text:
Argentina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Argentina (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 34°S 64°W / 34°S 64°W / -34; -64
Argentine Republic[A]
República Argentina (Spanish)
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto:
"En unión y libertad"
("In Unity and Freedom")
Anthem:
Himno Nacional Argentino
("Argentine National Anthem")
Sol de Mayo[2]
(Sun of May)
Capital
and largest city
Buenos Aires
34°36′S 58°23′W / 34.600°S 58.383°W / -34.600; -58.383
Official languages
None
National language
Spanish[a]
Regional languages
Guarani in Corrientes;[3]
Qom, Mocoví and Wichí in Chaco[4]
Ethnic groups
96.7% White/Mestizo
(62.5% Italian)[5]
2.4% Amerindian
0.5% Asian[6][7][8][9]
0.4% African[10]
Religion (2018)[11][12]
92% Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing)
2% Protestant
2% Jewish
4% Other
Demonym
Argentine, Argentinian, Argentinean
Government
Federal presidential constitutional republic
• President
Mauricio Macri
• Vice President
Gabriela Michetti
Legislature
Congress
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence from Spain
• May Revolution
25 May 1810
• Declared
9 July 1816
• Constitution
1 May 1853
Area
• Total
2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi)[B] (8th)
• Water (%)
1.57
Population
• 2016 estimate
43,847,430[14]
• 2010 census
40,117,096[13] (32nd)
• Density
14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi)[13] (214th)
GDP (PPP)
2018 estimate
• Total
$919 billion[15] (25th)
• Per capita
$20,610[15] (56th)
GDP (nominal)
2018 estimate
• Total
$475 billion[15] (21st)
• Per capita
$10,667[15] (53rd)
Gini (2016)
42.4[16]
medium
HDI (2017)
0.825[17]
very high · 47th
Currency
Peso ($) (ARS)
Time zone
UTC−3 (ART)
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy (CE)
Driving side
right[b]
Calling code
+54
ISO 3166 code
AR
Internet TLD
.ar
^ Though not declared official de jure, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.
^ Trains driven on left.
Argentina (Spanish: [aɾxenˈtina]), officially the Argentine Republic[A] (Spanish: República Argentina), is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi),[B] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular provincia) and one autonomous city (ciudad autónoma), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation (Spanish: Capital Federal) as decided by Congress.[18] The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period.[19] The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century.[20] Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata,[21] a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence (1810–1818) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with massive waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century.[22][23]
After 1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,[24] though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century.[22] Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife Isabel Martínez de Perón ascended to the presidency. She was overthrown in 1976 by a U.S.-backed coup which installed a right-wing military dictatorship under Jorge Rafael Videla known as the National Reorganization Process. The military government persecuted and murdered numerous political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as President in 1983. Several of the junta's leaders were later convicted of their crimes and sentenced to imprisonment. Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power[25] in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America.[26][27] Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and G-20 major economies. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Mercosur, Union of South American Nations, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States. It is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of "very high".[28] Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,[29] Argentina is classified as a high-income economy in the 2019 fiscal year.[30]
Contents
1 Name and etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-Columbian era
2.2 Colonial era
2.3 Independence and civil wars
2.4 Rise of the modern nation
2.5 Infamous Decade
2.6 Peronist years
2.7 Military dictatorship and the Dirty War
2.8 20th—21st centuries, Kirchner era
3 Geography
3.1 Biodiversity
3.2 Climate
4 Politics
4.1 Government
4.2 Provinces
4.3 Foreign relations
4.4 Armed forces
5 Economy
5.1 Industry
5.2 Transport
5.3 Media and communications
5.4 Science and technology
5.5 Tourism
6 Demographics
6.1 Ethnography
6.2 Genetics studies
6.3 Languages
6.4 Religion
6.5 Urbanization
6.6 Education
6.7 Health care
7 Culture
7.1 Literature
7.2 Music
7.3 Theatre
7.4 Cinema
7.5 Visual arts
7.6 Architecture
7.7 Sport
7.8 Cuisine
7.9 National symbols
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Name and etymology
The description of the country by the word Argentina has been found on a Venetian map in 1536.[31]
In English the name "Argentina" comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, but Italian. Argentina (masculine argentino) means in Italian "(made) of silver, silver coloured", probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine "(made) of silver" > "silver coloured" already mentioned in the 12th century.[32] The French word argentine is the feminine form of argentin and derives from argent "silver" with the suffix -in (same construction as Old French acerin "(made) of steel", from acier "steel" + -in or sapin "(made) of fir wood", from OF sap "fir" + -in). The Italian naming "Argentina" for the country implies Terra Argentina "land of silver" or Costa Argentina "coast of silver". In Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said l'Argentina.
The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as Giovanni Caboto. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for "silver" are respectively plata and prata and "(made) of silver" is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin.[33]
The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina,[C] a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region.[34] Although "Argentina" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named "Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata" by the Spanish Empire, and "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata" after independence.
The 1826 constitution included the first use of the name "Argentine Republic" in legal documents.[35] The name "Argentine Confederation" was also commonly used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853.[36] In 1860 a presidential decree settled the country's name as "Argentine Republic",[37] and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid.[38][D]
In the English language the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", mimicking the typical Spanish usage la Argentina[39] and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening of the fuller name 'Argentine Republic'. 'The Argentine' fell out of fashion during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred to as "Argentina".
In the Spanish language "Argentina" is feminine ("La [República] Argentina"), taking the feminine article "La" as the initial syllable of "Argentina" is unstressed.[40]
History
Main article: History of Argentina
Pre-Columbian era
Main article: Indigenous peoples in Argentina
The Cave of the Hands in Santa Cruz province, with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago.
The fortification of Pucará de Tilcara in Jujuy Province, part of the Inca Empire.
The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the Paleolithic period, with further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolithic.[19] Until the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,[41] which can be divided into three main groups.[42] The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of pottery, such as the Selknam and Yaghan in the extreme south. The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the Puelche, Querandí and Serranos in the center-east; and the Tehuelche in the south—all of them conquered by the Mapuche spreading from Chile[43]—and the Kom and Wichi in the north. The last group are farmers with pottery, like the Charrúa, Minuane and Guaraní in the northeast, with slash and burn semisedentary existence;[41] the advanced Diaguita sedentary trading culture in the northwest, which was conquered by the Inca Empire around 1480; the Toconoté and Hênîa and Kâmîare in the country's center, and the Huarpe in the center-west, a culture that raised llama cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.[41]
Colonial era
Main article: Colonial Argentina
See also: Spanish colonization of the Americas
The surrender of Beresford to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata
Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.[20] In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza founded the small settlement of Buenos Aires, which was abandoned in 1541.[44]
Further colonization efforts came from Paraguay—establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata—Peru and Chile.[45] Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553. Londres was founded in 1558; Mendoza, in 1561; San Juan, in 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, in 1565.[46] Juan de Garay founded Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera set up Córdoba.[47] Garay went further south to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.[48] San Luis was established in 1596.[46]
The Spanish Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, and as such it became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.[49]
Buenos Aires repelled two ill-fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807.[50] The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the first Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism of the absolutist monarchy that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great concern.[51]
Independence and civil wars
Main articles: Argentine War of Independence and Argentine Civil Wars
Portrait of General José de San Martin, Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Peru
Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,[21] the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.[51] In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba,[52] but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental, Upper Peru and Paraguay, which later became independent states.[53]
Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the Centralists and the Federalists—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.[54] The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director.[54]
On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence,[55] which is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday.[56] One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the north, and General José de San Martín took an army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru.[57][E] In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists.[59]
The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution, with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.[60] Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.[61] During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and a combined Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.[62] His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of power. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution. Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda.[63]
Rise of the modern nation
Main articles: List of Presidents of Argentina and Generation of '80
See also: Argentine–Chilean naval arms race and South American dreadnought race
People gathered in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo during the May Revolution
Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 Battle of Pavón, Bartolomé Mitre secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda; these three presidencies set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.[64]
The Argentina Centennial was celebrated on 25 May 1910.
Starting with Julio Argentino Roca in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized liberal economic policies. The massive wave of European immigration they promoted—second only to the United States'—led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest[22] developed nation[23] in the world. Driven by this immigration wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:[65] from 1870 to 1910 Argentina's wheat exports went from 100,000 to 2,500,000 t (110,000 to 2,760,000 short tons) per year, while frozen beef exports increased from 25,000 to 365,000 t (28,000 to 402,000 short tons) per year,[66] placing Argentina as one of the world's top five exporters.[67] Its railway mileage rose from 503 to 31,104 km (313 to 19,327 mi).[68] Fostered by a new public, compulsory, free and secular education system, literacy skyrocketed from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most Latin American nations would reach even fifty years later.[67] Furthermore, real GDP grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, per capita income between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:[68] In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and The Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and 400% higher than Brazil's.[22] Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization:[69] after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the 1930s.[70]
Between 1878 and 1884 the so-called Conquest of the Desert and Chaco occurred, with the purpose of giving by means of the constant confrontations between natives and Criollos in the border,[71] and the appropriation of the indigenous territories, tripling the Argentine territory. The first conquest, consisted of a series of military incursions into the Pampa and Patagonian territories dominated by the indigenous peoples,[72] distributing them among the members of the Rural Society, financiers of the expeditions.[73] The conquest of Chaco lasted up to fines of the century,[74] since its full ownership of the national economic system only took place when the mere extraction of wood and tannin was replaced by the production of cotton.[75] The Argentine government considered indigenous people as inferior beings, without the same rights as Criollos and Europeans.[76]
In 1912, President Roque Sáenz Peña enacted universal and secret male suffrage, which allowed Hipólito Yrigoyen, leader of the Radical Civic Union (or UCR), to win the 1916 election. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during World War I. The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the Great Depression.[77]
Infamous Decade
Main article: Infamous Decade
In 1930, Yrigoyen was ousted from power by the military led by José Félix Uriburu. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century,[22] this coup d'état marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment.[24]
Official presidential portrait of Juan Domingo Perón and his wife Eva Perón, 1948
Uriburu ruled for two years; then Agustín Pedro Justo was elected in a fraudulent election, and signed a controversial treaty with the United Kingdom. Argentina stayed neutral during World War II, a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor. A new military coup toppled the government, and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the end of World War II in Europe. The minister of welfare, Juan Domingo Perón, was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation was forced by a massive popular demonstration, and he went on to win the 1946 election.[78]
Peronist years
Main article: Peronism
Perón created a political movement known as Peronism. He nationalized strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full external debt and achieved nearly full employment. The economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His highly popular wife, Eva Perón, played a central political role. She pushed Congress to enact women's suffrage in 1947,[79] and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society.[80] However, her declining health did not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer the following year. Perón was reelected in 1951, surpassing even his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo in an ill-fated attempt to kill the President. A few months later, during the self-called Liberating Revolution coup, he resigned and went into exile in Spain.[81]
The new head of State, Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, proscribed Peronism and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized underground. Arturo Frondizi from the UCR won the following elections.[82] He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic trade deficit and lifted Peronism proscription; yet his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.[83] But Senate Chief José María Guido reacted swiftly and applied the anti-power vacuum legislation, becoming president instead; elections were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. Arturo Illia was elected in 1963 and led to an overall increase in prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow in 1966 by the Juan Carlos Onganía-led coup d'état called the Argentine Revolution, creating a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely.[84]
Military dictatorship and the Dirty War
Main article: Dirty War
The "Dirty War" (Spanish: Guerra Sucia) was part of Operation Condor which included participation of the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone. The Dirty War involved state terrorism in Argentina and elsewhere in the Southern Cone against political dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism or somehow contrary to the neoliberal economic policies of the regime.[85][86][87] Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists, Marxists, Peronist guerrillas[88] and alleged sympathizers. Most were victims of state terrorism. The guerrillas, whose number of victims are nearly 500-540 between military and police officials[89] and up to 230 civilians[90] Argentina received technical support and military aid from the United States government during the Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations.
Raúl Alfonsín, first democratically elected president following the military government
Declassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 of 22,000 killed or "disappeared" between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 "disappeared" in the form of PEN (Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, anglicized as "National Executive Power") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.[91] The number of people believed to have been killed or "disappeared", depending on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983, when the military was forced from power following Argentina's defeat in the Falklands War.[92][93] The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons estimates that around 13,000 were disappeared.[94]
After democratic government was restored, Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims' families. Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the murder of loved ones during the military dictatorship.[95]
The exact chronology of the repression is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of state-sponsored terrorism against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in 1955. The Trelew massacre of 1972, the actions of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance since 1973, and Isabel Martínez de Perón's "annihilation decrees" against left-wing guerrillas during Operativo Independencia (translates to Operation of Independence) in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War.
Onganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the Cordobazo and the Rosariazo. The terrorist guerrilla organization Montoneros kidnapped and executed Aramburu.[96] The newly chosen head of government, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let Héctor José Cámpora be the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the March 1973 election, issued a pardon for condemned guerrilla members and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.[97]
On the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—right-wing union leaders and left-wing youth from Montoneros—resulted in the Ezeiza Massacre. Cámpora resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Perón won the September 1973 election with his third wife Isabel as vice-president. He expelled Montoneros from the party[98] and they became once again a clandestine organization. José López Rega organized the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA) to fight against them and the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP). Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,[99] stopping ERP's attempt to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.[100] Isabel Perón was ousted one year later by a junta of the three armed forces, led by army general Jorge Rafael Videla. They initiated the National Reorganization Process, often shortened to Proceso.[101]
The Proceso shut down Congress, removed the judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to the forced disappearance of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated, ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then head of state General Leopoldo Galtieri launched Operation Rosario, which escalated into the Falklands War; within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. Reynaldo Bignone replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic rule.[102]
20th—21st centuries, Kirchner era
Main articles: Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002) and Kirchnerism
Cristina Fernández and Néstor Kirchner occupied the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from 2007 to 2015.
Raúl Alfonsín won the 1983 elections campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for human rights violations during the Proceso: the Trial of the Juntas and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,[103][104] which halted prosecutions further down the chain of command. The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his popular support and the Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election. Soon after, riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation.[105]
Menem embraced neo-liberal policies:[106] a fixed exchange rate, business deregulation, privatizations and dismantling of protectionist barriers normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The 1994 Constitutional Amendment allowed Menem to be elected for a second term. The economy began to decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;[107] led by Fernando de la Rúa, the UCR returned to the presidency in the 1999 elections.[108]
Mauricio Macri, incumbent President of Argentina
De la Rúa kept Menem's economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.[107] A massive capital flight was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts, generating further turmoil. The December 2001 riots forced him to resign.[109] Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president, who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,[110] causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings. By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of two piqueteros by the police caused political commotion, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.[111] Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president.[112]
Boosting the neo-Keynesian economic policies[111] laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth.[113] Under his administration Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund,[114] purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,[115] nullified and voided the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,[116][F] ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was elected in 2007[118] and reelected in 2011. Fernández de Kirchner's administration oversaw a positive foreign policy with good relations with other South American nations; however, relations between the United States and United Kingdom remained heavily strained. Jorge Rafael Videla, who had led the repression during the Dirty War, was sentenced to life in a civilian prison in 2010 under de Kirchner's administration; he later died in prison in 2013.
On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 25 October, Mauricio Macri won the first ballotage in Argentina's history, beating Front for Victory candidate Daniel Scioli and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first democratically elected non-radical or peronist president since 1916.[119] He took office on 10 December 2015. In April 2016, the Macri Government introduced austerity measures intended to tackle inflation and public deficits.[120]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Argentina
Aconcagua is the highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6,960.8 metres (22,837 ft), and the highest point in the Southern Hemisphere.[121]
With a mainland surface area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,518 sq mi),[B] Argentina is located in southern South America, sharing land borders with Chile across the Andes to the west;[122] Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east;[123] and the Drake Passage to the south;[124] for an overall land border length of 9,376 km (5,826 mi). Its coastal border over the Río de la Plata and South Atlantic Ocean is 5,117 km (3,180 mi) long.[123]
Argentina's highest point is Aconcagua in the Mendoza province (6,959 m (22,831 ft) above sea level),[125] also the highest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres.[126] The lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in the San Julián Great Depression Santa Cruz province (−105 m (−344 ft) below sea level,[125] also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth)[127]
The northernmost point is at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan and Río Mojinete rivers in Jujuy province; the southernmost is Cape San Pío in Tierra del Fuego province; the easternmost is northeast of Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones and the westernmost is within Los Glaciares National Park in Santa Cruz province.[123] The maximum north–south distance is 3,694 km (2,295 mi), while the maximum east–west one is 1,423 km (884 mi).[123]
Some of the major rivers are the Paraná, Uruguay—which join to form the Río de la Plata, Paraguay, Salado, Negro, Santa Cruz, Pilcomayo, Bermejo and Colorado.[128] These rivers are discharged into the Argentine Sea, the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the Argentine Shelf, an unusually wide continental platform.[129] Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm Brazil Current and the cold Falklands Current.[130]
Biodiversity
Main article: Environment of Argentina
Left-to-right: a Argentine Dogo, a Jaguar, a Andean condor, and Magellanic penguins.
Argentina is a megadiverse country[131] hosting one of the greatest ecosystem varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.[131] This huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world's largest:[131][132]
9,372 cataloged vascular plant species (ranked 24th)[G]
1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th)[H]
375 cataloged mammal species (ranked 12th)[I]
338 cataloged reptilian species (ranked 16th)
162 cataloged amphibian species (ranked 19th)
The original pampa had virtually no trees; some imported species like the American sycamore or eucalyptus are present along roads or in towns and country estates (estancias). The only tree-like plant native to the pampa is the evergreen Ombú. The surface soils of the pampa are a deep black color, primarily mollisols, known commonly as humus. This makes the region one of the most agriculturally productive on Earth; however, this is also responsible for decimating much of the original ecosystem, to make way for commercial agriculture. The western pampas receive less rainfall, this dry pampa is a plain of short grasses or steppe.[133]
The National Parks of Argentina make up a network of 35 national parks in Argentina. The parks cover a very varied set of terrains and biotopes, from Baritú National Park on the northern border with Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego National Park in the far south of the continent. The Administración de Parques Nacionales (National Parks Administration) is the agency that preserves and manages these national parks along with Natural monuments and National Reserves within the country.[134]
Climate
Main articles: Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina
Although the most populated areas are generally temperate, Argentina has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,[135] ranging from subtropical in the north to polar in the far south.[136] The average annual precipitation ranges from 150 millimetres (6 in) in the driest parts of Patagonia to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country.[135] Mean annual temperatures range from 5 °C (41 °F) in the far south to 25 °C (77 °F) in the north.[135]
Major wind currents include the cool Pampero Winds blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.[137] The Sudestada usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.[137] The Zonda, a hot dry wind, affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the 6,000 m (19,685 ft) descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to 120 km/h (75 mph), fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and blizzard (viento blanco) conditions usually affect higher elevations.[138]
Iguazú Falls in Misiones Province
The Perito Moreno Glacier in Santa Cruz Province
Ischigualasto Provincial Park in San Juan Province
Nahuel Huapi Lake in Bariloche, Rio Negro Province
Chapelco in Neuquén Province
Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego Province
Serranía de Hornocal in Jujuy Province
Fitz Roy close to El Chaltén
San Francisco Pass in Catamarca Province
Politics
Main article: Politics of Argentina
Government
Main articles: Government of Argentina and Ministries of the Argentine Republic
Casa Rosada, workplace of the President
Argentina is a federal constitutional republic and representative democracy.[139] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of Argentina, the country's supreme legal document. The seat of government is the city of Buenos Aires, as designated by Congress.[18] Suffrage is universal, equal, secret and mandatory.[140][J]
The federal government is composed of three branches:
The Legislative branch consists of the bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and Deputy chambers, which makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and has the power of the purse and of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.[142] The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year.[143] As of 2014[update] ten provinces have just five deputies while the Buenos Aires Province, being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, has 72 members elected at-large to six-year terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.[144] At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women. In the Executive branch, the President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the members of the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.[145] The President is elected directly by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.[146]
The Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[147] The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the Council of Magistrates (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate approval.[148]
The Palace of the Argentine National Congress, seat of the National Congress composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.[149]
Provinces
Main article: Provinces of Argentina
See also: List of Argentine provinces by population
Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities, except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into partidos. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes.
Provinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government;[150] they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.[151] Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions,[152] freely organize their local governments,[153] and own and manage their natural and financial resources.[154] Some provinces have bicameral legislatures, while others have unicameral ones.[K]
During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their cabildos. The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen. After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory in 1880.[156]
An 1862 law designated as national territories those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.[157] The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca in 1943.[156] La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and Formosa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990.[156]
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Argentina
Argentina is one of G-20 major economies.
Foreign policy is officially handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship, which answers to the President.
An historical and current middle power,[25] Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of non-intervention,[158] human rights, self-determination, international cooperation, disarmament and peaceful settlement of conflicts.[159] The country is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies of the world, and a founding member of the UN, WBG, WTO and OAS. In 2012 Argentina was elected again to a two-year non-permanent position on the United Nations Security Council and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Cyprus, Western Sahara and the Middle East.[160]
A prominent Latin American[26] and Southern Cone[27] regional power, Argentina co-founded OEI, CELAC and UNASUR, of which the former President Néstor Kirchner was first Secretary General. It is also a founding member of the Mercosur block, having Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela as partners. Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in Latin American integration, and the block—which has some supranational legislative functions—is its first international priority.[161]
Argentina claims 965,597 km2 (372,819 sq mi) in Antarctica, where it has the world's oldest continuous state presence, since 1904.[162] This overlaps claims by Chile and the United Kingdom, though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 Antarctic Treaty, of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member, with the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat being based in Buenos Aires.[163]
Argentina disputes sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,[164] which are administered by the United Kingdom as Overseas Territories.
Armed forces
Main article: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic
Argentine Army
The President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between national defense and internal security systems:[165][166]
The National Defense System, an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,[167] coordinated by the Ministry of Defense, and comprising the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.[168] Ruled and monitored by Congress[169] through the Houses' Defense Committees,[170] it is organized on the essential principle of legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity.[170] Its secondary missions include committing to multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing a sub-regional defense system.[170]
Argentine destroyer ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)[171]
Military service is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and no conscription.[172] Argentina's defense has historically been one of the best equipped in the region, even managing its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and plane factories.[173] However, real military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,[174] below the Latin American average.
The Interior Security System, jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments.[166] At the federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, Security and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress.[166] It is enforced by the Federal Police; the Prefecture, which fulfills coast guard duties; the Gendarmerie, which serves border guard tasks; and the Airport Security Police.[175] At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security ministries and enforced by local police agencies.[166]
Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the Gulf War under UN mandate and has remained involved in peacekeeping efforts in multiple locations like UNPROFOR in Croatia/Bosnia, Gulf of Fonseca, UNFICYP in Cyprus (where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and MINUSTAH in Haiti. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR (and later EUFOR) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade.
In 2007, an Argentine contingent including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help Bolivia against their worst floods in decades.[176] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in Haiti and Chile humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Argentina
See also: Argentine foreign trade
Argentine agriculture is relatively capital intensive, today providing about 7% of all employment.[177]
Benefiting from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest,[178] and the second largest in South America.[179] It has a "very high" rating on the Human Development Index[17] and a relatively high GDP per capita,[180] with a considerable internal market size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.[29]
YPF petroleum perforation in General Roca, Rio Negro Province
A middle emerging economy and one of the world's top developing nations,[181][L] Argentina is a member of the G-20 major economies. Historically, however, its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating with severe recessions, income maldistribution and—in the recent decades—increasing poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,[23] and became the world's seventh richest country.[22] Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies until mid-century,[22] it suffered a long and steady decline, but it is still a high income country.[182]
High inflation—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has become a trouble once again,[183] with an annual rate of 24.8% in 2017.[184] Income distribution, having improved since 2002, is classified as "medium", still considerably unequal.[16]
Argentina ranks 85th out of 180 countries in the Transparency International's 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index,[185] an improvement of 22 positions over its 2014 rankings.[186] Argentina settled its long-standing debt default crisis in 2016 with the so-called Vulture funds after the election of Mauricio Macri, allowing Argentina to enter capital markets for the first time in a decade.[187]
Industry
Main article: Industry in Argentina
Atucha Nuclear Power Plant was the first nuclear power plant in Latin America.[188] The electricity comes from 3 operational nuclear reactors: The Embalse Nuclear Power Station, the Atucha I and II.
In 2012[update] manufacturing accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest goods-producing sector in the nation's economy.[189] Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.[189]
With a 6.5% production growth rate in 2011[update],[190] the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of industrial parks (314 as of 2013[update])[191][192]
In 2012[update] the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; textiles and leather; refinery products and biodiesel; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media.[189] In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.[189] However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances of child labor and forced labor have been observed and mentioned in a 2014 report published by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs.[193] The ILAB's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor shows that many of the goods produced by child labor or forced labor comes from the agricultural sector.[193]
Córdoba is Argentina's major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the Greater Buenos Aires area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); Rosario (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and tanning); San Miguel de Tucumán (sugar refining); San Lorenzo (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); San Nicolás de los Arroyos (steel milling and metallurgy); and Ushuaia and Bahía Blanca (oil refining).[194][unreliable source?] Other manufacturing enterprises are located in the provinces of Santa Fe (zinc and copper smelting, and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuquén (wineries and fruit processing); Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining).[194][unreliable source?]
The electric output of Argentina in 2009[update] totaled over 122 TWh (440 PJ), of which about 37% was consumed by industrial activities.[195]
Transport
Main article: Transport in Argentina
Ministro Pistarini International Airport opened in 1949.
Argentina has the largest railway system in Latin America, with 36,966 km (22,970 mi) of operating lines in 2008[update], out of a full network of almost 48,000 km (29,826 mi).[196] This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.[197] There are four incompatible gauges in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires.[197] The system has been in decline since the 1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973.[197] However, in recent years the system has experienced a greater degree of investment from the state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling stock and infrastructure.[198][199] In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the Argentine Senate passed a law which re-created Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015), effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[200][201][202]
Argentina rail passenger services (interactive map)
Buenos Aires Underground, is the first underground railway in Latin America, the Southern Hemisphere and the Spanish speaking world.[203]
By 2004[update] Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by 69,412 km (43,131 mi) of paved roads, out of a total road network of 231,374 km (143,769 mi).[204] Most important cities are linked by a growing number of expressways, including Buenos Aires–La Plata, Rosario–Córdoba, Córdoba–Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes–Mendoza, National Route 14 General José Gervasio Artigas and Provincial Route 2 Juan Manuel Fangio, among others. Nevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.[197]
In 2012[update] there were about 11,000 km (6,835 mi) of waterways,[205] mostly comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, Zárate, Campana, Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, Barranqueras and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main fluvial ports. Some of the largest sea ports are La Plata–Ensenada, Bahía Blanca, Mar del Plata, Quequén–Necochea, Comodoro Rivadavia, Puerto Deseado, Puerto Madryn, Ushuaia and San Antonio Oeste. Buenos Aires has historically been the most important port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along 67 km (42 mi) of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and in 2013[update] accounted for 50% of all exports.
In 2013[update] there were 161 airports with paved runways[206] out of more than a thousand.[197] The Ezeiza International Airport, about 35 km (22 mi) from downtown Buenos Aires,[207] is the largest in the country, followed by Cataratas del Iguazú in Misiones, and El Plumerillo in Mendoza.[197] Aeroparque, in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most important domestic airport.[208]
Media and communications
Main article: Communications in Argentina
"Estudio Pais 24, the Program of the Argentines" in Channel 7, the first television station in the country
Print media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The major national ones include Clarín (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), La Nación (center-right, published since 1870), Página/12 (leftist, founded in 1987), the Buenos Aires Herald (Latin America's most prestigious English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), La Voz del Interior (center, founded in 1904),[209] and the Argentinisches Tageblatt (German weekly, liberal, published since 1878)[210]
Argentina began the world's first regular radio broadcasting on 27 August 1920, when Richard Wagner's Parsifal was aired by a team of medical students led by Enrique Telémaco Susini in Buenos Aires' Teatro Coliseo.[211][212] By 2002[update] there were 260 AM and 1150 FM registered radio stations in the country.[213]
The Argentine television industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and TV formats having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,[214] as of 2014[update] totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.[215]
By 2011[update] Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile phone subscriptions.[216]
Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Argentina
SAC-D is an Argentine earth science satellite built by INVAP and launched in 2011.
Argentinians have received three Nobel Prizes in the Sciences. Bernardo Houssay, the first Latin American recipient, discovered the role of pituitary hormones in regulating glucose in animals, and shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. Luis Leloir discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into glycogen and the compounds which are fundamental in metabolizing carbohydrates, receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1970. César Milstein did extensive research in antibodies, sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. Argentine research has led to treatments for heart diseases and several forms of cancer. Domingo Liotta designed and developed the first artificial heart that was successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. René Favaloro developed the techniques and performed the world's first coronary bypass surgery.
Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a research reactor with homegrown technology, the RA-1 Enrico Fermi. This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade uranium, a major step needed to assemble nuclear weapons; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.[217] As a member of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts[218] and is highly committed to global nuclear security.[219] In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, Atucha I. Although the Argentine built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine built components; Embalse, finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 Atucha II reactor a 40%.[220]
President Macri in the INVAP with the SAOCOM A and B, two planned Earth observation satellite constellation of Argentine Space Agency CONAE. the scheduled launch dates for 1A and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.[221]
Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr. Luis Agote devised the first safe and effective means of blood transfusion as well as René Favaloro, who was a pioneer in the improvement of the coronary artery bypass surgery. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as nanotechnology, physics, computer sciences, molecular biology, oncology, ecology and cardiology. Juan Maldacena, an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in string theory.
Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),[222] and those developed by CONAE, the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.[223] Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company INVAP, which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[224] Established in 1991, the CONAE has since launched two satellites successfully and,[225] in June 2009, secured an agreement with the European Space Agency for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the Pierre Auger Observatory, the world's foremost cosmic ray observatory.[226] The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock[227]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Argentina
Tourism in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top destination in South America, and second in Latin America after Mexico.[228] Revenues from international tourists reached US$4.41 billion in 2013, down from US$4.89 billion in 2012.[228] The country's capital city, Buenos Aires, is the most visited city in South America.[229] There are 30 National Parks of Argentina including many World Heritage Sites.
The Iguazu Falls, in Misiones Province, it is one of the New7Wonders of Nature.[230]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Argentina
See also: Argentines
Balvanera, Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.
In the 2001 census [INDEC], Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the 2010 census were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.[231][232] Argentina ranks third in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The net migration rate has ranged from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.[citation needed]
The proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to Uruguay and well above the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America's lowest population growth rates, recently about 1% a year, as well as a comparatively low infant mortality rate. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.[233][234] The median age is approximately 30 years and life expectancy at birth is 77.14 years.[235]
Argentina became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.[236] It was the tenth country to allow same-sex marriage.[237]
Ethnography
Main articles: Ethnography of Argentina and Immigration to Argentina
Queen Maxima was born and raised in Argentina of Spanish and Italian descent.
Luis Guaile, "Copacho", lonco tehuelche o aónikenk (native of the Patagonian region Argentina).
As with other areas of new settlement such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil and Uruguay, Argentina is considered a country of immigrants.[238][239][240] Argentines usually refer to the country as a crisol de razas (crucible of races, or melting pot).
Between 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.[241][242]
Strikingly, at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief is endured in the popular saying "los argentinos descienden de los barcos" (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the great immigration wave to Argentina (1850–1955),[243][244] with a great majority of these immigrants coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants came from Italy and Spain.[241] The majority of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of Italian and Spanish descent (over 25 million individuals in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),[245]
Argentina is home to a significant population of Arab and partial Arab background, mostly of Syrian and Lebanese origin (in Argentina they are considered among the white people, just like in the United States Census). The majority of Arab Argentines are Christians who belong to the Maronite Church, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. A scant number are Muslims of Middle Eastern origins. The Asian population in the country numbers at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of Chinese[246] and Korean descent, although an older Japanese community that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.[citation needed]
A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities), 18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indigenous.[247][248]
From the 1970s, immigration has mostly been coming from Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with smaller numbers from Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Romania.[249] The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program[250] to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas—so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.[251]
Genetics studies
Homburguer et al., 2015, PLOS One Genetics: 67% European, 28% Amerindian, 4% African and 1,4% Asian.[252]
Avena et al., 2012, PLOS One Genetics: 65% European, 31% Amerindian, and 4% African.[253]
Buenos Aires Province: 76% European and 24% others.
South Zone (Chubut Province): 54% European and 46% others.
Northeast Zone (Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco & Formosa provinces): 54% European and 46% others.
Northwest Zone (Salta Province): 33% European and 67% others.
Oliveira, 2008, on Universidade de Brasília: 60% European, 31% Amerindian and 9% African.[254]
National Geographic: 52% European, 27% Amerindian ancestry, 9% African and 9% others.[255]
Languages
Main article: Languages of Argentina
Dialectal variants of the Spanish language in Argentina
The de facto[M] official language is Spanish, spoken by almost all Argentines.[256] The country is the largest Spanish-speaking society that universally employs voseo, the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú ("you"), which imposes the use of alternative verb forms as well. Due to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the Neapolitan language.[257] Italian and other European immigrants influenced Lunfardo—the regional slang—permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.
There are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:
English,[N] taught since elementary school. 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.[citation needed]
Italian, by 1.5 million people.[256][O]
Arabic, specially its Northern Levantine dialect, by one million people.[256]
Standard German, by 400,000 people.[256][P]
Yiddish, by 200,000 people,[256] the largest Jewish population in Latin America and 7th in the world.[258]
Guarani, by 200,000 people,[256] mostly in Corrientes (where it is official de jure) and Misiones.[3]
Catalan, by 174,000 people.[256]
French, including the rare Occitan language.
Quechua, by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.[256]
Wichí, by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco[256] where, along with Kom and Moqoit, it is official de jure.[4]
Vlax Romani, by 52,000 people.[256]
Albanian, by 40.000 people.[259]
Japanese, by 32,000 people.[256]
Aymara, by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.[256]
Ukrainian, by 27,000 people.[256]
Welsh, including its Patagonian dialect, in which 25,000 people are fluent.[256] Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language.[260]
Religion
Main article: Religion in Argentina
Francis, the first pope from the New World, was born and raised in Argentina.
The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.[261] Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,[262] it gives Roman Catholicism a preferential status.[263][Q]
According to a CONICET poll in 2008, at the time of polling Argentines were 76.5% Catholic, 11.3% Agnostics and Atheists, 9% Evangelical Protestants, 1.2% Jehovah's Witnesses, 0.9% Mormons; while 1.2% followed other religions, including Islam, Judaism and Buddhism.[265] These figures appear to have changed quite significantly in recent years. Data recorded in 2017 indicated that Catholics made up 66% of the population, indicating a drop of 10.5% in nine years, and the non-religious in the country standing at 21% of the population, indicating an almost doubling over nine years.[11]
The country is home to both the largest Muslim[264] and largest Jewish communities in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.[266] Argentina is a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance.[264]
Argentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs;[267] 23.8% of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and 26.8%, to never do.[268]
On 13 March 2013, Argentine Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church. He took the name "Francis", and he became the first Pope from either the Americas or from the Southern Hemisphere; he is the first Pope born outside of Europe since the election of Pope Gregory III (who was Syrian) in 741.[269]
Urbanization
See also: List of cities in Argentina by population
Argentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its population living in cities:[270] the ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population. About 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.[271]
The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each.[271] Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.[271]
The population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province. The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With 64.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (167/sq mi), Tucumán is the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province of Santa Cruz has around 1.1/km2 (2.8/sq mi).[272]
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Argentina
(2015 INDEC metro area estimate)[273]
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.

Buenos Aires

Córdoba 1 Buenos Aires (Autonomous city) 13,834,000 11 Resistencia Chaco 409,000
Rosario

Mendoza
2 Córdoba Córdoba 1,519,000 12 Santiago del Estero Santiago del Estero 406,000
3 Rosario Santa Fe 1,429,000 13 Corrientes Corrientes 383,000
4 Mendoza Mendoza 1,082,000 14 Posadas Misiones 355,000
5 Tucumán Tucumán 868,000 15 San Salvador de Jujuy Jujuy 338,000
6 La Plata Buenos Aires 836,000 16 Neuquén Neuquén 309,000
7 Mar del Plata Buenos Aires 633,000 17 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires 307,000
8 Salta Salta 625,000 18 Paraná Entre Ríos 274,000
9 Santa Fe Santa Fe 530,000 19 Formosa Formosa 258,000
10 San Juan San Juan 513,000 20 San Luis San Luis 218,000
Education
Main article: Education in Argentina
Argentina has historically been placed high in the global rankings of literacy, with rates similar to those of developed countries.
The Argentine education system consists of four levels:[274]
An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years[275] being compulsory.
An elementary or lower school mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.[R] In 2010[update] the literacy rate was 98.07%.[276]
A secondary or high school mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years.[R] In 2010[update] 38.5% of people over age 20 had completed secondary school.[277]
A higher level, divided in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. in 2013[update] there were 47 national public universities across the country, as well as 46 private ones.[278] In 2010[update] 7.1% of people over age 20 had graduated from university.[277] The public universities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Plata, Rosario, and the National Technological University are some of the most important.
The Argentine state guarantees universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.[S] Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages.
Health care
Main article: Health care in Argentina
The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country's 3,000 medical graduates, annually[279]
Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (Obras Sociales), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to labor unions) and provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.[280]
There are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists (ratios comparable to developed nations).[281][282] The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from cardiovascular disease increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from tumors from 14% to 20%, respiratory problems from 7% to 14%, digestive maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and infectious diseases, 4%. Causes related to senility led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.[281][283]
The availability of health care has also reduced infant mortality from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948[284] to 12.1 in 2009[281] and raised life expectancy at birth from 60 years to 76.[284] Though these figures compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.[282]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Argentina
See also: List of Argentines
El Ateneo Grand Splendid was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world by The Guardian.[285]
Argentina is a multicultural country with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by Italian, Spanish and other European immigration from France, United Kingdom, and Germany among others. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture and design.[286] Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars, or bars offering live music of a variety of genres although there are lesser elements of Amerindian and African influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. [287] The other big influence is the gauchos and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.[288] Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu. Argentine writer Ernesto Sabato has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows:
With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition: because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the Patria Grande San Martín and Bolívar once imagined.
—  Ernesto Sabato, La cultura en la encrucijada nacional (1976)[289]
Literature
Main article: Argentine literature
Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: Julio Cortázar, Victoria Ocampo, Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares
Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,[290] it reached full independence with Esteban Echeverría's El Matadero, a romantic landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,[291] split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of José Hernández' Martín Fierro and the elitist and cultured discourse of Sarmiento's masterpiece, Facundo.[292]
The Modernist movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as Leopoldo Lugones and poet Alfonsina Storni;[293] it was followed by Vanguardism, with Ricardo Güiraldes's Don Segundo Sombra as an important reference.[294]
Jorge Luis Borges, Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the history of literature,[295] found new ways of looking at the modern world in metaphor and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as Ficciones and The Aleph are among his most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of Adolfo Bioy Casares, who wrote one of the most praised science fiction novels, The Invention of Morel.[296] Julio Cortázar, one of the leading members of the Latin American Boom and a major name in 20th century literature,[297] influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.[298]
Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and essayists include Estanislao del Campo, Eugenio Cambaceres, Pedro Bonifacio Palacios, Hugo Wast, Benito Lynch, Enrique Banchs, Oliverio Girondo, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Victoria Ocampo, Leopoldo Marechal, Silvina Ocampo, Roberto Arlt, Eduardo Mallea, Manuel Mujica Láinez, Ernesto Sábato, Silvina Bullrich, Rodolfo Walsh, María Elena Walsh, Tomás Eloy Martínez, Manuel Puig, Alejandra Pizarnik, and Osvaldo Soriano.[299]
Music
Main article: Music of Argentina
Daniel Barenboim, Music Director of the Berlin State Opera; he previously served as Music Director of the Orchestre de Paris and La Scala in Milan.
Mercedes Sosa
Tango, a Rioplatense musical genre with European and African influences,[300] is one of Argentina's international cultural symbols.[301] The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of jazz and swing in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of Osvaldo Pugliese, Aníbal Troilo, Francisco Canaro, Julio de Caro and Juan d'Arienzo.[302] After 1955, virtuoso Astor Piazzolla popularized Nuevo tango, a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre.[302] Tango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like Gotan Project, Bajofondo and Tanghetto.
Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as Alberto Ginastera, composer; Alberto Lysy, violinist; Martha Argerich and Eduardo Delgado, pianists; Daniel Barenboim, pianist and symphonic orchestra director; José Cura and Marcelo Álvarez, tenors; and to ballet dancers Jorge Donn, José Neglia, Norma Fontenla, Maximiliano Guerra, Paloma Herrera, Marianela Núñez, Iñaki Urlezaga and Julio Bocca.[302]
Martha Argerich, widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century[303]
A national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of Latin American music. Some of its interpreters, like Atahualpa Yupanqui and Mercedes Sosa, achieved worldwide acclaim.
The romantic ballad genre included singers of international fame such as Sandro de América.
Argentine rock developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians. Founding bands like Los Gatos, Sui Generis, Almendra and Manal were followed by Seru Giran, Los Abuelos de la Nada, Soda Stereo and Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota, with prominent artists including Gustavo Cerati, Litto Nebbia, Andrés Calamaro, Luis Alberto Spinetta, Charly García, Fito Páez and León Gieco.[302]
Tenor saxophonist Leandro "Gato" Barbieri and composer and big band conductor Lalo Schifrin are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.
Another popular musical genre at present is Cumbia villera is a subgenre of cumbia music originated in the slums of Argentina and popularized all over Latin America and the Latin communities abroad.[304]
Theatre
Main article: Theatre in Argentina
Teatro Colón, it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[305]
Buenos Aires is one of the great theatre capitals of the world,[306][307] with a scene of international caliber centered on Corrientes Avenue, "the street that never sleeps", sometimes referred to as an intellectual Broadway in Buenos Aires.[308] Teatro Colón is a global landmark for opera and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.[309][T] Other important theatrical venues include Teatro General San Martín, Cervantes, both in Buenos Aires City; Argentino in La Plata, El Círculo in Rosario, Independencia in Mendoza, and Libertador in Córdoba. Griselda Gambaro, Copi, Roberto Cossa, Marco Denevi, Carlos Gorostiza, and Alberto Vaccarezza are a few of the most prominent Argentine playwrights.
Argentine theatre traces its origins to Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo's creation of the colony's first theatre, La Ranchería, in 1783. In this stage, in 1786, a tragedy entitled Siripo had its premiere. Siripo is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet Manuel José de Lavardén, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the Río de la Plata Basin: the destruction of Sancti Spiritu colony by aboriginals in 1529. La Ranchería theatre operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage in Buenos Aires was Teatro Coliseo, opened in 1804 during the term of Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte. It was the nation's longest-continuously operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, Blas Parera, earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century. The genre suffered during the regime of Juan Manuel de Rosas, though it flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the Colón Theatre, in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage performances. Antonio Petalardo's successful 1871 gambit on the opening of the Teatro Opera, inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.
Cinema
Main article: Cinema of Argentina
The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in Latin American cinema, along with those produced in Mexico and Brazil.[310][311] Started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.[312] The world's first animated feature films were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist Quirino Cristiani, in 1917 and 1918.[313]
Andy Muschietti, director of It, the highest-grossing horror film of all-time.[314][315]
Argentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won two Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, with The Official Story (1985) and The Secret in Their Eyes (2009) with seven nominations:
The Truce (La tregua) in 1974
Camila (Camila) in 1984
The Official Story (La historia oficial) in 1985
Tango (Tango) in 1998
Son of the Bride (El hijo de la novia) in 2001
The Secret in Their Eyes (El secreto de sus ojos) in 2009
Wild Tales (Relatos salvajes) in 2015
In addition, Argentine composers Luis Enrique Bacalov and Gustavo Santaolalla have been honored with Academy Award for Best Original Score in 2006 and 2007 nods and Armando Bo and Nicolás Giacobone have been honored with Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 2015. Also, the Argentine French actress Bérénice Bejo received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2011 and won the César Award for Best Actress and won the Best Actress award in the Cannes Film Festival for her role in the film The Past.[316]
Argentina also has won seventeen Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film with A King and His Movie (1986), A Place in the World (1992), Gatica, el mono (1993), Autumn Sun (1996), Ashes of Paradise (1997), The Lighthouse (1998), Burnt Money (2000), The Escape (2001), Intimate Stories (2003), Blessed by Fire (2005), The Hands (2006), XXY (2007), The Secret in Their Eyes (2009), Chinese Take-Away (2011), Wild Tales (2014), The Clan (2015) and The Distinguished Citizen (2016) being by far the most awarded in Latin America with twenty four nominations.
Many other Argentine films have been acclaimed by the international critique: Camila (1984), Man Facing Southeast (1986), A Place in the World (1992), Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes (1997), Nine Queens (2000), A Red Bear (2002), The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), The Aura (2005), Chinese Take-Away (2011) and Wild Tales (2014) being some of them.
In 2013[update] about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.[317]
Visual arts
See also: Argentine painting
Las Nereidas Font by Lola Mora
Some of the best-known Argentine painters are Cándido López and Florencio Molina Campos (Naïve style); Ernesto de la Cárcova and Eduardo Sívori (Realism); Fernando Fader (Impressionism); Pío Collivadino, Atilio Malinverno and Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós (Postimpressionism); Emilio Pettoruti (Cubism); Julio Barragán (Concretism and Cubism) Antonio Berni (Neofigurativism); Roberto Aizenberg and Xul Solar (Surrealism); Gyula Košice (Constructivism); Eduardo Mac Entyre (Generative art); Luis Seoane, Carlos Torrallardona, Luis Aquino, and Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez (Modernism); Lucio Fontana (Spatialism); Tomás Maldonado and Guillermo Kuitca (Abstract art); León Ferrari and Marta Minujín (Conceptual art); and Gustavo Cabral (Fantasy art).
In 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The Madí Movement in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.[318] Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the Ulm Model of design education, still highly influential globally.
Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include Adolfo Bellocq, whose lithographs have been influential since the 1920s, and Benito Quinquela Martín, the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound La Boca neighborhood.
Internationally laureate sculptors Erminio Blotta, Lola Mora and Rogelio Yrurtia authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of Argentina
View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte, on Buenos Aires' historical center. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including Spanish Colonial, Beaux-Arts, and modernist architecture.
The colonization brought the Spanish Baroque architecture, which can still be appreciated in its simpler Rioplatense style in the reduction of San Ignacio Miní, the Cathedral of Córdoba, and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong eclectic overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.[319]
Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscape and those around the world: Juan Antonio Buschiazzo helped popularize Beaux-Arts architecture and Francisco Gianotti combined Art Nouveau with Italianate styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. Francisco Salamone and Viktor Sulčič left an Art Deco legacy, and Alejandro Bustillo created a prolific body of Neoclassical and Rationalist architecture. Alberto Prebisch and Amancio Williams were highly influenced by Le Corbusier, while Clorindo Testa introduced Brutalist architecture locally. César Pelli's and Patricio Pouchulu's Futurist creations have graced cities worldwide: Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world's most prestigious architects, with the Norwest Center and the Petronas Towers among his most celebrated creations.
Sport
Main article: Sport in Argentina
Diego Maradona, one of the FIFA Player of the 20th Century
Pato is the national sport,[320] an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of horseball.[321][322] The most popular sport is football. Along with Brazil and France, the men's national team is the only one to have won the most important international triplet: World Cup, Confederations Cup, and Olympic Gold Medal. It has also won 14 Copas América, 6 Pan American Gold Medals and many other trophies.[323] Alfredo Di Stéfano, Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi are among the best players in the game's history.[324]
The country's women's field hockey team Las Leonas, is one of the world's most successful with four Olympic medals, two World Cups, a World League and seven Champions Trophy.[325] Luciana Aymar is recognized as the best female player in the history of the sport,[326] being the only player to have received the FIH Player of the Year Award eight times.[327]
Basketball is a very popular sport. The men's national team is the only one in the FIBA Americas zone that has won the quintuplet crown: World Championship, Olympic Gold Medal, Diamond Ball, Americas Championship, and Pan American Gold Medal. It has also conquered 13 South American Championships, and many other tournaments.[328] Emanuel Ginóbili, Luis Scola, Andrés Nocioni, Fabricio Oberto, Pablo Prigioni, Carlos Delfino and Juan Ignacio Sánchez are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the NBA.[325] Argentina hosted the Basketball World Cup in 1950 and 1990.
Lionel Messi, five times FIFA Ballon d'Or winner, is the current captain of the Argentina national football team.
Rugby is another popular sport in Argentina. As of 2017[update] the men's national team, known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the Rugby World Cup each time it has been held, achieving their highest ever result in 2007 when they came third. Since 2012 the Los Pumas have competed against Australia, New Zealand & South Africa in The Rugby Championship, the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the secondary men's national team known as the 'Jaguares' has competed against the USA, Canada, and Uruguay first teams in the Americas Rugby Championship, which Los Jaguares have won six out of eight times it has taken place.
Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for Boxing, including Carlos Monzón, the best middleweight in history;[329] Pascual Pérez, one of the most decorated flyweight boxers of all times; Horacio Accavallo, the former WBA and WBC world flyweight champion; Víctor Galíndez, as of 2009[update] record holder for consecutive world light heavyweight title defenses and Nicolino Locche, nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.[330]
Tennis has been quite popular among people of all ages. Guillermo Vilas is the greatest Latin American player of the Open Era,[331] while Gabriela Sabatini is the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached #3 in the WTA Ranking,[332] are both inductees into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.[333]
Argentina reigns undisputed in Polo, having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.[334] The Argentine Polo Championship is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them Adolfo Cambiaso, the best in Polo history.[335]
Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within Auto racing. Juan Manuel Fangio was five times Formula One world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.[336] Other distinguished racers were Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Juan Gálvez, José Froilán González and Carlos Reutemann.[337]
Cuisine
Main article: Argentine cuisine
Argentine beef as asado, a traditional dish
Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and Criollo creations, including empanadas (a small stuffed pastry), locro (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), humita and mate.[338]
The country has the highest consumption of red meat in the world,[339] traditionally prepared as asado, the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including chorizo, sweetbread, chitterlings, and blood sausage.[340]
Common desserts include facturas (Viennese-style pastry), cakes and pancakes filled with dulce de leche (a sort of milk caramel jam), alfajores (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, dulce de leche or a fruit paste), and tortas fritas (fried cakes)[341]
Argentine wine, one of the world's finest,[342] is an integral part of the local menu. Malbec, Torrontés, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Chardonnay are some of the most sought-after varieties.[343]
National symbols
Main article: National symbols of Argentina
Some of Argentina's national symbols are defined by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.[344] The Flag of Argentina consists of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and light blue, with the Sun of May in the center of the middle white stripe.[345] The flag was designed by Manuel Belgrano in 1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.[346] The Coat of Arms, which represents the union of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the seal for official documents.[347] The Argentine National Anthem was written by Vicente López y Planes with music by Blas Parera, and was adopted in 1813.[347] The National Cockade was first used during the May Revolution of 1810 and was made official two years later.[348] The Virgin of Luján is Argentina's patron saint.[349]
The hornero, living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the national bird in 1928 after a lower school survey.[350] The ceibo is the national floral emblem and national tree,[344][351] while the quebracho colorado is the national forest tree.[352] Rhodochrosite is known as the national gemstone.[353] The national sport is pato, an equestrian game that was popular among gauchos.[320]
Argentine wine is the national liquor, and mate, the national infusion.[354][355] Asado and locro are considered the national dishes.[356][357]
See also
Argentina portal
Latin America portal
Index of Argentina-related articles
Outline of Argentina
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Article 35 of the Argentine Constitution gives equal recognition to the names "United Provinces of the River Plate", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and using "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Area does not include territorial claims in Antarctica (965,597 km2, including the South Orkney Islands), the Falkland Islands (11,410 km2), the South Georgia (3,560 km2) and the South Sandwich Islands (307 km2).[13]
Jump up ^ The poem's full name is La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil.
Jump up ^ Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current)
Jump up ^ San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of Simón Bolívar in Gran Colombia are collectively known as the Spanish American wars of independence.[58]
Jump up ^ The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.[117]
Jump up ^ Includes higher plants only: ferns and fern allies, conifers and cycads, and flowering plants.[132]
Jump up ^ Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.[132]
Jump up ^ Excludes marine mammals.[132]
Jump up ^ Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.[141]
Jump up ^ Although not a province, the City of Buenos Aires is a federally autonomous city, and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.[155] As federal capital of the nation it holds the status of federal district.
Jump up ^ The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.[181]
Jump up ^ Though not declared official de jure, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.
Jump up ^ English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland Islands.
Jump up ^ Many elder people also speak a macaronic language of Italian and Spanish called cocoliche, which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.
Jump up ^ It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called Belgranodeutsch.
Jump up ^ In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.[264]
^ Jump up to: a b Level duration depends on jurisdiction.
Jump up ^ The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.
Jump up ^ The other top venues being Berlin's Konzerthaus, Vienna's Musikverein, Amsterdam's Concertgebouw and Boston's Symphony Hall.[309]
References
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 35.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."
^ Jump up to: a b Ley No. 5598 de la Provincia de Corrientes, 22 October 2004
^ Jump up to: a b Ley No. 6604 de la Provincia de Chaco, 28 July 2010, B.O., (9092)
Jump up ^ Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.
Jump up ^ "Argentina inicia una nueva etapa en su relación con Japón". www.telam.com.ar.
Jump up ^ Clarín.com. "La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años".
Jump up ^ "국가지표체계". www.index.go.kr.
Jump up ^ https://www.indec.gov.ar/nivel4_default.asp?id_tema_1=2&id_tema_2=41&id_tema_3=135
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Latinobarómetro 1995 - 2017: El Papa Francisco y la Religión en Chile y América Latina" (PDF) (in Spanish). January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#ar
^ Jump up to: a b c "Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010". Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Argentina". World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "2018 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Constitution of Argentina, art. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b Crow 1992, p. 128.
^ Jump up to: a b Levene 1948, p. 11: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."; Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–197: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."; Vanossi 1964, p. 11: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bolt & Van Zanden 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Becoming a serious country". The Economist. London. 3 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Argentina is thus not a "developing country". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.
^ Jump up to: a b Wood 1988, p. 18; Solomon 1997, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Huntington 2000, p. 6; Nierop 2001, p. 61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."; Lake 2009, p. 55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p. 283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."; Malamud 2011, p. 9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."; Boughton 2012, p. 101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."
^ Jump up to: a b Morris 1988, p. 63: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."; Adler & Greve 2009, p. 78: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."; Ruiz-Dana et al. 2009, p. 18: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."
Jump up ^ Human Development Report 2016, Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP
^ Jump up to: a b "The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index". London: Legatum Institute. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. [The country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods ... Argentina's economy appears stable, but confidence in financial institutions remains low.
Jump up ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk". Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ The name Argentine (Spanish) El nombre de Argentina Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Etymology of argentin / -e (French)
Jump up ^ Rock 1987, pp. 6, 8; Edwards 2008, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Traba 1985, pp. 15, 71.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, 1826, art. 1.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, 1853, Preamble.
Jump up ^ Rosenblat 1964, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, 1860 amd., art. 35.
Jump up ^ "Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford, UK: Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Definite Article: Part II", Study Spanish
^ Jump up to: a b c Edwards 2008, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 18–19.
Jump up ^ Edwards 2008, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, pp. 129–132.
Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 96–140.
^ Jump up to: a b Crow 1992, p. 353.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, p. 134.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, p. 347.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, p. 421.
^ Jump up to: a b Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 194ff.
Jump up ^ Rock 1987, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Rock 1987, pp. 82–83.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40.
Jump up ^ Rock 1987, p. 92; Lewis 2003, p. 41.
Jump up ^ "Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 2018-07-08.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 349–353, vol. I.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 185–252, vol. I.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2003, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2003, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2003, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2003, pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2003, pp. 48–50.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 363–541, vol. I.
Jump up ^ Lewis 1990, pp. 18–30.
Jump up ^ Mosk 1990, pp. 88–89.
^ Jump up to: a b Cruz 1990, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b Díaz Alejandro 1970, pp. 2–3.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 567–625, vol. I.
Jump up ^ Lewis 1990, pp. 37–38.
Jump up ^ Barros, Álvaro (1872). Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud (in Spanish). tipos á vapor. pp. 155–157.
Jump up ^ Ras, Norberto (2006). La guerra por las vacas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Galerna. ISBN 987-05-0539-2.
Jump up ^ Bayer, Osvaldo (4 December 2004). "Pulgas y garrapatas" (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Maeder, Ernesto J. A. (1997). "VIII". Historia del Chaco (in Spanish). Editorial Plus Ultra. p. 105. ISBN 950-21-1256-3.
Jump up ^ Iñigo Carrera, Nicolás (1983). La colonización del Chaco (in Spanish). Centro Editor de América Latina. pp. 16–23. ISBN 978-9-5025-0123-9.
Jump up ^ "Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación de Argentina. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 7–178, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 181–302, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Barnes 1978, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Barnes 1978, pp. 113ff.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 303–351, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 353–379, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Robben 2011, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 381–422, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007
Jump up ^ Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994
Jump up ^ "Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 7 March 1976
Jump up ^ "Argentina's Dirty War".
Jump up ^ "Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia".
Jump up ^ Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956-1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208.
Jump up ^ Political Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005
Jump up ^ Obituary The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009
Jump up ^ Estimate of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion (PDF). DINA Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina. July 1978. pp. A8.
Jump up ^ "Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos", Clarin, 10 June 2003
Jump up ^ Wright, Thomas C. State terrorism in Latin America, p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007
Jump up ^ Robben 2011, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 423–465, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Robben 2011, pp. 76–77.
Jump up ^ Robben 2011, p. 145.
Jump up ^ Robben 2011, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 467–504, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 505–532, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Ley No. 23492, 29 December 1986, B.O., (26058) (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Ley No. 23521, 9 June 1987, B.O., (26155) (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 533–549, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 551–573, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 575–587, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 587–595, vol. II.
Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Ley No. 25779, 3 September 2003, B.O., (30226), 1 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Ley No. 24952, 17 April 1998, B.O., (28879), 1 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, pp. 597–626, vol. II.
Jump up ^ "Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical" (in Spanish). Los Andes. 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Carrelli Lynch, Guido. "Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros" [Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m] (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Young 2005, p. 52: "The Andes Mountains form the "backbone" of Argentina along the western border with Chile."
^ Jump up to: a b c d Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Información geográfica de la República Argentina" [Geographic information of the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.
Jump up ^ McKinney 1993, p. 6; Fearns & Fearns 2005, p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina" [Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Young 2005, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Lynch, David K. "Land Below Sea Level". Geology – Geoscience News and Information. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 5, 7–8, 51, 175.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 8.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Argentina – Main Details". Montreal, Canada: Convention on Biological Diversity. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Biodiversity 2005". Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference wwf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "Objetivos de la Administración" (in Spanish). Administración de Parques Nacionales. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Argentina". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "General Information". Ministerio de Turismo. Archived from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Menutti & Menutti 1980, p. 69.
Jump up ^ Menutti & Menutti 1980, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 1.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 37.
Jump up ^ "Argentina lowers its voting age to 16". The Washington Post. Washington, D. C. 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 53, 59, 75.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 45, 47, 50.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 54, 56.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 99.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 90.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 116.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 99, 114.
Jump up ^ Argentine Constitution, art. 63
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 121.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 5–6.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 123.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 122.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 124–125.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 129.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rey Balmaceda 1995, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Rock 1987, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Margheritis 2010, pp. 15, 92.
Jump up ^ "Argentina in Brief – Foreign Policy". Canberra: Embassy of Argentina in Australia. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'". New York, NY, USA: United Nations – Secretary General. 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Galasso 2011, p. 600, vol. II.
Jump up ^ "Destacamento Naval Orcadas" [Orcadas Naval Base] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Fundación Marambio. 1999. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty". Buenos Aires: Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, T. P. 1.
Jump up ^ Ley No. 23554 – Defensa Nacional, 5 May 1988, B.O., (26375), 4 (in Spanish)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ley No. 24059 – Seguridad Interior, 17 January 1992, B.O., (27307), 1 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 125–126.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Military branches". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 21, 75, 99.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean – Argentina" (PDF). Buenos Aires: RESDAL – Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic, ARA Almirante Brown (D-10). URL accessed on 15 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Military service age and obligation". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2001. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Maldifassi & Abetti 1994, pp. 65–86.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Military expenditure". Index Mundi – SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Decreto No. 18711 – Fuerzas de Seguridad, 23 June 1970, B.O., (21955) (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Argentina, Armada. "Gaceta Marinera - Portal Oficial de Noticias de la Armada Argentina". Gacetamarinera.com.ar. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas Públicas - Hacienda, Finanzas, Política Económica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos Públicos, Información Económica, Gobierno, Organismos". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration". The Wall Street Journal. New York, NY, USA. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Devereux, Charlie (18 September 2015). "Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Argentina". World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014. International Monetary Fund. 2 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Human Development Report 2013" (PDF). New York, NY, USA: UNDP – United Nations Development Program. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "High income - Data". data.worldbank.org.
Jump up ^ "Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Indice de precios al consumidor" (PDF) (in Spanish). INDEC. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2017". Transparency International. 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2014". Transparency International. 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds". Bloomberg.com. 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Brittle Power, p. 144.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas. 2013. Archived from the original (XLS) on 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Industrial production growth rate". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Economy Overview". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing". Digital Guardian. Port of Spain. 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor". Dol.gov. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Argentina – Industry". Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2002. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Electricity/Heat in Argentina in 2009". Paris: IEA – International Energy Agency. 2009.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Railways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Argentina – Transportation". Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2002. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km - La Nacion, 09, February 2015
Jump up ^ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015
Jump up ^ Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía - Pagina/12, 16 April 2015
Jump up ^ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos - EnElSubte, 15 April 2015
Jump up ^ Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015
Jump up ^ Se cumplieron 100 años del primer viaje en subte - Ambito, 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Roadways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Waterways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Airports with paved runways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Aeberhard, Benson & Phillips 2000, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Aeberhard, Benson & Phillips 2000, pp. 24–25.
Jump up ^ Aeberhard, Benson & Phillips 2000, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Akstinat 2013, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Moore, Don (1995). "Radio with a past in Argentina". Archived from the original on 23 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Moore 1995.
Jump up ^ "Argentina–Infraestructura" (in Spanish). Mi Buenos Aires Querido. 2002. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Homes with Cable TV in Latin America". Austin, TX, USA: LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center. 1999. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina" (in Spanish). Coral Gables, FL, USA: LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council. 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "South America". IWS–ITU – Internet World Stats. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Argüello, Irma (8 January 2009). "Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation". Carnegie Endowment for international peace.
Jump up ^ "Background Note: Argentina". State.gov.
Jump up ^ "Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security". State.gov. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Reneau, Leandro (29 September 2012). "Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales" (in Spanish). Tiempo Argentino. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Exitosa Revisión de la Misión SAOCOM" (in Spanish). CONAE. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "PEHUENSAT-1" (in Spanish). Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial.
Jump up ^ "'Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche". Momento 24. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Science and Education in Argentina. argentina.ar
Jump up ^ "Satellite Missions". CONAE. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory". Pierre Auger Observatory. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition". World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos" (in Spanish). Infobae América. June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Iguazu Falls chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world". Mercopress. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015" (PDF). Gustavo Pérez (in Spanish). INDEC. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas" (in Spanish). Censo2010.indec.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "PRB" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2010.
Jump up ^ UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nee, Patrick W. (2015). Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina. The Internationalist. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Forero, Juan (15 July 2010). "Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage". seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Fastenberg, Dan (22 July 2010). "International Gay Marriage". Time. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005" (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Cruz-Coke, R.; Moreno, R. S. (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile". Journal of Medical Genetics. 31 (9): 702–706. doi:10.1136/jmg.31.9.702. PMC 1050080. PMID 7815439.
Jump up ^ "About Argentina". Government of Argentina. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Web.archive.org. 10 June 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Web.archive.org. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Fernández, Francisco Lizcano (2007). Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI. p. 93. ISBN 978-970-757-052-8.
Jump up ^ Cahoon, Ben. "Argentina". World Statesmen.org.
Jump up ^ Craughwell, Thomas J. (17 April 2013). "Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth". TAN Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-61890-138-5.
Jump up ^ Sánchez, Gonzalo (27 September 2010). "La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años". Clarin.com.
Jump up ^ Corach, Daniel; Lao, Oscar; Bobillo, Cecilia; Van Der Gaag, Kristiaan; Zuniga, Sofia; Vermeulen, Mark; Van Duijn, Kate; Goedbloed, Miriam; Vallone, Peter M; Parson, Walther; De Knijff, Peter; Kayser, Manfred (2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 74 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. PMID 20059473.
Jump up ^ "Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 número2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "El varieté de la calle Florida" (Editorial) – Clarín (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "Patria Grande". Patriagrande.gov.ar.
Jump up ^ "Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad –". Perfil.com.
Jump up ^ Homburger; et al. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11: e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Avena; et al. (2012). "Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina". PLOS One. 7: e34695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034695. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas" (PDF). Repositorio.unb.br. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation". Genographic.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2014.
Jump up ^ Colantoni & Gurlekian 2004, pp. 107–119.
Jump up ^ DellaPergola 2013, pp. 25–26, 49–50.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Aeberhard, Benson & Phillips 2000, p. 602.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, arts. 14, 20.
Jump up ^ Fayt 1985, p. 347; Bidart Campos 2005, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c "International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina". Washington, D. C.: US Department of State. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Mallimaci, Esquivel & Irrazábal 2008, p. 9.
Jump up ^ DellaPergola 2013, p. 50.
Jump up ^ Mallimaci, Esquivel & Irrazábal 2008, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Mallimaci, Esquivel & Irrazábal 2008, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Donadio, Rachel (13 March 2013). "Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis". The New York Times. New York, NY, USA. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Urbanization". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Argentina – Major Cities". Buenos Aires: Government of Argentina. 19 September 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010" (in Spanish). INDEC. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Encuesta Permanente de Hogares" (PDF). Indec. 23 August 2015. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Desde hoy, es obligatorio que todos los niños de cuatro años ingresen al sistema educativo - educación, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses - Infobae". Infobae.com. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010" (XLS). Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010" (XLS). Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sistema Universitario" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "AMA". Ama-med.org.ar. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "IADB" (PDF). IADB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c ESTADISTICAS VITALES – INFORMACION BASICA AÑO 2008 Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Ministry of Health (December 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b "UNData". Retrieved 28 August 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.
^ Jump up to: a b UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997.
Jump up ^ Dodson, Sean (11 January 2008). "Top shelves". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 May 2015. 2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires
Jump up ^ Luongo, Michael. Frommer's Argentina. Wiley Publishing, 2007.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 91.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Sabato, Ernesto (1976). La cultura en la encrucijada nacional, Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, p. 17-18.
Jump up ^ Rivas 1989, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lockhart & Lockhart 1998, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lockhart & Lockhart 1998, pp. 13, 101; Young & Cisneros 2010, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010, pp. 51–52.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lockhart & Lockhart 1998, pp. 104, 107–109; Young & Cisneros 2010, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Bloom 1994, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010, pp. 52, 80.
Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010, pp. 79, 144.
Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010, pp. 3, 144.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lockhart & Lockhart 1998, pp. 66, 85, 97–121; McCloskey & Burford 2006; Díaz 2010, p. 43; Young & Cisneros 2010, pp. 51–54; [[#CITEREF|]].
Jump up ^ Miller 2004, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lockhart & Lockhart 1998, p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Ross, Alex (12 November 2001). "Madame X". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "El ritmo de la villa", Rolling Stone
Jump up ^ "Top 10: Opera Houses" on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014
Jump up ^ "Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages". China Daily. 17 October 2005. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Buenos Aires – A Passionate City". Radar Magazine. 10 February 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lockhart & Lockhart 1998, p. 48.
^ Jump up to: a b Long 2009, pp. 21–25.
Jump up ^ Carl J. Mora (1989). Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society. University of California Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-520-04304-6.
Jump up ^ "Argentina - Cultura - Cine" (in Spanish). 16 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008.
Jump up ^ King 2000, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). "Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Mumford, Gwilym (September 29, 2017). "Stephen King's It scares off The Exorcist to become highest-grossing horror ever". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Blade Runner 2049' Launches With $50M Overseas; 'It' Tops $600M WW; 'Despicable 3' Hops Past 'Zootopia' – Intl Box Office". Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013". Cannes. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Market Study – Argentina" (PDF). Munich, Germany: German Films. August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Jennifer (16 July 2006). "Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, FL.
Jump up ^ Martínez-Carter, Karina (14 March 2013). "Preserving history in Buenos Aires". BBC Travel. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Decreto No. 17468/1953, 25 September 1953, B.O., (17490) (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 124–125.
Jump up ^ "Pato, Argentina's national sport". Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina. Buenos Aires: Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación. 18 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. In 1610, thirty years after Buenos Aires' second foundation and two hundred years before the May Revolution, a document drafted by the military anthropologist Félix de Azara described a pato sport scene taking place in the city.
Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 14–23.
Jump up ^ Friedman 2007, pp. 56, 127.
^ Jump up to: a b Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 11.
Jump up ^ "Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)". Nieuwegein, The Netherlands: Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown". Lausanne, Switzerland: FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]. 8 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Argentina – Profile". Mies, Switzerland: FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Doug (30 September 2011). "10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years". Blue Bell, PA, USA: The Ring. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Rodríguez 2009, pp. 164–165.
Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 144.
Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 135.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame Members". Newport, RI, USA: International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Aeberhard, Benson & Phillips 2000, pp. 50–51.
Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 98; Dougall 2013, pp. 170–171.
Jump up ^ Arbena 1999, p. 147; Dougall 2013, pp. 170–171, 195.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 79, 199, 221.
Jump up ^ Steiger, Carlos (2006). "Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina". Choices Magazine. Milwaukee, WI, USA. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Aeberhard, Benson & Phillips 2000, p. 31; McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 80, 143.
Jump up ^ Cannavan, Tom. "About Argentine wine". Wine Pages. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012.
Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 230, 252, 261–262, 265.
^ Jump up to: a b "Datos generales de Argentina" (in Spanish). Folklore del Norte Argentino. 2004. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Decreto No. 1650/2010 – Símbolos Nacionales, 23 November 2010, B.O., (32033), 5 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Ferro 1991, pp. 234–235.
^ Jump up to: a b Decreto No. 10302/1944 – Símbolos Nacionales, 10 May 1944, B.O., (14894), 4 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Calvo 1864, pp. 20ff.
Jump up ^ "Nuestra Señora de Luján" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación de la Nación – Efemérides Culturales Argentinas. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "El Hornero" (in Spanish). Carlos Casares, Argentina: Red Argentina. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Decreto No. 138974/1942, 25 January 1943, B.O., (14519), 5 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Decreto No. 15190/1956, 5 September 1956
Jump up ^ "Piedra nacional: la Rodocrosita" (in Spanish). Bogotá: Embajada de la República Argentina en la República de Colombia. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ley No. 26870 – Declárase al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional, 2 August 2013, B.O., (32693), 1 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Ley No. 26871 – Declárase al Mate como infusión nacional, 2 August 2013, B.O., (32693), 1 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "El asado". Via Restó (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Grupo Clarín. 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "ArgentinaGastronomia" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Argentina – Portal oficial de promoción de la República Argentina. 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008.
Bibliography
Legal documents
National Constituent Convention (22 August 1994), Constitution of the Argentine Nation, Santa Fe, archived from the original on 9 May 2004 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Articles
Bolt, Jutta; Van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2013). "The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820" (XLS). Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
Colantoni, Laura; Gurlekian, Jorge (August 2004). "Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 7 (2): 107–119. doi:10.1017/S1366728904001488.
Cruz, Jr., Arturo (6 August 1990). "Glory Past but Not Forgotten". Insight on the News. New York, NY, USA: News World Communications. 6 (32): 8.
DellaPergola, Sergio (2013). Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira, eds. "World Jewish Population, 2013" (PDF). The American Jewish Year Book, 2013. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 113: 279–358. ISBN 978-3319016580.
Long, Marshall (April 2009). "What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment" (PDF). Acoustics Today. ASA – Acoustical Society of America. 5 (2): 21–25. doi:10.1121/1.3182843.
Malamud, Andrés (2011). "A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy". Latin American Politics and Society. Lisbon: Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon. 53 (3): 1–24. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x.
Mallimaci, Fortunato; Esquivel, Juan Cruz; Irrazábal, Gabriela (26 August 2008). "Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina" (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.
Moore, Don (January 1995). "Argentina: Radio with a Past". Monitoring Times. Brasstown, NC, USA: Grove Enterprises.
Solomon, Hussein (1997). "South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy" (PDF). Pretoria, South Africa: Centre for International Political Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2014.
Books
Abad de Santillán, Diego (1971). Historia Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina.
Adler, Emanuel; Greve, Patricia (2009). "When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance". In Fawn, Rick. Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global. Review of International Studies. 35. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–84. ISBN 978-0521759885.
Aeberhard, Danny; Benson, Andrew; Phillips, Lucy (2000). The rough guide to Argentina. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1858285696.
Akstinat, Björn (2013). Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland (in German). Berlin: IMH–Verlag. ISBN 978-3981515817.
Arbena, Joseph (2002). "In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete". In Arbena, Joseph; LaFrance, David Gerald. Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 219–232. ISBN 978-0842028219.
Arbena, Joseph; LaFrance, David Gerald, eds. (2002). Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0842028219.
Barnes, John (1978). Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón. New York, NY, USA: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802134790.
Bidart Campos, Germán J. (2005). Manual de la Constitución Reformada (in Spanish). I. Buenos Aires: Ediar. ISBN 950-5741219.
Bloom, Harold (1994). The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. New York, NY, USA: Harcourt Brace & Company. ISBN 978-1573225144.
Boughton, James M. (2012). Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999. Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-1616350840.
Calvo, Carlos (1864). Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente (in Spanish). 2. Paris: A. Durand.
Crooker, Richard A. (2009). Argentina. New York, NY, USA: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438104812.
Crow, John A. (1992). The Epic of Latin America (4th ed.). Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520077232.
Díaz Alejandro, Carlos F. (1970). Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300011937.
Dougall, Angus (2013). The Greatest Racing Driver. Bloomington, IN, USA: Balboa Press. ISBN 978-1452510965.
Edwards, Todd L. (2008). Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851099863.
Epstein, Edward; Pion-Berlin, David (2006). "The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy". In Epstein, Edward; Pion-Berlin, David. Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy. Lanham, MD, USA: Lexington Books. pp. 3–26. ISBN 978-0739109281.
Fayt, Carlos S. (1985). Derecho Político (in Spanish). I (6th ed.). Buenos Aires: Depalma. ISBN 978-9501402766.
Fearns, Les; Fearns, Daisy (2005). Argentina. London: Evans Brothers. ISBN 978-0237527594.
Ferro, Carlos A. (1991). Historia de la Bandera Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma. ISBN 978-9501406108.
Foster, David W.; Lockhart, Melissa F.; Lockhart, Darrell B. (1998). Culture and Customs of Argentina. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313303197.
Friedman, Ian C. (2007). Latino Athletes. New York, NY, USA: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438107844.
Galasso, Norberto (2011). Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-9505634781.
Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "Culture, Power, and Democracy". In Plattner, Marc; Smolar, Aleksander. Globalization, Power, and Democracy. Baltimore, MD, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3–13. ISBN 978-0801865688.
King, John (2000). Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America. Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1859842331.
Kopka, Deborah (2011). Central & South America. Dayton, OH, USA: Lorenz Educational Press. ISBN 978-1429122511.
Lake, David (2009). "Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order". In Fawn, Rick. Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global. Review of International Studies. 35. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 978-0521759885.
Levene, Ricardo (1948). Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15. Historia del Derecho Argentino (in Spanish). IV. Buenos Aires: Editorial G. Kraf.
Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). The History of Argentina. Palgrave Essential Histories Series. New York. NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403962546.
Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2014). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). Dallas, TX, USA: Summer Institute of Linguistics International.
Lewis, Paul (1990). The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism. Chapel Hill, NC, USA: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807843567.
Maddison, Angus (1995). Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992. Paris: OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-9264145498.
Maddison, Angus (2001). The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-9264186545.
Maldifassi, José O.; Abetti, Pier A. (1994). Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Praeger. ISBN 978-0275947293.
Margheritis, Ana (2010). Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas. Boulder, CO, USA: FirstForumPress. ISBN 978-1935049197.
McCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006). Argentina. Guilford, CT, USA: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1841621388.
McKinney, Kevin (1993). Everyday geography. New York, NY, USA: GuildAmerica Books. ISBN 978-1568650326.
Menutti, Adela; Menutti, María Mercedes (1980). Geografía Argentina y Universal (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Edil.
Morris, Michael (1988). Mangone, Gerard, ed. The Strait of Magellan. International Straits of the World. 11. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishes. ISBN 978-0792301813.
Mosk, Sanford A. (1990). "Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914". In Hanke, Lewis; Rausch, Jane M. People and Issues in Latin American History. II: From Independence to the Present. New York, NY, USA: Markus Wiener Publishing. pp. 86–96. ISBN 978-1558760189.
Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles, eds. (2012). Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. 3. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843019.
Nierop, Tom (2001). "The Clash of Civilisations". In Dijkink, Gertjan; Knippenberg, Hans. The Territorial Factor. Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press. pp. 51–76. ISBN 978-9056291884.
Papadopoulos, Anestis (2010). The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521196468.
Rey Balmaceda, Raúl (1995). Mi país, la Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino. ISBN 84-599-3442-X.
Rivas, José Andrés (1989). Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas (in Spanish). Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero.
Robben, Antonius C. G. M. (2011). Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina. Philadelphia, PA, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812203318.
Rock, David (1987). Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520061781.
Rodríguez, Robert G. (2009). The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States. Jefferson, NC, USA: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786452842.
Rosenblat, Ángel (1964). El nombre de la Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
Ruiz-Dana, Alejandra; Goldschag, Peter; Claro, Edmundo; Blanco, Hernán (2009). "Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America". In Khan, Shaheen Rafi. Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution. New York, NY, USA: Routledge. pp. 15–44. ISBN 978-0415476737.
Sánchez Viamonte, Carlos (1948). Historia Institucional Argentina (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Mexico D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Traba, Juan (1985). Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?" (in Spanish). Rosario, SF, Argentina: Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José.
Vanossi, Jorge R. (1964). Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina. Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política (in Spanish). 2. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma.
Wood, Bernard (1988). The middle powers and the general interest. Ottawa: North–South Institute. ISBN 978-0920494813.
Young, Richard; Cisneros, Odile (2010). Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater. Lanham, MD, USA: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810874985.
Young, Ronald (2005). "Argentina". In McColl, Robert W. Encyclopedia of World Geography. I. New York, NY, USA: Golson Books. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0816072293.
External links
Find more aboutArgentinaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Government
Official website (in Spanish)
Travel & tourism
Argentina Ministry of Tourism
National Institute of Tourism Promotion
Overview
"Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Argentina at Curlie
Argentina at the Latin American Network Information Center
Argentina at the University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder
Key Development Forecasts for Argentina at International Futures
Geographic data related to Argentina at OpenStreetMap
Argentina – Wikipedia book
Wikimedia Atlas of Argentina
show
v
t
e
Argentina articles
History
First inhabitants
Colonial Argentina
Governorate
Viceroyalty
War of Independence
Civil Wars
Generation of '80
Arms race with Chile
Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile
Infamous Decade
World War II
Peronism
Dirty War
National Reorganization Process
Falklands War
Trial of the Juntas
December 2001 riots
Geography
Cities
Climate
Regions
Climate change
Earthquakes
Environment
Extreme points
Fauna
Flora
Islands
Mountains
National Parks
Regions
Rivers
Politics
Administrative divisions
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
Intersex
LGBT
Transgender
Law
Law enforcement
National Congress
Political parties
President
list
Vice President
Supreme Court
Military
Army
Navy
Air Force
History
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Central Bank
Communications
Electricity sector
Nuclear energy
Economic history
Foreign trade
Peso (currency)
Science and technology
Stock Exchange
Taxation
Tourism
Transport
Airlines
Airports
Lighthouses
Rail
Routes
Vehicle registration plates
Society
Corruption
Crime
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Education
Healthcare
Languages
Religion
Water supply and sanitation
Women
Culture
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Humor
Literature
Music
National symbols
Newspapers
Painting
Public holidays
Radio
Sports
Television
Viveza criolla
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
show
Related articles
show
v
t
e
Andean Community of Nations
Members
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Associate members
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Paraguay
Uruguay
Venezuela
Observers
Mexico
Panama
show
v
t
e
Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)
Summits
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2004
2006
2010
2012
Members
Algeria
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Iran
Jamaica
Kenya
Malaysia
Mexico
Nigeria
Senegal
Sri Lanka
Venezuela
Zimbabwe
show
v
t
e
G20 major economies
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
European Union
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Republic of Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
show
v
t
e
Mercosur · Mercosul
(Southern Common Market)
Politics
Treaty of Asunción
Protocol of Ouro Preto
Visa policies
Members
Full Members
Argentina
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay
Venezuela (suspended)
Associated States
Bolivia (in process of accession)
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Peru
Suriname
Observers
Mexico
New Zealand
Institutions
Parliament
Currencies
Argentine peso
Brazilian real
Paraguayan guaraní
Uruguayan peso
Venezuelan bolívar
Integration
Citizenship
Vehicle registration plates
show
v
t
e
Organization of American States (OAS)
Members
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Barbados
Brazil
Belize
Bahamas
Bolivia
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Organization
Secretariat for Political Affairs
Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
General Assembly
Inter-American Commission of Women
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Pan American Union Building
Politics
Charter
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
American Convention on Human Rights
Pan-American Conference
Summits of the Americas
Americas
Pan American Sports Organization
show
v
t
e
Union of South American Nations
Members
Full Members
Bolivia
Ecuador
Guyana
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Suspended Members
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Paraguay
Peru
Summits
2004
2008
2009 Ecuador
2009 Argentina
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Topics
Cusco Declaration
Constitutive Treaty
President Pro Tempore
Secretary General
Bank of the South
South American Parliament
Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America
Mercosur
Andean Community
show
v
t
e
World Trade Organization
System
Accession and membership
Appellate Body
Dispute Settlement Body
International Trade Centre
Chronology of key events
Issues
Criticism
Doha Development Round
Singapore issues
Quota Elimination
Peace Clause
Agreements
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Agriculture
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Technical Barriers to Trade
Trade Related Investment Measures
Trade in Services
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Government Procurement
Information Technology
Marrakech Agreement
Doha Declaration
Bali Package
Ministerial
Conferences
1st (1996)
2nd (1998)
3rd (1999)
4th (2001)
5th (2003)
6th (2005)
7th (2009)
8th (2011)
9th (2013)
10th (2015)
11th (2017)
People
Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General)
Pascal Lamy
Supachai Panitchpakdi
Alejandro Jara
Rufus Yerxa
Members
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Cuba
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Fiji
Gabon
The Gambia
Georgia
Ghana
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong1
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Macau1
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Taiwan2
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
show
v
t
e
United Nations founding members
Founding states
Argentina
Australia
Byelorussian SSR→ Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Republic of China→ China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Czechoslovakia→ dissolved ( Czech Republic and Slovakia)
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Ethiopia
France
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
India
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
Lebanon
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Soviet Union→ Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Syria
Turkey
Ukrainian SSR→ Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Yugoslavia→ dissolved ( Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Republic of Macedonia)
show
v
t
e
Countries and dependencies of South America
Sovereign
states
Entire
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
In part
France
French Guiana
Dependencies
Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UK
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX5308160
BNF: cb11862283g (data)
CiNii: DA10147253
GND: 4002890-2
HDS: 3391
LCCN: n79070134
NARA: 10045211
NDL: 00560367
SUDOC: 026359537
VIAF: 146499420
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&oldid=866526361"
Categories:
Argentina
Countries in South America
Federal constitutional republics
Former Spanish colonies
G15 nations
G20 nations
Member states of Mercosur
Member states of the United Nations
Spanish-speaking countries and territories
States and territories established in 1816
1816 establishments in South America
Christian states
Hidden categories:
Pages with reference errors
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages with broken reference names
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles with Spanish-language external links
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Use dmy dates from July 2018
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Articles with Curlie links
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikivoyage
Languages
Acèh
Адыгэбзэ
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Armãneashti
Arpetan
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Авар
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bamanankan
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Chamoru
Chavacano de Zamboanga
ChiShona
ChiTumbuka
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deitsch
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Dolnoserbski
ཇོང་ཁ
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
Eʋegbe
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gagauz
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
Gĩkũyũ
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Hausa
Hawaiʻi
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Igbo
Ilokano
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kirundi
Kiswahili
Коми
Kongo
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Ladino
Лезги
ລາວ
لۊری شومالی
Latgaļu
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
Livvinkarjala
La .lojban.
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Dorerin Naoero
Na Vosa Vakaviti
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norfuk / Pitkern
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oromoo
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
पालि
Pälzisch
Pangasinan
پنجابی
Papiamentu
پښتو
Patois
Piemontèis
Tok Pisin
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qırımtatarca
Reo tahiti
Română
Romani
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Sesotho sa Leboa
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Sranantongo
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Tarandíne
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Tetun
ไทย
ትግርኛ
Тоҷикӣ
ᏣᎳᎩ
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Twi
Тыва дыл
Удмурт
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Võro
Walon
文言
West-Vlams
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
Xitsonga
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Zeêuws
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
ГӀалгӀай
Kabɩyɛ
Lingua Franca Nova
244 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 21:46 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Argentina_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Argentina (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg
image
Flag of Argentina

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Sol_de_Mayo
mw-redirect
Sol de Mayo

values:
/wiki/Argentine_Spanish
mw-redirect
Argentine Spanish

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

values:
/wiki/Argentine_people
mw-redirect
Argentine people

values:
/wiki/Argentine_National_Congress
mw-redirect
Argentine National Congress

values:
/wiki/Argentine_Constitution
mw-redirect
Argentine Constitution

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries and territories by population density

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values: list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 1em; font-size:90%;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean
mw-redirect
South Atlantic Ocean

values: List of countries and outlying territories by total area

values:
/wiki/The_Americas
mw-redirect
The Americas

values:
/wiki/Argentine_Congress
mw-redirect
Argentine Congress

values:
/wiki/Federal_system
mw-redirect
Federal system

values: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute

values:
/wiki/Spanish_empire
mw-redirect
Spanish empire

values:
/wiki/Immigration_in_Argentina
mw-redirect
Immigration in Argentina

values: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Giovanni_Caboto
mw-redirect
Giovanni Caboto

values:
/wiki/La_Plata_Basin
mw-redirect
La Plata Basin

values:
/wiki/Santa_Cruz_province,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Santa Cruz province, Argentina

values:
/wiki/Kom_people_(South_America)
mw-redirect
Kom people (South America)

values:
/wiki/Slash_and_burn_agriculture
mw-redirect
Slash and burn agriculture

values: Painting showing the surrender during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata.

values:
/wiki/Santiago_de_Liniers
mw-redirect
Santiago de Liniers

values: British invasions of the Río de la Plata

values:
/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci_(explorer)
mw-redirect
Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)

values:
/wiki/Absolutist_monarchy
mw-redirect
Absolutist monarchy

values: Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Martin
mw-redirect
José de San Martin

values:
/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)
mw-redirect
Federales (Argentina)

values: Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

values:
/wiki/Independence_of_Chile
mw-redirect
Independence of Chile

values:
/wiki/Independence_of_Peru
mw-redirect
Independence of Peru

values: Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata

values:
/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
List of Presidents of Argentina

values: Sociedad Rural Argentina (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Saenz_Pe%C3%B1a_Law
mw-redirect
Saenz Peña Law

values:
/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n
mw-redirect
Juan Domingo Perón

values:
/wiki/Roca-Runciman_Treaty
mw-redirect
Roca-Runciman Treaty

values:
/wiki/Argentina_in_World_War_II
mw-redirect
Argentina in World War II

values:
/wiki/Revolution_of_%2743
mw-redirect
Revolution of '43

values:
/wiki/Trade_deficit
mw-redirect
Trade deficit

values:
/wiki/Arturo_Illia
mw-redirect
Arturo Illia

values: National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons

values:
/wiki/Ezeiza_Massacre
mw-redirect
Ezeiza Massacre

values: Argentine general election, September 1973

values: Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo

values:
/wiki/Operation_Independence
mw-redirect
Operation Independence

values:
/wiki/March_1976_coup
mw-redirect
March 1976 coup

values:
/wiki/Operation_Rosario
mw-redirect
Operation Rosario

values:
/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez
mw-redirect
Cristina Fernández

values:
/wiki/Full_Stop_Law
mw-redirect
Full Stop Law

values:
/wiki/Chain_of_command
mw-redirect
Chain of command

values:
/wiki/Argentine_Currency_Board
mw-redirect
Argentine Currency Board

values: 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution

values:
/wiki/Extremes_of_Altitude
mw-redirect
Extremes of Altitude

values:
/wiki/Mendoza_province
mw-redirect
Mendoza province

values:
/wiki/Jujuy_province
mw-redirect
Jujuy province

values:
/wiki/Salado_River,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Salado River, Argentina

values:
/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_River,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Río Negro River, Argentina

values:
/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Santa Cruz River, Argentina

values:
/wiki/Colorado_River,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Colorado River, Argentina

values:
/wiki/Argentine_Shelf
mw-redirect
Argentine Shelf

values:
/wiki/Continental_platform
mw-redirect
Continental platform

values:
/wiki/Falklands_Current
mw-redirect
Falklands Current

values:
/wiki/Argentine_Dogo
mw-redirect
Argentine Dogo

values:
/wiki/National_Parks_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
National Parks of Argentina

values:
/wiki/Pampero_Winds
mw-redirect
Pampero Winds

values:
/wiki/Iguaz%C3%BA_Falls
mw-redirect
Iguazú Falls

values:
gallerytextwrapper gallerytext
width: 140px;

values:
gallerytextwrapper gallerytext
width: 141px;

values:
/wiki/Rio_Negro_Province
mw-redirect
Rio Negro Province

values:
gallerytextwrapper gallerytext
width: 194px;

values:
gallerytextwrapper gallerytext
width: 160px;

values: Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands Province

values:
gallerytextwrapper gallerytext
width: 267px;

values:
/wiki/Equal_suffrage
mw-redirect
Equal suffrage

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Argentina

values:
/wiki/Direct_vote
mw-redirect
Direct vote

values:
/wiki/Law_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
Law of Argentina

values: File:Palacio del Congreso de la Nación Argentina skyline.jpg

values: Palace of the Argentine National Congress

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:908px;

values: List of Argentine provinces by population

values: Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands Province

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: Provinces of Argentina. Click to explore.

values: margin-left: 0px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;

values:
floatright noresize
height: 496px; width: 300px;

values:
/wiki/National_territory
mw-redirect
National territory

values: National Territory of Los Andes (page does not exist)

values: Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province

values:
/wiki/G-20_major_economies
mw-redirect
G-20 major economies

values: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship

values: United Nations Security Council election, 2012

values: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

values: United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus

values:
/wiki/Secretary_General_of_UNASUR
mw-redirect
Secretary General of UNASUR

values:
/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty
mw-redirect
Antarctic Treaty

values:
/wiki/Combat_engineering
mw-redirect
Combat engineering

values: Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake

values: Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake

values:
/wiki/Argentine_foreign_trade
mw-redirect
Argentine foreign trade

values:
/wiki/Natural_resources
mw-redirect
Natural resources

values:
/wiki/Internal_market
mw-redirect
Internal market

values:
/wiki/General_Roca,_Rio_Negro
mw-redirect
General Roca, Rio Negro

values:
/wiki/Emerging_economy
mw-redirect
Emerging economy

values:
/wiki/Vulture_funds
mw-redirect
Vulture funds

values:
/wiki/Atucha_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant
mw-redirect
Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant

values:
/wiki/Atucha_II_Nuclear_Power_Plant
mw-redirect
Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant

values:
/wiki/Petroleum_refineries
mw-redirect
Petroleum refineries

values:
/wiki/Child_labor
mw-redirect
Child labor

values:
/wiki/Forced_labor
mw-redirect
Forced labor

values: List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2018)

values: Ministro Pistarini International Airport

values:
/wiki/Buenos_Aires-La_Plata_Highway
mw-redirect
Buenos Aires-La Plata Highway

values:
/wiki/National_Route_14
mw-redirect
National Route 14

values:
/wiki/Fluvial_port
mw-redirect
Fluvial port

values:
/wiki/Ezeiza_International_Airport
mw-redirect
Ezeiza International Airport

values: Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport

values:
/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(Buenos_Aires)
mw-redirect
La Nación (Buenos Aires)

values:
/wiki/Luis_Leloir
mw-redirect
Luis Leloir

values:
/wiki/Heart_disease
mw-redirect
Heart disease

values:
/wiki/Space_Agency
mw-redirect
Space Agency

values:
/wiki/Juan_Maldacena
mw-redirect
Juan Maldacena

values:
/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Argentina
mw-redirect
World Heritage Sites in Argentina

values: The Iguazu Falls, in Misiones Province, it is one of the New7Wonders of Nature.

values: National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Population_growth_rate
mw-redirect
Population growth rate

values:
/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate
mw-redirect
Infant mortality rate

values:
/wiki/Ethnography_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
Ethnography of Argentina

values:
/wiki/Queen_Maxima_of_the_Netherlands
mw-redirect
Queen Maxima of the Netherlands

values:
/wiki/Spanish_Argentine
mw-redirect
Spanish Argentine

values:
/wiki/Italian_Argentine
mw-redirect
Italian Argentine

values:
/wiki/Demography_of_Canada
mw-redirect
Demography of Canada

values:
/wiki/Demography_of_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Demography of New Zealand

values:
/wiki/Demography_of_Brazil
mw-redirect
Demography of Brazil

values:
/wiki/Demography_of_Uruguay
mw-redirect
Demography of Uruguay

values:
/wiki/Italian_people
mw-redirect
Italian people

values:
/wiki/Spanish_people
mw-redirect
Spanish people

values:
/wiki/Arab_Argentine
mw-redirect
Arab Argentine

values:
/wiki/Syrian_people
mw-redirect
Syrian people

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic Church

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodox Churches

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches
mw-redirect
Eastern Rite Catholic Churches

values:
/wiki/Asian_Argentine
mw-redirect
Asian Argentine

values:
/wiki/Korean_people
mw-redirect
Korean people

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)

values:
/wiki/Universidade_de_Bras%C3%ADlia
mw-redirect
Universidade de Brasília

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Yiddish_language
mw-redirect
Yiddish language

values:
/wiki/Jewish_Argentine
mw-redirect
Jewish Argentine

values:
/wiki/Quechua_language
mw-redirect
Quechua language

values:
/wiki/Kom_language_(South_America)
mw-redirect
Kom language (South America)

values:
/wiki/Moqoit_language
mw-redirect
Moqoit language

values: International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance

values:
/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)
mw-redirect
Cardinal (Catholicism)

values: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires

values:
/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff
mw-redirect
Supreme Pontiff

values:
/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi
mw-redirect
St. Francis of Assisi

values: List of cities in Argentina by population

values: Template talk:Largest cities of Argentina

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float: left;height:2.6em;

values:
/wiki/File:La_plaza_y_el_Congreso.jpg
image
Buenos Aires

values:
/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Neuquén, Argentina

values:
/wiki/Paran%C3%A1,_Argentina
mw-redirect
Paraná, Argentina

values:
/wiki/Lower_school
mw-redirect
Lower school

values:
/wiki/Literacy_rate
mw-redirect
Literacy rate

values:
/wiki/High_school
mw-redirect
High school

values:
/wiki/List_of_Argentine_universities
mw-redirect
List of Argentine universities

values:
/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Plata
mw-redirect
Universidad Nacional de La Plata

values:
/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Rosario
mw-redirect
Universidad Nacional de Rosario

values:
/wiki/Digestive_system
mw-redirect
Digestive system

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

values:
/wiki/African_culture
mw-redirect
African culture

values: Mosaic image showing the four photographs

values:
/wiki/Romantic_literature
mw-redirect
Romantic literature

values:
/wiki/Modernist_literature
mw-redirect
Modernist literature

values:
/wiki/Ernesto_S%C3%A1bato
mw-redirect
Ernesto Sábato

values:
/wiki/Symphonic_orchestra
mw-redirect
Symphonic orchestra

values:
/wiki/Latin_American_music
mw-redirect
Latin American music

values:
/wiki/Romantic_ballad
mw-redirect
Romantic ballad

values:
/wiki/Corrientes_Avenue
mw-redirect
Corrientes Avenue

values:
/wiki/Cervantes_Theatre_(Buenos_Aires)
mw-redirect
Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)

values:
/wiki/Libertador_Theatre
mw-redirect
Libertador Theatre

values:
/wiki/Rafael_de_Sobremonte
mw-redirect
Rafael de Sobremonte

values:
/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Theatre
mw-redirect
Colón Theatre

values:
/wiki/List_of_animated_feature_films
mw-redirect
List of animated feature films

values: Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

values:
/wiki/Luis_Enrique_Bacalov
mw-redirect
Luis Enrique Bacalov

values: Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay

values:
/wiki/French_Argentine
mw-redirect
French Argentine

values: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

values: Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)

values: Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film

values:
/wiki/Plata_Quemada
mw-redirect
Plata Quemada

values:
/wiki/La_Fuga_(2001_film)
mw-redirect
La Fuga (2001 film)

values:
/wiki/The_Clan_(2015_film)
mw-redirect
The Clan (2015 film)

values:
/wiki/A_Red_Bear_(film)
mw-redirect
A Red Bear (film)

values:
/wiki/Realism_(art)
mw-redirect
Realism (art)

values:
/wiki/Concretism_(art)
mw-redirect
Concretism (art)

values:
/wiki/Gyula_Ko%C5%A1ice
mw-redirect
Gyula Košice

values:
/wiki/Luis_Seoane
mw-redirect
Luis Seoane

values:
/wiki/Fantasy_art
mw-redirect
Fantasy art

values:
/wiki/Mad%C3%AD_Movement
mw-redirect
Madí Movement

values:
/wiki/Modernist_architecture
mw-redirect
Modernist architecture

values:
/wiki/Indian_Reductions
mw-redirect
Indian Reductions

values:
/wiki/Eclectic_architecture
mw-redirect
Eclectic architecture

values:
/wiki/Rationalist_architecture
mw-redirect
Rationalist architecture

values:
/wiki/Norwest_Center
mw-redirect
Norwest Center

values:
/wiki/Association_Football
mw-redirect
Association Football

values:
/wiki/Brazilian_national_football_team
mw-redirect
Brazilian national football team

values:
/wiki/French_national_football_team
mw-redirect
French national football team

values: Argentina women's national field hockey team

values:
/wiki/FIH_Hockey_World_League
mw-redirect
FIH Hockey World League

values:
/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship
mw-redirect
FIBA World Championship

values:
/wiki/FIBA_Americas_Championship
mw-redirect
FIBA Americas Championship

values:
/wiki/Emanuel_Gin%C3%B3bili
mw-redirect
Emanuel Ginóbili

values:
/wiki/Basketball_World_Cup
mw-redirect
Basketball World Cup

values:
/wiki/Rugby_Union
mw-redirect
Rugby Union

values:
/wiki/Argentina_Jaguars
mw-redirect
Argentina Jaguars

values:
/wiki/WTA_Ranking
mw-redirect
WTA Ranking

values: Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices

values:
/wiki/Mate_(beverage)
mw-redirect
Mate (beverage)

values:
/wiki/Torta_frita
mw-redirect
Torta frita

values:
/wiki/International_varieties
mw-redirect
International varieties

values:
/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
Coat of Arms of Argentina

values:
/wiki/Furnarius_rufus
mw-redirect
Furnarius rufus

values:
/wiki/National_bird
mw-redirect
National bird

values:
/wiki/National_floral_emblem
mw-redirect
National floral emblem

values:
/wiki/National_tree
mw-redirect
National tree

values:
/wiki/National_liquor
mw-redirect
National liquor

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands
mw-redirect
South Sandwich Islands

values:
/wiki/City_of_Buenos_Aires
mw-redirect
City of Buenos Aires

values:
nofollow
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
external text

values: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/2704457

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin

values:
/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Cuyo
mw-redirect
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46

values:
nofollow
http://geology.com/below-sea-level/
external text

values: Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.ats.aq/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.mecon.gov.ar/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.31.9.702

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7815439

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059473

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
nofollow
http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ama-med.org.ar/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://undata.un.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.rollingstone.com.ar/583428

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola
mw-redirect
Sergio DellaPergola

values:
nofollow
external text
http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1121%2F1.3182843

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
http://www.argentina.gob.ar/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.argentina.travel/en

values:
nofollow
http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/
external text

values: Latin American Network Information Center

values:
/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
List of regions of Argentina

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
Military of Argentina

values: Vehicle registration plates of Argentina

values: Water supply and sanitation in Argentina

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Andean Community of Nations

values:
/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations
mw-redirect
Andean Community of Nations

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mercosur.svg
image
Flag of Mercosur\Mercosul

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur

values: Template:Organization of American States

values: Template talk:Organization of American States

values: Member states of the Organization of American States

values: Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs

values: Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security

values: General Assembly of the Organization of American States

values: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

values: Charter of the Organization of American States

values: Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance

values: American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

values:
/wiki/Pan_American_Sports_Organization
mw-redirect
Pan American Sports Organization

values: Template:Union of South American Nations topics

values: Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics

values: 2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: 2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: 2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: 2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: 2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: 2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: 2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)

values: President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations

values: Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations

values: Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America

values: World Trade Organization accession and membership

values: Timeline of the World Trade Organization

values: Criticism of the World Trade Organization

values: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

values: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

values: Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

values: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

values:
/wiki/Marrakech_Agreement
mw-redirect
Marrakech Agreement

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017

values: Director-General of the World Trade Organization

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Economy of Burma

values: Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire
mw-redirect
Economy of Côte d'Ivoire

values: Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_the_Solomon_Islands
mw-redirect
Economy of the Solomon Islands

values: Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:Founding member states of the United Nations

values: Template talk:Founding member states of the United Nations (page does not exist)

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: Template talk:Countries of South America

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America

values: South America (orthographic projection).svg

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002890-2

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/026359537

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/146499420

values: Category:Member states of the United Nations

values: Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories

values: Category:States and territories established in 1816

values: Category:1816 establishments in South America

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Pages with broken reference names

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Argentina
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ace
display: none;

values: Архентинэ – Kabardian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd
display: none;

values: Аргентинэ – Adyghe

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ady
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: አርጀንቲና – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: الأرجنتين – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values: আৰ্জেণ্টিনা – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Avaric

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-av
display: none;

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxintina
Arxintina – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Bambara
bm
bm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bm
display: none;

values: আর্জেন্টিনা – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Аргенціна – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Аргентына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: अर्जेंटाइना – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values: Аржентина – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values: ཨར་ཇེན་ཊི་ན། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ch
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam
display: none;

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tum
display: none;

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc
display: none;

values: އާޖެންޓީނާ – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values: ཨར་ཇེན་ཊི་ན – Dzongkha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dz
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Αργεντινή – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentino
Argentino – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Ewe
ee
ee
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ee
display: none;

values: آرژانتین – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine
Argentine – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gag
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxentina
Arxentina – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ki
display: none;

values: આર્જેન્ટીના – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: आर्जेन्टिना – Goan Konkani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: Эрҗентудин Орн – Kalmyk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values: 아르헨티나 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

values: Արգենտինա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: अर्जेण्टीना – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Igbo
ig
ig
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ig
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values: আর্জেন্টিনা – Bishnupriya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values: Аргентинæ – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ארגנטינה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-krc
display: none;

values: არგენტინა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine
Argentine – Rundi
rn
rn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rn
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhentina
Arhentina – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kg
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajantin
Ajantin – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Lezghian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ປະເທດອາກຊັງຕິນ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: अर्जेन्टिना – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjentina
Arjentina – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: അർജന്റീന – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values: आर्जेन्टिना – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: არგენტინა – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Аргентин – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: အာဂျင်တီးနားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-na
display: none;

values:
https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Fijian
fj
fj
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values: अर्जेन्टिना – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: अर्जेन्तिना – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pih
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values: ଆର୍ଜେଣ୍ଟିନା – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-om
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਅਰਜਨਟੀਨਾ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: अर्जन्टीना – Pali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pag
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: ارجنټاین – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajentina
Ajentina – Tok Pisin
tpi
tpi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentyna
Argentyna – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-crh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ty
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhintina
Arhintina – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Арґентина – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ – Santali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sat
display: none;

values:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenitina
Atenitina – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sm
display: none;

values: अर्जण्टिना – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: ආජන්ටිනාව – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: ارجنٽائن – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-srn
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhentina
Arhentina – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: அர்கெந்தீனா – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: అర్జెంటీనా – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tet
display: none;

values: ประเทศอาร์เจนตินา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ti
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjantin
Arjantin – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Turkmen
tk
tk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyentina
Agyentina – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tw
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Tuvinian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ارجنٹائن – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ur
display: none;

values: ئارگېنتىنا – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentin
Argentin – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
Argentina – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsantin
Arsantin – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjentina
Arjentina – Tsonga
ts
ts
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ts
display: none;

values: ארגענטינע – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcantin
Arcantin – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zea
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: अर्जेन्टिना – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values: Аргентина – Ingush

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-inh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Argentina rootpage-Argentina skin-vector action-view