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10 Things I Hate About You
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For the television series, see 10 Things I Hate About You (TV series).
10 Things I Hate About You
Promotional poster
Directed by
Gil Junger
Produced by
Andrew Lazar
Written by
Karen McCullah
Kirsten Smith
Starring
Julia Stiles
Heath Ledger
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Larisa Oleynik
Larry Miller
Andrew Keegan
David Krumholtz
Susan May Pratt
Allison Janney
Music by
Richard Gibbs
Cinematography
Mark Irwin
Edited by
O. Nicholas Brown
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
March 31, 1999 (1999-03-31)
Running time
99 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
French
Budget
US$30 million
Box office
$53.5 million[1]
10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy-drama film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Larisa Oleynik. The screenplay, written by Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith, is a modernization of William Shakespeare's late-16th century comedy The Taming of the Shrew, retold in a late-1990s American high school setting. In the story, new student Cameron (Gordon-Levitt) is smitten with Bianca (Oleynik) and, in order to get around her father's strict rules on dating, attempts to get bad boy Patrick (Ledger) to date Bianca's ill-tempered sister, Kat (Stiles). The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick. Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area, with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma.
Released March 31, 1999, 10 Things I Hate About You was number two at the domestic box office during its opening weekend, behind only The Matrix, and was a moderate financial and critical success. It was a breakthrough role for Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt, all of whom were nominated for various teen-oriented awards. Ten years later, the film was adapted into a television series of the same title, which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as Walter Stratford from the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release and reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critics
4.3 Awards and nominations
5 Soundtrack album
6 Adaptations
7 References to Shakespeare
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Cameron James, a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area, becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford. Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited, and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister, the shrewish Kat, to date. Kat, a senior, is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, but her father, Walter, wants her to stay close to home. Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner, but Walter, an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy, will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate. Frustrated by Bianca's insistence and Kat's rebelliousness, Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does, knowing that Kat's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely.
When Cameron asks Bianca out, she informs him of her father's new rule and, as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey, suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat. Cameron selects "bad boy" Patrick Verona, but Patrick scares him off. Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat, under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca. Patrick agrees to the deal, but Kat rebuffs his first few advances. Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat's likes and dislikes. Armed with this knowledge, Patrick begins to win Kat's interest. She goes to a party with him, which enables Bianca to go as well, much to Walter's dismay.
At the party, Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey, and responds by getting drunk. Patrick attends to her, and Kat starts to open up, expressing her interest in starting a band. However, when she tries to kiss him, Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves, infuriated. Meanwhile, Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey, leaving Cameron dejected. Bianca soon realizes, however, that Joey is shallow and self-absorbed, and asks Cameron for a ride home. Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him. Bianca responds by kissing him.
Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca. Patrick initially refuses, but relents when Joey offers him more money. Kat is still angry with Patrick, but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band, and she helps him sneak out of detention. They go on a date which turns romantic, but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom, an event she is adamantly against. Bianca is irritated that Cameron has not asked her to the prom, and so accepts Joey's invitation, but Walter will not allow it unless Kat goes too. Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and, succumbing to peer pressure, had sex with him. Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her, so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it. Bianca insists that she can make her own choices, so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick, and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey.
All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night. Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron, Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick, which causes Kat to leave heartbroken. Joey then punches Cameron, but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her, Kat, and Cameron. Bianca and Cameron share another kiss.
The next day, Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron. Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself, and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College. For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 141, Kat reads aloud a poem titled "10 Things I Hate About You", revealing that she still loves Patrick. Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him, and confesses that he has fallen for her. Kat forgives him, and the two reconcile with a kiss.
Cast[edit]
Julia Stiles as Katarina "Kat" Stratford, the antisocial, shrewish elder Stratford sister.
Heath Ledger as Patrick Verona, the "bad boy" who is hired to date Kat and falls for her in the process.
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Cameron James, the new student at Padua High School who is smitten with Bianca and goes to great lengths to win her favor.
Larisa Oleynik as Bianca Stratford, the younger of the two Stratford sisters, superficial and popular.
Larry Miller as Walter Stratford, an obstetrician and single parent who is overprotective of his daughters, Kat and Bianca.
Andrew Keegan as Joey Donner, an affluent, self-absorbed high school senior and aspiring model who intends to have sex with Bianca, and to that end pays Patrick to date Kat.
David Krumholtz as Michael Eckman, a geek who assists Cameron in his quest to woo Bianca, and in the process tries to woo Kat's friend Mandella.
Susan May Pratt as Mandella, Kat's only close friend and an aficionado of William Shakespeare, who ends up going to the prom with Michael.
Gabrielle Union as Chastity Church, Bianca's best friend, who betrays Bianca by going out with Joey when Bianca spurns him.
Daryl Mitchell as Mr. Morgan, teacher of Kat, Patrick, and Joey's English class.
Allison Janney as Ms. Perky, Padua High School's guidance counselor and a writer of erotic literature.
David Leisure as Mr. Chapin, coach of the girls' soccer team.
Greg Jackson as "Scurvy", a friend of Patrick.
Kyle Cease as Bogey Lowenstein, a golf enthusiast and member of a clique of aspiring MBAs.
The band Letters to Cleo (singer Kay Hanley, guitarists Greg McKenna and Michael Eisenstein, bassist Scott Riebling, and drummer Jason Sutter) appears as the band performing at Club Skunk, playing their songs "Come On" and "Co-Pilot", and playing a cover version of Cheap Trick's "I Want You to Want Me" on the school's rooftop during the closing credits. Hanley and Eisenstein also appear in the prom scene, performing a cover of Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind" with Save Ferris.
The band Save Ferris (singer Monique Powell, guitarist Brian Mashburn, bassist Bill Uechi, trumpeter José Castellaños, trombonist Brian Williams, saxophonist Eric Zamora, and drummer Evan Kilbourne) appears as the band performing at the prom, playing their songs "I Know" and "Can't Stop" as well as covers of The Isley Brothers' "Shout" and Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind".
Production[edit]
Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma, Washington. The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle.[2]
Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz. Gabrielle Union's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design. Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon-Levitt's vintage tuxes came from Isadora's in Seattle.[2]
The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection. ("How do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways.") Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet ("Romeo, Oh Romeo, Get Out Of My Face.") and another is a line from The Taming of the Shrew that is spoken in the film by Cameron ("I burn, I pine, I perish!"). The original script was finalized on November 12, 1997.[3]
Release and reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed US$8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging $3,668 per venue, and ranking number two at the box office (behind The Matrix). It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories, about $53,500,000 worldwide. The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success. On October 12, 1999, the Region 1 DVD was released. In the box office, the film is number ten in teen romance, 18th in high school comedies, and ranked 96th in comedies.[4]
Critics[edit]
The film received generally positive feedback from critics. Geoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film's leads, stating "Stiles grows into her character, and Ledger is effortlessly charming".[5] Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, claiming, "I liked the movie's spirit, the actors and some of the scenes. The music, much of it by the band Letters to Cleo, is subtle and inventive while still cheerful."[6] Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was "pure of heart and perfectly executed."[7] Ron Wells, another critic from Film Threat, expressed, "Of all the teen films released this year, this one is, by far, the best."[8]
Entertainment Weekly listed the film at #49 on its list of Best High School Movies.[9]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film got a 61% from critics, based on 62 reviews, with a rating of 6.1/10. The critical consensus on the site was: "Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script, elevating 10 Things (slightly) above typical teen fare."[10]
Awards and nominations[edit]
10 Things I Hate About You was a breakout success for stars Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt.[11][12][13] Gordon-Levitt, Stiles, and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor/Actress in a Comedy Film. The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie: Breakout Star (Stiles), Choice Movie: Comedy, Choice Movie: Funniest Scene (featuring Krumholtz), Choice Movie: Love Scene (featuring Stiles and Ledger), Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Gordon-Levitt), Choice Movie: Villain (Gordon-Levitt) and Choice Movie: Soundtrack. The film's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won "Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy" at the Casting Society of America in 1999. In 2000, Stiles won the CFCA Award for "Most Promising Actress" for her role as Kat Stratford (tied with Émilie Dequenne in Rosetta) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance. The same year, Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You."
Soundtrack album[edit]
The soundtrack album features popular modern rock anthems from 1970s up to the late 1990s, including various covers from Letters to Cleo, who created modernised renditions of songs such as "I Want You To Want Me" by Cheap Trick and "Cruel to Be Kind" by Nick Lowe. The albums peak position in the Billboard (magazine) charts was 52nd,[14] which was just after its release and it managed to hold a place in the Billboard top 200 for a total of 27 weeks.[15] Artists such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Joan Jett were also used in the films soundtrack, although were not featured on the soundtrack album. The album was described by AllMusic as "One of the best modern rock soundtracks of the spring 1999 season".[16]
10 Things I Hate About You
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
April 6, 1999 (1999-04-06)
Genre
Alternative rock
ska
pop
funk
Label
Hollywood
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [17]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length
1. "I Want You to Want Me" (originally performed by Cheap Trick) Rick Nielsen Letters to Cleo 3:25
2. "F.N.T." (from Great Divide, 1996) Dan Wilson, Jacob Slichter Semisonic 3:29
3. "I Know" (contains an interpretation of "Shout", written by O'Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, and Rudolph Isley and originally performed by The Isley Brothers) Michael Holton, Miré Molner, Brian Mashburn Save Ferris 2:52
4. "Your Winter" (from Fortress, 2000) Ken Block, Jett Beres, Andrew Copeland, Ryan Newell, Mark Trojanowski, Bill Smith Sister Hazel 4:39
5. "Even Angels Fall" (from Key of a Minor, 2000) Tom Whitlock, Jessica Riddle, Kim Bullard, Penny Framstad Jessica Riddle 3:27
6. "New World" (from Leroy, 2001) Leroy Miller Leroy 3:02
7. "Saturday Night" Rodney Jerkins, Marti Sharron, Dan Sembello Ta-Gana 4:26
8. "Atomic Dog" (from Computer Games, 1982) George Clinton, Garry Shider, David Spradley George Clinton 4:44
9. "Dazz" (from Good High, 1976) Ray Ransom, Edward Irons, Reginald Hargis Brick 3:24
10. "The Weakness in Me" (from Walk Under Ladders, 1981) Joan Armatrading Joan Armatrading 3:32
11. "War" (from "My Favourite Game", 1998) Peter Svensson, Nina Persson The Cardigans 3:57
12. "Wings of a Dove" (1983) Carl Smyth, Graham McPherson Madness 3:00
13. "Cruel to Be Kind" (originally performed by Nick Lowe) Nick Lowe, Ian Gomm Letters to Cleo 3:01
14. "One More Thing" Richard Gibbs Richard Gibbs 3:01
Total length: 49:59
Adaptations[edit]
In June 1999, the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story, adapted by David Levithan.[18] The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca, Cameron, Kat, Patrick, or Michael.
In October 2008, ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You, a half-hour, single-camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name. Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series. The director of the film, Gil Junger, directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film's music composer, Richard Gibbs, also returned to do the show's music. The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington.[19] The show premiered on July 7, 2009,[20] and lasted 20 episodes.
References to Shakespeare[edit]
The film is a retelling of William Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew in an American high school setting. Screenwriters Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith also wrote the script for She's the Man (2006), a retelling of Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night set in an American college.
Kat and Bianca share the same names as the female leads in the original play. Their surname is Stratford, a nod to Shakespeare’s birthplace. Patrick’s surname Verona references the home of his relative character Petruchio. The characters attend Padua High School, named after where the play is set.
Cameron (Lucentio, who disguises himself as a tutor named Cambio) tutors Bianca in French and slips in a line from play while obsessing over her: “I burn, I pine, I perish”. Patrick's character reflects the outlandish behavior of Petruchio, and Michael coerces Patrick into the marching band incident with the words from Sonnet 56: “Sweet love, renew thy force”. The physicality of Petruchio and Katherina is transformed into a playful paintball match; the prom substitutes for the Act V feast; Kat's poem replaces Katherina's famous Act V speech; and Joey Donner's wager over Bianca's virginity parallels the bet placed by Shakespeare's husbands regarding their partners' obedience.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You at Box Office Mojo
^ Jump up to: a b Write-up on CinemaReview.com. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Internet Movie Script Database". Imsdb.com. November 12, 1997. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You Review. Movie Reviews - Film - Time Out New York". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "10 Things I Hate About You". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You". Film Threat. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Current Movie Reviews, Independent Movies". Film Threat. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ EW Staff (September 22, 2012). "50 Best High School Movies | Photo 1 of 50". EW.com. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You (1999)". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Aames, Ethan. "Julia Stiles on "The Omen"". Cinema Confidential News. June 5, 2006. Retrieved on October 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Eisenbach, Helen. "10 Thing We Love About Julia Stiles". Manhattan File Magazine. January 2000. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Maher, Kevin. "Heath Ledger- The Accidental Hero". Times Sunday Magazine. October 14, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Billboard 200". United States. May 1, 1999. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Billboard 200". United States. September 9, 1999. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Peeples, S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com. Retrieved on 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ Peeples, S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 0439087309.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh. "ABC Family Greenlights '10 Things I Hate,' 'Ruby' Pilots." Zap2it.com. October 8, 2008. Retrieved on October 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family: 10 Things I Hate About You". Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pittman, L. Monique (2004). "Taming "10 Things I Hate About You": Shakespeare and the Teenage Film Audience". Salisbury University Literature/Film Quarterly. 32 (2): 144–152.
External links[edit]
Film portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: 10 Things I Hate About You
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[show]
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10 Things I Hate About You
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Film
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Music
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Related topics
The Taming of the Shrew
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Gil Junger
10 Things I Hate About You (1999)
Black Knight (2001)
If Only (2004)
Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control (2008)
My Fake Fiancé (2009)
Beauty & the Briefcase (2010)
Christmas Cupid (2010)
Teen Spirit (2011)
Christmas Bounty (2013)
Santa's Little Helper (2015)
10 Things I Hate About Life (cancelled)
[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew
Characters
Katherina Minola
Petruchio
Bianca Minola
Baptista Minola
Christopher Sly
Stage adaptations
The Woman's Prize (c1611)
Catharine and Petruchio (1754)
Las bravías (1896)
Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872)
Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927)
Kiss Me, Kate (1948)
The Taming of the Shrew (1953)
Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957)
Christopher Sly (1963)
Direct adaptations
1908
1929
1962 (TV)
1967
1980 (TV)
1994 (TV)
Other adaptations
Daring Youth (1924)
You Made Me Love You (1933)
Second Best Bed (1938)
Kiss Me Kate (1953)
Abba Aa Hudugi (1959)
Gundamma Katha (1962)
Manithan Maravillai (1962)
McLintock! (1963)
Arivaali (1963)
Pattikada Pattanama (1972)
Il Bisbetico Domato (1980)
Nanjundi Kalyana (1989)
10 Things I Hate About You (1999)
O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV)
Deliver Us from Eva (2003)
The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV)
Frivolous Wife (2008)
10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV)
Isi Life Mein (2010)
Related
The Taming of the Shrew in performance
The Taming of the Shrew on screen
Shrew (stock character)
Induction
Love-in-idleness
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no00076180
VIAF: 183669909
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International non-governmental organization
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An international non-governmental organization (INGO) has the same mission as a non-governmental organization (NGO), but it is international in scope and has outposts around the world to deal with specific issues in many countries.
Both terms, NGO and INGO, should be differentiated from intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), which describes groups such as the United Nations or the International Labour Organization. An INGO may be founded by private philanthropy, such as the Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gates, Zator and Ford Foundations, or as an adjunct to existing international organizations, such as the Catholic or Lutheran churches. A surge in the founding of development INGOs occurred during World War II, some of which would later become the large development INGOs like SOS Children's Villages, Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services, CARE International, and Lutheran World Relief.
International Non-governmental Organizations can further be defined by their primary purpose.[1] Some INGOs are operational, meaning that their primary purpose is to foster the community-based organizations within each country via different projects and operations. Some INGOs are advocacy-based, meaning that their primary purpose is to influence the policy-making of different countries' governments regarding certain issues or promote the awareness of a certain issue. Many of the large INGOs have components of both operational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individual countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Criteria
2 Development
3 Debate
4 Case studies
4.1 CARE International
4.2 Amnesty International
4.3 Oxfam International
5 Examples
5.1 Multiple interdisciplinary projects
5.2 Health
5.3 Children and youth
5.4 Education
5.5 Human rights
5.6 Environmental
5.7 Religion
5.8 Space and technology
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Criteria[edit]
To be associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information, an INGO (and NGOs in general) must follow these certain criteria.:[2]
The NGO must support and respect the principles of the Charter of the United Nations;
Must be of recognized national or international standing;
Should operate solely on a not-for-profit basis and have tax-exempt status;
Must have the commitment and the means to conduct effective information programmes with its constituents and to a broader audience about UN activities by publishing newsletters, bulletins and pamphlets; organizing conferences, seminars and round tables; or enlisting the attention of the media;
Should preferably have a satisfactory record of collaboration with UN Information Centres/Services or other parts of the UN System prior to association.
Please note that in cases where the NGO has no record of collaboration but the DPI Committee on NGOs approves its applications, it will have a provisional association status of two years until which it can establish a partnership with the relevant UNICs/UNISs or UN system organization;
The NGO should provide an audited annual financial statement, indicated in US currency, and conducted by a qualified, independent accountant;
The NGO should have statutes/bylaws providing for a transparent process of taking decisions, elections of officers and members of the Board of Directors.
Should have an established record of continuity of work for a minimum of three years and should show promise of sustained activity in the future.
Development[edit]
The main focus for INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. In relation to states, the purpose of INGOs is to provide services that the state is unable or unwilling to provide for their people. These organization's projects in health, like HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention, clean water, and malaria prevention, and in education, like schools for girls and providing books to developing countries, help to provide the social services that the country's government is unable or unwilling to provide at the time. International Non-governmental Organizations are also some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes and floods, or crises that need emergency relief.
NGOs in general account for over 15% of total overseas development aid, which is linked to the growth and development process.[3] It has been estimated that aid (partly contributed to by INGOs) over the past thirty years has increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one percent.[4] While one percent in thirty years does not sound like a lot of progress, credit should be given to the fact that progress has been consistently increasing throughout the years instead of remaining stagnant or falling backwards[original research?].
Many international projects and advocacy initiatives promoted by INGOs encourage sustainable development via a human rights approach and capabilities enhancing approach. INGOS that promote human rights advocacy issues in part try to set up an international judicial standard that respects the rights of every human being and promotes the empowerment of disadvantaged communities.
Other organizations, like the International Justice Mission, are working in effective and legitimate judicial systems, which enhances a country's legitimacy and development. Still others, such as those promoting micro-financing and education, directly impact of capabilities of citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen empowerment and community involvement. INGOs, along with domestic and international governmental initiatives, are a critical part of global development.
Nearly every INGOs originate and persist throughout voluntary action by individual actors with explicit rationalized goals. Under bold norms of open membership and democratic decision-making, they seek to spread "progress" throughout the world, in the purposes of encouraging safer and more efficient technical systems, more powerful knowledge structures, better care of the body, friendly competition and fair play. In order to achieve these goals, they highlight communication, knowledge, consensual values and decision-making, and individual commitment. INGOs have five basic world-cultural principles underlying between ideologies and structures, that is, universalism, individualism, rational voluntaristic authority, human purposes of rationalizing progress, and world citizenship.[5][6]
Debate[edit]
There are important controversies and critiques of the effectiveness of INGOs.[7]
The first critique is that money provided by INGOs does not actually reach the neediest people. Especially when administrative costs are high within an organization, people[who?] wonder whether their money is going to help developing nations or into a CEO's pocket.[citation needed] If a country's government is corrupt, there is also the possibility that INGO funds are being siphoned off by the government.
Websites like Charity Navigator and GiveWell are intended to provide information on the breakdown of money and donations spent within the organization. Along with the approval of the UN based on its criteria of the NGOs, these websites promote transparency and accountability in international non-governmental organizations so that people looking to make a donation can make an educated decision based on what they want to support and if their money will be used effectively.
Even if an INGO's funds are being effectively used, some critics would argue that the means the organization promotes is ineffective in combating their issue. For example, Singer gives an example of INGOs giving out bed nets, saying:
"They will, if used properly, prevent people from being bitten by mosquitoes while they sleep, and therefore will reduce the risk of malaria. But not every net saves a life: Most children who receive a net would have survived without it. Jeffrey Sachs, attempting to measure the effect of nets more accurately, took this into account, and estimated that for every one hundred nets delivered, one child's life will be saved every year."[8] "A long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net costs an average of $5", so assuming the bed net lasts one year, saving one child's life costs $500.[9]
There is also another argument regarding the accountability of INGOs. These nongovernmental organizations need to account for possible consequences. For example, INGOs such as Oxfam and Greenpeace influence many people's lives as they provide important social and relief services. These people who rely on INGOs, however, do not have the means to affect the activities of these INGOs. Thus, in order for these INGOs to exercise their power responsibly and work for the sake of the people who are affected by their activities, they need to have accountability for their activities. How the funds were used and how much their aims were achieved should be exposed.[10]
Case studies[edit]
INGO case studies show both the short-term relief and long-term campaigns that INGOs are involved in promoting. Income statements and expense breakdowns of each INGO can be found at Charity Navigator which details the amount of money large INGOs have at their disposal and how effectively different organizations use their donations[citation needed].
CARE International[edit]
CARE International is a large humanitarian INGO that is committed to fighting poverty. They take a special interest in empowering poor women because "women have the power to help whole families and entire communities escape poverty".[11] The mission[11] and explicit goals of CARE, as described on their website, are to facilitate lasting change by:
Strengthening capacity for self-help
Providing economic opportunity
Delivering relief in emergencies
Influencing policy decisions at all levels
Addressing discrimination in all its forms
One of CARE's projects is responding to natural disasters. For example, CARE has been an integral part of the relief effort in the outbreak of cholera in Haiti. Some of CARE's relief tactics[12] in Haiti are:
distributing high-energy biscuits, water purification tablets, oral rehydration salts, and hygiene kits,
instructing Haitians on how best avoid and prevent cholera, and
providing clean water and safe latrine facilities to people living in camps for survivors of Haiti's January 12 earthquake.
Amnesty International[edit]
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Amnesty International is an INGO that is dedicated to the promotion and protection of internationally regarded human rights as declared in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Their goals,[13] as described on their website, are to:
Stop violence against women
Defend the rights and dignity of those trapped in poverty
Abolish the death penalty
Oppose torture and combat terror with justice
Free prisoners of conscience
Protect the rights of refugees and migrants
Regulate the global arms trade
This organization uses more of an advocacy approach to promote change and human rights within the government. Their website claims they mobilize "public pressure through mass demonstrations, vigils and direct lobbying as well as online and offline campaigning" in order to promote their ongoing campaigns, which reflect their goals.[13]
Oxfam International[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Oxfam International is an INGO which works with local partner organizations and people living under poverty trying to exercise their human rights. The areas Oxfam focuses on include development, emergencies, campaigning, advocacy and policy research. The details to each area are:
long-term programs to eradicate poverty and injustice
deliver immediate life-saving assistance to people affected by natural disasters or conflict
raise public awareness of the causes of poverty
encourage ordinary people to take action for a fairer world
press decision-makers to change policies and practices that reinforce poverty and injustice
speak with authority as a result of research and analysis
Examples[edit]
Humanitarian Aid
. khalsa Aid
Multiple interdisciplinary projects[edit]
ADRA
CAFOD
CARE
Oxfam
Lakshyam ngo
SOS Children's Villages
World Vision International
Mercy Corps
Save the Children
Good Neighbors International
Health[edit]
Doctors Without Borders
HealthRight International
charity: water
Children and youth[edit]
Lakshyam NGO
Compassion International
Plan
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS)
Save the Children International
SOS Children's Villages
Reggio Children Foundation
World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)
World Vision International
International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements (FIMCAP)
Education[edit]
ActionAid
The Library Project
OpenmindProjects- INGO
European Association of History Educators
Human rights[edit]
Amnesty International
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
Friends of Peoples Close to Nature
International Christian Concern
International Federation for Human Rights
International Stateless Persons Organisation
Survival International
Environmental[edit]
International POPs Elimination Network
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Greenpeace
World Wide Fund for Nature
Religion[edit]
International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements (FIMCAP)
Lutheran World Relief
Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organizations (FEMYSO)
Diplomatic Society
Space and technology[edit]
COSPAR
Saalome Global
See also[edit]
European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations
Foundation (non-profit)
International Non-Governmental Organisations Accountability Charter
Nonprofit organization
Think tank
World Polity Theory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ World Bank and NGOs." October 3, 2007.http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/ngo_guide/igo_ngo_coop/ngo_wb.html (accessed November 10, 2010).
Jump up ^ UN Department of Public Information, "Criteria." http://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/criteria.asp (accessed November 10, 2010)
Jump up ^ "World Bank and NGOs." October 3, 2007.http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/ngo_guide/igo_ngo_coop/ngo_wb.html (accessed November 10, 2010).
Jump up ^ Collier, Paul. 2007. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (p.100).
Jump up ^ Lechner and Boli, Frank J. and John (2012). The Globalization Reader (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 309.
Jump up ^ Boli and Thomas, John and George M. (1997). "World Culture in the World Polity: A Century of International Non-Governmental Organization". American Sociological Review. 62: 171. doi:10.2307/2657298.
Jump up ^ Briefing about "International non-governmental organisations" in D+C/E+Z. http://www.dandc.eu/en/briefings/international-ngos-helpful-though-not-beyond-reproach
Jump up ^ Singer, Peter 2009. "How Can You Tell Which Charities Do It Best?" in The Life You Can Save. New York: Random House. (p.86).
Jump up ^ "Bed Nets for Children - CDC Foundation". www.cdcfoundation.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Ebrahim, A.: 2003, 'Accountability in Practice: Mechanisms for NGOs', World Development 31(5), 813-829.
^ Jump up to: a b CARE. "About CARE." http://www.care.org/about/index.asp (accessed November 12, 2010).
Jump up ^ Lane, Kathy and Melanie Brooks. "CARE Steps Up Haiti Response as Cholera Cases Surge." November 11, 2010.http://www.care.org/newsroom/articles/2010/11/haiti-cholera-outbreak-artibonite-20101111.asp?s_src=170760460000 (accessed November 12, 2010).
^ Jump up to: a b Amnesty International. "About Amnesty International." https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/about-amnesty-international (accessed November 10, 2010).
Further reading[edit]
Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.
Collier, Paul 2007. "Aid to the Rescue?," in The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, pp. 99–123. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Haugen, Gary; Boutros, Victor (2010). "And Justice for All: Enforcing Human Rights for the World's Poor". Foreign Affairs. 89 (3): 51–62.
Singer, Peter 2009. "How Can You Tell Which Charities Do It Best?," in The Life You Can Save, pp. 82–125. New York: Random House.
External links[edit]
World Vision International
Charity Navigator
GiveWell
Amnesty International
CARE International
Oxfam International
International Justice Mission
Authority control
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James McBratney
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
James McBratney (November 17, 1941, New York City, New York – May 22, 1973, Staten Island, New York) was an Irish American gangster, believed to have been involved in the 1972 kidnappings of Emanuel "Manny" Gambino (nephew of Carlo Gambino) and Lucchese crime family caporegime Francesco Manzo and Gambino crime family mafioso Vincent D'Amore.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Kidnapping of Frank Manzo
3 The kidnapping of "Junior"
4 Gangland slaying
5 References
Biography[edit]
James McBratney (a.k.a. Jimmy From Queens) was born in 1941 to emigrant Catholic parents from Northern Ireland. He first met his longtime friend and fellow Irishman, Edward Maloney at Green Haven Correctional Facility where McBratney had been convicted of armed robbery. Maloney would later describe him as a "devoted family man". He stood 6'3", weighed 250 pounds, and was an avid weightlifter. Maloney later commented about McBratney's behavior while incarcerated saying, "he was quiet, a listener and learner and soon we were discussing heists we might do together."[citation needed]
He was knowledgeable about firearms and wanted to become a collector. The father of two small children, while incarcerated his wife visited him in prison regularly and corresponded with him through letters every day. Unlike many criminals, McBratney remained throughout his life devoted to his wife. When fellow inmates in prison discussed mistresses and women in a degrading manner it upset him. He wanted to save up his illicit funds earned by armed robbery, kidnapping and gun running and open up a night club. This would have been impossible for the liquor license board would have never awarded him the certificate because of his connections with the Gambino crime family and Colombo crime family, including his own personal extensive criminal record. It is wrongly perceived that McBratney was the leader of the kidnapping gang, while he did oversee the kidnappings he was just a "point man" and "middle man".[citation needed]
Sometime in October 1972, Maloney was recruited to become a part of the kidnapping-ransom ring with McBratney, along with fellow Irish-American Warren Schurman and John Kilcullen, Italian-American Gambino crime family mob associate Robert Senter, a paternal uncle of Irish-Italian mob associate Anthony Senter and Colombo crime family mob associate Thomas Genovese, a distant paternal relative of Genovese crime family patriarch and founder Vito Genovese. It is unknown if McBratney had been told of the kidnapping operation by Gambino crime family street soldiers, Flippo and Ronald Miano who at the time were "made men" in the Gambino family. The Miano brothers reportedly told McBratney and the others they wanted 10% of the ransom payment and had thought up the kidnapping plan for what they called "revenge".[citation needed]
Kidnapping of Frank Manzo[edit]
They snatched Lucchese crime family capo Francesco Manzo in front of Jimmy Burke and Henry Hill as he was dining at Hill's restaurant The Suite in Forest Hills, New York. The kidnapping was orchestrated and conducted perfectly and McBratney and his crew members received $150,000 from Carmine Tramunti for Manzo's safe return. Following the kidnapping of Frank Manzo, McBratney and the crew conducted two more successful kidnappings of members of organized crime.
The kidnapping of "Junior"[edit]
On December 28, 1972, McBratney made arrangements to kidnap a Gambino crime family loanshark who Jerry Capeci and fellow investigative journalists only identify as "Junior". The loanshark was allegedly Vincent D'Amore, a capo in the Gambino crime family. Maloney approached "Junior" on the street, shoved a handgun into his stomach, and forced him into nearby waiting vehicle with McBratney, Genovese and Shurman. Junior fought his attempted kidnappers and Maloney pistolwhipped him before forcing him into the car's backseat so the gang could make a quick retreat. Unfortunately for McBratney and the others, two young boys witnessed the kidnapping, recording the license plate and turned it over to a relative with connections to organized crime.
Shortly after leaving the scene, McBratney realized that in all the commotion and pandemonium, Warren Schurman had forgotten to put tape over "Junior"'s eyes. Enraged at Schurman's incompetence and lack of preparation, he slammed on the brakes to yell at them. When the car came to an abrupt stop "Junior" ran for his life as McBratney opened fire on him. Schurman jumped out of the car and doubled back to Maloney who was driving a vehicle behind them, with Genovese. Maloney later stated he was sure McBratney was going to murder Schurman for his mistake.[citation needed]
Gangland slaying[edit]
McBratney was at Snoopy's Bar and Grill on Staten Island on May 22, 1973. He had left his machine gun in his Cadillac. He ordered a drink and John, Angelo, and Ralph came in. They strode to the rear of the bar where he sat. Angelo was on his left, Ralph Galione on his right, and John Gotti behind; Galione had a gun, Angelo a pair of handcuffs. The three of them began pulling McBratney up and away from the bar. Ralph Galione told him, "You're under arrest. You've been this route before; don't give us any trouble." After a patron attempted to intervene Galione fired two shots into the ceiling of the restaurant. Galione ordered the other patrons and employees, including a young 16 year old dishwasher, to stand against a wall, but a waitress had slipped away and called the police from a payphone. McBratney struggled with Angelo, John, and Ralph and managed to drag all of them several feet toward the end of the bar, but could not get free. Galione walked toward McBratney, who was standing between John and Angelo, and fired three times at close range, killing him. The murder is referenced in the 1996 HBO made-for-TV film Gotti, in a murder which helped to establish Gotti as a force in the Gambino crime family.[1][2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ May, Allan. "Jimmy McBratney: A Footnote to Mob History". Crime Magazine.
Jump up ^ Times, Special To The New York (1973-07-31). "TWO HELD IN MURDER IN UNDERWORLD FEUD". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
2. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/31/archives/two-held-in-murder-in-underworld-feud.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_McBratney&oldid=818046518"
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Marquis St. Evrémonde
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Marquis St. Evrémonde
A Tale of Two Cities character
The Evrémonde brothers (left) by Fred Barnard, 1870s
Created by
Charles Dickens
Portrayed by
Basil Rathbone
Information
Nickname(s)
Monsieur the Marquis
Gender
Male
Title
Marquis
Nationality
French
The Marquis St. Evrémonde is a fictional character in Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Marquis in Paris
1.2 Marquis at his estate
1.3 Death of the Marquis and aftermath
1.4 Names
2 Cinematic and Theatrical Portrayals
3 References
Overview[edit]
The Marquis or Monseigneur St. Evrémonde appears (in life) for only three chapters in Book the Second, symbolizing the pitiless, arrogant, French aristocracy. About 60 years old, with a face like a mask, he is Charles Darnay's uncle and twin brother of Charles Darnay's father (now deceased).
Marquis in Paris[edit]
While still handsome, fashionable, and exquisitely poised, the Marquis St. Evrémonde is out of favor at the royal court for reasons that are not specified. In "Monseigneur in Town", the Marquis is greeted without warmth by "Monseigneur" (a great lord and senior courtier) at the latter's Parisian reception. Snubbed, he waits until all Monseigneur's sycophants and hangers-on file out, then murmurs a curse sending Monseigneur to the Devil. (Note that the curse is uttered in a mirrored salon, possibly suggesting that it rebounds on the speaker.) The Marquis St. Evrémonde's carriage heads for his country chateau through the streets of Paris, at the break-neck pace favored by the nobility. Although most pedestrians scatter in terror, his carriage runs over a little child; being one of Gaspard's. The Marquis shows no remorse at the sight of the crushed body — inquiring whether his horses are alright — and, "with the air of a gentleman who had accidentally broke some common thing, and had paid for it",[1] throws a gold coin to the distraught father. The Defarges appear—Ernest Defarge to comfort the grieving Gaspard; Madame Defarge to stand erect, stare at the Marquis boldly in the face and knit his Fate. The remainder of the crowd watches in cowed silence but an unknown hand throws the coin back into the carriage. Before driving on, the Marquis responds with cold contempt that he would willingly ride over any of "you dogs" and exterminate them. This scene foreshadows the oncoming revolution in France.
Marquis at his estate[edit]
The Marquis St. Evrémonde appears in the two following chapters "Monseigneur in the Country" (when he is told by a road worker that a dust-covered figure was hanging on to the bottom of his carriage) and "the "Gorgon's Head" (dining with his nephew, Charles Darnay). Dickens uses his account of the journey of the indifferent Marquis through the countryside surrounding his chateau to graphically describe the poverty and desperation of the peasantry.
During the dinner between uncle and nephew, Charles Darnay apologizes for being detained in London. He alludes to his danger there (his recent treason trial) wondering aloud if his uncle did not in fact orchestrate the accusations brought against him. Charles further believes that if the Marquis were still in the French Court's good graces, he would obtain a lettre de cachet and have his nephew imprisoned in France. His uncle confesses that for the honor of the family, he '"would do exactly that'".
The dinner conversation between uncle and nephew reveals their diametrically opposed view of the rural peasantry. St. Evrémonde the elder considers it a divine duty to subjugate "the Vulgar", ("Repression is the only lasting philosophy…"). He regrets that recent reforms have placed some restraints on the formerly absolute powers of his class to abuse their inferiors; recalling just recently he had one peasant poniarded in his very bedroom for "professing some insolent delicacy respecting his daughter". Charles Darnay, by contrast, hopes to honor his mother’s dying wish by ameliorating the wrongs the family has caused. When his uncle laughs at this, Charles renounces his rights to the Evrémonde title and lands, in favor of a new life in London. His uncle, slyly, already knows that this "new life" includes an emigree doctor and his daughter.
They retire for the night.
Death of the Marquis and aftermath[edit]
At the conclusion of Chapter 9, the Marquis is found stabbed to death in his bed. “The Gorgon had surveyed the building again in the night, and had added the one stone face waiting for two hundred years." (Chapter 9). All of his property is inherited by Darnay, who remains in London but instructs an agent to redress grievances as far as possible in the growing confusion of the pending revolution.
A year later Gaspard, assassin of the Marquis and father of the child ridden down by his carriage, is captured and executed, his body left hanging above the village water fountain. Subsequently the Evrémonde chateau is burned to the ground at night by "Jacques" revolutionaries while the abused villagers watch in grim silence and the officers of a neighboring royal garrison stand helpless because they know that their troops will probably no longer obey their orders.
Only later in the novel, during the trial of Charles Darnay, is the secret of the Marquis and his brother exposed: Alexandre Manette's diary from the Bastille details how in 1767 the Evrémonde brothers {the younger initially helped by the elder} had abducted and abused a pregnant peasant wife causing her death, fatally wounded her brother who tried to protect her and had brought about the deaths of both the girl's husband and father as well. Manette tries to alert the authorities to the Evrémonde crimes but his letter is passed on to the aristocratic brothers. This was the reason he was imprisoned in the Bastille; likewise this was the inspiration of a lifelong hatred of the Evrémondes by the last member of the wronged girl's family-her sister Madame Defarge who married Manette's servant Ernest Defarge.
Names[edit]
The Marquis St. Evrémonde is referred to as "Monseigneur" and "Monsieur." These three different titles all refer to the same person: people who are below the Marquis in rank refer to him as "Monseigneur" or "Monsieur," while people of equal rank refer to him as the "Marquis."
Note also that the patronym "Evrémonde", suggests an Anglo-French conglomerate, ("every" plus "tout le monde"). Phonetically, it sounds like “Everyman.”
The note on the knife in the Marquis chest is signed "Jacques"; a common nickname used by the aristocracy for the peasant was "Jacques Goodman".
Cinematic and Theatrical Portrayals[edit]
In the 2008 Broadway musical adaptation of 'A Tale of Two Cities,' the Marquis St. Evrémonde is played by Les Minski, while on film he has been played by such actors as Basil Rathbone, Christopher Lee, and Max Adrian. In 2003, the Rathbone portrayal of St. Evrémonde was nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains as one of the Top 50 Villains.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dickens 2003, (Book 2, Chapter 7).
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Nominees
[hide]
v
t
e
Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities
Characters
Sydney Carton
Lucie Manette
Charles Darnay
Alexandre Manette
Monsieur Ernest Defarge
Madame Thérèse Defarge
Jarvis Lorry
Miss Pross
Marquis St. Evrémonde
John Barsad
Jerry Cruncher
Stryver
The Seamstress
Film
A Tale of Two Cities (1911)
A Tale of Two Cities (1917)
A Tale of Two Cities (1922)
The Only Way (1927)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
A Tale of Two Cities (1958)
A Tale of Two Cities (1980)
Television parodies
"The Story of Flibber-o-loo" (VeggieTales)
"A Tale of Two Cities" (Lost)
"A Tale of Two Springfields" (The Simpsons)
Musicals
Two Cities (2006)
A Tale of Two Cities (2007)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_St._Evrémonde&oldid=777538342"
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This page was last edited on 27 April 2017, at 19:12.
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