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Amylase
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An amylase (/ˈæmɪleɪs/) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. As diastase, amylase was the first enzyme to be discovered and isolated (by Anselme Payen in 1833).[1] Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 α-Amylase
1.2 β-Amylase
1.3 γ-Amylase
2 Uses
2.1 Fermentation
2.2 Flour additive
2.3 Molecular biology
2.4 Medical uses
2.5 Other uses
3 Hyperamylasemia
4 History
5 Human evolution
6 References
7 External links
Classification[edit]
α-Amylase[edit]
Alpha-Amylase
Human salivary amylase: calcium ion visible in pale khaki, chloride ion in green. PDB 1SMD[2]
Identifiers
EC number
3.2.1.1
CAS number
9000-90-2
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Main article: Alpha-amylase
The α-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1 ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase) are calcium metalloenzymes. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "limit dextrin" from amylopectin. Because it can act anywhere on the substrate, α-amylase tends to be faster-acting than β-amylase. In animals, it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0.[3]
In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases.
The α-amylases form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria (Bacillus)
β-Amylase[edit]
Beta-Amylase
Structure of barley beta-amylase. PDB 2xfr[4]
Identifiers
EC number
3.2.1.2
CAS number
9000-91-3
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Another form of amylase, β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2 ) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit.
Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the digestive tract. The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0[5]
γ-Amylase[edit]
Gamma-Amylase. Glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase
Identifiers
EC number
3.2.1.3
CAS number
9032-08-0
Databases
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γ-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.3 ) (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase; Exo-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α-D-glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α(1–4)glycosidic linkages at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose. The γ-amylase has most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3.
Uses[edit]
Fermentation[edit]
Alpha and beta amylases are important in brewing beer and liquor made from sugars derived from starch. In fermentation, yeast ingest sugars and excrete alcohol. In beer and some liquors, the sugars present at the beginning of fermentation have been produced by "mashing" grains or other starch sources (such as potatoes). In traditional beer brewing, malted barley is mixed with hot water to create a "mash," which is held at a given temperature to allow the amylases in the malted grain to convert the barley's starch into sugars. Different temperatures optimize the activity of alpha or beta amylase, resulting in different mixtures of fermentable and unfermentable sugars. In selecting mash temperature and grain-to-water ratio, a brewer can change the alcohol content, mouthfeel, aroma, and flavor of the finished beer.
In some historic methods of producing alcoholic beverages, the conversion of starch to sugar starts with the brewer chewing grain to mix it with saliva.[6] This practice is no longer widely in use.
Flour additive[edit]
Amylases are used in breadmaking and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars. Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of alcohol and CO2. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While amylases are found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread. This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as sour dough. Modern breadmaking techniques have included amylases (often in the form of malted barley) into bread improver, thereby making the process faster and more practical for commercial use.[7]
Alpha amylase is often listed as an ingredient on commercially package milled flour. Bakers with long exposure to amylase-enriched flour are at risk of developing dermatitis[8] or asthma.[9]
Molecular biology[edit]
In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance. As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase gene and prevent starch degradation, which is easily detectable through iodine staining.
Medical uses[edit]
Amylase also has medical applications in the use of Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT). It is one of the components in Sollpura (Liprotamase) to help in the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars.[10]
Other uses[edit]
An inhibitor of alpha-amylase, called phaseolamin, has been tested as a potential diet aid.[11]
When used as a food additive, amylase has E number E1100, and may be derived from swine pancreas or mould mushroom.
Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes.
Factory workers who work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of occupational asthma. Five to nine percent of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase.[12]
Hyperamylasemia[edit]
Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis. A higher than normal concentration may reflect one of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas (it may be measured concurrently with the more specific lipase),[13] but also perforated peptic ulcer, torsion of an ovarian cyst, strangulation, ileus, mesenteric ischemia, macroamylasemia and mumps. Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including urine and peritoneal fluid.
A January 2007 study from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that saliva tests of the enzyme could be used to indicate sleep deficits, as the enzyme increases its activity in correlation with the length of time a subject has been deprived of sleep.[14]
History[edit]
In 1831, Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1800–1837) described the hydrolysis of starch by saliva, due to the presence of an enzyme in saliva, "ptyalin", an amylase.[15][16] The modern history of enzymes began in 1833, when French chemists Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz isolated an amylase complex from germinating barley and named it "diastase".[17][18] In 1862, Alexander Jakulowitsch Danilewsky (1838–1923) separated pancreatic amylase from trypsin.[19][20]
Human evolution[edit]
Carbohydrates are a food source rich in energy. Following the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. This shift also symbolizes the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans.[citation needed] As such, starch became a staple of human diet. Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars. Therefore, humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities. Despite the obvious benefits, early humans did not possess salivary amylase, a trend that is also seen in evolutionary relatives of the human, such as chimpanzees and bonobos, who possess either one or no copies of the gene responsible for producing salivary amylase.[21] This gene, AMY1, originated in the pancreas. A duplication event of the AMY1 gene allowed it to evolve salivary specificity, leading to the production of amylase in the saliva. In addition the same event occurred independently in rodents, emphasizing the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that consume relatively large amounts of starch.[22]
However, not all humans possess the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene. Populations known to rely more on carbohydrates have a higher number of AMY1 copies than human populations that, by comparison, consume little starch. The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only 2-3 copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts. The correlation that exists between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies specific to population suggest that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations has been selected for by natural selection and considered the favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is most likely that the benefit of an individual possessing more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring. This fact is especially apparent when comparing geographically close populations with different eating habits that possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene. Such is the case for some Asian populations that have been shown to possess few AMY1 copies relative to some agricultural population in Asia. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene as opposed to the possibility that the gene has spread through genetic drift.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ (1) Robert Hill and Joseph Needham, The Chemistry of Life: Eight Lectures on the History of Biochemistry (London, England: Cambridge University Press, 1970), page 17 ; (2) Richard B. Silverman, The Organic Chemistry of Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions, 2nd ed. (London, England: Academic Press, 2002), page 1 ; (3) Jochanan Stenesh, Biochemistry, vol. 2 (New York, New York: Plenum, 1998), page 83 ; (4) Robert A. Meyers, ed., Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference (New York, New York: Wiley-VCH, 1995), page 296.
Jump up ^ Ramasubbu, N.; Paloth, V.; Luo, Y.; Brayer, G. D.; Levine, M. J. (1996). "Structure of Human Salivary α-Amylase at 1.6 Å Resolution: Implications for its Role in the Oral Cavity". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 52 (3): 435–446. doi:10.1107/S0907444995014119. PMID 15299664.
Jump up ^ "Effects of pH (Introduction to Enzymes)". worthington-biochem.com. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Rejzek, M.; Stevenson, C. E.; Southard, A. M.; Stanley, D.; Denyer, K.; Smith, A. M.; Naldrett, M. J.; Lawson, D. M.; Field, R. A. (2011). "Chemical genetics and cereal starch metabolism: Structural basis of the non-covalent and covalent inhibition of barley β-amylase". Molecular BioSystems. 7 (3): 718–730. doi:10.1039/c0mb00204f. PMID 21085740.
Jump up ^ "Amylase, Alpha", I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase.
Jump up ^ "Chew It Up, Spit It Out, Then Brew. Cheers!". New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
Jump up ^ Morren, MA; Janssens, V; Dooms-Gossens, A; Van Hoeyveld, E; Cornelis, A; De Wolf-Peeters, C; Heremans, A (1993). "alpha-Amylase, a flour additive: an important cause of protein contact dermatitis in bakers". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 29: 723–8. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70237-n. PMID 8227545.
Jump up ^ Park, HS; Kim, HY; Suh, YJ; Lee, SJ; Lee, SK; Kim, SS; Nahm, DH (2002). "Alpha amylase is a major allergenic component in occupational asthma patients caused by porcine pancreatic extract". J Asthma. 39: 511–6. doi:10.1081/jas-120004918. PMID 12375710.
Jump up ^ "Anthera Pharmaceuticals - Sollpura." Anthera Pharmaceuticals - Sollpura. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 July 2015.<http://www.anthera.com/pipeline/science/sollpura.html>.
Jump up ^ Udani J, Hardy M, Madsen DC (March 2004). "Blocking carbohydrate absorption and weight loss: a clinical trial using Phase 2 brand proprietary fractionated white bean extract" (PDF). Altern Med Rev. 9 (1): 63–9. PMID 15005645. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28.
Jump up ^ Mapp CE (May 2001). "Agents, old and new, causing occupational asthma". Occup Environ Med. 58 (5): 354–60, 290. doi:10.1136/oem.58.5.354. PMC 1740131  . PMID 11303086.
Jump up ^ http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec02/ch015/ch015b.html
Jump up ^ "First Biomarker for Human Sleepiness Identified", Record of Washington University in St. Louis, January 25, 2007
Jump up ^ Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1831) "Wirkung des Speichels auf Stärke" (Effect of saliva on starch), Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 22, page 623 (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 98, no. 8, page 623). See also: Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1831) "Über die Verzuckerung des Stärkmehls durch Speichel" (On the saccharification of powdered starch by saliva), Archiv für die Gesammte Naturlehre (Archive for All Science), vol. 21, pages 105–107.
Jump up ^ "History of Biology: Cuvier, Schwann and Schleiden". pasteur.fr. 8 April 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Anselme Payen; Jean-François Persoz (1833). "Mémoire sur la diastase, les principaux produits de ses réactions et leurs applications aux arts industriels (Memoir on diastase, the principal products of its reactions and their applications to the industrial arts)". Annales de chimie et de physique. 2nd Series. 53: 73–92.
Jump up ^ Industrial Enzymes for Food Production Archived December 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Danilewsky (1862) "Über specifisch wirkende Körper des natürlichen und künstlichen pancreatischen Saftes" (On the specifically-acting principles of the natural and artificial pancreatic juice), Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, und für klinische Medizin, vol. 25, pages 279–307. Abstract (in English).
Jump up ^ A History of Fermentation and Enzymes
Jump up ^ Vuorisalo, Timo; Arjamaa, Olli (March–April 2010). "Gene-Culture Coevolution and Human Diet". American Scientist. 98 (2): 140.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, GH; Dominy, NJ; Claw, KG; Lee, AS; Fiegler, H; Redon, R; Werner, J; Villanea, FA; Mountain, JL; Misra, R; Carter, NP; Lee, C; Stone, AC (October 2007). "Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation". Nature Genetics. 39 (10): 1256–60. doi:10.1038/ng2123. PMC 2377015  . PMID 17828263.
External links[edit]
Molecule of the month February 2006 at the Protein Data Bank.
Nutrition Sciences 101 at University of Arizona.
Amylase at Lab Tests Online.
Amylase: analyte monograph – The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
Authority control
NDL: 00576096
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text:
Death of Baby P
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 20 September 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Peter Connelly (disambiguation)
Baby P
Born
Peter Connelly
(2006-03-01)1 March 2006
London, England
Died
3 August 2007(2007-08-03) (aged 1)[1]
London, England
Cause of death
Child abuse
Other names
Child A, Baby Peter
Parent(s)
Tracey Connelly
Peter Connelly (also known as "Baby P", "Child A",[2] and "Baby Peter") was a 17-month-old English boy who died in London in 2007 after suffering more than fifty injuries over an eight-month period, during which he was repeatedly seen by the London Borough of Haringey Children's services and National Health Service (NHS) health professionals. Baby P's real first name was revealed as "Peter" on the conclusion of a subsequent trial of Peter's mother's boyfriend on a charge of raping a two-year-old.[3][4] His full identity was revealed when his killers were named after the expiry of a court anonymity order on 10 August 2009.[5]
The case caused shock and concern among the public and in Parliament, partly because of the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child welfare authorities that had already failed seven years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbié[6] leading to a public inquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening.
Peter's mother Tracey Connelly, her boyfriend Steven Barker, and Jason Owen (later revealed to be the brother of Barker)[5] were all convicted of causing or allowing the death of a child, the mother having pleaded guilty to the charge.[7] A court order issued by the High Court in England had prevented the publication of the identity of Baby P; this was lifted on 1 May 2009 by Justice Coleridge. An order sought by Haringey Council to stop publication of the identities of his mother and her boyfriend was granted,[8] but expired on 10 August 2009.[5][9]
The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised. Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey was removed by direction of the government minister. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbié's killing in 2000.[10] The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Trials
3 Aftermath
3.1 Internal inquiry
3.2 External reports and inquiries
4 Report by Lord Laming
5 Libel action by biological father
6 Survey concerning recurrence
7 See also
7.1 Similar cases
8 References
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Peter Connelly was born to Tracey Connelly on 1 March 2006. In November, Connelly's new boyfriend, Steven Barker, moved in with her. In December, a general practitioner physician noticed bruises on Peter's face and chest. His mother was arrested and Peter was put into the care of a family friend, but returned home to his mother's care in January 2007. Over the next few months, Peter was admitted to hospital on two occasions suffering from injuries including bruising, scratches and swelling on the side of the head. Connelly was arrested again in May 2007.[11]
In June 2007, a social worker observed marks on Peter and informed the police. A medical examination concluded that the bruising was the result of abuse. On 4 June, the baby was placed with a friend for safeguarding. Over a month later, on 25 July, Haringey Council's Children & Young People's Service obtained legal advice which indicated that the "threshold for initiating Care Proceedings...was not met".[12]
On 1 August 2007, Peter was seen at St. Ann's Hospital in North London by locum paediatrician Dr Sabah Al-Zayyat.[13] Serious injuries, including a broken back and broken ribs, very likely went undetected, as the autopsy report believed these to have pre-dated Al-Zayyat's examination.[1][14] A day later, Connelly was informed that she would not be prosecuted.[15]
The next day, an ambulance was called and Peter was found in his cot, blue and clad only in a nappy.[15] After attempts at resuscitation, he was taken to North Middlesex Hospital with his mother but was pronounced dead at 12:20 pm.[16] A post-mortem revealed he had swallowed a tooth after being punched. Other injuries included a broken back, broken ribs, mutilated fingertips and missing fingernails.[17]
The police immediately began a murder investigation and Peter's mother was arrested.[16] Also arrested, were Steven Barker, his brother Jason Owen, and Owen's 15-year-old girlfriend, who had fled to and were hiding in a campsite in Epping Forest.[18]
Trials[edit]
On 11 November 2008, Owen, 36, and his brother Barker, 32, were found guilty of "causing or allowing the death of a child or vulnerable person".[7] Connelly, 27, had pleaded guilty to this charge.[7] Earlier in the trial, Owen and Connelly had been cleared of murder because of insufficient evidence.[19] Barker was found not guilty of murder by a jury.[20]
A second trial took place in April 2009, when Connelly and Barker, under aliases, faced charges related to the rape of a two-year-old girl. The girl was also on Haringey's child protection register. Barker was found guilty of rape, while Connelly was found not guilty of child cruelty charges.[21] Their defence lawyers argued that this second trial was nearly undermined by bloggers publishing information linking them to the death of Peter, which could have prejudiced the jury.[22]
Sentencing for both trials together took place on 22 May 2009 at the Old Bailey. Connelly received a sentence of "imprisonment for public protection", and ordered to be imprisoned until "deemed no longer to be a risk to the public and in particular to small children," with a minimum term of five years. Barker was sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape, with a minimum sentence of ten years, and a 12-year sentence for his role in the death of Peter, to run concurrently. Owen was also jailed indefinitely, with a minimum term of three years.[23] The sentences were criticised as too lenient by the NSPCC's chief executive,[24] and the Attorney General considered referring them to the Court of Appeal for review,[25] but concluded there was "no realistic prospect" of the Court of Appeal increasing the sentences. The three appealed against their sentences,[26] Barker against both convictions and sentences.[27]
Owen's sentence was changed on appeal to a fixed six-year term. He was released in August 2011, but later recalled to prison. Connelly was released on licence in 2013, but returned to prison in 2015 for breaching her parole, and not eligible for review for two years.[28] Barker had an application for parole turned down in August 2017.[29]
Aftermath[edit]
Internal inquiry[edit]
Haringey Council initiated an internal audit serious case review (SCR)[12] after Peter's death. After completion of the court case, only an executive summary was released to the public. The full report was kept confidential, with only some employees of Haringey Council and Haringey councillors allowed access. The two local MPs whose constituencies cover Haringey (Lynne Featherstone and David Lammy), leader of the opposition Robert Gorrie, and opposition spokesperson for Children's Services were asked to sign non-disclosure agreements to view the document.[30] Ed Balls condemned the serious case review and called for a second report with an independent adjudicator.[31]
The Mail on Sunday on 15 March 2009 reported that details of the SCR had come into its possession. The article claimed[32][33] that the executive summary of the SCR either conflicted or omitted details about how the case had been handled and the extent of the injuries suffered by Peter. Furthermore, there were instances of mishandling by officials, missed and delayed meetings, miscommunication among officials, and a failure to follow through with decisions related to the child's safety.[32] It also noted among other issues that officials had not followed through with obtaining an "interim care order" that would have removed Peter from his home when they had agreed that legal grounds had existed for doing so six months before he died; key officials also failed to attend a 25 July 2007 meeting intended to decide if it would be necessary to remove Peter from his mother's home at that time.[32]
External reports and inquiries[edit]
Lynne Featherstone MP was critical of Haringey Council, writing "I personally met with George Meehan and Ita O'Donovan – Haringey Council's leader and chief executive – to raise with them three different cases, where the pattern was in each case Haringey seeming to want to blame anyone who complained rather than to look at the complaint seriously. I was promised action – but despite repeated subsequent requests for news on progress – I was just stonewalled."[34]
Three council workers, including one senior lawyer, were given written warnings about their actions.[12]
The General Medical Council (GMC) separately examined the roles of two doctors — Dr. Jerome Ikwueke, a GP, and Dr. Sabah Al-Zayyat, a paediatrician who examined Peter two days before his death. Although Dr. Ikwueke had twice referred Peter to hospital specialists, the GMC's Interim Orders Panel suspended Dr. Ikwueke for 18 months.[35] Dr. Al-Zayyat, who has been accused of failing to spot his injuries, was suspended pending an inquiry.[36] Her contract with Great Ormond Street Hospital, responsible for child services in Haringey, has also been terminated.[14]
Ed Balls, Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, ordered an external inquiry into Haringey Council Social Services.[37] The inquiry was not to examine the 'Baby P' case explicitly, but look into whether Haringey Social Services were following correct procedures in general.[37] This report was presented to ministers on 1 December 2008.[31] During a press conference that day, the Minister announced that, in an unusual move, he had used special powers to remove Sharon Shoesmith from her post of head of children's services at Haringey Council.[31][38] She rejected calls for her resignation, saying that she wanted to continue to support her staff during the investigations,[39] but was dismissed on 8 December 2008, by Haringey Council, without any compensation package.[40] Shoesmith later brought legal proceedings against Ed Balls, Ofsted, and Haringey Council, claiming that the decisions which led to her dismissal were unfair.[32][37] The High Court dismissed this claim in April 2010, although Shoesmith was still entitled to pursue an action for unfair dismissal in an employment tribunal.[37][41] In May 2011, Shoesmith's appeal against that succeeded in the Court of Appeal; the Department of Education and Haringey Council said they intended to appeal to the Supreme Court against this decision.[42] Their applications for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court were refused on 1 August 2011.[43] It was reported by BBC News on 29 October 2013 that Sharon Shoesmith agreed to a six-figure payout for unfair dismissal.[44]
Also announced on 1 December 2008 were the resignations of Labour Council leader George Meehan and councillor Liz Santry, cabinet member for Children and Young People.[45] These councillors had previously refused calls for their resignation during a 24 November council meeting.[46][47] In April 2009, the council announced that its deputy director of children's services, two other managers and a social worker, who had been suspended pending an enquiry, had also all been dismissed.[48]
Three further inquires were also ordered:[10]
The role of all agencies involved in Peter Connelly's case, including the health authority, police and Haringey Council, would be reviewed.
The General Social Care Council would look into potential breaches of its code of practice.
Lord Laming would conduct a nationwide review of his own recommendations after the Victoria Climbié inquiry.
A former social worker for Haringey, Nevres Kemal, sent a letter containing an allegation that child protection procedures were not being followed in Haringey, from a lawyer acting on her behalf, to the secretary of the Department of Health, Patricia Hewitt, in February 2007 (six months before Peter's death). Hewitt took no action, except to forward the letter to the DES, now the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). Haringey Council then took out an injunction against Kemal, banning her from speaking about child care in Haringey. Kemal's lawyer stated: "Hewitt bounced us onto the DES... the DES then advised us to write to the Commission for Social Care Inspection whom we had written to on the same day as we had written to Hewitt, copying in the letter to Hewitt and the relevant material. By that time of course they had an injunction against us so we couldn't go back to the inspectorate. The inspectorate had been properly advised at the time and had done nothing."[49]
Kim Holt, a consultant paediatrician, who worked in a clinic run by Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital at St Ann's Hospital in Haringey, north London, said she and three colleagues wrote an open letter detailing problems at the clinic in 2006. She claimed Peter could have been saved if managers had listened to fears raised by senior doctors.[50]
Report by Lord Laming[edit]
Lord Laming published his report, "The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report" on 12 March 2009.[51] It stated that too many authorities had failed to adopt reforms introduced following his previous review into welfare following the death of Victoria Climbié in 2000.[52]
Libel action by biological father[edit]
On 5 March 2012, Peter's biological father was awarded £75,000 in damages after The People wrongly stated in its 19 September 2010 edition that he was a convicted sex offender. Lawyers for the man, known only as "KC", said that the publishers of The People were guilty of "one of the gravest libels imaginable". Publishers MGN had previously apologised and offered to pay damages.[53]
Survey concerning recurrence[edit]
In September 2015, in a survey by the Community Practitioners and Health Visitors Association out of 751 health visitors polled, 47% thought it was somewhat likely or very likely that a similar death would recur.[54]
See also[edit]
Social Welfare and Social Work portal
Similar cases[edit]
Nixzmary Brown
Anjelica Castillo
Lisa Steinberg
Nubia Barahona
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sam Jones (2008-11-12). "Sixty missed chances to save baby 'used as a punchbag'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Case of Child A". Haringey Council. 2008-11-12. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Baby P man guilty of raping girl". BBC News. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Duncan; Sam Jones; David Brindle (2008-11-12). "50 injuries, 60 visits – failures that led to the death of Baby P". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Couple behind Baby P death named". BBC News. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b White, Michael (2008-11-12). "Squabble over Baby P was not the Commons at its best". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Men found guilty of baby's death". BBC News. 2008-11-11. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
Jump up ^ Gammell, Caroline (2009-08-11). "Baby P: the battle to name his mother Tracey Connelly and her boyfriend Steven Barker". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Guy (2009-05-23). "Mum, stepdad jailed for Baby P's death". Agence France-Presse.
^ Jump up to: a b "What we know of the Baby P case". BBC News. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Timeline: Key events in baby case". BBC News. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Haringey Local Safeguarding Children Board, Serious Case Review "Child A" – Executive Summary" (PDF). Haringey Council. 2008-11-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Baby P: The full health dossier". BBC News. 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Baby P doctor 'deeply affected'". BBC News. 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Timeline: Key events in baby case". BBC. 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nasty, brutish and short: The horrific life of Baby P". The Independent. London. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Baby P: catalogue of failings resulted in his death". Daily Telegraph. London. 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
Jump up ^ Willetts, David (2009-08-14). "I found evil stepdad of Baby P in a tent with three machetes". Daily Sun. London. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Two are cleared of murdering baby". BBC News. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Rosemary; Fresco, Adam (2008-11-12). "Investigation called after child murder case with echoes of Climbie". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Jump up ^ Sandra Laville (1 May 2009). "Baby P killer found guilty of raping two-year-old girl". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Jump up ^ Britton, Jeremy (2009-05-22). "Blogs threatened Baby Peter cases". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Three jailed over Baby P's death". BBC News. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Reaction to Baby P sentences". BBC News. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Baby P jail terms to be reviewed". BBC News. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Baby P three in sentence appeal". BBC News. 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
Jump up ^ Allen, Vanessa (2009-06-17). "Baby P jail sentences will NOT be increased as Attorney General backs down". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Baby P's mother Tracey Connelly refused parole". BBC News. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Mortimer, Caroline (2 August 2017). "Baby P's stepfather denied parole following sentence for campaign of abuse against little boy". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Haringey Full Council Meeting 24th November Webcast". Haringey Council. 2008-11-24. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Balls, Ed (2008-12-01). "Baby P: Ed Balls' statement in full". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Walters, Simon; Daniel Boffey (2009-03-15). "Baby P boss in £1m sex bias claim as we reveal explosive report Ed Balls refused to make public". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Review of Baby P's death leaked". BBC. 2009-03-15. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
Jump up ^ "A litany of failure by Haringey". Lynne Featherstone MP. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Doctor suspended in Baby P probe". BBC News. 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Doctor suspended in Baby P probe". BBC News. 2008-11-27. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shoesmith v Ofsted [2010] EWHC 852 (Admin) (23 April 2010)
Jump up ^ Bell, Vanessa (2008-12-03). "'Baby P was clumsy with a high pain threshold,' Council's astonishing verdict on toddler as it emerges officials are investigating ANOTHER abuse case". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Sacked Baby P chief defends case". BBC News. 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Statement on Sharon Shoesmith".
Jump up ^ Harrison, Angela (2010-04-23). "Baby Peter sacking was lawful". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
Jump up ^ "'Up to £1m payout' for Sharon Shoesmith". The Independent. London. 2011-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Applications for Permission to Appeal" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Jump up ^ Baby Peter case: Sharon Shoesmith agrees six-figure payout BBC News, 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official sacked over Baby P case". BBC News. 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Baby P councillors told to resign". BBC News. 2008-11-24. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Councillors survive Baby P calls". BBC News. 2008-11-24. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Jump up ^ Beckford, Martin (2009-04-29). "Baby P: Haringey Council sacks three managers and a social worker". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
Jump up ^ Bingham, John (2008-11-14). "Baby P: Whistleblower's concerns about care scandal council 'pushed from pillar to post'". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Hospital criticised ahead of Baby P report". Health Service JOurnal. 7 December 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ The Lord Laming (2009-03-12). "The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report" (PDF). The Stationery Office. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Action pledged over child safety". BBC News. 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Baby P's father gets £75k libel damages from The People". BBC News. 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Community Practitioner". September 2015: 7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Timeline of Baby P case
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When the Saints Go Marching In
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"When the Saints Go Marching In", often referred to as "The Saints", is a Black Spiritual. Though it originated as a Christian hymn, it is often played by jazz bands. This song was famously recorded on May 13, 1938 by Louis Armstrong and his Orchestra.[1] The song is sometimes confused with a similarly titled composition "When the Saints Are Marching In" from 1896 by Katharine Purvis (lyrics) and James Milton Black (music).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
2 Lyrics
3 Analysis of the traditional lyrics
4 Artists who have performed and recorded the song
4.1 As gospel hymn
4.2 With traditional lyrics
4.3 With non-traditional lyrics
4.4 With no lyrics
4.5 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Uses[edit]
The Forerunners of Christ with Saints and Martyrs, a painting by Fra Angelico, 15th century.
The origins of this song are unclear.[2] It apparently evolved in the early 1900s from a number of similarly titled gospel songs including "When the Saints Are Marching In" (1896) and "When the Saints March In for Crowning" (1908).[3] The first known recorded version was in 1923 by the Paramount Jubilee Singers on Paramount 12073. Although the title given on the label is "When All the Saints Come Marching In", the group sings the modern lyrics beginning with "When the saints go marching in". No author is shown on the label. Several other gospel versions were recorded in the 1920s, with slightly varying titles but using the same lyrics, including versions by The Four Harmony Kings (1924), Elkins-Payne Jubilee Singers (1924), Wheat Street Female Quartet (1925), Bo Weavil Jackson (1926), Deaconess Alexander (1926), Rev. E. D. Campbell (1927), Robert Hicks (AKA Barbecue Bob, 1927), Blind Willie Davis (1928), and the Pace Jubilee Singers (1928).[4]
The earliest versions were slow and stately, but as time passed the recordings became more rhythmic, including a distinctly up tempo version by the Sanctified Singers on British Parlophone in 1931. Even though the song had folk roots, a number of composers claimed copyright in it in later years, including Luther G. Presley[5] and Virgil Oliver Stamps,[6] R. E. Winsett,[7] and Frank and Jim McCravy. Although the song is still heard as a slow spiritual number, since the mid-20th century it has been more commonly performed as a "hot" number.[citation needed] The tune is particularly associated with the city of New Orleans. A jazz standard, it has been recorded by a great many jazz and pop artists.
Both vocal and instrumental renditions of the song abound. Louis Armstrong was one of the first to make the tune into a nationally known pop tune in the 1930s. Armstrong wrote that his sister told him she thought the secular performance style of the traditional church tune was inappropriate and irreligious.[citation needed] Armstrong was in a New Orleans tradition of turning church numbers into brass band and dance.[clarification needed]
Lyrics[edit]
As with many numbers with long traditional folk use, there is no one "official" version of the song or its lyrics. This extends so far as confusion as to its name, with it often being mistakenly called "When the Saints Come Marching In". As for the lyrics themselves, their very simplicity makes it easy to generate new verses. Since the first and second lines of a verse are exactly the same, and the third and fourth are standard throughout, the creation of one suitable line in iambic tetrameter generates an entire verse.
It is impossible to list every version of the song, but a common standard version runs:
Oh, when the saints go marching in
Oh, when the saints go marching in
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the drums begin to bang
Oh, when the drums begin to bang
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the stars fall from the sky
Oh, when the stars fall from the sky
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the moon turns red with blood
Oh, when the moon turns red with blood
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the trumpet sounds its call
Oh, when the trumpet sounds its call
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the horsemen begin to ride
Oh, when the horsemen begin to ride
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the fire begins to blaze
Oh, when the fire begins to blaze
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in
Oh, when the saints go marching in
Oh, when the saints go marching in
Oh Lord I want to be in that number
When the saints go marching in.
Often the first two words of the common third verse line ("Lord, how I want...") are sung as either "Oh how", "Oh, Lord" or even "Lord, Lord" as cue notes to the simple melody at each 3rd line.
Arrangements vary considerably. The simplest is just an endless repetition of the chorus. Verses may be alternated with choruses, or put in the third of 4 repetitions to create an AABA form with the verse as the bridge.
One common verse in "hot" New Orleans versions runs (with considerable variation) like thus[citation needed]:
I used to have a playmate
Who would walk and talk with me
But since she got religion
She has turned her back on me.
Some traditional arrangements often have ensemble rather than individual vocals. It is also common as an audience sing-along number. Versions using call and response are often heard, e.g.:
Call: Oh when the Saints
Response: Oh when the Saints!
The response verses can echo the same melody or form a counterpoint melody, often syncopated opposite the rhythm of the main verses, and a solo singer might sing another counterpoint melody (solo soprano or tenor) as a 3rd part in more complex arrangements.
Analysis of the traditional lyrics[edit]
The song is apocalyptic, taking much of its imagery from the Book of Revelation, but excluding its more horrific depictions of the Last Judgment. The verses about the Sun and Moon refer to Solar and Lunar eclipses; the trumpet (of the Archangel Gabriel) is the way in which the Last Judgment is announced. As the hymn expresses the wish to go to Heaven, picturing the saints going in (through the Pearly Gates), it is entirely appropriate for funerals.
Artists who have performed and recorded the song[edit]
As gospel hymn[edit]
First recorded by the Paramount Jubilee Singers on Paramount 12073, mid-November 1923. This group may be related to the Elkins-Payne Jubilee Singers.[8]
Four Harmony Kings, Vocalion 14941, mid-November 1924.[9]
Elkins-Payne Jubilee Singers, Okeh 8170. c.November 24, 1924.
Bo Weavil Jackson, c. August 1926 in Chicago, IL, under the title "When the Saints Come Marching Home", Paramount 12390 [10][11]
Recorded by bluesman Sleepy John Estes accompanied by second guitar and kazoo for Bluebird Records in Chicago, 1941 [12]
This song is available in the Elvis Presley compilation Peace in the Valley: The Complete Gospel Recordings. Sony BMG/Elvis Music [13]
With traditional lyrics[edit]
Louis Armstrong helped make The Saints into a jazz standard with his 1938 Decca recording.
The tune was brought into the early rock and roll repertory by Fats Domino as one of the traditional New Orleans numbers he often played to rock audiences. Domino would usually use "The Saints" as his grand finale number, sometimes with his horn players leaving the stage to parade through the theater aisles or around the dance floor.
Judy Garland sang it in her own pop style.
Elvis Presley performed the song during the Million Dollar Quartet jam session and also recorded a version for his film, Frankie and Johnny.
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961)
Other early rock artists to follow Domino's lead included Jerry Lee Lewis and Tony Sheridan (featuring then-unknown band The Beatles as a backing group).
In 1990, John Rutter arranged a lively version of the song for the Cambridge Singers, piano or organ accompaniment, and a Dixieland jazz-style clarinet obbligato.
Tears for Fears performed the song and on the Live from Santa Barbara CD.
Bruce Springsteen with The Seeger Sessions Band Tour includes the song as an encore for some shows.
Etta James performed the song during the 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.[14]
Dolly Parton has also included the song in a gospel medley, as has Trini Lopez in a mixed gospel/folk medley (Trini Lopez at PJ's) as part of a medley with "Gotta Travel On", "Down by the Riverside", "Marianne", and "Volare".
The Rivieras performed a surf music version for their 1964 album Let's Have A Party, titled "When The Saints".
Actor Hal Linden performed the song with Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem during his guest appearance on The Muppet Show.
St. Lawrence University sports teams use it as their theme song.
The Weavers
The Kidsongs Kids and audience members perform this song on their 1989 video A Day at Camp during the grand finale of the Sizzling Summer Revue.
In a Wee Sing 1992 video, The Marvelous Musical Mansion, Alex, Kelly, Benji, Auntie Anabella, Great-Uncle Rubato and everybody else sing this song to celebrate what they have found today.
With non-traditional lyrics[edit]
Louis Armstrong and Danny Kaye performed a comedy duet version in the 1959 film The Five Pennies, naming composers and musicians who would play "on the day that the saints go marching in".
Woody Guthrie sang a song called "When The Yanks Go Marching In" in 1943.
Tony Sheridan made a successful Rock-And-Roll arrangement of the song, which he recorded with The Beatles in 1961, significantly deviating some verses from the original lyrics.
Abrasive Wheels, a hardcore band from Leeds, Great Britain, came out of the so-called 'UK82' Punk scene with a version called "When the Punks Go Marching In" off their first album of the same name, in 1982. They replaced 'Saints' with 'Punks', 'Skins', 'Pigs', and 'Wheels' respectively, otherwise repeating the same verse four times. All other traditional lyrics remain intact, save in the third verse, which states: "I want to be in that meat van...when the pigs go marching in!" (Leading to the culmination of "Oh when the Wheels...go marching in...[...]..I want to be in that number, when the Wheels!...Go!...Mar!...Ching!...In!" for a self referential climax, complete with echoed call-and-response, ideal for live situation sing-a-longs.).
In 1983, Aaron Neville, along with New Orleans musicians Sal and Steve Monistere and Carlo Nuccio and a group of players for the New Orleans Saints American football team, recorded a popular version of the song incorporating the team's "Who Dat?" chant.[15]
French group Dionysos's album La Mécanique du Cœur (2007, The Mechanic of the Heart) contains a version of this song, in collaboration with the French singer Arthur H.
Many supporters of association football teams sing versions of the song, "Saints" is often replaced with the name or nickname of the club, for example, "When the Saints Go Marching In" (St Mirren F C) and (Southampton F.C), "When the Reds Go Marching In (Liverpool FC)", "When the Posh Go Steaming In" (Peterborough United F.C.), "When the Spurs Go Marching In" (Tottenham Hotspur) or "When the Stripes Go Marching In", "When the blues Go Marching In" (Bengaluru FC), as a rally song during football matches.[16][17][18][19]
The fans of the Swedish football team Djurgårdens IF Fotboll commonly uses the song.
It is also used within Rugby Union where Northampton Saints sing a traditional version of the song.
It is also used in Rugby League where St. Helens RLFC sing a version of the song.
The St Kilda Football Club, an Australian rules football club use a variation as their theme song. The main variation being in the chorus 'oh how I want to be in St Kilda'.
Bill Haley & His Comets released a rock and roll version (with lyrics referencing the members of the Comets) in 1955 on Decca Records, entitled "The Saints Rock and Roll". The group also recorded new versions of the song for Orfeon Records in 1966 and Sonet Records in 1968, as well as numerous live versions.
Japanese voice actress Kotono Mitsuishi performed a cover in 1995.
The Rock-afire Explosion of ShowBiz Pizza Place covered the song in the "New Years Eve '82" showtape, sung by Fatz Geronimo (Burt "Sal" Wilson), with new lyrics naming off every member of the band.
Abrasive Wheels, an English Punk band from Leeds, part of the so called UK82 scene
With no lyrics[edit]
The 1958 rock and roll instrumental song "Rebel Rouser" by Duane Eddy was loosely based on this tune.
The rhythm of "When the Saints Go Marching In" was adapted by Dick Powell's Four Star Television for its legal drama, The Law and Mr. Jones starring James Whitmore, which ran on ABC from 1960-1962.[20]
Big Chief Jazzband recorded the tune in Oslo on May 10, 1953. It was released on the 78 rpm record His Master's Voice A.L. 3307.
Al Hirt released a version on his 1963 album, Our Man in New Orleans[21] and was also featured on his greatest hits album, The Best of Al Hirt.[22]
Harry James released a version on his 1972 album Mr. Trumpet. (Longines Symphonette Society SYS 5459/LS 217C/LS 217U)
It was recorded under the title of "Revival" by Johnny and the Hurricanes. The band's management claimed authorship.[23]
A portion of the song was also used in the "boss" music of the "Out of This Dimension" Easter egg stage in the game Star Fox for the SNES.
A techno remix of this song, titled "Saints Go Marching," is a playable song in some versions of Dance Dance Revolution.
The song has been used as a fight song for many schools, including Providence College and Saint Joseph's University. The Baylor University Golden Wave Marching band plays the song during Baylor football games right after a touchdown is scored. The song is also the inspiration for the nickname of the New Orleans Saints.
The musical Urinetown includes a parody homage of "Saints" entitled "Run, Freedom Run" as its protest theme.
John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded a version and included it on their 1995 compilation album Pops Stoppers!.
An arrangement of "When the Saints Go Marching In" is also the official march of the Royal Hälsinge Air Force Wing (F 15 Söderhamn) in Sweden.[24]
A New Orleans-style instrumental of this song titled "The Saints Will Never Come" is heard in The Parish level of Left 4 Dead 2, coming from a parade float attached to a tractor.
Popular culture[edit]
The song was the inspiration for the name of the National Football League team the New Orleans Saints. The version sung by Fats Domino is used as the team's touchdown song.
The children's television show Barney & Friends has a song called "Walk Across the Street" sung to this tune.[25]
In the survival-horror video game Left 4 Dead 2, the song plays when the four survivors ride atop a parade float in New Orleans to cross an overrun street.
This song was used in the episode Dr. Horatio's Magic Orchestra in Disney's animated TV series, Goof Troop.
Amy Rose sang the song for her audition of Sonic the Hedgehog's sidekick in the debut episode of Sonic Boom.
A version by The US Navy Southwest Regional Band was used in the 2006 film Déjà Vu.
In the Australian TV show Parallax, the character Martin can be heard singing the song while having a shower.
In the second episode of The Flintstones entitled "Hot Lips Hannigan", Fred sings a rendition of the song at The Rockland.
Towards the end of the Mrs. Brown's Boys episode "Mammy's Going", the title character sings the song before planning to head down to Foleys to celebrate her birthday, only to learn that her pet dog Spartacus has been put down.
In the We Bare Bears webisode Charlie's Opus, Charlie plays the first few bars of the song in F Major with a trombone. [26]
In The Simpsons episode One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish, Lisa plays the song on her saxophone to cheer Homer Simpson up, when he believes he is dying after eating a poisonous blowfish. He even starts singing the song with slight altered lyrics such as "When the saints go over there, no over there".
In The Real Ghostbusters episode, Play Those Ragtime Boos, the ghost of a trumpet player; Malachi and his jazz band plays the song throughout the episode, causing time to slip backwards back into the past.
The song is also used by the West Block Blues the fan club of the Indian football club Bengaluru FC as their team song but with the lyrics " When the Blues Go Marching In".
See also[edit]
Communion of saints
List of pre-1920 jazz standards
"When the Saints Go Marching In" in sports
References[edit]
The Book of World Famous Music, Classical, Popular and Folk by James Fuld (1966)
Jump up ^ "Music History for May 13 from On-This-Day.com".
^ Jump up to: a b CyberHymnal: http://hymntime.com/tch/htm/w/s/a/wsamarch.htm
Jump up ^ James J. Fuld, The Book of World-Famous Music, Classical, Popular and Folk, Fourth Edition, 1995
Jump up ^ Robert M. W. Dixon, John Godrich, & Howard Rye, Blues and Gospel Records 1890-1943, Fourth Edition, 1997
Jump up ^ "LUTHER PRESLEY COLLECTION". 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "When the Saints Go Marching In" arranged by Luther G. Presley & Virgil O. Stamps, Starlit Crown (Pangburn, AR: Stamps-Baxter Music Company, 1937),
Jump up ^ Ruth Winsett Shelton, editor. Best Loved Songs and Hymns (Dayton, TN: R. E. Winsett Music Company, 1961), Item 158.
Jump up ^ Robert M.W. Dixon, John Godrich, & Howard Rye, Blues and Gospel Records 1890-1943, Fourth Edition, 1997.
Jump up ^ Tim Brooks, Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry 1890-1919 (2004), 457-458.
Jump up ^ "Paramoung 12000 series numerical listing (1922–1927)". www.78discography.com. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sam Butler/Bo Weavil Jackson discography". wirz.de. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Illustrated Sleepy John Estes discography
Jump up ^ Noble, Barnes &. "Peace In The Valley: The Complete Gospel Recordings/I'll Be Home For Christmas".
Jump up ^ SpiritOf84 (6 September 2014). "Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Opening Ceremony Complete" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Dave Walker, "'Who dat?' popularized by New Orleans Saints fans when 'everybody was looking for the sign'", Times-Picayune, January 12, 2010, pp. A1, A10 (Saint Tammany Edition).
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Listen to When The Reds Go Marching In football song. Stoke MP3 FIFA 13 SCFC chant. Fanchants.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ Listen to Oh When The Spurs Go Marching In football song. Spurs MP3 FIFA 13 THFC chant. Fanchants.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ "BFC fans give Bangalore football an 'ultra' flavour".
Jump up ^ ClassicTVThemes, The Law and Mr. Jones: http://www.classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/lawAndMrJones.html
Jump up ^ Al Hirt, Our Man in New Orleans Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Al Hirt, The Best of Al Hirt Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Johnny and the Hurricanes".
Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bo (2007). Försvarets marscher och signaler - För och nu. Uppsala: Militärmusiksamfundet med Svenskt Marscharkiv. ISBN 978-91-631-8699-8. Viewed 2012-05-09 (in Swedish).
Jump up ^ Gretchen Marie-Goode, "Walk Around The Block With Barney", Hartford Courant, May 6, 1999.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aY4wm9jQOz0&t=27s
External links[edit]
When The Saints Go Marching In Louis Armstrong version
Hymns Without Words - free MP3 recordings for download and use in services
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1972
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[[Category:Gospel songs]
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