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Dating the Bible
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This article is about the composition of the text of the Bible. For the events described in the Hebrew Bible, see Chronology of the Bible. For the events in the Gospels, see Chronology of Jesus.
The four tables give the most commonly accepted dates or ranges of dates for the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, the Deuterocanonical books (included in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox bibles, but not in the Hebrew and Protestant bibles) and the New Testament, including, where possible, hypotheses about their formation-history.
Table I is a chronological overview. Table II treats the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible books, grouped according to the divisions of the Hebrew Bible with occasional reference to scholarly divisions. Table III gives the Deuterocanonical books. Table IV gives the books of the New Testament, including the earliest preserved fragments for each.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table I: Chronological overview
2 Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament
3 Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament
4 Table IV: New Testament
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Bibliography
Table I: Chronological overview[edit]
This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible or the Protocanonical Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE.[1] The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE.[2] The Deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.
Period
Books
Monarchic
8th–7th centuries BCE
c. 745–586 BCE
Late 8th-early 7th: Amos (initial composition of earliest layer);[3] "First Isaiah" (Isaiah 1–39),[4] Hosea,[5] Micah (second half).[6]
7th: Nahum (based on its assumption of the fall of Thebes and call for the destruction of Nineveh),[7] Zephaniah (in the reign of Josiah, c. 649–609 BCE),[8] Habakkuk (possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE);[9] first edition of the Deuteronomistic history (books of Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings) in the reign of Josiah;[10] Deuteronomy 5–26 in the reign of Josiah.[11]
Exilic
6th century BCE
586–539 BCE
Core of Obadiah around the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE.[12]
Completion of Deuteronomistic history (Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings).[13]
Deuteronomy expanded with addition of chapters 1–4 and 29–30 to serve as an introduction to the Deuteronomistic history.[11]
Jeremiah active in the last decade of the 7th century and first decades of the 6th;[14]
Ezekiel active in Babylon 592–571 BCE;[15]
"Second Isaiah" (author of Isaiah 40–55) active in Babylon around mid-century.[16]
Expansion and reshaping of Hosea, Amos, Micah and Zephaniah.[17]
Possible early Psalms collection (psalms "of David") ending with psalm 89.[17]
Post-exilic
Persian
5th–4th centuries BCE
538–330 BCE
Torah (books of Genesis/Exodus/Leviticus/Numbers), with 250 BCE as terminus ad quem (last possible date) for the production of the final text on the basis of the extant manuscript evidence.[18][19]
Deuteronomy revised with expansions to chapters 19–25 and addition of chapter 27 and 31–34 to serve as conclusion to the Torah.[11]
"Third Isaiah" (Isaiah 56–66)[16]
Later version (the Masoretic Hebrew version) of Jeremiah[20]
Haggai (self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius 520 BCE),[21]
Zechariah (chapters 1–8 contemporary with Haggai, chapters 9–14 from the 5th century)[22]
Malachi (5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra)[23]
Chronicles (between 400–250 BC, probably in the period 350–300 BCE)[24]
Origins of Ezra-Nehemiah (may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE).[25]
Post-exilic
Hellenistic
3rd–2nd centuries BCE
330–164 BCE
Job, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs (Could have been written in the 4th or even 5th centuries, but seem to reflect contact with Greek culture).[26]
Book of Jonah (Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE).[27]
Most of the individual psalms making up the final third of the Book of Psalms.[28]
Maccabean/Hasmonean
2nd–1st centuries BCE
164–4 BCE
Daniel (164 BCE, combining newly-written visions, chapters 7–12, with the Persian and Hellenistic tales of chapters 1–6).[29]
1 Maccabees/2 Maccabees/3 Maccabees/possibly 4 Maccabees; Tobit, Judith, Additions to Daniel and Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE.[26]
Roman
1st century CE onward
after 4 BCE
4 Maccabees (after 63 BCE, probably mid-1st century CE).[30]
Wisdom of Solomon (late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE).[26]
New Testament (between c. 50–110 CE – see Table IV).
Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament[edit]
Torah
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Leviticus
Book of Numbers
Book of Deuteronomy The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah – the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy – reached its present form in the post-Exilic period.[19]
The five books are drawn from four "sources" (distinct schools of writers rather than individuals): the Priestly source, the Yahwist and the Elohist (these two are often referred to collectively as the "non-Priestly" source), and the Deuteronomist.[31] There is general agreement that the Priestly source is post-exilic, but there is no agreement over the non-Priestly source(s).[31]
Genesis is a post-exilic work combining "Priestly" and "non-Priestly" material.[32]
Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel's history.[33]
Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic/post-exilic period.[34]
Numbers is a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic/non-Priestly original.[35]
Deuteronomy, now the last book of the Torah, began as the set of religious laws (these make up the bulk of the book), was extended in the early part of the 6th century to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history, and later still was detached from that history, extended yet again, and edited to conclude the Torah.[36]
Prophets
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Former Prophets:
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
Books of Samuel
Books of Kings
This group of books, plus Deuteronomy, is called the "Deuteronomistic history" by scholars. The proposal that they made up a unified work was first advanced by Martin Noth in 1943, and has been widely accepted. Noth proposed that the entire history was the creation of a single individual working in the exilic period (6th century BCE); since then there has been wide recognition that the history appeared in two "editions", the first in the reign of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century), the second during the exile (6th century).[10] Noth's dating was based on the assumption that the history was completed very soon after its last recorded event, the release of King Jehoiachin in Babylon c. 560 BCE; but some scholars have termed his reasoning inadequate, and the history may have been further extended in the post-exilic period.[37]
Three Major Prophets:
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Ezekiel
Scholars recognise three "sections" in the Book of Isaiah: Proto-Isaiah (the original 8th century Isaiah); Deutero-Isaiah (an anonymous prophet living in Babylon during the exile); and Trito-Isaiah (an anonymous author or authors in Jerusalem immediately after the exile).[38]
The Book of Jeremiah exists in two versions, Greek (the version used in Orthodox Christian Bibles) and Hebrew (Jewish, Catholic and Protestant Bibles), with the Greek representing the earlier version.[39] The Greek version was probably finalised in the early Persian period and translated into Greek in the 3rd century BCE, and the Hebrew version dates from some point between then and the 2nd century BCE.[40]
The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon, and internal evidence dates the visions to between 593 and 571 BCE. While the book probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history, with significant additions by a "school" of later followers.[41][42]
Twelve Minor Prophets In the Hebrew Bible the Twelve Minor Prophets are a single collection edited in the Second Temple period, but the collection is broken up in Christian Bibles.[43] With the exception of Jonah, which is a fictional work, there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book:[44][45]
Book of Hosea: second half of the 8th century BCE[5]
Book of Joel: late Persian or Hellenistic[46]
Book of Amos: first half of the 8th century[47]
Book of Obadiah: around the time of the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE[12]
Book of Jonah: Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE[27]
Book of Micah: c. 750–700 BCE[48]
Book of Nahum: an "oracle concerning Nineveh", the Assyrian city destroyed in 612 BCE[49]
Book of Habakkuk: possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE[9]
Book of Zephaniah: reign of Josiah[8]
Book of Haggai: self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius (Darius the Great), 520 BCE[21]
Book of Zechariah: first eight chapters contemporary with Haggai; chapters 9–14 from the 5th century[22]
Book of Malachi: 5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra (which, however, are themselves difficult to date)[23]
Writings
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Wisdom collection:
Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs The books of Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs share a similar outlook which they themselves call "wisdom".[50] It is generally agreed that Job comes from between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE, with the 6th century as the most likely.[51] Ecclesiastes can be no earlier than about 450 BCE, due to the presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaic idioms, and no later than 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it.[52][53] Proverbs is a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium, and impossible to date.[54]
Poetic works: Psalms and Lamentations The psalms making up the first two-thirds of the psalter are predominantly pre-exilic and the last third predominantly post-exilic.[28] The collected book of Psalms was possibly given its modern shape and division into five parts in the post-exilic period, although it continued to be revised and expanded well into Hellenistic and even Roman times.[55] It is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the Book of Lamentations.[56]
Histories: Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah Chronicles was composed between 400–250 BCE, probably in the period 350–300 BCE;[24] Ezra-Nehemiah (two books in modern Bibles, but originally one) may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.[25]
Miscellaneous works: Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Book of Daniel, Song of Songs The Book of Ruth is commonly dated to the Persian period;[57] Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE; the Book of Daniel can be dated more precisely to 164 BCE thanks to its veiled prophecy of the death of a Greek king of Syria;[58] and the Song of Songs could have been composed at any time after the 6th century BCE.[59]
Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament[edit]
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Tobit 225–175 BCE, on the basis of apparent use of language and references common to the post-exilic period, but lack of knowledge of the 2nd century BCE persecution of Jews.[60]
Judith 150–100 BCE, although estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[61]
1 Maccabees 100 BCE[62]
2 Maccabees c. 100 BCE[62]
3 Maccabees 100–75 BCE "very probable"[63]
4 Maccabees mid-1st century CE[30]
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, on the basis of shared outlook with other works dating from this time.[64]
Sirach 196–175 BCE, as the author implies that Simon the high priest had died (196 BCE), but shows no knowledge of the persecution of the Jews that began after 175 BCE.[65]
Additions to Daniel Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children); Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century;[66] Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE[67]
Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah 2nd century BCE, as Baruch uses Sirach (written c. 180 BCE) and is in turn used by the Psalms of Solomon (mid-1st century BCE). The Letter of Jeremiah, ch. 6:1–73 of the Book of Baruch, is sometimes considered a separate book.[68]
Table IV: New Testament[edit]
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Earliest known fragment
Gospel of Matthew 80–90 CE.[69] This is based on three strands of evidence: (a) the setting of Matthew reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 CE; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 CE, as a source.[70] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 104 (150–200 CE)
Gospel of Mark 68–70 CE.[71] References to persecution and to war in Judea suggest that its context was either Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt.[72] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45 (250 CE)
Gospel of Luke 80–90 CE, with some scholars suggesting 90–100.[73] There is evidence, both textual (the conflicts between Western and Alexandrian manuscript families) and from the Marcionite controversy (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who produced his own version of Christian scripture based on Luke's gospel and Paul's epistles) that Luke-Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[74] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 4, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 75 (175–250 CE)
Gospel of John 90–110 CE, the upper date based on textual evidence that the gospel was known in the early 2nd century, and the lower on an internal reference to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues.[75] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 52 (125–160 CE)
Acts 95–100 CE.[71] If Acts uses Josephus as a source, as has been proposed, then it must have been composed after 93 CE; the social situation is one in which the faithful need "shepherds" to protect them from heretical "wolves", which again reflects a late date.[76] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 29, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 48, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 53, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 91 (250 CE)
Romans c. 57 CE. One of the genuine Pauline letters, written to the Romans as Paul was about to leave Asia Minor and Greece, and expressing his hopes to continue his work in Spain.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Corinthians c. 56 CE. Another of the Genuine Pauline letters. Paul expresses his intention to re-visit the church he founded in the city c. 50–52 CE.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Galatians c. 55 CE. Paul does not express any wish to revisit the church in Galatia, which he founded, and so some scholars believe the letter dates from the end of his missionary work. The letter concerns the question of whether Gentile converts are required to adopt full Jewish customs.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Ephesians c. 80–90 CE. The letter appears to have been written after Paul's death in Rome, by an author who uses his name.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Philippians c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline letter, it mentions "Caesar's household," leading some scholars to believe that it is written from Rome, but some of the news in it could not have come from Rome. It seems rather to date from an earlier imprisonment, perhaps in Ephesus, from which Paul hopes to be released.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Colossians c. 62–70 CE. Some scholars believe Colossians dates from Paul's imprisonment in Ephesus around 55 CE, but differences in the theology suggest that it comes from much later in his career, around the time of his imprisonment in Rome.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
1 Thessalonians c. 51 CE. One of the earliest of the genuine Pauline epistles.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
2 Thessalonians c. 51 CE or post-70 CE. If this is a genuine Pauline epistle it follows closely on 1 Thessalonians. But some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 92 (300 CE)
1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus c. 100 CE. The two Timothy epistles and Titus reflect a much more developed Church organisation than that reflected in the genuine Pauline epistles.[71] Codex Sinaiticus (350 CE) P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 32 (200 CE)
Philemon c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline epistle, written from an imprisonment (probably in Ephesus) that Paul expects will soon be over.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 87 (3rd century CE)
Hebrews c. 80–90 CE. The elegance of the Greek and the sophistication of the theology do not fit the genuine Pauline epistles, but the mention of Timothy in the conclusion led to its being included with the Pauline group from an early date.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
James c. 65–85 CE. Like Hebrews, James is not so much a letter as an exhortation; the style of the Greek makes it unlikely that it was actually written by James the brother of Jesus.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 20, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 23 (early 3rd century CE)
First Peter c. 75–90 CE[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Second Peter c. 110 CE. This is apparently the latest writing in the New Testament, quoting from Jude, assuming a knowledge of the Pauline letters, and including a reference to the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Christ.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Epistles of John 90–110 CE.[77] The letters give no clear indication, but scholars tend to place them about a decade after the Gospel of John.[77] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 9, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd/4th century CE)
Jude Uncertain. The references to "brother of James" and to "what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold" suggest that it was written after the apostolic letters were in circulation, but before 2 Peter, which uses it.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Revelation c. 95 CE. The date is suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 98 (150–200 CE)
See also[edit]
Authorship of the Bible
Biblical manuscripts
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
Historical criticism
Historicity of the Bible
Marcan priority
Nag Hammadi library
Synoptic problem
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Nelson 2014, p. 217.
^ Jump up to: a b Day 1990, p. 16.
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^ Jump up to: a b deSilva 2003, p. 888.
^ Jump up to: a b Carr 2000, p. 492.
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Jump up ^ Coogan, Brettler & Newsom 2007, p. xxiii.
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Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Bloch 1995, p. 23.
Jump up ^ FitzMyer 2003, p. 51.
Jump up ^ West 2003, p. 748.
^ Jump up to: a b Bartlett 2003, p. 807.
Jump up ^ Alexander 2003, p. 866.
Jump up ^ Hayman 2003, p. 763.
Jump up ^ Snaith 2003, p. 779.
Jump up ^ Harlow 2003, p. 805.
Jump up ^ Spencer 2002, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Schmitt 2003, p. 799,802.
Jump up ^ Duling 2010, p. 298-299.
Jump up ^ France 2007, p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Perkins 2012, p. 19ff.
Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 241.
Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008, p. unpaginated.
Jump up ^ Perkins 2009, p. 250–253.
Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 587.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim 2003, p. 250.
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Emmerson, Grace I. (2003). "Hosea". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Enns, Peter (2012). The Evolution of Adam. Baker Books. ISBN 9781587433153.
Evans, Craig A. (2008-10-01). "Introduction". In Evans, Craig A.; Tov, Emanuel. Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective. Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology. Baker Academic (published 2008). ISBN 9781585588145.
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2003). Tobit. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110175745.
Floyd, Michael H (2000). Minor prophets. 2. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844521.
France, R.T (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825018.
Gelston, Anthony (2003). "Habakkuk". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Gelston, Anthony (2003). "Obadiah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Gelston, Anthony (2003). "Zephaniah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Goldingay, John A. (2003). "Ezekiel". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Bloomsbury.
Harlow, Daniel C. (2003). "Additions to Daniel". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Haymen, A. Peter (2003). "Wisdom of Solomon". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Houston, Walter J (2003). "Leviticus". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans.
Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.
Kselman, John S. (2007). "Psalms". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press.
Kim, P.J (2003). "Letters of John". In Aune, David. Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. Westminster John Knox Press.
Lincoln, Andrew (2005). Gospel According to St John. Bloomsbury Publishing.
McDermott, John J (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction. Pauline Press. ISBN 9780809140824.
Miller, Patrick D. (1990). Deuteronomy. John Knox Press.
McKenzie, Steven L. (2004). Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: I & II Chronicles. Abingdon Press.
Nelson, Richard D. (2014). Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE). SBL Press.
O'Brien, Julia M. (2002). Nahum. A&C Black.
Perkins, Pheme (2012). Reading the New Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press.
Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John. The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 241–58. ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7.
Person, Raymond F. (2010). The Deuteronomic History and the Book of Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature.
Radine, Jason (2010). The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah. Mohr Siebeck.
Redditt, Paul L (2003). "The Formation of the Book of the Twelve". In Redditt, Paul L; Schart, Aaron. Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve.
Rogerson, John W. (2003a). "Micah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Rogerson, John W. (2003b). "Deuteronomy". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Rogerson, John W. (2003c). "The History of the Tradition: Old Testament and Apocrypha". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Rogerson, John W. (2003d). "Nahum". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Satlow, Michael L. (2014). How the Bible Became Holy. Yale University Press.
Schmitt, John J. (2003). "Baruch". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Schniedewind, William M. (2005). How the Bible Became a Book. Cambridge University Press.
Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns.
Snaith, John (2003). "Sirach". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Additions to Daniel". In Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. Mercer Commentary on the Bible: The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press.
Stromberg, Jake (2011). An Introduction to the Study of Isaiah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780567363305.
Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). The Prophetic Literature. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426730030.
Sweeney, Marvin A. (1998). "The Latter Prophets". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary. T&T Clark International. ISBN 9780567080882.
Vogt, Peter T. (2009). Interpreting the Pentateuch: An Exegetical Handbook. Kregel Academic. ISBN 9780825427626.
West, Gerald (2003). "Judith". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Wright, J. Edward (1999). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198029816.
Zvi, Ehud Ben (2004). "Introduction to The Twelve Minor Prophets". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Mark Zvi. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19529751-5.
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Back to the Future
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the first film in the trilogy. For the franchise, see Back to the Future (franchise). For other uses, see Back to the Future (disambiguation).
Back to the Future
Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan
Directed by
Robert Zemeckis
Produced by
Bob Gale
Neil Canton
Written by
Robert Zemeckis
Bob Gale
Starring
Michael J. Fox
Christopher Lloyd
Lea Thompson
Crispin Glover
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Dean Cundey
Edited by
Arthur Schmidt
Harry Keramidas
Production
company
Amblin Entertainment[1]
Universal Pictures[1]
Distributed by
Universal Pictures[1]
Release date
July 3, 1985 (1985-07-03)
Running time
116 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$19 million[3][4]
Box office
$381.1 million[3][4][5]
Back to the Future is a 1985 American science-fiction adventure comedy film[6] directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, Marty's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by helping Marty cause his parents to fall in love. Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985.
Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale mused upon whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school together. Various film studios rejected the script until the financial success of Zemeckis' Romancing the Stone. Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg, who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment, with Universal Pictures as distributor. The first choice for the role of Marty McFly was Michael J. Fox. However, he was busy filming his television series Family Ties and the show's producers would not allow him to star in the film. Consequently, Eric Stoltz was cast in the role. During filming, Stoltz and the filmmakers decided that the role was miscast, and Fox was again approached for the part. Now with more flexibility in his schedule and the blessing of his show's producers, Fox managed to work out a timetable in which he could give enough time and commitment to both.
Back to the Future was released on July 3, 1985, grossing over $381 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1985. It won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film, and the Academy Award for Best Sound Effects Editing, as well as receiving three additional Academy Award nominations, five BAFTA nominations, and four Golden Globe nominations, including Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Ronald Reagan even quoted the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address.[7][8] In 2007, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry, and in June 2008 the American Film Institute's special AFI's 10 Top 10 designated the film as the 10th-best film in the science fiction genre. The film marked the beginning of a franchise, with two sequels, Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), as well as an animated series, theme park ride, and several video games.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 Legacy
7 Sequels
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
At Hill Valley, California, Marty McFly goes to a utility shed until receiving a phone call from Dr. Emmett Brown, realizing that he is late for school. At Hill Valley High School, Marty meets his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, and both are confronted by Mr. Strickland for showing up late. Marty attempts to audition for Battle of the Bands, but is rejected for being "too darn loud". Marty goes home, where his father, George, is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. Lorraine recalls one night, she met George when her father hit him with a car.
On October 26, 1985, Marty meets Doc at a shopping mall parking lot in the early morning hours. Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists. Doc demonstrates the time navigation system by setting the date to November 5, 1955: the day he invented time travel. A moment later, the Libyans arrive and shoot Doc. Marty escapes in the DeLorean, but inadvertently activates the time machine, traveling to 1955 without enough plutonium to return.
There, Marty encounters the teenaged George, who is bullied by his classmate Biff. After Marty saves George from an oncoming car and is knocked unconscious, he awakens to find himself tended to by an infatuated Lorraine. Marty leaves and tracks down Doc's younger self to help him return to 1985. With no plutonium, Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electricity for the time machine is a bolt of lightning. Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the town's courthouse the coming Saturday night. Doc instructs Marty to not leave his house or interact with anyone, as he could inadvertently change the course of history and alter the future; because of this, Doc refuses to heed warnings from Marty about his death in 1985. Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting, and Doc warns Marty that he will be erased from existence if he does not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine. Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning while Marty sets about introducing his parents, but he antagonizes Biff and his gang in the process.
When Lorraine asks Marty to the upcoming school dance, Marty concocts a plan for George to "rescue" her from his feigned inappropriate advances. The plan goes awry when a drunken Biff attempts to force himself on Lorraine. George arrives to rescue her from Marty, but finds Biff instead. George knocks out Biff and Lorraine follows George to the dance floor, where they kiss and fall in love while Marty plays music with the band. Satisfied that he has secured his future existence, Marty leaves to meet Doc.
As the storm arrives, Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes on cue, sending Marty back to October 1985. He finds that Doc is not dead, as he had listened to Marty's warnings, and worn a bullet-proof vest. Doc takes Marty home, then departs.
Marty awakens the next morning to discover some changes: George is a self-confident, successful author, Lorraine is physically fit and happy, his brother David is a successful businessman, his sister Linda works in a boutique and has many "boyfriends" and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet. As Marty reunites with Jennifer, the DeLorean appears with Doc, dressed in a futuristic outfit, insisting they accompany him to 2015 to resolve a problem with their future children. The trio board the DeLorean and warp to the future.
Cast[edit]
Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly
Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines-McFly
Crispin Glover as George McFly
Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen
Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker
James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland
Marc McClure as Dave McFly
Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Writer and producer Bob Gale conceived the idea after he visited his parents in St. Louis, Missouri after the release of Used Cars. Searching their basement, Gale found his father's high school yearbook and discovered he was president of his graduating class. Gale thought about the president of his own graduating class, who was someone he had nothing to do with.[9] Gale wondered whether he would have been friends with his father if they went to high school together. When he returned to California, he told Robert Zemeckis his new concept.[10] Zemeckis subsequently thought of a mother claiming she never kissed a boy at school when, in fact, she was highly promiscuous.[11] The two took the project to Columbia Pictures, and made a development deal for a script in September 1980.[10]
Zemeckis and Gale said that they had set the story in 1955 because a 17-year-old traveling to meet his parents at the same age arithmetically required the script to travel to that decade. The era also marked the rise of teenagers as an important cultural element, the birth of rock n' roll, and suburb expansion, which would flavor the story.[12] In an early script, the time machine was designed as a refrigerator, and its user needed to use the power of an atomic explosion at the Nevada Test Site to return home. Zemeckis was "concerned that kids would accidentally lock themselves in refrigerators", and found that it would be more convenient if the time machine were mobile. The DeLorean DMC-12 was chosen because its design made the gag about the family of farmers mistaking it for a flying saucer believable.[13] Zemeckis and Gale found it difficult to create a believable friendship between Marty and Brown before they created the giant guitar amplifier, and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with his mother when they wrote the line "It's like I'm kissing my brother." Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen, who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for I Wanna Hold Your Hand.[11]
The first draft of Back to the Future was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia, who put the film in turnaround. "They thought it was a really nice, cute, warm film, but not sexual enough," Gale said. "They suggested that we take it to Disney, but we decided to see if any other of the major studios wanted a piece of us."[10] Every major film studio rejected the script for the next four years, while Back to the Future went through two more drafts. During the early 1980s, popular teen comedies (such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Porky's) were risqué and adult-aimed, so the script was commonly rejected for being too light.[11] Gale and Zemeckis finally decided to pitch Back to the Future to Disney. "They told us that a mother falling in love with her son was not appropriate for a family film under the Disney banner," Gale said.[10]
The two were tempted to ally themselves with Steven Spielberg, who produced Used Cars and I Wanna Hold Your Hand, which were both box office bombs. Zemeckis and Gale initially had shown the screenplay to Spielberg, who had "loved" it.[14] Spielberg, however, was absent from the project during development because Zemeckis felt if he produced another flop under him, he would never be able to make another film.[14] Gale said "we were afraid that we would get the reputation that we were two guys who could only get a job because we were pals with Steven Spielberg."[15] Zemeckis chose to direct Romancing the Stone instead, which was a box office success. Now a high-profile director, Zemeckis reapproached Spielberg with the concept.[11] Agreeing to produce Back to the Future, Spielberg set the project up at his production company, Amblin Entertainment, with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall joining Spielberg as executive producers on the film.[16][17]
The script remained under Columbia's shelf until legal issues forced them to withdraw. The studio was set to begin shooting a comedic send-up of Double Indemnity entitled Big Trouble. Columbia's legal department determined that the film's plot was too similar to Double Indemnity and they needed the permission of Universal Pictures, owners of the earlier film, if the film was ever to begin shooting. With Big Trouble already set to go, desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork. Price was a former Columbia executive who had been quite fond of the script for Back to the Future during his tenure there. As a result, Universal agreed to trade the Double Indemnity license in exchange for the rights to Back to the Future. Thus, the film finally had a home at Universal.[18]
Executive Sidney Sheinberg made some suggestions to the script, changing Marty's mother's name from Meg to Lorraine (the name of his wife, actress Lorraine Gary), to change Brown's name from Professor Brown to Doc Brown and replace his pet chimpanzee with a dog.[11] Sheinberg also wanted the title changed to Spaceman from Pluto,[19] convinced no successful film ever had "future" in the title. He suggested Marty introduce himself as "Darth Vader from the planet Pluto" while dressed as an alien forcing his dad to ask out his mom (rather than "the planet Vulcan"), and that the farmer's son's comic book be titled Spaceman from Pluto rather than Space Zombies from Pluto. Appalled by the new title that Sheinberg wanted to impose, Zemeckis asked Spielberg for help. Spielberg subsequently dictated a memo back to Sheinberg, wherein Spielberg convinced him they thought his title was just a joke, thus embarrassing him into dropping the idea.[20] In addition, the original climax was deemed too expensive by Universal executives and was simplified by keeping the plot within Hill Valley and incorporating the clocktower sequence. Spielberg later used the omitted refrigerator and Nevada nuclear site elements in his film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[21]
Casting[edit]
Eric Stoltz as originally cast for Marty McFly
Michael J. Fox as McFly in the finished film
Michael J. Fox was the first choice to play Marty McFly, but he was committed to the show Family Ties.[22] Family Ties producer Gary David Goldberg felt that Fox was essential to the show's success. With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave, he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film. Back to the Future was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film.[11] Zemeckis' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz. Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in Mask (which had yet to be released) that they selected him to play Marty McFly.[9] Because of the difficult casting process, the start date was pushed back twice.[23]
Four weeks into filming, Zemeckis determined Stoltz had been miscast. Although he and Spielberg realized re-shooting the film would add $3 million to the $14 million budget, they decided to recast. Spielberg explained Zemeckis felt Stoltz was not comedic enough and gave a "terrifically dramatic performance". Gale further explained they felt Stoltz was simply acting out the role, whereas Fox himself had a personality like Marty McFly. He felt Stoltz was uncomfortable riding a skateboard, whereas Fox was not. Stoltz confessed to director Peter Bogdanovich during a phone call, two weeks into the shoot, that he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale's direction, and concurred that he was wrong for the role.[11]
Fox's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to Family Ties following her pregnancy. The Back to the Future crew met with Goldberg again, who made a deal that Fox's main priority would be Family Ties, and if a scheduling conflict arose, "we win". Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz, because they nevertheless "spoke very highly of him".[11] Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes.[24] Fox found his portrayal of Marty McFly to be very personal. "All I did in high school was skateboard, chase girls and play in bands. I even dreamed of becoming a rock star."[22]
Christopher Lloyd was cast as Doc Brown after the first choice, John Lithgow, became unavailable.[11] Having worked with Lloyd on The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai (1984), producer Neil Canton suggested him for the part. Lloyd originally turned down the role, but changed his mind after reading the script and at the persistence of his wife. He improvised some of his scenes,[25] taking inspiration from Albert Einstein and conductor Leopold Stokowski.[26][27] Brown pronounces gigawatts as "jigawatts", which was the way a physicist said the word when he met with Zemeckis and Gale as they researched the script,[24][28] rather than with an initial hard "g", although both pronunciations are acceptable.[29][30] Doc Brown's notable hunch came about because at 6'1" Lloyd was considerably taller than Fox at 5'5", and they needed to look closer in height.[31]
Crispin Glover played George McFly. Zemeckis said Glover improvised much of George's nerdy mannerisms, such as his shaky hands. The director joked he was "endlessly throwing a net over Crispin because he was completely off about fifty percent of the time in his interpretation of the character".[11] Due to a contract disagreement, Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in Part II and Part III.[32]
Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in The Wild Life; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz.[33] Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film, set in 1985, took three and a half hours to apply.[34]
Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice, J. J. Cohen, wasn't physically imposing enough to bully Stoltz.[11] Cohen was recast as Skinhead, one of Biff's cohorts. Had Fox been cast from the beginning, Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox.[24]
Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer, but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed, with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox. Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells.[35] Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty's girlfriend.[36]
Filming[edit]
Courthouse Square as it appeared in Back to the Future on Universal Studios backlot[37]
Following Stoltz's departure, Fox's schedule during weekdays consisted of filming Family Ties during the day, and Back to the Future from 6:30 pm to 2:30 am. He averaged five hours of sleep each night. During Fridays, he shot from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am, and then moved on to film exterior scenes throughout the weekend, as only then was he available during daytime hours. Fox found it exhausting, but "it was my dream to be in the film and television business, although I didn't know I'd be in them simultaneously. It was just this weird ride and I got on."[38] Zemeckis concurred, dubbing Back to the Future "the film that would not wrap". He recalled that because they shot night after night, he was always "half asleep" and the "fattest, most out-of-shape and sick I ever was".[11]
Lyon Estates set used in the film
The Hill Valley town square scenes were shot at Courthouse Square, located in the Universal Studios backlot (34°08′29″N 118°20′59″W / 34.141417°N 118.349771°W / 34.141417; -118.349771). Gale explained it would have been impossible to shoot on location "because no city is going to let a film crew remodel their town to look like it's in the 1950s." The filmmakers "decided to shoot all the 50s stuff first, and make the town look real beautiful and wonderful. Then we would just totally trash it down and make it all bleak and ugly for the 1980s scenes."[38] The interiors for Doc Brown's house were shot at the Robert R. Blacker House, while exteriors took place at Gamble House.[39] The exterior shots of the Twin Pines Mall, and later the Lone Pine Mall (from 1985) were shot at the Puente Hills Mall in City of Industry, California. The exterior shots and some interior scenes at Hill Valley High School were filmed at Whittier High School in Whittier, California. The Battle of the Bands tryout scene was filmed at the McCambridge Park Recreation Center in Burbank, and the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance was filmed in the gymnasium at Hollywood United Methodist Church. The scenes outside of the Baines' house in 1955 were shot at Bushnell Avenue, South Pasadena, California.[40]
Filming wrapped after 100 days on April 20, 1985, and the film was delayed from May to August. But after a highly positive test screening ("I'd never seen a preview like that," said Frank Marshall, "the audience went up to the ceiling"), Sheinberg chose to move the release date to July 3. To make sure the film met this new date, two editors, Arthur Schmidt and Harry Keramidas, were assigned to the picture, while many sound editors worked 24-hour shifts on the film. Eight minutes were cut, including Marty watching his mom cheat during an exam, George getting stuck in a telephone booth before rescuing Lorraine, as well as much of Marty pretending to be Darth Vader. Zemeckis almost cut out the "Johnny B. Goode" sequence as he felt it did not advance the story, but the preview audience loved it, so it was kept. Industrial Light & Magic created the film's 32 effects shots, which did not satisfy Zemeckis and Gale until a week before the film's completion date.[11] The compositing involved for the film's time travel sequences, as well as for the lightning effects in the climactic clock tower scene, was handled by animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who would also work on the subsequent two Back to the Future films with the rest of the ILM crew.[41]
Music[edit]
See also: Back to the Future: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack
Alan Silvestri collaborated with Zemeckis on Romancing the Stone, but Spielberg disliked that film's score. Zemeckis advised Silvestri to make his compositions grand and epic, despite the film's small scale, to impress Spielberg. Silvestri began recording the score two weeks before the first preview. He also suggested Huey Lewis and the News create the theme song. Their first attempt was rejected by Universal, before they recorded "The Power of Love".[38] The studio loved the final song, but were disappointed it did not feature the film's title, so they had to send memos to radio stations to always mention its association with Back to the Future.[11] In the end, the track "Back in Time" was featured in the film, playing during the scene when Marty wakes up after his return to 1985 and also during the end credits.[38]
Although it appears that Fox is actually playing a guitar, music supervisor Bones Howe hired Hollywood guitar coach and musician Paul Hanson to teach Fox to simulate playing all the parts so it would look realistic, including playing behind his head. Fox lip-synched "Johnny B. Goode" to vocals by Mark Campbell (of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack fame), with the guitar solo played by Tim May.[42]
The original 1985 soundtrack album only included two tracks culled from Silvestri's compositions for the film, both Huey Lewis tracks, the songs played in the film by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters (and Marty McFly), one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film[citation needed]. On November 24, 2009, an authorized, limited-edition two-CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records.[43]
Release[edit]
Back to the Future opened on July 3, 1985, on 1,200 screens in North America. Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a Family Ties special in London and was unable to promote the film. Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures' tagline "Are you telling me my mother's got the hots for me?".
When the film was released on VHS in 1986, Universal added a "To be continued..." graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II. This caption is omitted on the film's DVD release in 2002[27] and on subsequent Blu-ray and DVD releases.
In October 2010, in commemoration for the film's 25th anniversary, Back to the Future was digitally restored and remastered for a theatrical re-release in the US, the UK and Italy.[44] The release also coincided with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment's Blu-ray Disc releases of the trilogy.[45][46]
On October 21, 2015,[47] the futuristic date depicted in Part II, the entire trilogy was re-released theatrically for one day in celebration of the film's 30th anniversary.[48]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Back to the Future spent 11 weeks at number one.[11] Gale recalled "Our second weekend was higher than our first weekend, which is indicative of great word of mouth. National Lampoon's European Vacation came out in August and it kicked us out of number one for one week and then we were back to number one."[15] The film went on to gross $210.61 million in North America and $173.2 million in foreign countries, accumulating a worldwide total of $383.87 million.[4] Back to the Future had the fourth-highest opening weekend of 1985 and was the top-grossing film of the year.[49] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 59 million tickets in the US.[50]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100, the film received an average score of 86/100, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 12 reviews.[51] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 77 reviews, certifying it "Fresh", with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 and the consensus: "Inventive, funny, and breathlessly constructed, Back to the Future is a rousing time-travel adventure with an unforgettable spirit."[52]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt Back to the Future had similar themes to the films of Frank Capra, especially It's a Wonderful Life. Ebert commented "[Producer] Steven Spielberg is emulating the great authentic past of Classical Hollywood cinema, who specialized in matching the right director (Robert Zemeckis) with the right project."[53] He gave the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars. Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film had a balanced storyline: "It's a cinematic inventing of humor and whimsical tall tales for a long time to come."[54] Christopher Null, who first saw the film as a teenager, called it "a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction, action, comedy, and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour."[55] Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction, seriousness and humor.[56] Variety praised the performances, arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin.[57] BBC News lauded the intricacies of the "outstandingly executed" script, remarking that "nobody says anything that doesn't become important to the plot later."[58] Dennis Fischer of Cinefantastique gave the film four stars out of five, calling it an "instant classic".[59] Back to the Future appeared on Gene Siskel's top ten film list of 1985.[60]
Accolades[edit]
At the 58th Academy Awards, Back to the Future won for Best Sound Effects Editing, while Zemeckis and Gale were nominated for Best Original Screenplay, "The Power of Love" was nominated for Best Original Song, and Bill Varney, B. Tennyson Sebastian II, Robert Thirlwell and William B. Kaplan were nominated for Best Sound Mixing.[61] The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[62] and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Michael J. Fox and the visual effects designers won categories at the Saturn Awards. Zemeckis, composer Alan Silvestri, the costume design and supporting actors Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, Crispin Glover and Thomas F. Wilson were also nominated.[63] The film was nominated for numerous BAFTAs at the 39th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, original screenplay, visual effects, production design and editing.[64] At the 43rd Golden Globe Awards, Back to the Future was nominated for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), original song (for "The Power of Love"), Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Fox) and Best Screenplay for Zemeckis and Gale.[65]
Legacy[edit]
President Ronald Reagan, a fan of the film, referred to the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address when he said, "Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film Back to the Future, 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'."[66] When he first saw the joke about him being president, he ordered the projectionist of the theater to stop the reel, roll it back, and run it again.[9]
The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[67] In 2008, Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire.[68] It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times, a list of 1000 movies.[69] In January 2010, Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[70] In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[71] In 2006, the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time.[72]
In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed the AFI's 10 Top 10 – the best ten films in ten classic American film genres – after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community. Back to the Future was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the science fiction genre.[73]
A musical theater production, also called Back to the Future, is in development for a debut in London's West End theatre during the film's 30th anniversary in 2015. Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play, while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music.[74]
The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film occurred during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders, as well as companies in the industry, pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence.[75][76]
Back to the Future is also among Film4's 50 Films to See Before You Die, being ranked 10th.[77]
Sequels[edit]
Back to the Future's success led to two film sequels : Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.
Part II was released on November 22, 1989, to similar financial and critical success as the original, finishing as the third highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.[78][79] The film continues directly from the ending of Back to the Future and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015, an alternative 1985, and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original film. Part II became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards.[80][81][82] Part III, released on May 25, 1990, continued the story, following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time-stranded Doc.
Part III, however, was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than Part II.[83]
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Bibliography[edit]
Kagan, Norman (2003). "Back to the Future I (1985), II (1989), III (1990)". The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-87833-293-6.
Klastornin, Michael; Hibbin, Sally (1990). Back to the Future: The Official Book to the Complete Movie Trilogy. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-57104-1.
Gale, Bob & Robert Zemeckis (1990). "Foreword". Back to the Future: The Official Book to the Complete Movie Trilogy. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-57104-1.
Joseph McBride (1997). Steven Spielberg: A Biography. New York: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
Further reading[edit]
George Gipe. Back to the Future: A Novel. ISBN 978-0-425-08205-8.
Shail, Andrew; Stoate, Robin (2010). Back to the Future. BFI Film Classic. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-84457-293-9.
Ni Fhlainn, Sorcha (2010). The Worlds of Back to the Future: Critical Essays on the Films. McFarland Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-4400-7.
Ni Fhlainn, Sorcha (2015). "'There's Something Very Familiar About This': Time Machines, Cultural Tangents and Mastering Time in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine and the Back to the Future Trilogy". Adaptation. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/adaptation/apv028.
Rich Handley. A Matter of Time: The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon. Hasslein Books. ISBN 978-0-578-11344-9.
Greg Mitchell & Rich Handley. Back in Time: The Unauthorized Back to the Future Chronology. Hasslein Books. ISBN 978-0-578-13085-9.
External links[edit]
Official website
Back to the Future on IMDb
Back to the Future at the TCM Movie Database
Back to the Future at the American Film Institute Catalog
Back to the Future at Box Office Mojo
Back to the Future at Rotten Tomatoes
Back to the Future at Metacritic
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Characters
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Music
Back to the Future
"The Power of Love"
"Back in Time"
Back to the Future Part III
"Doubleback"
The Back to the Future Trilogy (soundtrack)
Video games
Back to the Future (1985 video game)
Back to the Future (1989 video game)
Back to the Future Part III
Back to the Future Part II & III
Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure
Back to the Future: The Game
Other media
Back to the Future: The Ride
Back to the Future: The Animated Series
Back to the Future (musical)
Back to the Future: The Pinball
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[show]
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Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978)
Used Cars (1980)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Back to the Future (1985)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Two-Fisted Tales (1992)
Death Becomes Her (1992)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Contact (1997)
What Lies Beneath (2000)
Cast Away (2000)
The Polar Express (2004)
Beowulf (2007)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Flight (2012)
The Walk (2015)
Doc Brown Saves the World (2015)
Allied (2016)
The Women of Marwen (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation
The Incredible Shrinking Man (1958)
no award (1959)
The Twilight Zone (1960)
The Twilight Zone (1961)
The Twilight Zone (1962)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1965)
"The Menagerie" (Star Trek) (1967)
"The City on the Edge of Forever" (Star Trek) (1968)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1969)
News coverage of Apollo 11 (1970)
A Clockwork Orange (1972)
Slaughterhouse-Five (1973)
Sleeper (1974)
Young Frankenstein (1975)
A Boy and His Dog (1976)
Star Wars (1978)
Superman (1979)
Alien (1980)
The Empire Strikes Back (1981)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1982)
Blade Runner (1983)
Return of the Jedi (1984)
2010 (1985)
Back to the Future (1986)
Aliens (1987)
The Princess Bride (1988)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1990)
Edward Scissorhands (1991)
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)
"The Inner Light" (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (1993)
Jurassic Park (1994)
"All Good Things..." (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (1995)
"The Coming of Shadows" (Babylon 5) (1996)
"Severed Dreams" (Babylon 5) (1997)
Contact (1998)
The Truman Show (1999)
Galaxy Quest (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2002)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film
Slaughterhouse-Five (1972)
Soylent Green (1973)
Rollerball (1974/1975)
Logan's Run (1976)
Star Wars (1977)
Superman (1978)
Alien (1979)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Superman II (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
The Terminator (1984)
Back to the Future (1985)
Aliens (1986)
RoboCop (1987)
Alien Nation (1988)
Total Recall (1989/1990)
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1992)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Stargate (1994)
12 Monkeys (1995)
Independence Day (1996)
Men in Black (1997)
Armageddon/Dark City (1998)
The Matrix (1999)
X-Men (2000)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Minority Report (2002)
X2: X-Men United (2003)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Children of Men (2006)
Cloverfield (2007)
Iron Man (2008)
Avatar (2009)
Inception (2010)
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
The Avengers (2012)
Gravity (2013)
Interstellar (2014)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)
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VIAF: 201891914
LCCN: no96055682
GND: 7527011-0
BNF: cb164623994 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_the_Future&oldid=818191476"
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This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 03:55.
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values: العودة إلى المستقبل – Arabic

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