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Tropic of Cancer
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This article is about the circle of latitude. For other uses, see Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 23°26′14″N 0°0′0″W / 23.43722°N -0.00000°E / 23.43722; -0.00000 (Prime Meridian)
World map showing the Tropic of Cancer
Carretera 83 (Vía Corta) Zaragoza-Victoria, km 27+800. Of all crossings of the Tropic of Cancer with Mexican federal highways, this is the only place where the latitude is marked with precision and where the annual drift between the years 2005 and 2010 can be appreciated.
The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern Tropic, is currently 23°26′12.8″ (or 23.43689°) north of the Equator. It is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead. This occurs on the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.[1]
Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth; the others being the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these two circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Circumnavigation
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
8 See also
Name[edit]
When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab) at the June solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction, or circumstances), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Geography[edit]
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but varies in a complicated manner over time. Currently, it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 metres, per year (it was at exactly 23° 27′ in 1917 and will be at 23° 26' in 2045).[2] See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information.
North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone. The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics.
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
23°26′N 0°0′E / 23.433°N 0.000°E / 23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Algeria
23°26′N 11°51′E / 23.433°N 11.850°E / 23.433; 11.850 (Niger)
Niger
23°26′N 12°17′E / 23.433°N 12.283°E / 23.433; 12.283 (Libya)
Libya
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at 23°26′N 15°59′E / 23.433°N 15.983°E / 23.433; 15.983 (Northernmost point of Chad)
23°26′N 25°0′E / 23.433°N 25.000°E / 23.433; 25.000 (Egypt)
Egypt
The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser
23°26′N 35°30′E / 23.433°N 35.500°E / 23.433; 35.500 (Red Sea)
Red Sea
23°26′N 38°38′E / 23.433°N 38.633°E / 23.433; 38.633 (Saudi Arabia)
Saudi Arabia
23°26′N 52°10′E / 23.433°N 52.167°E / 23.433; 52.167 (United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi emirate only
23°26′N 55°24′E / 23.433°N 55.400°E / 23.433; 55.400 (Oman)
Oman
23°26′N 58°46′E / 23.433°N 58.767°E / 23.433; 58.767 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
23°26′N 68°23′E / 23.433°N 68.383°E / 23.433; 68.383 (India)
India
States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal
23°26′N 88°47′E / 23.433°N 88.783°E / 23.433; 88.783 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Khulna, Dhaka, and Chittagong Divisions
23°26′N 91°14′E / 23.433°N 91.233°E / 23.433; 91.233 (India)
India
State of Tripura
23°26′N 91°56′E / 23.433°N 91.933°E / 23.433; 91.933 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Chittagong Division
23°26′N 92°19′E / 23.433°N 92.317°E / 23.433; 92.317 (India)
India
State of Mizoram
23°26′N 93°23′E / 23.433°N 93.383°E / 23.433; 93.383 (Myanmar)
Myanmar
Chin State, Sagaing Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State
23°26′N 98°54′E / 23.433°N 98.900°E / 23.433; 98.900 (China)
China
Provinces of Yunnan (passing about 7 km north of the border with Vietnam), Guangxi, and Guangdong
23°26′N 117°8′E / 23.433°N 117.133°E / 23.433; 117.133 (Taiwan Strait)
Taiwan Strait
23°26′N 120°8′E / 23.433°N 120.133°E / 23.433; 120.133 (Taiwan)
Taiwan
Chiayi County, Hualien County
23°26′N 121°29′E / 23.433°N 121.483°E / 23.433; 121.483 (Philippine Sea)
Philippine Sea
23°26′N 142°00′E / 23.433°N 142.000°E / 23.433; 142.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just south of Necker Island, Hawaii, United States
23°26′N 110°15′W / 23.433°N 110.250°W / 23.433; -110.250 (Mexico)
Mexico
State of Baja California Sur
23°26′N 109°24′W / 23.433°N 109.400°W / 23.433; -109.400 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California
23°26′N 106°35′W / 23.433°N 106.583°W / 23.433; -106.583 (Mexico)
Mexico
States of Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas
23°26′N 97°45′W / 23.433°N 97.750°W / 23.433; -97.750 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico
23°26′N 83°0′W / 23.433°N 83.000°W / 23.433; -83.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel
Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas)
Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean
23°26′N 76°0′W / 23.433°N 76.000°W / 23.433; -76.000 (Bahamas)
Bahamas
Exuma Islands and Long Island
23°26′N 75°10′W / 23.433°N 75.167°W / 23.433; -75.167 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
23°26′N 15°57′W / 23.433°N 15.950°W / 23.433; -15.950 (Western Sahara)
Western Sahara
Claimed by Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
23°26′N 12°0′W / 23.433°N 12.000°W / 23.433; -12.000 (Mauritania)
Mauritania
23°26′N 6°23′W / 23.433°N 6.383°W / 23.433; -6.383 (Mali)
Mali
23°26′N 2°23′W / 23.433°N 2.383°W / 23.433; -2.383 (Algeria)
Algeria
Climate[edit]
Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
Excluding cooler highland regions in China, the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in). Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert, while to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.
The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum, none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres (290 mi) of the Tropic of Cancer; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south.
Circumnavigation[edit]
According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians, and end on the same airfield where it started.
Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015, at 23°26′14″N is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[3]
For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).
Gallery[edit]
Road sign south of Dakhla, Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian.
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District, West Bengal, India
Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township, Hualien County, Taiwan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PHP Science Labs". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ Montana State University: Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator.
External links[edit]
Look up tropic of cancer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Article on the Tropic of Cancer in Oman
Temporal Epoch Calculations
Useful constants See: Obliquity of the ecliptic
See also[edit]
Geography portal
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Assassin's Creed Origins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Assassin's Creed Origins
Developer(s)
Ubisoft Montreal[a]
Publisher(s)
Ubisoft
Director(s)
Jean Guesdon
Ashraf Ismail
Producer(s)
Martin Schelling
Designer(s)
Eric Baptizat
Artist(s)
Raphael Lacoste
Writer(s)
Alain Mercieca
Composer(s)
Sarah Schachner
Series
Assassin's Creed
Engine
AnvilNext 2.0
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
WW: October 27, 2017
Genre(s)
Action-adventure, stealth
Mode(s)
Single-player
Assassin's Creed Origins is an action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the tenth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series and the successor to 2015's Assassin's Creed Syndicate. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 27, 2017.
The game is set in Egypt during the near end of the Ptolemaic period (49-47 BC) and recounts the secret fictional history of real-world events. The story explores the origins of the centuries-long conflict between the Brotherhood of Assassins, who fight for peace by promoting liberty, and The Order of the Ancients—forerunners to the Templar Order—who desire peace through the forced imposition of order.
Origins received positive reviews from critics, who praised the story, characters, voice acting, reworked gameplay-systems, immersive world of Egypt and the visuals, while criticizing some of the pacing and technical issues. The game has been lauded as either the best or one of the best installments in the series by multiple critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
2.1 Setting
2.2 Synopsis
2.3 Characters
3 Development
3.1 Marketing
4 Reception
4.1 Controversy
4.2 Accolades
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Players may travel around the game's open world of Egypt on horseback.
Assassin's Creed Origins is an action-adventure stealth game played from a third-person perspective. Players complete quests—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story, earn experience points, and acquire new skills. Outside of quests, the player can freely roam the open world environment on foot, horseback, camel-back or boat to explore locations, complete optional side-quests and unlock weapons and equipment.
The "eagle vision" mode, which was used by the franchise to give the player the ability to scout an area by highlighting enemies and objects, has been replaced by a Bonelli's eagle named Senu as a companion.[1] The player is able to take control of Senu and scout an area in advance, highlighting enemies which will then be visible when they return to controlling Bayek, the game's main character. The player can also tame various predators which will serve as a companion for the player and assist them against enemies.[2] Naval combat, underwater exploration and tomb raiding return to the series.[2][3][4][5][6]
The game also features revised combat mechanics.[7] Previous titles in the Assassin's Creed series used a "paired animation system" whereby the player character would engage with an enemy and combat would be dictated by a series of predeterminted animations based on player inputs and scripted AI movements. Origins moves to a "hit-box system". When the player wields a weapon, they will strike at whatever is in range, allowing them to hit enemies directly, injure individual body parts, and creating the possibility of missing an enemy entirely. Complementing this is the way weapons fall into different categories and are rated on their damage dealt, speed and range.[8] Enemies will be drawn from several basic archetypes that use a variety of tactics in combat which, combined with the hit-box system, will require the player to learn the attributes of individual weapons and tailor their playing style to succeed in combat. As enemy combat is also dictated by the hit-box system, the player has been equipped with a shield and will need to balance their offensive and defensive capabilities.[7] Locations within the game world are designed to enable the player to choose their playing style by offering stealth and open combat as equally-viable choices for completing objectives.
Origins introduces an arena-based combat system where the player fights waves of increasingly difficult combinations of enemies culminating in a boss fight.[9] While the introduction to the arena is incorporated into the main story, the arena mode stands alone from the wider narrative. The game world features several arenas, with a variety of enemy combinations and unique bosses not found in the game world. The player is able to unlock additional weapons and equipment by completing arena fights.
A future update to the game will add "Discovery Tour", a sandbox mode allowing the player to freely explore the open world with no objectives or combat, and embark on guided tours that highlight aspects of Egyptian history.[10][11]
Plot[edit]
Setting[edit]
The player takes on the role of a Medjay named Bayek and his wife Aya, as they work to protect the people of the Ptolemaic Kingdom during a time of widespread upheaval: the Pharaoh, Ptolemy XIII, struggles to maintain his rule while harbouring ambitions of expanding his kingdom; his sister, the recently deposed Cleopatra, begins marshalling loyalist forces to launch a counter-coup against Ptolemy; and frequent incursions into the Kingdom by the Roman Republic under the command of Julius Caesar lead to fears of an imminent invasion. Bayek's role as a Medjay brings him and Aya into contact with the secretive forces manipulating these events and into becoming the first Assassins.
Synopsis[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the present day, Layla Hassan, a researcher at Abstergo's Historical Research Division, is tasked along with her friend and co-worker Deanna Geary with finding and retrieving an artifact in Egypt. However, she instead finds a tomb containing the mummies of ancient Assassins Bayek and Aya. Hoping to find any relevant information that would secure her a position in the company's Animus Project, Layla decides to relive both Bayek and Aya's memories using her modified Animus without telling her superiors, despite Deanna's protest.
In 49 BCE, Bayek, a respected Medjay in charge of protecting the Siwa Oasis, is abducted along with his son Khemu by a group of five masked men to an underground vault in the Temple of Amun. The masked men give Bayek a golden orb and demand that he use it to open a secret Vault. Khemu helps Bayek escape, but during the struggle to kill one of the masked men, Bayek inadvertently stabs Khemu in the chest, killing him.
One year later in 48 BCE, Bayek had exiled himself from Siwa in order to track down the five masked men to take his revenge. He finds the first one, Rudjek "The Heron", and kills him. Bayek then returns to Siwa to kill the local priest Medunamun, "The Ibis", who has been torturing Siwans for information to open the same vault. After killing Medunamun, Bayek then heads for Alexandria, where Aya has been tracking another of the masked men. Upon meeting Aya, she reveals that she has already killed Actaeon "The Vulture" and Ktesos "The Ram", leaving only one target left, "The Snake". Aya also reveals that she has been working with Apollodorus the Sicilian and Cleopatra to uncover The Snake's identity. She gives Bayek the first Hidden Blade, which he uses to track down and kill Eudoros, whom he believes to be the "Snake" in a bathhouse. Killing Eudoros costs Bayek his left ring finger, cut off from the same hidden blade to kill his target.
Bayek remembers Eudoros' words and begins to have doubts. He decides to meet with Apollodorus and Cleopatra for answers. Cleopatra tells Bayek that she was ousted from the throne by the masked men, who call themselves the Order of Ancients and seek to control all of Egypt by using Ptolemy as their puppet. In addition, there are more members of Order than the five Bayek and Aya had already killed: "The Scarab", "The Hyena", "The Lizard" and "The Crocodile". In fact, Eudoros was actually "The Hippo", and the name of the Snake is used to refer to the Order as a whole. Confronted with this new information, Bayek agrees to become Cleopatra's Medjay and assassinate the remaining members of the Order. Bayek tracks down and kills all of them while Aya convinces Pompey the Great to ally with Cleopatra.
In the present, Layla and Deanna are attacked by Abstergo soldiers for failing to check in with the company. Layla kills her attackers, but Deanna is captured and executed. Swearing revenge, Layla returns to the Animus, determined to complete her mission.
Bayek receives a letter from Aya explaining that there are two more members of the Order, "The Scorpion" and "The Jackal", who are members of Ptolemy's royal guard and the likely culprits responsible for Khemu's death. He finds out that Lucius Septimius is the Jackal and tracks him, but is too late to stop him from assassinating Pompey. With no other options, Cleopatra has Bayek and Aya help sneak her into the palace to meet Julius Caesar. Cleopatra impresses Caesar and secures his support. Bayek kills Pothinus, "The Scorpion", but is stopped from killing Septimius by Caesar. Aya watches Ptolemy get eaten by crocodiles when he tries to flee across the Nile.
After the end of the civil war, Cleopatra takes the throne as Pharaoh. Septimius becomes an advisor for Caesar and Cleopatra cuts ties with Bayek and Aya. This causes Bayek and his supporters to realize that Cleopatra and Caesar have now allied themselves with the Order. Realizing his mistake in supporting Cleopatra, Bayek gathers his allies to form a brotherhood to counter the Order and defend the free will of the common people. Bayek and Aya realize the Order showed a strong interest in the tomb of Alexander the Great, which they investigate. There, they find a mortally wounded Apollodorus who warns them that Caesar's lieutenant, Flavius, is "The Lion" and the true leader of the Order. He and Septimius had taken the Orb and a Staff from the tomb and are heading back to Siwa for the Vault.
Upon returning to Siwa, they find the Vault already opened. Bayek tracks down and confronts Flavius, who bears the activated Apple of Eden, but kills him, avenging Khemu's death. Bayek returns to Aya, who has recruited Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger and Gaius Cassius Longinus to their cause. She plans to head to Rome with Brutus and Cassius to assassinate Caesar and Septimius. Bayek and Aya part ways but form the foundation of the Assassin Brotherhood when they both swear to protect the world from the shadows. Upon their separation, Bayek drops his eagle's skull charm, a necklace of Khemu's, into the sand which leaves an impression, becoming the icon of their new Brotherhood.
After this, Layla wakes up from the Animus to find William Miles, present day Mentor of the Assassin Brotherhood watching over her. She accepts William's offer to work with the Assassins, but stops short of actually joining them. The two depart for Alexandria.
In Rome, Aya confronts Septimius, who wields the Staff of Eden, and she kills him. She then infiltrates the Roman Senate and assassinates Caesar. Later, she meets with Cleopatra and warns her to be a fair ruler or she will return to assassinate her. Afterward, Bayek and Aya (now calling herself Amunet)[b] begin recruiting and training other Assassins as they build the Assassin Brotherhood in Egypt and Rome respectively.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Assassin's Creed characters
Development[edit]
Development of Assassin's Creed Origins started in early 2014, after the completion of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag.[13] The series had been following a yearly release cycle, but after the launch of Assassin's Creed Syndicate in 2015, Ubisoft chose to delay the release of Origins until 2017.[14] Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot cited a desire to focus on the quality of the individual titles, the opportunity to develop future games with new engines, and the disappointing sales of Syndicate as the reasons behind the decision.[15] The team enlisted Ubisoft Kiev to develop the PC version in parallel with the console versions.[16]
Information on Origins, then titled Assassin's Creed Empire, first leaked in January 2017, showing several screenshots of a character on a boat and in front of a cave. The game was officially revealed on June 11, 2017.[6] It is being developed using the latest iteration of the AnvilNext engine.[citation needed] During production of Assassin's Creed III in November 2011 Ubisoft conducted a fan survey exploring potential settings for future titles. Ancient Egypt was one of the most popular choices,[17] but Alex Hutchinson, the creative director of Assassin's Creed III, dismissed the results as he considered Ancient Egypt—as with the other two chosen settings, feudal Japan and World War II—as being "the worst choices" for a setting.[18] The development team hired Egyptologists to assist in making the open world more accurate to the time period.[19]
The original score for the game was composed by Sarah Schachner, who previously worked on the series with Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and Assassin's Creed Unity.[20]
Marketing[edit]
In August 2017, Square Enix announced a promotional crossover between the Assassin's Creed franchise and Final Fantasy XV.[21] Taking the form of an in-game event, it introduced Assassin's Creed-themed content to the game.[22] Assassin's Creed-themed content was also made available in other Ubisoft games such as Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands and South Park: The Fractured but Whole.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PC) 84/100[23]
(PS4) 81/100[24]
(XONE) 85/100[25]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 8/10[26]
EGM 9/10[27]
Game Informer 8.5/10[28]
Game Revolution [29]
GameSpot 7/10[30]
GamesRadar [31]
IGN 9/10[32]
PC Gamer (US) 84/100[33]
Polygon 8.5/10[34]
VideoGamer.com 8.0/10[35]
Assassin's Creed Origins received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[23][24][25]
GameSpot gave the game a 7/10, saying: "While Assassin's Creed Origins reaches great heights in this new setting, it routinely runs into issues that bog down the overall experience. Technical issues make for an inconsistent experience and its new gameplay pillars wobble under the weight of its systems. But despite this, the world of Origins remains fresh and exciting to explore, which is a testament to the remarkable setting and compelling story."[30]
Louise Blain from GamesRadar gave the game a score of 5 out of 5 stars and called it the best of the franchise, saying that "As beautiful as it is deadly, Origins' Egyptian playground is finally everything you wanted the Creed to be."[31] Ray Carsillo's score of 9/10 on EGMNow said that "Assassin's Creed Origins delivers a robust experience that mixes up the traditional Assassin's Creed formula in a way that's fresh and fun to play—but which also harkens back to the series' roots in some welcome ways, too. It marks an evolution fans might not have even known they were waiting for, delivering one of the best overall experiences we've seen yet from the series."[27]
Alanah Pearce's 9/10 review on IGN stated that "Assassin's Creed Origins is a deep-dive into a truly stunning realization of ancient Egypt, with a rich series of cultures, genuine characters, and more mission variety than any other game in the series. The combat is challenging and thoughtful, and while the loot system doesn't match up to games like Destiny 2, there are enough different weapon types and enough enemy variety to keep you swapping between weapons, catered to the situation. The RPG elements encourage challenges of their own, and even despite a handful of bugs, I desperately wanted to keep playing."[32]
Colin Campbell of Polygon gave the game a score of 8.5/10, writing, "In essence, Assassin's Creed Origins is much the same game as the original Assassin's Creed, which came out a decade ago. It's a formula that people like to play, and it's certainly been honed and improved over the years. Origins is, then, undoubtedly the best iteration of this formula yet. But I yearn for a fresh approach and new ideas, something that astounds the senses as much as the wondrous world this game inhabits."[34]
Eurogamer ranked the game 23rd on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017",[36] while EGMNow ranked it sixth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017.[37]
Controversy[edit]
A controversy arose when several online video game journalists discovered that many of the game's user reviews on review aggregator Metacritic were artificially improved through the use of an online bot.[38]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.
2017 E3 2017 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated [39]
Best Console Game Nominated
Best Action/Adventure Game Nominated
Gamescom 2017 Best Console Game (PlayStation 4) Won [40][41]
Best Console Game (Xbox One) Nominated
Best PC Game Nominated
Best RPG Nominated
35th Annual Golden Joystick Awards Ultimate Game of the Year Nominated [42]
The Game Awards 2017 Best Action/Adventure Game Nominated [43]
PC Gamer's 2017 Game of the Year Awards Best Open World Game Won [44][45]
Best Setting Nominated
Game of the Year Nominated
Destructoid Game of the Year Awards 2017 Best Xbox One Game Nominated [46]
IGN Best of 2017 Awards Best Xbox One Game Nominated [47]
Best Action-Adventure Game Nominated [48]
Best Graphics Nominated [49]
Giant Bomb 2017 Game of the Year Awards Best World Nominated [50]
Best New Character (Bayek) Won [51]
2018 Game Informer 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards Best Setting Won [52]
16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real-Time Project Pending [53]
Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real-Time Project Pending
21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Character (Bayek) Pending [54]
Outstanding Technical Achievement Pending
Adventure Game of the Year Pending
Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Pending [55]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Sofia, Ubisoft Singapore, Ubisoft Chengdu, Ubisoft Shanghai, Ubisoft Bucharest, Ubisoft Kiev, and Ubisoft Philippines.
Jump up ^ In Assassin's Creed II, Amunet is described as having assassinated Cleopatra in 30 BC.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (June 11, 2017). "Meet Assassin's Creed Origin's new hero – and his eagle". Game Informer. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Blain, Louise; Roberts, David (June 12, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins to get "tons" of challenging boss fights". GamesRadar. Future plc.
Jump up ^ Plagge, Kallie (June 11, 2017). "E3 2017: Assassin's Creed Origins Is A True Open-World RPG". GameSpot. CBS Interactive.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Kimberley (June 11, 2017). "Five Things You Need To Know About Assassin's Creed Origins". Game Informer. GameStop.
Jump up ^ Minotti, Mike (June 11, 2017). "Why Assassin's Creed: Origins is going to Egypt and revamping the series". GamesBeat.
^ Jump up to: a b Gurwin, Gabe (June 11, 2017). "Everything we know about Assassin's Creed Origins". Digital Trends.
^ Jump up to: a b Blain, Louise (June 11, 2017). "I've played Assassin's Creed Origins and OMG EVERYTHING has changed. Here are 8 reasons you'll be going to Ancient Egypt". GamesRadar. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, Tatiana (August 18, 2017). "[Watch] Assassin's Creed Origins dev details weapon types, combat changes, and more". GameZone. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin, Matt (June 28, 2017). "Gladiator Arenas in Assassin's Creed Origins are bloody fun, but I'm worried about the stupid enemies". VG 247. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Assassin's Creed Origins is getting an educational mode early next year". The Verge. September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Combat-free mode makes Assassin's Creed: Origins incredibly easy to explore". Ars Technica. September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ de Rochefort, Simone (October 25, 2017). "Assassin's Creed 2 may have given us a hint about Origins". Polygon. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gach, Ethan (June 11, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins finally announced for real, set in Egypt". Kotaku. Gawker Media.
Jump up ^ "A message from the Assassin's Creed team". Ubisoft. February 11, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Macy, Seth G. (February 11, 2016). "Ubisoft confirms no Assassin's Creed this year". IGN. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Assassin's Creed Origins PC release date and hardware". Gamespot. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AC:3 Possible Locations Named In Survey". CVG. November 29, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dutton, Fred (April 4, 2012). "Ubisoft: WW2, Japan and Egypt would make dismal Assassin's Creed locations". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Assassin's Creed Origins will have the series' largest map". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ McMillan, Emily. "First glimpse of Sarah Schachner's Assassin's Creed Origins on Billboard". Video Game Music Online. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final Fantasy 15 is getting free Assassin's Creed crossover DLC". Eurogamer. August 24, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Square Enix (August 31, 2017). Final Fantasy XV. PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level/area: Lestallum Assassin's Festival. Ignis: Ah, the Leap of Faith ... one of the Assassins' finest acrobatic feats.
^ Jump up to: a b "Assassin's Creed Origins for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Assassin's Creed Origins for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Assassin's Creed Origins for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Carter, Chris (October 27, 2017). "Review: Assassin's Creed Origins". Destructoid. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Carsillo, Ray (October 26, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins review". EGMNow. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vazquez, Suriel (October 26, 2017). "Keeping The Faith By Questioning It – Assassin's Creed Origins – Xbox One". Game Informer. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leri, Michael (October 26, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins Review – Egyptian Addiction". Game Revolution. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fillari, Alessandro (October 26, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins Review". GameSpot. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Blain, Louise (October 26, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins review". GamesRadar. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearce, Alanah (October 26, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins Review". IGN. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Christopher (November 1, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins review". PC Gamer. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Campbell, Colin (October 26, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins review". Polygon. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bell, Alice (November 1, 2017). "Assassin's Creed Origins review". Videogamer.com. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff (December 28, 2017). "Eurogamer's Top 50 Games of 2017: 30-21". Eurogamer. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ EGM staff (December 30, 2017). "EGM's Best of 2017: Part Four: #10 ~ #6". EGMNow. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-origins-metacritic-flooded-with-fake-po-1820039309
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Samit (June 26, 2017). "Mario + Rabbids, Wolfenstein 2, Shadow of War lead E3 critics' nominations". Polygon. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Khan, Zubi (August 21, 2017). "Gamescom 2017 Award Nominees". CGM. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Mario Odyssey sweeps Best Of Gamescom awards". Metro. August 24, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gaito, Eri (November 13, 2017). "Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees". Best in Slot. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Awards - The Game Awards". The Game Awards. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff (December 8, 2017). "Games of the Year 2017: The nominees". PC Gamer. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff (December 26, 2017). "Best Open World Game 2017: Assassin's Creed Origins". PC Gamer. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett (December 11, 2017). "Nominees for Destructoid's Best Xbox One Game of 2017". Destructoid. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Xbox One Game". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Action-Adventure Game". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Graphics". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff (December 27, 2017). "Game of the Year 2017 Day Three: World, Wolfenstein, Moments, and PLEASE STOP". Giant Bomb. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff (December 28, 2017). "Game of the Year 2017 Day Four: Debut, New Characters, Story, and Styyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyle". Giant Bomb. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Matt (January 5, 2018). "2017 Action Game Of The Year Awards". Game Informer. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 16, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'Apes,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Lead Feature Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (January 14, 2018). "Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards". GameSpot. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gamasutra staff (January 5, 2018). "Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees!". Gamasutra. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
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Tigris–Euphrates river system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tigris–Euphrates river system
Ecology
Realm
Palearctic
Biome
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Geography
Area
35,600 km2 (13,700 sq mi)
Countries
Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait[1][2][3][4]
Oceans or seas
None
Rivers
Tigris, Euphrates, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab.
Climate type
Subtropical, hot and arid
Conservation
Conservation status
Critical/endangered
The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands[5] of eastern Turkey they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf.[6] The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris–Euphrates ecoregion, which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan.
From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia, the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq. The rivers flow in a south-easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al-Qurnah to form the Shatt al-Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf.[5]
The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region, in which civilization is believed to have first emerged.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 General description
3 Ecological threats
4 Water dispute
5 Conservation
6 In media
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geography[edit]
The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert. The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a "Cradle of Civilization".
In the 1980s, this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran–Iraq War raged within its boundaries. The wetlands of Iraq, which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs, were almost completely dried out, and have only recently[when?] shown signs of recovery.
The Tigris–Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Kuwait.[4] Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris–Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait–Iraq border.[7] Since the 1960s and in the 1970s, when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest, water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam's effects on the environment. In addition, Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin, particularly during drought.
General description[edit]
Marsh Arabs poling a mashoof in the marshes of southern Iraq
The general climate of the region is subtropical, hot and arid. At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, featuring huge permanent lakes, marshes, and forest. The aquatic vegetation includes reeds, rushes, and papyrus, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo, two endemic rodent species, antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals.
Ecological threats[edit]
Play media
This visualization shows variations in total water storage from normal, in millimeters, in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins, from January 2003 through December 2009. Reds represent drier conditions, while blues represent wetter conditions. The effects of the seasons are evident, as is the major drought that hit the region in 2007. The majority of the water lost was due to reductions in groundwater caused by human activities.
Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity. Water and plant life are sparse. Saddam Hussein's government water-control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers. Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime. The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations. There are also inadequate supplies of potable water.
The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris–Euphrates basin and once covered 15–20,000 square kilometers. According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation, between 84% and 90% of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s. In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein's regime – drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs. Canals, dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes, instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland. After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea, a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland. Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying.
The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt-tolerant vegetation; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils; 52 native fish species; the wild boar, red fox, buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat.
Water dispute[edit]
The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq, Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public-works project (the GAP project) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams, for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes. Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic, the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq. The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War. However, the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria.[8]
The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans-boundary river flows. Although the drought affected Turkey, Syria and Iran as well, Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows. Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river. Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times, beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water. Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought. To make matters worse, Iraq's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect.[9]
In 2008, Turkey, Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management. Turkey, Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3, 2009, in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris–Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water-flow-monitoring stations. On September 19, 2009, Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m³/s, but only until October 20, 2009. In exchange, Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region. One of Turkey's last large GAP dams on the Tigris – the Ilisu Dam – is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife.[10]
Conservation[edit]
The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia. Their drainage began in the 1950s, to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration. Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs, a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq. However, with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four-year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of pre-1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes.[11]
This table is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this table to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2016)
Conservation status: critical/endangered
Protected area
Endemic species: Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis), Iraq babbler (Turdoides altirostris)
Threatened species: Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis) - endangered
Possibly extinct species: Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat (Nesokia bunnii)
In media[edit]
Dawn of the World, film, 2008.
Zaman, The Man From The Reeds, film, 2003
See also[edit]
Wetlands portal
Soil salinity
Mesopotamian Marshes
Shatt al-Arab
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matthew Zentner (2012). Design and impact of water treaties: Managing climate change. p. 144. The Tigris-Euphrates-Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait and Turkey.
Jump up ^ "Lower Tigris & Euphrates". feow.org. 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mesopotamia (2/3/2003)".
^ Jump up to: a b Deniz Bozkurt; Omer Lutfi Sen (2012). "Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin" (PDF). p. 1. The Euphrates-Tigris Basin, covering areas in five countries (Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Kuwait), is a major water resource of the Middle East.
^ Jump up to: a b "Euphrates River". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Gibson, McGuire (17 March 2014). "Tigris-Euphrates river system". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Dan Caldwel (2011). Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. p. 60.
Jump up ^ Uzgel I., 1992. GÜVENSİZLİK ÜÇGENİ: TÜRKİYE, SURİYE, IRAK VE SU SORUNU, MÜLKİYELİLER BİRLİĞİ DERGİSİ, 162, p.47-52
Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE54M0XG20090523 Turkey lets more water out of dams to Iraq: MP
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101231233038/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giDgd3ukLR8UcfziUQcNToKyM_tw Turkey to up Euphrates flow to Iraq
Jump up ^ Iraqi Marshlands: Steady Progress to Recovery Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine. (UNEP)
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tigris–Euphrates river system
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mesopotamia (Middle East).
Persian Gulf image
BBC: Iraq marshes' recovery 'in doubt'
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Palearctic flooded grasslands and savannas
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Amur meadow steppe China, Russia
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Saharan halophytics Algeria, Egypt, Mauritania, Tunisia, Western Sahara
Tigris–Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq, Iran
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris–Euphrates_river_system&oldid=837356938"
Categories:
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