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I Left My Heart in San Francisco
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For the album, see I Left My Heart in San Francisco (album).
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"I Left My Heart in San Francisco"
Single by Tony Bennett
A-side
"Once Upon a Time"
B-side
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco"
Released
February 2, 1962
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
January 23, 1962
Genre
Traditional pop
Length
2:52
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
George Cory, Douglass Cross
Producer(s)
Ernie Altschuler
Tony Bennett singles chronology
"Till"
(1961) "I Left My Heart in San Francisco"
(1962) "I Wanna Be Around"
(1962)
"I Left My Heart In San Francisco"
Tony Bennett's "I Left My Heart In San Francisco"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" is a popular song, written in the fall of 1953 in Brooklyn, New York, with music by George Cory and lyrics by Douglass Cross (1920–1975) and best known as the signature song of Tony Bennett.
In 1962, the song was released as a single by Bennett on Columbia Records as the b-side to "Once Upon a Time," peaked at #19 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and was also included on the album of the same name. It also reached number seven on the Easy Listening chart.[1] The song is one of the official anthems for the city of San Francisco. In 2018, it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."[2]
Contents
1 Background
2 Recording and legacy
3 Notes
4 External links
Background[edit]
The music was written by Cory, with lyrics by Cross, about two amateur writers nostalgic for San Francisco after moving to New York.[3]
Although the song was originally written for Claramae Turner, who often used it as an encore, she never got around to recording it. The song found its way to Tony Bennett through Ralph Sharon, Bennett's longtime accompanist and friends with the composers. Sharon brought the music along when he and Bennett were on tour and on their way to San Francisco's Fairmont Hotel.[3]
Prior to Tony Bennett hearing it, the song was pitched to Tennessee Ernie Ford, whom Claramae Turner suggested Cross take it to. Ford turned the song down.
In December 1961, in the famous "Venetian Room" at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, Tony Bennett first sang "I Left My Heart in San Francisco".[4] In the audience that night were San Francisco mayor George Christopher and future mayor Joseph L. Alioto. From the 1960s through the 1980s, at San Francisco's premier supper club the "Venetian Room," Bennett sang the city song.
Recording and legacy[edit]
Bennett first recorded the song at CBS Studios on 30th Street on January 23, 1962; CBS released it as the b-side of "Once Upon A Time."[3] The A-side received no attention, and DJs began flipping the record over and playing "San Francisco."[5] It became a hit on the pop singles chart in 1962 and spent close to a year on various other charts, achieving gold record status. It then won the top prize of Grammy Award for Record of the Year, as well as for Best Male Solo Vocal Performance. In 2001 it was ranked 23rd on an RIAA/NEA list of the most historically significant Songs of the 20th Century.
It has often been performed in public by Bennett in concert as well as on special occasions. A statue of Tony Bennett was unveiled outside the Fairmont Hotel on 19 August 2016, in honor of his 90th birthday, the hotel performance, and the song's history with San Francisco.[6]
Bennett has said of the song,
That song helped make me a world citizen. It allowed me to live, work and sing in any city on the globe. It changed my whole life.[3]
The Songwriters Hall of Fame gave Bennett the "Towering Performance Award" for his vocal rendition of the song.[7]
A version by rhythm and blues singer Bobby Womack peaked at #48 on the Billboard R&B singles chart in 1969.
Also in 1969, the song was adopted by the City and County of San Francisco as one of its two official anthems, the other being the title song from the 1936 film San Francisco (1936 film).
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 27.
Jump up ^ "National Recording Registry Reaches 500". Library of Congress. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Turner, Steve (January 4, 2010). "I left my heart in San Francisco: Touring the vibrant city that inspired a song". Daily Mail (Mail Online). Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Fairmont Hotel Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of Tony Bennett's First Performance of "I Left My Heart in San Francisco"". 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Gary Mamorstein. The Label: The Story of Columbia Records. New York": Thunder's Mouth Press, 2007. p. 375.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "2003 Award and Induction Ceremony Induction Ceremonies". Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
External links[edit]
I Left My Heart In San Francisco Songfacts
Interview with Ralph Sharon
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
1959−1980
"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" by Domenico Modugno (1959)
"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1960)
"Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1961)
"Moon River" by Henry Mancini (1962)
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini (1964)
"The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965)
"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (1966)
"Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (1967)
"Up, Up and Away" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1968)
"Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1969)
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1971)
"It's Too Late" by Carole King (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack (1974)
"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John (1975)
"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (Daryl Dragon, Toni Tennille) (1976)
"This Masquerade" by George Benson (1977)
"Hotel California" by Eagles (Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner, Joe Walsh) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" by Christopher Cross (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes (1982)
"Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro) (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner (1985)
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa (1986)
"Higher Love" by Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" by Bette Midler (1990)
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1991)
"Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (1994)
"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal (1996)
"Change the World" by Eric Clapton (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" by Shawn Colvin (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (1999)
"Smooth" by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2001)
"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" by Norah Jones (2003)
"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey, Chris Martin) (2004)
"Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles and Norah Jones (2005)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Frank Edwin Wright III) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison) (2007)
"Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (2008)
"Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant (2009)
"Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) (2010)
"Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum (Hillary Scott, Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele (2012)
"Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2013)
"Get Lucky" by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2015)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2016)
"Hello" by Adele (2017)
"24K Magic" by Bruno Mars (2018)
show
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Tony Bennett
Studio
albums
Because of You
Cloud 7
Alone at Last with Tony Bennett
Tony
The Beat of My Heart
Long Ago and Far Away
Strike Up the Band
Hometown, My Town
To My Wonderful One
Tony Sings for Two
Alone Together
Sings a String of Harold Arlen
My Heart Sings
I Left My Heart in San Francisco
I Wanna Be Around...
This Is All I Ask
The Many Moods of Tony
When Lights Are Low
Who Can I Turn To
If I Ruled the World: Songs for the Jet Set
The Movie Song Album
Tony Makes It Happen
For Once in My Life
Snowfall: The Tony Bennett Christmas Album
I've Gotta Be Me
Tony Sings the Great Hits of Today!
Tony Bennett's "Something"
Love Story
Summer of '42
With Love
The Good Things in Life
The Tony Bennett/Bill Evans Album
Life Is Beautiful
Together Again
The Art of Excellence
Bennett/Berlin
Astoria: Portrait of the Artist
Perfectly Frank
Steppin' Out
Here's to the Ladies
Tony Bennett on Holiday
Tony Bennett: The Playground
Bennett Sings Ellington: Hot & Cool
Playin' with My Friends: Bennett Sings the Blues
A Wonderful World
The Art of Romance
Duets: An American Classic
A Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band)
Duets II
Viva Duets
Cheek to Cheek
The Silver Lining: The Songs of Jerome Kern
Love Is Here to Stay
Live albums
Tony Bennett at Carnegie Hall
MTV Unplugged
Compilation
albums
Mr. Broadway: Tony's Greatest Broadway Hits
A Time for Love
The Essential Tony Bennett
Singles
"Because of You"
"Rags to Riches"
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco"
"Body and Soul"
"Just in Time"
"Living Together, Growing Together"
"The Lady Is a Tramp"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"Anything Goes"
"I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby"
Related
Discography
The Zen of Bennett
Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!
Cheek to Cheek Tour
Tony Bennett Celebrates 90
Tony Bennett Celebrates 90: The Best Is Yet to Come
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Songs about San Francisco
Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
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B vitamins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific number or name of each vitamin: B1 = thiamine, B2 = riboflavin, B3 = niacin, etc. Some are better known by name than number: niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and folate.
Each B vitamin is either a cofactor (generally a coenzyme) for key metabolic processes or is a precursor needed to make one.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of B vitamins
2 B vitamin molecular functions
3 B vitamin deficiency
4 B vitamin side effects
5 B vitamin sources
6 B vitamin discovery dates
7 Related compounds
8 References
List of B vitamins[edit]
B number
Name
Thumbnail description
Vitamin B1 thiamine A coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids.
Vitamin B2 riboflavin A precursor of cofactors called FAD and FMN, which are needed for flavoprotein enzyme reactions, including activation of other vitamins
Vitamin B3 niacin (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide riboside A precursor of coenzymes called NAD and NADP, which are needed in many metabolic processes.
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid A precursor of coenzyme A and therefore needed to metabolize many molecules.
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine A coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
Vitamin B7 biotin A coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, needed for synthesis of fatty acids and in gluconeogenesis.
Vitamin B9 folate A precursor needed to make, repair, and methylate DNA; a cofactor in various reactions; especially important in aiding rapid cell division and growth, such as in infancy and pregnancy. Synthetic folate is known as folic acid.
Vitamin B12 various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin in vitamin supplements A coenzyme involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism.
Note: other substances once thought to be vitamins were given numbers in the B-vitamin numbering scheme, but were subsequently discovered to be either not essential for life or manufactured by the body, thus not meeting the two essential qualifiers for a vitamin. See section #Related compounds for numbers 4, 8, 10, 11, and others.
B vitamin molecular functions[edit]
Vitamin
Name
Structure
Molecular Function
Vitamin B1 thiamine Thiamine plays a central role in the release of energy from carbohydrates. It is involved in RNA and DNA production, as well as nerve function. Its active form is a coenzyme called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which takes part in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) in metabolism.[1]
Vitamin B2 riboflavin Riboflavin is involved in release of energy in the electron transport chain, the citric acid cycle, as well as the catabolism of fatty acids (beta oxidation).[2]
Vitamin B3 niacin
Niacin is composed of two structures: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. There are two co-enzyme forms of niacin: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Both play an important role in energy transfer reactions in the metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol.[3]
NAD carries hydrogens and their electrons during metabolic reactions, including the pathway from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain. NADP is a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis.[4]
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates. Coenzyme A, which can be synthesised from pantothenic acid, is involved in the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol,[5] phospholipids, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters (such as acetylcholine), and antibodies.[6]
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine The active form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) (depicted) serves as a cofactor in many enzyme reactions mainly in amino acid metabolism including biosynthesis of neurotransmitters.
Vitamin B7 biotin Biotin plays a key role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. It is a critical co-enzyme of four carboxylases: acetyl CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate; pyruvate CoA carboxylase, involved in gluconeogenesis; β-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, involved in the metabolism of leucine; and propionyl CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the metabolism of energy, amino acids and cholesterol.[7]
Vitamin B9 folate Folate acts as a co-enzyme in the form of tetrahydrofolate (THF), which is involved in the transfer of single-carbon units in the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. THF is involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, so is needed for normal cell division, especially during pregnancy and infancy, which are times of rapid growth. Folate also aids in erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells.[8]
Vitamin B12 cobalamin Vitamin B12 is involved in the cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. It is essential in the production of blood cells in bone marrow, and for nerve sheaths and proteins.[9] Vitamin B12 functions as a co-enzyme in intermediary metabolism for the methionine synthase reaction with methylcobalamin, and the methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction with adenosylcobalamin.[10][not in citation given]
B vitamin deficiency[edit]
Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B vitamins. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.
Vitamin
Name
Deficiency effects
Vitamin B1 thiamine Deficiency causes beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the nervous system include weight loss, emotional disturbances, Wernicke's encephalopathy (impaired sensory perception), weakness and pain in the limbs, periods of irregular heartbeat, and edema (swelling of bodily tissues). Heart failure and death may occur in advanced cases. Chronic thiamin deficiency can also cause Korsakoff's syndrome, an irreversible dementia characterized by amnesia and compensatory confabulation.
Vitamin B2 riboflavin
Main article: Riboflavin § Deficiency
Deficiency causes ariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo-syphilis (particularly affecting the scrotum or labia majora and the mouth), pharyngitis (sore throat), hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa.
Vitamin B3 niacin Deficiency, along with a deficiency of tryptophan causes pellagra. Symptoms include aggression, dermatitis, insomnia, weakness, mental confusion, and diarrhea. In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to dementia and death (the 3(+1) D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death).
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid Deficiency can result in acne and paresthesia, although it is uncommon.
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
Main article: Vitamin B6 § Deficiency
seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruptions, pink eye, neurological symptoms (e.g. epilepsy)
Vitamin B7 biotin Deficiency does not typically cause symptoms in adults but may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in infants. Multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism, can lead to biotin deficiency even when dietary biotin intake is normal.
Vitamin B9 folic acid Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, and elevated levels of homocysteine. Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects.
Vitamin B12 cobalamin Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, peripheral neuropathy, memory loss and other cognitive deficits. It is most likely to occur among elderly people, as absorption through the gut declines with age; the autoimmune disease pernicious anemia is another common cause. It can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis. In rare extreme cases, paralysis can result.
B vitamin side effects[edit]
Because water-soluble B vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side-effects. General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side-effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements and not foodstuffs.
Vitamin
Name
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Harmful effects
Vitamin B1 thiamine None[11] No known toxicity from oral intake. There are some reports of anaphylaxis caused by high-dose thiamin injections into the vein or muscle. However, the doses were greater than the quantity humans can physically absorb from oral intake.[11]
Vitamin B2 riboflavin None.[12] No evidence of toxicity based on limited human and animal studies. The only evidence of adverse effects associated with riboflavin comes from in vitro studies showing the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) when riboflavin was exposed to intense visible and UV light.[12]
Vitamin B3 niacin U.S. UL = 35 mg as a dieatry supplement[13] Intake of 3000 mg/day of nicotinamide and 1500 mg/day of nicotinic acid are associated with nausea, vomiting, and signs and symptoms of liver toxicity. Other effects may include glucose intolerance, and (reversible) ocular effects. Additionally, the nicotinic acid form may cause vasodilatory effects, also known as flushing, including redness of the skin, often accompanied by an itching, tingling, or mild burning sensation, which is also often accompanied by pruritus, headaches, and increased intracranial blood flow, and occasionally accompanied by pain.[13] Medical practitioners prescribe recommended doses up to 2000 mg per day of niacin in either immediate-release or slow-release formats, to lower plasma triglycerides and low-density lipiprotein cholesterol.[14]
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid None No toxicity known
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine U.S. UL = 100 mg/day; EU UL = 25 mg/day
Main article: vitamin B6 § Side effects
Main article: vitamin B6 § Side effects
Vitamin B7 biotin None No toxicity known
Vitamin B9 folic acid 1 mg/day[15] Masks B12 deficiency, which can lead to permanent neurological damage[15]
Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin None established.[16] Skin and spinal lesions. Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established].[16][17]
B vitamin sources[edit]
B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is required by law in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimes called "Enriched Flour" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver.[18] Good sources for B vitamins include legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tempeh, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses. Although the yeast used to make beer results in beers being a source of B vitamins,[19] their bioavailability ranges from poor to negative as drinking ethanol inhibits absorption of thiamine (B1),[20][21] riboflavin (B2),[22] niacin (B3),[23] biotin (B7),[24] and folic acid (B9).[25][26] In addition, each of the preceding studies further emphasizes that elevated consumption of beer and other alcoholic beverages results in a net deficit of those B vitamins and the health risks associated with such deficiencies.
The B12 vitamin is of note because it is not available from plant products, making B12 deficiency a legitimate concern for vegans. Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B12 content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B12. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B12 content does not measure the B12 directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B12 vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B12 content in other types of foods as well.[27]
Another popular means of increasing one's vitamin B intake is through the use of dietary supplements. B vitamins are also commonly added to energy drinks, many of which have been marketed with large amounts of B vitamins[28] with claims that this will cause the consumer to "sail through your day without feeling jittery or tense."[28] Some nutritionists have been critical of these claims, pointing out for instance that while B vitamins do "help unlock the energy in foods," most Americans acquire the necessary amounts easily in their diets.[28]
Because they are soluble in water, excess B vitamins (such as may be ingested via supplements) are generally readily excreted, although individual absorption, use and metabolism may vary…"[28] The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B12 and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production.[medical citation needed] In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B12, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies.[29][unreliable medical source?] Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics may also be advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes.[30] Also, Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folic acid intake and/or take a supplement.[31]
B vitamin discovery dates[edit]
B number
Name
Thumbnail description
Vitamin B1 thiamine Casimir Funk discovered thiamine in 1912.
Vitamin B2 riboflavin D.T. Smith and E.G. Hendrick discovered riboflavin in 1926. Max Tishler invented methods for synthesizing it.
Vitamin B3 niacin or nicotinic acid Conrad Elvehjem discovered niacin in 1937.
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid Roger J. Williams discovered pantothenic acid in 1933.
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine Paul Gyorgy discovered vitamin B6 in 1934.
Vitamin B7 biotin Dean Burk was a codiscoverer of biotin.
Vitamin B9 folic acid Lucy Wills discovered folic acid in 1933.
Vitamin B12 various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin in vitamin supplements Various scientists over several decades developed our knowledge of vitamin B12.
Related compounds[edit]
Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of B-complex vitamins described above (e.g., there is no vitamin B4). Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of other organisms; others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions.
Vitamin B4: can refer to the distinct chemicals choline, adenine, or carnitine.[32][33] Choline is synthesized by the human body, but not sufficiently to maintain good health, and is now considered an essential dietary nutrient.[34] Adenine is a nucleobase synthesized by the human body.[35] Carnitine is an essential dietary nutrient for certain worms, but not for humans.[36]
Vitamin B8: adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as adenylic acid.[37] Vitamin B8 may also refer to inositol.[38]
Vitamin B10: para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA or PABA), a chemical component of the folate molecule produced by plants and bacteria, and found in many foods.[39][40] It is best known as a UV-blocking sunscreen applied to the skin, and is sometimes taken orally for certain medical conditions.[39][41]
Vitamin B11: pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid (PHGA; chick growth factor). Vitamin Bc-conjugate was also found to be identical to PHGA.[citation needed]
Vitamin B13: orotic acid.[42]
Vitamin B14: cell proliferant, anti-anemia, rat growth factor, and antitumor pterin phosphate named by Earl R. Norris. Isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not confirm this. He also claimed this was not xanthopterin.
Vitamin B15: pangamic acid,[42] also known as pangamate. Promoted in various forms as a dietary supplement and drug; considered unsafe and subject to seizure by the US Food and Drug Administration.[43]
Vitamin B16: dimethylglycine (DMG)[44] is synthesized by the human body from choline.
Vitamin B17: pseudoscientific name for the poisonous compound amygdalin, also known as the equally pseudoscientific name "nitrilosides" despite the fact that it is a single compound. Amygdalin can be found in various plants, but is most commonly extracted from apricot pits and other similar fruit kernels. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by various intestinal enzymes to form, among other things, hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to human beings when exposed to a high enough dosage. Some proponents claim that amygdalin is effective in cancer treatment and prevention, despite its toxicity and a severe lack of scientific evidence.[45]
Vitamin B20: L-carnitine.[44]
Vitamin Bf: carnitine.[37]
Vitamin Bm: myo-inositol, also called "mouse antialopaecia factor".[46]
Vitamin Bp: "antiperosis factor", which prevents perosis, a leg disorder, in chicks; can be replaced by choline and manganese salts.[36][37][47]
Vitamin BT: carnitine.[48][36]
Vitamin Bv: a type of B6 other than pyridoxine.
Vitamin BW: a type of biotin other than d-biotin.
Vitamin Bx: an alternative name for both pABA (see vitamin B10) and pantothenic acid.[36][41]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 6 - Niacin" (PDF). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 123–149. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
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Jump up ^ Spivak, JL; DL Jackson (June 1977). "Pellagra: an analysis of 18 patients and a review of the literature". The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 140 (6): 295–309. PMID 864902.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Chris Woolston (July 14, 2008). "B vitamins don't boost energy drinks' power". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
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[show]
v
t
e
Vitamins (A11)
Fat soluble
A
α-Carotene
β-Carotene
Retinol#
Tretinoin
D
D2
Ergosterol
Ergocalciferol#
D3
7-Dehydrocholesterol
Previtamin D3
Cholecalciferol#
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Calcitroic acid
D4
Dihydroergocalciferol
D5
D analogues
Alfacalcidol
Dihydrotachysterol
Calcipotriol
Tacalcitol
Paricalcitol
E
Tocopherol
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Tocotrienol
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Tocofersolan
K
Naphthoquinone
Phylloquinone (K1)
Menaquinones (K2)
Menadione (K3)‡
Menadiol (K4)
Water soluble
B
B1
Thiamine#
B1 analogues
Acefurtiamine
Allithiamine
Benfotiamine
Fursultiamine
Octotiamine
Prosultiamine
Sulbutiamine
B2
Riboflavin#
B3
Niacin
Nicotinamide#
B5
Pantothenic acid
Dexpanthenol
Pantethine
B6
Pyridoxine#, Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxamine
Pyritinol
B7
Biotin
B9
Folic acid
Dihydrofolic acid
Folinic acid
Levomefolic acid
B12
Adenosylcobalamin
Cyanocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Choline
C
Ascorbic acid#
Dehydroascorbic acid
Combinations
Multivitamins
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
[show]
v
t
e
Malnutrition or nutrition disorders (E40–E68, 260–269)
Malnutrition
Protein-energy
malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Catabolysis
Vitamin deficiency
B vitamins
B1: Beriberi / Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (Wernicke's encephalopathy
Korsakoff's syndrome)
B2: Riboflavin deficiency
B3: Pellagra (Niacin deficiency)
B6: Pyridoxine deficiency
B7: Biotin deficiency
B9: Folate deficiency
B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency
Other
vitamins
A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots
C: Scurvy
D: Vitamin D deficiency/Rickets/Osteomalacia
E: Vitamin E deficiency
K: Vitamin K deficiency
Mineral
deficiency
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Iron
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
Iodine
Chromium
Molybdenum
Selenium (Keshan disease)
Overnutrition
Overweight
Obesity
Childhood obesity
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Abdominal obesity
Vitamin poisoning
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis E
Mineral overload
see inborn errors of metal metabolism, toxicity
Authority control
NDL: 00576106
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