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Pricing strategies
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This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. (May 2015)
A business can use a variety of pricing strategies when selling a product or service. The price can be set to maximize profitability for each unit sold or from the market overall. It can be used to defend an existing market from new entrants, to increase market share within a market or to enter a new market.[1]
Pricing is one of the most vital and highly demanded component within the theory of marketing mix.[2] It helps consumers to have an image of the standards the firm has to offer through their products, creating firms to have an exceptional reputation in the market. The firm's decision on the price of the product and the pricing strategy impacts the consumer's decision on whether or not to purchase the product. When firms are deciding to consider applying any type of pricing strategy they must be aware of the following reasons in order to make an appropriate choice which will benefit their business. The competition within the market today is extremely high, for this reason, businesses must be attentive to their opponent's actions in order to have the comparative advantage in the market. The technology of internet usage has increased and developed dramatically therefore, price comparisons can be done by customers through online access. Consumers are very selective regarding the purchases they make due to their knowledge of the monetary value. Firms must be mindful of these factor and price their products accordingly.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Models of pricing
1.1 Absorption pricing
1.2 Contribution margin-based pricing
1.3 Creaming or skimming
1.4 Decoy pricing
1.5 Freemium
1.6 High-low pricing
1.7 Keystone pricing
1.8 Limit pricing
1.9 Loss leader
1.10 Marginal-cost pricing
1.11 Cost plus pricing
1.12 Odd pricing
1.13 Pay what you want
1.14 Penetration pricing
1.15 Predatory pricing
1.16 Premium decoy pricing
1.17 Premium pricing
1.18 Price discrimination
1.19 Price leadership
1.20 Psychological pricing
1.21 Target pricing business
1.22 Time-based pricing
1.23 Time sensitive pricing
1.24 Value-based pricing
1.25 Variable pricing strategies
1.26 Yield management strategies
1.27 Other pricing approaches
2 Nine laws of price sensitivity and consumer psychology
3 References
Models of pricing[edit]
Absorption pricing[edit]
Method of pricing in which all costs are recovered. The price of the product includes the variable cost of each item plus a proportionate amount of the fixed costs.
Contribution margin-based pricing[edit]
Main article: Contribution margin-based pricing
Contribution margin-based pricing maximizes the profit derived from an individual product, based on the difference between the product's price and variable costs (the product's contribution margin per unit), and on one's assumptions regarding the relationship between the product's price and the number of units that can be sold at that price. The product's contribution to total firm profit (i.e. to operating income) is maximized when a price is chosen that maximizes the following: (contribution margin per unit) X (number of units sold).
In cost-plus pricing, a company first pricing determines its break-even price for the product. This is done by calculating all the costs involved in the production such as raw materials used in its transportation etc., marketing and distribution of the product. Then a markup is set for each unit, based on the profit the company needs to make, its sales objectives and the price it believes customers will pay. For example, if the company needs a 15 percent profit margin and the break-even price is $2.59, the price will be set at $3.05 ($2.59 / (1-15%)).[4]
Creaming or skimming[edit]
Main article: Price skimming
In most skimming, goods are higher priced so that fewer sales are needed to break even. Selling a product at a high price, sacrificing high sales to gain a high profit is therefore "skimming" the market. Skimming is usually employed to reimburse the cost of investment of the original research into the product: commonly used in electronic markets when a new range, such as DVD players, are firstly dismarket at a high price. This strategy is often used to target "early adopters" of a product or service. Early adopters generally have a relatively lower price-sensitivity—this can be attributed to: their need for the product outweighing their need to economise; a greater understanding of the product's value; or simply having a higher disposable income.
This strategy is employed only for a limited duration to recover most of the investment made to build the product. To gain further market share, a seller must use other pricing tactics such as economy or penetration. This method can have some setbacks as it could leave the product at a high price against the competition.[5]
Decoy pricing[edit]
Method of pricing where the seller offers at least three products, and where two of them have a similar or equal price. The two products with the similar prices should be the most expensive ones, and one of the two should be less attractive than the other. This strategy will make people compare the options with similar prices, and as a result sales of the more attractive high-priced item will increase.
Freemium[edit]
Main article: Freemium
Freemium is a revenue model that works by offering a product or service free of charge (typically digital offerings such as software, content, games, web services or other) while charging a premium for advanced features, functionality, or related products and services. The word "freemium" is a portmanteau combining the two aspects of the business model: "free" and "premium". It has become a highly popular model, with notable success.
High-low pricing[edit]
Methods of services offered by the organization are regularly priced higher than competitors, but through promotions, advertisements, and or coupons, lower prices are offered on key items. The lower promotional prices designed to bring customers to the organization where the customer is offered the promotional product as well as the regular higher priced products.[6]
Keystone pricing[edit]
A retail pricing strategy where retail price is set at double the wholesale price. For example, if a cost of a product for a retailer is £100, then the sale price would be £200. In a competitive industry, it is often not recommended to use Keystone Pricing as a pricing strategy due to its relatively high profit margin and the fact that other variables need to be taken into account.[7]
Limit pricing[edit]
Main article: Limit price
A limit price is the price set by a monopolist to discourage economic entry into a market, and is illegal in many countries. The limit price is the price that the entrant would face upon entering as long as the incumbent firm did not decrease output. The limit price is often lower than the average cost of production or just low enough to make entering not profitable. The quantity produced by the incumbent firm to act as a deterrent to entry is usually larger than would be optimal for a monopolist, but might still produce higher economic profits than would be earned under perfect competition.
The problem with limit pricing as a strategy is that once the entrant has entered the market, the quantity used as a threat to deter entry is no longer the incumbent firm's best response. This means that for limit pricing to be an effective deterrent to entry, the threat must in some way be made credible. A way to achieve this is for the incumbent firm to constrain itself to produce a certain quantity whether entry occurs or not. An example of this would be if the firm signed a union contract to employ a certain (high) level of labor for a long period of time. In this strategy price of the product becomes the limit according to budget.
Loss leader[edit]
Main article: Loss leader
A loss leader or leader is a product sold at a low price (i.e. at cost or below cost) to stimulate other profitable sales. This would help the companies to expand its market share as a whole. Loss leader strategy is commonly used by retailers in order to lead the customers into buying products with higher marked-up prices to produce an increase in profits rather than purchasing the leader product which is sold at a lower cost. When a "featured brand" is priced to be sold at a lower cost, retailers tend not to sell large quantities of the loss leader products and also they tend to purchase less quantities from the supplier as well to prevent loss for the firm.[8] Supermarkets and restaurants are an excellent example of retail firms that apply the strategy of loss leader.[9]
Marginal-cost pricing[edit]
In business, the practice of setting the price of a product to equal the extra cost of producing an extra unit of output. By this policy, a producer charges, for each product unit sold, only the addition to total cost resulting from materials and direct labor. Businesses often set prices close to marginal cost during periods of poor sales. If, for example, an item has a marginal cost of $1.00 and a normal selling price is $2.00, the firm selling the item might wish to lower the price to $1.10 if demand has waned. The business would choose this approach because the incremental profit of 10 cents from the transaction is better than no sale at all.
Cost plus pricing[edit]
Main article: Cost-plus pricing
Cost plus pricing is a cost-based method for setting the prices of goods and services. Under this approach, the direct material cost, direct labor cost, and overhead costs for a product are added up and added to a markup percentage (to create a profit margin) in order to derive the price of the product.
Odd pricing[edit]
In this type of pricing, the seller tends to fix a price whose last digits are just below a round number (also called just-below pricing). This is done so as to give the buyers/consumers no gap for bargaining as the prices seem to be less and yet in an actual sense are too high, and takes advantage of human psychology. A good example of this can be noticed in most supermarkets where instead of pricing at £10, it would be written as £9.99.
Pay what you want[edit]
Main article: Pay what you want
Pay what you want is a pricing system where buyers pay any desired amount for a given commodity, sometimes including zero. In some cases, a minimum (floor) price may be set, and/or a suggested price may be indicated as guidance for the buyer. The buyer can also select an amount higher than the standard price for the commodity.
Giving buyers the freedom to pay what they want may seem to not make much sense for a seller, but in some situations it can be very successful. While most uses of pay what you want have been at the margins of the economy, or for special promotions, there are emerging efforts to expand its utility to broader and more regular use.
Penetration pricing[edit]
Main article: Penetration pricing
Penetration pricing includes setting the price low with the goals of attracting customers and gaining market share. The price will be raised later once this market share is gained.[10]
A firm that uses a penetration pricing strategy prices a product or a service at a smaller amount than its usual, long range market price in order to increase more rapid market recognition or to increase their existing market share. This strategy can sometimes discourage new competitors from entering a market position if they incorrectly observe the penetration price as a long range price.[11]
Companies do their pricing in diverse ways. In small companies, prices are often set by the boss. In large companies, pricing is handled by division and the product line managers. In industries where pricing is a key influence, pricing departments are set to support others in determining suitable prices.
Penetration pricing strategy is usually used by firms or businesses who are just entering the market. In marketing it is a theoretical method that is used to lower the prices of the goods and services causing high demand for them in the future. This strategy of penetration pricing is vital and highly recommended to be applied over multiple situations that the firm may face. Such as, when the production rate of the firm is lower when compared to other firms in the market and also sometimes when firms face hardship into releasing their product in the market due to extremely large rate of competition. In these situations it is appropriate for a firm to use the penetration strategy to gain consumer attention.[12]
Predatory pricing[edit]
Main article: Predatory pricing
Predatory pricing, also known as aggressive pricing (also known as "undercutting"), intended to drive out competitors from a market. It is illegal in some countries.
Companies or firms that tend to get involved with the strategy of predatory pricing often have the goal to place restrictions or a barrier for other new businesses from entering the applicable market. It is an unethical act which contradicts anti–trust law, attempting to establish within the market a monopoly by the imposing Company.[13] Predatory pricing mainly occurs during price competitions in the market as it is an easy way to obfuscate the unethical and illegal act. Using this strategy, in the short term consumers will benefit and be satisfied with lower cost products. In the long run, firms often will not benefit as this strategy will continue to be used by other businesses to undercut competitors margins, causing an increase in competition within the field and facilitating major losses.[14] This strategy is dangerous as it could be destructive to a firm in terms of losses and even lead to complete business failure.
Premium decoy pricing[edit]
Method of pricing where an organization artificially sets one product price high, in order to boost sales of a lower priced product.
Premium pricing[edit]
Main article: Premium pricing
Premium pricing is the practice of keeping the price of a product or service artificially high in order to encourage favorable perceptions among buyers, based solely on the price. The practice is intended to exploit the (not necessarily justifiable) tendency for buyers to assume that expensive items enjoy an exceptional reputation, are more reliable or desirable, or represent exceptional quality and distinction. Moreover, a premium price may portray the meaning of better quality in the eyes of the consumer.
Consumers are willing to pay more for trends, which is a key motive for premium pricing, and are not afraid on how much a product or service costs. The novelty of consumers wanting to have the latest trends is a challenge for marketers as they are having to entertain their consumers.[15]
The aspiration of consumers and the feeling of treating themselves is the key factor of purchasing a good or service. Consumers are looking for constant change as they are constantly evolving and moving.
Examples of premium pricing:
Ethical consumption
Fair traders
Voluntarism
These are important drivers and examples of premium pricing, which help guide and distinguish of how a product or service is marketed and priced within today's market.[15]
Price discrimination[edit]
Main article: Price discrimination
Price discrimination is the practice of setting a different price for the same product in different segments to the market. For example, this can be for different classes, such as ages, or for different opening times.
Price discrimination may improve consumer surplus. When a firm price discriminates, it will sell up to the point where marginal cost meets the demand curve. There are 3 conditions needed for a business to undertake price discrimination, these include:
Accurately segment the market
Prevent resale
Have market power
There are three different types of price discrimination which revolve around the same strategy and same goal – maximize profit by segmenting the market, and extracting additional consumer surplus.[16]
First-degree price discrimination
The business charges every consumer exactly how much they are willing to pay for the product.
Second-degree price discrimination
The business uses volume discounts which allows buyers to purchase a higher inventory at a reduced price. While this benefits the high-inventory buyer, it obviously hurts the low-inventory buyer who is forced to pay a higher price. This buyer may then be less competitive in the downstream market.
Third-degree price discrimination
This occurs when firms segment the market into high demand and low demand groups.[16]
Firm need to ensure they are aware of several factors of their business before proceeding with the strategy of price discrimination. Firms must have control over the changes they make regarding the price of their product by which they can gain profitability depending on the amount of sales made. The price can be increased or decreased at any point depending on the fluctuation of the rate of buyers and consumers. Price discrimination strategy is not feasible for all firms as there are many consequences that the firms may face due to the action. For example: if a firm sells a product to their customer for a cheaper price and that customer resells the product demanding a higher price from another buyer then the chances of the firm failing to make a higher profit is predicted because they could have sold their product at a higher rate than the re-seller and made further profit.[17]
Price leadership[edit]
Main article: Price leadership
An observation made of oligopolistic business behavior in which one company, usually the dominant competitor among several, leads the way in determining prices, the others soon following. The context is a state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.
Psychological pricing[edit]
Main article: Psychological pricing
Pricing designed to have a positive psychological impact. For example, selling a product at $3.95 or $3.99, rather than $4.00. There are certain price points where people are willing to buy a product. If the price of a product is $100 and the company prices it at $99, then it is called psychological pricing. In most consumer's minds, $99 is psychologically 'less' than $100. A minor distinction in pricing can make a big difference in sales. The company that succeeds in finding psychological price points can improve sales and maximize revenue.
Target pricing business[edit]
Pricing method whereby the selling price of a product is calculated to produce a particular rate of return on investment for a specific volume of production. The target pricing method is used most often by public utilities, like electric and gas companies, and companies whose capital investment is high, like automobile manufacturers.
Target pricing is not useful for companies whose capital investment is low because, according to this formula, the selling price will be understated. Also the target pricing method is not keyed to the demand for the product, and if the entire volume is not sold, a company might sustain an overall budgetary loss on the product.
Time-based pricing[edit]
Main article: Time-based pricing
A flexible pricing mechanism made possible by advances in information technology, and employed mostly by Internet-based companies. By responding to market fluctuations or large amounts of data gathered from customers – ranging from where they live to what they buy to how much they have spent on past purchases – dynamic pricing allows online companies to adjust the prices of identical goods to correspond to a customer's willingness to pay. The airline industry is often cited as a dynamic pricing success story. In fact, it employs the technique so artfully that most of the passengers on any given airplane have paid different ticket prices for the same flight.[18]
Time sensitive pricing[edit]
Time sensitive pricing is a cost-based method for setting prices for goods that have a short shelf life. Careful consideration has to be taken to the "Use By" and "Best Before" dates of the products, in relation to the "Mark Up" or "Return" of the products. That is to say the shorter period of time should have a lower Mark-up/Return margin, thus increasing the Turnover/sales of the product, and decreasing the Wastage/loss of products.
Value-based pricing[edit]
Main article: Value-based pricing
Pricing a product based on the value the product has for the customer and not on its costs of production or any other factor. This pricing strategy is frequently used where the value to the customer is many times the cost of producing the item or service. For instance, the cost of producing a software CD is about the same independent of the software on it, but the prices vary with the perceived value the customers are expected to have. The perceived value will depend on the alternatives open to the customer. In business these alternatives are using competitors software, using a manual work around, or not doing an activity. In order to employ value-based pricing, a one must know its customers' business, one's business costs, and one's perceived alternatives. It is also known as perceived-value pricing.
Value-based pricing have many effects on the business and consumer of the product. Value-based pricing is a fundamental business activity and is the process of developing product strategies and pricing them properly to establish the product within the market. This is a key concept for a relatively new product within the market, because without the correct price, there would be no sale. Having an overly high price for an average product would have negative effects on the business as the consumer would not buy the product. Having a low price on a luxury product would also have a negative impact on the business as in the long run the business would not be profitable. This can be seen as a positive for the consumer as they are not needing to pay extreme prices for the luxury product.[19]
There has been an evident change in the marketing area within a business from cost plus pricing to the value.
Variable pricing strategies[edit]
Variable pricing strategy sums up the total cost of the variable characteristics associated in the production of the product. Examples of variable characteristics are: interest rates, location, date, and region of production. The sum total of the following characteristics is then included within the original price of the product during marketing. Variable pricing enables product prices to have a balance "between sales volume and income per unit sold".[20] Variable pricing strategy has the advantage of ensuring the sum total of the cost businesses would face in order to develop a new product. However, variable pricing strategy excludes the cost of fixed pricing. Fixed pricing includes the price of dedication received from manufactures in the production of developing the product and other involvement of factors.[21]
Yield management strategies[edit]
Yield management is a strategy which aims to monitor consumer behaviour to gain and achieve maximum profit through selling goods and services that are perishable. The theory behind this strategy is to focus on the following aspects: buying behaviour patterns of consumers, external environmental factors and market price to successfully gain the most profit.[22] This strategy of yield management is commonly used by the firms associated within the airlines industry. For example: A customer may purchase an airline ticket in the day time for $600 and another customer may purchase the same airline ticket on the same day in the evening for $800. Reason being that during the day time the airline contained many seats that were spare which needed to be occupied and sold. Thus, prices were decreased in order to attract and manipulate the customers into buying an airline ticket with great deals or offers. However, during the evening time most seats were filled and the firm decided to increase the price of the airline ticket for the desperate customers who needed to purchase the spare seats that were available.[23] This type of strategy is a vigilant way of connecting with the target consumers as well as flourishing the business.
Other pricing approaches[edit]
Other pricing strategies include congestion pricing.
Nine laws of price sensitivity and consumer psychology[edit]
In their book, The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing, Thomas Nagle and Reed Holden outline nine "laws" or factors that influence how a consumer perceives a given price and how price-sensitive they are likely to be with respect to different purchase decisions.[24][25]
They are:
Reference Price Effect – buyer's price sensitivity for a given product increases the higher the product's price relative to perceived alternatives. Perceived alternatives can vary by buyer segment, by occasion, and other factors.
Difficult Comparison Effect – buyers are less sensitive to the price of a known or more reputable product when they have difficulty comparing it to potential alternatives.
Switching Costs Effect – the higher the product-specific investment a buyer must make to switch suppliers, the less price sensitive that buyer is when choosing between alternatives.
Price-Quality Effect – buyers are less sensitive to price the more that higher prices signal higher quality. Products for which this effect is particularly relevant include: image products, exclusive products, and products with minimal cues for quality.
Expenditure Effect – buyers are more price-sensitive when the expense accounts for a large percentage of buyers' available income or budget.
End-Benefit Effect – the effect refers to the relationship a given purchase has to a larger overall benefit, and is divided into two parts: Derived demand: The more sensitive buyers are to the price of the end benefit, the more sensitive they will be to the prices of those products that contribute to that benefit. Price proportion cost: The price proportion cost refers to the percent of the total cost of the end benefit accounted for by a given component that helps to produce the end benefit (e.g., think CPU and PCs). The smaller the given components share of the total cost of the end benefit, the less sensitive buyers will be to the components' price.
Shared-cost Effect – the smaller the portion of the purchase price buyers must pay for themselves, the less price sensitive they will be.
Fairness Effect – buyers are more sensitive to the price of a product when the price is outside the range they perceive as "fair" or "reasonable" given the purchase context.
The Framing Effect – buyers are more price sensitive when they perceive the price as a loss rather than a forgone gain, and they have greater price sensitivity when the price is paid separately rather than as part of a bundle.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gregson, Andrew. Pricing Strategies for Small Business 2008 Self Counsel Press. ISBN 978-1-55180-979-3
Jump up ^ The Marketing Mix (Pricing Strategies). (2016, 03 26). Retrieved from Learn Marketing.net: http://www.learnmarketing.net/price.htm
Jump up ^ 5 Reasons Pricing Strategy is Increasing in Importance . (2016, 03 27). Retrieved from Marketing 91: http://www.marketing91.com/pricing-strategy-increasing-importance/
Jump up ^ "What Is Cost-Plus Pricing Strategy?".
Jump up ^ Kent B. Monroe, The Pricing Strategy Audit, 2004, Cambridge Strategy Publications, p. 40 ISBN 978-0-273-64938-0
Jump up ^ Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing 13E, 2010, Pearson Prentice Hall, p.293 ISBN 978-0-13-607941-5
Jump up ^ "What is Keystone Pricing in Retail?". About.com Money. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ Hess J.D., Gerstner E. . (2001). Loss Leader Pricing and Rain Check Policy . Marketing Science (Volume 6) , 1-18.
Jump up ^ Cohen E.,Ghiselli R., Schwartz Z. (2006). The Effects of Loss Leader Pricing on Restaurant Menus' Product Profile Analysis. Journal of Foodservice Business Research , 21-39.
Jump up ^ Kent B. Monroe, The Pricing Strategy Audit, 2003, Cambridge Strategy Publications, p.41 ISBN 978-0-273-64938-0
Jump up ^ "Penetration Pricing Strategy and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya" (PDF). 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
Jump up ^ Spann M., Fischer M., Tellis G.J. (2015). Skimming or Penetration? Strategic Dynamic Pricing for New Products . Maketing Science (Volume 34), 235–249.
Jump up ^ Leslie, C. (2013). Predatory Pricing and Recoupment. Columbia Law Review (Volume 113), 1–78.
Jump up ^ Predatory Pricing . (2016, 03 28). Retrieved from Investopedia: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/predatory-pricing.asp
^ Jump up to: a b Ian, Yeoman, (28 October 2009). "What will consumers pay more for? Luxury markets and premium pricing".
^ Jump up to: a b "EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page". eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ White, J. (2014). Price Discrimination: A Classroom Exercise. Business Education Innovation Journal (Volume 6), 100-105.
Jump up ^ Gregson, Andrew Pricing Strategies for Small Business 2008. Self Counsel Press ISBN 978-1-55180-979-3.
Jump up ^ T., Gale, Bradley (3 March 2011). "Customer Value Assessment for Value-Based Pricing".
Jump up ^ What is Variable Pricing? (2016, 03 28). Retrieved from Business Dictionary : http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable-pricing.html
Jump up ^ Absorption VS Variable costing advantages and disadvantages . (2016, 03 27). Retrieved from The Strategic CF: http://strategiccfo.com/wikicfo/absorption-vs-variable-costing-advantages-and-disadvantages/
Jump up ^ A Definition Of Yield Management . (2016, 03 28). Retrieved from 4 Hoteliers: http://www.4hoteliers.com/features/article/1087
Jump up ^ The understated importance of yield management . (2016, 03 28). Retrieved from Asean Hotelworks: http://www.asean-hotelworks.com/The%20understated%20importance%20of%20yield%20management.html
Jump up ^ Nagle, Thomas and Holden, Reed. The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. Prentice Hall, 2002. Pages 84-104.
Jump up ^ Mind of Marketing, "How your pricing and marketing strategy should be influenced by your customer's reference point"
[1]
[2]
Jump up ^ Competitive Pricing Strategy -- See How Products Are Priced, "Intelligence Node" , 07 September 2016
Jump up ^ Different Pricing techniques and examples on Real Case Stories,
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Moon River
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This article is about the song. For other uses, see Moon River (disambiguation).
"Moon River"
Single by Henry Mancini & Orchestra
from the album Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture
Released
1961 (1961)
Recorded
1960
Studio
RCA Music Center of the World, Hollywood, California
Genre
Pop
Length
2:41
Label
RCA Victor
Composer(s)
Henry Mancini
Lyricist(s)
Johnny Mercer
Producer(s)
Dick Peirce, Joe Reisman
Audio sample
file
help
"Moon River" is a song composed by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer. It was originally performed by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's, winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[1] The song also won the 1962 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year.[2]
The song has been covered by many other artists.[3] It became the theme song for Andy Williams, who first recorded it in 1962 (and performed it at the Academy Awards ceremony that year). He sang the first eight bars of the song at the beginning of each episode of his eponymous television show and named his production company and venue in Branson, Missouri, after it; his autobiography is called "Moon River" and Me. Williams' version was never released as a single, but it charted as an LP track that he recorded for Columbia on a hit album of 1962, Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes.[4]
The song's success was responsible for relaunching Mercer's career as a songwriter, which had stalled in the mid-1950s because rock and roll had replaced jazz standards as the popular music of the time. The song's popularity is such that it has been used as a test sample in a study on people's memories of popular songs.[5]
Comments about the lyrics have noted that they are particularly reminiscent of Mercer's youth in the Southern United States and his longing to expand his horizons.[6] Robert Wright wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, "This is a love sung to wanderlust. Or a romantic song in which the romantic partner is the idea of romance."[7] An inlet near Savannah, Georgia, Johnny Mercer's hometown, was named Moon River in honor of him and this song.[5]
Contents
1 Versions
1.1 Original
1.2 Recordings
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Versions[edit]
Original[edit]
Mercer and Mancini wrote the song for Audrey Hepburn to sing in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's. The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways. As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul "Fred" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, and accompanying herself on the guitar, while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments.[3][6]
There was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when a Paramount Pictures executive, Martin Rackin, suggested removing the song from the film after a tepid Los Angeles preview. Hepburn's reaction was described by Mancini and others in degrees varying from her saying, "Over my dead body!" to her using more colorful language to make the same point.[8]
An album version was recorded by Mancini and his orchestra and chorus (without Hepburn's vocal) on December 8, 1960.[9] It was released as a single in 1961 and became a number 11 hit in December of that year.[10] Due to unpublished charts in Billboard, Joel Whitburn's Top Adult (Contemporary) Songs variously reported the song as a #3 or #1 easy listening hit. Mancini's original version was also featured in the film Born on the Fourth of July (1989). In 1993, following Hepburn's death, her version was released on an album titled Music from the Films of Audrey Hepburn. In 2004, Hepburn's version finished at #4 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.
Recordings[edit]
"Moon River" was a hit single for Jerry Butler in late 1961; it reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December,[11] two weeks before Mancini's recording reached the same chart ranking. Danny Williams had a hit version of the song that reached number one in the UK in the final week of 1961.[1] Although Andy Williams never released the song as a single, his LP Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes (1962), was certified gold in 1963 for sales grossing over $1 million.[12] Cadence Records' president Archie Bleyer disliked Williams' version, believing that it had little or no appeal to teenagers.[4] Forty years later in 2002, a 74-year-old Williams sang the song at the conclusion of the live NBC special telecast celebrating its 75th anniversary to a standing ovation.[13]
Hundreds of versions of the song have been recorded, and it has been featured in numerous media.[3] Mercer recorded the song in 1974 for his album My Huckleberry Friend.[14] In 2007, saxophonist Dave Koz recorded a version from his standards music album, At the Movies, sung by Barry Manilow.[15][16][17] In 2013, Neil Finn and Paul Kelly performed the song on their Goin' Your Way Tour,[18][19] during which their performance at the Sydney Opera House Concert Hall was recorded for the live album, Goin' Your Way, released the same year.[20] The title of the album comes from a phrase in the song's chorus: "Wherever you're goin', I'm goin' your way".[21] Lawrence Welk's 1961 instrumental version was featured in Mad Men season 6, episode 13, "In Care Of" (2013).[22] A version of the song was featured in Asif Kapadia's documentary film, Amy (2015), about Amy Winehouse. Winehouse's version, sung at age 16 with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra in 2000, is the opening song in the film.[23]
BuzzFeed selected 13 covers of the song to mark the death of Andy Williams, including those by Aretha Franklin, Louis Armstrong, Joey McIntyre, Patty Griffin, Elton John, Lisa Hannigan, Morrissey (1994), Clay Aiken on his 2010 album Tried and True, The Killers, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Westlife, Chevy Chase and R.E.M.[24] Diffuser.fm named these the "Top 5 Alt-Rock" versions of the song, overlapping with BuzzFeed's list: The Killers, Glasvegas, R.E.M., Morrissey and Josh Ritter.[25] The Telegraph highlighted covers by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Sarah Vaughan, Louis Armstrong, Sarah Brightman and Chevy Chase.[3] Other stars who have covered the song include Rod Stewart in Fly Me to the Moon... The Great American Songbook Volume V (2010), which charted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200,[26] and Barbra Streisand in The Movie Album (2003), a Grammy-nominated[27] gold album.[28]
See also[edit]
"Charade" (1963 song)
The Sweetheart Tree
"Days of Wine and Roses" (song)
Moon River radio program
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1960s
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 135. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Moon River by Henry Mancini". songfacts.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cryer, Max. "The story behind the song: Moon River", The Telegraph, October 7, 2008, accessed January 6, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Bob; Salter, Jim (September 26, 2012). "'Moon River' Crooner Andy Williams Dies at Age 84". Associated Press. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Bartlett, James C., and Snelus, Paul; Snelus, Paul (September 1980). "Lifespan Memory for Popular Songs". The American Journal of Psychology. University of Illinois Press. 93 (3): 551–560. doi:10.2307/1422730. JSTOR 1422730.
^ Jump up to: a b Holden, Stephen (March 30, 1997). "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of Mercer's Lyrics". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wright, Robert. "Andy Williams's Moon River – Decoded and Vindicated at Last!", The Atlantic Monthly, September 27, 2012, accessed January 6, 2016
Jump up ^ Spoto, Donald (2007). Enchantment: The Life of Audrey Hepburn. Arrow Books. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-09-948704-3.
Jump up ^ "Henry Mancini – Breakfast At Tiffany's (Music From The Motion Picture Score)". Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 for Week Ending December 31". Billboard Music Week. 78 (51). December 25, 1961. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 for Week Ending December 17". Billboard Music Week. 78 (49). December 11, 1961.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Moon River _ Other Great Movie Themes". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Boedeker, Hal (May 7, 2002). "TV Reviews". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mercer, Johnny. My Huckleberry Friend, Pye NSPL18432 (1974) ASIN: B008K7RPIK
Jump up ^ Soergel, Brian (May 24, 2007). "Dave Koz's Secret Symphony Gig". SmoothVibes.com.
Jump up ^ Ware, Elizabeth (October 3, 2007). "Dave Koz - At The Movies". SmoothViews.com.
Jump up ^ Moon River at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Shedden, Iain (November 16, 2013). "Goin' Your Way (Neil Finn and Paul Kelly)". The Australian. News Corp Australia. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Neil Finn/Paul Kelly Australian Tour – Latest Dates". Neil Finn Official Website. January 2013. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Watch Paul Kelly & Neil Finn Concert". Paul Kelly Official Website. March 20, 2013. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ McArthur, Rachael (November 11, 2013). "Neil Finn and Paul Kelly – Goin' Your Way". Renowned for Sound (Brendon Veevers, Robert Lee). Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Season Finale Review: Mad Men: "In Care Of" (Both Sides Now)". Hitfix: What's Alan Watching?. June 2013.
Jump up ^ Pattison, Michael. "Weighing Up the Pros and Cons of the New Amy Winehouse Documentary", Vice.com, July 1, 2015
Jump up ^ Testa, Jessica. "13 'Moon River' Covers, In Memory of Andy Williams", BuzzFeed, September 26, 2012, accessed January 6, 2016
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joe. "Andy Williams Tribute: Top 5 Alt-Rock Versions of 'Moon River'", Diffuser.fm, September 2012, accessed January 6, 2016
Jump up ^ Fly Me to the Moon: The Great American Songbook, Vol. 5, Allmusic.com, accessed January 8, 2015
Jump up ^ Santopietro, Tom. The Importance of Being Barbra, Macmillan (2007) ISBN 142990853X
Jump up ^ "Barbra Streisand", RIAA, accessed January 8, 2016
External links[edit]
"Lyrics to "Moon River" from Breakfast at Tiffany's". 1961 Paramount Music Corporation, ASCAP. Reel Classics.
Janovitz, Bill. "Moon River - Henry Mancini, Henry Mancini & His Orchestra: Song Review". AllMusic.
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017)
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Grammy Award for Record of the Year
1959−1980
"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" by Domenico Modugno (1959)
"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1960)
"Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1961)
"Moon River" by Henry Mancini (1962)
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini (1964)
"The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965)
"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (1966)
"Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (1967)
"Up, Up and Away" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1968)
"Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1969)
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1971)
"It's Too Late" by Carole King (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack (1974)
"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John (1975)
"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (Daryl Dragon, Toni Tennille) (1976)
"This Masquerade" by George Benson (1977)
"Hotel California" by Eagles (Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner, Joe Walsh) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" by Christopher Cross (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes (1982)
"Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro) (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner (1985)
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa (1986)
"Higher Love" by Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" by Bette Midler (1990)
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1991)
"Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (1994)
"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal (1996)
"Change the World" by Eric Clapton (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" by Shawn Colvin (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (1999)
"Smooth" by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2001)
"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" by Norah Jones (2003)
"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey, Chris Martin) (2004)
"Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles and Norah Jones (2005)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Frank Edwin Wright III) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison) (2007)
"Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (2008)
"Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant (2009)
"Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) (2010)
"Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum (Hillary Scott, Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele (2012)
"Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2013)
"Get Lucky" by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2015)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2016)
"Hello" by Adele (2017)
"24K Magic" by Bruno Mars (2018)
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Grammy Award for Song of the Year
1959−1980
"Volare" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1959)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1960)
"Theme from Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1961)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1962)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1964)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1965)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1966)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1967)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1968)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1969)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1971)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1974)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1975)
"Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1976)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1977)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1982)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1985)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1986)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1987)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1990)
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1991)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1993)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1994)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1996)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1999)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2001)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2003)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2004)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2005)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2007)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2008)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2009)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2010)
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2012)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2013)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2015)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2016)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2017)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2018)
show
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UK Christmas number-one singles in the 1960s
"I Love You" (Cliff Richard & The Shadows, 1960)
"Moon River" (Danny Williams, 1961)
"Return to Sender" (Elvis Presley, 1962)
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" (The Beatles, 1963)
"I Feel Fine" (The Beatles, 1964)
"Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" (The Beatles, 1965)
"Green, Green Grass of Home" (Tom Jones, 1966)
"Hello, Goodbye" (The Beatles, 1967)
"Lily the Pink" (The Scaffold, 1968)
"Two Little Boys" (Rolf Harris, 1969)
Complete list
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
show
v
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e
Truman Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's
Adaptations
House of Flowers (1954 musical)
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961 film)
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966 musical)
Breakfast at Tiffany's (2013 play)
Music
"Moon River"
Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture (1961 soundtrack)
Jazz for "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1961 album)
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1995 song)
Other
Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn
show
v
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Perry Como
Albums
So Smooth (1955)
We Get Letters (1956)
Saturday Night with Mr. C (1958)
When You Come to the End of the Day (1958)
Como Swings (1959)
Season's Greetings from Perry Como (1959)
For the Young at Heart (1960)
Sing to Me Mr. C (1961)
By Request (1962)
The Best of Irving Berlin's Songs from Mr. President (1962)
The Songs I Love (1963)
The Scene Changes (1965)
Lightly Latin (1966)
Perry Como in Italy (1966)
The Perry Como Christmas Album (1968)
Look to Your Heart (1968)
Seattle (1969)
Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas (1970)
It's Impossible (1970)
I Think of You (1971)
And I Love You So (1973)
Perry (1974)
Just Out of Reach (1975)
40 Greatest Hits (1975)
The Best of British (UK and Canada) (1977)
Where You're Concerned (US) (1978)
Perry Como (1980)
Perry Como Live on Tour (1981)
So It Goes / Goodbye for Now (1983)
Today (1987)
Perry Como's Christmas Concert (1994)
On the Radio – The Perry Como Shows 1943 (2009)
At the Supper Club (2010)
At the Supper Club Part II (2011)
At the Supper Club Part III (2011)
Songs
"'A' You're Adorable"
"Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive"
"And I Love You So"
"As Time Goes By"
"Bali Ha'i"
"Because"
"Beyond Tomorrow"
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"
"Blue Room"
"A Bushel and a Peck"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"Catch a Falling Star"
"Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba (My Bambino Go to Sleep)"
"Confessin'"
"Days of Wine and Roses"
"Deep in the Heart of Texas"
"Delaware "
"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes"
"Dream Along with Me (I'm on My Way to a Star)"
"A Dreamer's Holiday"
"El Cóndor Pasa"
"Feelings"
"Fly Me to the Moon"
"For the Good Times"
"Forever and Ever"
"Forget Domani"
"Give Me Your Hand"
"Glendora"
"The Gypsy in My Soul"
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
"He's Got the Whole World in His Hands"
"Hello, Young Lovers"
"Here, There and Everywhere"
"Home for the Holidays"
"Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)"
"A House Is Not a Home"
"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore"
"I Dream of You (More Than You Dream I Do)"
"I Think I Love You"
"I'll Be Home for Christmas"
"If (They Made Me a King)"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
"Kewpie Doll"
"The Lord's Prayer"
"Magic Moments"
"Mandolins in the Moonlight"
"Maria"
"Moon River"
"More"
"No Other Love"
"Papa Loves Mambo"
"Please Mr. Sun"
"Prisoner of Love"
"Round and Round"
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
"Say You're Mine Again"
"Seattle "
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
"Some Enchanted Evening"
"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"
"The Songs I Love"
"Stop! And Think It Over"
"Surrender"
"Till the End of Time"
"Unchained Melody"
"Wanted"
"The Way You Look Tonight"
"What'll I Do"
"When You and I Were Young, Maggie"
"Young at Heart"
Related
Perry Como discography
Perry Como television and radio shows
Beat the Band
The Chesterfield Supper Club
List of songs recorded by Perry Como
Goodman Ace
Mitchell Ayres
Ray Charles
Frank Gallop
Nick Perito
Category
show
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Henry Mancini
Albums
The Blues and the Beat (1960)
A Merry Mancini Christmas (1966)
Soundtrack albums
The Music from Peter Gunn (1959)
Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture (1961)
Collaboration albums
In the Pink (1984)
Songs
"Moon River"
"The Pink Panther Theme"
"Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet"
"All His Children"
Related
Henry Mancini: Pink Guitar
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_River&oldid=851937219"
Categories:
Christmas number-one singles in the United Kingdom
1960s ballads
1961 singles
1961 songs
1960s jazz standards
Pop ballads
Songs about rivers
Songs written for films
Works about the Moon
Songs with lyrics by Johnny Mercer
Songs with music by Henry Mancini
Andy Williams songs
Jerry Butler songs
Aretha Franklin songs
Louis Armstrong songs
Perry Como songs
Judy Garland songs
R.E.M. songs
Frank Sinatra songs
The Killers songs
Rod Stewart songs
Barbra Streisand songs
Westlife songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
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Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Hidden categories:
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