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List of Presidents of the United States who died in office
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An 1865 Currier and Ives colored lithograph that inaccurately depicts the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
During the history of the United States, eight presidents have died in office.[1] Of those eight, four were assassinated and four died of natural causes.[2] In all eight cases, the Vice President of the United States took over the office of presidency as part of the United States presidential line of succession.[3]
William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 1841: William Henry Harrison
2 1850: Zachary Taylor
3 1865: Abraham Lincoln
4 1881: James A. Garfield
5 1901: William McKinley
6 1923: Warren G. Harding
7 1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt
8 1963: John F. Kennedy
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
1841: William Henry Harrison[edit]
Harrison's tomb and memorial in North Bend, Ohio
On March 26, 1841, William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold. According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time, it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration; however, Harrison's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event. The cold worsened, rapidly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy.[12] He sought to rest in the White House, but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers. His extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce.[13]
Harrison's doctors tried cures, applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeroot. But the treatments only made Harrison worse, and he became delirious. He died nine days after becoming ill,[14] at 12:30 am on April 4, 1841, of right lower lobe pneumonia, jaundice, and overwhelming septicemia. He was the first United States president to die in office. His last words were to his doctor, but assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler, "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president: March 4 – April 4, 1841, 30 days, 12 hours, and 30 minutes.[15][16]
Harrison's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 7, 1841.[17] His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. He was later buried in North Bend, Ohio. The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected in his honor.[18]
1850: Zachary Taylor[edit]
Taylor's mausoleum at the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky
The cause of Zachary Taylor's death was fully established in 2001.[19] On July 4, 1850, Taylor was known to have consumed copious amounts of ice water, cold milk, green apples, and cherries after attending holiday celebrations and the laying of the cornerstone of the Washington Monument.[20] That same evening, he became severely ill with an unknown digestive ailment. Doctors used popular treatments of the time. Taylor died in the White House at 10:35 p.m. on July 9, five days after becoming ill.[21] Contemporary reports listed the cause of death as "bilious diarrhea, or a bilious cholera".[22] He was succeeded by Vice President Millard Fillmore.
Almost immediately after his death, rumors began to circulate that Taylor was poisoned by pro-slavery Southerners, and similar theories persisted into the twentieth century.[23] The remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner on June 17, 1991. Neutron activation analysis conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed no evidence of poisoning, as arsenic levels were too low.[24][25] The analysis concluded Taylor had contracted "cholera morbus, or acute gastroenteritis", as Washington had open sewers, and his food or drink may have been contaminated.[26]
Taylor was interred in the Public Vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. from July 13, 1850 to October 25, 1850. (It was built in 1835 to hold remains of notables until either the grave site could be prepared or transportation arranged to another city.) His body was transported to the Taylor Family plot where his parents are buried, on the old Taylor homestead plantation known as 'Springfield' in Louisville, Kentucky.[27]
1865: Abraham Lincoln[edit]
Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin John Wilkes Booth, Abraham Lincoln, Mary Todd Lincoln, Clara Harris, and Henry Rathbone
Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday,[28] on April 14, 1865, as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated,[29] though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835.[30]
The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and a strong opponent of the abolition of slavery in the United States.[31] Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln, but later planned to kill him, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy's cause.[32] (Vice President Johnson's assailant did not carry out his part of the plan, and Johnson succeeded Lincoln as President.)
Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head while watching the play Our American Cousin with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. at around 10:15 pm on the night of April 14, 1865.[33] An army surgeon who happened to be at Ford's, Doctor Charles Leale, assessed Lincoln's wound as mortal.[34] The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7:22 a.m. on April 15.[35][36][37]
1881: James A. Garfield[edit]
President Garfield with James G. Blaine after being shot by Charles J. Guiteau[38][39]
Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield
The assassination of James A. Garfield took place in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States. Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeded Garfield as President. Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting, compared to other assassinated Presidents. Garfield was scheduled to leave Washington on July 2, 1881 for his summer vacation.[40] On that day, Guiteau lay in wait for the President at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station, on the southwest corner of present-day Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.[41]
President Garfield came to the Sixth Street Station on his way to his alma mater, Williams College, where he was scheduled to deliver a speech. Garfield was accompanied by two of his sons, James and Harry, and Secretary of State Blaine. Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln waited at the station to see the President off.[42] Garfield had no bodyguard or security detail; with the exception of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, early U.S. presidents never used any guards.[43]
As President Garfield entered the waiting room of the station Guiteau stepped forward and pulled the trigger from behind at point-blank range. "My God, what is that?" Garfield cried out, flinging up his arms. Guiteau fired again and Garfield collapsed.[44] One bullet grazed Garfield's shoulder; the other hit him in the back, passing the first lumbar vertebra but missing the spinal cord before coming to rest behind his pancreas.[45]
Garfield, conscious but in shock, was carried to an upstairs floor of the train station.[46] One bullet remained lodged in his body, but doctors could not find it.[47] Young Jim Garfield and James Blaine both broke down and wept. Robert Todd Lincoln, deeply upset and thinking back to the death of his father, said "How many hours of sorrow I have passed in this town."[47]
Garfield was carried back to the White House. Although doctors told him that he would not survive the night, the President remained conscious and alert.[48] The next morning his vital signs were good and doctors began to hope for recovery.[49] A long vigil began, with Garfield's doctors issuing regular bulletins that the American public followed closely throughout the summer of 1881.[50][51] His condition fluctuated. Fevers came and went. Garfield struggled to keep down solid food and spent most of the summer eating little, and that only liquids.[52]
Garfield had been a regular visitor to the shore town of Long Branch, NJ, one of the nation’s premier summer vacation spots until World War I. In early September, it was decided to bring him to Elberon, a quiet beach town just to the south of Long Branch, in hopes that the beach air would help him recover. When they heard that the president was being brought to their town, local citizens built more than half a mile of tracks in less than 24 hours, enabling Garfield to be brought directly to the door of the oceanfront Franklyn cottage, rather than being moved by carriage from the local Elberon train station. However, Garfield died 12 days later. A granite marker on Garfield Rd identifies the former site of the cottage, which was demolished in 1950.
Chester Arthur was at his home in New York City on the night of September 19, when word came that Garfield had died. After first getting the news, Arthur said "I hope—my God, I do hope it is a mistake." But confirmation by telegram came soon after. Arthur took the presidential oath of office, administered by a New York Supreme Court judge, then left for Long Branch to pay his respects before going on to Washington.[53] Garfield's body was taken to Washington, where it lay in state for two days in the Capitol Rotunda before being taken to Cleveland, where the funeral was held on September 26.[54]
When the tracks that had been hastily built to the Franklyn cottage were later torn up, actor Oliver Byron bought the wooden ties, and had local carpenter William Presley build them into a small tea house, in commemoration of the president. The red & white (originally red, white & blue) "Garfield Tea House" still survives, resting a couple of blocks away from the site of the cottage on the grounds of the Long Branch Historical Museum, a former Episcopal Church. The church is nicknamed "The Church of the Presidents", as it had been attended by, in addition to Garfield, Presidents Chester A. Arthur, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford Hayes, William McKinley, and Woodrow Wilson, during their own visits to Long Branch.
1901: William McKinley[edit]
Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver. Clipping of a wash drawing by T. Dart Walker.
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
William McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.[8]
McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900.[55] He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office.[56] The Secretary to the President, George B. Cortelyou, feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music, and twice took it off the schedule. McKinley restored it each time.[57]
Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy whose adherents had killed foreign leaders.[58] Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him.[59] Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple. One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.[8]
McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him. Roosevelt was hiking near the top of Mt. Marcy, in New York State's Adirondack region, when a runner located him to convey the bad news.[60] After McKinley's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.[61]
1923: Warren G. Harding[edit]
Funeral procession for President Harding passes by the front of the White House
Warren G. Harding died from a sudden heart attack in his hotel suite while visiting San Francisco at around 7:35 p.m. on August 2, 1923. His death quickly led to theories that he had been poisoned[62] or committed suicide. Rumors of poisoning were fueled, in part, by a book called The Strange Death of President Harding, in which the author (convicted criminal, former Ohio Gang member, and detective Gaston Means, hired by Mrs. Harding to investigate Warren Harding and his mistress) suggested that Mrs. Harding had poisoned her husband after learning of his infidelity. Mrs. Harding's refusal to allow an autopsy on President Harding only added to the speculation. According to the physicians attending Harding, however, the symptoms in the days prior to his death all pointed to congestive heart failure. Harding's biographer, Samuel H. Adams, concluded that "Warren G. Harding died a natural death which, in any case, could not have been long postponed".[63]
Immediately after President Harding's death, Mrs. Harding returned to Washington, D.C., and briefly stayed in the White House with the new President Calvin Coolidge and First Lady. For a month, former First Lady Harding gathered and destroyed by fire President Harding's correspondence and documents, both official and unofficial. Upon her return to Marion, Mrs. Harding hired a number of secretaries to collect and burn President Harding's personal papers. According to Mrs. Harding, she took these actions to protect her husband's legacy. The remaining papers were held and kept from public view by the Harding Memorial Association in Marion.[64]
1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt[edit]
On March 29, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations. On the afternoon of April 12, Roosevelt said, "I have a terrific pain in the back of my head." He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage (stroke).[65] At 3:35 pm that day, Roosevelt died without regaining consciousness. As Allen Drury later said, “so ended an era, and so began another.” After Roosevelt's death, an editorial by The New York Times declared, "Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House".[66]
Roosevelt's horse-drawn casket proceeds down Pennsylvania Avenue during his funeral procession.
In his later years at the White House, when Roosevelt was increasingly overworked, his daughter Anna Roosevelt Boettiger had moved in to provide her father companionship and support. Anna had also arranged for her father to meet with his former mistress, the now widowed Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd. A close friend of both Roosevelt and Mercer who was present, Elizabeth Shoumatoff, rushed Mercer away to avoid negative publicity and implications of infidelity. When Eleanor heard about her husband's death, she was also faced with the news that Anna had been arranging these meetings with Mercer and that Mercer had been with Franklin when he died.[67]
On the morning of April 13, Roosevelt's body was placed in a flag-draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train, guarded by four servicemen, one each from the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard. As was his wish, Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate, the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15. Eleanor died in November 1962 and was buried next to him.[68]
Roosevelt's death was met with shock and grief[69] across the U.S. and around the world. His declining health had not been known to the general public. Roosevelt had been president for more than 12 years, longer than any other person, and had led the country through some of its greatest crises to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany and within sight of the defeat of Japan as well.
Less than a month after his death, on May 8, the war in Europe ended. President Harry S. Truman, who turned 61 that day, dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt's memory, and kept the flags across the U.S. at half-staff for the remainder of the 30-day mourning period. In doing so, Truman said that his only wish was "that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day."[70]
1963: John F. Kennedy[edit]
JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination
Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas.[71][72] Kennedy was fatally shot while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and the latter's wife Nellie, in a Presidential motorcade. The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald in police custody. Nonetheless, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover-up.[73][74]
Most current John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories put forth a criminal conspiracy involving parties as varied as the CIA, the Mafia, anti-Castro Cuban exile groups, the military industrial complex, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, the KGB, or some combination of those entities.[75] In an article published prior to the 50th anniversary of Kennedy's assassination, author Vincent Bugliosi estimates that a total of 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people have been accused in conspiracy theories challenging the "lone gunman" theory.[76]
See also[edit]
Curse of Tippecanoe
List of United States presidential assassination attempts
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
The Mortal Presidency (Shapell Manuscript Foundation)
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Eh Bee Family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Eh Bee Family
Personal information
Residence
Ontario, Canada
YouTube information
Created by
Andres B (Papa Bee)
Genre
Vlogs
Subscribers
3,317,642
(June 30, 2017)
Play buttons[show]
100,000 subscribers 2015
1,000,000 subscribers 2016
The Eh Bee Family are Canadian internet personalities best known for their Vine, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook channels, which have over 15 million combined subscribers and well over two billion total views.[1] They create skits and parodies to entertain a family-centered audience. They are a family of four from Thornhill, Ontario, Canada,[2] and consist of the father (Andres B/Papa Bee), the mother (Mama Bee), the son (Mr Monkey), and the daughter (Miss Monkey).
Career[edit]
The Eh Bee Family is known for its social media accounts, including Vine, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook. They have also starred in sponsored advertisements for such companies as Johnson & Johnson, Toyota and Regal Cinemas and have also been featured in the New York Daily News,[3] on Buzzfeed,[4] Good Morning America,[5] Today.com[6] and other media outlets. The family's social media was nominated for a Streamy Award in 2015[7] and a Shorty Award in 2016.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Lesley (27 February 2014). "Move over, BatDad! Meet Vine's latest hilarious family". Today. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Snapchat video, 24 October 2016
Jump up ^ Amos, Candace. "5 hysterical Vine dads you should absolutely be following", The New York Daily News, June 9, 2015
Jump up ^ "Watch This Family Be Awesome And Hilarious On Vine". BuzzFeed.
Jump up ^ News, ABC. "Video: Celebrating Superstar Dads That Use Social Media". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Lesley. "Move over, BatDad! Meet Vine's latest hilarious family", Today.com, February 27, 2014, accessed April 16, 2016
Jump up ^ Rosa, Christopher. "And the Nominees for the 5th Annual Streamy Awards Are…", VH1, August 12, 2015
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley. "Shorty Awards: The Complete Nominations List", The Hollywood Reporter, March 1, 2016
External links[edit]
Official Website
Eh Bee family Facebook video with more than 100 million views
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eh_Bee_Family&oldid=797420116"
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Stairway to Heaven
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Led Zeppelin song. For other uses, see Stairway to Heaven (disambiguation).
"Stairway to Heaven"
US promotional single sleeve
Song by Led Zeppelin
from the album Led Zeppelin IV
Released
8 November 1971 (1971-11-08)
Recorded
1971
Studio
Island, London
Genre
Progressive rock
folk rock
hard rock
Length
8:02
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Jimmy Page
Robert Plant
Producer(s)
Jimmy Page
"Stairway to Heaven" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, released in late 1971. It was composed by guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant for the band's untitled fourth studio album (often called Led Zeppelin IV). It is often referred to as one of the greatest rock songs of all time.[1][2]
The song has three sections, each one progressively increasing in tempo and volume. The song begins in a slow tempo with acoustic instruments (guitar and recorders) before introducing electric instruments. The final section is an uptempo hard rock arrangement highlighted by Page's intricate guitar solo accompanying Plant's vocals that end with the plaintive a cappella line: "And she's buying a stairway to heaven."
"Stairway to Heaven" was voted number three in 2000 by VH1 on its list of the 100 Greatest Rock Songs,[3] and was placed at number 31 on "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". It was the most requested song on FM radio stations in the United States in the 1970s, despite never having been commercially released as a single there.[4] In November 2007, through download sales promoting Led Zeppelin's Mothership release, "Stairway to Heaven" hit number 37 on the UK Singles Chart.[5]
Contents
1 Writing and recording
2 Composition
3 Spirit copyright infringement lawsuit
4 Live performances
5 Success and legacy
6 Claims of backmasking
7 Accolades
8 Charts
8.1 Digital download
8.2 Certifications
9 Other versions
10 Cover versions
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Writing and recording[edit]
The recording of "Stairway to Heaven" commenced in December 1970 at Island Records' new Basing Street Studios in London.[6] The song was completed by the addition of lyrics by Plant during the sessions for Led Zeppelin IV at Headley Grange, Hampshire, in 1971.[7] Page then returned to Island Studios to record his guitar solo.[4]
The song originated in 1970 when Jimmy Page and Robert Plant were spending time at Bron-Yr-Aur, a remote cottage in Wales, following Led Zeppelin's fifth American concert tour. According to Page, he wrote the music "over a long period, the first part coming at Bron-Yr-Aur one night".[8] Page always kept a cassette recorder around, and the idea for "Stairway" came together from bits of taped music:[9]
The first attempts at lyrics, written by Robert Plant next to an evening log fire at Headley Grange, were partly spontaneously improvised and Page claimed, "a huge percentage of the lyrics were written there and then".[9] Jimmy Page was strumming the chords and Robert Plant had a pencil and paper. The complete studio recording was released on Led Zeppelin IV in November 1971. The band's record label, Atlantic Records was keen to issue this track as a single, but the band's manager Peter Grant refused requests to do so in both 1972 and 1973. This led many people to buy the fourth album as if it were the single.[4] In the US, Atlantic issued "Stairway to Heaven" as a 7" promotional single in 1972.
Composition[edit]
"Stairway to Heaven"
Three 10-second excerpts
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Stairway to Heaven" is described as progressive rock,[10][11] folk rock[12] and hard rock.[12] The song consists of several distinct sections, beginning with a quiet introduction on a finger-picked six-string guitar and four recorders in a Renaissance music style[13] (ending at 2:15) and gradually moving into a slow electric middle section (2:16–5:33), then a long guitar solo (5:34–6:44), before the faster hard rock final section (6:45 to 7:45), ending with a short vocals-only epilogue. Plant sings the opening, middle and epilogue sections in his mid vocal range, but sings the hard rock section in his higher range which borders on falsetto.
Written in the key of A minor, the song opens with an arpeggiated, finger-picked guitar chord progression with a chromatic descending bassline A-G♯-G-F♯-F. John Paul Jones contributed overdubbed wooden bass recorders in the opening section (he used a Mellotron and, later, a Yamaha CP70B Grand Piano and Yamaha GX1 to synthesise this arrangement in live performances)[14] and a Hohner Electra-Piano electric piano in the middle section.
The sections build with more guitar layers, each complementary to the intro, with the drums entering at 4:18. The extended Jimmy Page guitar solo in the song's final section was played for the recording on a 1959 Fender Telecaster given to him by Jeff Beck (an instrument he used extensively with the Yardbirds)[14] plugged into a Supro amplifier,[15] although in an interview he gave to Guitar World magazine, Page also claimed, "It could have been a Marshall, but I can't remember".[9] Three different improvised solos were recorded, with Page agonising about which to keep. Page later revealed, "I did have the first phrase worked out, and then there was the link phrase. I did check them out beforehand before the tape ran." The other guitar parts were played using a Harmony Sovereign H1260 acoustic guitar and a Fender Electric XII guitar (a 12-string guitar that was plugged directly to the soundboard); these can be heard on the left and right recording channels respectively. For live versions, Page switched to a Heritage Cherry Gibson EDS-1275 6/12 Doubleneck guitar. The final progression is a i-VII-VI (natural minor) progression (Am-G-F), a mainstay of rock music.
Another interesting aspect of the song is the timing of the lead-up to the famous guitar solo. While staying in 4/4 throughout this section, most of the accents shift to the eighth notes. This makes the rhythm figure challenging for some musicians, but adds a feeling of anticipation to the approaching guitar solo.
Jimmy Page has likened the song to a sonic orgasm.[16][17]
Spirit copyright infringement lawsuit[edit]
Over the years, some people have considered that the song's opening guitar arpeggios bear a close resemblance to the 1968 instrumental "Taurus" by the Los Angeles-based rock band Spirit, written by Spirit guitarist Randy California.[8][18] In the liner notes to the 1996 reissue of Spirit's self-titled debut album, California wrote: "People always ask me why "Stairway to Heaven" sounds exactly like "Taurus", which was released two years earlier. I know Led Zeppelin also played "Fresh Garbage" in their live set. They opened up for us on their first American tour."[19][20]
In May 2014, Spirit bassist Mark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of California filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the "release of the album containing the song" in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for California, who died in 1997.[21] A lack of resources was cited as one of the reasons that Spirit did not file the suit earlier; according to a friend of California's mother, "Nobody had any money, and they thought the statute of limitations was done ... It will be nice if Randy got the credit." If the Spirit lawsuit had been successful, past earnings due to the song—estimated at more than US$550 million—would not have been part of the settlement, but the publisher and composers may have been entitled to a share of future profits.[22][23]
On 11 April 2016, Los Angeles district judge Gary Klausner ruled that there were enough similarities between the song and the instrumental for a jury to decide the claim, and a trial was scheduled for 10 May. The copyright infringement action was brought by Michael Skidmore, a trustee for the late guitarist, whose legal name was Randy Wolfe.[24] On 23 June, the jury ruled that the similarities between the songs did not amount to copyright infringement.[25] In July, Skidmore's attorney filed a notice of appeal against the court's decision.[26][27][28] In March 2017, the verdict was appealed, with a main argument being that the jury should have been able to hear a recorded version of "Taurus".[29][30]
Live performances[edit]
The inaugural public performance of the song took place at Belfast's Ulster Hall on 5 March 1971.[14] Bassist John Paul Jones recalls that the crowd was unimpressed: "They were all bored to tears waiting to hear something they knew."[31]
The world radio premiere of "Stairway to Heaven" was recorded at the Paris Cinema on 1 April 1971, in front of a live studio audience, and broadcast three days later on the BBC.[32] The song was performed at almost every subsequent Led Zeppelin concert, only being omitted on rare occasions when shows were cut short for curfews or technical issues. The band's final performance of the song was in Berlin on 7 July 1980, which was also their last concert until 10 December 2007 at London's O2 Arena; the version was the longest, lasting almost fifteen minutes, including a seven minute guitar solo.
Jimmy Page used a double-necked guitar to perform "Stairway to Heaven" live.
When playing the song live, the band would often extend it to over ten minutes, with Page playing an extended guitar solo and Plant adding a number of lyrical ad-libs, such as "Does anybody remember laughter?", "And I think you can see that" (as seen in the film The Song Remains the Same), "Does anybody remember forests?" (As seen on the live performance in Seattle 1977), "wait a minute!" and "I hope so". For performing this song live, Page used a Gibson EDS-1275 double neck guitar so he would not have to pause when switching from a six to a twelve-string guitar.
By 1975, the song had a regular place as the finale of every Led Zeppelin concert. However, after their concert tour of the United States in 1977, Plant began to tire of "Stairway to Heaven": "There's only so many times you can sing it and mean it ... It just became sanctimonious."[33]
The song was played again by the surviving members of Led Zeppelin at the Live Aid concert in 1985;[14] at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988, with Jason Bonham on drums;[34] and by Jimmy Page as an instrumental version on his solo tours.
The first few bars were played alone during Page and Plant tours in lieu of the final notes of "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You", and in November 1994 Page and Plant performed an acoustic version of the song at a Tokyo news station for Japanese television. "Stairway to Heaven" was also performed at Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O2 Arena, London on 10 December 2007.
Plant cites the most unusual performance of the song ever as being that performed at Live Aid: "with two drummers (Phil Collins and Tony Thompson) while Duran Duran cried at the side of the stage – there was something quite surreal about that."[14]
Footage of the song being played live is preserved on the band's concert film The Song Remains the Same, featuring a performance from Madison Square Garden in 1973, and on the Led Zeppelin DVD, featuring a performance from Earls Court Arena in 1975. Official audio versions are also available on The Song Remains the Same's accompanying soundtrack, on Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions (a performance from London's Paris Theatre in 1971) and on How the West Was Won (a performance from the Long Beach Arena in 1972). There are also hundreds of audio versions which can be found on unofficial Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings.
Success and legacy[edit]
"Stairway to Heaven" is often rated among the greatest rock songs of all time.[1][2] According to music journalist Stephen Davis, although the song was released in 1971, it took until 1973 before the song's popularity ascended to truly "anthemic" status.[35] As Page himself recalled, "I knew it was good, but I didn't know it was going to be almost like an anthem ... But I knew it was the gem of the album, sure."[36]
"Stairway to Heaven" continues to top radio lists of the greatest rock songs, including a 2006 Guitar World readers poll of greatest guitar solos.[37] On the 20th anniversary of the original release of the song, it was announced via U.S. radio sources that the song had logged up an estimated 2,874,000 radio plays – back to back, that would run for 44 years solid.[4] As of 2000, the song had been broadcast on radio over three million times.[38] In 1990 a St. Petersburg, Florida station kicked off its all-Led Zeppelin format by playing "Stairway to Heaven" for 24 hours straight.[39] It is also the biggest-selling single piece of sheet music in rock history, clocking up an average of 15,000 copies yearly.[14] In total, over one million copies have been sold.[38]
Jimmy Page told Rolling Stone in 1975, "We were careful to never release it as a single."[40] So, Led Zeppelin refused to release the song as a single, which forced buyers to buy the entire album.[41] Despite pressure from Atlantic Records, the band would not authorise the editing of the song for single release, making "Stairway to Heaven" one of the most well-known and popular rock songs never to have been released as a single. It did, however, appear on two promotional discs in the United States, one of them featuring the 7:55 track on each side, and the other as a 7-inch 331⁄3 record produced for jukebox operators with "Stairway to Heaven" on one side and both "Black Dog" and "Rock and Roll" on the other. Other "single" appearances were on an Australian EP, and in 1991 as an added bonus with a 20th anniversary promo book.
The group's recording of this song also appeared as the sole Led Zeppelin track in the 1977 Atlantic Records two-LP promotional sampler album We've Got Your Music, marking the first time that Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" made its official debut appearance in an American-released various artists compilation collection.
In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine put it at number 31 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". An article from 29 January 2009 Guitar World magazine rated Jimmy Page's guitar solo at number one in the publication's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos in Rock and Roll History.[42] Since 2001, the New York City-based classic rock radio station Q104.3 has ranked "Stairway to Heaven" no. 1 on their annual "Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time".[43]
Plant once gave $1,000 to listener-supported radio station KBOO in Portland, Oregon during a pledge drive after the disc jockey solicited donations by promising the station would never play "Stairway to Heaven". Plant was station-surfing in a rental car he was driving to the Oregon Coast after a solo performance in Portland and was impressed with the non-mainstream music the station presented. Asked later "why?" Plant replied that it wasn't that he didn't like the song, but he'd heard it before.[44]
Claims of backmasking[edit]
"Stairway to Heaven" (section)
The claimed backmasked section
"Stairway to Heaven" (section) (reversed)
The same section reversed
Problems playing these files? See media help.
In a January 1982 television program on the Trinity Broadcasting Network hosted by Paul Crouch, it was claimed that hidden messages were contained in many popular rock songs through a technique called backmasking. One example of such hidden messages that was prominently cited was in "Stairway to Heaven".[45] The alleged message, which occurs during the middle section of the song ("If there's a bustle in your hedgerow, don't be alarmed now...") when played backward, was purported to contain the Satanic references "Here's to my sweet Satan" and "There was a little tool shed where he made us suffer, sad Satan."[46]
Following the claims made in the television program, California assemblyman Phil Wyman proposed a state law that would require warning labels on records containing backward masking. In April 1982, the Consumer Protection and Toxic Materials Committee of the California State Assembly held a hearing on backward masking in popular music, during which "Stairway to Heaven" was played backward. During the hearing, William Yarroll, a self-described "neuroscientific researcher", claimed that backward messages could be deciphered by the human brain.[47]
The band itself has for the most part ignored such claims. In response to the allegations, Swan Song Records issued the statement: "Our turntables only play in one direction—forwards." Led Zeppelin audio engineer Eddie Kramer called the allegations "totally and utterly ridiculous. Why would they want to spend so much studio time doing something so dumb?"[48] Robert Plant expressed frustration with the accusations in a 1983 interview in Musician magazine: "To me it's very sad, because 'Stairway to Heaven' was written with every best intention, and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end, that's not my idea of making music."[49]
Accolades[edit]
Publication
Country
Accolade
Year
Rank
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame US "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll"[50] 1994 *
Classic Rock UK "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!"[51] 1999 1
VH1 US "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time"[52] 2000 3
RIAA US "Songs of the Century"[53] 2001 53
Grammy Awards US "Grammy Hall of Fame Award"[54] 2003 *
Rolling Stone US "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[55] 2003 31
Q UK "100 Songs That Changed the World"[56] 2003 47
Toby Creswell Australia "1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time"[57] 2005 *
Q UK "100 Greatest Songs of All Time"[58] 2006 8
Guitar World US "100 Greatest Guitar Solos"[59] 2006 1
Rolling Stone US "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time"[60] 2008 8
Triple J Australia "Hottest 100 of All Time" 2009 10
(*) designates unordered lists.
Charts[edit]
Digital download[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak position
New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart[61] 13
Norwegian Singles Chart[62] 5
Irish Singles Chart[63] 24
UK Singles Chart 37
US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Chart[64] 30
US Billboard Hot Singles Recurrents Chart[65] 16
Canadian Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart[66] 17
EU Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart[67] 79
Swiss Singles Chart[68] 17
Portuguese Singles Chart[69] 8
Chart (2008)
Peak position
Swedish Singles Chart[70] 57
German Singles Chart[71] 71
Chart (2010)
Peak position
German Singles Chart[72] 15
Note: The official UK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[73]
Gold 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[74]
Gold 400,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other versions[edit]
A different version of this song by Led Zeppelin is featured on the remastered deluxe 2CD version of Led Zeppelin IV. Titled "Stairway to Heaven (Sunset Sound Mix)", it was recorded on 5 December 1970, at Island Studio, No.1, in London with engineer Andy Johns and assistant engineer Diggs. This version runs 8:04, while the original version runs 8:02.[75]
Cover versions[edit]
Main article: List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b September 2002 Issue. SPIN. SPIN Media LLC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Led Zeppelin's 'Stairway to Heaven' Voted the Greatest Rock Song before the year of 2000". Gigwise.com. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "VH1 100 Greatest Rock Songs 1–50". rockonnet.com. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
Jump up ^ "Yahoo Celebrity UK". Yahoo.
Jump up ^ Dave Schulps, Interview with Jimmy Page, Trouser Press, October 1977.
Jump up ^ Davis, Stephen (4 July 1985). "Power, Mystery and the Hammer of the Gods: The Rise and Fall of Led Zeppelin". Rolling Stone (451). Retrieved 15 January 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutcliffe, Phil (April 2000). "Bustle in the Hedgerow". MOJO, p. 62
^ Jump up to: a b c Tolinski, Brad and di Benedetto, Greg (January 1998). "Light and Shade: A Historic Look at the Entire Led Zeppelin Catalogue Through the Eyes of Guitarist/Producer/Mastermind Jimmy Page". Guitar World, p. 100–104.
Jump up ^ Edward Macan (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7.
Jump up ^ Colothan, Scott (19 April 2010). "Led Zeppelin's 'Stairway To Heaven' Voted The Greatest Rock Song". Gigwise. Retrieved 5 July 2016. The prog-rock epic is one of three Led Zep songs to make it into the top ten in a listeners' poll conducted by radio station Absolute Classic Rock.
^ Jump up to: a b Alfred William Cramer (2009). Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century. 4. Salem Press. p. 1116. ISBN 978-1-58765-517-3.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone. "Stairway to Heaven". Retrieved 7 June 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Llewellyn, Sian (December 1998). "Stairway to Heaven". Total Guitar, p.61-62
Jump up ^ Steven Rosen, 1977 Jimmy Page Interview, Modern Guitars, 25 May 2007 (originally published in the July 1977, issue of Guitar Player magazine).
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWaiQkMO7VI&t=324 Interview with Classic Rock Magazine, posted 2 November 2014
Quote:"The whole object of the exercise [was] to have this thing that would almost be like an orgasm, really."
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/22/stairway-to-heaven-unreleased-mix-led-zeppelin-iv-remastered Stairway to Heaven: the story of a song and its legacy, by Michael Hann, The Guardian (22 October 2014)
Quote:
"He's often used sexual imagery to describe the song and it's no different today: "It's like an orgasm at the end. ..."
Jump up ^ "Whammy Bar" Guitar World April 1997: 19 "But California's most enduring legacy may well be the fingerpicked acoustic theme of the song "Taurus", which Jimmy Page lifted virtually note for note for the introduction to "Stairway to Heaven".
Jump up ^ Sleeve notes, booklet included with CD EPC 485175
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin: Stairway to a Plagiarism Lawsuit, and Jimmy Page on a possible reunion". 21 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Copyright row over Led Zeppelin classic Stairway to Heaven". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Vernon Silver (15 May 2014). "Stairway to Heaven: The Song Remains Pretty Similar". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Nicolas Suzor; Eleanor Angel (26 May 2014). "Borrowing a Stairway to Heaven: did Led Zeppelin rip off a riff?". The Conversation. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Stairway to Heaven in copyright trial - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin cleared of plagiarism in Stairway case". BBC News. 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin Copyright Trial, Round 2: Band's Accuser Files for Appeal". TheWrap. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin: Stairway to Heaven verdict appealed". BBC News. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Appeal Filed in Copyright Case of Led Zeppelin's 'Stairway'". NBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Appeal Filed in Led Zeppelin 'Stairway to Heaven' Copyright Trial".
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven" Copyright Case Gets Appeal". 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sold on Song, Stairway to Heaven". BBC radio 2. Retrieved 9 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Pallett, Simon (January 1998). "Radio Dazed". Guitar World, p.122
Jump up ^ Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Welch, Chris (2002). Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin. Omnibus Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-7119-9195-2.
Jump up ^ Stephen Davis, The Hammer of the Gods, William Morrow and Company Inc., New York, 1985, p. 150.
Jump up ^ A to Zeppelin: The Story of Led Zeppelin, Passport Video, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Stairway to Heaven: Is This the Greatest Song of All Time?". Retrieved 7 June 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Australian Broadcasting Corporation – Triple J Music Specials – Led Zeppelin (first broadcast 12 July 2000)
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin Biography". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin Win in 'Stairway to Heaven' Trial". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stairway to Heaven: The Song Remains Pretty Similar". 16 May 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via www.Bloomberg.com.
Jump up ^ "50 Greatest Guitar Solos". Guitar World. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Q104.3's Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time". Q104.3. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Cafe Looks Back: Robert Plant". World Cafe. Season 20. 14 October 2011. 43:34 minutes in. NPR. WXPN. Retrieved 30 September 2016. Finally, we'll revisit a 2002 interview, in which Plant tells one of his funniest stories — it involves pledging to a Portland public radio station so it would never again play "Stairway to Heaven."
Jump up ^ Denisoff, R. Serge. Inside MTV (1988): 289–290
Jump up ^ Arar, Yardena. (AP) "Does Satan Lurk in the Backward Playing of Records?" St. Petersburg Independent 24 May 1982: 3A
Jump up ^ Billiter, Bill. "Satanic Messages Played Back for Assembly Panel" Los Angeles Times 28 April 1982: B3
Jump up ^ Davis, Stephen. The Hammer of the Gods (1985) p. 335
Jump up ^ Considine, J.D. "Interviews". Retrieved 7 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll – December 1994". Jacobs Media. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ten of the Best Songs Ever! – September 1999". Classic Rock. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time – July 2000". VH1. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Songs of the Century". Recording Industry Association of America. 7 March 2001. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Grammy Hall of Fame Award". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time – November 2003". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Songs of All Time – January 2003". Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Creswell, Toby (2005). "Stairway to Heaven". 1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time (1st ed.). Prahran: Hardie Grant Books. p. 516. ISBN 978-1-74066-458-5.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Songs of All Time – October 2006". Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Guitar Solos – October 2006". Guitar World. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time – June 2008". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 Singles – 19 November 2007". RIANZ. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Singles – 21 November 2007". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Singles – 22 November 2007". IRMA. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Digital Songs – 1 December 2007". Billboard. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hot Singles Recurrents – 1 December 2007". Billboard. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hot Digital Songs – 1 December 2007". Billboard. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Singles – 1 December 2007". Billboard. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles – 2 December 2007". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles – 29 December 2007". Billboard. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 60 Singles – 3 January 2008". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles – 19 May 2008". musicline.de. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles – 3 May 2010". musicline.de. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Led Zeppelin – Stairway to Heaven" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Led Zeppelin – Stairway to Heaven". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 November 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Stairway to Heaven in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory (22 October 2014). "Hear Led Zeppelin's Hedgerow-Bustling 'Stairway to Heaven' Alternate Mix". Rolling Stone. "It's always interesting to hear stuff that you know really well and hear it differently, but the same," John Paul Jones tells Rolling Stone.
Further reading[edit]
Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song, by Chris Welch, ISBN 1-56025-818-7
The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, by Dave Lewis, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
External links[edit]
NPR Fresh Air audio interview with Robert Plant, who comments on various covers of the song, the lyrics and writing it.
Jimmy Page: How we wrote Stairway to Heaven - BBC
Sold on Song, "Stairway to Heaven" at BBC Radio 2
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Led Zeppelin IV track listing
Songs
Side one
"Black Dog"
"Rock and Roll"
"The Battle of Evermore"
"Stairway to Heaven"
Side two
"Misty Mountain Hop"
"Four Sticks"
"Going to California"
"When the Levee Breaks"
Led Zeppelin
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Led Zeppelin III
Led Zeppelin IV
Houses of the Holy
Physical Graffiti
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In Through the Out Door
Coda
show
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t
e
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John Bonham
John Paul Jones
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"Rock and Roll" / "Four Sticks"
"Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days"
"D'yer Mak'er" / "The Crunge"
"Trampled Under Foot" / "Black Country Woman"
"Candy Store Rock" / "Royal Orleans"
"Fool in the Rain" / "Hot Dog"
"Travelling Riverside Blues"
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"The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair"
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