text:
Arabic definite article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Al-" redirects here. For other uses, see AL (disambiguation).
This article deals with the use of the definite article in Literary Arabic, which slightly differs from varieties of Arabic.
Al- is not a permanent component of words, as shown here with al-Baḥrayn (or el-Baḥrēn), the Arabic for Bahrain.
Al- (Arabic: ال, also transliterated as el- as pronounced in varieties of Arabic) is the definite article in the Arabic language: a particle (ḥarf) whose function is to render the noun on which it is prefixed definite. For example, the word كتاب kitāb "book" can be made definite by prefixing it with al-, resulting in الكتاب al-kitāb "the book". Consequently, al- is typically translated as the in English.
Unlike most other particles in Arabic, al- is always prefixed to another word and it never stands alone. Consequently, most dictionaries will not list it as a separate word, and it is almost invariably ignored in collation. Similarly, al- is not a permanent component of the word to which it is prefixed. It is added and removed to toggle between the definiteness and indefiniteness of the word.
As a particle, al- does not inflect for gender, plurality, or grammatical case. The sound of the final -l consonant, however, can vary; when followed by a sun letter such as t, d, r, s, n and a few others, it is replaced by the sound of the initial consonant of the following noun, thus doubling it. For example: for "the Nile", one does not say al-Nīl, but an-Nīl. When followed by a moon letter, like m-, no replacement occurs, as in al-masjid ("the mosque"). This affects only the pronunciation and not the spelling of the article.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Etymology
2.1 Proto-Semitic particle hypothesis
2.2 Arabic lā hypothesis
2.3 Arabic la hypothesis
3 Phonology
3.1 The "hamza" in al-
3.2 The lām in al-
3.3 The vowels in al-
3.4 Separating al- from its host word
4 Lexicology
4.1 Definiteness
4.2 Class nouns
4.3 Encompassing a genus
4.4 Indicating presence
4.5 At the beginning of names
4.6 Extra
4.7 Miscellaneous
5 Grammar
5.1 At the beginning of particles (ḥarf) and verbs (fi‘l)
5.2 At the beginning of nouns (ism)
5.2.1 Prohibited prefixation
5.2.1.1 Nouns that do not inflect for definiteness
5.2.1.2 Already definite nouns
5.2.1.3 The genitival construction (iḍāfa)
5.2.1.4 Vocation
5.2.1.5 Nunation (tanwīn)
5.2.2 Necessary prefixation
5.2.3 Al- on numbers
5.2.4 Al- on participles
5.2.5 Effects of al- on grammatical case
5.2.6 Allah
6 In other languages
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Overview[edit]
To put al- into perspective, there are many ways in which Arabic words can be made definite. These include the use of personal pronouns like "me", the use of proper nouns like "Saudi Arabia", demonstrative pronouns like "this man", relative pronouns like "the man who ...", vocation like "O man", possession like "my man", and of course the definite article like "the man".[1] Apart from possession, prefixing a noun with al- is the weakest form of definiteness.[1] That is, saying "the man" does not define the man being referred to as clearly as saying "this man", for example.
Arabic has an indefinite article indicated by nunation (tanwīn) which is declined for three cases.
Etymology[edit]
The etymology of al- is the study of how it developed and how it changed over time. There are several major opinions in regards to the origins of the Arabic definite article. The earliest evidence of the article, besides a 1st-century BC inscription in Qaryat al-Faw (formerly Qaryat Dhat Kahil, near Sulayyil, Saudi Arabia),[2][3][4] occurs in the 5th century BC, in the epithet of a goddess which Herodotus (Histories I: 131, III: 8) quotes in its preclassical Arabic form as Alilat (Ἀλιλάτ, i. e.,ʼal-ʼilat), which means "the goddess".[5]
Proto-Semitic particle hypothesis[edit]
While the Proto-Semitic language did not have any articles,[6][7] the most likely theory is that the article al- comes from the same proto-Semitic source as the Hebrew definite article ה־ ha-.[8] That theory is based primarily on the fact that the two share many similarities. Both particles are prefixed to nouns, and both geminate with certain following letters.[8] Moreover, neither particle is prefixed to non-final nouns in a genitival construction.[8] Finally, both are prefixed to relative clauses.[8] According to David Testen, many northern and southwestern Semitic languages have particles that bear similarities to al-.[8] With this fact, he posits that al- has a proto-Semitic antecedent.
There are three major possibilities regarding the form of the proto-Semitic particle that is the putative antecedent of al-:[9]
hal;
ha;
‘a;
David Testen and Jacob Weingreen state that هل۔/הל־ hal is the correct antecedent.
Often cited is the Arabic word for 'this', هذا hādhā, which, when combined with a definite phrase, has been known to become shortened from هذا البيت hādhā al-bayt (this house) to هلبيت hal-bayt. However, hal-bayt may merely be a shortening of the demonstrative pronoun.
Weingreen also states that the original form of the Hebrew ha- was in fact hal.[10] Hebrew, then, dropped the final l to achieve ha- while Arabic softened the h- to a hamza, resulting in al-.[9] However, there is no evidence supporting the existence of hal from ancient Hebrew texts. In fact, as early as the 6th century BC both han (a probable predecessor of the Hebrew ha) and al were being used simultaneously in different Arabic dialects, namely Northern and Central.
The Arabic word hādhā is equivalent to the Hebrew word זה zé. It appears that over time Hebrew shortened the demonstrative pronoun hazé (eikh korím layéled hazé? or What's this boy's name?) to simply zé. That indicates that the Hebrew ha- was the accurate retention of the original proto-Semitic source, as opposed to al-, which cannot conclusively be linked to the ancient cognate demonstrative pronoun hādhā/hazé.
Arabic lā hypothesis[edit]
According to Jacob Barth, who was lecturer in Hebrew at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary, al- comes directly from the Arabic negating particle, لا lā.[11] He conjectures that lā became al- through a process of metathesis. That is to say, the lām and the alif swapped positions. It is noteworthy that the negation denoted by lā and the definiteness denoted by al- are in stark contrast to each other.
Barth also asserts that lā could have resulted in al- through a process of syncope so the alif in lā and the vowel over the lām were dropped, resulting in a sukūn (an Arabic diacritic) over the lām, and a volatile or elidable hamza was added to compensate for that
David Testen argues against both of these explanations. He says that there is no corroboratory evidence for either metathesis or syncope.
Arabic la hypothesis[edit]
It is possible that al- comes from the same root as the asseverative-cum-precative particle, لـَ la-; it is the la- used at the beginning of nominal sentences for emphasis.[12]
Phonology[edit]
See also: Arabic nouns and adjectives § Article
The phonology of al- is the study of its constituent letters and vowels, and of its pronunciation in different dialects and in different lexical circumstances.
The "hamza" in al-[edit]
A classical (and largely one-sided) debate in regards to al- is whether the hamza is volatile or not. The majority opinion is that of Sibawayh (d. ca. 797), who considers the hamza volatile.[13][14][15] In his opinion, the hamza neither is part of al- nor contributes to the definiteness of the following word.
Khalīl, Ibn Keisān and Akhfash, on the other hand, consider the hamza not to be volatile.[13][15] There is a further debate among the proponents of the second theory. Some do not consider the hamza volatile and assert that it contributes to the definiteness of the following word. Others assert that the hamza contributes to the definiteness of the following word but is still volatile.[13]
In his defence, Khalīl argues that when a word prefixed with al- is preceded by the interrogative hamza, the two hamzas mix.[16] For example, when the word الآن al-āna (now) is prefixed with it, the result is آلآن āl-āna. Clearly, the hamza of al- does not drop in this case even though there is no further purpose for it.
Khalīl further argues that the only reason the hamza in al- is ever dropped is not that it is volatile but that it is used too much. When asked why the lām in al- was not simply given a vowel if it is so heavily used and it needs to be easier to pronounce, followers of Khalīl said that if the lām had been given a fatḥa, it would have been confused with the asseverative-cum-precative particle.[17] Had it been given a kasra, it would have been confused with the genitival particle.[17] It could not have been given a ḍamma for fear of the following vowel being a kasra or ḍamma (which would result in awkward pronunciations as in لإبل *lu-ibil or لعنق *lu-‘unuq).[18]
Despite the myriad of proofs for the argument, in most classical grammars and in modern Arabic, the opinion of Sibawayh is often taken as an axiomatic fact.[19] There are many proofs and counterproofs, but the overarching argument in favour of this opinion is as follows:
The lām in al- is the only lām particle in the language with a sukūn (to avoid confusion, as mentioned). Thus, it requires a volatile hamza.[19] Moreover, al- is a particle, and Arabic particles do not drop letters (without losing their meanings or connotations). Yet the hamza in al- drops all the time. Therefore, it must be volatile, or al- would lose its ability to render the following word definite.[18]
Consequently, it turns out that the hamza in al- is considered the only volatile hamza in the language that has a fatḥa vowel.
The lām in al-[edit]
Main article: Sun and moon letters
In very early Semitic languages, definiteness was achieved through gemination of the first letter in a word.[20] For example, the word kitāb would be made definite by ak-kitāb. An additional benefit of this construction was to connote "determination".[21] The lām in the Arabic al- was thus a result of a dissimilation process.[22]
In Arabic, this gemination occurs when the word to which al- is prefixed begins with one of the fourteen sun letters.[23] Twelve of these letters (including lām) are originally designed to geminate. Ḍād and shīn have been included due to their similarities in pronunciation with lām and ţā, respectively.[24] For example, the word الرجل al-rajul 'the man' is actually pronounced "ar-rajul". Notice that the lām is written but not pronounced.
In more modern dialects, the sun letters have been extended to include the velars gīm and kāf.[25]
The ancient tribe of Banū Hamīr replace the lām in al- with mīm. The Prophet Muhammad is recorded to have uttered the following words in that dialect:[26]
لَيْسَ مِن امْبِرِّ امْصِيامُ في امْسَفَرِ
Laysa min am-birr-i am-ṣiyām-u fī am-safar-i
Also, there exists a negative form for the word Mā (ما النافية). This Mā is a particle used to negate the perfect (past tense) verb. It almost invariably comes before such verbs. This Mā is sometimes followed by an imperfect verb. This has minor rhetorical considerations and is somewhat rare. Therefore, in most cases, one can interchangeably use Lā and Mā to convey negativness.[27]
Finally, in some Semitic languages like Hebrew, words that include the letter lāmed have Arabic cognates that replace it with a Mīm as opposed to Lām, the equivalent letter. For example, skull in Hebrew is גּלגּלת (gûlgeleh). It's Arabic cognate is جمجمة (jumjúmah). This gives plausibility to the case of Banu Hamīr and indicates that lām is frequently equated with Mīm.
The vowels in al-[edit]
Regardless of whether the hamza in al- is volatile or not, it is read with a fatḥa when beginning speech with the definite article. For example, if one vocalizes the word البيت 'the house' after a pause, it will be pronounced "al-bayt". In fact, the hamza in al- is largely considered to be the only volatile hamza that has a fatḥa vowel.
If, however, al- is vocalized in the middle of speech, the hamza will be dropped in pronunciation. As a result, the vowel preceding the definite article will be linked to the lām of al-. For example, بابُ البيت (vocalized without any pauses) is pronounced "bābu l-bayt", بابَ البيت is pronounced "bāba l-bayt", and بابِ البيت is pronounced "bābi l-bayt".
If the word onto which al- is prefixed starts with a hamza, the vowel from that hamza may transfer to the lām of al- after which the hamza not be pronounced.[28] See Allah in "Arabic definite article" for an example. If this hamza is volatile, that is required. An example is in the phrase بِئْشَ الإسْمُ bi’sa al-ismu. The phrase is read as بِئْشَ الاِسْمُ "bi’sa lismu" (Qur'an 49:11). The rule relates to hamza and is not in direct relation to al-. Moreover, it is a rare occurrence and is almost never applied in spoken varieties of modern or classical Arabic.
Separating al- from its host word[edit]
Al- has been recorded to separate from its host word as in the following couplet:[29]
دَعْ ذا وَعَجِّلْ ذا وَأَلْحِقْنا بِذالْ – بِالشَحْمِ إِنّا قَدْ مَلِلْناهُ بَجَلْ
The al- in بذال has been recorded both with and without the alif. It has been stripped from its host word شحم because of the meter of the couplet. It has then been repeated in the second half of the couplet reattached to its host.[29] This happened very rarely and, even then, has been recorded only in poetry.
Lexicology[edit]
Definiteness[edit]
The primary and most profuse function of al- is to render the following word definite. This is known as تعريف العهد. This function is of two types:[30]
ذكري: when the word being referred to has already been mentioned. An example is found in the word messenger in "We had sent to Pharaoh a messenger. But Pharaoh disobeyed the messenger..." (Qur'an 73:15-6).
ذهني: when the word being referred to is understood by the listener. An example is found in the word battle in "The battle is getting worse; I think we should retreat."
There is also a special type of ذهني known as "the al- for غلبة”. The noun on which the al- is prefixed, in this case, is never explicitly mentioned but the listener knows what is being referred to.[31] For example, the word الكتاب al-kitāb (the book) may actually refer to the classical book of Arabic grammar written by Sibawayh. Whenever grammarians talk about "the book", this is what they mean and it is always understood without explanation.
Class nouns[edit]
One of the functions of al- is to render the noun onto which it is prefixed a class noun.[32][33] For example, the word الأسد “al-asad” can mean ‘the lion’, referring to a specific lion, or ‘the lion’ in the sense ‘the lion is a dangerous animal’.
Notice that the meaning connoted by this function of al- is indefinite, which is in stark contrast with the primary function of the definite article. Because of this meaning, the noun following al- will be grammatically indefinite and one may, for example, modify the noun without the use of a relative pronoun.[32][33] An example of this is seen in the following couplet of poetry:
وَلَقَدْ أَمُرُّ عَلى اللَئيمِ يَسُبُّني – فَمَضَيْتُ ثُمَّتَ قُلْتُ لا يَعْنيني
Encompassing a genus[edit]
Al- may be used to encompass all the individuals of a genus.[33] For example, الأسد “al-asad” can be used to mean ‘all lions’. This function is called استغراق. One is encouraged to use caution when employing this form of al- as it may be confused with its other meanings.
In order for al- to be in this capacity, it is necessary that it be interchangeable with the word كل kull 'all'.[32] Some classical grammarians assert that this kull may be figurative, in which case al-, in this capacity, would be a form of exaggeration.[34]
The most well known use of al- in this meaning occurs twice in the Qur'anic verse 1:1, الحمد لله رب العالمين (all praise is due to Allah, lord of all the worlds).
Indicating presence[edit]
Al- is often used in words to indicate the presence of something.[35] For example, اليوم “al-yawm” means ‘this day’ i.e. ‘today’. In modern Arabic, this function is largely idiomatic and does not carry over to new words.
At the beginning of names[edit]
Al- may be prefixed to names that are derived from Arabic nouns. This function is known as لمح الصفة. The purpose of doing this is to point toward the meaning of the one named.[36] For example, the name عادل ‘Adīl (meaning 'just') may be read العادل "al-‘Adīl" to allude to the fact that ‘Adīl is a just person.
In modern Arabic, however, this type of al- is largely idiomatic. That is to say, names traditionally prefixed with al- are kept as such and names without al- are also kept as such; the connotation of this al- is ignored.
When it comes to alphabetic ordering, some sources will list names according to the al- while others will ignore it.
Extra[edit]
Al- is sometimes prefixed to words without giving any grammatical benefit. This may occur in poetry, in which case the purpose may be to maintain metre, rhythm, or rhyme.
It may also occur elsewhere to give a rhetorical benefit. For example, the al- attached to the relative pronoun الذي al-ladhī (that/which/etc) is considered to be extra, because relative pronouns are already definite and there is no use for the al-.[37] Al- is perpetually and necessarily attached to this word in most Arabic dialects.[38] Thus its purpose is not a lexical or grammatical one, but a rhetorical one.
In the above example, the extra al- is necessary. There are other cases where it is extra but not necessary. An example is in the following phrase:[39]
ادخلوا الأول فالأول
The word أول “awwal” (first) is considered حال “ḥāl” (a type of object in grammar) in the above phrase. This type of object is typically indefinite according to most classical and modern grammarians.[39] So the al- attached to it is unnecessarily extra.
Miscellaneous[edit]
Jamīl Shāmi asserts that there is a type of al- that connotes the essence of something.[35] For example, "And we made from water every living thing ..." (Qur'an 21:30) can be translated as "And we made from the essence of water (i.e., from the compound H2O) every living thing ..."
Shāmi also cites a usage of al- as an interrogative particle.[40] For example, ال فعلت al fa‘alta (did you do it?). Notice that the al- stands alone and un-prefixed here.
Grammar[edit]
At the beginning of particles (ḥarf) and verbs (fi‘l)[edit]
Al- is a particle (ḥarf)[34][41][42] in the Arabic language. Like most (but not all) particles, it is not prefixed to other particles. That is because particles are never in need of any of the lexical meanings or grammatical inflections provided by al-.
Similarly, al- is not prefixed to verbs. However, it has been seen on verbs in poetry, as in the following couplets[43] by Dhu al-Kharq al-Tahawi (ذو الخرق الطهوي):
يقول الخَنى وأبغَضُ العُجْمِ ناطقا – الى ربنا موتُ الحِمارِ اليُجَدّعُ
ويَستخرج اليَرْبوعَ مِن نافِقائِه – ومِن جُحْرِه بالشيحَةِ اليَتقصّعُ
Several opinions exist to explain this aberrant al-. The following is a precis of different Arabic scholars' views as given in Khizanat al-Adab. One view is that al- is a relative pronoun here, similar to alladhī (الذي), allatī (التي), etc. in Arabic. This is the view of Ibn Hisham and Al-Akhfash al-Akbar.[44] This opinion is in harmony with the form of the general relative pronoun (alli, illi, al) in most Arabic dialects nowadays. If this view is correct, this aberrant al- does not follow the sun and moon letters rule.
Al- may also be used to turn verbs in the imperfect, passive state into adjectives in a limited set of circumstances.[45] This is employed to show ability/possibility, or with the use of another particle ("-la-"), inability/impossibility as is related to the definite word the resulting adjective modifies. Examples: Al-yurā : the see-able; al-yu'kal : the edible; al-la-yurā : the un-see-able; al-la-silkī : the wire-less [device]; etc.
When al- occurs in places where we would not normally expect it, it is considered extra as far as grammar and lexicology are concerned. This is the view of al-Kisā’ī.[44]
Al- is used by poets to complete the meter of the verse under poetic license. This is the view of Ibn Malik, the author of the Alfiyyah; it is rejected by the author of the Khizānat al-Adab.[44]
At the beginning of nouns (ism)[edit]
The terms noun and ism have been used synonymously in this section
Because nouns require the functions provided by al- (namely definiteness), al- is prefixed to them. Ism, as defined in classical Arabic grammar, includes all parts of speech save particles and verbs: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.
As a general rule, al- may be prefixed to any ism, regardless of gender, plurality, grammatical case, etc. However, this rule has some pathological caveats. That is, there are some nouns that al- may never be prefixed to, and there are others that al- must always be prefixed to.
Prohibited prefixation[edit]
Nouns that do not inflect for definiteness[edit]
The definite article al- is not typically prefixed to nouns that do not inflect for definiteness. Examples include the interrogative مَن man 'who'.
Already definite nouns[edit]
The definite article al- is not typically prefixed to nouns that are already definite.[46] Examples include personal pronouns, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, nouns already prefixed with al-, etc.
Exceptions to this include the prefixation of al- to the relative pronoun الذي (see #Extra) and to proper nouns (see #At the beginning of names). As a concrete example, al- has been recorded at the beginning of a demonstrative pronoun, as in the following poetic verse:[47]
فإن الأولاء يعلمونكَ مِنهمُ
The genitival construction (iḍāfa)[edit]
Al- is not prefixed to non-final nouns in a genitival construction (Iḍāfa).[48] For example, in شوارع المدينة shawāri‘ al-madīna” (the city’s streets), the word شوارع is a non-final noun in the genitival construction. Hence, it cannot be prefixed with al- (it is already definite by virtue of the construction).
Exceptions to this include genitival constructions where the first noun is a participle and the second noun is its object.[49] This can be done if one of the following conditions is met.[49]
the first noun is dual; e.g. الضاربا زيد
the first noun is sound masculine plural; e.g. الضاربو زيد
the second noun also has al-; e.g. الضارب الرجل
the second noun is the first noun of another genitival construction, and the second noun in this other construction has al-; e.g. الضارب رأسِ الرجلِ
the second noun is suffixed to a pronoun which refers to a noun that has al-; e.g. مررتُ بالرجل الضاربِ غلامِه
Al- has also been seen in poetic verses prefixed to non-final nouns in a genitival construction. An example is in the following couplet:[40]
مِن القوم الرسولُ الله منهم – لهم دانَتْ رِقابُ بني مَعَدٍّ
Furthermore, the grammatical school of Kufa allows al- on the first noun in a genitival construction if it is a number.[50] For example, the phrase ثلاثة اقلام “thalāthat aqlām” (three pens) may be read الثلاثة اقلام “al-thalāthat aqlām”.
Vocation[edit]
According to the Basra school of classical grammar, al- does not typically follow the particles of vocation.[51] For example, one will not say يا الرجل “yā ar-rajul” (O the man).
The proponents of the Basra camp give two exceptions.
the word “Allah”; one may say يا الله “yā Allah” (O God) with or without pronouncing the hamza in “Allah”.[51]
direct quotation; one may say, for example, يا الحسن “yā al-Ḥasan” (O al-Hasan) to someone named al-Hasan.[51]
However, the Kufa camp of classical grammar, as well as many modern grammarians, allow al- to be prefixed to the object of vocation almost unconditionally.[52] An example is given in the following couplet of poetry:[53]
مِن أجْلِكِ يا التي تَيَّمْتِ قلبي – وأنتِ بحيلةٌ بالوُدِّ عَنّي
Under this scheme, if the object of vocation is a single word and it is feminine, the particle of vocation will be followed by the particle ايتها ayyatuhā. And if it is masculine, it will be followed by the particle ايها ayyuhā.[53]
Nunation (tanwīn)[edit]
According to the classical grammarians Farrā and Kasā’ī, the overarching purpose of nunation is to differentiate between nouns and verbs.[54] Thus a noun is given nunation so that it won’t be confused with a verb; for example the name جعفر would have been confused with a quatralateral verb had it not been for nunation. Additionally, we know that al- is not prefixed to verbs. Therefore, when al- is prefixed to a noun, there is no longer any danger of the noun being confused with a verb, and so the nunation is no longer needed. Hence, no noun has both al- and nunation simultaneously.[54]
However, there are some types of nunation whose purpose is not to differentiate between nouns and verbs. Such types include تنوين ترنم (a type of nunation converted from an alif at the end of poetic couplets) and تنوين غالي (a type of nunation used to maintain the metre of a poem).
An example of the first type in conjunction with al- is found in the following couplet of poetry:[55]
أقِلّي اللَومَ عاذِلَ والعِتابَن – وقُولي إنْ أصَبْتُ لقد أصابَنْ
And an example of the second type in conjunction with al- is found in the verse below:[56]
وقاتِمِ الأعْماقِ خاوي المُخْتَرَقْنْ
Necessary prefixation[edit]
There are some nouns that are invariably seen with al-. Examples include the relative pronoun الذي al-ladhī (that/which/etc).[37]
Al- on numbers[edit]
Al- may be prefixed to the first part of a number between 11 and 19.[57] For example, احد عشر aḥada ‘ashar (eleven) may be read as الاحد عشر "al-aḥada ‘ashar".
In the case of a compound number (21-29, 31-39, ..., 91-99), al- may be prefixed to both parts. For example, واحد وعشرون wāḥid wa-‘ishrūn” (twenty-one) may be read as الواحد والعشرون "al-wāḥid wa-al-‘ishrūn".[57]
Al- on participles[edit]
When al- is prefixed to a participle, it acts like a relative pronoun.[58] For the purposes of this rule, participles include اسم فاعل (the active participle), اسم مفعول (the passive participle), الصفة المشبهة (another participle in Arabic), etc. For example, مررت بالراكب خيله. This is translated as “I passed by the man who was riding his steed” as opposed to something like “I passed by the rider of his steed.” Consequently, all the rules of Arabic relative pronouns and their clauses will apply here.
It is widely accepted in Arabic grammar that a participle can carry tense. This tense, however, is typically limited to the present and future. But when we use the above construction, the past can be connoted by the participle as well due to the nature of relative clauses. For example, one may say مررت بالراكب خيله أمس (I passed by the man who was riding his steed yesterday).
Some grammarians, however, say that it is only the past that can be connoted in this construction; the option of connoting the present and future is no longer available. And others say that no tense at all can be connoted.[59]
Effects of al- on grammatical case[edit]
Al- has very few contributions to the grammatical case of a noun. However, it is worth mentioning that it turns second-declension nouns (ghayr munṣarif) into first declension nouns by allowing the kasra vowel.[60][61]
Moreover, al- brings back the ي letter in an ism manqūṣ that is in the nominative or genitive case. Without the al-, the ي in such nouns is omitted and replaced by nunation.
Allah[edit]
Of special interest is the origin of the word Allah. Scholars propose that this derives from the word الإله al-ʾilāh "the god", where ʾilāh "god" is related to Hebrew ʾeloah "god". The hamza dropped from writing (see #The vowels in al-), resulting in الِلـه alilāh, though it is still pronounced.[clarification needed] Then the vowel i dropped, producing الّه allāh; the resulting /l/ became emphatic out of reverence for the name of God; the result is written الله.
In other languages[edit]
See also: Arabic language influence on the Spanish language, List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin, and List of English words of Arabic origin
The article was borrowed along with a large number of Arabic nouns into the Iberian Romance languages. (See Al-Andalus.) Portuguese, for example, acquired some 1,200 Arabic words between the 9th and 13th centuries, such as aldeia "village" (from الضيعة alḍaiʿa), alface "lettuce" (from الخس alxas), armazém "warehouse" (from المخزن almaxzan), and azeite "olive oil" (from الزيت azzait). It even appears on non-Arabic vocabulary, such as enxofre "sulfur" (also xofre, from late classical Latin sulfur; the prefix nasalizes before x).[62] Spanish has a similar inventory, such as alfombra "carpet" and algodón "cotton", including such Arabic–Latinate doublets as aceituna and oliva "olive", alacrán and escorpión "scorpion", alcancía and hucha "piggy bank", as well as azufre ~ zufre "sulfur".
Whether through the Iberian languages or by other routes, such as the technical vocabulary borrowed by various European languages during the adoption of Arab mathematics and science, a number of English words contain the Arabic definite article. These include alcove, alcohol, albatross, alfalfa, algebra, algorithm, alchemy, alkaline, alembic, elixir, artichoke, acequia, adobe, aniline, apricot, aubergine, azimuth, and the names of stars such as Algol.
In azure, from لازورد lāzūard, the initial l of the word was lost due to being mistaken as the Arabic article; it is retained in lazurite and in the compound lapis lazuli. In lute, form العود al-ʿaūd, the a of the article was dropped, but the l retained; compare oud. In admiral, the article comes at the end, as it is an abbreviation of such phrases as amīr-al-mā "commander of the water" and amīr-al-bahr "commander of the sea".
The al- article is also used in Urdu mostly relating to personal names of Arabic origin and in words which are imported from Arabic mostly related to religious, administrative and scientific vocabulary . The most common al- words in Urdu are بالکل(bil-kul) meaning "exactly" and فی الحال (fil-hal) meaning "currently".
See also[edit]
Arabic grammar
Arabic phonology
Grammatical particle
Influence of Arabic on other languages
Sun and moon letters
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Hishām (2001), pp. 159–190
Jump up ^ Woodard (2008), p. 180
Jump up ^ Macdonald (2000), pp. 50, 61
Jump up ^ http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/faw.html
Jump up ^ Woodard (2008), p. 208
Jump up ^ http://www.academia.edu/202934/The_Development_of_the_Definite_Article_in_Semitic_A_Syntactic_Approach
Jump up ^ http://www.academia.edu/11080253/Definite_Articles_in_Semitic_with_a_focus_on_Central_Semitic_
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Testen (1998), pp. 139–140
^ Jump up to: a b Testen (1998), p. 140
Jump up ^ Weingreen (1967), p. 23
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 138
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 165
^ Jump up to: a b c Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 186
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 177
^ Jump up to: a b Jamīl Shāmi (1992), p. 102
Jump up ^ Sībawayh (1999), v. 3 p. 358
^ Jump up to: a b Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd (1998), v. 1 p. 177–178
^ Jump up to: a b Zajjājī (1984), p. 20
^ Jump up to: a b Zajjājī (1984), pp. 19–20
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 150
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 148
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 144
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 137
Jump up ^ Sībawayh (1999), v. 4 p. 590–591
Jump up ^ Testen (1998), p. 145
Jump up ^ Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 189
Jump up ^ http://www.learnarabiconline.com/types-of-maa.shtml
Jump up ^ Zajjājī (1984), pp. 46–47
^ Jump up to: a b Sībawayh (1999), v. 3 p. 359
Jump up ^ Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 186f
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 186
^ Jump up to: a b c ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 178
^ Jump up to: a b c Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 186ff
^ Jump up to: a b Jamīl Shāmi (1992), p. 103
^ Jump up to: a b Jamīl Shāmi (1992), p. 104
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 184–185
^ Jump up to: a b ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 180
Jump up ^ Jamīl Shāmi (1992), p. 105
^ Jump up to: a b Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd (1998), v. 1 p. 183
^ Jump up to: a b Jamīl Shāmi (1992), p. 107
Jump up ^ Sībawayh (1999), v. 4 p. 259
Jump up ^ Ibn Mālik, v. 1 p. 177
Jump up ^ Anbari, p. 316
^ Jump up to: a b c خزانة الأدب-عبد القادر البغدادي
Jump up ^ Al-mu‘jam Ul-waṣīt, rev. 3, vol. 1, p. 23, entry: ("Al-أل")
Jump up ^ Owens, p. 129
Jump up ^ Anbari, p. 321
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 2 p. 47
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 379
Jump up ^ Hasan, v. 1 p. 438
^ Jump up to: a b c ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 2 p. 263–265
Jump up ^ Anbari, p. 335-9
^ Jump up to: a b Zajjājī (1984), pp. 32–35
^ Jump up to: a b Zajjājī (1984), p. 31
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 20
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 1 p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b Hasan, v. 1 p. 439
Jump up ^ Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 171
Jump up ^ ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl (1998), v. 2 p. 110
Jump up ^ Ibn Hājib, p. 12
Jump up ^ Ibn Hishām (2001), p. 103
Jump up ^ "sulfur". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
References[edit]
Abu ‘Alī al-Fārisī, al-Hasan ibn Aḥmad (d. 987) (2004). al-Masā’il al-Manthūrah. Oman: Dār ‘Umān lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzī‘.
Asmar, Rājī (2005). Mu‘jam al-Adawāt fī al-Qur’ān al-Karīm. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl.
‘Aţā, Diyāb ‘Abd al-Jawwād (1985). Ḥurūf al-Ma‘ānī wa-‘Alāqatuhā bi-al-Ḥukm al-shar‘ī. Cairo: Dār al-Manār.
‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Aqīl, Bahā al-Dīn (d. 1367) (1998). Sharḥ Ibn ‘Aqīl ‘alā Alfiyyat Ibn Mālik. See Muḥyī al-Dīn.
Baytüshi, Abdullah ibn Muhammad (2005). Kifāyat al-Mu‘ānī fī ḥurūf al-Ma‘ānī. Damascus: Dār al-Iqrā.
Ḥasan, ‘Abbās. al-Nahw al-Wāfī (3rd ed.). Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif.
Hopkins, Simon (1984). Studies in the Grammar of Early Arabic Based upon Papyri Datable to Before 300 A.H./912 A.D. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ibn al-Anbari, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad (d. 1181) (1961). al-Inṣāf fi Masa’il al-Khilāf. Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Tijārīyah al-Kubrā.
Ibn Ḥājib, ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Umar (d. 1249) (2000). Kāfiya. Karachi: Qadeem Kutub Khaana.
Ibn Hishām, Abu Muhammad ‘Abd al-Malik (d. 833) (2001). Sabīl al-Hudā ‘alā Sharh Qaţr al-Nadā wa-Ball a;-Ṣadā. Damascus: Maktab Dār al-Fajr.
Ibn Mālik, Abu ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh (d. 1273). al-Khulāṣa. See Muḥyī al-Dīn.
Ibn al-Sarrāj, Muḥammad ibn al-Sarī (d. 929) (1985). al-Uṣūl fī al-Nahw. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah.
Irbillī, ‘Alī ibn Muhammad (d. 1340) (1991). Jawāhir al-Adab fī Ma‘rifat Kalām al-‘Arab. Beirut: Dār An-Nafā’is.
Jamīl Shāmi, Aḥmad (1992). Mu‘jam Ḥurūf al-Ma‘āni. Beirut: Mu’assasat ‘Izz al-Dīn.
Macdonald, M. C. A. (2000). "Reflections on the linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia" (PDF). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 11: 28–79.
Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (d. 898) (1999). al-Muqtadab. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd, Muḥammad (d. 898) (1998). Sharh Ibn ‘Aqīl ‘alā Alfiyyat Ibn Mālik wa-ma‘ahu Kitāb Minḥat al-Jalīl bi-Taḥqīq Ibn ‘Aqīl. Cairo: Maktab al-Turāth.
Sakhāwī, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad (d. 1245) (2002). al-Mufaḍḍal fī Sharh al-Mufaṣṣal: Bāb al-Ḥurūf. Oman: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah.
Sībawayh, ‘Amr ibn ‘Uthmān (d. 796) (1999). al-Kitāb. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
Taftahzāni, Mas‘ūd ibn ‘Umar (d. 1389) (2000). Mukhtaṣar al-Ma‘ānī. Karachi: Qadeem Kutub Khaana.
Testen, David D. (1998). Parallels in Semitic Linguistics: the Development of Arabic La- and Related Semitic Particles. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004109730.
Weingreen, Jacob (1967). A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Woodard, Roger D. (2008). Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521684989.
Zajjājī, ‘Abd al-Raḥman ibn Isḥāq (d. 950) (1984). Kitāb Ḥurūf al-Ma‘ānī. Beirut: Mu’assasat al--Risālah.
Kitāb al-Lāmāt. Damascus: Majma‘ al-Lughah al-‘Arabīyah.
Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd ibn ‘Umar (d. 1144). al-Mufaṣṣal fī ‘Ilm al-‘Arabīyah. See Sakhāwī.
External links[edit]
Look up ال in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
What's Up With "Al-"? at Slate
"Al". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
"Al". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_definite_article&oldid=782461135"
Categories:
Arabic grammar
Arabic words and phrases
Prefixes
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
فارسی
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Latina
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Русский
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 May 2017, at 01:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/AL_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
AL (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Literary_Arabic
mw-redirect
Literary Arabic

attrs: href title

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: i

value: span

attrs: title class style

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Definite_article
mw-redirect
Definite article

values:
/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)
mw-redirect
Prefix (linguistics)

values: Edit section: Proto-Semitic particle hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)
mw-redirect
Syncope (phonetics)

values: Edit section: Separating al- from its host word

values: Edit section: At the beginning of particles (ḥarf) and verbs (fi‘l)

values: Edit section: At the beginning of nouns (ism)

values: Edit section: Nouns that do not inflect for definiteness

values: Edit section: The genitival construction (iḍāfa)

values: Edit section: Effects of al- on grammatical case

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values: -moz-column-width: 21em; -webkit-column-width: 21em; column-width: 21em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: -moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em;

values:
nofollow
http://www.slate.com/id/2144707/
external text

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia
mw-redirect
The American Cyclopædia

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Arabic_definite_article
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: لام تعريف – Arabic

values: الف و لام تعریف – Persian

values: אל הידיעה – Hebrew

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al
Al – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values: アラビア語の冠詞 – Japanese

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-
Al- – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Mạo từ xác định tiếng Ả Rập – Vietnamese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Arabic_definite_article rootpage-Arabic_definite_article skin-vector action-view


text:
Here Comes Santa Claus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2017)
"Here Comes Santa Claus"
Song by Gene Autry
Published
1947
Genre
Christmas song
Composer(s)
Oakley Haldeman
Lyricist(s)
Gene Autry
"Here Comes Santa Claus (Down Santa Claus Lane)" is a Christmas song originally written and performed by Gene Autry, with music composed by Oakley Haldeman. Autry's original version was a top-10 hit on the pop and country charts; the song would go on to be covered many times in the subsequent decades.
Autry got the idea for the song after riding his horse in the 1946 Santa Claus Lane Parade (now the Hollywood Christmas Parade) in Los Angeles, during which crowds of spectators chanted, "Here comes Santa Claus". This inspired him to write a song that Haldeman set to music. Autry's lyrics combined two veins of the Christmas tradition, the mythology of Santa Claus and the Christian origin of the holiday (most explicitly in its mention of the nativity promise of "peace on Earth"). A demo recording was made by singer/guitarist Johnny Bond, whose recording made use of ice cubes to mimic the sound of the jingling sleigh-bells. This inspired the use of real sleigh-bells in Autry's own recording of the song.
Autry first recorded the song in 1947; released as a single by Columbia Records,[1] it became a #5 country and #9 pop hit,[2] although in it he pronounced Santa Claus as "Santy Claus". Autry performed the song in his 1949 movie The Cowboy and the Indians.[3] He re-recorded it again for Columbia in 1953 and once more for his own Challenge Records label in 1957.
Other artists to record the song include Doris Day (1949), Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters (recorded May 10, 1949),[4] Elvis Presley (1957), the Ray Conniff Singers (1959), Keely Smith (1960), Alvin and the Chipmunks (1961), Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (1963), Hank Thompson (1964), in excerpt by The Beach Boys as part of their song "Child of Winter" (1974), Willie Nelson (1979), Glen Campbell, RuPaul, The Wiggles (1997), Billy Idol (2006), Bob Dylan (2009), Mariah Carey (2010), Chicago (2011), and the cast of Glee (2013). In 1988, "Here Comes Santa Claus" was featured in Very Merry Christmas Songs which is part of the Disney Sing Along Songs collection.
Popular culture[edit]
The song was used in the 1974 television special The Year Without a Santa Claus, the 1989 Christmas film National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, and the 2007 Christmas film Fred Claus. Rapper Ludacris' Christmas song "Ludacrismas", also from the film Fred Claus, contains a sample of "Here Comes Santa Claus".
Chart performance (Gene Autry)[edit]
Chart (1948)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 5
U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores 9
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "45worlds.com". 45worlds.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Internet Movie Database". imdb.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_Santa_Claus&oldid=797555103"
Categories:
1947 songs
American Christmas songs
Bob Dylan songs
Elvis Presley songs
Glen Campbell songs
Gene Autry songs
Songs written by Gene Autry
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from June 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Italiano
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Português
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 August 2017, at 20:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

value: b

attrs: class href

value: small

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source

values:
/wiki/Christmas_song
mw-redirect
Christmas song

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_Shepherds
mw-redirect
Annunciation to the Shepherds

values:
/wiki/Andrews_Sisters
mw-redirect
Andrews Sisters

values:
/wiki/Ray_Conniff_Singers
mw-redirect
Ray Conniff Singers

values:
/wiki/Child_of_Winter
mw-redirect
Child of Winter

values:
/wiki/Disney_Sing_Along_Songs
mw-redirect
Disney Sing Along Songs

values:
/wiki/Christmas_film
mw-redirect
Christmas film

values: Edit section: Chart performance (Gene Autry)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Here_Comes_Santa_Claus
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane) – Italian

values: Here Comes Santa Claus – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus rootpage-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus skin-vector action-view


text:
Climate of Pakistan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Pakistan map of Köppen climate classification.
Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world – 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) – on 26 May 2010, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia.[1][2] As Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the Tropic of Cancer (between latitudes 25° and 36° N), it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold, snow-covered northern mountains; temperatures on the Balochistan Plateau are somewhat higher. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 38 °C (100 °F) in the plains, the highest temperatures can exceed 47 °C (117 °F). In the summer, hot winds called Loo blow across the plains during the day. Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture. The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Evenings are cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11C to 17C. Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of about 4 °C (39 °F) in January, and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and Balochistan.
Regions where Snow Falls in Pakistan (Region: Northern half of Azad Kashmir, Gilgit–Baltistan, Extreme northern Punjab, Northern half of Khyber-Pakhtunkhawa province and Northern Balochistan. Personal estimation.)
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan.
Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country. These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.
Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh, central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.
Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan, FATA, Chitral and Gilgit–Baltistan. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country.
Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country.
Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June, They are locally known as Andhi. These dust storms are quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter.
Heat waves occur during May and June, especially in southern Punjab, central Balochistan and Sindh.
Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir.
Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country.
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.
The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2 °C in January to an average daily high of 38 °C in June. Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimeters in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to about fifty millimeters per month. Hailstorms are common in the spring.
Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial center, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain. Only July and August average more than twenty-five millimeters of rain in the Karachi area; the remaining months are exceedingly dry. The temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad, ranging from an average daily low of 13 °C during winter evenings to an average daily high of 34 °C on summer days. Although the summer temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab, the high humidity causes the residents a great deal of discomfort. In Islamabad, there are cold winds from the north of Pakistan.[3]
Contents
1 Extreme weather events
1.1 Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded
1.2 Tropical cyclones and tornadoes
1.3 Drought
1.4 Floods
1.4.1 2010 Floods
1.4.2 2011 Sindh floods
2 See also
3 References
Extreme weather events[edit]
Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded[edit]
Main article: List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
The weather extremes in Pakistan include high and low temperatures, heaviest rainfall and flooding. The highest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan is 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) which was recorded in Mohenjo-daro, Sindh on 26 May 2010. It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia.[4][5] and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth. The highest rainfall of 620 millimetres (24 in) was recorded in Islamabad during 24 hours on 24 July 2001. The record-breaking rain fell in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the previous 100 years.
Tropical cyclones and tornadoes[edit]
Main article: Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan
Each year before the onset of monsoon that is 15 April to 15 July and also after its withdrawal that is 15 September to 15 December, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. Cyclones form in the Arabian sea often results in strong winds and heavy rainfall in Pakistan's coastal areas. However tornadoes mostly occur during spring season that is March and April usually when a Western Disturbance starts effecting the northern parts of the country. It is also speculated that cycles of tornado years may be correlated to the periods of reduced tropical cyclone activity.
Drought[edit]
Main article: Drought in Pakistan
The drought has become a frequent phenomenon in the country. Already, the massive droughts of 1998-2002 has stretched the coping abilities of the existing systems to the limit and it has barely been able to check the situation from becoming a catastrophe. The drought of 1998-2002 is considered the worst drought in 50 years. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, the drought was one of the most significant factors responsible for the less than anticipated growth performance. The survey terms it as the worst drought in the history of the country. According to the government, 40 percent of the country's water needs went unmet.[6][7]
Floods[edit]
Main articles: Monsoon of South Asia and List of floods in Pakistan
Pakistan has seen many floods, the worst and most destructive is the recent 2010 Pakistan floods, other floods which caused destruction in the history of Pakistan, include the flood of 1950, which killed 2910 people; on 1 July 1977 heavy rains and flooding in Karachi, killed 248 people, according to Pakistan meteorological department 207 millimetres (8.1 in) of rain fell in 24 hours.[8] In 1992 flooding during Monsoon season killed 1,834 people across the country, in 1993 flooding during Monsoon rains killed 3,084 people, in 2003 Sindh province was badly affected due to monsoon rains causing damages in billions, killed 178 people, while in 2007 Cyclone Yemyin submerged lower part of Balochistan Province in sea water killing 380 people. Before that it killed 213 people in Karachi on its way to Balochistan.
2010 Floods[edit]
Main article: 2010 Pakistan floods
2010 July floods swept 20% of Pakistan's land, the flood is the result of unprecedented Monsoon rains which lasted from 28 July to 31 July 2010. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North eastern Punjab were badly affected during the monsoon rains when dams, rivers and lakes overflowed. By mid-August, according to the governmental Federal Flood Commission (FFC), the floods had caused the deaths of at least 1,540 people, while 2,088 people had received injuries, 557,226 houses had been destroyed, and over 6 million people had been displaced.[9] One month later, the data had been updated to reveal 1,781 deaths, 2,966 people with injuries, and more than 1.89 million homes destroyed.[10] The flood affected more than 20 million people exceeding the combined total of individuals affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[11][12] The flood is considered as worst in Pakistan's history affecting people of all four provinces and Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan.[13]
2011 Sindh floods[edit]
Main article: 2011 Sindh floods
The 2011 Sindh floods began during the monsoon season in mid-August 2011, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab.[14] The floods have caused considerable damage; an estimated 270 civilians have been killed, with 5.3 million people and 1.2 million homes affected.[15] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy is said to be extensive. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land has been inundated as a result of the flooding.[15] The flooding has been described as the worst since the 2010 Pakistan floods, which devastated the entire country.[15] Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh province.[16]
See also[edit]
Climate change in Pakistan
Climate of Islamabad
Climate of Karachi
Climate of Lahore
Climate of Rawalpindi
Climate of Peshawar
Climate of Quetta
Climate of Multan
Climate of Hyderabad
Climate of Nawabshah
Climate of Gwadar
2001 Islamabad Cloud Burst
List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html/entrynum=1559&tstamp=
Jump up ^ "Pakistan - Climate". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wunder Blog : Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pakmet.com.pk :Extreme Heat wave in Pakistan". Pakmet.com.pk. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
Jump up ^ Platform, International Recovery. "Sorry, there has been a problem - 'assets/publication/9+sept/Drought/drought+coping+in+afghanistan.pdf' cannot be found - International Recovery Platform" (PDF). www.recoveryplatform.org. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dawn.com: Heavy Rain in Karachi". Dawn.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Ahmadani A (August 19, 2010). "Heavily Funded FFC Fails to Deliver". TheNation. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Singapore Red Cross (September 15, 2010). "Pakistan Floods:The Deluge of Disaster - Facts & Figures as of 15 September 2010". Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ South Asia, BBC News (14 August 2010). "Floods affect 20m people – Pakistan PM Gilani". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Floods in Pakistan worse than tsunami, Haiti". gulfnews. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dawn.com : 2010 Pakistan Floods". Dawn.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response". BBC World News South Asia. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials". The Express Tribune. September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
show
v
t
e
Pakistan topics
Basic topics
Alphabetical index of topics
show
History
Ancient
Stone age
Soanian
Mehrgarh
Indus Valley
Indo-Iranics
Indo-Aryan
Achaemenid
Greco-Bactrian
Maurya
Gandhara
Indo-Greek
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian
Kushan
Indo-Sassanid
Medieval
Indo-Hephthalite
Kamboja
Rai Dynasty
Shahi
Pala
Solanki
Muhammad bin Qasim
Ghaznavid
Ghurid
Mamluk
Khalji
Tughlaq
Sayyid
Lodi
Timurid
Modern
Pre-colonial
Mughal
East India Company
Durrani
Sikh Confederacy
Sikh Empire
First Anglo-Afghan War
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Rebellion
Colonial
British Raj
Second Anglo-Afghan War
Durand Line
Third Anglo-Afghan War
Aligarh Movement
Hindi–Urdu controversy
Pakistan Movement
Muslim League
Two nation theory
Jinnah's 14 Points
Lahore Resolution
Direct Action Day
Partition
Independence
Dominion
Dominion of Pakistan
Princely states
1947 War
Liaquat–Nehru Pact
Baghdad Pact
Republic
Indus Treaty
1965 War
1971 War
Project-706
Islamisation
Baloch insurgency
Kargil War
Liberalization
War in North-West Pakistan
hide
Geography
Features
Beaches
Deserts
Glaciers
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Passes
Rivers
Valleys
Waterfalls
Wetlands
Areas
Arabian Sea
Gwadar Bay
Indus Plain
Pothohar Plateau
Salt Range
Sistan Basin
Geology
Coal fields
Gas fields
Minerals
Oil fields
Tectonics
Volcanoes
Floods
Environment
Botanical gardens
Ecoregions
Environmental issues
Forests
Protected areas
national parks
game reserves
sanctuaries
Wildlife
flora
fauna
Zoos
Other topics
Archaeological sites
Climate
weather records
Borders
Natural disasters
earthquakes
floods
Subdivisions
provinces
districts
cities
World Heritage Sites
show
Governance
State
President
National Security Council (C2NS
ECC
AEDB
NCA)
Government
National government
Cabinet
Ministries
Prime Minister
Provincial governments
Governors
Chief Ministers
Local government
Union councils
Legislative
Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)
Senate (upper house)
Chairman
National Assembly (lower house)
Speaker
Provincial assemblies
Jirga (tribal assembly)
Judicial
Supreme Council
Supreme Court
Chief Justice
Shariat Court
High Courts
District Courts
Politics
Elections
Foreign relations
Feudalism
Intelligence community
Political parties
Martial law
Law
Constitution
LFO
PPC
WPB
PCO
Human rights
Forced disappearance
LGBT
LGBT history
Law enforcement
Police
Criminal Investigation (CID)
Anti-Narcotics (ANF)
Capital punishment
Terrorism
State terrorism
Military
History
Army
Air force
Navy
Marines
Coast Guard
Paramilitary
Nuclear
show
Economy
Infrastructure
Electricity
Thermal
Hydro
nuclear
solar
wind
Foreign aid
Fuel extraction
Housing
Planning Commission
Post
Poverty
Tallest buildings
Telecommunications
Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite
Transportation
bridges
Water management
Water supply and sanitation
Industry
Aerospace
Agriculture
Defence
Automobile
Fishery
Forestry
Husbandry
Labour
child
Media
Mining
Pharmaceuticals
Textiles
Silk
Tourism
Commerce
Banking
banks
Companies
Investment board
Rupee (currency)
Securities and Exchange Commission
Stock markets
Trading Corporation
Policy programmes
Corporatisation
Directive investment
Industrialisation
Military economisation
Nationalisation
Privatisation
Public-private partnering
Redundant Islamic economisation
show
Society and culture
Society
Crime
Culture
Education
institutions
Feudalism
Gender discrimination
Healthcare
hospitals
Human rights
LGBT
Marriage
Media
Naming
Pakistanis (list)
Prostitution
Religion
Time
Urbanisation
Women
Demographics
Diaspora
Ethnicity
Immigration
Languages
Urdu
Arts
Architecture
Cinema
films
Dance
Festivals
Folklore
Literature
Mushaira
Music
Philosophy
Textiles
Theatre
Lifestyle
Clothing
Shalwar kameez
Mehndi
Cuisine
Etiquette
Gun culture
Nationalism
flags
public holidays
songs
symbols
Sports
Athletics
Baseball
Boxing
Cricket
Cycling
Field hockey
Football
Gilli-danda
Golf
Kabaddi
Motorsport
Marathon (Lahore)
Olympics
Paralympics
Polo
Rugby
Squash
Swimming
Tennis
Places
Botanical gardens
Cemeteries
Churches
Forts
Gurdwaras
Hindu temples
Libraries
Mausolea and shrines
Mosques
Museums
Parks
Stadiums
World Heritage Sites
Zoos
Category
Portal
Commons
show
v
t
e
Climate of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
show
v
t
e
Geography of Pakistan related topics
Landforms
Beaches
Extreme points
Glaciers
Islands
Lakes
Rivers
Valleys
Volcanoes
Waterfalls
Hill stations
Passes
Deserts
Mountains
Geology
Tectonics
Mountain ranges
Minerals
Gemstones
Desert regions
Subdivisions
Administrative units
Regions
Districts
Cities and towns
Environment
Environmental issues
Ecoregions
Fauna
Flora
Climate
Protected Areas
Biosphere Reserves
National Parks
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Game reserves
Protected wetlands
World Heritage Sites
By province
Gilgit–Baltistan
Islamabad
Punjab (Lahore)
Sindh (Karachi)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Pakistan&oldid=853257132"
Categories:
Climate of Pakistan
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2011
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 August 2018, at 13:25 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

value: sup

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded

values: List of extreme weather records in Pakistan

values: Edit section: Tropical cyclones and tornadoes

values: Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_tsunami
mw-redirect
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Hyderabad
mw-redirect
Climate of Hyderabad

values:
/wiki/2001_Islamabad_Cloud_Burst
mw-redirect
2001 Islamabad Cloud Burst

values:
/wiki/Kamboja_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Kamboja Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Rai_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Rai Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Ghurid_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Ghurid Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Delhi)
mw-redirect
Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)

values:
/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League
mw-redirect
All India Muslim League

values:
/wiki/Two_nation_theory
mw-redirect
Two nation theory

values:
/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947
mw-redirect
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

values:
/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization
mw-redirect
Central Treaty Organization

values:
/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamisation
mw-redirect
Zia-ul-Haq's Islamisation

values: Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilization

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Mountain ranges of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
List of waterfalls in Pakistan

values: Tectonics zones of Pakistan (page does not exist)

values: List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan

values: List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Economic_Coordination_Committee
mw-redirect
Economic Coordination Committee

values: List of Federal Government Ministries of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
List of Governors of Pakistan

values: Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan

values: Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Court_system_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Court system of Pakistan

values: Criminal Investigation Department (Pakistan)

values:
/wiki/Pakistan_and_state_terrorism
mw-redirect
Pakistan and state terrorism

values:
/wiki/Pakistani_Armed_Forces
mw-redirect
Pakistani Armed Forces

values:
/wiki/Pakistan_Coast_Guard
mw-redirect
Pakistan Coast Guard

values:
/wiki/Automobile_industry_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Automobile industry in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Labour_force_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Labour force of Pakistan

values: Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Pakistan_investment
mw-redirect
Pakistan investment

values:
/wiki/Nationalization_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Nationalization in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Privatization_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Privatization in Pakistan

values: Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Gender_discrimination_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Gender discrimination in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Health_care_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Health care in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora
mw-redirect
Pakistani diaspora

values:
/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Textiles of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Pakistani_clothes
mw-redirect
Pakistani clothes

values:
/wiki/Gun_culture_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Gun culture in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
National symbols of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan
mw-redirect
List of Gurdwaras

values: List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan
mw-redirect
List of stadiums

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain
mw-redirect
Climate of Bahrain

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bangladesh
mw-redirect
Climate of Bangladesh

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Climate of Bhutan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei
mw-redirect
Climate of Brunei

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Cambodia
mw-redirect
Climate of Cambodia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_China
mw-redirect
Climate of China

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_East_Timor
mw-redirect
Climate of East Timor

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)
mw-redirect
Climate of Georgia (country)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Iran
mw-redirect
Climate of Iran

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Climate of Iraq

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Israel
mw-redirect
Climate of Israel

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Climate of Japan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan
mw-redirect
Climate of Jordan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan
mw-redirect
Climate of Kazakhstan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_North_Korea
mw-redirect
Climate of North Korea

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea
mw-redirect
Climate of South Korea

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Climate of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan
mw-redirect
Climate of Kyrgyzstan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Laos
mw-redirect
Climate of Laos

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon
mw-redirect
Climate of Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Malaysia
mw-redirect
Climate of Malaysia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Maldives
mw-redirect
Climate of the Maldives

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia
mw-redirect
Climate of Mongolia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar
mw-redirect
Climate of Myanmar

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Climate of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Oman
mw-redirect
Climate of Oman

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Climate of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Singapore
mw-redirect
Climate of Singapore

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Sri_Lanka
mw-redirect
Climate of Sri Lanka

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Syria
mw-redirect
Climate of Syria

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Tajikistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Tajikistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand
mw-redirect
Climate of Thailand

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Turkmenistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Uzbekistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Uzbekistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Climate of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Yemen
mw-redirect
Climate of Yemen

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia
mw-redirect
Climate of Abkhazia

values: Climate of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Climate of Northern Cyprus

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Climate of South Ossetia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Taiwan
mw-redirect
Climate of Taiwan

values: Climate of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Climate of Christmas Island

values: Climate of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Climate of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Macau
mw-redirect
Climate of Macau

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
List of lakes in Pakistan

values: List of regions of Pakistan (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan

values: List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Punjab,_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Geography of Punjab, Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Sindh
mw-redirect
Geography of Sindh

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: پاکستان کی آب و ہوا – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Climate_of_Pakistan rootpage-Climate_of_Pakistan skin-vector action-view