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West Highland White Terrier
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West Highland White Terrier
Other names
Poltalloch Terrier
Roseneath Terrier
White Roseneath Terrier
Common nicknames
Westie (or Westy)
Origin
Scotland
[hide]Traits
Weight
6.8–9.1 kg (15–20 lb)
Height
25–28 cm (9.8–11.0 in)
Coat
Double
Color
White
Litter size
Three to five
Life span
12 to 17 years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 3, Section 2 Small Terriers #085 standard
AKC
Terrier standard
ANKC
Group 2 (terriers) standard
CKC
Group 4 – terriers standard
KC (UK)
Terrier standard
NZKC
Terrier standard
UKC
Terriers standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The West Highland White Terrier, commonly known as the Westie is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white harsh coat with a somewhat soft white undercoat. The modern breed is descended from a number of breeding programs of white terriers in Scotland before the 20th century. Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch, is credited with the creation of the modern breed from his Poltalloch Terrier, but did not want to be known as such.
Other related breeds included George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll's Roseneath Terrier and Dr. Americ Edwin Flaxman's Pittenweem Terriers. This breed of small white Scottish terriers was given its modern name for the first time in 1908, with recognition by major kennel clubs occurring around the same time.
The breed remains very popular in the UK, with multiple winner at Cruft's, and is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s. It has been featured in television and film, including in Hamish Macbeth and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scottish whisky Black & White. It is a medium-sized terrier, although with longer legs than other Scottish breeds of terrier. It has a white double coat of fur which fills out the dog's face, giving it a rounded appearance. The breed can be good with children, but does not always tolerate rough handling. The Westie is an active and intelligent breed, and is social with a high prey drive, as they were once used to hunt rodents.
Several breed-specific and nonspecific health issues appear in the breed, including a condition in young dogs nicknamed "westie jaw" which causes an overgrowth of bone in the jaw of the dog. It can also be prone to skin disorders, with a breed-specific condition called hyperplastic dermatosis occurring. They are very energetic and need plenty of exercise. Cousin to the Cairn Terrier, the Westie was bred to hunt small rodents at places such as farms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearance
2 Temperament
3 Health
4 History
5 In popular culture
5.1 In public life
5.2 In branding
5.3 In film
5.4 In television
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Appearance[edit]
Westies have dense, thick undercoat and a rough outer coat
Commonly, Westies have bright, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes that are dark in colour. Their ears are pointed and erect.[1] Members of the breed typically weigh between 15 and 20 pounds (6.8 and 9.1 kg), and the average height is between 10–11 inches (25–28 cm) at the withers.[1] The body should be shorter than the height of the dog at the shoulder.[1]
They also have a deep chest, muscular limbs, a black nose, and a short, closely fitted jaw with "scissors" bite (lower canines locked in front of upper canines, upper incisors locked over lower incisors).[2] The Westie's paws are slightly turned out to give it better grip than flat-footed breeds when it climbs on rocky surfaces.[3] In young puppies, the nose and footpads have pink markings, which slowly turn black as they age.[2]
They have a soft, dense, thick undercoat and a rough outer coat,[1] which can grow to about 2 inches (5.1 cm) long.[2] The fur fills out the face to give a rounded appearance.[1] As puppies develop into adults, their coarse outer coat is normally removed by either "hand-stripping", especially for dog-showing, or otherwise clipping.[1]
Temperament[edit]
A Westie
The temperament of the West Highland White Terrier can vary greatly, with some being friendly towards children, whilst others prefer solitude.[4] It will not tolerate rough handling such as a child pulling on its ears, and can be both food- and toy-possessive.[5] It is normally independent, assured, and self-confident, and can make a good watchdog. It is a loyal breed that bonds with its owner, but is often always on the move, requiring good exercise (15–30 min). The Westie is highly social and is the most friendly and jolly of all the Scottish breeds of terriers.[6]
It is a hardy breed, and can be stubborn, leading to issues with training. A Westie may need to have its training refreshed on occasion during its lifetime. Having a typical terrier prey drive, it tends to be highly interested in toys, especially chasing balls. It does retain the instincts of an earth-dog, including inquisitive and investigative traits,[6] as well as natural instincts to both bark and dig holes.[5] It is ranked 47th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs.[7]
Health[edit]
Two Westie puppies
The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years.[8] A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years.[9] Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years.[10] The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years, with a median of 13 years.[11] The typical litter size is between three and five puppies.[2]
The breed is predisposed to conditions found in many breeds, such as abdominal hernias.[12] Westie puppies may be affected by craniomandibular osteopathy, a disease also known as "lion jaw", and is sometimes also referred to as "westie jaw". The disease is an autosomal recessive condition, so a puppy can only be affected by it if both its parents are carriers of the faulty gene. The condition appears across many breeds, including several different types of terriers, as well as other unrelated breeds such as the Great Dane. It typically appears in dogs under a year old, and can cause problems for the dog to chew or swallow food. Radiographic testing can be conducted to diagnose the condition, in which the bones around the jaw thicken; additionally, the blood may show increased calcium levels and enzyme levels. The condition often stops progressing by the time the dog is a year old, and in some cases can recede. It is normally treated with anti-inflammatory medications, and the feeding of soft foods. In some cases, tube feeding may be necessary. However, if the animal still cannot eat and is in uncontrolled pain, then euthanasia may be the only medical option remaining.[13]
The breed is prone to skin disorders.[2] About a quarter of Westies surveyed are affected by atopic dermatitis, a heritable chronic allergic skin condition. A higher proportion of males are affected compared to females.[14] An uncommon but severe breed-specific skin condition, hyperplastic dermatosis, may affect West Highland White Terriers, both juveniles and adults dogs. Affected dogs can suffer from red hyperpigmentation, lichenification, and hair loss. In the initial stages, this condition can be misdiagnosed as allergies or less serious forms of dermatitis.[15]
An inherited genetic problem that exists in the breed is globoid cell leukodystrophy. It is not breed-specific, and can appear in Cairn Terriers and other breeds including Beagles and Pomeranians. It is a neurological disease where the dog lacks an enzyme called galactosylceramidase. The symptoms are noticeable as the puppy develops, and can be identified by the age of 30 weeks. Affected dogs have tremors, muscle weakness, and trouble walking. Symptoms slowly increase until limb paralysis begins to occur. Due to it being a hereditary condition, owners should avoid breeding affected animals to eliminate it from the breed.[16] Another genetic condition that affects the breed is "white dog shaker syndrome". As this condition is most commonly found in Westies and Maltese, the condition was originally thought to be connected to the genes for white coats, but the same condition has since been found in other nonwhite breeds including the Yorkshire Terrier and the Dachshund. The condition typically develops over one to three days, resulting in tremors of the head and limbs, ataxia, and hypermetria. Affected males and females can be affected for different lengths of time, with symptoms in females lasting between four and six weeks, while males can be affected the rest of their lives.[17]
Other less common conditions which appear in the breed include hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is where elevated levels of Alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid are in the dog's urine, blood plasma, and spinal fluid. It can cause seizures, muscle stiffness, and ataxia, but is more commonly found in Staffordshire Bull Terriers.[18] A degeneration of the hip joint, known as Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also occurs in the breed.[19] However, the chances of this condition occurring are much higher in some other breeds, such as the Australian Shepherd and the Miniature Pincher.[20] The breed is also one of the least likely to be affected by a luxating patella, where the knee cap slips out of place.[21]
History[edit]
Three Pittenweem Terriers, photographed in 1899
Scottish white terriers were recorded as early as during the reign of James VI of Scotland, who reigned between 1567 and 1625. The king ordered that a dozen terriers be procured from Argyll to be presented to the Kingdom of France as a gift.[3] Sandy- and brindle-coloured dogs were seen as hardier than those of other colours, and white dogs were seen as being weak.[22] At various times during the breed's existence, it has been considered a white offshoot of both the Scottish Terrier and the Cairn Terrier breeds.[23]
Reports of a ship from the Spanish Armada being wrecked on the island of Skye in 1588 indicated the ship carried white Spanish dogs, whose descendants were kept distinct from other breeds by Clan Donald, including the families of the Chiefs.[24] Other families on Skye preserved both white and sandy-coloured dogs. One such family was the Clan MacLeod, and it was reported by their descendants that at least two Chiefs kept white terriers, including "The Wicked Man" Norman MacLeod, and his grandson Norman, who became Chief after his death.[22]
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, chief of Clan Campbell, bred a breed of white Scottish terriers known as the "Roseneath Terrier".[25] Another breed of white Scottish terriers also appeared at this point, with Dr. Americ Edwin Flaxman from Fife developing his line of "Pittenweem Terriers" out of a female Scottish Terrier which produced white offspring.[25] The dog seemed to produce these white puppies regardless of the sire to which she was bred, and after drowning over 20 of these offspring, he came upon the theory that it was an ancient trait of the Scottish Terrier that was trying to reappear. He rededicated his breeding program to produce white Scottish Terriers with the aim of restoring it to the same stature as the dark-coloured breed. Flaxman is credited with classes being added to dog shows for white Scottish Terriers towards the end of the 19th century.[26]
A West Highland White Terrier, photographed in 1915
The person most closely associated with developing the modern breed of West Highland White Terrier is Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch. Malcolm owned terriers used to work game; the story told is that a reddish-brown terrier was mistaken for a fox and shot. Following this, Malcolm decided to develop a white terrier breed, which became known as the "Poltalloch Terrier". The first generation of Poltallochs had sandy-coloured coats, and had already developed prick ears, which is a trait seen later in the modern breed.[25] It is unknown if the Poltalloch Terriers and Pittenweem Terriers were interbred.[25] In 1903, Malcolm declared that he did not want to be known as the creator of the breed and insisted that his breed of white terriers be renamed. The term "West Highland White Terrier" first appears in Otters and Otter Hunting by L.C.R. Cameron, published in 1908.[25][27]
The first breed club was set up in 1904; Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll, was the society's first president. A second club was subsequently set up, with the Countess of Aberdeen as chairman. Edward Malcolm succeeded the Countess as the club's second chairman. Kennel Club recognition followed in 1907, and the breed appeared at Crufts for the first time in the same year.[25] The Westie was imported into the United States in 1907–1908, when Robert Goelet imported Ch. Kiltie and Ch. Rumpus Glenmohr. Initially, it was also known at the time as the Roseneath Terrier, and the Roseneath Terrier Club was recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1908. The club was renamed during the following year to the West Highland White Terrier Club of America.[23] The breed spent the period that immediately followed as being "in vogue",[28] becoming popular almost immediately upon its arrival in the US.[28] Canadian Kennel Club recognition followed in 1909.[25] Until 1924 in the UK, Westie pedigrees were allowed to have Cairn and Scottish Terriers in them. By the time of Malcolm's death in 1930, a stable type had appeared with prick ears, a white coat, and a short back.[25]
A Westie in a modern show-cut
In major conformation shows, the breed has been equally successful on both sides of the Atlantic. The first member of the breed to win a show championship was Ch. Morvan in 1905, owned by Colin Young. The dog was registered at the time as a Scottish Terrier, and won the title at the Scottish Kennel Club show at the age of seven months. Because the breed was not yet recognised independently, the championship title was not retained when the dog was reregistered as a West Highland White Terrier.[25] The first win at a major show came at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1942 when Constance Winant's Ch. Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune won the title of Best in Show.[29] The same title was taken by Barbara Worcester's Ch. Elfinbrook Simon in 1962.[30] It took a further 14 years before the breed took its first Best in Show title at Crufts, the UK's major dog show. Ch. Dianthus Buttons, owned by Kath Newstead and Dorothy Taylor, took the title for the breed in 1976.[31] A Westie also won Crufts in 1990 with the Best in Show title going to Derek Tattersall's Ch. Olac Moon Pilot.,[32] and in 2016.(Burneze Geordie Girl)
The popularity of the breed during the early 20th century was such that dogs were being exchanged for hundreds of guineas.[33] As of 2010, the Westie is the third-most popular breed of terrier in the UK, with 5,361 puppies registered with the Kennel Club. However, this is a decrease in numbers since 2001, when it was the most popular terrier breed, with 11,019 new dogs registered.[34] The breed's position in the United States is more stable with it remaining in the top third of all breeds since around 1960.[23] It was ranked 30th-most popular in 2001, based on registrations with the American Kennel Club, which has varied around the 30s in the decade since, with it ranked 34th in 2010.[35]
In popular culture[edit]
West Highland White Terrier in the garden
In public life[edit]
Muhammed Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan, was known to own a Westie.[36]
John Green, novelist, co-founder of the VlogBrothers, is known to own a Westie, called Willie (or Fireball Wilson Roberts).[37]
J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has a Westie.
In branding[edit]
Black & White whisky have used both Scottish Terriers and Westies in their advertisements,[38] and the breed is used as the mascot of the dog food brand Cesar.[39]
The Australian dog food manufacturer Mars Incorporated uses the West Highland White Terrier breed as the "face" of their "My Dog" brand. The Westie can be seen on "My Dog" packaging, website[40] and television[41] and print commercials.
In film[edit]
The film The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby, released in the UK in February 2006, cast a West Highland White Terrier as Bobby. The appearance of a Westie caused protests from the Skye Terrier breed club, which complained about the filmmaker's use of an incorrect dog breed for the part.[42]
In the film Lethal Weapon 3, Carrie Murtaugh, played by Ebonie Smith, carried a Westie early in the movie when Martin Riggs (played by Mel Gibson) brings his laundry to the Murtaugh home.
In television[edit]
The titular character in the BBC Scotland–produced television series Hamish Macbeth owned a Westie named "Wee Jock".[43] This dog later dies and is replaced by another Westie named Jock.
In the Brazilian television animated series As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (The Adventures of Gui & Estopa), the main character Gui is the Terrier breed.[44]
In the TV show Jeeves and Wooster, Bertie's Aunt Agatha owns a Westie named MacIntosh.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-470-00921-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kern, Kerry V (1988). The New Terrier Handbook. New York, NY: Barron's. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8120-3951-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Bruette (1921): p. 191
Jump up ^ "West Highland White Terrier Breed Profile". Your Dog. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Is a Westie right for you?". San Francisco Bay West Highland White Terrier Club. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Rice (2002): p. 6
Jump up ^ Coren, Stanley (2006). The Intelligence of Dogs. London, UK: Pocket Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-4165-0287-6.
Jump up ^ "Westie FAQs". West Highland White Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report" (PDF). 20 February 2007. West Highland White Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. 198: 638–43. PMID 24206631. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020.
Jump up ^ Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds". The Veterinary Journal. 203: 74–78. PMID 25475165. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. mean=11.89 ± 3.92 median=12.93
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 115
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): pp. 116–117
Jump up ^ Grayson, J. Kevin. "2007 West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report" (PDF). Westie Foundation of America and the Health Committee of the WHWTCA. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gross, Thelma Lee (2005). Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Ames, IO: Blackwell Science. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-632-06452-6.
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 105
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 155
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 108
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 125
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 126
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 134
^ Jump up to: a b Smith (1921): p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice (2002): p. 5
Jump up ^ Dalziel, Hugh (1879). British dogs; their varieties, history, characteristics, breeding, management and exhibition. London, UK: The Bazaar Office. p. 350.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Horter, Ria (April 2009). "Col. Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch, and the West Highland White Terrier" (PDF). Dogs in Canada. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Lane, Charles Henry (1902). Dog shows and doggy people. London, UK: Hutchinson. pp. 100–102.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Ludovick Charles Richard Duncombe-Jewell (1908). Otters and otter-hunting. New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b Hochwell, A. F. (1925). Dogs as home companions; a book for all dog lovers. Cincinnati, OH: Sportsman's Digest. pp. 26–29.
Jump up ^ "She Asked For It". Time. 23 February 1942. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fads: The Poodle Dethroned". Time. 23 February 1962. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Dogworld: Digital Crufts Edition (2010): p. 84
Jump up ^ Dogworld: Digital Crufts Edition (2010): p. 88
Jump up ^ Smith (1921): p. 85
Jump up ^ "Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2001 – 2010 Inclusive" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley Jinnah of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-614-21694-X
Jump up ^ Introduction of Willie the puppy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mKgPDp6Y-w&feature=youtu.be
Jump up ^ Barrows, Sydney Biddle; Kennedy, Dan S (2009). Uncensored sales strategies. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-59918-193-6.
Jump up ^ "Cesar Official Website". Cesar.ca. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Premium Dog Food | MY DOG®
Jump up ^ MyDog Dog Food 2010 Ad - YouTube
Jump up ^ Cramb, Auslan (7 November 2002). "Casting row dogs the remake of Greyfriar's Bobby". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Bignell, Jonathan (2005). Popular television drama: critical perspectives. Manchester, UK; New York: Manchester University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7190-6933-8.
Jump up ^ "Mande a foto do seu "Iguinho"" (in Portuguese). iG São Paulo - Redação. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Smith, Arthur Croxton (1910). The Power of the Dog. London, UK: Hodder and Stoughton.
Bruette, William A (1921). The Complete Dog Book. Cincinnati, OH: Stewart Kidd Co.
Rice, Dan (2002). West Highland White Terriers. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 978-0-7641-1899-9.
"Digital Crufts Edition". Dogworld. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 Oct 2011.
Ackerman, Lowell J (2011). Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs (2nd ed.). Lakewood, CO: American Animal Hospital Association Press. ISBN 978-1-58326-157-6.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Highland White Terrier.
West Highland White Terrier at DMOZ
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Greater omentum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that Splenorenal ligament and Phrenicosplenic ligament be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2017.
Greater omentum
The greater omentum and corresponding vasculature is visible covering the intestines (dissection image with liver held out of the way).
Label at bottom.
Details
Precursor
Dorsal mesentery
Identifiers
Latin
omentum majus
MeSH
A01.047.025.600.573
TA
A10.1.02.201
FMA
9580
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The greater omentum (also the great omentum, omentum majus, gastrocolic omentum, epiploon, or, especially in animals, caul) is a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach. It extends from the greater curvature of the stomach, passing in front of the small intestines and doubles back to ascend to the transverse colon before reaching to the posterior abdominal wall. The greater omentum is larger than the lesser omentum, which hangs down from the liver to the lesser curvature. The common anatomical term "epiploic" derives from "epiploon", from the Greek epipleein, meaning to float or sail on, since the greater omentum appears to float on the surface of the intestines. It is the first structure observed when the abdominal cavity is opened anteriorly.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Subdivisions
1.2 Blood supply
1.3 Development
2 Functions
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Surgical removal
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Greater and lesser omentum
The greater omentum is the largest of the two peritoneal folds. It consists of a double sheet of peritoneum, folded on itself so that it has four layers.
The two layers of the greater omentum descend from the greater curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum. They pass in front of the small intestines, sometimes as low as the pelvis, before turning on themselves, and ascending as far as the transverse colon, where they separate and enclose that part of the intestine.
These individual layers are easily seen in the young, but in the adult they are more or less inseparably blended.
The left border of the greater omentum is continuous with the gastrosplenic ligament; its right border extends as far as the beginning of the duodenum.
The greater omentum is usually thin, and has a perforated appearance. It contains some adipose tissue, which can accumulate considerably in obese people.
Subdivisions[edit]
The greater omentum is often defined to encompass a variety of structures. Most sources include the following three:[2][3]
Gastrophrenic ligament—extends to the underside of the left dome of the diaphragm
Gastrocolic ligament—extends to the transverse colon (occasionally on its own considered synonymous with "greater omentum"[2])
Gastrosplenic ligament (or Gastrolienal) ligament)— extends to the spleen, overlying the kidney
The splenorenal ligament (from the left kidney to the spleen) is occasionally considered part of the greater omentum.[4][5]
Blood supply[edit]
The right and left gastroepiploic arteries provide the sole blood supply to the greater omentum. Both are branches of the celiac trunk. The right gastroepiploic artery is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which is a branch of the common hepatic artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. The left gastroepiploic artery is the largest branch of the splenic artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. The right and left gastroepiploic arteries anastomose within the two layers of the anterior greater omentum along the greater curvature of the stomach.
Development[edit]
Two of the stages in the development of the digestive tube and its mesentery. The arrow indicates the entrance to the bursa omentalis
The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesentery that connects the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall. During its development, the stomach undergoes its first 90° rotation along the axis of the embryo, so that posterior structures are moved to the left and structures anterior to the stomach are shifted to the right. As a result, the dorsal mesentery folds over on itself, forming a pouch with its blind end on the left side of the embryo. A second approximately 90° rotation of the stomach, this time in the frontal plane, moves structures inferior if they were originally to the left of the stomach, and superior if they were originally to the stomach's right. Consequently, the blind-ended sac (also called the lesser sac) formed by the dorsal mesentery is brought inferiorly, where it assumes its final position as the greater omentum. It grows to the point that it covers the majority of the small and large intestine.
Functions[edit]
The functions of the greater omentum are:
Fat deposition, having varying amounts of adipose tissue[6]
Immune contribution, having milky spots of macrophage collections[6]
Infection and wound isolation; It may also physically limit the spread of intraperitoneal infections.[6] The greater omentum can often be found wrapped around areas of infection and trauma.
Clinical significance[edit]
Surgical removal[edit]
Omentectomy refers to the surgical removal of the omentum, a relatively simple procedure with no major side effects, that is performed in cases where there is concern that there may be spread of cancerous tissue into the omentum. Examples for this are ovarian cancer and advanced or aggressive endometrial cancer as well as intestinal cancer and also appendix cancer. The procedure is generally done as an add-on when the primary lesion is removed.
Additional images[edit]
Vertical disposition of the peritoneum. Main cavity, red; omental bursa, blue. (Greater omentum labeled at left.)
The greater omentum is attached to the lower portion of the stomach (here the attachment is cut and the stomach is lifted up).
The celiac artery and its branches; the liver has been raised, and the lesser omentum and anterior layer of the greater omentum removed.
Schematic figure of the bursa omentalis, etc. Human embryo of eight weeks.
Diagrams to illustrate the development of the greater omentum and transverse mesocolon.
Greater omentum. Deep dissection.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Caul fat
Lesser omentum
Omental cake
Omental infarction
Peritoneum
Right gastroepiploic vein
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Drake, Richard L., et al., Gray's anatomy for students, Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 2010. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Dalley, Arthur F.; Moore, Keith L. (2006). Clinically oriented anatomy. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 237. ISBN 0-7817-3639-0.
Jump up ^ Anatomy Tables - Stomach & Spleen
Jump up ^ Kyung Won Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 205. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.
Jump up ^ "Module - Peritoneal Cavity Development". Retrieved 2007-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c The omentum: A unique organ of exceptional versatility Indian Journal of Surgery, May 1, 2006, Alagumuthu, M; Das, Bhupati; Pattanayak, Siba; Rasananda, Mangual
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 37:03-07 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Anatomy figure: 37:05-12 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Anatomy photo:37:07-0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Diagram at Tn.edu
Photo of model at Waynesburg College digirep/greateromentum
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery
General
Peritoneum
Mesentery
Abdominal
From
ventral
mesentery
Lesser omentum
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Liver
Coronary ligament
(Left triangular ligament
Right triangular ligament
Hepatorenal ligament)
Falciform ligament (Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it, but not of it)
From
dorsal
mesentery
Greater omentum
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Mesentery
Splenorenal ligament
Phrenicocolic ligament
Folds
Umbilical folds
Supravesical fossa
Medial inguinal fossa
Lateral umbilical fold
Lateral inguinal fossa
Ileocecal fold
Abdominal
cavity
Greater sac
Lesser sac
Omental foramen
General
Cystohepatic triangle
Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space
Abdominal wall
Inguinal triangle
Peritoneal recesses
Paracolic gutters
Paramesenteric gutters
Pelvic
Uterus/ovaries
Broad ligament of the uterus
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium)
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Recesses
Male
Recto-vesical pouch
Pararectal fossa
Female
Recto-uterine pouch
Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament)
Vesico-uterine pouch
Ovarian fossa
Paravesical fossa
Retroperitonium
Spaces
Extraperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal space
Retropubic space
Biology portal
Medicine portal
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