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Fission (biology)
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In biology, fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original. The object experiencing fission is usually a cell, but the term may also refer to how organisms, bodies, populations, or species split into discrete parts.[1][2][3] The fission may be binary fission, in which a single entity produces two parts, or multiple fission, in which a single entity produces multiple parts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Binary fission
1.1 Fission of prokaryotes
1.1.1 Process of bacterial fission
1.1.2 Speed of bacterial fission
1.2 Fission of organelles
1.3 Types of Binary Fission
2 Multiple fission
2.1 Fission of protists
2.1.1 Fission of apicomplexans
2.1.2 Fission of green algae
2.2 Multiple fission of bacteria
3 Plasmotomy
4 Clonal fragmentation
5 Population fission
6 See also
7 References
Binary fission[edit]
Schematic diagram of cellular growth (longation) and binary fission of bacilli. Blue and red lines indicate old and newly generated bacterial cell wall, respectively. (1) growth at the center of bacterial body. e.g. Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and others. (2) apical growth. e.g. Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission. This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria). Binary fission results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing the cell into two parts, each with the potential to grow to the size of the original.
Fission of prokaryotes[edit]
The single DNA molecule first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicated and original chromosomes are separated. The consequence of this asexual method of reproduction is that all the cells are genetically identical, meaning that they have the same genetic material (barring random mutations). Unlike the process of mitosis used by eukaryotic cells, binary fission takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus in the cell.
Process of bacterial fission[edit]
Binary fission in a prokaryote
The process of binary fission in bacteria involves the following steps. First, the cell's DNA is replicated. The replicated DNA copies then move to opposite poles of the cell in an energy-dependent process.[4] The cell lengthens. Then, the equatorial plate of the cell constricts and separates the plasma membrane such that each new cell has exactly the same genetic material.
More specifically, the following steps occur:
The bacterium before binary fission is when the DNA is tightly coiled.
The DNA of the bacterium has uncoiled and duplicated.
The DNA is pulled to the separate poles of the bacterium as it increases size to prepare for splitting.
The growth of a new cell wall begins to separate the bacterium.
The new cell wall fully develops, resulting in the complete split of the bacterium.
The new daughter cells have tightly coiled DNA rods, ribosomes, and plasmids; these are now brand new organisms.
Speed of bacterial fission[edit]
Binary fission is generally rapid though its speed varies between species. For E. coli, cells typically divide about every 20 minutes at 37 °C.[5] Because the new cells will, in turn, undergo binary fission on their own, the time binary fission requires is also the time the bacterial culture requires to double in the number of cells it contains. This time period can therefore be referred to as the doubling time. Some species other than E. coli may have faster or slower doubling times: some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may have doubling times of nearly 100 hours.[6] Bacterial growth is limited by factors including nutrient availability and available space, so binary fission occurs at much lower rates in bacterial cultures once they enter the stationary phase of growth.
Fission of organelles[edit]
Some organelles in eukaryotic cells reproduce using binary fission. Mitochondrial fission occurs frequently within the cell, even when the cell is not actively undergoing mitosis, and is necessary to regulate the cell's metabolism.[7]
Types of Binary Fission[edit]
Binary fission in organisms can occur in four ways, irregular,longitudinal, transverse, oblique.
Irregular: In this fission, cytokinesis may take place along any plane but it is always perpendicular to the plane of karyokinesis. e.g. amoeba
Longitudinal: Here cytokinesis takes place along the longitudinal axis. e.g. in flagellates like Euglena.
Transverse: Here cytokinesis takes place along the transverse axis. e.g. in ciliate protzoans like paramecium.
Oblique: In this type of binary fission cytokinesis occurs obliquely. e.g. ceratium
Multiple fission[edit]
Fission of protists[edit]
Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many protists, e.g. sporozoans and algae. The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by amitosis, producing several nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells.[8][9][10]
Some parasitic, single-celled organisms undergo a multiple fission-like process to produce numerous daughter cells from a single parent cell. Isolates of the human parasite Blastocystis hominis were observed to begin such a process within 4 to 6 days.[11] Cells of the fish parasite Trypanoplasma borreli have also been observed participating in both binary and multiple fission.[12]
Fission of apicomplexans[edit]
In the apicomplexans, a phylum of parasitic protists, multiple fission, or schizogony, is manifested either as merogony, sporogony or gametogony. Merogony results in merozoites, which are multiple daughter cells, that originate within the same cell membrane,[13][14] sporogony results in sporozoites, and gametogony results in microgametes.
Fission of green algae[edit]
Green algae can divide into more than two daughter cells. The exact number of daughter cells depends on the species of algae and is an effect of temperature and light.[15]
Multiple fission of bacteria[edit]
Most species of bacteria primarily undergo binary reproduction. Some species and groups of bacteria may undergo multiple fission as well, sometimes beginning or ending with the production of spores.[16] The species Metabacterium polyspora, a symbiont of guinea pigs, has been found to produce multiple endospores in each division.[17] Some species of cyanobacteria have also been found to reproduce through multiple fission.[18]
Plasmotomy[edit]
Some protozoans reproduce by yet another mechanism of fission called as plasmotomy. In this type of fission, a multinucleate adult parent undergoes cytokinesis to form two multinucleate( or coenocytic) daughter cells. The daughter cells so produced undergo karyokinesis, further.
Such type of reproduction are shown by opalina and pelomyxa.
Clonal fragmentation[edit]
Main article: Fragmentation (reproduction)
Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism. In echinoderms, this method of reproduction is usually known as fissiparity.[19]
Population fission[edit]
Any splitting of a single population of individuals into discrete parts may be considered fission. A population may undergo fission for a variety of reasons, including migration or geographic isolation. Because the fission leads to genetic variance in the newly isolated, smaller populations, population fission is a precursor to speciation.[20][21]
See also[edit]
Cytokinesis, cell division in eukaryotes
Fission-fusion society, a type of social organization that is notable among primates
Paratomy
Speciation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carlson, B. M. (2007). Principals of regenerative biology. Elsevier Academic Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-12-369439-6.
Jump up ^ Boulay, R. L.; Galarza, J. A.; Che, B.; Hefetz, A.; Lenoir, A.; van Oudenhove, L.; Cerda, X. (2010). "Intrafotmobcompetition affects population size and resource allocation in an ant dispersing by colony fission.". Ecology. 91 (11): 3312–3321. doi:10.1890/09-1520.1.
Jump up ^ Hubbell, S. (2003). "Modes of speciation and the lifespans of species under neutrality: a response to the comment of Robert E. Ricklefs.". Oikos. 100 (1): 193–199. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12450.x.
Jump up ^ Rokney, Assaf; Shagan, Merav; Kessel, Martin; Smith, Yoav; Rosenshine, Ilan; Oppenheim, Amos B. (September 2009). "E. coli Transports Aggregated Proteins to the Poles by a Specific and Energy-Dependent Process". Journal of Molecular Biology. 392 (3): 589–601. PMID 19596340. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.009.
Jump up ^ Sezonov, G.; Joseleau-Petit, D.; D'Ari, R. (28 September 2007). "Escherichia coli Physiology in Luria-Bertani Broth". Journal of Bacteriology. 189 (23): 8746–8749. doi:10.1128/JB.01368-07.
Jump up ^ North, R. J. (1 June 1993). "Mycobacterial virulence. Virulent strains of Mycobacteria tuberculosis have faster in vivo doubling times and are better equipped to resist growth-inhibiting functions of macrophages in the presence and absence of specific immunity". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 177 (6): 1723–1733. doi:10.1084/jem.177.6.1723.
Jump up ^ van der Bliek, A. M.; Shen, Q.; Kawajiri, S. (3 June 2013). "Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 5 (6): a011072–a011072. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011072.
Jump up ^ "Cell reproduction". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). Fungi, Algae, and Protists. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-61530-463-9. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ P.Puranik, Asha Bhate (2007). Animal Forms And Functions: Invertebrata. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-791-6. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ Suresh, K.; Howe, J.; Ng, G. C.; Ho, L. C.; Ramachandran, N. P.; Loh, A. K.; Yap, E. H.; Singh, M. (1994). "A multiple fission-like mode of asexual reproduction inBlastocystis hominis". Parasitology Research. 80 (6): 523–527. doi:10.1007/BF00932701.
Jump up ^ Pecková, H.; Lom, J. (1990). "Growth, morphology and division of flagellates of the genusTrypanoplasma (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida) in vitro". Parasitology Research. 76 (7): 553–558. doi:10.1007/BF00932559.
Jump up ^ Lynn Margulis; Heather I. McKhann; Lorraine Olendzenski (1993). Illustrated glossary of protoctista: vocabulary of the algae, apicomplexa, ciliates, foraminifera, microspora, water molds, slime molds, and the other protoctists. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-86720-081-2. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ Yoshinori Tanada; Harry K. Kaya (1993). Insect pathology. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-12-683255-6. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ Bišová, K.; Zachleder, V. (17 January 2014). "Cell-cycle regulation in green algae dividing by multiple fission" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Botany. 65 (10): 2585–2602. PMID 24441762. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert466. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Angert, Esther R. (March 2005). "Alternatives to binary fission in bacteria" (PDF). Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (3): 214–224. PMID 15738949. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1096. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Angert, E. R.; Losick, R. M. (18 August 1998). "Propagation by sporulation in the guinea pig symbiont Metabacterium polyspora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (17): 10218–10223. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10218.
Jump up ^ Stanier, Roger Y.; Deruelles, Josette; Rippka, Rosmarie; Herdman, Michael; Waterbury, John B. (1 March 1979). "Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria". Microbiology. 111 (1): 1–61. doi:10.1099/00221287-111-1-1.
Jump up ^ Helen Nilsson Sköld; Matthias Obst; Mattias Sköld; Bertil Åkesson (2009). "Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates". In Baruch Rinkevich; Valeria Matranga. Stem Cells in Marine Organisms. Springer. p. 125. ISBN 978-90-481-2766-5. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ Whitlock, Michael C. (May 1994). "Fission and the Genetic Variance Among Populations: The Changing Demorgraphy of Forked Fungus Beetle Populations". The American Naturalist. 143 (5): 820–829. JSTOR 2462878. doi:10.1086/285634.
Jump up ^ Thompson, EA (October 1979). "Fission models of population variability.". Genetics. 93 (2): 479–95. PMC 1214094  . PMID 535728.
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Fat Bastard (character)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about Austin Powers. For the wine, see FAT bastard.
Fat Bastard
Austin Powers character
Mike Myers as Fat Bastard
First appearance
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
Last appearance
Austin Powers in Goldmember
Created by
Mike Myers
Portrayed by
Mike Myers
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Henchman/Sumo Wrestler
Affiliation
British Army
Scots Guards
Nationality
Scottish
Fat Bastard is a fictional character in the second and third films of the Austin Powers series. A morbidly obese henchman hailing from Scotland, Fat Bastard serves Dr. Evil in his quest to destroy Austin Powers. The character is portrayed by Mike Myers.[1][2][3]
His extreme size and weight (1 metric tonne, according to Dr. Evil) endows Fat Bastard with massive strength. He exhibited this prowess in the sumo ring in the third movie.
Fat Bastard is noted for his foul temper, his emotional monologues that ends with him farting, his vulgar manners, and his unusual diet. These go as far as to include a cannibalistic taste for human infants and midgets, whom he gluttonously calls, "The other, other white meat". In Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, he boasts that he once ate a baby, and tries to refuse Dr. Evil's money for his services in exchange for getting to eat Mini-Me. He also has the same Scottish accent as Shrek (also voiced by Myers), whose movie was released two years later in 2001.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
1.1 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
1.2 Austin Powers in Goldmember
1.3 Popular culture and DirecTV commercial
2 Censorship
3 References
4 External links
Appearances[edit]
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me[edit]
Fat Bastard had stolen Austin's mojo in 1969, as he is a guard in the facility, and has knocked out the other guards using bagpipes that spray gas, leaving Austin impotent in 1999. After seducing and sleeping with Fat Bastard, secret agent—and Austin's ally—Felicity Shagwell (Heather Graham) places a homing device in his rectum. During this time with Felicity, Fat Bastard is also eating a whole chicken while in bed with her. However, the device is ineffective, lost and left in a toilet before he returns to Dr. Evil's island. However, traces of rare vegetables are found in a stool sample, enabling the island to be tracked down. Fat Bastard often declares himself "dead sexy", but he is really hiding his true feelings of rejection from society. During an assassination attempt against Austin and Felicity in 1999, Fat Bastard dresses as a package delivery man and literally breaks in through the front door. When Felicity asks if he is happy, Fat Bastard has an emotional breakdown, tearfully confessing "I eat because I'm unhappy, and I'm unhappy because I eat. It's a vicious cycle. Now if you'll excuse me, there's someone I need to get in touch with and forgive. Myself." after which he then farts. Austin and Felicity are both disgusted. Fat Bastard is visibly embarrassed and says, "Sorry, I farted. It's a long road ahead.". He changes his mind and attempts to kill Austin and Felicity. Felicity then incapacitates him with a kick to his groin. He places his hands on his thighs and moans "Right in the mommy daddy button" (scrotum). Fat Bastard then screams and falls, shaking the room.
Austin Powers in Goldmember[edit]
In the next film, Fat Bastard retires from being a henchman and relocates to Japan. There, he becomes a sumo wrestler and, despite trying to go straight, he still carries out the odd job for Dr. Evil. During his bathroom time Foxxy Cleopatra and Austin sneak in using a disguise and catch him. Austin starts shouting to him "You really are a Fat Bastard"; "You know that hurts my feelings; I've tried going on a diet, you know", he replies. Fat Bastard then says he did the Zone diet, stating that "carbs are the enemy," though the Zone Diet promotes equal amounts of carbs and protein and Fat Bastard probably meant the Atkins diet, which emphasizes low carbs. After tearfully telling Austin and Foxxy that he's happy as a sumo wrestler he farts. Austin then asks if he soiled himself. Fat Bastard replies, "Maybe." and laughs.
By the end of Austin Powers in Goldmember, he has lost his excessive weight, crediting it to the Subway diet, even citing Jared Fogle as a hero (although it is unknown how Fat Bastard feels about Jared's current day shenanigans). However, he points out that he still has a lot of excess skin, further noting the resemblance of his neck to a vagina. On the film audio commentary, Mike Myers says that Fat Bastard probably will not stay thin (as "Thin Bastard", as he called him) and would most likely return to his overweight state.
Popular culture and DirecTV commercial[edit]
Beginning in June 2006, this character was in a DirecTV commercial with Mini-Me. The plot was that he was talking about how Mini-Me was looking good to eat, like in the movies (see above). Mini-Me thinks that he is crazy. He also uses two of his lines from the movie. His famous line in this commercial is "Come on, get in my belly!"
On an episode of Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue titled "In the Freeze Zone", the monster Freezard references Fat Bastard by saying "Get in my Belly!". One of the show's stars, Michael Chaturantabut, would make a cameo appearance in Austin Powers in Goldmember, as a gunman at the pool area.
On an episode of WWF SmackDown! (aired Thursday, April 13, 2000), Professional wrestler, The Big Show dresses as Fat Bastard and reveals what's under the kilt, much to Kurt Angle's disgusted chagrin. Commentator Michael Cole suggested it was a thong.
I like to be funny, I like to entertain. But I'm in the body of a monstrous killer. So, doesn't quite compute.
—  The Big Show, The Best of SmackDown: 10th Anniversary, commenting on the matter
Censorship[edit]
In reviews for the movie in the newspapers, film critic Roger Ebert referred to him as "We can't even say his name!", while others called him "Obese Illegitimate Child".
The mass retail action figures sold of the character had the name "Fat Man" on the box, even though the patch on his blazer clearly displayed "FB". Specialty stores such as comic book shops had figures in packaging which referred to him as "Fat Bastard", however.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Levy, Glen (2011-08-19). "Mike Myers (as Fat Bastard), 'Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me' (1999) | Top 10 Worst Fake British Accents | TIME.com". Entertainment.time.com. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
Jump up ^ "'Austin Powers' needs to kill off Fat Bastard - today > entertainment - today > entertainment > movies". TODAY.com. 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Kick to the Nuts - Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me". ugo.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fat Bastard
‹ The template below (IMDb character) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Fat Bastard on IMDb
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Fontanelle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the human anatomical feature. For other uses, see Fontanelle (disambiguation).
"Soft spot" redirects here. For the Clem Snide album, see Soft Spot.
Fontanelle
The skull at birth, showing the anterior and posterior fontanelles.
The skull at birth, showing the lateral fontanelles.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
fonticuli cranii
TA
A02.1.00.027
FMA
75437
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant.[1] Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the neurocranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow.[2] Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis.
After infancy, the anterior fontanelle is known as the bregma.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Closure
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Disease
2.1.1 Fontanelles – bulging
2.1.2 Fontanelles – sunken
2.1.3 Fontanelles – enlarged
3 In other animals
3.1 In dogs
4 Additional images
5 References
Structure[edit]
The skull of a baby consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth.
Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped. It lies at the junction between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture. At birth, the skull features a small posterior fontanelle with an open area covered by a tough membrane, where the two parietal bones adjoin the occipital bone (at the lambda). The posterior fontanelles ossify within 2 or 3 months after birth. This is called intramembranous ossification. The mesenchymal connective tissue turns into bone tissue.
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped membrane-filled space located between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the developing fetal skull. It persists until approximately 18 months after birth. It is at the junction of the coronal suture and sagittal suture. The fetal anterior fontanelle may be palpated until 18 months. In cleidocranial dysostosis, however, it is often late in closing or may never close. Examination of an infant includes palpating the anterior fontanelle.
Two smaller fontanelles are located on each side of the head, more anteriorly the sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelle (between the sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and frontal bones) and more posteriorly the mastoid or posterolateral fontanelle (between the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones).
During birth, fontanelles enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull causes the anterior fontanelle to close over by 9 to 18 months.[3] The sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close during the first few months of life. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Other than the anterior and posterior fontanelles, the mastoid fontanelle and the sphenoidal fontanelle are also significant.
Closure[edit]
In humans, the sequence of fontanelle closure is as follows:[2][4]
The posterior fontanelle generally closes 2 to 3 months after birth;
The sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6 months after birth;
The mastoid fontanelle closes next from 6 to 18 months after birth; and
The anterior fontanelle is generally the last to close between 18–24 months.
Clinical significance[edit]
The fontanelle may pulsate, and although the precise cause of this is not known, it is perfectly normal and seems to echo the heartbeat, perhaps via the arterial pulse within the brain vasculature, or in the meninges. This pulsating action is how the soft spot got its name – fontanelle is borrowed from the old French word fontenele, which is a diminutive of fontaine, meaning "spring". It is assumed that the term spring is used because of the analogy of the dent in a rock or earth where a spring arises.[5]
Parents may worry that their infant may be more prone to injury at the fontanelles. In fact, although they may colloquially be called "soft-spots", the membrane covering the fontanelles is extremely tough and difficult to penetrate.[6]
Fontanelles allow the infant brain to be imaged using ultrasonography. Once they are closed, most of the brain is inaccessible to ultrasound imaging, because the bony skull presents an acoustic barrier.[6]
Disease[edit]
Fontanelles – bulging[edit]
A very tense or bulging anterior fontanelle indicates raised intracranial pressure. Increased cranial pressure in infants may cause the fontanelles to bulge or the head to begin to enlarge abnormally.[7] It can occur due to:[4]
Encephalitis – swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections
Hydrocephalus – a buildup of fluid inside the skull
Meningitis—infection of the membranes covering the brain
Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) previously called Shaken Baby Syndrome
Fontanelles – sunken[edit]
A sunken (also called "depressed") fontanelle indicates dehydration or malnutrition.[8]
Baby anterior fontanelle 1 month
Fontanelles – enlarged[edit]
The fontanelles may be enlarged, may be slow to close or may never close most commonly due to causes like:[9]
Down syndrome
Hydrocephalus
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Premature birth
Rarer causes include:[9]
Achondroplasia
Apert syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Congenital rubella
Neonatal hypothyroidism
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Rickets
In other animals[edit]
In apes the fontanelles fuse soon after birth. In chimpanzees the anterior fontanelle is fully closed by 3 months of age.[2]
In dogs[edit]
One of the more serious problems that can affect canines is known as an "open fontanelle," which occurs when the skull bones at the top of the head fail to close. The problem is often found in conjunction with hydrocephalus, which is a condition in which too much fluid is found within and around the brain, placing pressure on the brain and surrounding tissues. Often the head will appear dome-shaped, and the open fontanelle is noticeable as a "soft spot" on the top of the dog's head. The fluid-filled spaces within the brain, known as ventricles, also become swollen. The increased pressure damages or prevents the development of brain tissue.[10]
Not all open fontanelles are connected with hydrocephalus. In many young dogs the skull bones are not fused at birth, but instead will close slowly over a three- to six-month period. Occasionally these bones fail to close, but the dog is still healthy. In these cases, however, the dog's owners need to be very careful, since any injury or bumps to the animal's head could cause significant brain damage, as well as conditions like epilepsy.
Additional images[edit]
Fontanelle.
Anterior fontanelle.
Cranial sutures shown from top of head.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fontanelle (anatomy).
Jump up ^ "fontanelle". TheFreeDictionary. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Beasley, Melanie. "Age of Closure of Fontanelles / Sutures". The Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA). Retrieved 24 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "USMLE Step 2: Secrets".editor1=Theodore X. O'Connell.editor2=Adam Brochert.book=USMLE Step 2: Secrets.ed=3rd.page=271
^ Jump up to: a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Fontanelles - bulging
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fontanels". Boundless. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Waxman, Stephen G. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 25th ed. New York: Lange Medical /McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2003.
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Fontanelles - sunken
^ Jump up to: a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Fontanelles - enlarged
Jump up ^ "Open Skull Bones May, May Not Be Sign of Deadly Disorder". Terrificpets.com. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
[hide]
v
t
e
Compound structures of skull
Neurocranium
Calvaria
Diploë
Asterion
Pterion
Stephanion
Inion
Bregma
Lambda
Fossae
anterior
middle
posterior
cranial cavity
Base of skull
Fontanelle
anterior
posterior
sphenoidal
mastoid
Facial skeleton
Nasion
Gonion
Both
dacryon
zygomatic arch
temporal fossa
infratemporal fossa
pterygomaxillary fissure
pterygopalatine fossa
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fontanelle&oldid=835125571"
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