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Voting age
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A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain before they become eligible to vote in a public election. Today, the most common voting age is 18 years; however, voting ages as low as 16 and as high as 25 exist (see list below). Most countries have set a minimum voting age, often set in their constitution. In a number of countries voting is compulsory for those eligible to vote, while in most it is optional.
When the right to vote was being established in democracies, the voting age was generally set at 21 or higher. In the 1970s many countries reduced the voting age to 18. Debate is ongoing in a number of countries on proposals to reduce the voting age to or below 16.
Contents
1 History
2 Debate on lowering voting age to 16
2.1 Australia
2.2 Austria
2.3 Brazil
2.4 Iran
2.5 Luxembourg
2.6 Malta
2.7 New Zealand
2.8 United Kingdom
2.8.1 Scotland
2.8.2 Crown dependencies
2.9 United States
2.10 Venezuela
3 Voting ages around the world
3.1 Alphabetical list of countries
3.1.1 A
3.1.2 B
3.1.3 C
3.1.4 D
3.1.5 E
3.1.6 F
3.1.7 G
3.1.8 H
3.1.9 I
3.1.10 J
3.1.11 K
3.1.12 L
3.1.13 M
3.1.14 N
3.1.15 O
3.1.16 P
3.1.17 Q
3.1.18 R
3.1.19 S
3.1.20 T
3.1.21 U
3.1.22 V
3.1.23 W
3.1.24 Y
3.1.25 Z
4 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18
5 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16
6 Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age
6.1 Alphabetical list of countries
6.1.1 Australia
6.1.2 Austria
6.1.3 Belgium
6.1.4 Canada
6.1.5 Denmark
6.1.6 Estonia
6.1.7 France
6.1.8 Germany
6.1.9 Greece
6.1.10 Ireland
6.1.11 Italy
6.1.12 Malaysia
6.1.13 Netherlands
6.1.14 New Zealand
6.1.15 Norway
6.1.16 Portugal
6.1.17 Romania
6.1.18 Spain
6.1.19 Sweden
6.1.20 United Kingdom
6.1.21 United States
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Before the Second World War, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[1] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1969),[2] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, West Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974), and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued that young men could be drafted to go to war at 18, and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[3]
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India, Switzerland, Austria, and Morocco. Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016.[4] A dispute is continuing in the Maldives.[5][6]
Debate on lowering voting age to 16[edit]
Demonstration in favor of lowering the voting age by members of NYRA Berkeley, California (2004)
Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[7]
Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity. On the other hand one of the major arguments for lowering the voting age to 16 is that at this age in most countries a person has reached the legal working age for most jobs and is liable to pay taxes and therefore should not have to pay taxes without the right to political representation.[8]
During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[9] but none was successful. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[10] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[11] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[12]
Australia[edit]
A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[13]
In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[14]
Austria[edit]
In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[15] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[16]
The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[7] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[7] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[17] Salzburg followed suit,[18][19] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[20] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[19]
After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[21] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[22] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[23][24] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[15][16][25] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[16] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[26] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[27] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[15] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria. More sixteen- and seventeen-year-olds voted than eighteen-to-twenty-one-year-olds in Austria.
Brazil[edit]
Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.
Iran[edit]
Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[28] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[29][30]
Luxembourg[edit]
Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.
Malta[edit]
On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.
On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament will be debated to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.
On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of amending the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[31]
New Zealand[edit]
The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[32] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[33] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.
United Kingdom[edit]
The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[34]
Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote. The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[35] brought the voting age for women down to 21.
The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[36] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[37] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[37]
The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[38] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[39]
In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[40] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.
On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[41] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[42]
The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[43] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[44]
During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.[citation needed]
In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election,[45] which it failed to do.
There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[46][47]
Scotland[edit]
The Scottish National Party conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[48]
In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[49] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[50]
In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for elections for the Scottish Parliament and for Scottish local government elections.[34]
Crown dependencies[edit]
Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[51]
Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[52] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[53] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[54][55] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[56][57]
On 31 October 2007, a proposal[58][59] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[59][60] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[54] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[61]
Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.
United States[edit]
Blue indicates a state that allows 17-year-olds who will turn 18 on or before election day to vote in caucuses or primaries. Pink indicates states that allow 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.
Main article: Voting rights in the United States § Young people
In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[62] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.
The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[63] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[64] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[65]
21 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,[66] North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Vermont, and Washington. Alaska, Kansas, North Dakota and Washington allow 17-year-olds to participate in Democrat caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. Minnesota allows 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.[67] New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register, meaning some 17-year-olds can register to vote in this state.[68]
Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[69] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[70]
In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local (but not general) elections and referendums.[71][72] As of 2018, three additional cities have lowered the voting age to 16: Hyattsville and Greenbelt in Maryland, and Berkeley in California (for school board elections only).[73] In 2018, a bill in the Council of the District of Columbia was proposed to lower the voting age to 16, which would make the federal district the first jurisdiction to lower the voting age for federal level elections.[74]
Venezuela[edit]
A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[75] Following approval in the legislature[76] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.
Voting ages around the world[edit]
Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.
The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.
Voting age:
16
17
18
19
20
21
Alphabetical list of countries[edit]
The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[77]
Contents
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A[edit]
Afghanistan: 18
Albania: 18
Algeria: 18
American Samoa: 18
Andorra: 18
Angola: 18
Anguilla: 18
Antigua and Barbuda: 18
Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
Armenia: 18
Aruba:18
Australia: 18 (compulsory)
Austria: 16[27]
Azerbaijan: 18
B[edit]
Bahamas: 18
Bahrain: 20[78]
Bangladesh: 18
Barbados: 18
Belarus: 18
Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
Belize: 18
Benin: 18
Bermuda: 18
Bhutan: 18
Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
Botswana: 18
Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
British Virgin Islands: 18
Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
Bulgaria: 18
Burkina Faso: 18
Burundi: 18
C[edit]
Cambodia: 18
Cameroon: 21
Canada: 18
Cape Verde: 18
Cayman Islands: 18
Central African Republic: 18
Chad: 18
Chile: 18
China: 18
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
Colombia: 18
Comoros: 18
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
Republic of the Congo: 18
Cook Islands: 18
Costa Rica: 18
Côte d'Ivoire: 18
Croatia: 18
Cuba: 16
Curaçao: 18
Cyprus: 18
Czech Republic: 18
D[edit]
Denmark: 18
Djibouti: 18
Dominica: 18
Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)
E[edit]
East Timor: 17
Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
Egypt: 18
El Salvador: 18
England: 18
Equatorial Guinea: 18
Eritrea: 18
Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
Ethiopia: 17
European Union: 18
F[edit]
Falkland Islands: 18
Faroe Islands: 18
Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
Finland: 18
France: 18
French Polynesia: 18
G[edit]
Gabon: 18
Gambia: 18
Georgia: 18
Germany: 18
Voting age 16 for state elections: Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein.
Voting age 16 for municipal elections: Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein.[79]
Ghana: 18
Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
Greece: 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards,[80] was 18 before 3 August 2016
Greenland: 18
Grenada: 18
Guadeloupe: 18
Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
Guernsey: 16[81]
Guinea: 18
Guinea-Bissau: 18
Guyana: 18
H[edit]
Haiti: 18
Honduras: 18
Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Hungary: 18
I[edit]
Iceland: 18
India: 18
Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[28][82][83][84]
Iraq: 18
Ireland: 18
Isle of Man: 16
Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)
J[edit]
Jamaica: 18
Japan: 18 (changed from 20 in 2016)[4]
Jersey: 16
Jordan: 18
K[edit]
Kazakhstan: 18
Kenya: 18
Kiribati: 18
North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[85]
South Korea: 19
Kosovo (disputed): 18
Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[86]
Kyrgyzstan: 18
L[edit]
Laos: 18
Latvia: 18
Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[87]
Lesotho: 18
Liberia: 18
Libya: 18
Liechtenstein: 18
Lithuania: 18
Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)
M[edit]
Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Republic of Macedonia: 18
Madagascar: 18
Malawi: 18
Malaysia: 21
Maldives: 18
Mali: 18
Malta: 16
Marshall Islands: 18
Martinique: 18
Mauritania: 18
Mauritius: 18
Mayotte: 18
Mexico: 18
Federated States of Micronesia: 18
Moldova: 18
Monaco: 18
Mongolia: 18
Montenegro: 18
Montserrat: 18
Morocco: 18
Mozambique: 18
Myanmar (Burma): 18
N[edit]
Namibia: 18
Nauru: 20
Nepal: 18
Netherlands: 18
New Caledonia: 18
New Zealand: 18
Nicaragua: 16
Niger: 18
Nigeria: 18
Niue: 18
Norfolk Island: 18
Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.
O[edit]
Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.
P[edit]
Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau: 18
Panama: 18
Papua New Guinea: 18
Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[88])
Philippines: 18
For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.
Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
Poland: 18
Portugal: 18
Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.
Q[edit]
Qatar: 18
R[edit]
Réunion: 18
Romania: 18
Russia: 18
Rwanda: 18
S[edit]
Saint Helena: 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
Saint Lucia: 18
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
Samoa: 21
San Marino: 18
São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
Saudi Arabia: 18
Scotland: 16
Senegal: 18
Serbia: 18[89]
Seychelles: 18[90]
Sierra Leone: 18
Singapore: 21
Sint Maarten: 18
Slovakia: 18
Slovenia: 18
Solomon Islands: 21
Somalia: 18
South Africa: 18
South Sudan: 17
Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
Sri Lanka: 18
Sudan: 17
Suriname: 18
Swaziland: 18
Sweden: 18
Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[91][92] [1/26])
Syria: 18
T[edit]
Taiwan: 20 (18 for referendums)
Tajikistan: 18
Tanzania: 18
Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
Togo: 18
Tokelau: 21
Tonga: 21
Trinidad and Tobago: 18
Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[93]
Turkey: 18
Turkmenistan: 18
Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
Tuvalu: 18
U[edit]
Uganda: 18
Ukraine: 18[94]
United Arab Emirates: none[95] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[96]
United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[34])
United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
Uruguay: 18
Uzbekistan: 18[97]
V[edit]
Vanuatu: 18
Venezuela: 18
Vietnam: 18
Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.
W[edit]
Wallis and Futuna: 18
Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [95]
Y[edit]
Yemen: 18
Z[edit]
Zambia: 18
Zimbabwe: 18
Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18[edit]
The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.
Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[98][99]
Czechoslovakia: 1946
Poland: 1952[citation needed]
South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[100]
United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
Canada: 26 June 1970[101][102] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)
non-federal elections: Quebec in 1963,[103] Manitoba on 10 October 1969,[104] Ontario in 1971,[103] Nova Scotia in 1973 following reduction to 19 in 1970[105] and British Columbia in 1992 following reduction to 19 in 1952[106]
Germany: 1970 [107]
Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[108] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[109] Kentucky in 1955,[110] Guam in 1954[111] and American Samoa in 1965.[111])
Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[112][113]
Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [114]
Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[115] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[116]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[117] (See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)
Philippines: 17 January 1973, after the 1973 constitution was announced to have been approved in a plebiscite. Among other things, the new constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[118]
New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[119][120]
Dominica: 1974[121]
Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[122]
Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[123]
Peru: 1979 Constitution
Belgium: 1981[124]
India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[125]
Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[126]
Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[127]
Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[128][129]
Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[130]
Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[131]
Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[132]
Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[133][134] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[135]
Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[136]
Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[137]
Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[138]
Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16[edit]
This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.
Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[139][140]
Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[141]
Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[142]
Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[27]
Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[61][81]
Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[55]
Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[143]
Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[144]
Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[145]
Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only; 5 March 2018 for all elections.
Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age[edit]
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The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.
Alphabetical list of countries[edit]
Australia[edit]
Australian Democrats
Australian Greens
Australian Labor Party[14]
Austria[edit]
The Greens – The Green Alternative
Liberal Forum[146]
Social Democratic Party of Austria[147]
vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[148]
Belgium[edit]
Ecolo[149]
Groen[149]
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[149]
Canada[edit]
Communist Party of Canada
Green Party of Canada[150]
Parti Québécois[151]
voteto16.ca[152]
Ontario Liberal Party [153]
Denmark[edit]
Social Democrats
Socialist People's Party
Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[154]
Estonia[edit]
Estonian National Youth Council
Young Social Democrats
France[edit]
La France Insoumise[155]
Germany[edit]
Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[156]
K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[157]
Greece[edit]
Ecologist Greens[158]
Ireland[edit]
Green Party[159]
Labour Party[160]
Sinn Féin[161]
Socialist Party[162]
In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[163] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[164] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[165]
Italy[edit]
Five Star Movement[166]
Malaysia[edit]
No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[167]
Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[168]
Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[169]
Democratic Action Party (to 18)[170]
National Trust Party (to 18)[171]
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[172]
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[173]
People's Justice Party (to 18)
Netherlands[edit]
GroenLinks
New Zealand[edit]
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party
Norway[edit]
Liberal Party[174]
Socialist Left Party[175]
Portugal[edit]
Left Bloc
LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
Socialist Party
Romania[edit]
National Liberal Party[176]
National Union for the Progress of Romania[177]
Spain[edit]
Izquierda Unida
Sweden[edit]
Green Party[178]
United Kingdom[edit]
Green Party of England and Wales[179]
Green Party in Northern Ireland[180]
Liberal Democrats[181]
Liberal Party[182]
National Health Action Party[183]
Plaid Cymru[184]
Scottish Conservative Party
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
Scottish Socialist Party[185]
Social Democratic Labour Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Votes at 16
United States[edit]
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
Future Voters of America[186]
Green Party of Texas[187]
National Youth Rights Association
Rock the Vote
Socialist Party USA (to 15)
FairVote
Vermont Libertarian Party
See also[edit]
Adultcentrism
Age of candidacy
Demeny voting
Gerontocracy
Mature minor doctrine
Suffrage
Youth
Youth suffrage
Youth rights
Notes[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Tuntutan-Tuntutan PRU13 Masyarakat Sivil Malaysia". suaram.net.
Jump up ^ "Laporan Tribunal Rakyat Tentang Pilihan Raya ke-13 Malaysia" (PDF). bersih.org.
Jump up ^ "DAP Malaysia - Party Policies". dapmalaysia.org. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "mykuasa.org - Amanah". mykuasa.org.
Jump up ^ "Change voting age to 18". theSundaily. 13 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Resolusi Kongres Nasional Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM) ke-18". partisosialis.org.
Jump up ^ "Venstre - Småbedrifter | Miljø | Velferd | Kunnskap". Venstre.no. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Forside - Sosialistisk Venstreparti" (in Norwegian). Sv.no. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gorghiu insistă: vrea tinerii la vot de la 16 ani". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Votul la 16 ani revine în discuție". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.mp.se/politik/demokrati-och-politik
Jump up ^ "Green Party - Greens back calls for votes at 16". greenparty.org.uk. 6 June 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Green Party in Northern Ireland manifesto 2017. Section - Equality. P.15. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Constitutional & Political Reform. Liberal Democrats (official website). Retrieved 11 May 2017.
Jump up ^ David Proffitt. "The Liberal Party :: Government". liberal.org.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ National Health Action Party - election manifesto 2015. National Health Action Party (official website). p.10 - 'A fair political system'. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
Jump up ^ 'Lower voting age to 16'. Wales Online. Published 9 March 2004. Last updated 31 March 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Building a Better Scotland. 'We will also campaign for the following measures, which are not within the Scottish Parliament’s powers:...The reduction of the voting and candidacy age to 16 – for all elections'. Scottish Socialist Party (official website). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Future Voters of America". Future Voters of America. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Platform". txgreens.org. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Hyde, Martin (2001). Democracy education and the Canadian voting age (Ph.D thesis). University of British Columbia.
Folkes, Alex (January 2004). "The case for votes at 16". Representation. Taylor and Francis. 41 (1): 52–56. doi:10.1080/00344890408523288.
Cowley, Philip; Denver, David (January 2004). "Votes at 16? The case against". Representation. Taylor and Francis. 41 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1080/00344890408523289.
Melo, Daniela F.; Stockemer, Daniel (January 2014). "Age and political participation in Germany, France and the UK: a comparative analysis". Comparative European Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 12 (1): 33–53. doi:10.1057/cep.2012.31. Abridged version (pdf).
Chan, T.W. & Clayton, M. 2006, "Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen? Normative and Empirical Considerations", Political Studies, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 533–558.
External links[edit]
Field Listing - Suffrage from the CIA World Factbook
A more complete list of voting ages around the world (in German)
Youth Suffrage Resources
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Friday Night Lights (season 2)
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Jump to: navigation, search
Friday Night Lights (season 2)
Season 2 DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
15
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
October 5, 2007 (2007-10-05) – February 8, 2008 (2008-02-08)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Friday Night Lights episodes
The second season of the American serial drama television series Friday Night Lights commenced airing in the United States and Canada on October 5, 2007 and concluded its 15-episode season on February 7, 2008, on NBC. While initially renewed for a 22-episode full season, the show ended production for the season after filming the 15th episode, due to the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[1] The series' future was once again placed in doubt as it did not return to production once the strike ended, and it continued to suffer from low ratings in its new Friday at 9:00 pm time slot. However, NBC announced in April 2008 that the show would return for a third season, with first-run broadcasts airing on DirecTV's The 101 Network.[2] The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 22, 2008.[3]
Season 2 continues to focus on the Dillon Panthers, as the pressures and challenges on and off the field have reached new highs after the team won the 2006 Texas 5A State Championship and lost head coach Eric Taylor to a coaching job at Texas Methodist University.
Contents
[hide]
1 Crew
2 Cast
3 Season synopsis
4 Fictional game results
5 Episodes
6 References
7 External links
Crew[edit]
The season was produced by NBC Universal Television, Imagine Television, and Film 44, and was aired on NBC in the United States. Peter Berg, Sarah Aubrey, David Nevins, Brian Grazer, and Jason Katims continued to serve as executive producers, with Jeffrey Reiner, and John Cameron serving as co-executive producers. Writers included Katims, producers David Hudgins and Bridget Carpenter, consulting producers Kerry Ehrin, Patrick Massett, and John Zinman, supervising producers Carter Harris and Elizabeth Heldens, and Aaron Rahsaan Thomas. Katims also served as showrunner. Regular directors throughout the season include Reiner, Jonas Pate, and David Boyd. Theme song music was composed by W. G. Snuffy Walden. Songs from Explosions in the Sky were also used throughout the season.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Friday Night Lights characters
The second season saw all 10 star billing roles of season 1 return. Kyle Chandler portrayed Eric Taylor, head coach of the Dillon Panthers. Connie Britton played Tami Taylor, wife of Eric's and guidance counselor of Dillon High School. Gaius Charles played Brian "Smash" Williams, the cocky running back and star of the team. Zach Gilford played quarterback Matt Saracen. Minka Kelly played Lyla Garrity, former girlfriend of Panthers assistant coach Jason Street played by Scott Porter. Taylor Kitsch portrayed Tim Riggins, fullback, resident bad boy, and best friend of Street's. Adrianne Palicki played bad girl Tyra Collette. Jesse Plemons played Landry Clarke, Saracen's best friend. Aimee Teegarden played Julie Taylor, daughter of Eric and Tami's.
Supporting characters who also returned include: Brad Leland as Lyla's father and head of the Dillon Panther's Booster Club Buddy Garrity, Derek Phillips as Tim's brother Billy Riggins, Louanne Stephens as Saracen's grandmother Lorraine Saracen, Liz Mikel as Smash's mother Corrina Williams, Kevin Rankin as Herc, Blue Deckert as Panther coach Mac MacGill, and Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Tyra's mother Angela Collette.
New guest stars this season included: Glenn Morshower as Landry's father and Dillon police officer Chad Clarke, Daniella Alonso as Lorraine Saracen's new live-in nurse Carlotta, Jessalyn Gilsig as Tami's sister Shelley Hayes, Benny Ciaramello as Santiago Herrera, Chris Mulkey as Coach Bill McGregor, and Matt Czuchry as Lyla's boyfriend Chris Kennedy.
Season synopsis[edit]
At the beginning of Season 2, Coach Taylor is living in Austin and coaching at Texas Methodist University as the new football season draws closer. With Taylor gone, coach McGregor is butting heads with players and boosters, Smash's increased cockiness is angering his teammates, and the pressure to get back to the State Championship is increasing, and the Panthers slowly begin falling apart. Things are not well at the Taylor home, either, following the birth of Eric and Tami's daughter Gracie. Tami becomes depressed as she takes care of Gracie alone. Julie refuses to help her mother, begins spending time with male co-worker "The Swede", and breaks up with Matt. Matt, upset over both the breakup and Coach Taylor's absence, faces even more challenges as a rift between himself and Smash emerges, and caring for his grandmother becomes a bigger struggle as her dementia slowly worsens.
Tensions reach a boiling point during the first game of the season. With Taylor watching, Coach McGregor angers the boosters by switching the final play, resulting in Smash and Matt's getting into a physical confrontation. Tami loses it with Julie and slaps her across the face during a late night argument. Street quits his position as assistant coach, fed up with the team and with learning that his condition will not improve, even after he regains full motor control in one of his hands. After losing the second game and seeing another physical confrontation between Smash and Matt, the boosters fire McGregor and offer Taylor the position if he'll leave TMU. Taylor, seeing how bad things are at home with his family and former team, leaves TMU and returns to coach the Panthers.
Fictional game results[edit]
Opponent
Result
Score
Record
Episode #
Episode
Regular season
South Milbank Rattlers Win 6–0 1–0 25 "Are You Ready for Friday Night?"
Wescott Warriors Loss Unknown[a] 1–1 26 "Backfire"
Westerby Chaps Win 20–19 2–1 27 "Let's Get It On"
McNulty Mavericks Loss 0–37[b] 2–2 30 "Seeing Other People"
Fort Hood Cougars Win Unknown[c] 3–2 31 "The Confession"
Laribee Lions Win 43-38[d] 4–2 33 "Jumping the Gun"
Royal Rock Dragons Win Unknown[e] 5–2 36 "Leave No One Behind"
South Pines Tigers Win 45–6 6–2 37 "May the Best Man Win"
a Score was not revealed during episode.
b Score at the end of the third quarter. Final score wasn't revealed.
c Score 28–13 (Fort Hood) at the end of the second quarter. Final score wasn't revealed.
d Panthers' awarded the victory after opposing coach interfered with game play.
e Shown in a deleted scene where the Panthers are playing Royal Rock. Wasn't shown in actual episode.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Friday Night Lights episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
23
1 "Last Days of Summer" Jeffrey Reiner Jason Katims October 5, 2007 (2007-10-05)
In the second-season premiere, Coach Taylor returns to town when Tami goes into labor and realizes how much things have changed. Elsewhere, Julie flirts with a guy at the pool; and Tyra appoints Landry as her protector.
24
2 "Bad Ideas" Jeffrey Reiner Elizabeth Heldens October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12)
The start of the school year finds Tami struggling without Eric's parenting help. Elsewhere, Matt and Landry have difficulty adjusting to new lifestyles. Smash, on the other hand, basks in accolades from coaches, scouts and fans.
25
3 "Are You Ready for Friday Night?" Seith Mann Kerry Ehrin October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19)
Smash and Matt bring their animosity for one another to the field during the Panthers' first game of the season; Coach Taylor makes another trip home; Riggins finds himself looking for comfort in an odd place; and Street explores his options in dealing with his paralysis.
26
4 "Backfire" Jonas Pate David Hudgins October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26)
Coach Taylor makes a huge career move. Riggins and Street head to Mexico as Street hopes to explore experimental surgery. Riggins, who is concerned about Street, turns to Lyla who is busy trying to help newcomer Santiago Herrera to Dillon. A big development in a police search instills more trepidation in the lives of Tyra and Landry.
27
5 "Let's Get It On" David Boyd Patrick Massett & John Zinman November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)
Coach Taylor deals with his disheveled team, led by the conflict between Matt and Smash. Meanwhile, Tim and Lyla try to change Jason's mind about the experimental surgery. Julie asks Matt to hang out. Landry plays his first game for the Panthers.
28
6 "How Did I Get Here" Jonas Pate Carter Harris November 9, 2007 (2007-11-09)
Building pressure forces Landry to tell his dad the truth about the killing; the arrival of Tami's sister prompts Tami to reexamine the life she's leading; and Riggins has something to prove after he's kicked off the team. Matt strikes up a relationship with the new girl named Lauren (Kim Smith), upsetting Julie.
29
7 "Pantherama!" David Boyd Bridget Carpenter November 16, 2007 (2007-11-16)
Smash's college options are revealed on the first official day of recruitment; Coach Taylor focuses on a new athlete; Matt is tempted by his grandma's nurse even though he has a new girlfriend; Julie befriends a new teacher; and Lyla and Tyra work on Pantherama together at Tami's bidding; Tim moves into Tyra's because of Billy and Jackie.
30
8 "Seeing Other People" Jeffrey Reiner Elizabeth Heldens November 30, 2007 (2007-11-30)
Smash visits a college that's recruiting him; Matt considers an open relationship; Tami lashes out at Julie's teacher; Eric is jealous of Tami's relationship with her colleague; and Tyra's attacker's brother asks to meet with her.
31
9 "The Confession" Allison Liddi-Brown Bridget Carpenter December 7, 2007 (2007-12-07)
Landry continues to struggle with his conscience when he confesses to the murder of Tyra's attacker; Street contemplates his future as Herc sets him up with an online dating service; tension continues to build between Tami and Julie.
32
10 "There Goes the Neighborhood" Jeffrey Reiner David Hudgins January 4, 2008 (2008-01-04)
The Panthers host a rival team whose school was hit by a tornado. Tami, Julie, and Riggins adjust to their new living situation. Lyla's mom plans to remarry, and Landry and Tyra attempt to put the murder behind them.
33
11 "Jumping the Gun" Dan Attias Patrick Massett & John Zinman January 11, 2008 (2008-01-11)
Smash faces pressure from colleges who are looking for a verbal commitment. Tension continues to run high between Coach Taylor and Tim Riggins, with regard to Julie. The Panthers prepare to take on Laribee in the biggest game of the season. Tami and her sister continue to see things differently.
34
12 "Who Do You Think You Are?" Michael Waxman Kerry Ehrin January 18, 2008 (2008-01-18)
Coach and Tami look into day care for Gracie, but find themselves having a tough time letting go. Lyla begins working as a DJ on a Christian radio station and, despite being ridiculed by Tim, she is able to strike a chord with him. Matt discovers that he is actually in love with Carlotta, and Smash learns that those close to him may not be ready for interracial dating.
35
13 "Humble Pie" Jeffery Reiner Carter Harris January 25, 2008 (2008-01-25)
Charges are pressed against Smash after a confrontation, Jason finds a new career, Tami is hired as the new volleyball coach and turns to Tyra for help, Tim faces a tough time trying to express his feelings for Lyla.
36
14 "Leave No One Behind" Dean White Aaron Rahsaan Thomas February 1, 2008 (2008-02-01)
Matt reaches a tough point in his life where nothing seems to really matter to him anymore. Tami’s relationship continues to grow with Tyra, as Julie becomes more and more jealous. Landry's new friend may screw up his relationship with Tyra, and Smash begins his 3-game suspension.
37
15 "May the Best Man Win" Patrick Norris David Hudgins February 8, 2008 (2008-02-08)
Smash is determined to get a football scholarship, despite the recent events that have taken place, and is shocked when the most unlikely place gives him an offer that will change his life. Coach becomes jealous after Tami runs into her old high school boyfriend (Peter Berg). Jason receives the biggest news of his life since his accident. Tim continues his pursuit of Lyla.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (February 8, 2008). "'Friday Night Lights' - is it game over, or will the Panthers play again?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian (April 7, 2008). "DirecTV Deal Will Subsidize 'Friday Night Lights'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Friday Night Lights: The Second Season (2008)". Amazon.com. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
External links[edit]
List of Friday Night Lights episodes at NBC
List of Friday Night Lights episodes on IMDb
[hide]
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Friday Night Lights
Characters
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Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream
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