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Denali
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This article is about the mountain. For the automobile, see GMC Denali. For the surrounding national park, see Denali National Park and Preserve. For other uses, see Denali (disambiguation).
Denali
Mount McKinley
From the north, with Wonder Lake
in the foreground
Highest point
Elevation
20,310 ft (6190 m) top of snow [1][2] NAVD88
Prominence
20,146 ft (6140 m) [3]
Isolation
4629 mi (7450 km) [3]
Listing
World most prominent peaks 3rd
World most isolated peaks 3rd
Continent high points 3rd
Country high points 14th
North America highest peaks 1st
US highest major peaks 1st
Alaska highest major peaks 1st
U.S. state high points 1st
Coordinates
63°04′10″N 151°00′27″W / 63.0695°N 151.0074°W / 63.0695; -151.0074Coordinates: 63°04′10″N 151°00′27″W / 63.0695°N 151.0074°W / 63.0695; -151.0074 [4]
Geography
Denali
Alaska
Location
Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, U.S.
Parent range
Alaska Range
Topo map
USGS Mt. McKinley A-3
Climbing
First ascent
June 7, 1913 by
Hudson Stuck
Harry Karstens
Walter Harper
Robert Tatum
Easiest route
West Buttress Route (glacier/snow climb)
Denali (/dɪˈnɑːli/)[5][6] (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name)[7] is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level. With a topographic prominence of 20,156 feet (6,144 m) and a topographic isolation of 4,629 miles (7,450 km), Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.
The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as "Denali" for centuries. In 1896, a gold prospector named it "Mount McKinley" in support of then-presidential candidate William McKinley; that name was the official name recognized by the United States government from 1917 until 2015. In August 2015, following the 1975 lead of the state of Alaska, the U.S. Department of the Interior announced the change of the official name of the mountain to Denali.[8][9]
In 1903, James Wickersham recorded the first attempt at climbing Denali, which was unsuccessful. In 1906, Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent, which was later proven to be false. The first verifiable ascent to Denali's summit was achieved on June 7, 1913, by climbers Hudson Stuck, Harry Karstens, Walter Harper, and Robert Tatum, who went by the South Summit. In 1951, Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route, considered to be the safest and easiest route, and therefore the most popular currently in use.[10]
On September 2, 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey announced that the mountain is 20,310 feet (6,190 m) high,[1] not 20,320 feet (6,194 m), as measured in 1952 using photogrammetry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology and features
1.1 Layout of the mountain
2 Naming
3 History
3.1 Climbing history
3.2 Timeline
4 Weather station
4.1 Historical record
5 Subpeaks and nearby mountains
6 Taxonomic honors
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Geology and features[edit]
Denali is a granitic pluton lifted by tectonic pressure from the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate; at the same time, the sedimentary material above and around the mountain was stripped away by erosion.[11] The forces that lifted Denali also cause many deep earthquakes in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The Pacific Plate is seismically active beneath Denali, a tectonic region that is known as the "McKinley cluster".[12]
Denali has a summit elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level, making it the highest peak in North America and the northernmost mountain above 6,000 meters elevation in the world.[1] Measured from base to peak at some 18,000 ft (5,500 m), it is among the largest mountains situated entirely above sea level (although some Asian mountains i.e. Rakaposhi, Dhaulagiri and Nanga Parbat are even larger in this regard [13][14][15]). Denali rises from a sloping plain with elevations from 1,000 to 3,000 ft (300 to 910 m), for a base-to-peak height of 17,000 to 19,000 ft (5,000 to 6,000 m).[16] By comparison, Mount Everest rises from the Tibetan Plateau at a much higher base elevation. Base elevations for Everest range from 13,800 ft (4,200 m) on the south side to 17,100 ft (5,200 m) on the Tibetan Plateau, for a base-to-peak height in the range of 12,000 to 15,300 ft (3,700 to 4,700 m).[17] Denali's base-to-peak height is little more than half the 33,500 ft (10,200 m) of the volcano Mauna Kea, which lies mostly under water.[18]
Layout of the mountain[edit]
Denali has two significant summits: the South Summit is the higher one, while the North Summit has an elevation of 19,470 ft (5,934 m)[11] and a prominence of approximately 1,270 ft (387 m).[19] The North Summit is sometimes counted as a separate peak (see e.g., fourteener) and sometimes not; it is rarely climbed, except by those doing routes on the north side of the massif.
Five large glaciers flow off the slopes of the mountain. The Peters Glacier lies on the northwest side of the massif, while the Muldrow Glacier falls from its northeast slopes. Just to the east of the Muldrow, and abutting the eastern side of the massif, is the Traleika Glacier. The Ruth Glacier lies to the southeast of the mountain, and the Kahiltna Glacier leads up to the southwest side of the mountain.[20][21] With a length of 44 mi (71 km), the Kahiltna Glacier is the longest glacier in the Alaska Range.
Naming[edit]
Main article: Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute
The Koyukon Athabaskans who inhabit the area around the mountain have for centuries referred to the peak as Dinale or Denali. The name is based on a Koyukon word for "high" or "tall".[22] During the Russian ownership of Alaska, the common name for the mountain was Bolshaya Gora (Russian: Большая Гора, bolshaya = Russian for big; gora = Russian for mountain), which is the Russian translation of Denali.[23] It was briefly called Densmore's Mountain in the late 1880s and early 1890s[24] after Frank Densmore, an Alaskan prospector who was the first European to reach the base of the mountain.[25]
In 1896, a gold prospector named it McKinley as political support for then-presidential candidate William McKinley, who became president the following year. The United States formally recognized the name Mount McKinley after President Wilson signed the Mount McKinley National Park Act of February 26, 1917.[26] In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson declared the north and south peaks of the mountain the "Churchill Peaks", in honor of British statesman Winston Churchill.[27] The Alaska Board of Geographic Names changed the name of the mountain to Denali in 1975, which was how it is called locally.[7][28] However, a request in 1975 from the Alaska state legislature to the United States Board on Geographic Names to do the same at the federal level was blocked by Ohio congressman Ralph Regula, whose district included McKinley's hometown of Canton.[29]
On August 30, 2015, just ahead of a presidential visit to Alaska, the Barack Obama administration announced the name Denali would be restored in line with the Alaska Geographic Board's designation.[9][30] U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell issued the order changing the name to Denali on August 28, 2015, effective immediately.[8] Jewell said the change had been "a long time coming".[31] The renaming of the mountain received praise from Alaska's senior U.S. senator, Lisa Murkowski,[32] who had previously introduced legislation to accomplish the name change,[33] but it drew criticism from several Ohio politicians, such as Governor John Kasich, U.S. Senator Rob Portman, U.S. House Speaker John Boehner, and Representative Bob Gibbs, who described Obama's action as "constitutional overreach" because he said an act of Congress is required to rename the mountain;[34][35][36] The Alaska Dispatch News reported that the Secretary of the Interior has authority under federal law to change geographic names when the Board of Geographic Names does not act on a naming request within a "reasonable" period of time. Jewell told the Alaska Dispatch News that "I think any of us would think that 40 years is an unreasonable amount of time."[37]
Indigenous names for Denali can be found in seven different Alaskan languages.[38] The names fall into two categories. To the south of the Alaska Range in the Dena'ina and Ahtna languages the mountain is known by names that are translated as "big mountain". To the north of the Alaska Range in the Lower Tanana, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Holikachuk, and Deg Xinag languages the mountain is known by names that are translated as "the high one",[39] "the tall one" (Koyukon, Lower and Middle Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim, Deg Xinag, and Holikachuk), or "big mountain" (Ahtna and Dena'ina).[40] Asked about the importance of the mountain and its name, Will Mayo, former president of the Tanana Chiefs Conference, an organization that represents 42 Athabaskan tribes in the Alaskan interior, said “It’s not one homogeneous belief structure around the mountain, but we all agree that we’re all deeply gratified by the acknowledgment of the importance of Denali to Alaska’s people."[41]
The following table lists the Alaskan Athabascan names for Denali.[40]
Literal meaning
Native language
Spelling in the
local practical alphabet
Spelling in a
standardized alphabet
IPA transcription
'the tall one' Koyukon Deenaalee Diinaalii /diˈnæli/
Lower Tanana Deenadheet, Deenadhee Diinaadhiit, Diinaadhii /diˈnæðid/
Middle Tanana Diineezi Diinaadhi /diˈnæði/
Upper Kuskokwim Denaze Diinaazii /diˈnæzi/
Deg Xinag Dengadh, Dengadhi Dengadh, Dengadhe /dɛˈŋað, dɛˈŋaðɛ/
Holikachuk Denadhe Diinaadhii /diˈnæði/
'big mountain' Ahtna Dghelaay Ce'e, Deghilaay Ce'e Dghelaay Ke'e, Deghilaay Ke'e /dɣɛˈlɔj ˈkɛˀɛ/
Upper Inlet Dena'ina Dghelay Ka'a Dghelay Ka'a /dɣɛˈlaj ˈkaˀa/
Lower Inlet Dena'ina Dghili Ka'a Dghili Ka'a /dɣili ˈkaˀa/
History[edit]
Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens, co-leaders of the first successful summit of Denali in 1913
The Koyukon Athabaskans, living in the Yukon, Tanana and Kuskokwim basins, were the first Native Americans with access to the flanks of the mountain.[4] A British naval captain and explorer, George Vancouver, is the first European on record to have sighted Denali, when he noted "distant stupendous mountains" while surveying the Knik Arm of the Cook Inlet on May 6, 1794.[42] The Russian explorer Lavrenty Zagoskin explored the Tanana and Kuskokwim rivers in 1843 and 1844, and was likely the first European to sight the mountain from the other side.[43]
William Dickey, a New Hampshire-born resident of Seattle, Washington who had been digging for gold in the sands of the Susitna River, wrote, after his returning from Alaska, an account in the New York Sun that appeared on January 24, 1897.[44] His report drew attention with the sentence "We have no doubt that this peak is the highest in North America, and estimate that it is over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high." Until then, Mount Logan in Canada's Yukon Territory was believed to be the continent’s highest point. Though later praised for his estimate, Dickey admitted that other prospector parties had also guessed the mountain to be over 20,000 feet (6,100 m).[45]
The reverse side of the Denali National Park quarter
On November 5, 2012, the United States Mint released a twenty-five cent piece depicting Denali National Park. It is the fifteenth of the America the Beautiful Quarters series. The reverse features a Dall sheep with the peak of Denali in the background.[46]
Climbing history[edit]
The first recorded attempt to climb Denali was by Judge James Wickersham in 1903, via the Peters Glacier and the North Face, now known as the Wickersham Wall. Because of the route's history of avalanche danger, it was not successfully climbed until 1963.[47]
Famed explorer Dr. Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent of the mountain in 1906. His claim was regarded with some suspicion from the start, but was also widely believed. It was later proved false, with some crucial evidence provided by Bradford Washburn when he was sketched on a lower peak.
High camp (17,200 ft or 5,200 m) of the West Buttress Route pioneered by Bradford Washburn, photographed in 2001
In 1910, four area locals – Tom Lloyd, Peter Anderson, Billy Taylor, and Charles McGonagall – known as the Sourdough Expedition, attempted to climb Denali despite a lack of climbing experience. The group spent approximately three months on the mountain. Their purported summit ascent day included carrying a bag of doughnuts each, a thermos of hot chocolate, and a 14-foot (4.2 m) spruce pole. Two of them reached the North Summit, the lower of the two, and erected the pole near the top. According to the group, the time they took to reach the summit was a total of 18 hours. Until the first ascent in 1913, their claims were disbelieved, in part due to false claims they had climbed both summits.[citation needed]
In 1912, the Parker-Browne expedition nearly reached the summit, turning back within just a few hundred yards of it due to harsh weather. Hours after their ascent, the Great Earthquake of 1912 shattered the glacier they had ascended.[48][49]
The first ascent of the main summit of Denali came on June 7, 1913, by a party led by Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens. The first man to reach the summit was Walter Harper, an Alaska Native. Robert Tatum also made the summit. Using the mountain's contemporary name, Tatum later commented, "The view from the top of Mount McKinley is like looking out the windows of Heaven!"[50] They ascended the Muldrow Glacier route pioneered by the earlier expeditions, which is still often climbed today. Stuck confirmed, via binoculars, the presence of a large pole near the North Summit; this report confirmed the Sourdough ascent, and today it is widely believed that the Sourdoughs did succeed on the North Summit. However, the pole was never seen before or since, so there is still some doubt. Stuck also discovered that the Parker-Browne party were only about 200 feet (61 m) of elevation short of the true summit when they turned back.
The mountain is regularly climbed today. In 2003, around 58% of climbers reached the top. But by 2003, the mountain had claimed the lives of nearly 100 mountaineers over time.[51] The vast majority of climbers use the West Buttress Route, pioneered in 1951 by Bradford Washburn,[10] after an extensive aerial photographic analysis of the mountain. Climbers typically take two to four weeks to ascend Denali. It is one of the Seven Summits; summiting all of them is a challenge for mountaineers.
Timeline[edit]
Denali's West Buttress (lower left to upper right), August 2010
A three-dimensional representation of the mountain created with topographic data
1896–1902: Surveys by Robert Muldrow, George Eldridge, Alfred Brooks.[52]:221
1913: First ascent, by Hudson Stuck, Harry Karstens, Walter Harper, and Robert Tatum via the Muldrow Glacier route.[53]
1932: Second ascent, by Alfred Lindley, Harry Liek, Grant Pearson, Erling Strom. (Both peaks were climbed.)[52]:320[54]
1947: Barbara Washburn becomes the first woman to reach the summit while her husband Bradford Washburn becomes the first person to summit twice.[55]
1951: First ascent of the West Buttress Route, led by Bradford Washburn.[10]
1954: First ascent of the very long South Buttress Route by George Argus, Elton Thayer (died on descent), Morton Wood, and Les Viereck. Deteriorating conditions behind the team pushed them to make the first traverse of Denali. The Great Traleika Cirque, where they camped just below the summit, was renamed Thayer Basin, in honor of the fallen climber.[56][57]
1959: First ascent of the West Rib, now a popular, mildly technical route to the summit.[56]
1961: First ascent of the Cassin Ridge, named for Riccardo Cassin and the best-known technical route on the mountain.[58] The first ascent team members are: Riccardo Cassin, Luigi Airoldi, Luigi Alippi, Giancarlo Canali, Romano Perego, and Annibale Zucchi.[59][60]
South view from 27,000 feet (8,200 m)
1963: A team of six climbers (W. Blesser, P. Lev, R. Newcomb, A. Read, J. Williamson, F. Wright) made the first ascent of the East Buttress. The summit was attained via Thayer Basin and Karstens Ridge. See AAJ 1964.
1963: Two teams make first ascents of two different routes on the Wickersham Wall.[61][62]
1967: First winter ascent, via the West Buttress, by Dave Johnston, Art Davidson and Ray Genet.[63]
1967: Seven members of Joe Wilcox's twelve-man expedition perish, while stranded for ten days near the summit, in what has been described as the worst storm on record. Up to that time, this was the third worst disaster in mountaineering history in terms of lives lost.[64] Before July 1967 only four men had ever perished on Denali.[65]
1970: First solo ascent by Naomi Uemura.[66]
1970: First ascent by an all-female team, led by Grace Hoeman and the later famous American high altitude mountaineer Arlene Blum together with Margaret Clark, Margaret Young, Faye Kerr and Dana Smith Isherwood.[67][56]
1972: First descent on skis down the sheer southwest face, by Sylvain Saudan, "Skier of the Impossible".
1976: First solo ascent of the Cassin Ridge by Charlie Porter, a climb "ahead of its time".[59]
1979: First ascent by dog team achieved by Susan Butcher, Ray Genet, Brian Okonek, Joe Redington, Sr., and Robert Stapleton.[56]
1984: Uemura returns to make the first winter solo ascent, but dies after summitting.[68] Tono Križo, František Korl and Blažej Adam from the Slovak Mountaineering Association climb a very direct route to the summit, now known as the Slovak Route, on the south face of the mountain, to the right of the Cassin Ridge.[69]
1988: First successful winter solo ascent. Vern Tejas climbed the West Buttress alone in February and March, summitted successfully, and descended.[70]
1997: First successful ascent up the West Fork of Traleika Glacier up to Karstens Ridge beneath Browne Tower. This path was named the "Butte Direct" by the two climbers Jim Wilson and Jim Blow.[71][72]
2015: On June 24, a survey team led by Blaine Horner placed two global positioning receivers on the summit to determine the precise position and elevation of the summit. The summit snow depth was measured at 15 ft (4.6 m). The United States National Geodetic Survey later determined the summit elevation to be 20,310 ft (6,190 metres).[1]
Weather station[edit]
The east side viewed from Denali National Park and Preserve, which surrounds the mountain
The Japan Alpine Club installed a meteorological station on a ridge near the summit of Denali at an altitude of 18,733 feet (5,710 m) in 1990.[73] In 1998, this weather station was donated to the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.[73] In June 2002, a weather station was placed at the 19,000-foot (5,800 m) level. This weather station was designed to transmit data in real-time for use by the climbing public and the science community. Since its establishment, annual upgrades to the equipment have been performed with instrumentation custom built for the extreme weather and altitude conditions. This weather station is the third-highest weather station in the world.[74]
The weather station recorded a temperature of −75.5 °F (−59.7 °C) on December 1, 2003. On the previous day of November 30, 2003, a temperature of −74.4 °F (−59.1 °C) combined with a wind speed of 18.4 miles per hour (29.6 km/h) to produce a North American record windchill of −118.1 °F (−83.4 °C).
Even in July, this weather station has recorded temperatures as low as −22.9 °F (−30.5 °C) and windchills as low as −59.2 °F (−50.7 °C).
Historical record[edit]
The mountain is characterized by extremely cold weather. Temperatures as low as −75.5 °F (−59.7 °C) and wind chills as low as −118.1 °F (−83.4 °C) have been recorded by an automated weather station located at 18,733 feet (5,700 m). According to the National Park Service, in 1932 the Liek-Lindley expedition recovered a self-recording minimum thermometer left near Browne's Tower, at about 15,000 feet (4,600 m), on Denali by the Stuck-Karstens party in 1913. The spirit thermometer was calibrated down to −95 °F (−71 °C), and the lowest recorded temperature was below that point. Harry J. Lek took the thermometer back to Washington, D.C. where it was tested by the United States Weather Bureau and found to be accurate. The lowest temperature that it had recorded was found to be approximately −100 °F (−73 °C).[75] Another thermometer was placed at the 15,000 feet (4,600 m) level by the U.S. Army Natick Laboratory, and was there from 1950 to 1969. The coldest temperature recorded during that period was also −100 °F (−73 °C).[76]
Subpeaks and nearby mountains[edit]
Denali, here shrouded in clouds, is large enough to create its own localized weather
Besides the North Summit mentioned above, other features on the massif which are sometimes included as separate peaks are:
South Buttress, 15,885 feet (4,842 m); mean prominence: 335 feet (102 m)
East Buttress high point, 14,730 feet (4,490 m); mean prominence: 380 feet (120 m)
East Buttress, most topographically prominent point, 14,650 feet (4,470 m); mean prominence: 600 feet (180 m)
Browne Tower, 14,530 feet (4,430 m); mean prominence: 75 feet (23 m)
Nearby peaks include:
Mount Foraker
Mount Silverthrone
Mount Hunter
Mount Huntington
Mount Dickey
The Moose's Tooth
Taxonomic honors[edit]
denaliensis
Ceratozetella denaliensis (formerly Cyrtozetes denaliensis Behan-Pelletier, 1985) is a species of moss mite in the family Mycobatidae sv:Ceratozetella denaliensis
Magnoavipes denaliensis Fiorillo et al., 2011 (literally “bird with large feet found in Denali”) is a Magnoavipes ichnospecies of bird footprint from the Upper Cretaceous of Alaska and was a large heron-like bird (as larger than a sandhill crane) with three toes and toe pads. pt:Magnoavipes denaliensis
denali
Cosberella denali (Fjellberg, 1985) is a springtail. sv:Cosberella denali
Proclossiana aphirape denali Klots, 1940 is a Boloria butterfly species of the Heliconiinae subfamily of Nymphalidae.
Symplecta denali (Alexander, 1955) is a species of crane fly in the family Limoniidae. sv:Symplecta denali
Tipula denali Alexander, 1969 is a species of crane fly in the family Tipulidae. sv:Tipula denali
denalii
Erigeron denalii A. Nelson, 1945 or Denali fleabane is an Erigeron fleabane species.
Papaver denalii Gjaerevoll 1963 is an Papaver species and syn. of Papaver mcconnellii
mckinleyensis or mackinleyensis
Erebia mackinleyensis (Gunder, 1932) or Mt. McKinley alpine is a butterfly species of the Satyrinae subfamily of Nymphalidae.
Oeneis mackinleyensis Dos Passos 1965 or Oeneis mckinleyensis Dos Passos 1949 is a butterfly species of the Satyrinae subfamily of Nymphalidae (syn. of Oeneis bore)
Uredo mckinleyensis Cummins 1952 or Uredo mackinleyensis Cummins 1952 is a rust fungus species.
See also[edit]
North America portal
United States portal
Alaska portal
Mountains portal
List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of mountain peaks of Alaska
List of U.S. states by elevation
List of the highest major summits of the United States
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
List of the most isolated major summits of the United States
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Glionna, John M. (August 31, 2015). "It's back to Denali, but some McKinley supporters may be in denial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ohio Gov. Kasich opposes changing name of Mount McKinley". KTUU. Associated Press. August 31, 2015. Archived from the original on September 2, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Martinson, Erica (August 30, 2015). "McKinley no more: North America's tallest peak to be renamed Denali". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kari, James. 1981. Native names celebrate the mountain's grandeur. Now in the North, February.
Jump up ^ Robert Hedin and Gary Holthaus (1989), Alaska: Reflections on Land and Spirit, p. 95
^ Jump up to: a b Kari, James (2003), Names for Denali/Mt. McKinley in Alaska Native Languages, pp. 211–13.
Jump up ^ Thiessen, Mark (2015-08-31). "Renaming Mount McKinley to Denali: 9 questions answered". Associated Press. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Beckey 1993, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Beckey 1993, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Beckey 1993, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Sherwonit, Bill (2000-10-01). Denali: A Literary Anthology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p. 9. ISBN 0-89886-710-X. See, particularly, chapter 4 (pp. 52–61): "Discoveries in Alaska", 1897, by William A. Dickey.
Jump up ^ "Denali National Park Quarter". National Park Quarters. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
Jump up ^ Beckey 1993, p. 139.
Jump up ^ "North peak of Mount McKinley: A Timely Escape". The American Alpine Club. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Heacox, Kim (2015). Rhythm of the Wild: A Life Inspired by Alaska's Denali National Park. Connecticut: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9781493003891. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Coombs & Washburn 1997, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Glickman, Joe (August 24, 2003). "Man Against the Great One". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Borneman, Walter R. (2003). Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-050306-8. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
Jump up ^ Stuck, Hudson. The Ascent of Denali.
Jump up ^ Verschoth, Anita (March 28, 1977). "Mount Mckinley On Cross-country Skis And Other High Old Tales". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
Jump up ^ Waterman 1998, p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Historical Timeline". Denali National Park and Preserve. National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Dougald (June 15, 2012). "Remembering Denali's Greatest Rescue". www.climbing.com.
Jump up ^ "Denali (Mount McKinley)". SummitPost.org. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cassin Ridge" (PDF). supertopo.com. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Cassin Ridge" (PDF). Cascadeimages.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Geiger, John (2009). The Third Man Factor. Weinstein Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-60286-116-9. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Climb Mount McKinley, Alaska". National Geographic. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ Blomberg, Gregg (1968). "The Winter 1967 Mount McKinley Expedition". American Alpine Club. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Tabor, James M. (2007). Forever on the Mountain: The Truth Behind One of Mountaineering's Most Controversial and Mysterious Disasters. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06174-4.
Jump up ^ Babcock, Jeffrey T. (2012). Should I Not Return: The Most Controversial Tragedy in the History of North American Mountaineering!. Publication Consultants. ISBN 978-1-59433-270-8.
Jump up ^ Beckey 1993, p. 214.
Jump up ^ Beckey 1993, p. 298.
Jump up ^ "Exposure, Weather, Climbing Alone — Alaska Mount McKinley". Accident Reports. American Alpine Journal. 5 (2): 25. 1985. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Mount McKinley, South Face, New Route". Climbs And Expeditions. American Alpine Journal. Golden, Colorado: American Alpine Club. 26 (58): 174. 1985. ISSN 0065-6925.
Jump up ^ "Denali First Ascents and Interesting Statistics" (PDF). National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "North America, United States, Alaska, Denali National Park, Denali, Butte Direct". American Alpine Journal. Golden, Colorado: American Alpine Club. 40 (72): 217. 1998. ISSN 0065-6925.
Jump up ^ Secor 1998, p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b Rozell, Ned (July 17, 2003). "Mountaineering and Science Meet on Mt. McKinley". Ketchikan, Alaska: Sitnews. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Japanese install probe on tallest US peak". The Japan Times. July 17, 2006. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Joseph S. (1938). Fauna of the National Parks of the United States. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth Wunderground.com – Weather Extremes: The Coldest Places On Earth
Bibliography[edit]
Beckey, Fred (1993). Mount McKinley: Icy Crown of North America. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-646-4.
Coombs, Colby; Washburn, Bradford (1997). Denali's West Buttress: A Climber's Guide to Mount McKinley's Classic Route. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-0-89886-516-5. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Davidson, Art (2004). Minus 148°: First Winter Ascent of Mt. McKinley (7th ed.). The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-687-1. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Freedman, Lew (1990). Dangerous Steps: Vernon Tejas and the Solo Winter Ascent of Mount McKinley. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2341-1.
Rodway, George W. (March 2003). "Paul Crews' "Accident on Mount McKinley"—A Commentary". Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. 14 (1): 33–38. ISSN 1080-6032. PMID 12659247. doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2003)014[0033:PCAOMM]2.0.CO;2.
Scoggins, Dow (2004). Discovering Denali: A Complete Reference Guide to Denali National Park and Mount McKinley, Alaska. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-75058-0. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Secor, R. J. (1998). Denali Climbing Guide. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2717-3. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Stuck, Hudson (1988). The ascent of Denali (Mount McKinley): a narrative of the first complete ascent of the highest peak in North America. Wolfe Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-935632-69-9. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Washburn, Bradford; Roberts, David (1991). Mount McKinley: the conquest of Denali. Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-3611-9.
Waterman, Jonathan; Washburn, Bradford (1988). High Alaska: A Historical Guide to Denali, Mount Foraker, & Mount Hunter. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-0-930410-41-4. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Waterman, Jonathan (1998). In the Shadow of Denali: Life and Death on Alaska's Mt. McKinley. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-55821-726-3. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
Waterman, Jonathan (1991). Surviving Denali: A Study of Accidents on Mt. McKinley, 1910-1990. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-933056-66-1. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
Wilson, Rodman; Mills Jr, William J., Jr.; Rogers, Donald R.; Propst, Michael T. (June 1978). "Death on Denali". Western Journal of Medicine. 128 (6): 471–76. LCCN 75642547. OCLC 1799362. PMC 1238183  . PMID 664648.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutDenaliat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
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Learning resources from Wikiversity
Mt. McKinley Weather Station
Denali at SummitPost
Timeline of Denali climbing history, National Park Service Archived July 16, 2007, at WebCite
The Ascent of Denali (Mount McKinley) at Project Gutenberg
Mount Mckinley Quadrangle Publications, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
[show]
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The 124 highest major summits of greater North America
Denali
Mount Logan
Pico de Orizaba
Mount Saint Elias
Popocatépetl
Mount Foraker
Mount Lucania
Iztaccíhuatl
King Peak
Mount Bona
Mount Steele
Mount Blackburn
Mount Sanford
Mount Wood
Mount Vancouver
Mount Slaggard
Nevado de Toluca
Mount Fairweather
Mount Hubbard
Mount Bear
Mount Walsh
Mount Hunter
La Malinche
Mount Whitney
Mount Alverstone
University Peak
Mount Elbert
Mount Massive
Mount Harvard
Mount Rainier
Mount Williamson
McArthur Peak
Blanca Peak
La Plata Peak
Uncompahgre Peak
Crestone Peak
Mount Lincoln
Castle Peak
Grays Peak
Mount Antero
Mount Evans
Longs Peak
Mount Wilson
White Mountain Peak
North Palisade
Mount Princeton
Mount Yale
Mount Shasta
Maroon Peak
Mount Wrangell
Mount Sneffels
Capitol Peak
Pikes Peak
Windom Peak/Mount Eolus
Mount Augusta
Handies Peak
Culebra Peak
San Luis Peak
Mount of the Holy Cross
Nevado de Colima
Grizzly Peak
Mount Humphreys
Mount Keith
Mount Strickland
Mount Ouray
Vermilion Peak
Avalanche Peak
Atna Peaks
Volcán Tajumulco
Regal Mountain
Mount Darwin
Mount Hayes
Mount Silverheels
Rio Grande Pyramid
Cofre de Perote
Gannett Peak
Mount Kaweah
Grand Teton
Mount Cook
Mount Morgan
Mount Gabb
Bald Mountain
Mount Oso
Mount Jackson
Mount Tom
Bard Peak
West Spanish Peak
Mount Powell
Hagues Peak
Mount Dubois
Tower Mountain
Treasure Mountain
Kings Peak
North Arapaho Peak
Mount Pinchot
Mount Natazhat
Mount Jarvis
Parry Peak
Bill Williams Peak
Sultan Mountain
Mount Herard
Volcán Tacaná
West Buffalo Peak
Mount Craig
Tressider Peak
Summit Peak
Middle Peak/Dolores Peak
Antora Peak
Henry Mountain
Hesperus Mountain
Mount Silverthrone
Jacque Peak
Bennett Peak
Wind River Peak
Mount Waddington
Conejos Peak
Mount Marcus Baker
Cloud Peak
Wheeler Peak
Francs Peak
Twilight Peak
South River Peak
Mount Ritter
Red Slate Mountain
[show]
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The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America
Denali
Mount Logan
Pico de Orizaba
Mount Rainier
Volcán Tajumulco
Mount Fairweather
Chirripó Grande
Gunnbjørn Fjeld
Mount Blackburn
Mount Hayes
Mount Saint Elias
Mount Waddington
Mount Marcus Baker
Pico Duarte
Mount Lucania
Mount Whitney
Popocatépetl
Mount Shasta
Monarch Mountain
Shishaldin Volcano
Mount Robson
Redoubt Volcano
Mount Elbert
Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Nevado de Colima
Mount Vancouver
Mount Sir Sandford
Mount Baker
Mount Torbert
Pic la Selle
Barbeau Peak
San Jacinto Peak
San Gorgonio Mountain
Charleston Peak
Pavlof Volcano
Mount Veniaminof
Mount Adams
Skihist Mountain
Mount Hubbard
Mount Ratz
Mount Odin
Mount Isto
Mount Monashee
Iliamna Volcano
Mount Olympus
Mount Columbia
Mount Queen Bess
Mount Cook
Mount Hood
Mount Sanford
Mount Tom White
Mount Cooper
Wheeler Peak
Ulysses Mountain
Glacier Peak
Mount Kimball
Blue Mountain Peak
Wedge Mountain
Otter Mountain
Mount Griggs
Nevado de Toluca
Kwatna Peak
Outlook Peak
Mount Foraker
Golden Hinde
White Mountain Peak
Mount Crillon
Stauning Alper
Cerro Teotepec
Scud Peak
Keele Peak
Cloud Peak
Gannett Peak
Razorback Mountain
Mount Vsevidof
Mount Odin
Cerro el Nacimiento
Mount Hesperus
Picacho del Diablo
Mount Farnham
Palup Qaqa HP
Mount Bona
Oscar Peak
Pic Macaya
Montaña de Santa Bárbara
Mount Assiniboine
Mount Jancowski
Cerro Las Minas
Mount Drum
Gladsheim Peak
Milne Land HP
Mount Dawson
Payers Tinde
Beitstad Peak
Mount Chiginagak
Mount Edith Cavell
Alsek Peak
Mount Valpy
Perserajoq
Mount Cairnes
[show]
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The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America
Denali
Gunnbjørn Fjeld
Pico de Orizaba
Mount Whitney
Mount Mitchell
Mount Washington
Mount Rainier
Mount Elbert
Pico Duarte
Chirripó Grande
Shishaldin Volcano
Barbeau Peak
Mount Caubvick
Volcán Tajumulco
Melville Island HP
La Grande Soufrière
Tanaga Volcano
Avannaarsua HP
Mount Isto
Cerro San Rafael
Mathiassen Mountain
Mount Logan
Angilaaq Mountain
Signal Hill
Mount Odin
Cerro el Potosí
Mount Waddington
Melville Hills HP
Keele Peak
Mount Shasta
Perserajoq
Mealy Mountains HP
Peary Land HP
The Cabox
Volcán Everman
Greenland Ice Sheet HP
Gannett Peak
Mont Yapeitso
Mount Robson
Mount Osborn
Mount Igikpak
Ulysses Mountain
Cerro de Punta
Cerro Gordo
Pico San Juan
Mont Jacques-Cartier
Nevado de Colima
Sukkertoppen
Humphreys Peak
Haffner Bjerg
Victoria Island HP
Wheeler Peak
Revaltoppe
Kisimngiuqtuq Peak
Mount Vsevidof
Mont Forel
Beitstad Peak
Hahn Land HP
Pico La Laguna
Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes
Isla Guadalupe HP
Mount Veniaminof
Picacho del Diablo
Cerro el Nacimiento
Mount Ratz
Hall Island HP
Dillingham HP
Mount Paatusoq
Petermann Bjerg
Spruce Knob
Blue Mountain Peak
Kings Peak
Outlook Peak
Sierra Blanca Peak
Devon Ice Cap HP
Point 1740
San Gorgonio Mountain
Manuel Peak
Katahdin
Peak 4030
Howson Peak
Mount Baldy
Borah Peak
Sierra Fría
Cloud Peak
Cerro Mohinora
Fox Mountain
Cap Mountain
Sierra la Madera
Black Elk Peak
Mount Frank Rae
Mount Nirvana
Slide Mountain
Durham Heights
Mount Griggs
Charleston Peak
Pico Turquino
Pic Macaya
Junipero Serra Peak
Mount Baker
Mount Marcy
Mont Raoul-Blanchard
Mount Marcus Baker
Mount Hayes
Sacajawea Peak
Steens Mountain
Mount Fairweather
[show]
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The 23 highest major summits of Alaska
Denali
Mount Saint Elias
Mount Foraker
Mount Bona
Mount Blackburn
Mount Sanford
Mount Fairweather
Mount Hubbard
Mount Bear
Mount Hunter
Mount Alverstone
University Peak
Mount Wrangell
Mount Augusta
Atna Peaks
Regal Mountain
Mount Hayes
Mount Cook
Mount Natazhat
Mount Jarvis
Tressider Peak
Mount Silverthrone
Mount Marcus Baker
[show]
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Seven Summits
Asia
Everest (8,848 m or 29,029 ft)
South America
Aconcagua (6,962 m or 22,841 ft)
North America
Denali (6,198 m or 20,335 ft)
Africa
Kilimanjaro (5,893 m or 19,334 ft)
Europe
Elbrus (5,642 m or 18,510 ft)
or Mont Blanc (4,810 m or 15,781 ft)
Antarctica
Vinson Massif (4,892 m or 16,050 ft)
Oceania
Puncak Jaya (4,884 m or 16,024 ft)
or Mount Wilhelm (4,509 m or 14,793 ft)
Oceania (Australia)
Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m or 7,310 ft)
[show]
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Highest Natural Points of U.S. States and Selected Additional Areas
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Additional Areas
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
[show]
v
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State of Alaska
Juneau (capital)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denali&oldid=804397365"
Categories:
Denali
North American 6000 m summit
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United States National Park high points
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Denali fleabane

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Mt. McKinley alpine

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Oeneis mackinleyensis

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Oeneis mckinleyensis

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Lyons Press

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Western Journal of Medicine

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external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1799362

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external text
http://dggs.alaska.gov

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Nevado de Colima

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/wiki/Stauning_Alper
mw-redirect
Stauning Alper

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/wiki/Payers_Tinde
mw-redirect
Payers Tinde

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/wiki/Sukkertoppen_(Greenland)
mw-redirect
Sukkertoppen (Greenland)

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/wiki/Petermann_Bjerg
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Petermann Bjerg

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Education in Alaska

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external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/241195889

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external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4408388-9

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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: ደናሊ ተራራ – Amharic

values: دينالي – Arabic

values: দেনালি – Bangla

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Mount McKinley (bukid sa Estados Unidos, Alaska) – Cebuano

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Lower Sorbian
dsb
dsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ντενάλι – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: देनाली – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Денали – Ossetic

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values: הר דנאלי – Hebrew

values: Денали – Kazakh

values: Денали – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denalis
Denalis – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: डेनाली – Marathi

values: Денали – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values: Денали (гора) – Russian

values: Денали – Sakha

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Денали – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: டெனாலி – Tamil

values: ยอดเขาเดนาลี – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: دینالی – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali
Denali – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

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