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Beauty & the Beast (season 1)
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Beauty & the Beast (season 1)
DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11) – May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) episodes
The first season of Beauty & the Beast, an American television series developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin and very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS television series of the same name, commenced airing in the United States on October 11, 2012, concluded May 16, 2013, and consisted of 22 episodes.[1]
Beauty & the Beast's first season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET on The CW, a terrestrial television network, where it received an average of 1.78 million viewers per episode.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
1.1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings
5 DVD release
6 References
Premise[edit]
Catherine Chandler, a law student, witnesses her mother being shot the same night she is saved from her mother's murderers by a supposed beast. Nine years later, and now working as a detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to discover that Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, is actually alive. As Catherine gets to know him, she starts finding out more about her mother's murder and about who (and what) Vincent really is. At the same time, they get to know one another and eventually fall in love.
Plot[edit]
This season revolves around Catherine and Vincent trying to pursue a relationship together, whilst being hunted down by a top-secret government organization named Muirfield who want Vincent dead. Muirfield are revealed to have conducted a high-profile secret experiment on soldiers fighting in Afghanistan. These experiments resulted in every soldier becoming physically stronger and faster, hoping this would win the war quicker. But, something went wrong, as the entire force went out of control with their new abilities. The government gave orders to kill them all, but Vincent escaped and has been in hiding ever since. Muirfield make several attempts to capture Vincent during this season, and even enlist the help of Cat and those close to her to capture him.
Catherine's family history is delved into in this first season, as her mother's unsolved murder has preyed on her mind for nine years. Catherine witnessed her mother shot and killed by two hitmen who were then killed by Vincent. Catherine refused to believe the official police report that her mother's death was that of carjacking gone wrong since the men who killed her mother suddenly appeared and began shooting without saying a word, as well as that the two dead killers identities were never found in any police record, leading Catherine to believe that her mother's killing was that of a government conspiracy. It was later revealed that Catherine's mother worked for Muirfield, conducting the experiments, and ultimately helped turn Vincent into a beast. Catherine must deal with conflicted feelings of her mother's memory across this season, having been determined to solve her case for all this time. When Catherine watches her father get run over in the season finale, she then learns that, biologically, he was not her real father after all.
Vincent's DNA mutates as the season progresses, as he becomes more beast-like. He begins experiencing black-outs, which J.T. associates with Catherine's interference. Cat and Vincent will stop at nothing to see each other, however. Assistant District Attorney Gabriel Lowen visits Cat's precinct to investigate the beast-like attack in the city and over time he reveals that not only does he know about Muirfield but that he shares the same ability as Vincent. At first an enemy, Gabriel goes on to become an ally to Vincent by the end of the first season and suggests he has found a cure to the virus inflicted on them by Muirfield. Vincent ultimately wonders if he wants to be cured or not.
Vincent is captured in the season finale as a helicopter drops a net on him and flies him away, leaving Catherine heartbroken. With Vincent captured, a gun is then aimed at Catherine's head. But, someone orders them not to shoot; Agent Bob Reynolds –Catherine's biological father.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) characters
Main[edit]
Kristin Kreuk as Catherine "Cat" Chandler
Jay Ryan as Vincent Keller
Sendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel 'Gabe' Lowen1
Max Brown as Dr. Evan Marks2
Austin Basis as J.T. Forbes
Nina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas
Brian White as Joe Bishop
Recurring[edit]
Nicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler
Rob Stewart as Thomas Chandler
Bridget Regan as Alex Salter
Shantel VanSanten as Tyler
Edi Gathegi as Kyle[3]
Khaira Ledeyo as Dr. Vanessa Chandler
Ty Olsson as Garnett
Rachel Skarsten as Brooke Chandler
Christian Keyes as Darius Bishop
Ted Whittall as Agent Bob Reynolds
^Note 1 : Sendhil Ramamurthy is credited as a series regular from episode 16 through to episode 22. He joined the series in episode 15 as a guest star.
^Note 2 : Max Brown is credited as a series regular up until episode 18. From episode 19 onwards he is no longer credited.
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" Gary Fleder Sherri Cooper & Jennifer Levin October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11) 2.78[4]
In the autumn of 2003, 19-year-old Catherine Chandler’s mother Vanessa was killed by two unknown hitmen; those men chased Catherine into the woods to kill her, too, but she was saved by a mysterious humanoid beast. In 2012, Catherine, now a successful New York police detective, is still plagued by memories of that mysterious beast as well as her mother's unsolved murder. During a murder investigation, Cat finds fingerprints of deceased doctor Vincent Keller on the corpse. Cat finds an address for the last known whereabouts of Vincent Keller and discovers him hiding away inside, under the protection of his friend J.T., very much alive. Vincent begs her to keep his hideaway a secret. Cat does so, but, what Vincent seems to be hiding from, appears to now be targeting her. Vincent must save Catherine when she is attacked by hitmen in a subway tunnel, after they promise her new information on her mother’s case. In the darkness of the subway tunnels, with her body pinned against his, Catherine realizes that Vincent Keller is the one who saved her life nine years ago.
2
2 "Proceed with Caution" Rick Bota Sherri Cooper & Jennifer Levin October 18, 2012 (2012-10-18) 2.00[5]
When a ballerina is murdered, Cat investigates possible suspects with her detective partner Tess. Vincent masks that he is keeping tabs on her, when he appears out of nowhere with a lead for Cat to follow.
3
3 "All In" P. J. Pesce Jeff Rake October 25, 2012 (2012-10-25) 1.88[6]
A judge is murdered and the person Cat thinks is responsible is innocent according to Vincent. J.T. tells Cat that there are better ways of communicating with Vincent to ensure their cover isn’t blown.
4
4 "Basic Instinct" Bradley Walsh Roger Grant November 1, 2012 (2012-11-01) 1.70[7]
Vincent revives a teenager whom Cat discovers has a history of bone fractures. Silverfox, the agent in charge of ensuring the truth about Vincent never gets out, makes Cat an offer: trade in Vincent in exchange for information about her mother’s death.
5
5 "Saturn Returns" Steven A. Adelson Story by: Blair Singer
Teleplay by: Blair Singer & Kelly Souders November 8, 2012 (2012-11-08) 1.84[8]
Cat investigates when a woman due to get married goes on the run and must also erase footage of Vincent after he is caught on camera stopping a robbery. Heather throws her sister a surprise birthday party. Vincent arrives as the party is in full swing and witnesses Evan, the medical examiner, sharing a kiss with Cat. Cat tells Vincent that she would like to prepare dinner for him the very next day. As Cat lights a candle and waits for him, staring longingly out of her open window, she is unaware that Vincent has blacked out on his way to her apartment. Cat blows the candles out as Vincent comes to, now on top of the Brooklyn Bridge.
6
6 "Worth" Kevin Fair Allison Moore November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15) 1.56[9]
Cat’s step-mom turns up and Cat’s attempts to bond with her could be wasted when she spots her kissing another man. Cat and Tess investigate the murder of an artist whose paintings are being used to front a high-end escort service. Vincent blacks out again and this time he’s covered in someone else’s blood.
7
7 "Out of Control" Rick Bota Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders November 29, 2012 (2012-11-29) 1.52[10]
The death of a fraternity boy shows all the markings of a beast-like attack. Having found a clue that leads to the real killer, Evan is kidnapped. Cat begs Vincent for help, unaware of how frequent his blackouts have become. Vincent transforms into a beast as they hunt for Evan and when Cat cannot bring herself to stop him, Vincent ends up killing Evan’s kidnapper in front of both Evan and Cat. Vincent runs off, into the night, leaving Cat to pick up the pieces and for her precinct to put capturing Vincent as their main priority. Cat goes to tell Vincent this news but finds he has locked himself in a cage, now J.T. has found the cause of his blackouts: her.
8
8 "Trapped" Paul Fox Emily Silver December 6, 2012 (2012-12-06) 1.41[11]
Vincent recalls memories from his past, whilst Tess and Cat investigate an attempt on the life of a teenage pop star. J.T. and Cat try to find a remedy for Vincent's blackouts.
9
9 "Bridesmaid Up!" Mairzee Almas Sherri Cooper & Jennifer Levin December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13) 1.59[12]
Vincent’s increased sense of smell leads him to Catherine’s next crime scene. Cat is pursued to bring a plus one to her father’s nuptials. Even when the risk is so great, Vincent offers. As everything starts to feel normal, a drunken Heather tells Cat that Evan let slip about his research on mutated DNA. Cat realizes Evan has samples of Vincent’s DNA and is stunned by what he tells her. Catherine must find Vincent to tell him the news. However, another vehicle comes up behind her and runs her off the road. The assailiant steps out of their car and shoots Catherine, but Cat shoots back. Vincent comes to her rescue but, as he tries to pull her out of her smashed car, another vehicle, driven by Evan and Heather, is fast approaching.
10
10 "Seeing Red" Rick Bota Roger Grant January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24) 1.79[13]
Vincent runs off into the night, leaving Cat in the hands of Evan, as she lay unconscious in the middle of the road. Vincent runs into his former fiancée and he and Cat soon discover she too may be being tracked by Muirfield. J.T. gets a call from Evan regarding a paper J.T. did years ago on mutant DNA and must ward him off of continuing his research without arousing suspicion.
11
11 "On Thin Ice" Mike Rohl Blair Singer January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31) 1.72[14]
While Catherine is still recovering from the gunshot wound off-duty, Vincent struggles with his feelings for Cat and fond memories of his old life with Alex. J.T. goes to extreme lengths to stop Evan presenting his findings to anybody.
12
12 "Cold Turkey" Fred Gerber Allison Moore February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07) 1.48[15]
Vincent and Alex are on a romantic getaway in a cabin, when Catherine interrupts, despite her promise to avoid seeing Vincent. Evan discovers a bug in his office, which makes him start to believe J.T.'s earlier warnings.
13
13 "Trust No One" Bobby Roth Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14) 1.40[16]
Vincent tries to woo Catherine on Valentine's Day. Catherine gives in to him eventually, only to have the moment spoiled by her sister.
14
14 "Tough Love" Bradley Walsh Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21) 1.52[17]
After an awkward double date with Darius and Vincent, Heather gets suspicious of Vincent and enlists the help of Tess to find out more about "Vincent Zalanski". Joe's brother, Darius, unintentionally gets Heather and himself in big trouble and it is Vincent who suffers the consequences.
15
15 "Any Means Possible" Steven A. Adelson Roger Grant March 14, 2013 (2013-03-14) 1.43[18]
Catherine and Vincent grow closer as they collaborate to track down a witness, helping to clear Vincent's name.
First appearance of: Sendhil Ramamurthy
16
16 "Insatiable" Lee Rose Blair Singer March 21, 2013 (2013-03-21) 1.72[19]
As Cat and Vincent take their relationship further, they are brought back to reality when it appears there is a copy-cat mimicking Vincent. Evan grows even more suspicious of Cat. Muirfield are close to catching Vincent, and with no escape, J.T. and Cat must take a big risk.
17
17 "Partners in Crime" Rick Rosenthal Emily Silver March 28, 2013 (2013-03-28) 1.50[20]
Cat is forced to tell Tess the truth about Vincent. Gabe interrogates the entire precinct, hoping to find whomever is more connected to the vigilante's case than they are letting on.
18
18 "Heart of Darkness" Scott Peters Roger Grant & Blair Singer April 18, 2013 (2013-04-18) 1.59[21]
Evan confesses his love for Cat, admitting that he was the one who tipped off Muirfield on Vincent's whereabouts. Cat is stunned. Evan soon has a decision to make as Vincent and Cat are both in danger. Meanwhile, Gabe finally finds evidence connecting somebody in the precinct to the vigilante.
19
19 "Playing with Fire" Mike Rohl Brian Studler April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25) 1.24[22]
Gabe reveals a big secret to Cat: he knows about Muirfield. Vincent is wary of anything he says. J.T. and Vincent find a new hideaway.
20
20 "Anniversary" Mairzee Almas Holly Henderson & Don Whitehead May 2, 2013 (2013-05-02) 1.23[23]
On the anniversary of her mother's death, Cat asks Gabe to attend her family's annual remembrance of Vanessa, making Vincent jealous. Cat finds some information that makes her think her mom might still be alive and when a sniper shoots the mayor at a public event, Vincent finds evidence that links Gabe to the sniper.
21
21 "Date Night" Kevin Fair Story by: Roger Grant
Teleplay by: Sherri Cooper & Jennifer Levin May 9, 2013 (2013-05-09) 1.29[24]
Cat and Vincent go on a date in public in an attempt to be a normal couple, which backfires. Gabe reveals some information that gives Cat hope they can cure Vincent.
22
22 "Never Turn Back" Rick Bota Kelly Souders & Brian Peterson May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16) 1.26[25]
When secrets about Cat's family are revealed, it will change everything Cat knew about her past. Vincent finds himself staring his demise in the face; while Gabe takes drastic measures to get some answers.
Reception[edit]
The first season was given a 33 out of 100 score on Metacritic, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews from 19 critics.[26]
U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]
1 Pilot October 11, 2012 Thursday 9:00PM 2.78[4] 1.2/3[4]
2 Proceed with Caution October 18, 2012 2.00[5] 0.7/2[5]
3 All In October 25, 2012 1.88[6] 0.6/2[6]
4 Basic Instinct November 1, 2012 1.70[7] 0.6/2[7]
5 Saturn Returns November 8, 2012 1.84[8] 0.7/2[8]
6 Worth November 15, 2012 1.56[9] 0.6/2[9]
7 Out of Control November 29, 2012 1.52[10] 0.6/1[10]
8 Trapped December 6, 2012 1.41[11] 0.5/1[11]
9 Bridesmaid Up! December 13, 2012 1.59[12] 0.6/1[12]
10 Seeing Red January 24, 2013 1.79[13] 0.7/2[13]
11 On Thin Ice January 31, 2013 1.72[14] 0.7/2[14]
12 Cold Turkey February 7, 2013 1.48[15] 0.6/1[15]
13 Trust No One February 14, 2013 1.40[16] 0.5/1[16]
14 Tough Love February 21, 2013 1.52[17] 0.5/1[17]
15 Any Means Possible February 28, 2013 1.43[18] 0.5/1[18]
16 Insatiable March 14, 2013 1.72[19] 0.6/2[19]
17 Partners in Crime March 21, 2013 1.50[20] 0.6/2[20]
18 Heart of Darkness April 18, 2013 1.59[21] 0.6/2[21]
19 Playing with Fire April 25, 2013 1.24[22] 0.5/1[22]
20 Anniversary May 2, 2013 1.23[23] 0.5/1[23]
21 Date Night May 9, 2013 1.29[24] 0.5/1[24]
22 Never Turn Back May 16, 2013 1.26[25] 0.5/1[25]
DVD release[edit]
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
October 1, 2013 March 10, 2014 January 7, 2014 (Brazil)
April 23, 2014 (Australia) 22
Features:
Season in Review: The Beginning
Dressing the Beauty
Creating the Beast
Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Commentary on "Pilot"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shows A-Z - beauty & the beast on cw". The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (May 23, 2013). "Full 2012-2013 TV Season Series Rankings". Deadline. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nevets, Stephen (January 18, 2013). "'Twilight' And 'X-Men First Class' Star Edi Gathegi Joins 'Beauty And The Beast'". The Global Dispatch. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (October 12, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' and 'Two and a Half Men' Adjusted Up; 'Up All Night', 'Beauty and the Beast' and '30 Rock Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'The Vampire Diaries'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 19, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaires', 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Office' Adjusted Up; '30 Rock', 'Up All Night' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (October 26, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'Parks & Rec', 'Up All Night', 'Rock Center', '30 Rock', 'Person of Interest' & 'Beauty & the Beast' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 2, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up, 'Person of Interest' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 9, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Vampire Diaries' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up, 'The Office', 'Parks & Rec', 'Scandal' & 'Rock Center' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 16, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Vampire Diaries', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Office' Adjusted Up; 'Last Resort' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 30, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'Beauty and the Beast' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (December 7, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The X Factor', 'The Vampire Diairies' and 'Glee' Adjusted Up; 'Two and a Half Men', 'Elementary', 'Person of Interest' and 'Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (December 14, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'Last Resort', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Person of Interest', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (January 25, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Glee' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (February 1, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; No Adjustments for 'Scandal', 'American Idol' or 'Do No Harm'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (February 8, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Community' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Person of Interest' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (February 15, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Zero Hour', 'Big Bang Theory', 'Community', 'Idol', 'Elementary' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'Scandal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (February 22, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Parks and Recreation', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'Beauty and the Beast' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (March 15, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol' & 'Community' Adjusted Up; 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (March 22, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries', 'American Idol', 'Grey's Anatomy' & '1600 Penn' Adjusted Up; 'Beauty and the Beast' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (March 29, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'Raising Hope' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (April 19, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Glee' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (April 26, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (May 3, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol', 'The Vampire Diaries', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Glee', 'Parks and Recreation' & 'Hannibal' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 10, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'American Idol', 'Vampire Diaries', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Wipeout' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'Glee' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 17, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Hannibal', 'The Big Bang Theory', 'The Vampire Diaries', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'Office' Retrospective Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
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Dronacharya Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dronacharya award
Civilian award for Outstanding Coaches in Sports and Games
Awarded for
Sports coaching honour in India
Sponsored by
Government of India
Reward(s)
₹5 lakh (US$7,500)
First awarded
1985
Last awarded
2017
Most recent winner
R. Gandhi
Heera Nand Kataria
G. S. S. V. Prasad
Brij Bhushan Mohanty
P. A. Raphel
Sanjoy Chakraverty
Roshan Lal
Highlights
Total awarded
104
First winner
Bhalachandra Bhaskar Bhagwat
Om Prakash Bhardwaj
O. M. Nambiar
Dronacharya (left) with Duryodhana (right) showing his army during Kurukshetra War.
The Dronacharya Award, officially known as Dronacharya Award for Outstanding Coaches in Sports and Games,[1] is sports coaching honour of the Republic of India. The award is named after Drona, often referred as "Dronacharya" or "Guru Drona", a character from the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata of ancient India.[2] He was master of advanced military warfare and was appointed as the royal preceptor to the Kaurava and the Pandava princes for their training in military arts and astras (Divine weapons).[3] It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured to have done "outstanding and meritorious work on a consistent basis and enabled sportspersons to excel in international events" over a period of four years. Two awards are designated for the lifetime contribution in coaching where the achievements in producing "outstanding sportspersons" over a period of 20 years or more are considered. As of 2017[update], the award comprises a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ₹5 lakh (US$7,500).[1]
Instituted in 1985,[4] the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Championship and World Cup along with Cricket, Indigenous Games, and Parasports.[1] The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April. A ten-member committee evaluates the nominations and later submits their recommendations to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval.[1]
The first recipients of the award were Bhalachandra Bhaskar Bhagwat (Wrestling), Om Prakash Bhardwaj (Boxing), and O. M. Nambiar (Athletics), who were honoured in 1985.[5] Usually conferred upon not more than five coaches in a year, a few exceptions have been made (2012 and 2016-17) when more recipients were awarded in a year. The most recent recipients of the award are R. Gandhi (Athletics), Heera Nand Kataria (Kabaddi) along with G. S. S. V. Prasad (Badminton), Brij Bhushan Mohanty (Boxing), P. A. Raphel (Hockey), Sanjoy Chakraverty (Shooting), and Roshan Lal (Wrestling) who were honoured for their lifetime contribution.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Nominations
2 Selection process
3 List of recipients
4 Controversies
5 Explanatory notes
6 References
7 External links
Nominations[edit]
The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the Indian Olympic Association, the Sports Authority of India, the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, and the state and the union territory governments with not more than two eligible coaches nominated for each sports discipline. In case of cricket, the nominations are received from the Board of Control for Cricket in India as there is no National Sports Federation recognised by the Government. The Sports Authority of India (SAI) is authorised to submit the nominations on behalf of all the de-recognised or under suspension National Sports Federations. The previous award recipients of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, Dronacharya Award, and Dhyan Chand Award can also nominate one coach for the discipline for which they themselves were awarded. The Government can nominate up to two coaches in deserving cases where no such nominations have been received from the nominating authorities. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April.[1]
Selection process[edit]
All the received nominations are sent to SAI and concerned National Sports Federations for verification against the claimed achievements. The National Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for providing the doping clearance. Any coach associated with a sportsperson who is either penalised or being investigated for use of drugs or substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is not eligible for the award along with the previous award recipients of Dhyan Chand Award. A committee consisting of the Joint Secretary and the Director/Deputy Secretary of Department of Sports, the Secretary and the Executive Director/Director (TEAMS) of SAI verify and validate the nominations.[1]
The valid nominations are considered by a selection committee constituted by the Government. This ten member committee consists of a Chairperson nominated by the Ministry, two members who are either Olympians or previous recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna or the Arjuna Award, three previous recipients of the Dronacharya Award of different sports disciplines, two sports journalists/experts/commentators, one sports administrator, the Director General of SAI, and the Joint Secretary of Department of Sports, with not more than one sportsperson from any particular discipline being included in the committee.[1] The medals won in various International championships and events in disciplines included in Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympics Games, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games are given 80% weightage. The remaining 20% weightage is given to the profile and standard of the events where their trainees have won the medals. For any other games not included in Olympic, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games like cricket and indigenous games, individual performances are taken into consideration. Coach with maximum points is given 80 marks, while the remaining coaches are given marks in proportion to the maximum points. For team events, marks are given per the strength of the team.[1] Following are the points defined for medals at the given events:
Points given to coach for winning medals by their trainee during the last four years
Event
Medal
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Olympic Games/Paralympic Games
80 70 55
World Championship/World Cup[a]
40 30 20
Asian Games
30 25 20
Commonwealth Games
25 20 15
For a given discipline, not more than two coaches, one male and one female, are given highest marks. The committee may not recommend the award to the coach with the highest marks across disciplines but can only recommend the recipient of the highest aggregate marks in a particular sports discipline. The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval.[1]
List of recipients[edit]
Key
# Indicates lifetime contribution Indicates Para sports
List of award recipients, showing the year and discipline(s)
Year
Recipient(s)
Discipline(s)
Refs.
1985
Bhalachandra Bhaskar Bhagwat
Wrestling [5]
1985
Om Prakash Bhardwaj
Boxing [5]
1985
O. M. Nambiar
Athletics [5]
1986
Desh Prem Azad
Cricket [5]
1986
Raghunandan Vasant Gokhle
Chess [5]
1987
Guru Hanuman
Wrestling [5]
1987
Gurcharan Singh
Cricket [5]
1988
No award
[5]
1989
No award
[5]
1990
Ramakant Achrekar
Cricket [5]
1990
Syed Naeemuddin
Football [5]
1990
A. Ramana Rao
Volleyball [5]
1991
No award
[5]
1992
No award
[5]
1993
No award
[5]
1994
Ilyas Babar
Athletics [5]
1995
Shyam Sunder Rao
Volleyball [5]
1995
Karan Singh
Athletics [5]
1996
Wilson Jones
Billiards & Snooker [5]
1996
Pal Singh Sandhu
Weightlifting [5]
1997
Joginder Singh Saini
Athletics [5]
1998
G. S. Sandhu
Boxing [7]
1998
Hargobind Singh Sandhu
Athletics [7]
1998
Bahadur Singh Chouhan
Athletics [7]
1999
Kenneth Owen Bosen
Athletics [8]
1999
Hawa Singh
Boxing [8]
1999
Ajay Kumar Sirohi
Weightlifting [8]
2000
S. M. Arif
Badminton [9]
2000
Gudial Singh Bhangu
Hockey [9]
2000
Bhupender Dhawan
Powerlifting [9]
2000
Gopal Purushottam Phadke
Kho kho [9]
2000
Hansa Sharma
Weightlifting [9]
2001
Michael Ferreira
Billiards & Snooker [10]
2001
Sunny Thomas
Shooting [10]
2002
Maharaj Krishan Kaushik
Hockey [11]
2002
Renu Kohli
Athletics [11]
2002
Homi Motivala
Yachting [11]
2002
E. Prasad Rao
Kabaddi [11]
2002
Jaswant Singh
Athletics [11]
2003
Sukhchain Singh Cheema
Wrestling [12]
2003
Robert Bobby George
Athletics [12]
2003
Anoop Kumar
Boxing [12]
2003
Rajinder Singh Jr.
Hockey [12]
2004
Cyrus Poncha
Squash [13]
2004
Arvind Savur
Billiards & Snooker [13]
2004
Sunita Sharma
Cricket [13]
2005
Ismail Baig
Rowing [14]
2005
Maha Singh Rao
Wrestling [14]
2005
Balwan Singh
Kabaddi [14]
2005
M. Venu
Boxing [14]
2006
Koneru Ashok
Chess [15]
2006
Damodaran Chandralal
Boxing [15]
2006
R. D. Singh
Athletics [15]
2007
Jagdish Singh
Boxing [16]
2007
Jagminder Singh
Wrestling [16]
2007
Sanjeeva Kumar Singh
Archery [16]
2007
G. E. Sridharan
Volleyball [16]
2008
No award
[5]
2009
Jaydev Bisht
Boxing [17]
2009
Pullela Gopichand
Badminton [17]
2009
S. Baldev Singh
Hockey [17]
2009
Satpal Singh
Wrestling [17]
2010
Subhash Agarwal
Billiards & Snooker [18]
2010
Ajay Kumar Bansal
Hockey [18]
2010
Captain Chandrup
Wrestling [18]
2010
A. K. Kutty
Athletics [18]
2010
L Ibomcha Singh
Boxing [18]
2011
Devender Kumar Rathore
Gymnastics [19]
2011
Kuntal Kumar Roy
Athletics# [19]
2011
Ramphal
Wrestling [19]
2011
Inukurthi Venkateshwara Roy
Boxing [19]
2011
Rajinder Singh Jr.
Hockey# [19]
2012
Jasvinder Singh Bhatia
Athletics# [20]
2012
Sunil Dabas
Kabaddi [20]
2012
B. I. Fernandez
Boxing [20]
2012
Bhawani Mukherjee
Table Tennis# [20]
2012
Virender Poonia
Athletics [20]
2012
Satyapal Singh
Athletics [20]
2012
Harendra Singh
Hockey [20]
2012
Yashvir Singh
Wrestling [20]
2013
Purnima Mahato
Archery [21]
2013
Narender Singh Saini
Hockey [21]
2013
Mahavir Singh
Boxing [21]
2013
Raj Singh
Wrestling# [21]
2013
K. P. Thomas
Athletics# [21]
2014
Gurcharan Gogi
Judo# [22]
2014
Jose Jacob
Rowing# [22]
2014
N. Lingappa
Athletics# [22]
2014
Ganapathy Manoharan
Boxing# [22]
2014
Mahabir Prasad
Wrestling [22]
2015
Nihar Ameen
Swimming# [23]
2015
Anoop Singh
Wrestling [23]
2015
Harbans Singh
Athletics# [23]
2015
Naval Singh
Athletics [23]
2015
Swatantar Raj Singh
Boxing# [23]
2016
Sagar Mal Dhayal
Boxing [24]
2016
S. Pradeep Kumar
Swimming# [24]
2016
Bishweshwar Nandi
Gymnastics [24]
2016
Mahavir Singh Phogat
Wrestling# [24]
2016
Nagapuri Ramesh
Athletics [24]
2016
Rajkumar Sharma
Cricket [24]
2017
R. Gandhi
Athletics [6]
2017
Heera Nand Kataria
Kabaddi [6]
2017
G. S. S. V. Prasad
Badminton# [6]
2017
Brij Bhushan Mohanty
Boxing# [6]
2017
P. A. Raphel
Hockey# [6]
2017
Sanjoy Chakraverty
Shooting# [6]
2017
Roshan Lal
Wrestling# [6]
Controversies[edit]
Some of the recipients have been accused of falsely claiming the achievements of the medalist under their names. Satpal Singh (2009), Ramphal (2011), and Yashvir Singh (2012) had mentioned two times Olympic medal winning wrestler Sushil Kumar (2008 and 2012) as their trainee.[25] The award for year 2012 was bestowed upon para sports athletics coach Satyapal Singh. However, 2010 Arjuna Award winning para athlete Jagseer Singh accused Satyapal Singh for falsely mentioning him as their trainee for the award. Jagseer Singh mentioned that 2006 Dronacharya Award winner R. D. Singh was appointed as the main coach and Satyapal Singh was an assisting coach. Jagseer was informed about such claim via Right to Information Act, 2005 which had him mentioned as the primary trainee by Satyapal Singh.[26] 2013 award winner Raj Singh also claimed Sushil Kumar and 2012 Summer Olympics medal winning wrestler Yogeshwar Dutt as their trainee.[27] Following an announcement, in August 2015, a Public-Interest Litigation was filed in the Delhi High Court by Vinod Kumar. The petitioner, former chief wrestling coach, mentioned that he was the chief national coach of men's freestyle wrestling team from November 2010 to April 2015 and claimed that he had more points (420) than the recipient Anoop Singh Dahiya (375). The court directed the Ministry to confer the award on Kumar and provided one week to the Ministry to challenge the decision. However, the Ministry did not change their decision as the Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) had sacked Kumar in May 2015.[28]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A World Championship/World Cup is generally organised every four years. For different cyclicities, proportionate marks are given.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Scheme for Dronacharya Award For Outstanding Coaches In Sports And Games (Amended as on 3 February 2016)" (PDF). Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. 3 February 2016. p. 11. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dronacharya award". Sports Logon. 2017.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Ajay (2016). Word of God Bhagavad Gita. Notion Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-945497-74-2. :14
Jump up ^ Bhardwaj, D. K. "India in Sports: Some Fabulous Achievements". Press Information Bureau, India. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "List of Dronacharya Awardees". Sports Authority of India. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "National Sports Awards 2017" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Arjun Awards 1998 announced Ms. Jyotirmoyee Sikdar gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 1998–99" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Arjuna Awards Presented" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 September 2001. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Arjuna Awards, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Dhyan Chand and Dronacharya Awards given away" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2003. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 21 September 2004. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, 2005, Arjuna awards 2005, Dhyan Chand awards, 2006 and Dronacharya awards for the year 2005 Announced" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna & Arjuna Awards announced" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "President Gives Away Sports and Adventure Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "President Gives Away National Sports and Adventure Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "National Sports Awards 2014" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "National Sports and Adventure Awards" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "National Sports Awards 2016" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 22 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Where credit isn't due". Hindustan Times. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Has Dr Satyapal Singh get Dronacharya award by cheating?". Zee News. New Delhi: Youtube. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Singh, Navneet (31 August 2013). "Cooked up claims get Dronacharya award for wrestling secretary". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Hussain, Sabi (29 August 2015). "Give Dronacharya Award to Vinod, court tells Ministry". The Tribune. New Delhi. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
External links[edit]
"Dronacharya Award". Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, India. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
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category
AU: D
US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration
By mouth
ATC code
M04AC01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
45%
Protein binding
35-44%
Metabolism
Metabolism, partly by CYP3A4
Elimination half-life
26.6-31.2 hours
Excretion
Faeces (65%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
N-[(7S)-1,2,3,10-Tetramethoxy-9-oxo-5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl]acetamide
CAS Number
64-86-8 Y
PubChem CID
6167
IUPHAR/BPS
2367
DrugBank
DB01394 Y
ChemSpider
5933 Y
UNII
SML2Y3J35T
KEGG
D00570 Y
ChEBI
CHEBI:27882 Y
ChEMBL
CHEMBL107 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.000.544
Chemical and physical data
Formula
C22H25NO6
Molar mass
399.437
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
SMILES[show]
O=C(N[C@@H]3C\1=C\C(=O)C(\OC)=C/C=C/1c2c(cc(OC)c(OC)c2OC)CC3)C
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C22H25NO6/c1-12(24)23-16-8-6-13-10-19(27-3)21(28-4)22(29-5)20(13)14-7-9-18(26-2)17(25)11-15(14)16/h7,9-11,16H,6,8H2,1-5H3,(H,23,24)/t16-/m0/s1 Y
Key:IAKHMKGGTNLKSZ-INIZCTEOSA-N Y
(verify)
Colchicine (as Colcrys or Mitigare) is a medication most commonly used to treat gout.[1][2][3] In addition to gout, colchicine is used to treat familial Mediterranean fever, pericarditis, and Behçet's disease.[2] Adverse effects are primarily gastrointestinal upset at high doses.[4]
It is a toxic alkaloid and secondary metabolite, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, also known as "meadow saffron").[2][5][6]
Contents
1 Medical uses
1.1 Gout
1.2 Other conditions
1.3 Investigative uses
2 Mechanism of action
3 Formulations and dosing
4 Contraindications
5 Adverse effects
6 Toxicity
6.1 Mechanism of toxicity
7 Drug interactions
8 History
8.1 United States Unapproved Drugs Initiative
8.2 Marketing exclusivity in the United States
8.3 Orphan drug
9 Biosynthesis
9.1 Botanical use
10 Regulation
11 In popular culture
12 References
13 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Gout[edit]
Colchicine is an alternative for those unable to tolerate NSAIDs in gout.[7] At high doses, side effects (primarily gastrointestinal upset) limit its use.[2][8] At lower doses, it is well tolerated.[2][9][10][11] One review found low-quality evidence that low-dose colchicine (1.8 mg in one hour or 1.2 mg per day) reduced gout symptoms and pain, whereas high-dose colchicine (4.8 mg over 6 hours) was effective against pain, but caused more severe side effects, such as diarrhea, nausea or vomiting.[10]
For treating gout symptoms, colchicine is used orally with or without food, as symptoms first appear.[6] Subsequent doses may be needed if symptoms worsen.[6][10]
Other conditions[edit]
Colchicine is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent for long-term treatment of Behçet's disease.[12] It appears to have limited effect in relapsing polychondritis, as it may only be useful for the treatment of chondritis and mild skin symptoms.[13]
Colchicine is also used in addition to other therapy in the treatment of pericarditis.[12][14]
Colchicine is used widely in the treatment of familial Mediterranean fever,[12] in which it reduces attacks and the long-term risk of amyloidosis.[15]
Investigative uses[edit]
Colchicine has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery.[16]
Mechanism of action[edit]
In gout, inflammation in joints results from the precipitation of circulating uric acid, exceeding its solubility in blood and depositing as crystals of monosodium urate in and around synovial fluid and soft tissues of joints.[3] These crystal deposits cause inflammatory arthritis, which is initiated and sustained by mechanisms involving various proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines.[3]
Under preliminary research are various mechanisms by which colchicine may interfere with gout inflammation:
inhibits microtubule polymerization by binding to tubulin, one of the main constituents of microtubules[3]
as availability of tubulin is essential to mitosis, colchicine may inhibit mitosis[3]
inhibits activation and migration of neutrophils to sites of inflammation[6]
interferes with the inflammasome complex found in neutrophils and monocytes that mediate interleukin-1β activation, a component of inflammation[6]
inhibits superoxide anion production in response to urate crystals[3]
interrupts mast cell degranulation[3]
Generally, colchicine appears to inhibit multiple proinflammatory mechanisms, while enabling increased levels of anti-inflammatory mediators.[3] Apart from inhibiting mitosis, colchicine inhibits neutrophil motility and activity, leading to a net anti-inflammatory effect, which has efficacy for inhibiting or preventing gout inflammation.[3][6]
Formulations and dosing[edit]
Trade names for colchicine are Colcrys or Mitigare which are manufactured as a dark– and light-blue capsule having a dose of 0.6 mg.[6][17] Colchicine is also prepared as a white, yellow, or purple pill (tablet) having a dose of 0.6 mg.[17]
Colchicine is typically prescribed to mitigate or prevent the onset of gout, or its continuing symptoms and pain, using a low-dose prescription of 0.6 to 1.2 mg per day, or a high-dose amount of up to 4.8 mg in the first 6 hours of a gout episode.[4][6][10] With an oral dose of 0.6 mg, peak blood levels occur within one to two hours.[5] For treating gout, the initial effects of colchicine occur in a window of 12 to 24 hours, with a peak within 48 to 72 hours.[6] It has a narrow therapeutic window, requiring monitoring of the subject for potential toxicity.[6] Colchicine is not a general pain relief drug, and is not used to treat pain in other disorders.[6]
Contraindications[edit]
Long-term (prophylactic) regimens of oral colchicine are absolutely contraindicated in patients with advanced renal failure (including those on dialysis).[6] About 10-20 percent of a colchicine dose is excreted unchanged by the kidneys; it is not removed by hemodialysis. Cumulative toxicity is a high probability in this clinical setting, and a severe neuromyopathy may result. The presentation includes a progressive onset of proximal weakness, elevated creatine kinase, and sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Colchicine toxicity can be potentiated by the concomitant use of cholesterol-lowering drugs.[6]
Adverse effects[edit]
Deaths – both accidental and intentional – have resulted from overdose of colchicine.[6] Typical side effects of moderate doses may include gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, and neutropenia.[2] High doses can also damage bone marrow, lead to anemia, and cause hair loss. All of these side effects can result from inhibition of mitosis,[18] which may include neuromuscular toxicity and rhabdomyolysis.[6]
Toxicity[edit]
According to one review, colchicine poisoning by overdose (range of acute doses of 7 to 26 mg) occurs in three phases: 1) a gastrointestinal phase occurring 10-24 hours after ingestion; 2) a phase having poor prognosis involving multiple organ dysfunction occurring 24 hours to 7 days after ingestion, potentially evolving into rapid, progressive multi-organ failure and sepsis; 3) several weeks would be needed for a complete recovery if there are no complications.[19]
Colchicine can be toxic when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed in the eyes.[2] Colchicine can cause a temporary clouding of the cornea and be absorbed into the body, causing systemic toxicity. Symptoms of colchicine overdose start 2 to 24 hours after the toxic dose has been ingested and include burning in the mouth and throat, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.[6] This can cause hypovolemic shock due to extreme vascular damage and fluid loss through the gastrointestinal tract, which can be fatal.[19][20]
If the affected person does not recover, a multiple-system organ failure phase of colchicine overdose may result. This includes kidney damage, which causes low urine output and bloody urine; low white blood cell counts that can last for several days; anemia; muscular weakness; liver failure; hepatomegaly; bone marrow suppression; thrombocytopenia; and ascending paralysis leading to potentially fatal respiratory failure. Neurologic symptoms are also evident, including seizures, confusion, and delirium; children may experience hallucinations. Recovery may begin within six to eight days and begins with rebound leukocytosis and alopecia as organ functions return to normal.[19][18] Long-term exposure to colchicine can lead to toxicity, particularly of the bone marrow, kidney, and nerves. Effects of long-term colchicine toxicity include agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, low white blood cell counts, aplastic anemia, alopecia, rash, purpura, vesicular dermatitis, kidney damage, anuria, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.[18]
No specific antidote for colchicine is known, but supportive care is used in cases of overdose. In the immediate period after an overdose, monitoring for gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiac dysrhythmias, and respiratory depression is appropriate,[18] and may require gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal or gastric lavage.[19][20]
Mechanism of toxicity[edit]
With overdoses, colchicine becomes toxic as an extension of its cellular mechanism of action via binding to tubulin.[19] Cells so affected undergo impaired protein assembly with reduced endocytosis, exocytosis, cellular motility, and interrupted function of heart cells, culminating in multi-organ failure.[3][19]
Drug interactions[edit]
Colchicine interacts with the P-glycoprotein transporter, and the CYP3A4 enzyme involved in drug and toxin metabolism.[6][19] Fatal drug interactions have occurred when colchicine was taken with other drugs that inhibit P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4, such as erythromycin or clarithromycin.[6]
People taking macrolide antibiotics, such as ketoconazole and cyclosporine for liver or kidney disease, should not take colchicine, as these drugs may interfere with colchicine metabolism and raise its blood levels, potentially increasing its toxicity abruptly.[6][19] Symptoms of toxicity include gastrointestinal upset, fever, muscle pain, low blood cell counts, and organ failure.[2][6] People with HIV/AIDS taking atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, or saquinavir may experience colchicine toxicity.[6] Grapefruit juice and statins can also increase colchicine concentrations.[6]
History[edit]
The plant source of colchicine, the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was described for treatment of rheumatism and swelling in the Ebers Papyrus (circa 1500 BC), an Egyptian medical papyrus.[21] Colchicum extract was first described as a treatment for gout in De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, in the first century AD. Use of the bulb-like corms of Colchicum to treat gout probably dates to around 550 AD, as the "hermodactyl" recommended by Alexander of Tralles. Colchicum corms were used by the Persian physician Avicenna, and were recommended by Ambroise Pare in the 16th century, and appeared in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1618.[22] Colchicum plants were brought to North America by Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from gout himself and had written humorous doggerel about the disease during his stint as United States Ambassador to France.[23]
Colchicine was first isolated in 1820 by the French chemists P. S. Pelletier and J. B.Caventou.[24] In 1833, P. L. Geiger purified an active ingredient, which he named colchicine.[25] The determination of colchicine's structure required decades, although in 1945, Michael Dewar made an important contribution when he suggested that, among the molecule's three rings, two were seven-member rings.[26] Its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects for gout were linked to its ability to bind with tubulin.
United States Unapproved Drugs Initiative[edit]
An unintended consequence of the 2006 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety program called the Unapproved Drugs Initiative — through which the FDA sought more rigorous testing of efficacy and safety of colchicine and other unapproved drugs[27] — was a price increase of 2000 percent [28] for "a gout remedy so old that the ancient Greeks knew about its effects."[28] Under Unapproved Drugs Initiative small companies like URL Pharma — Philadelphia drugmaker — were rewarded with licenses for testing of medicines like colchicine. In 2009, the FDA reviewed a New Drug Application for colchicine submitted by URL Pharma. URL Pharma did the testing, gained FDA formal approval and was granted rights over colchicine. With this monopoly pricing power, the price of colchicine increased.
In 2012 Asia’s biggest drugmaker — Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. — acquired URL Pharma for $800 million including the rights to colchicine (brand name Colcrys) earning $1.2 billion in revenue by raising the price even more.[28]
Oral colchicine had been used for many years as an unapproved drug with no FDA-approved prescribing information, dosage recommendations, or drug interaction warnings.[29] On July 30, 2009 the FDA approved colchicine as a monotherapy for the treatment of three different indications (familial Mediterranean fever, acute gout flares, and for the prophylaxis of gout flares[29]), and gave URL Pharma a three-year marketing exclusivity agreement[30] in exchange for URL Pharma doing 17 new studies and investing $100 million into the product, of which $45 million went to the FDA for the application fee. URL Pharma raised the price from $0.09 per tablet to $4.85, and the FDA removed the older unapproved colchicine from the market in October 2010, both in oral and intravenous forms, but gave pharmacies the opportunity to buy up the older unapproved colchicine.[31] Colchicine in combination with probenecid has been FDA-approved prior to 1982.[30]
In August 2009, colchicine won FDA approval in the United States as a stand-alone drug for the treatment of acute flares of gout and familial Mediterranean fever.[32][33] It had previously been approved as an ingredient in an FDA-approved combination product for gout. The approval was based on a study in which two doses (1.2 mg and 0.6 mg) an hour apart were as effective as higher doses in combating the acute flare of gout.[11]
Marketing exclusivity in the United States[edit]
As a drug antedating the FDA, colchicine was sold in the United States for many years without having been reviewed by the FDA for safety and efficacy. The FDA reviewed approved colchicine for gout flares, awarding Colcrys a three-year term of market exclusivity, prohibiting generic sales, and increasing the price of the drug from $0.09 to $4.85 per tablet.[34][35][36]
Numerous consensus guidelines, and previous randomized controlled trials, had concluded that colchicine is effective for acute flares of gouty arthritis. However, as of 2006, the drug was not formally approved by the FDA, owing to the lack of a conclusive randomized control trial (RCT). Through the Unapproved Drugs Initiative, the FDA sought more rigorous testing of efficacy and safety of colchicine and other unapproved drugs.[27] In exchange for paying for the costly testing, the FDA gave URL Pharma three years of market exclusivity for its Colcrys brand,[37] under the Hatch-Waxman Act, based in part on URL-funded research in 2007, including pharmacokinetic studies and a randomized control trial with 185 patients with acute gout.
In April 2010, an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine said that the rewards of this legislation are not calibrated to the quality or value of the information produced, that no evidence of meaningful improvement to public health was seen, and that it would be less expensive for the FDA, the National Institutes of Health or large insurers to pay for trials themselves. Furthermore, the cost burden of this subsidy falls primarily on patients or their insurers.[38] In September 2010, the FDA ordered a halt to marketing unapproved single-ingredient oral colchicine.[39]
Colchicine patents expire on February 10, 2029.[40]
Orphan drug[edit]
URL Pharma also received seven years of market exclusivity for Colcrys in treatment of familial Mediterranean fever, under the Orphan Drug Law. URL Pharma then raised the price per tablet from $0.09 to $4.85 and sued to remove other versions from the market, increasing annual costs for the drug to U.S. state Medicaid programs from $1 million to $50 million. Medicare also paid significantly higher costs—making this a direct money-loser for the government. (In a similar case, thalidomide was approved in 1998 as an orphan drug for leprosy and in 2006 for multiple myeloma.)[38]
Biosynthesis[edit]
Several experiments show that the biosynthesis of colchicine involves the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine as precursors. Indeed, the feeding of C. autumnale with radioactive amino acid, tyrosine-2-C14, caused the latter to partially incorporate in the ring system of colchicine. The induced absorption of radioactive phenylalanine-2-C14 by C. byzantinum, another plant of the Colchicaceae family, resulted in its efficient absorption by colchicine.[41] However, it was proven that the tropolone ring of colchicine resulted, in essence, from the expansion of the tyrosine ring. Further radioactive feeding experiments of C. autumnale revealed that colchicine can be synthesized biosynthetically from (S)-autumnaline. That biosynthesic pathway occurs primarily through a para-para phenolic coupling reaction involving the intermediate isoandrocymbine. The resulting molecule undergoes O-methylation directed by S-adenosylmethionine. Two oxidation steps followed by the cleavage of the cyclopropane ring leads to the formation of the tropolone ring contained by N-formyldemecolcine. N-formyldemecolcine hydrolyzes then to generate the molecule demecolcine, which also goes through an oxidative demethylation that generates deacetylcolchicine. The molecule of colchicine appears finally after addition of acetyl-coenzyme A to deacetylcolchicine.[42][43]
Botanical use[edit]
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Since chromosome segregation is driven by microtubules, colchicine is also used for inducing polyploidy in plant cells during cellular division by inhibiting chromosome segregation during meiosis; half the resulting gametes, therefore, contain no chromosomes, while the other half contains double the usual number of chromosomes (i.e., diploid instead of haploid, as gametes usually are), and lead to embryos with double the usual number of chromosomes (i.e., tetraploid instead of diploid). While this would be fatal in most higher animal cells, in plant cells it is not only usually well tolerated, but also frequently results in larger, hardier, faster-growing, and in general more desirable plants than the normally diploid parents; for this reason, this type of genetic manipulation is frequently used in breeding plants commercially.
When such a tetraploid plant is crossed with a diploid plant, the triploid offspring are usually sterile (unable to produce fertile seeds or spores), although many triploids can be propagated vegetatively. Growers of annual triploid plants not readily propagated must buy fresh seed from a supplier each year. Many sterile triploid plants, including some tree and shrubs, are becoming increasingly valued in horticulture and landscaping because they do not become invasive species. In certain species, colchicine-induced triploidy has been used to create "seedless" fruit, such as seedless watermelons (Citrullus lanatus). Since most triploids do not produce pollen themselves, such plants usually require cross-pollination with a diploid parent to induce fruit production.
Colchicine's ability to induce polyploidy can be also exploited to render infertile hybrids fertile, for example in breeding triticale (× Triticosecale) from wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale). Wheat is typically tetraploid and rye diploid, with their triploid hybrid infertile; treatment of triploid triticale with colchicine gives fertile hexaploid triticale.
When used to induce polyploidy in plants, colchicine cream is usually applied to a growth point of the plant, such as an apical tip, shoot, or sucker. Also, seeds can be presoaked in a colchicine solution before planting. Another way to induce polyploidy is to chop off the tops of plants and carefully examine the regenerating lateral shoots and suckers to see if any look different.[44] If no visual difference is evident, flow cytometry can be used for analysis.
Doubling of plant chromosome numbers also occurs spontaneously in nature, with many familiar plants being fertile polyploids.[45] Natural hybridization between fertile parental plants of different levels of polyploidy can produce new plants at an intermediate level, such as a triploid produced by crossing between a diploid and a tetraploid, or a hexaploid produced by crossing between a tetraploid and an octoploid.
Regulation[edit]
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.[46]
In popular culture[edit]
The toxicity of colchicine is illustrated in Occam’s Razor.
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colchicine.
Dowd, Matthew J. (April 30, 1998). "Colchicine". Virginia Commonwealth University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-10.
NIOSH Emergency Response Database
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Drugs to lower uric acid levels
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Sulfinpyrazone
Benzbromarone
Isobromindione
secondary
Amlodipine
Atorvastatin
Fenofibrate
Guaifenesin
Lesinurad
Losartan
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors
purine analogues
Allopurinol#
Oxypurinol
Tisopurine
other
Febuxostat
Inositols (Phytic acid
Myo-inositol)
Topiroxostat
Mitotic inhibitors
Colchicine
Other
Cinchophen
NSAIDs except aspirin
Sevelamer
Urate oxidase (Rasburicase
Pegloticase)
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
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Glycine receptor modulators
Receptor
(ligands)
GlyR
Agonists: β-Alanine
β-ABA (BABA)
β-AIBA
Caesium
D-Alanine
D-Serine
GABA
Glycine
Hypotaurine
Ivermectin
L-Alanine
L-Proline
L-Serine
L-Threonine
MDL-27531
Milacemide
Picolinic acid
Propofol
Quisqualamine
Sarcosine
Taurine
Positive modulators: Alcohols (e.g., brometone, chlorobutanol (chloretone), ethanol (alcohol), tert-butanol (2M2P), tribromoethanol, trichloroethanol, trifluoroethanol)
Alkylbenzene sulfonate
Anandamide
Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
Chlormethiazole
D12-116
Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine)
Etomidate
Ginseng constituents (e.g., ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside-Rf))
Glutamic acid (glutamate)
Ivermectin
Ketamine
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), pregnenolone acetate, minaxolone, ORG-20599)
Nitrous oxide
Penicillin G
Propofol
Tamoxifen
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Triclofos
Tropeines (e.g., atropine, bemesetron, cocaine, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron)
Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, desflurane, diethyl ether (ether), enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), trichloroethylene)
Xenon
Zinc
Antagonists: 2-Aminostrychnine
2-Nitrostrychnine
4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
αEMBTL
Bicuculline
Brucine
Cacotheline
Caffeine
Colchicine
Colubrine
Cyanotriphenylborate
Dendrobine
Diaboline
Endocannabinoids (e.g., 2-AG, anandamide (AEA))
Gaboxadol (THIP)
Gelsemine
iso-THAZ
Isobutyric acid
Isonipecotic acid
Isostrychnine
Laudanosine
N-Methylbicuculline
N-Methylstrychnine
N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
Nipecotic acid
Pitrazepin
Pseudostrychnine
Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA)
RU-5135
Sinomenine
Strychnine
Thiocolchicoside
Tutin
Negative modulators: Amiloride
Benzodiazepines (e.g., bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam)
Corymine
Cyanotriphenylborate
Daidzein
Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine)
Furosemide
Genistein
Ginkgo constituents (e.g., bilobalide, ginkgolides (e.g., ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, ginkgolide M))
Imipramine
NBQX
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., 3α-androsterone sulfate, 3β-androsterone sulfate, deoxycorticosterone, DHEA sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, progesterone)
Opioids (e.g., codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, levomethadone, levorphanol, morphine, oripavine, pethidine, thebaine)
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin)
PMBA
Riluzole
Tropeines (e.g., bemesetron, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron)
Verapamil
Zinc
NMDAR
See here instead.
Transporter
(blockers)
GlyT1
ACPPB
ALX-1393
ALX-5407 (NFPS)
AMG-747
ASP2535
BIIB-104 (PF-04958242)
Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
CP-802079
Ethanol (alcohol)
Glycyldodecylamide
GSK1018921
LY-2365109
ORG-24598
ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
PF-02545920
PF-03463275
Sarcosine
SSR-103,800
SSR-504,734
GlyT2
Amoxapine
Ethanol (alcohol)
NAGly
Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
ORG-25543
VVZ-368
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
GABA receptor modulators
GABAA receptor positive modulators
Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colchicine&oldid=856585327"
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Skeletal formula of colchicine

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