, viper).
Military[edit]
The vocabulary of warfare and the military include many words of French origin (battalion, dragoon, soldier, marine, grenadier, guard, officer, infantry, cavalry, army, artillery, corvette, musketeer, carabineer, pistol, fusilier, squad, squadron, platoon, brigade, corps, sortie, reconnaissance/reconnoitre, surrender, surveillance, rendezvous, espionage, volley, siege, terrain, troop, camouflage, logistics, matériel, accoutrements, bivouac, latrine, aide-de-camp, legionnaire, morale, esprit de corps, cordon sanitaire. See also military ranks: corporal, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, colonel, general, admiral. Many fencing terms are also from French.
Politics and economics[edit]
The political/economic lexicon include many words of French origin like money, treasury, exchequer, commerce, finance, tax, liberalism, capitalism, materialism, nationalism, plebiscite, coup d'état, regime, sovereignty, state, administration, federal, bureaucracy, constitution, jurisdiction, district.
Law[edit]
The judicial lexicon has also been heavily influenced by French (justice, judge, jury, attorney, court, case). (See also Law French).
Diplomacy[edit]
attaché, chargé d'affaires, envoy, embassy, chancery, diplomacy, démarche, communiqué, aide-mémoire, détente, entente, rapprochement, accord, treaty, alliance, passport, protocol.
Arts[edit]
art, music, dance, theatre, author, stage, paint, canvas, perform, harmony, melody, rhythm, trumpet, note, director, gallery, portrait, brush, pallet, montage, surrealism, impressionism, fauvism, cubism, symbolism, art nouveau, gouache, aquarelle, collage, render, frieze, grisaille …;
Architecture[edit]
aisle, arcade, arch, vault, voussoir, belfry, arc-boutant, buttress, bay, lintel, estrade, facade, balustrade, terrace, lunette, niche, pavilion, pilaster, porte cochère ;
Aviation and automobile engineering[edit]
France played a pioneering role in the fields of aviation (nacelle, empennage, fuselage, aileron, altimeter, canard, decalage, monocoque, turbine) and automobile engineering or design (chassis, piston, arbor, grille, tonneau, berline, sedan, limousine, cabriolet, coupé, convertible) ;
Cuisine[edit]
baba au rhum, beef, beef bourguignon, boudin, caramel, casserole, cassoulet, clafoutis, confit, consommé, cream, croissant, custard, foie gras, flognarde, fondant, fondue, gateau, gratin, marmalade, mayonnaise, meringue, mille-feuille, mustard, mutton, navarin, pâté, pastry, petit four, pork, ragout, roux, salad, sauce, sausage, soufflé, stew, terrine, trifle, veal …
Colours and Other Influences[edit]
Other influences include color names (ecru, mauve, beige, carmine, maroon, blue, orange, violet, vermilion, turquoise, lilac, perse, scarlet, cerise) ; vegetables or fruits (courgette, aubergine, cabbage, carrot, cherry, chestnut, cucumber, nutmeg, quince, spinach, lemon, orange, apricot); months of the year (January, March, May, July, November, December).
Terms coined by French people[edit]
Some of the French words that made their way into the English language were coined by French inventors, discoverers or pioneers, or scientists: cinema, television, helicopter, parachute, harmonium, bathyscaphe, lactose, lecithin, bacteriophage, chlorophyll, mastodon, pterodactyl, oxide, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, photography, stethoscope, thermometer, stratosphere, troposphere.
Named after French people[edit]
Some French words were named after French people (from their family name), especially in the fields of science (ampere, appertisation, baud, becquerel, braille, coulomb, curie, daguerreotype, pascal, pasteurise, vernier), botany and mineralogy (begonia, bougainvillea, clementine, magnolia, dolomite, nicotine), fashion and style or any other cultural aspect (lavalier, leotard, recamier, mansard, chauvinism, kir, praline, saxophone, silhouette, guillotine) .
Proper names[edit]
The names of certain cities in non-francophone regions/countries entered English with French spelling (Constance, Ypres, Bruges, Louvain, Turin, Milan, Plaisance, Florence, Rome, Naples, Syracuse, Vienna, Prague, Munich, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Seville, Constantinople.
In North America, the names of some of the Native American peoples or First Nations the French came in contact with first are from French (Sioux, Saulteaux, Iroquois, Nez Perce, Huron, Cheyenne, Algonquin). It is also the case of some place names such as Canada, Arkansas, Michigan, Illinois, Maine, Vermont, Des Moines, Detroit, Chicago and Baton Rouge.
Main patterns of influence[edit]
Some words from Old French have been imported again from Middle French or Modern French, but have generally taken a more restrictive or specialised meaning the second time. Consider for instance : chief / chef, luminary / luminaire, liquor / liqueur, castle / château, hostel / hotel, mask / masque, necessary / nécessaire, petty / petit, ticket / etiquette, troop / troupe, vanguard / avant-garde. Note that the word in French has kept the general meaning: e.g. château in French means castle and chef means chief. Even when not imported several times in different forms, loanwords from French generally have a more restrictive or specialised meaning than in French: e.g. legume (in Fr. légume means vegetable), gateau (in Fr. gâteau means cake).
In some cases, the English language has been more conservative than the French one with Old French words, at least in spelling if not in pronunciation: e.g. apostle (O.Fr. apostle / M.Fr. apôtre), castle (O.Fr. castel or chastel / M.Fr. château), forest (O.Fr. forest / M.Fr. forêt), vessel (O.Fr. vaissel / M.Fr. vaisseau). Other Old French words have even disappeared from Modern French: dandelion.
On the other hand, a move to restore the classical roots (Latin or Ancient Greek) occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus words from Old French saw their spelling re-Latinized. Although in most cases this did not affect their pronunciation (e.g. debt, doubt, indict, mayor), in some cases it did (e.g. abnormal, adventure, benefit). The ph transcription of words of Greek etymology was restored instead of the f. Thus fantosme became phantom, fesan became pheasant. This move occurred also in French, although less systematically (Old French farmacie became pharmacie ("pharmacy"), fenix became phénix ("phoenix"), but fantosme became fantôme ("phantom, ghost") and fesan became faisan ("pheasant").
Beside re-Latinization that blurred the French origin of some words (e.g. peradventure), other modifications in spelling have included folk etymology alterations (see belfry, crayfish, gillyflower, gingerbread, penthouse, pickaxe).
Furthermore, the spelling of some words was changed to keep the pronunciation as close to the original as possible (e.g. leaven), whereas in other cases the French spelling was kept and resulted in totally different pronunciation than French (e.g. leopard, levee). Terms that most recently entered the English language have kept French pronunciation and spelling (ambiance, aplomb, arbitrage, armoire, barrage, bonhomie, bourgeoisie, brochure, bureau, café, camaraderie, catalogue, chauffeur, collage, critique, debris, décor, dossier, élite, entourage, ennui, entrepreneur, espionage, expertise, exposé, financier, garage, genre, glacier, intrigue, liaison, lingerie, machine, mirage, montage, panache, penchant, plaque, promenade, repertoire, reservoir, sabotage, souvenir, terrain, tranche), though this may change with time (e.g. the initial h in hotel is not silent anymore, consider also the evolving pronunciation of herb, or garage). Expressions like femme fatale, bête noire and enfant terrible are still recognisably French.
Borrowings are not a one-way process (See Reborrowing), some words of French origin ultimately come from Old English (Anglo-Saxon words) : e.g. : bateau, chiffon, gourmet. While conversely English words of French origin made their way "back" into Modern French : budget, challenge, design, discount, fuel, gay, gin, humour, interview, jury, management, mess, pedigree, record, reporter, spleen, sport, squat, standard, suspense, tennis, ticket, toast, toboggan, tunnel, vintage.
A-C[edit]
Main article: List of English words of French origin (A-C)
D-I[edit]
Main article: List of English words of French origin (D-I)
J-R[edit]
Main article: List of English words of French origin (J-R)
S-Z[edit]
Main article: List of English words of French origin (S-Z)
See also[edit]
For a list of words relating to with French language origins, see the English terms derived from French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Middle French origins, see the English terms derived from Middle French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Old French origins, see the English terms derived from Old French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Old Northern French origins, see the English terms derived from Old Northern French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Anglo-Norman language origins, see the English terms derived from Anglo-Norman category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Norman language origins, see the English terms derived from Norman category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Canadian French origins, see the English terms derived from Canadian French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Louisiana French origins, see the English terms derived from Cajun French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to with Louisiana French origins, see the English terms derived from Louisiana Creole French category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
French phrases used by English speakers
Law French
Glossary of fencing (predominantly from French)
Glossary of ballet (predominantly from French)
Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin
List of English words of Gaulish origin
List of English words of Latin origin
List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
Latin influence in English
List of French words of Germanic origin
List of French words of Gaulish origin
List of French words of Arabic origin
List of French words of English origin
List of German words of French origin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Why Study French". Athabasca University.
External links[edit]
More than 5,000 French Words with Pronunciation
One French Word a Day
Oxford English Dictionary
Dictionary.com
Definition.net
Online Etymology Dictionary
List of English words of French origin
Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (in French)
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