text:
Medicine Park, Oklahoma
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Town in Oklahoma, United States
Medicine Park, Oklahoma
Town
Nickname(s): "America's First Cobblestone Community"

Location of Medicine Park, Oklahoma
Coordinates: 34°44′04″N 98°28′39″W / 34.7344071°N 98.4776209°W / 34.7344071; -98.4776209
Country
United States
State
Oklahoma
County
Comanche
Area
• Total
2.064977 sq mi (5.348265 km2)
• Land
2.015280 sq mi (5.219551 km2)
• Water
0.049697 sq mi (0.128714 km2)
Elevation
1,270 ft (387 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
382
• Density
180/sq mi (71/km2)
Time zone
UTC-6 (Central (CST))
• Summer (DST)
UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
73557
Area code(s)
580
FIPS code
40-47350[1]
GNIS feature ID
1095292[2]
Medicine Park is a town in Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States, situated in the Wichita Mountains near the entrance to the 60,000-acre (240 km2) Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge. Medicine Park has a long history as a vintage cobblestone resort town. Medicine Park is located near the city of Lawton and Fort Sill. It is an exurb, part of the Lawton Metropolitan Statistical Area. Many of the original structures are constructed of naturally formed cobblestones—these red granite cobblestones are unique to the Wichita Mountains. The population was 382 at the 2010 census.
Contents
1 History
2 People of interest
3 Geography
4 Demographics
5 Utilities
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Medicine Park was founded on July 4, 1908, by Elmer Thomas, a young lawyer who had just become a member of the Oklahoma State Senate and would end his career in 1951 as a U.S. senator.
In the spring of 1906, five years after the establishment of the Wichita Mountains National Forest, Elmer Thomas envisioned the need not only for a recreational area but for a permanent water source for the newly founded nearby city of Lawton.
When the resort first opened, it consisted merely of a large surplus Army tent with a wooden floor where hot meals were served. Two dams were constructed on Medicine Creek to form Bath Lake Swimming Hole, and a limited number of campsites were constructed.
Tourists came to Medicine Park from around Oklahoma and North Texas. Soon, there were two inns—the Outside Inn and the Apache Inn. Bob Wills and The Texas Playboys became regulars at the Dance Hall from 1929 through the late 1930s. Soon numerous other famous bands of the day made their way through Medicine Park en route to big city venues in Oklahoma City, Dallas, and Fort Worth.
The nearby Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge and Lake Lawtonka attracted thousands of people each weekend and throughout the seasons. Medicine Park became the “playground” for the state’s rich, famous and notorious. Outlaws and horse thieves mixed with noted politicians and businessmen, soldiers and officers from Fort Sill, families, and socialites in the new cobblestone community. The pages of the town’s colorful history are filled with such figures as Will Rogers, Wiley Post, Frank Phillips, Al Capone, Bonnie and Clyde, Pretty Boy Floyd, Lil Hardin Armstrong, Colonel Jack Abernathy, Les Brown, Roy Rogers, and Dale Evans. [3]
An Oklahoma television station reported on June 13, 2018 that Expedia had named Medicine Park as "... the fifth prettiest town in the U.S."[4] The Lake Lawtonka Mountain Bike Trails located in the Medicine Park area were named the best mountain bike trails in Oklahoma by Singletracks Magazine in 2018.[citation needed]
People of interest[edit]
Elmer Thomas, the founder of Medicine Park, served in the Oklahoma State Senate from 1907 to 1920, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1923 to 1927 and a United States senator from 1927 until 1951.
Geography[edit]
Medicine Park is located at 34°44′00″N 98°29′02″W / 34.733270°N 98.483923°W / 34.733270; -98.483923Coordinates: 34°44′00″N 98°29′02″W / 34.733270°N 98.483923°W / 34.733270; -98.483923 (34.733270, -98.483923).[5]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 km2), of which, 1.7 square miles (4.4 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (2.89%) is water.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1970 483 —
1980 437 −9.5%
1990 285 −34.8%
2000 373 30.9%
2010 382 2.4%
Est. 2015 444 [6] 16.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[7]
According to the census of 2010, the town had 382 people living in 191 households and 112 families. The population density was 189.6 people per square mile (73.2/km²). There were 306 housing units at an average density of 151.8 per square mile (58.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 88.2% White, 0.8% African American, 3.7% Native American, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 2.4% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.0% of the population. Of the 191 households 16.2% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% were non-families. Of all households 35.6% were composed of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.58.
In the town, the population was spread out with 14.1% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 39.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105 males.
According to the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the town was $26,607, and the median income for a family was $33,929. Males had a median income of $22,321 versus $18,854 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,236. About 19.6% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.9% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.
Utilities[edit]
Medicine Park Telephone Company provides service, including DSL, to the town and the surrounding area. The company is in the process of an FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) project in Granite Ridge. Medicine Park will be one of the few communities in Oklahoma with FTTH.
Gallery[edit]
Cultural depictions of Medicine Park, Oklahoma
Waterfall on Medicine Creek
Waterfall on Medicine Creek with Mount Scott in the background
Fishing and kayaking on Medicine Creek (2013)
Bridge over Medicine Creek
Original cobblestone house in Medicine Park
Cobblestone construction in Medicine Park
Medicine Bluff Creek bridge is the passage from Medicine Park to the Wichita Mountains & Wildlife Refuge
Medicine Park, Oklahoma cobblestone archway ... cobblestone archways garnished the Medicine Park & Wichita Mountains landscapes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ http://www.lasr.net/travel/city.php?Old%20Plantation%20Restaurant&Attraction_ID=OK0203020a001&City_ID=OK0203020
Jump up ^ "Oklahoma town named among ‘Most Beautiful Towns in America’." KFOR-TV. Undated. Accessed June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Medicine Park.
Town website
Local area e-magazine and source for information
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
hide
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States
County seat: Lawton
Cities
Cache
Elgin
Lawton
Towns
Chattanooga‡
Faxon
Fletcher
Geronimo
Indiahoma
Medicine Park
Sterling
Unincorporated
communities
Bethel
Meers
Pumpkin Center
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicine_Park,_Oklahoma&oldid=857941526"
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text:
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Extreme Unction", part of The Seven Sacraments, by Rogier van der Weyden (1445).
Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament of the Catholic Church that is administered to a Catholic "who, having reached the age of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age",[1] except in the case of those who "persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin".[2] Proximate danger of death, the occasion for the administration of Viaticum, is not required, but only the onset of a medical condition considered to be a possible prelude to death.[3] The sacrament is also referred to as Unction, and in the past as Extreme Unction, and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the last rites (together with the Sacrament of Penance and Viaticum).
The sacrament is administered by a priest, who uses olive oil or another pure plant oil to anoint the patient's forehead and perhaps other parts of the body while reciting certain prayers. It is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.[4][5][6] Several other churches and ecclesial communities have similar ceremonies (see Anointing of the Sick for a more general discussion).
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
1.1 Sacramental graces
1.2 Biblical references
1.3 Names for the sacrament
2 Administration
2.1 Relationship with the "Last Rites"
2.2 Established form
3 Eastern Catholic churches
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
Introduction[edit]
Sacramental graces[edit]
The Catholic Church sees the effects of the sacrament as follows: As the sacrament of Marriage gives grace for the married state, the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick gives grace for the state into which people enter through sickness. Through the sacrament a gift of the Holy Spirit is given, that renews confidence and faith in God and strengthens against temptations to discouragement, despair and anguish at the thought of death and the struggle of death; it prevents the believer from losing Christian hope in God's justice, truth and salvation. Because one of the effects of the sacrament is to absolve the recipient of any sins not previously absolved through the sacrament of penance, only an ordained priest or bishop may administer the sacrament.[7][8]
"The special grace of the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has as its effects:
the uniting of the sick person to the passion of Christ, for his own good and that of the whole Church;
the strengthening, peace, and courage to endure in a Christian manner the sufferings of illness or old age;
the forgiveness of sins, if the sick person was not able to obtain it through the sacrament of penance;
the restoration of health, if it is conducive to the salvation of his soul;
the preparation for passing over to eternal life."[9]
An extensive account of the teaching of the Catholic Church on Anointing of the Sick is given in Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1499–1532.
Biblical references[edit]
The chief Biblical text concerning anointing of the sick is James 5:14–15: "Is any man sick among you? Let him bring in the priests of the church and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man. And the Lord shall raise him up: and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him." Matthew 10:8, Luke 10:8–9 and Mark 6:13 are also quoted in this regard.
Names for the sacrament[edit]
In the past, the usual name of the sacrament in official documents of the Catholic Church was Extreme Unction (meaning, Final Anointing), a name attached to it when it was administered as one of the "Last Rites". Peter Lombard (died 1160) is the first writer known to have used the term,[10] which did not become the usual name in the West till towards the end of the twelfth century, and never became current in the East.[11] The word "extreme" (final) indicated either that it was the last of the sacramental unctions (after the anointings at Baptism, Confirmation and, if received, Holy Orders) or because at that time it was normally administered only when a patient was in extremis.[10] In the early 1970s the official name was changed to Anointing of the Sick to reflect Church teaching, which had been present in the past.[12][13] "Extreme Unction" continues in popular use among those who prefer to keep the terminology that was customary before the Second Vatican Council (see Traditionalist Catholic).
The sacrament has also been known by various other names in Western Christianity throughout the years, including: the holy oil or unction of the sick; the unction or blessing of consecrated oil; the unction of God; the office of the unction. In the Eastern Church it is technically known as euchelaion (i.e., prayer-oil); other names used include: elaion hagion (holy), elaion, elaiou Chrisis, chrisma, or hegismenon (consecrated).[11]
Administration[edit]
In the Catholic Code of Canon Law, Canon 1004 states who may receive the sacrament: "The anointing of the sick can be administered to a member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age." When new illness develops or first illness relapses or worsens, the patient may receive the sacrament a further time. Anointing of the Sick may also be given numerous times in the case of old age or chronic illness based on the pastoral judgment of the priest.[14] The sacrament, as any sacrament, can only be given to someone who is alive; however, as the moment when the soul is entirely separated from the body (the traditional definition of death) is not known with precision, people can also be anointed conditionally (the sacramental formula preceded by "if thou art alive") during a brief time after already considered dead in the medicinal sense.
The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass.
Relationship with the "Last Rites"[edit]
Anointing of the Sick is one of, and often administered during, the rituals known as the Last Rites. However, the term "Last Rites" is not equivalent to "Anointing of the Sick", since it refers also to two other distinct rites: the sacraments of Reconciliation and Communion, the last of which is known as "Viaticum" (Latin:"provision for the journey") when administered to the dying. The normal order of administration of the rites is: first Reconciliation (if the dying person is physically unable to confess, absolution is given conditionally on the existence of contrition), then Anointing, then Viaticum.
Of the Last Rites, only a priest or bishop can administer the Sacraments of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick. In the absence of a priest these sacraments cannot be administered, but a lay person may give a dying person Holy Communion, which in this case is "Viaticum, the Last Sacrament of the Christian".[8][15]
Established form[edit]
The oil used in the sacrament is usually olive oil, though other oils may also be used.[16] It is blessed by the bishop of the diocese at the Chrism Mass he celebrates on Holy Thursday or on a day close to it. In case of necessity, the priest administering the sacrament may bless the oil within the framework of the celebration.[17]
In the Roman Rite of the Latin Church, the priest anoints the sick person's forehead and hands with oil (usually in the form of a cross), saying: "Through this holy anointing, may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit. May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up." He may also, in accordance with local culture and traditions, and the needs of the sick person, anoint other parts of the body, but without repeating the sacramental formula.
This is the form established for the Roman Rite through the papal document Sacram unctionem infirmorum of 1972. The form used in the Roman Rite in the preceding period included anointing of seven parts of the body (though that of the loins was generally omitted in English-speaking countries), while saying (in Latin): "Through this holy anointing, may the Lord pardon you whatever sins/faults you have committed by... ." The sense in question was then mentioned: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, walking, carnal delectation.[18]
Eastern Catholic churches[edit]
In the Eastern Catholic churches, the sacrament (or "sacred mystery") of Anointing the Sick is administered using various liturgies often identical with forms used by non-Catholic Eastern churches. Adaptation or development of the liturgical forms used in the Eastern Catholic churches is overseen by the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, part of the Roman Curia.
See also[edit]
Catholicism portal
Anointing of the Sick
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 1004". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 1007". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1514". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Seven Sacraments of the Church Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 319". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Anointing of the Sick". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "The Sacrament Of Anointing Of The Sick". Papalencyclicals.net. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1516". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Last Rites explanation". Beliefnet.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1532". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "unction"
^ Jump up to: a b Catholic Encyclopedia (1913): article "Extreme Unction"
Jump up ^ http://www.copiosa.org/liguori_sermons/liguori_sermon_38.htm whereby the sacrament is to be conferred on those who are "dangerously ill"
Jump up ^ canon 997 of the Code of Canon Law; cf. apostolic constitution Sacram Unctionem Infirmorum of 30 November 1972; and Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1512-1513
Jump up ^ (Rite of Anointing of the Sick, 102)
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1524-1525". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1513". Vatican.va. 1972-11-30. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 999". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ Extreme Unction, "Actual rite of administration". Old Catholic Encyclopedia. <<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05716a.htm>>
Bibliography[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church).
Poschmann Bernhard SJ (1963). Penance and the Anointing of the Sick. The Herder History of Dogma. Fr. Courtney SJ (transl. from German). Freiburg - London: Herder - Burns & Oates. p. 257.
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Division of Korea
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The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line
Detail of the DMZ
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The division of Korea between North and South Korea was the result of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945, ending the Empire of Japan's 35-year rule of Korea. The United States and the Soviet Union occupied the country, with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel.
With the onset of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent, unified Korea. In 1948, UN-supervised elections were held in the US-occupied south only. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula.
The subsequent Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) up to the present day.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
1.1 Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)
1.2 End of World War II
2 Post-World War II
2.1 US occupation of South Korea
2.2 Soviet occupation of North Korea
2.3 UN intervention and the formation of separate governments
3 Korean War
4 Geneva Conference and NNSC
5 Post-armistice relations
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Historical background[edit]
Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)[edit]
Main article: Korea under Japanese rule
When the Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of, and was annexed in 1910 by, Japan. The Korean king Gojong was removed. In the following decades, nationalist and radical groups emerged, mostly in exile, to struggle for independence. Divergent in their outlooks and approaches, these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1][2] The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition.[3]
End of World War II[edit]
Main article: World War II
In November 1943, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan's colonies, and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force. In the declaration after this conference, Korea was mentioned for the first time. The three powers declared that they were, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent."[4][5]
Regional movement of Soviet forces in 1945
At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe. On August 8, 1945, three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe, and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.[6] Soviet troops advanced rapidly, and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea. On August 10, 1945 two young officers – Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he "almost surely" would have chosen a different line.[7][8] The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone.[9] To the surprise of the Americans, the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan.[10]
Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north-east of the country, and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan.[11] On August 24, the Red Army reached Pyongyang.[10]
General Abe Nobuyuki, the last Japanese Governor-General of Korea, had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand-over of power. Throughout August, Koreans organized people's committee branches for the "Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence" (CPKI, 조선건국준비위원회), headed by Lyuh Woon-hyung, a left-wing politician. On September 6, 1945, a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short-lived People's Republic of Korea.[12][13]
Post-World War II[edit]
South Korean citizens protest Allied trusteeship in December 1945.
In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union, the US, the Republic of China, and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead-up to independence. Many Koreans demanded independence immediately; however, the Korean Communist Party, which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party, supported the trusteeship.[14][15] The US President Franklin Roosevelt had initiated the idea of the trusteeship for Korea in 1943.[16]
A Soviet-US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration, but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship.[17] Meanwhile, the division between the two zones deepened. The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics, and a transfer of population between North and South.[18] In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit.[19]
US occupation of South Korea[edit]
Main article: United States Army Military Government in Korea
Lyuh Woon-hyung giving a speech in the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence in Seoul on August 16, 1945
With the American government fearing Soviet expansion, and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum, the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times.[3]
On September 7, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs, and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which had operated from China, sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge, but he refused to meet with them.[20] Likewise, Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People's Republic of Korea and its People's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December.[21]
In September 1946, thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government. This uprising was quickly defeated, and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly.
The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US, became the most prominent politician in the South. On July 19, 1947, Lyuh Woon-hyung, the last senior politician committed to left-right dialogue, was assassinated by a right-winger.[22]
The government conducted a number of military campaigns against left-wing insurgents. Over the course of the next few years, between 30,000[23] and 100,000 people were killed.[24]
Soviet occupation of North Korea[edit]
Further information: Soviet Civil Administration and Provisional People's Committee for North Korea
Welcome celebration for the Red Army in Pyongyang on 14 October 1945
When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang, they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man-sik.[25] The Soviet Army allowed these "People's Committees" (which were friendly to the Soviet Union) to function. Colonel-General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration, taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions.
In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People's Committee was formed under Kim Il-sung, who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria. Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government. In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land-reform program: land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers.[26] Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people's committees, a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes. Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land, thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land. The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam. Official American sources stated: "From all accounts, the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed, but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power."[27] The farmers responded positively; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south, where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government. According to the U.S. military government, 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees.[28]
Key industries were nationalized. The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south, as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north.
Soviet forces departed in 1948.[29]
UN intervention and the formation of separate governments[edit]
South Korean demonstration in support of the U.S.-Soviet Joint Commission in 1946
South Korean general election on May 10, 1948
With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947. The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement. At that time, the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR.[30] The UN passed a resolution on November 14, 1947, declaring that free elections should be held, foreign troops should be withdrawn, and a UN commission for Korea, the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK), should be created. The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding, arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections. In the absence of Soviet co-operation, it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only.[31][32] Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right-wing candidates, but they were overruled.[33]
The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans, who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country. General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948.[19] In April, Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country. South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion. Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate, 70% of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops.[34] The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War.[35]
In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang, but the conference produced no results. The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south, as did other politicians and parties.[36][37] Kim Koo was assassinated the following year.[38]
On May 10, 1948 the south held a general election. On August 15, the "Republic of Korea" formally took over power from the U.S. military, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. In the North, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister.
On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea".[39]
Unrest continued in the South. In October 1948, the Yeosu–Suncheon Rebellion took place, in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government.[40] In 1949, the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents. The majority of the Bodo League's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership.[41] The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War. On December 24, 1949, South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists.[42]
Korean War[edit]
Main article: Korean War
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This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea, triggering the Korean War. The North overran much of the South until pushed back by a US-led United Nations intervention. The UN forces then occupied most of the North, until Chinese forces intervened and restored communist control of the North.
The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally.
Geneva Conference and NNSC[edit]
As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved, the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea.
The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice. Since 1953, members of the Swiss[43] and Swedish[44] Armed Forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ.
Post-armistice relations[edit]
Main article: Korean conflict § Continuing conflict
Since the war, Korea has remained divided along the DMZ. North and South have remained in a state of conflict, with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country. Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification.[45]
See also[edit]
Korea portal
List of border incidents involving North Korea
Korean conflict
Korean reunification
North Korea–South Korea relations
History of North Korea
History of South Korea
Partition of Vietnam
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 31–37. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 156–160. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ "Cairo Communique, December 1, 1943". Japan National Diet Library. December 1, 1943.
Jump up ^ Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990), "World War II and Korea", South Korea: A Country Study, GPO, Washington, DC: Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Walker, J Samuel (1997). Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8078-2361-9.
Jump up ^ Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. Basic Books. p. 5. ISBN 9780465031238.
Jump up ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 306. ISBN 9780742567177. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 18.
Jump up ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. Hawaìi studies on Korea. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. ISBN 9780742567139. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 53–57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Bluth, Christoph (2008). Korea. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-07456-3357-2.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 59–60, 65. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Hart-Landsberg, Martin (1998). Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy. Monthly Review Press. pp. 71–77.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Arthur Millet, The War for Korea, 1945–1950 (2005).
Jump up ^ Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings, Korea: The Unknown War, Viking Press, 1988, ISBN 0-670-81903-4.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947. Princeton University Press, 1981, 607 pages, ISBN 0-691-09383-0.
Jump up ^ Allan R. Millet, The War for Korea: 1945–1950 (2005) p. 59.
Jump up ^ Gbosoe, Gbingba T. (2006). Modernization of Japan. iUniverse. p. 212. ISBN 9780595411900. Retrieved 2015-10-06. Although Soviet occupation forces were withdrawn on December 10, 1948, [...] the Soviets had maintained ties with the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea [...]
Jump up ^ Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. pp. 100–101.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211–212. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ "Ghosts of Cheju". Newsweek. 2000-06-19. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211, 507. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. pp. 48, 496. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ "439 civilians confirmed dead in Yeosu-Suncheon Uprising of 1948 New report by the Truth Commission places blame on Syngman Rhee and the Defense Ministry, advises government apology". The Hankyoreh. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gov’t Killed 3,400 Civilians During War". The Korea Times. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ 두 민간인 학살 사건, 상반된 판결 왜 나왔나?'울산보도연맹' – '문경학살사건' 판결문 비교분석해 봤더니.... OhmyNews (in Korean). 2009-02-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ "NNSC in Korea" (PDF). Swiss Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Korea". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Feffer, John (June 9, 2005). "Korea's slow-motion reunification". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
References[edit]
Oberdorfer, Don. The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History. Addison-Wesley, 1997, 472 pages, ISBN 0-201-40927-5
Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947. Princeton University Press, 1981, 607 pages, ISBN 0-691-09383-0
Hoare, James; Daniels, Gordon (February 2004). "The Korean Armistice North and South: The Low-Key Victory [Hoare]; The British Press and the Korean Armistice: Antecedents, Opinions and Prognostications [Daniels]". The Korean Armistice of 1953 and its Consequences: Part I (PDF) (Discussion Paper No. IS/04/467 ed.). London: The Suntory Centre (London School of Economics).
External links[edit]
South Korean Ministry of Unification (Korean and English)
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Korea Web Weekly (English)
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Rulers.org, has list of Post-World War II US and Soviet administrators (English)
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