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List of territorial disputes
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This is a list of territorial disputes over lands around the world, both past and in modern times. Bold indicates one claimant's full control; italics indicates one or more claimants' partial control.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ongoing disputes between recognized sovereign states
1.1 Africa
1.2 Asia
1.3 Europe
1.4 North America
1.4.1 Territory disputed between Canada and the United States
1.5 Central America and the Caribbean
1.6 South America
2 Ongoing disputes involving unrecognized states
3 Ongoing disputes within a state by internal entities
4 Antarctica
5 Historical disputes, subsequently settled
5.1 Africa
5.2 Asia and the Pacific
5.3 Americas
5.4 Europe
5.5 Antarctica
6 Notes
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Ongoing disputes between recognized sovereign states[edit]
Africa[edit]
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Abyei Sudan
South Sudan Both Sudan and South Sudan claim the area. Controlled by Sudan after taking the area in May 2012.
Badme Ethiopia
Eritrea[1] Basis of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War which began in 1998. Currently controlled by Ethiopia in spite of demarcation establishing Eritrean jurisdiction.[2] Ethiopia has moved settlers into the region in opposition to the Algiers Agreement and Eritrea Ethiopia Border Commission rulings.[3]
Banc du Geyser Madagascar
Comoros
France France claims the reef as part of the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, a district of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Bassas da India, Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island France
Madagascar[1] De facto part of the French territory of French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Bir Tawil Sudan
Egypt De jure no man's land. Egypt and Sudan both claim different borders in which they would have the Hala'ib Triangle, leaving the Bir Tawil to the other. As both claim the Hala'ib Triangle, neither claims Bir Tawil.
Ceuta[4] Spain
Morocco Administered by Spain as the Autonomous City of Ceuta
Chagos Archipelago United Kingdom
Mauritius United Kingdom administers the archipelago as part of the British Indian Ocean Territory
Doumeira Mountain and Doumeira Island Eritrea
Djibouti Basis of the Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict of 2008. Disputed territory occupied by Eritrea following withdrawal of Qatari peacekeepers in June 2017.[5][6] Alternatively transliterated as the Dumaira Mountains.[5]
Glorioso Islands France
Madagascar
Comoros De facto part of the French territory of French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Hala'ib Triangle Egypt
Sudan[7] Previously under joint administration; Egypt now maintains full de facto control.
Heglig Sudan
South Sudan Both Sudan and South Sudan claim the area. Controlled by South Sudan in mid-April 2012 (but retaken). Internationally viewed as part of Sudan.
Ilemi Triangle Kenya
South Sudan De facto controlled by Kenya. Ethiopian tribes have used and made raids in the land, but the Ethiopian government has never made a claim to it, agreeing it was Sudanese in 1902, 1907 and 1972 treaties.[8][9][10]
Islas Chafarinas Spain
Morocco Administered by Spain since 1848. Originally unclaimed and uninhabited, France decided to occupy the islands, but Spain took possession of them before they were able to reach them.
Jodha South Sudan
Sudan Both Sudan and South Sudan claim the area.
Kafia Kingi South Sudan
Sudan Both Sudan and South Sudan claim the area.
Kaka South Sudan
Sudan Both Sudan and South Sudan claim the area.
KaNgwane South Africa
Swaziland Swaziland claims territories which it states were confiscated during colonial times.[11] The area claimed by Swaziland is the former bantustan of KaNgwane, which now forms the northern parts of Jozini and uMhlabuyalingana local municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal, and the southern part of Nkomazi, the southeastern part of Umjindi and the far eastern part of Albert Luthuli local municipalities in Mpumalanga.
Koualou village and surrounding area Burkina Faso
Benin Burkina Faso and Benin retain a border dispute at this 68 km² triangular area of land near the tripoint border with Togo.[12][13] In a 2008 meeting, it was declared that the territory was a neutral zone, neither Burkinabé nor Beninese.[12] According to the UN Refugee Agency in 2015, there were issues of children being born stateless in the area, however a Beninese civil registration office has taken control of registering births in the area.[14]
Kpéaba village area (near Sipilou/Siquita) Ivory Coast
Guinea The Guinean military occupied this village for 1 month from January to February 2013, before withdrawing in preparation of talks.[15] In December 2016, Guinea soldiers and civilians attacked the village, killing 1 and wounding several others, before returning to their side of the border.[16] According to the Guinean Minister of Defence, the Guinean army had been asked not to send any soldiers to this area and had no involvement in this incident.[17]
Area near Logoba/Moyo District South Sudan
Uganda [18]
Border near Chiengi, Lunchinda-Pweto Province Zambia
Democratic Republic of Congo Dormant dispute.[citation needed]
Mayotte France
Comoros[1] Under the 2009 referendum, the population supported becoming an overseas department of France, and so became one on March 31, 2011.
Islands in Mbamba Bay, Lake Nyasa Tanzania
Malawi Lundo Is. and Mbambo Is. are claimed as part of the lake, as Malawi claims to the shore based on 1890 Anglo-German treaty. See Lake Malawi#Tanzania–Malawi dispute
Mbañie Island, Cocotiers and Congas Island Gabon
Equatorial Guinea Contested islands in Corisco Bay, valuable for their oil.[19][20]
Melilla Spain
Morocco Administered by Spain as the Autonomous City of Melilla
Migingo Island vicinity, and, farther north, the vicinity of the islands of Lolwe, Oyasi, Remba, Ringiti and Sigulu, all a maritime rights dispute in Lake Victoria. Kenya
Uganda
Several islands in the Congo River Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo
Several islands in the Ntem River Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea
Ogaden Somalia
Ethiopia Area historically and currently inhabited by Somali's and part of ongoing dispute. Violence increased after Ogaden War. Groups such as ONLF wish to liberate it from Ethiopia and rejoin Somalia.
Several villages near the Okpara River Benin
Nigeria
Orange River border line Namibia
South Africa Namibia claims the border lies along the middle of the river, while South Africa claims it lies along the north bank.
Peñón de Alhucemas Spain
Morocco
Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera Spain
Morocco
Perejil Island Spain
Morocco After the 2002 incident, both countries agreed to return to the status quo previous to the incident.[21]
Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island Eritrea
Djibouti
The Rufunzo Valley and Sabanerwa Rwanda
Burundi
Rukwanzi Island and the Semliki River valley Democratic Republic of Congo
Uganda
Sindabezi Island Zambia
Zimbabwe[citation needed]
Socotran Archipelago Yemen
Somalia Somalia, while not formally claiming the archipelago, asked for the United Nations to look into "the status" of the Socotran archipelago (i.e., whether or not it "should" belong to Yemen or rather Somalia).[22]
South East Algeria Algeria
Libya
Tromelin Island France
Mauritius
De facto part of the French territory of French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Wadi Halfa Salient Egypt
Sudan
Asia[edit]
Territorial claims in the South China Sea
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Aarsal, Deir El Aachayer, Kfar Qouq, Mazraat Deir al-Ashayer, Qaa, Qasr and Tuffah Lebanon
Syria
Abu Musa Iran
United Arab Emirates
Nagorno-Karabakh region and seven adjacent districts Republic of Artsakh
Armenia
Azerbaijan Internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan,[23] de facto controlled by the Nagorno-Karabakh supported by Armenia.
Bhutanese enclaves in Tibet, namely Cherkip Gompa, Dho, Dungmar, Gesur, Gezon, Itse Gompa, Khochar, Nyanri, Ringung, Sanmar, Tarchen, Doklam and Zuthulphuk People's Republic of China
Bhutan
Possibly also [note 1]
Jammu & Kashmir India
Pakistan Administered by India, claimed by Pakistan, it is part of the larger Kashmir conflict. Both India and Pakistan claim the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, leading to the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947. A UN-mediated ceasefire put a halt to the conflict in January 1949. The UN resolution called for both countries to demilitarize the region, following which a plebiscite would be held under the UN. However, no demilitarization plan acceptable to both countries could be agreed upon. The countries fought three additional wars over Kashmir in 1965, 1971 and 1999. Following the 1971 war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a cease-fire line named the Line of Control between their respective regions and committed to peacefully resolve the dispute through bilateral negotiations. An armed insurgency broke out in 1989 in the Indian-administered part of Kashmir, demanding independence from India. Pakistan is believed to provide arms and training to the insurgents. However, Jammu and Kashmir is still in the UN's list of disputed territories.[24][25][26][27]
Various areas: Dak Jerman/Dak Duyt, Dak Dang/Dak Huyt, the La Drang area and the islands of Baie/Koh Ta Kiev, Milieu/Koh Thmey, Eau/Koh Ses, Pic/Koh Thonsáy Cambodia
Vietnam
David Gareja monastery complex boundary dispute Georgia
Azerbaijan
Demchok, Chumar, Kaurik, Shipki Pass, Jadh, and Lapthal India
People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1] Disputed areas located between Aksai Chin and Nepal.
Doi Lang Myanmar
Thailand
Fasht Ad Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah Bahrain
Qatar These were not included in the 2001 International Court of Justice judgement, as low-tide elevations.
Several areas in the Fergana Valley Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan: A tiny Kyrgyz village, Barak, in the Fergana Valley region (where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet) is bordered on the north, west and south by Uzbekistan. Tajikistan: There are three Tajik exclaves, all of them in the Fergana Valley. One of them, the village of Sarvan, is surrounded by Uzbek territory, whereas the remaining two, the village of Vorukh and a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of Kairagach, are each surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. Uzbekistan: There are four Uzbek exclaves, all inside Kyrgyz territory in the Fergana Valley. Two of them are the towns of Sokh and Shakhimardan and the other two the tiny territories of Chong-Kara and Dzhangail. There may be a fifth Uzbek exclave inside of Kyrgyzstan.[28] Most of the border in the area is still not demarcated.
Golan Heights Israel
Syria Syrian territory captured by Israel in 1967 (the Six-Day War), and annexed by Israel in 1981 (In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favor of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497; United Nations, December 5, 2008). Since the civil war in Syria from 2011, Syria doesn't govern the areas on the east of the Golan Heights anymore.
Greater and Lesser Tunbs Iran
United Arab Emirates
Isfara Valley Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Ambalat Indonesia
Malaysia
24-mile stretch of border at pass of the Kabaw[29] India
Myanmar
Kalapani region, the smaller Susta River dispute and the smaller still Antudanda and Nawalparasi disputes India
Nepal All administered by India. See Territorial disputes of India and Nepal.
Artsvashen exclave of Gegharkunik province, de jure part of Armenia; Karki exclave of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, Yukhari Askipara and Barkhudarli, both exclaves of Qazakh Rayon de jure part of Azerbaijan; "Yaradullu" is controlled by Azerbaijan along with occupying the much larger de jure Armenian territory surrounding it. Armenia
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan and Armenia have controlled these areas as part of the wider Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict.
Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman
Yemen
Korean Peninsula (Korea) North Korea
South Korea The Democratic People's Republic of Korea administers North Korea, but Article 1 of the Constitution of North Korea reads: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist State representing the interests of all the Korean people." The Republic of Korea administers South Korea, but Article 3 of the Constitution of South Korea reads: "The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands."
Kula Kangri and mountainous areas to the west of this peak, plus the western Haa District of Bhutan People's Republic of China
Bhutan Possibly also the ROC.[note 1]
South Kuril Islands (Northern Territories)[1] Russia
Japan
Liancourt Rocks South Korea
Japan Controlled by South Korea since 1954 but claimed by Japan in 1905
Matthew and Hunter Islands[1] Vanuatu
France
Minerva Reefs Tonga
Fiji Fiji claims that the entire reef is submerged at high tide, negating use of Minerva as a basis for any sovereignty or maritime EEZ claim by Tonga under the rules of UNCLOS.
Muhurichar river island India
Bangladesh Controlled by India but claimed by Bangladesh.
Musandam Oman
United Arab Emirates
Certain islands in the Naf River Bangladesh
Myanmar
Part of the EEZ generated by the Natuna Islands Indonesia
People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1] The People's Republic of China claims the water off the Natuna Islands that fall under the Nine-dash line claim are traditional Chinese fishing grounds. The Republic of China on Taiwan also claims the area.[30]
Paracel Islands[1] People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1]
Vietnam Entirely controlled by the PRC but claimed by Vietnam and the ROC.[citation needed]
"Pedra Branca"; several islets at the eastern entrance to the Singapore Strait Singapore
Malaysia The International Court of Justice rendered its decision on 23 May 2008 that sovereignty over Pedra Branca belongs to Singapore; sovereignty over Middle Rocks belongs to Malaysia. It said sovereignty over South Ledge would remain disputed until the states could determine the ownership of the territorial waters in which it is located.[31]
"Point 20"; a small area of land reclaimed from the sea by Singapore Singapore
Malaysia Malaysia claims the land was reclaimed in its territorial waters
Part of Poipet commune Thailand
Cambodia
Prachinburi area Thailand
Cambodia
Preah Vihear Temple area (Khao Phra Wihan) Thailand
Cambodia Temple complex awarded to Cambodia by an International Court of Justice ruling in 1962; "promontory" measuring 0.3 km2 immediately adjacent to temple awarded to Cambodia by ICJ ruling in 2013; both countries acknowledge continuing dispute over an additional 4.3 km2 immediately northwest of the 2013 ruling's area.
Qarooh and Umm Al Maradim Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
Sabah (North Borneo) Malaysia
Philippines The Philippines retains a claim on the eastern part of Sabah (see North Borneo dispute) on the basis claimed by the Government of the Philippines that the territory is only leased by the former Sultanate of Sulu to British North Borneo Company, of which the Philippines argued that it should be the successor state of all Sulu past territories.[1]
Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia
Scarborough Shoal People's Republic of China
Philippines
Republic of China[note 1] Controlled by the PRC since the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff.
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai or Diaoyu Dao)[1] Japan
People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1] Controlled by Japan but claimed by the PRC and ROC
Shaksgam Valley India
People's Republic of China Possibly also the ROC.[note 1] Currently controlled by the PRC.
Shatt al-Arab Iran
Iraq
Shebaa Farms Israel
Lebanon
Syria When Israel withdrawal from South Lebanon the UN declared the blue line, Line where Israel need to withdrawal too. Therefore, Lebanon has no claim on that territory.
Siachen Glacier and Saltoro Ridge area India
Pakistan Controlled by both nations equally after the Kargil war but still is a disputed territory for both countries.
Sir Creek India
Pakistan A dispute over where in the estuary the line falls; only small areas of marsh land are disputed, but significant maritime territory is involved. Entirely controlled by India and disputed by Pakistan.
Arunachal Pradesh India
People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1] Controlled by India but claimed by the PRC and ROC who dispute the validity of the McMahon Line
Spratly Islands Republic of China (de-facto)[note 1]
People's Republic of China
Vietnam
Philippines (part)
Malaysia (part)
Brunei (part) Each of the claimant countries except Brunei controls one or more of the individual islands.
Swains Island[1] United States
Tokelau This claim is unsupported by New Zealand, of whom Tokelau is a dependency. New Zealand formally recognises the USA's sovereignty over Swains Island.[32][clarification needed]
Parts of Three Pagodas Pass Myanmar
Thailand
Tiran and Sanafir Islands Egypt
Saudi Arabia
The islands of Ukatnyy, Zhestky and Malyy Zhemchuzhnyy[33] Russia
Kazakhstan
Ungar-Too (Ungar-Tepa) mountain[34][35] Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Vozrozhdeniya Island (now a peninsula) Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Wake Island[1] United States
Marshall Islands
Europe[edit]
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Sea of Azov Russia
Ukraine ("Mutual jurisdiction")[36]
Crimea Russia
Ukraine
Aegean dispute, Imia/Kardak Greece
Turkey Broad number of delimitation disputes about a.o. national airspace, territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. Includes Imia/Kardak dispute.
Mont Blanc summit dispute France
Italy
Carlingford Lough boundary dispute Ireland
United Kingdom
Gibraltar United Kingdom
Spain[1] Dispute over the interpretation of the Treaty of Utrecht and the location of the border.
Ali-Ukraine border Russia
Ukraine Russian delays on establishment of the border with Ukraine.[37]
Tuzla Island and Strait of Kerch; Sarych Russia
Ukraine The conflict arose in 2003 when the Russian authorities started to build a dam towards the island. Since then Ukraine established a border garrison on the island for a closer surveillance. The reason for the conflict is the fact that Tuzla island strategic location gives Ukraine full rights over the main channel in the Strait of Kerch and, thus, the access to the Sea of Azov. The conflict is based on the division of the Black Sea Fleet and a lease agreement of the Sevastopol Naval facilities.
Lake Constance Austria
Germany
Switzerland There is no actual dispute or conflict, but there isn't a defined border.
Lough Foyle boundary dispute Ireland
United Kingdom
An area near Montmalús peak Andorra
Spain[citation needed]
Olivenza and Vila Real (including the municipality of Táliga) Spain
Portugal In 1801, during the War of the Oranges, Spain, with French military support, occupied the territory of Olivenza (in Portuguese Olivença). During the Treaty of Vienna (1815), the signatory powers (including Spain) agreed with the Portuguese arguments concerning its claim on Olivença but Spain never fulfilled its duty of giving the city of Olivença and its territory back to Portugal.
Croatia-Serbia border dispute Croatia
Serbia Limited areas along the Danube
Parts of Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Syrmia Counties and West and South Bačka Districts
Gulf of Piran Slovenia
Croatia An agreement was signed (and ratified by Croatia's parliament on 20 November 2009) to pursue binding arbitration to both the land and maritime portions of this continuing dispute. In 2017, arbitration granted Slovenia the access to the Open Sea, however, Croatia ignores the arbitration's decision.
Prevlaka Croatia
Montenegro
Sastavci Serbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Island of Šarengrad Serbia
Croatia
Military complex near Sveta Gera, in the area of Žumberak/Gorjanci Slovenia
Croatia
Veliki Školj and Mali Školj (near Neum) Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Island of Vukovar Croatia
Serbia
North America[edit]
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Hans Island Canada
Denmark Claimed by both Canada and Denmark (on behalf of Greenland).
Continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km) Cuba
Mexico
United States Overlap on the eastern gap of the Gulf of Mexico between an area of continental shelf extending beyond 200 nautical miles from Cuba, an area of continental shelf extending beyond 200 nautical miles from Mexico and an area of continental shelf extending beyond 200 nautical miles from the United States. (The case of the western gap was solved by a treaty between Mexico and the United States of America on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles, of June 9, 2000.)[38]
Territory disputed between Canada and the United States[edit]
Main article: List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States
Territory
Canadian claimant
U.S. claimant
Machias Seal Island New Brunswick Maine
North Rock New Brunswick Maine
Strait of Juan de Fuca British Columbia Washington
Dixon Entrance British Columbia Alaska
Beaufort Sea Northwest Territories, Yukon Alaska
Northwest Passage and some other Arctic waters Canadian territorial waters U.S. claims navigation rights
Central America and the Caribbean[edit]
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Isla Aves Venezuela
Dominica Dominica abandoned the claim to the island in 2006, but continues to claim the adjacent seas, as do some neighboring states.
Bajo Nuevo Bank Colombia
Nicaragua
Jamaica
United States Honduras has recognized the sovereignty of Colombia; other claimants have not.
Southern half of Belize Belize
Guatemala Guatemala formerly claimed all of Belize.
Calero Island's northernmost part Costa Rica
Nicaragua
Conejo Island Honduras
El Salvador
Navassa Island [1] United States
Haiti
Sapodilla Cay Belize
Guatemala
Honduras Guatemala formerly claimed all of Belize.
Serranilla Bank Colombia
Honduras
Nicaragua
United States Jamaica has recognized the sovereignty of Colombia; other claimants have not.
Guanacaste Costa Rica
Nicaragua
South America[edit]
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Guayana Esequiba (Guyana west of the Essequibo River) Guyana
Venezuela Venezuela and Guyana have overlapping maritime area claims as well. Barbados and Guyana have since signed joint cooperation agreement over this area.
Ankoko Island/Isla de Anacoco Venezuela
Guyana
Arroyo de la Invernada or Rincón de Artigas and Vila Albornoz Brazil
Uruguay Dispute in the 237 km2 (92 sq mi) Invernada River region near Masoller, over which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quaraí River/Cuareim River
Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands [1] United Kingdom
Argentina Including Shag Rocks. See Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute
French Guiana west of the Marouini River France
Suriname
Guaíra Falls/Sete Quedas Brazil
Paraguay The disputed islands were submerged by the reservoir of Itaipú.
Guyana east of the Upper Courantyne River Guyana
Suriname
Isla Brasilera/Ilha Brasileira Brazil
Uruguay Uruguayan officials claim that the island falls under their Artigas Department
Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-mirim Bolivia
Brazil
Gulf of Venezuela Sea Border Venezuela
Colombia Colombia claims it has right to waters in this Gulf.
Southern Patagonian Ice Field between
Monte Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón[39] Argentina
Chile Parts of the border still officially undefined.
Ongoing disputes involving unrecognized states[edit]
For more details on this topic, see List of states with limited recognition.
Territory
Claimants
Notes
Abkhazia Republic of Abkhazia
Georgia
Main article: Georgian–Abkhazian conflict
Village of Aibga and surrounding area[40][41] Republic of Abkhazia
Russia
Eastern part of Bhutan Bhutan
Republic of China[note 1]
North Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Cyprus Northern Cyprus (a state with limited recognition) controls and administers the northern part of the island.
Republic of Cyprus claims the whole island.
Macclesfield Bank People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1]
Catalonia Catalonia
Spain
Mainland China, Hainan, and other islands controlled by the PRC. People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1]
Main article: Cross-Strait relations
Moldovan-controlled area of Dubăsari district Moldova
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
A small area of Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan
Republic of China[note 1][note 2]
Kokkina/Erenköy exclave Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Cyprus Northern Cyprus controls and administers Kokkina, an area separated from the rest of the main land on Northern Cyprus via the land controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.
Gaza Strip Palestine
Hamas Government of Gaza
Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
(eastern half) Russia
Republic of China[note 1][note 2] Split by the People's Republic of China and Russia in 2004
Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
(western half) People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1] Split by the People's Republic of China and Russia in 2004
Hong Kong People's Republic of China
Republic of China[note 1]
It is unclear whether the ROC actually claims Hong Kong. Former President Lee Teng-hui claimed that Hong Kong should have been returned to the ROC instead of the PRC because the ROC government had the original manuscript of the Treaty of Nanking.[42] However, no president since Lee has made such claim. The ROC has never governed Hong Kong, and its constitution does not include Hong Kong as its territory.
Israel within the Green Line Israel
Palestine See Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Northern part of Kachin State Myanmar
Republic of China[note 1][note 2] North part west of the Gaoligong Mountains (高黎貢山) in western Yunnan, China, and the Division of Sagaing: Jiangxinpo (江心坡) and Nankan (南坎).
106.40 square kilometres of formerly Chinese territory in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Republic of China
Kosovo Republic of Kosovo
Serbia Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, while Serbia claims it as part of its own sovereign territory. Its independence is recognised by 111 UN member states.
Kutuzov Island Russia
Republic of China
Nagorno-Karabakh and seven adjacent districts Armenia
Azerbaijan Much of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and some surrounding territory is under the control of Armenia, which is claimed by Azerbaijan.[1]
Outer Mongolia Mongolia
Republic of China[note 1] Outer Mongolia has been excluded from Enforcement Rules for the Act Governing Relations between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area since 2002. However, Outer Mongolia remains part of the ROC in the Constitution of the Republic of China.
Part of the Ryanggang Province North Korea
Republic of China[note 1]
Part of the Rasŏn administrative division North Korea
Republic of China[note 1]
Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River Russia
Republic of China[note 2]
South Ossetia Republic of South Ossetia
Georgia
Main article: Georgian–Ossetian conflict
'Border' checkpoint near Strovilia United Kingdom
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus controls and administers the border checkpoint near Strovilia.
UK's claim in regard to its Sovereign Base Areas
Technically, of course, this also involves Cyprus; the checkpoint is partially on UN-administered land, and Cyprus claims all of the island. (See: Europe)
Taiwan,
Penghu,
Jinmen,
Matsu Islands,
Pratas Islands Republic of China[43]
People's Republic of China[44] The government of the People's Republic of China claims the entire island of Taiwan, as well as a number of minor islands, such as Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu, that are controlled by the Republic of China). See also:Anti-Secession Law, Legal status of Taiwan.
Transnistria (including Bendery) Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Moldova
Tuva Russia
Republic of China[note 1]
Varnita and Copanca Moldova
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
The West Bank and eastern Jerusalem Israel
Palestine See Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Western Sahara Morocco
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic The United Nations keeps the Western Sahara in its list of Non-Self-Governing Territories and considers the sovereignty issue as unresolved pending a final solution. To that end, the UN sent a mission in the territory to oversee a referendum on self-determination in 1991, but it never happened. Administration was relinquished by Spain in 1976.
Ongoing disputes within a state by internal entities[edit]
Territory
Country
Internal claimants
Notes
Put Point (es) Mexico Campeche
Yucatán
Quintana Roo The three states claim three different borders between them.
Belgaum India Karnataka
Maharashtra Disputed since 1956 when Belgaum district was not transferred to Maharashtra.
As much as a 2821 km2-wide area in and around the Ibiapaba mountain range Brazil Ceará
Piauí This dispute originated in an 1880 imperial decree. In 1920 a solution to the dispute was arbitrated but in practice it was never carried out. In 2008 there were new attempted negotiations, but they broke down in 2011, and as of 2013 it is pending either a supreme court decision, a referendum or a possible mutual agreement.[45]
Fernando de Noronha Brazil Pernambuco
Rio Grande do Norte The dispute takes place from the colonial period.[46]
Hogenakkal India Tamil Nadu
Karnataka Currently administered by Tamil Nadu.
Disputed territories of Northern Iraq Iraq Iraq proper
Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq's autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan claims and controls parts of the governorates of Nineveh, Arbil, Kirkuk and Diyala.
Lubicon traditional territory between the Peace River and Athabasca River and north of Lesser Slave Lake Canada Alberta
Lubicon Lake Indian Nation (Cree) Northern Alberta
Southern edge of Labrador Canada Newfoundland and Labrador
Quebec This was formerly an international dispute between Canada, which includes Quebec, and the Dominion of Newfoundland, at the time a separate country. Although Canada accepted the current border, Quebec never did.
Songling District and Jiagedaqi District People's Republic of China Inner Mongolia
Heilongjiang The two districts are owned by Inner Mongolia, but Jiagedaqi District(urban) was established as capital of Daxinganling Prefecture, Heilongjiang Province, resulting it and adjacent Songling District under effective control of Heilongjiang Province. Hulunbuir City(Prefecture), Inner Mongolia actively disputes these two districts, as they formerly belongs to Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir.
Belén de Bajirá Colombia Antioquia
Chocó Disputed since 2000, both Departments of Antioquia and Chocó have claimed the corregimiento as part of their own respective municipalities. In 2014, amidst a rise of tensions between the claimants, the National Government under the Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi formally started a process to find a solution for the dispute.[47]
A wide section from the 35th parallel north to one-mile south. United States Tennessee
Georgia Due to an inaccurate measurement in 1818, Georgia claims the correct 35th latitude north, and does so in a chance of a drought, it would have access to the Tennessee River.[48] See Tennessee River#Water rights and border dispute between Georgia and Tennessee.
51,000 acres straddling the 42nd parallel north United States California
Oregon Location errors in an 1868–1870 survey to demarcate the Oregon-California border created a dispute between Oregon and California, which upon statehood had established the 42nd parallel north as its de jure border, based on the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty between the U.S. and Spain. The dispute continues to this day, as Oregon has about 31,000 acres of California, while California has about 20,000 acres of Oregon.[49] The border should follow the 42nd parallel straight west from the 120th meridian west to the Pacific. Instead it zigzags, and only one of the many surveyor's markers put down in 1868 actually is on the 42nd parallel.[50][51][52]
parts of Fort Bonifacio Philippines Makati
Taguig
Pateros Disputed since 1983. Taguig claims more than 729 hectares of land in Fort Bonifacio, an area administered by Makati. On August 5, 2013, the Court of Appeals Sixth Division ruled that Makati has legal jurisdiction over the area, thus invalidating Taguig's claim.[53] Taguig has not abandoned its claims and will petition the Court of Appeals to have the decision revoked.[54] Pateros also claims the area and has filed a petition before the Taguig Regional Court Branch 271 in 2012 concerning its claim. Pateros reiterated its claims in 2013 following the decision of the Court of Appeals awarding Makati jurisdiction over the area.[55][56]
Fiat Auto Poland factory and nearest areas Poland Tychy
Bieruń The territory has historically been a part of the town of Bieruń. In years 1975–1991 Bieruń was a part of Tychy. The Fiat Auto Poland (formerly FSM factory remaining in Tychy was a condition of Bieruń’s separation. In the 90s, Bieruń has regained the Homera osiedle which was part of the disputed area.[57]
Antarctica[edit]
Further information: Territorial claims of Antarctica
The Antarctic Treaty System, formed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica and provides administration for the continent, which is carried out through consultative member meetings. It prevents new territorial claims of all signatories (except U.S and Russia) for as long as the treaty is in force. However, it is not a final settlement; parties can choose to withdraw from the System at any time. Furthermore, only a minority of states have signed it, and it is not formally sanctioned by the United Nations. Thus, Antarctica remains the only part of the planet any (non-signatory) state can still lay claim to as terra nullius (on the grounds of it not having been part of any existing state's legal and effective territory).
Territory
Claimants
Antarctic territory
Area between 25°W and 53°W United Kingdom
Argentina British Antarctic Territory
Argentine Antarctica
Area between 53°W and 74°W United Kingdom
Argentina
Chile British Antarctic Territory
Argentine Antarctica
Antártica Chilena Province
Area between 74°W and 80°W United Kingdom
Chile British Antarctic Territory
Antártica Chilena Province
Historical disputes, subsequently settled[edit]
Africa[edit]
Territory
Former claimants
Dispute started
Dispute settled
Notes
Agacher Strip Burkina Faso
Mali c. 1960 1986 Following repeated military clashes between Burkina Faso and Mali over the Agacher Strip, the International Court of Justice resolved the conflict in 1986 by dividing the disputed area approximately equally between the two countries.[58]
Aouzou Strip Chad
Libya c. 1973 1994 In 1994 the International Court of Justice decision found in favour of Chad sovereignty over the Aouzou strip, and ended the Libyan claim.
Bakassi Cameroon
Nigeria 1913 2006 This area was handed over by Nigeria to Cameroon following an International Court of Justice ruling and the Greentree Agreement.
Bure Ethiopia
Eritrea[59] 2002 2008 Eritrea has accepted the decision and no longer disputes this location.[2]
Burkina Faso–Niger border dispute Burkina Faso
Niger c. 1960 2013 The International Court of Justice redefined the border between Burkina Faso and Niger in 2013. In 2015 the ruling was implemented by exchanging 18 towns between the two countries.[60]
Part of the Kahemba region Angola
Democratic Republic of Congo 2007 Following a March 2007 report on the disputed area on the joint border in the Kahemba region, the Congolese interior minister admitted the territory was in fact part of Angola and agreed to send a technical team to demarcate the border along colonial era lines.[61] The countries agreed to end the dispute in July 2007.[62]
Lété Island and nearby islands in the Niger River Niger
Benin c. 1960 2005 In 2005 the International Court of Justice awarded Lété and 15 of the other disputed islands to Niger, and the remaining nine islands to Benin.[63]
Sedudu Botswana
Namibia 1890 1999 In 1999 the International Court of Justice awarded Sedudu to Botswana, ending the Namibian claim.[64]
Tsorona-Zalambessa Ethiopia
Eritrea[59] 2002 2008 Eritrea has accepted the decision and no longer disputes this location.[2]
Yenga (border hamlet), and left bank of the Makona and Moa rivers Sierra Leone
Guinea c. 1995 2013 The two heads of state settled this dispute in 2013.[65]
Asia and the Pacific[edit]
Territory
Former claimants
Dispute started
Dispute settled
Notes
Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and India India
Bangladesh 1974 2014 India and Bangladesh had engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations starting 1974 but it remained inconclusive until 2009. In October 2009, Bangladesh served India with notice of arbitration proceedings under the UNCLOS .
The Arbitration Tribunal delivered the ruling on 7 July 2014 and settled the dispute.[66]
Indo-Bangladesh enclaves, adverse possessions and undemarcated land boundaries India
Bangladesh 1947 2015 Following Partition of Bengal (1947), the issues of adverse possessions, enclaves and unmarked boundary arose. Inside the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while inside the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). In 1974 Bangladesh approved a proposed treaty, Land Boundary Agreement, to exchange all enclaves within each other's territories, but India did not ratify it. Another agreement was agreed upon in 2011 to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. With respect to adverse possessions, India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2,267.682 acres to Bangladesh. India ratified the agreement by constitutional amendment in May 2015.[67]
South Talpatti/New Moore/Purbasha Island India
Bangladesh c. 1975 2010 This former dispute over a small island never more than two meters above sea level was contested from the island's appearance in the 1970s to its disappearance, likely due to climate change,[68] in the first decade of the 2000s. Though land disputes no longer exist, the maritime boundary was not settled until 2014.[66][69][70][71]
Sakhalin Island Russian Empire
Empire of Japan 1845 1875 Japan unilaterally proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island in 1845, but its claims were ignored by the Russian Empire. The 1855 Treaty of Shimoda acknowledged that both Russia and Japan had joint rights of occupation to Sakhalin, without setting a definite territorial demarcation. As the island became settled in the 1860s and 1870s, this ambiguity led to increasing friction between settlers. Attempts by the Tokugawa shogunate to purchase the entire island from the Russian Empire failed, and the new Meiji government was unable to negotiate a partition of the island into separate territories.
In 1875 by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Japan agreed to give up its claims on Sakhalin in exchange for undisputed ownership of the Kuril Islands. In 1905 under the Treaty of Portsmouth Japan gained Sakhalin to the 60th parallel, but lost it again in 1945.
Pamir Mountains Tajikistan
People's Republic of China 1877 2011 The Tajik Government ceded 1,158 square kilometres (447 sq mi) to the PRC, while PRC relinquished its 28,000 square miles (73,000 km2) claim over the remaining territory with final ratification of a treaty in January 2011.[72]
Palmas Island (modern day Miangas Island) Philippine Islands
Dutch East Indies 1906 1928 Dispute between the United States and the Netherlands over the Palmas island located south of the Philippines, which was then American territory. The Netherlands believed that the islands were part of the Dutch East Indies. The territorial dispute was solved through the Island of Palmas case which decided that the Palmas Island belongs to the Netherlands. Palmas Island, now Miangas Island, is currently a part of modern Indonesia.
Hatay Province Turkey
Syria 1938 2004 Territory ceded from Syria to Turkey during the French Mandate of Syria, never formally recognized by Syria, but gave it up in 2004.
Yalu River (disputed sovereignty of certain islands)[1][note 3] People's Republic of China
North Korea
South Korea 1949 2005 The allocation to North Korea of all of the large islands in the lower Yalu River, including Pidan and Sindo at the mouth, is now clear.[73] The river's maritime rights remain shared between the two nations.
Shaksgam Valley Pakistan
(still claimed by:
India
China) 1947 1963 Pakistan relinquished its claim to PR China; India did not.
Sinai Peninsula Israel
Egypt 1967 1982 During the Six-Day War Israel claimed Sinai. It was returned in 1982 under the terms of the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
Taba Israel
Egypt 1979 1989 When Egypt and Israel were negotiating the exact position of the border in preparation for the 1979 peace treaty, Israel claimed that Taba had been on the Ottoman side of a border agreed between the Ottomans and British Egypt in 1906 and had, therefore, been in error in its two previous agreements. Although most of Sinai was returned to Egypt in 1982, Taba was the last portion to be returned. The issue was submitted to an international commission. In 1988, the commission ruled in Egypt's favour, and Israel returned Taba to Egypt in 1989.
Turtle Islands Philippine Islands
North Borneo 1930 Dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom over the Turtle Islands located south of the Philippines, which was then American territory. In a 1930 treaty the United Kingdom acknowledge American sovereignty over the islands and was agreed upon that the British would remain administering the island until the United States express interest to take over control over the islands after a one-year notice. When the Philippines gained full independence from the United States in 1946, the Philippines invoked the treaty and the British turned over the islands to the Philippines in 1947.
West Bank, including East Jerusalem Israel
Jordan 1967 1988 During the Six-Day War Israel conquered these territories from Jordan. Jordan later renounced the claim on the territory, supporting instead its inclusion in a future Palestine.
Ligitan and Sipadan Malaysia
Indonesia 1969 2002 The 2002 International Court of Justice ruling awarded both islands to Malaysia, but left unsettled the maritime boundary immediately southwest and west of the islands between Malaysia and Indonesia.
Hawar Islands Qatar
Bahrain 1971 2001 Formerly disputed between Qatar and Bahrain, it was settled by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague. In the June 2001 decision, Bahrain kept the Hawar Islands and Qit'at Jaradah but dropped claims to Janan Island and Zubarah on mainland Qatar, while Qatar retained significant maritime areas and their resources. The agreement has furthered the goal of definitively establishing the border with Saudi Arabia and Saudi-led mediation efforts continue.
Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai Indonesia
East Timor 2002 2004 Ceded by Timor-Leste to Indonesia in August 2004.
Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute Saudi Arabia
Yemen 1934 2000 Settled by the Treaty of Jeddah (2000).
Americas[edit]
Territory
Former claimants
Dispute started
Dispute settled
Notes
Alaska boundary dispute United States
Canada 1821 1903 Disputed between the United States and Canada (then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London). The dispute had been going on between the Russian and British Empires since 1821, and was inherited by the United States as a consequence of the Alaska Purchase in 1867. It was resolved by arbitration in 1903 with a delegation that included 3 Americans, 2 Canadians, and 1 British delegate that became the swing vote. By a 4 to 2 vote, the final resolution favored the American position. Canada did not get an outlet from the Yukon gold fields to the sea. The disappointment and anger in Canada was directed less at the United States, and more at the British government for betraying Canadian interests in pursuit of a friendly relationship between Britain and the United States.
Aroostook War United States
British North America 1838 1842 Disputed border between the state of Maine and the provinces of New Brunswick and Lower Canada.
Atacama border dispute Bolivia
Chile 1879 1904
Chamizal dispute United States
Mexico 1898 1963 Disputed border within the El Paso/Ciudad Juárez region.
New Hampshire Grants/Vermont New Hampshire/New York/Vermont 1749 1791 In 1664 King Charles II decided the west bank of the Connecticut River was the eastern boundary of New York, so that that province included all of what later became the state of Vermont. During 1749–64, Governor Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire issued well over a hundred "grants", offering lands for sale west of the river in what would become Vermont. In 1764, King George III attempted to end the dispute by ruling that the region belonged to New York. But New York would not recognize the property claims of numerous settlers whose claims were based on Wentworth's grants, so local governments and militias resisted New York's rule. In 1777, the politicians of the disputed territory declared it independent of New York, Britain, and New Hampshire, calling it the State of Vermont. Vermont existed for 14 years as an unrecognized de facto independent country, considered by New York to be a district in rebellion. Negotiations between New York and Vermont in 1790 removed impediments to Vermont's admission to the Union in 1791.
Delaware Wedge Delaware
Maryland
Pennsylvania 1750s 1921 A gore created when the borders of the colonies Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania were defined. Dispute over the borders between the three colonies dates to the foundation of each during the middle 17th century. A series of defined lines and arcs were laid out by statute to settle the disputes, the most famous of which was the Mason–Dixon line. The Wedge was left out of all three colonies (and later U.S. states), and remained a matter of dispute until it was formally resolved to assign the Wedge to Delaware in 1921.
Eastern shore of the Narragansett Bay Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Plymouth Colony (to 1691)
Province of Massachusetts Bay (from 1691) 1636 1898 Claimed by both Rhode Island and Plymouth Colony. Plymouth's claim was inherited by the newly created Province of Massachusetts Bay when the latter was created in 1691 from the merger of earlier Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies. A royal decree in 1746 assigned the land to Rhode Island, but Massachusetts continued to press its claim until 1898.
Isla Martín García Argentina
Uruguay 1879 1973 After the Conquest of the Desert was formally launched in 1879, many indigenous leaders captured were confined there. The island was transferred to Argentine Navy jurisdiction in 1886. The island's distance from the Uruguayan territory is less than two miles, and its jurisdictional status was formally established by the Treaty of Río de la Plata between Uruguay and Argentina on November 19, 1973.
Cordillera del Cóndor-Cenepa River Peru
Ecuador 1828 1998
Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case Argentina
Chile 1881 1902 After the signature of the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina differing interpretations on whether the highest Andean peaks (favouring Argentina) or the continental divide (favouring Chile) was to be considered the boundary.
Puna de Atacama dispute Argentina
Chile 1889 1898
Clipperton Island Mexico
France 1897 1931 Disputed between France and Mexico. On January 28, 1931, King Victor Emanuel, selected as a neutral arbitrator, finally declared Clipperton to be a French possession, and it has remained relatively undisputed ever since.
Beagle conflict Argentina
Chile 1898 1982
Río Encuentro-Alto Palena dispute Argentina
Chile 1913 1966
Laguna del Desierto Argentina
Chile 1949 1994
Border of New Hampshire and Canada United States
United Kingdom 1783 1842 Ill-defined terms of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Revolutionary War left the boundary of the state of New Hampshire and Canada in doubt. The lack of a precise definition of the "northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River" as defined by the Treaty of Paris left the land that is now the town of Pittsburg, New Hampshire within the conflicting jurisdiction of both the United States and Great Britain. In 1832 residents of the area established the short-lived Republic of Indian Stream in the area; the minuscule population of the putative nation never exceeded about 300. The boundary was finally settled definitively by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842.
Sverdrup Islands Norway
United Kingdom 1928 1930 In 1928 Norway asserted its claim of sovereignty over the Sverdrup Islands. The islands are named after Norwegian explorer Otto Sverdrup, who explored and mapped them from 1898 to 1902 with the vessel Fram, although some were previously inhabited by Inuit people. Sverdrup claimed the islands for Norway, but the Norwegian government did not pursue the claim until 1928. At that point, the Norwegian government raised the claim, primarily to use the islands as bargaining chips in negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of the Arctic island Jan Mayen and the Antarctic Bouvet Island. On November 11, 1930, Norway ceded the Sverdrup Islands to Canada, in exchange for British recognition of Norway's sovereignty over Jan Mayen.[74]
San Andrés and Providencia Colombia
Nicaragua 1928 2012[75]
Tacna–Arica compromise Chile
Peru 1883 1929
Pacific Ocean Sea border Chile
Peru 1985 2014[76]
Erik the Red's Land Denmark
Norway 1931 1933[77]
Europe[edit]
Territory
Former claimants
Dispute started
Dispute settled
Notes
Bregovo Bulgaria
Kingdom of Serbia 1885 1886 Bulgaria And Serbia briefly had a war over a small border village called Bregovo and this has been the recognized border ever since then.
Åland Islands Finland
Sweden 1917 1920 Sweden and Finland argued over the control of the Åland Islands (located between Sweden and Finland). The Åland movement (Ålandsrörelsen) wanted Åland to reunite with its old mother country Sweden (Finland and Åland belonged to Sweden before 1809). The movement gathered signatures from over 7000 inhabitants of legal age at the Åland Islands in 1917 (that was about 96% of the population) - they all supported a union with Sweden. When Finland became independent (December 6, 1917) Sweden wanted a plebiscite about the future of the Åland Islands to solve the problem. Finland refused and argued that the Åland Islands had always been a natural part of Finland - even when Finland was under Swedish rule. Sweden appealed to the League of Nations referring to the right of the population to determine which country they should belong to. After studying the matter closely the League of Nations decided Finland should retain sovereignty over the province but that the Åland Islands should be made an autonomous territory. The Swedish Prime Minister said he didn’t accept the verdict but he also said that Sweden was not going to use military force to get their claims.[78]
Graham Island Two Sicilies
Malta
France
Spain 1831 1831 A dispute between the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the British Crown Colony of Malta, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain occurred after the volcanic island appeared in 1831. The British were the first to claim the island as part of Malta, and they were followed by the Two Sicilies and France, while Spain expressed their ambitions to control the island. The island disappeared by December 1831 and the dispute stopped. A Sicilian flag was lowered over the now submerged island in 2000 to show Italian claims to the area. It is no longer disputed by Britain, France, Spain or Malta.
Lampedusa Sicily
Malta 1800 1814 The island was controlled by British troops as a de facto part of Malta Protectorate from 1800 onwards. After a British royal commission was sent there in 1812, the new Governor of Malta Sir Thomas Maitland withdrew British troops and the island was returned to Sicily.
Tenedos Turkey
Greece 1920 1923 On 11 August 1920, following World War I, the Treaty of Sèvres with the defeated Ottoman Empire granted the island to Greece, who joined the war in Allies' side in May 1917. The new Turkish Government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, based in Ankara, which was not party to the treaty, overthrew the Ottoman government, which signed but did not ratify the treaty. After the Turkish War of Independence ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia, and the fall of Lloyd George and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne with the new Turkish Republic, in 1923. This treaty made Tenedos and Imbros part of Turkey, and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the Greeks.
Northern Ireland United Kingdom
Ireland 1920 1998 Formerly disputed between Ireland and the United Kingdom since partition on 23 December 1920, it was settled by the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, when Ireland amended its constitutional claim. Both countries acknowledged that the territory can rejoin the rest of Ireland if separate referendums in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland approve of the former's cession.
Pytalovo (Abrene in Latvia) Russia
Latvia 1991 2007 Pytalovo was part of independent Latvia as Abrene until Latvia was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union and Abrene was attached to Russian SSR in 1948. Latvia disputed Russian jurisdiction over the region until giving it up in a border treaty with Russia in 2007.
Ivangorod and Pechorsky District Russia
Estonia 1991 2007 Russia recognized them as a part of Estonia with Treaty of Tartu, 1920. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia continued administering it. Some sources argue Estonia has claims in the area.[79][80]
Sevastopol Russia
Ukraine 1993 1997 On July 28, 1993, one of the leaders of the Russian Society of Crimea, Viktor Prusakov, stated that his organisation was ready for an armed mutiny and establishment of the Russian administration in Sevastopol. In May 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed the Peace and Friendship Treaty, ruling out Moscow's territorial claims to Ukraine.[81]
Black Sea and Snake Island Ukraine
Romania 2004 2009 In 2004 Romania filed a case to International Court of Justice claiming that Ukraine's Snake Island was an uninhabitable rock under UNCLOS standards and thus not eligible to carry influence over determination of the maritime boundary between the two states. During the Soviet times the island was a small naval station with a lighthouse. In 2007 the Ukrainian parliament approved an establishment of a small hamlet (settlement) there, Bile, as part of Vylkove city Odessa Region. The maritime boundary issue was settled by the International Court of Justice in 2009.
Vilnius Region Lithuania
Poland 1920 1945 During the Polish-Soviet War Polish armies entered the Vilnius Region which was at the time part of the Soviet Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1920, Polish General Lucjan Zeligowski led a coup and established the Republic of Central Lithuania which was annexed to the Second Polish Republic after the war as part of the historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and due to ethnic Poles in the region. Lithuania moved its capital to Kaunas while never giving up its claim to Vilnius. The Lithuanians found support in the Soviet Union for their cause signing the Soviet-Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty in 1939. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland, the region came under Soviet control and became part of the Lithuanian SSR after World War II which was followed by a large number of ethnic Poles being deported two times. Following the fall of the Soviet Union and Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania the Vilnius region became part of Lithuania again.
Passetto di Borgo in the vicinity of the Vatican City Italy
Holy See 1870 1991 Pope John Paul II recognized the sovereignty of Italy over the Passetto on May 18, 1991.[82][83]
Ems estuary and Dollart Bay (western part) Netherlands
Germany 15th century[84] 2014 Settled in the 1960s (agreeing to disagree). Finally solved in 2014.[85]
Antarctica[edit]
Territory
Former Claimants
Dispute Started
Dispute Settled
Notes
Bouvet Island Norway
United Kingdom 1927 1929 The United Kingdom claimed this Antarctic island as Lindsay/Liverpool Island based on sightings going back to 1808, but Norway landed there in 1927. In November 1929, Britain renounced its claim to the island.[86]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The Republic of China (ROC), now based in Taiwan, is involved in territorial disputes with many governments bordering mainland China. Due to the One-China policy, it has no formal diplomatic relations with any of these states. The ROC recognizes neither the People's Republic of China (PRC) nor its border agreements or treaties with any other countries. Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China states that "The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly." Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China now overrides this provision, with the power of the National Assembly to alter transferred to the Legislative Yuan and the electorate.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Relinquished by the People's Republic of China but still claimed by the Republic of China.
Jump up ^ The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) do not recognize each other.
See also[edit]
Demilitarized zone
Dependent territory
Frozen conflict
List of border conflicts
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
List of sovereign states
Lists of active separatist movements
Neutral territory
List of administrative divisions by country
Territorial claims in the Arctic
Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Maasho, Aaron (June 16, 2017). Dalgleish, James, ed. "Djibouti, Eritrea in territorial dispute after Qatar peacekeepers leave". Reuters.
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Jump up ^ Bose, Sumantra (2003), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01173-2
Jump up ^ Varshney, Ashutosh (1992), "Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem" (PDF), in Raju G. C. Thomas, Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia, Westview Press, pp. 191–234, ISBN 978-0-8133-8343-9
Jump up ^ Enclaves III: The Fergana Valley Archived October 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Myanmar aims to complete border demarcation. IBRU Boundary News, August 22, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Pedra Branca case, operative clause; Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), International Court of Justice, 23 May 2008 . See also ICJ awards Pedra Branca's sovereignty to Singapore, Channel NewsAsia, 23 May 2008, retrieved 23 May 2008 ; Court awards islet to Singapore, BBC News, 23 May 2008
Jump up ^ "Treaty on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Tokelau and the United States of America (with map). Signed at Atafu on 2 December 1980. Authentic texts: English and Tokelauan. Registered by the United States on 25 July 1991." (PDF) (in English and Tokelauan). July 25, 1991. Retrieved August 28, 2011. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)[dead link]
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Jump up ^ Woronowycz, R. Ukraine and Russia move on border delimitation. Kyiv Press Bureau. "The Ukrainian Weekly". 25 November 2001
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Jump up ^ "Acuerdo para precisar el recorrido del Límite desde el Monte Fitz Roy hasta el Cerro Daudet". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Moscow, Sokhumi Dispute Village in 'Border Talks'". Civil.ge. 2 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Russia e Abkhazia litigano per i confini". AgoraVox Italia. 23 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "南京條約的正本在台灣 香港的主權屬於中華民國". 台灣綠黨. 1997-06-26. Archived from the original on 2014-05-09.
Jump up ^ Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, Article 9, Section 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Preamble
Jump up ^ "G1 - Ação no STF acirra disputa entre Ceará e Piauí por área de divisa - notícias em Ceará". Ceará. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.folhape.com.br/noticias/noticias/brasil/2017/03/18/NWS,21510,70,450,NOTICIAS,2190-FERNANDO-NORONHA-MEIO-UMA-QUEDA-BRACO.aspx
Jump up ^ "Antioquia pide respetar reglas en proceso de deslinde de Belén de Bajirá". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Shaila Dewan, Georgia Claims a Sliver of the Tennessee River, The New York Times, February 22, 2008
Jump up ^ Barnard, Jeff (May 19, 1985). "California-Oregon Dispute : Border Fight Has Townfolk on Edge". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Preliminary studies indicate that, as the result of an 1870 surveying error, Oregon has about 31,000 acres of California, while California has about 20,000 acres of Oregon.
Jump up ^ Turner, Wallace (March 24, 1985). "SEA RICHES SPUR FEUD ON BORDER". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Sims, Hank (June 14, 2013). "Will the North Coast Marine Protected Areas Spark a War With Oregon?". Lost Coast Outpost.
Jump up ^ California Department of Fish and Wildlife (1 Mar 2016). Map: Pyramid Point State Marine Conservation Area (PDF) (Map). California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Available from: http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=117182
Jump up ^ "CA rules Makati City, not Taguig, has jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taguig to appeal CA decision on Fort Boni dispute". GMA News Online. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pateros: Fort Bonifacio is ours". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pateros joins the fray: ‘Fort Bonifacio is ours’". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Tomczyk, Krzysztof (4 March 2010). "Tychy kontra Bieruń. Jak Kargul i Pawlak, ale z Fiatem w tle". Moje Miasto Silesia (in Polish). Media Regionalne. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "International Court settles West African land dispute". Chicago Sun-Times. 1986. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b ABBINK, J (1 October 1998). "BRIEFING: THE ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE". African Affairs. 97 (389): 551–565. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007970. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "International Court rules that main disputed island belongs to Niger not Benin". The Guardian. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Congo Acknowledges Disputed Border Area Is In Angola Origin". Embassy Kinshasa cable. March 16, 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Angola, DR Congo end border row". BBC. 31 Jul 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "International Court rules that main disputed island belongs to Niger not Benin". IRIN. Dakar. 12 July 2005. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cases: Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia)". Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Leone government takes media to disputed border with Guinea". News Kenya.
^ Jump up to: a b "UN tribunal puts an end to 40-year-old India-Bangladesh maritime dispute". RT Op-Edge. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ India (2 December 2014). "Everything you need to know: Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Wade, Matt (March 25, 2010). "Rising sea level settles border dispute". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bay of Bengal island 'disappears'". BBC News. 2010-03-24.
Jump up ^ Of Indo-Bangladesh distrust by A. G. Noorani
Jump up ^ Disputed isle in Bay of Bengal vanishes by Nirmala George March 24, 2010
Jump up ^ "Tajikistan cedes land to China". BBC News. 13 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Even official Chinese maps award these islands to North Korea, such as the provincial map on p. 41 in the 2005 Chinese atlas "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Jiaotong Dituji" ISBN 7-80104-652-8, (www.starmap.com.cn)
Jump up ^ Berton, Pierre (1988). The Arctic Grail: the Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909. Viking. p. 629. ISBN 0-670-82491-7.
Jump up ^ Fallo de 2012 de la Corte Internacional de Justicia. "Territorial and maritime dispute (Nicaragua vs Colombia)" (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17928.pdf
Jump up ^ "Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, Denmark v. Norway, Judgment, 5 September 1933, Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)". Worldcourts.com. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
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Jump up ^ "EIKI BERG: Milleks meile idapiir ja ilma lepinguta?". Eesti Päevaleht. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Enn Eesmaa: väide Petseri-soovist on ennekõike provokatiivne". Eesti Päevaleht. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review of Ukraine base lease 'fatal,' Russia warns". People's Daily. Beijing, China. 28 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006.
Jump up ^ "ABC (Madrid) - 06/08/1991, p. 51 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". hemeroteca.abc.es. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Herald". CatholicHerald.co.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg. "Wind Park in No Man's Land: Offshore Project Stirs Up German-Dutch Border Dispute - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Germany and the Netherlands end centuries-old border dispute - News - DW - 24.10.2014". DW.COM. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Barr, Susan (1987). Norway's Polar Territories. Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 63. ISBN 82-03-15689-4.
External links[edit]
"Government Statistics: Transnational Issues: Disputes: International (most recent) by country". Nation Master.
[show]
v
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e
Territorial disputes in Western Asia
Parties involved shown in parentheses after each entry
Land
David Gareja monastery complex
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Disputed areas of North Iraq
Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan
Western Golan
Israel
Syria
Hatay
Turkey
Syria
Nagorno-Karabakh
Armenia / Artsakh
Azerbaijan
Northern Cyprus
Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone1
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Shebaa farms
Israel
Lebanon
Syria
Judea and Samaria area
Israel
Palestine
Islands
Waters
Abu Musa / Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Iran
United Arab Emirates
Fasht Ad Dibal / Qitat Jaradeh
Qatar
Bahrain
Imia / Kardak
Greece
Turkey
Khuriya Muriya Islands
Oman
Yemen
1 Divided among multiple claimants.
[show]
v
t
e
Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia
Land Islands and waters
Bhutanese enclaves ( )
Bolshoy Ussuriysky/Heixiazi Island1 ( )
Kashmir2 ( )
Khao Phra Wihan1 ( )
Kalapani
Korean Peninsula ( )
Mainland China ( )
North Borneo (Sabah)1 ( )
Sixty-Four Villages East of the River1 ( )
South Tibet / Arunachal Pradesh ( )
Mongolia1 ( )
Jiangxinpo / Northern Kachin1 ( )
Kuril ( )
Liancourt Rocks ( )
Noktundo1 ( )
Paracels ( )
Senkaku ( )
Scarborough Shoal ( )
Sir Creek1 ( )
Spratlys2 ( )
Taiwan Area ( )
Bạch Long Vĩ island1 ( )
1: Inactive dispute
2: Divided among multiple claimants
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_territorial_disputes&oldid=807374653"
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