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List of The Cleveland Show characters
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The series principal characters. Left to right: Ernie Krinklesac, Tim the Bear, Cleveland Jr., Arianna the Bear, Terry Kimple, Rallo Tubbs, Donna Tubbs, Cleveland Brown, Roberta Tubbs, Federline Jones, Lester Krinklesac, and Holt Richter.
This is a list of characters in the Fox television series The Cleveland Show.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main characters
1.1 Cleveland Brown
1.2 Donna Tubbs Brown
1.3 Cleveland Brown Jr.
1.4 Roberta Tubbs
1.5 Rallo Tubbs
2 Brown/Tubbs relatives
3 Neighbors
3.1 Bear family
3.2 Krinklesac family
3.3 Richter family
3.4 Choni's family
4 Characters based in other locations
4.1 Waterman Cable
4.2 Stoolbend High School
4.3 Harper Elementary School
5 Others
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Main characters[edit]
Cleveland Brown[edit]
Main article: Cleveland Brown
Cleveland Brown (voiced by Mike Henry) is the protagonist of the series. He is a heavy-set African-American male who is very polite to everyone and has a unique laugh. He was formerly one of Peter Griffin's best friends in Family Guy and also owned and ran a deli. In "Pilot" he moves to the town of Stoolbend, Virginia to show his son where he grew up (even though Cleveland was in love with Donna but they were only friends and she did not know it). Eventually re-sparking his relationship with her, they get married and he and his son move in with her and her two children. Cleveland is usually depicted as exceedingly gentle and patient, and it is only on rare occasions that he has been known to lose his temper and resort to violence. However, Cleveland gets visibly annoyed with racist behavior, which sometimes is justified. He often acts as the voice of caution when other characters hatch harebrained schemes. Cleveland's speech is slow and almost elongated in Family Guy, but in The Cleveland Show his voice has a wide variety. Various flashbacks give conflicting histories of his speech patterns. He is shown as a more sexual, stupid, and violent character in his new form than he was originally.
Donna Tubbs Brown[edit]
Donna Tubbs Brown
The Cleveland Show/Family Guy character
First appearance
"Pilot"
Voiced by
Sanaa Lathan
Information
Full name
Donna Lou Retton Tubbs Brown[1]
Nickname(s)
Don
Occupation
Secretary at Stoolbend High School
Family
Dorothy "DeeDee" Retton(mother)
Uncle Kevin/Auntie Momma
Janet Retton (sister)
Spouse(s)
Robert Tubbs (divorced)
Cleveland Brown
Children
Roberta, Rallo
Donna Tubbs Brown who is voiced by Sanaa Lathan is the second wife of Cleveland Brown and works as the principal's secretary at Stoolbend High School. She has two biological children from her previous relationship with Robert (last name unknown, which is a joke later in the series), Roberta and Rallo, and she has kept her maiden name (seen in "Pilot", Cleveland says, "Back in high school, I would have given anything to spend the night at Donna Tubbs' house."). As a result of her marriage to Cleveland, she has adopted a third child, his son Cleveland Brown Jr.
Donna and Cleveland were initially best friends in high school, although Cleveland clearly had romantic feelings towards her. Donna unfortunately was for the most part oblivious to his feelings, and instead dated Cleveland's unofficial rival Robert. Despite Cleveland's attempts to get Donna to see Robert for what he truly was (a self-centered, irresponsible jerk), Donna ended up marrying Robert shortly after graduation. Seeing no reason to remain, Cleveland left Stoolbend and Donna behind.
Despite many attempts at making their marriage work, Donna and Robert ended up separating due to Robert's heavy drinking and drug abuse, leaving Donna to raise their children alone. Robert would visit occasionally, but more out of selfish desire than any familial reasons. After years apart, Donna was of course overjoyed to see her best friend, Cleveland again. Cleveland and his son, who were passing through Stoolbend while driving to California, had stopped by the high school to retrace Cleveland's old haunting grounds. Donna invites the Browns to stay at her house, which results in a rekindling of their friendship that soon blossoms into a full-blown romance. The two soon marry, and honeymoon in New York City a few months later.
Having been friends for years prior to getting married, Cleveland and Donna have a close relationship both sexually and platonically. Donna comes off much more patient and understanding than Cleveland's first wife, Loretta, and is more attentive to him as well. Her relationship with her children meanwhile is somewhat more shaky, as both her children are the result of a broken home and neglectful father. Donna does her best to keep her children under control, but is aware that they need a father figure at times. Yet despite any issues that she and her kids have, it is clear that they care for one another. Donna's relationship with Cleveland Jr. meanwhile is underdeveloped yet, save for the fact that Cleveland Jr. is quick to do what he can to follow Donna's wishes for fear of another divorce occurring. It is also implied that he sees Donna as the mother figure that Loretta should've been. However, she has shown to be willing to protect him from danger, such as when she saved him from an ax-wielding Donny in "A Nightmare on Grace Street" by throwing a wine glass at his head.
She takes care of odd jobs, assisting Principal Wally when he is indisposed and serving as a secretary of sorts (she can type 85 words per minute).
She is shown with an extremely large posterior, that is joked about often in the series.
She tends to drink a lot of wine to the point she might be an alcoholic.
She is a talented and proud Recorder player and wears a wig that hides her gray hair.
She is quick-tempered.
In "Mama Drama", it is revealed that her mother is Dee Dee Tubbs who was part of a musical group until she left Donna with Uncle Kevin. The two of them reunited by the end of the episode.
Cleveland Brown Jr. [edit]
Main article: Cleveland Brown Jr.
Cleveland Brown Jr., also referred to as just Junior and also Cleveland Raj Rerun Dwayne Brown[2] (voiced by Mike Henry in "Family Guy," Kevin Michael Richardson in "The Cleveland Show"), is the obese biological son of Cleveland Brown and his late ex-wife Loretta. He debuted in the season 2 episode "Love Thy Trophy" on the animated TV show Family Guy. During his time in Family Guy he was shown to be skinny, hyperactive, and athletic. He was presumably taken into Loretta's custody after she divorced Cleveland in "The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire" and has since become severely obese. He suffers from mild seizure-like episodes which he refers to as "brainstorms" and takes medication to control them. It was revealed in the episode "The Hurricane!" that he "doesn't believe in God", although he claims he is not an atheist either, which he calls "another religion". His voice is the mixture of Miss Piggy's voice and Bernie Mac's voice stuck together in this show.
Roberta Tubbs[edit]
Roberta Tubbs
First appearance
"Pilot"
Voiced by
Nia Long (2009–2010)
Reagan Gomez-Preston (2010–2013)
Information
Full name
Roberta Coretta Tubbs
Relatives
Biological family: Rallo, Donna and Robert
Stepfamily: Cleveland and Cleveland Jr.
Roberta Tubbs (sometimes Roberta Benigni Tubbs) is the fifteen-year-old, biological daughter of Donna and her ex-husband, Robert. She looks up to Tyra Banks, hoping to one day become her co-hostess. A relatively popular girl in school, Roberta is often seen socializing with her friends, both in person, and using phones, or social networking websites. She has been dating a less than respectable boy by the name of Federline Jones, who Donna does not much approve of, but who Cleveland has managed to bully into submission. As with many popular students, Roberta often acts as a bully and a self-centered character, even towards her own family members.
Neither Roberta nor her brother Rallo are initially pleased with the arrival of Cleveland and Cleveland Brown Jr., though both appear to accept their mother marrying Cleveland without much issue. In fact, Roberta and Cleveland seem to fall into a rather stereotypical father/daughter relationship, with Roberta being embarrassed by her stepfather's behavior when he attends social functions at her school. Eventually she accepts Cleveland as her father.
Roberta seems to have a love/hate relationship with her brother Rallo. In the first episode, Roberta reneges on her responsibility to babysit him in order to go out with her friends. However, she seems able to share plenty of witty dialogue with her brother, apparently seeing him as something of an intellectual equal, despite his age. Roberta's relationship with Cleveland Jr. has shown promise of being a decently caring one, despite a shaky beginning. Initially both Roberta and Rallo are disturbed by how clean and attentive Cleveland Jr. is in regards to Donna's parental requests. Initially annoyed at him making them look bad and did all they could to make him miserable, they become sympathetic when they realize that he never accepted his parents' divorce and showing resentment towards his own mother for her adulterous affair and has been doing all he can to avoid giving into his sorrow. Together, Rallo and Roberta do all they can to help Cleveland Jr. let his feelings out and at the same time, they accept him as their brother. Despite her occasional kindness towards him however, Roberta regularly tends to neglect and distance from Junior and even bully him with the other popular students out of selfishness and/or on behalf of her own social structure and goals, even accusing him of stealing a chocolate bar over Rallo. She can also talk like Robert, although she seems a bit resentful of his failures as a parent compared to the sense of hero worship Rallo feels toward him. Roberta seems to have an archrival in Lacey Stapleton. Her usual clothing is a green tube top with blue jeans, gold hoop earrings and necklace and bracelets, and white and black-striped sneakers. She also wears white pearl earrings and her hair has a white streak in it. She wears pink lipstick.
Rallo Tubbs[edit]
"Rallo" redirects here. For other uses, see Rallo (disambiguation).
Rallo Tubbs
The Cleveland Show character
First appearance
"Pilot"
Voiced by
Mike Henry
Information
Full name
Montclair Tubbs
Nickname(s)
Rallo
Family
Biological family: Sister: Roberta, Mother: Donna and Father: Robert
Step family: Cleveland and Cleveland Jr.
Montclair "Rallo" Tubbs is the five-year-old, biological son of Donna and her ex-husband, Robert. He has one biological sister, Roberta. As a result of his mother marrying Cleveland, Rallo has gained Cleveland Brown Jr. as a stepbrother, Rallo has a light blue shirt with dark blue shorts and red sneakers and he sports a black Afro. His best friends are Julius and Walt.
Despite his age, and the fact his father has been mostly absent most of his life, Rallo acts much like Robert, behaving at times very articulate, yet hormonally charged. He seems to get along fairly well with his mother Donna and has a normal love/hate relationship with Roberta, who at times seems to neglect him, yet at other times speaks to him as if an intellectual equal.
Rallo frequently runs errands for his mother but never remembers to get the change. As a result, he is able to save enough money to buy a 1967 Mustang on eBay. His childlike defiance and hyperactive mischief when being tended to by Roberta was so extreme (including excitedly wiping himself by dragging his bare posterior on the floor) as to scare her away from sex, lest she risk creating anything like him. The fact that Rallo is some sort of child prodigy, makes him an analogue of Cleveland's former neighbor, Stewie Griffin.
With the new arrivals of Cleveland and Cleveland Jr., Rallo has shown some initial reluctance to accept both into his life, actively insulting them, such as joking about their weight. However, he warms up to Cleveland, who manages to teach him how to handle checking out the girls in his kindergarten class. When Cleveland inadvertently kills the family dog, Rallo is devastated by the loss, but comes to respect Cleveland for all the work he did in trying to "find him" when Rallo thought the dog was merely missing, as well as the effort Cleveland put into trying to be a good parent to Roberta.
Despite being younger than his new stepbrother Cleveland Jr. Rallo seems to take a more aggressive hand in their interaction, openly insulting Junior. However, this seems to just be Rallo's way of addressing people in general, and not done with any deep malice intended. In fact, their relationship is showing promise of being a decently caring one at this point. In "Birth of a Salesman," both Roberta and Rallo are disturbed by how clean and attentive Cleveland Jr. is in regards to Donna's parental requests. Initially annoyed at him making them look bad, they become sympathetic when they realize that he never accepted his parents' divorce, and has been doing all he can to avoid giving into his sorrow. Together Rallo and Roberta do all they can to help Cleveland Jr. let his feelings out and at the same time, they accept him as their brother.
Rallo seems to somewhat value cleanliness and etiquette from houseguests, as demonstrated by his indignant reaction to Cleveland and Cleveland Jr., not making their beds after staying the night with the Tubbs family in the pilot.
He was an antisemite, as discovered in "Ladies' Night". After befriending a Jewish senior citizen in "Murray Christmas", even going so far to celebrating Hanukah with him, it appears that he no longer is. His antisemitism is contradicted by his affection toward his stereotypically Jewish teacher, Mrs. Hadassah Lowenstein, to whom he declared, "You mean the world to me. The world to me!"
In one episode, he becomes racist towards white people after learning of the history of slavery in the United States. Rallo then go on rants to kill and harm white people, but changes his stance once he sees that the Krinklesac family are not racists, are not responsible for owning slaves and actually enjoy many of the same activities and foods as himself.
His favorite meal consists of fish sticks and Tater Tots, and, before his stepfather moved in, he sat at the head of the dinner table.
Donna mentions in "Brotherly Love" that Rallo takes diarrhea medicine.
In the episode "American Pranksters", Cleveland asks Donna why his name is Rallo. Donna replies to that question by stating it was from "That guy from Sanford and Son" (referring to Rollo Larson).
Brown/Tubbs relatives[edit]
Evelyn "Cookie" Brown (voiced by Frances Callier) – Evelyn is Cleveland's mother and Cleveland Jr.'s paternal grandmother. Her first appearance was in the episode "A Brown Thanksgiving". She is hypercritical of Donna because she never forgave her for spurning Cleveland in favor of Robert in high school. Cleveland is quite oblivious to his mother and Donna's rough relationship.
LeVar "Freight Train" Brown (voiced by Craig Robinson) – LeVar is Cleveland's father and Cleveland Brown Jr.'s paternal grandfather. His name is a reference to LaVar Ball. He is abusive towards Cleveland who he has never forgiven for humiliating him by losing a game show and a trip to Orlando for him and causing him to hide out at home in shame so long that he lost both his job and his chance to try out for the Washington Redskins, and has a history of leaving and then reuniting with his wife, Cookie, who is unaware he has more than a dozen other sons of various ages and races as seen in the episode "You're the Best Man, Cleveland Brown." LeVar seems to be close to the Griffin family, where he calls Rallo Tubbs "Black Stewie." He seems to resemble Jim Brown. In "Who Done Did It" it is revealed that LeVar writes mystery novels under the pseudonym of Jocelyn Elderwood. In "Who Done Did It?" while teaching Rallo and Cleveland Jr. about writing mystery novels, he leads them into proving Cleveland's innocence when he ends up in jail upon Lydia Waterman dying from what appeared to be from an egg to the head only for it to be from a peanut allergy induced by Lloyd Waterman and the Coroner.
Broderick Brown – Cleveland's younger brother who is a doctor who first appears in the Family Guy episode He's Too Sexy for His Fat. He previously worked as a plastic surgeon in Quahog and before enlisting in the navy. He appears in the episode "Our Gang" where he rescues Cleveland and Cleveland Jr. from a drug gang by trading Afghani heroin to the gang for their freedom.
Robert (voiced by Corey Holcomb) – Robert is Donna's first husband and the biological father of Roberta and Rallo. At the start of the show, he had grown negligent of the statuses of his children, not even knowing their names, which convinced Donna to accept Cleveland as her true love. Swearing revenge on Cleveland, Robert left with the Tubbs' pet parakeet Joan. Although since the pilot, his intentions for revenge seemed to have been forgotten. Like Cleveland, Donna's neighbors do not like Robert because of his arrogant ways where he stole Lester's good lighter (the Bic one), broke Holt's Game Boy, and even had sex with Tim's wife Arianna (as seen in "Cleveland Live!"). He is currently an unemployed bum, while Rallo thinks he is at first an FBI agent, then Santa Claus. His relationship with Roberta has seemingly worsened over time, but his relationship with Rallo has at least remained consistently decent.
Auntie Momma (voiced by Kym Whitley as a female, Kevin Michael Richardson as a male) – Auntie Mama is Donna's caring, lovable, eccentric aunt. She is large and fat and her appearance and mannerisms are a parody of Tyler Perry's character Madea. A running gag is that each time Auntie Momma shows flatulence, she says "I'm Outrageous!". Auntie Momma was originally Donna's Uncle Kevin, and when Donna was younger, her parents were never around. So Uncle Kevin becomes Auntie Momma through a sex change (though still maintaining his penis) in order to provide Donna with a strong female influence in her life. Donna is very fond of her but is unaware she used to be a man. When Cleveland finds out, he keeps it from her to preserve their relationship. Auntie Momma has sex with LeVar Brown without him realizing about the penis. LeVar had a vomit reaction to this when Cleveland told him outside of the house. In "Mama Drama," Cleveland enlisted Auntie Momma to help him find Dee Dee Tubbs. In a flashback recalled by Dee Dee Tubbs, we are shown what Uncle Kevin looks like when Dee Dee leaves a baby Donna with him. By the end of the episode, Dee Dee finds out that Auntie Momma was Uncle Kevin after a sex change.
Loretta Brown (voiced by Alex Borstein) – Loretta is Cleveland's late ex-wife, and the mother of Cleveland Jr. She had a liking for cricket and the television program Friends. Early in the show, Loretta had a minimal quantity of lines, the bulk of which were "Mm-hmm!" She treats Cleveland harshly, and eventually cheats on him with Glenn Quagmire, leading the Browns to divorce. In the episode "Love, Blactually", it is revealed that Loretta has regretted her actions and wants Cleveland back, but he refuses her advances. Cleveland informs her he needs to move on, and advises her to do the same. She takes Cleveland's house in the divorce and puts it up for sale, yet is still apparently living there some months later. In "Gone with the Wind", Loretta dies in an accident where Peter drops an Apatosaurus skeleton that Brian dug up on her house while she is sitting in an upstairs bathtub causing her to go through the same bathtub gag that Cleveland goes through which she doesn't survive. Quagmire ended up driving her body down to Stoolbend for her funeral.
Dee Dee Tubbs (voiced by Phylicia Rashād) – The long-lost mother of Donna Tubbs. Due to a musical career as a member of a musical group called "The Towlettes," Dee Dee had to leave a baby Donna with Uncle Kevin. Many years later as seen in "Mama Drama," Dee Dee Tubbs resurfaces where Shirley (the actress that Cleveland and Auntie Momma hired to portray Dee Dee when they were unable to find her) dies and she confronts Cleveland about the death certificate which has caused her all sorts of problems with her mortgage and health club membership. Cleveland wants to introduce her to Donna, but Dee Dee insists that all she wants is to get her life straightened out and explains that she has too many regrets. Cleveland offers to show her to Donna without anyone catching on and Dee Dee agrees. Cleveland sets up an accident and Donna is introduced to her mother as an innocent victim. After learning Dee Dee's reason for leaving her with Uncle Kevin, Donna quotes that she won't call Dee Dee "mom" but will call her "mama." When Donna asks Dee Dee about Uncle Kevin, Dee Dee was surprised to figure out that Uncle Kevin was masquerading as Auntie Momma all these years. In the Family Guy episode Candy, Quahog Marshmallow, Cleveland reveals the Dee Dee died of suicide.
Neighbors[edit]
A number of characters in the show live on the same street as the Brown family. All were seen attending the wedding of Cleveland and Donna Brown.
Bear family[edit]
Tim (voiced by Seth MacFarlane from Season 1-3, Jess Harnell from Season 3-4) – Tim is one of Cleveland and Donna's neighbors in Stoolbend who just happens to be a bear. He is thirty-five years old[2] and lives with his wife, Arianna, and his son, Raymond. He has deep religious convictions (often attending Stoolbend Community Church and having his honeymoon in Israel). He works as a telemarketer at Waterman Cable. He becomes Cleveland's drinking buddy at The Broken Stool, where he also converses with Holt and Lester. He apparently smokes in secret, as he asks Cleveland not to tell his wife about it. He also has a very deep Eastern European accent, has trouble with American euphemisms, and has a tendency to stammer a lot. He finds it racist when someone screams because he is a bear. Additionally, he often accidentally slashes things with his claws, something he is quite ashamed of. In "Brown History Month", Cleveland stated that Tim's father was a black bear and that his mother was a kangaroo, actually making him a hybrid between the species rather than a bear. Tim has often hinted at his attraction to Donna, similar to Quagmire's attraction to Lois on Family Guy. Seth MacFarlane stopped voicing the role after episode S3EP10 for reasons unknown, and finally Jess Harnell took over.
Arianna (voiced by Arianna Huffington) – Arianna is the wife of Tim and one of Cleveland and Donna's neighbors in Stoolbend. Arianna has a son named Raymond. Like her son and husband, Arianna is a bear. She is unaware that Tim smokes, as he deliberately keeps it a secret from her. She seems like a normal stereotypical housewife. She is not against purchasing lavish things; a store that deals with foreign coffees has her credit card on file. She also speaks Italian, further supporting her enjoyment of foreign things. However, she makes her own confetti, suggesting she may make up for her expensive tastes in coffee by cutting costs elsewhere. In episode 21 of season one it is revealed that Arianna was with Tim's father before she went with him. Arianna is strict and takes religion very seriously, being much more assertive in her beliefs than her husband. She can often be critical of how Donna runs her life: before Cleveland married Donna, Arianna did not allow the neighbor into her house, looking down on her status as a single mother. She has also talked down on the types of clothes Donna allows Roberta to wear. For her and Tim's honeymoon, they went to Israel. She does not approve of Raymond kissing boys or girls or of the Jewish Mrs. Lowenstein running the Christmas show.
Raymond (voiced by Nat Faxon) – Son of Tim and Arianna and neighbors with Cleveland and Donna in Stoolbend. He appears briefly in the pilot at Cleveland and Donna's wedding. Raymond's father believes that he is useful for doing chores around the house that he does not want to do. Raymond is also considered popular in high school since he hangs out with Roberta, Federline, and Oliver, as seen in the episode "From Bed to Worse". However, Raymond is also smart and nicer than his friends and helps out with charities, such as spending his Thanksgiving with his family helping feed the poor in the episode "A Brown Thanksgiving." In "Field of Streams," it is revealed that he is a frequent user of marijuana and avidly listens to Pink Floyd records. Unlike his parents, who are European, Raymond speaks with an American accent.
Krinklesac family[edit]
Lester Krinklesac (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – One of Cleveland and Donna's neighbors in Stoolbend, Lester is a redneck with a large beer gut. He is 38 years old and he is apparently on friendly terms with his neighbor Donna, being at first concerned that Cleveland is stalking Donna but promptly apologizes to her when he realizes Cleveland was an invited guest. He becomes Cleveland's drinking buddy at The Broken Stool conversing with Tim and Holt, Cleveland even helped Lester get his son back from a rather money obsessed foster family. He was thought to be a Neo-Confederate, but it was revealed that he has no clue about any of that when he proclaims that the Navy Jack adorning his house is a "Dukes of Hazzard flag". In the Season 1 finale, it is revealed Lester has a sister who is a stripper. He also appears to be very good at making racing cars.
Kendra Krystal Krinklesac (voiced by Aseem Batra) – She is the wife of Lester the redneck. Kendra is also a redneck with a high pitched voice and is possibly disabled. She is morbidly obese (a foil to Lester, who has a distended belly), a compulsive eater, she has type 2 diabetes and even once being said that she had cholesterol that couldn't be measured, and wears a colostomy bag. She first appeared in the pilot episode at Cleveland and Donna's wedding. Kendra also appeared in "Da Doggone Daddy-Daughter Dinner Dance" in her house with Lester. She is often seen driving a Rascal electric scooter, although in at least one episode she becomes so enraged that she feebly gets up off the scooter and walks a short distance. In the "Once Upon a Tyne in New York" episode, her husband drives a limousine whose license plate reads "Virginia / IFKNDRA", which when properly elongated reads "I fuck Kendra". It is revealed in "Cleveland's Angels" that she is brilliant at counting cards, was once hot and skinny, and is aged somewhere in her 60s. It is also revealed that she was previously married to a Baron. However, these last two revelations might not be true since Cleveland dismissed them as "stupid stories." In "Ain't Nothin' But Mutton Bustin'" it was suggested that she and Lester may be half siblings from his father's second family, but in "To Live and Die in VA" it is revealed he was with her since sophomore year of high school when she was his guidance counselor. Among other things, Kendra is also revealed to be a devoted fan of Alan Alda.
Ernie Krinklesac (voiced by Glenn Howerton) – Ernie is the 17-year-old son of Lester and Kendra and Cleveland Jr.'s best friend. Ernie first appeared in the episode "Pilot" at Cleveland and Donna's wedding. Ernie also appeared in the episode "The One About Friends" where Ernie befriended Cleveland Jr. and went so far as to wanting to move in with him. This episode also showed that the Krinklesac household was no place for Ernie to be raised, and he was taken away by child services. Ernie and his father bond when they discover that the only reason they didn't want to live together was because they thought the other did not, and Lester is able to bring Ernie back home. After visiting Arnold's Whoreshack in "Cleveland Jr.'s Cherry Bomb", Ernie apparently married a whore known as "Two Vergine" Merline. Ernie also appears to work in a slaughterhouse. He apparently is very talented in woodshop (actually building a Grandfather Clock that doubles as a portal to a fantasy world). He seems to resemble Cleveland Jr. before he became overweight. Cleveland considers Ernie "weird" in which he once told Lester to "Keep your weird son away from my weird son."
Princess – Krinklesac family's pet opossum.
Richter family[edit]
Holt Richter (voiced by Jason Sudeikis) – Holt is a 32-year-old frat boy wannabe. Holt attempts to be a suave, pop-culture reference-dropping bro, but the effect is undercut by his short stature (he is short enough to be mistaken for a child, as proven by Kendra occasionally referring to him as "the baby man"), as well as the fact that he still lives with his mother. He enjoys Game Boy and Entourage, and is frequently seen playing or practicing golf. He drives a Chrysler Crossfire named Appolonia. Holt has a tattoo of Jeremy Piven on his chest. His occupation is personal trainer at a local gym.
Mrs. Richter (voiced by Fergie) – The unnamed and unseen mother of Holt who lives with him.
General Richter – The strict father of Holt who works in the military.
Choni's family[edit]
Choni (voiced by Rosie Perez) – Choni is a woman who is the aunt of Cecilia and the mother of Marco. She is the owner of Choni's Cantina (a Mexican restaurant). When Lester calls immigration for Cecilia's appearance in the USA without a Green Card, Choni blames Cleveland causing Cleveland Jr. and Cecilia to go on the run. In "There Goes El Neighborhood," Choni and her family move into Cleveland's neighborhood. She was still at odds with Cleveland after what nearly happened to her niece. In "The Wide World of Cleveland Brown," it is revealed that Choni is related to Sofía Vergara.
Cecilia Moreno (voiced by Elia Saldana) – The niece of Choni and wife of Cleveland Jr. who works at her aunt's restaurant. Cleveland Jr. develops a crush on her in her first appearance. When Lester calls immigration for Cecilia's appearance in the USA without a Green Card, Choni blames Cleveland causing Cleveland Jr. and Cecelia to go on the run. Cleveland Jr. and Cecelia had to get engaged in order for Cecelia to remain in the USA. In "There Goes El Neighborhood," Cecilia was with Choni when she and her family moved into Cleveland's neighborhood.
Marco – Choni's young son.
Characters based in other locations[edit]
Waterman Cable[edit]
Lloyd Waterman (voiced by Bruce McGill) – He is the head of Waterman Cable who hires Cleveland to be a salesman. His workers are Terry and Tim the Bear. He used to be a racist (stated because of his mother's teaching) but changed his views after seeing Cleveland's salesmanship. He is shown to be a homosexual, seen in the episode "Birth of a Salesman" when Cleveland is about to be fired and spies a Sex and the City mug and a collection of homoerotic pictures of Terry on Mr. Waterman's wall. He has a crush on Terry. However, he is married to Lydia Waterman who is aware that he is gay. In the Christmas episode, when Mr. Waterman shows off his reindeer, Roberta asks his wife "so he just keeps that poor thing locked away and then brings it out and shows it off on Christmas as a prop." she replies "Yes. I can't imagine how that feels." In "Who Done Did It," Waterman and the coroner kill Lydia with Jasmine infused peanut oil in her soup (as Lydia has a fatal allergy to peanuts) so that they can be together (this ended up framing Cleveland with Lydia's death being from an egg). Their plot was exposed by LeVar "Freight Train" Brown, Cleveland Jr., Rallo, and Donna and they're now spending the rest of their lives in jail (even though it took a year to get Cleveland out of jail). Due to his arrest and conviction, it's likely his company went out of business, which likely resulted in Cleveland's decision to move back to Quahog.
Terry Kimple (voiced by Jason Sudeikis) – Terry is a high school friend of Cleveland who once took the fall for him when the two were busted for smoking marijuana. Because of moments of this, he does seem to care and respect him along with others. He has a very laid-back attitude. He installs cable, but almost loses his job when he crashes the Waterman Cable van on what would have been his third DUI. Mr. Waterman has a secret crush on Terry and has pictures of him on his wall. Cleveland eventually works beside Terry as a cable guy. He participates in Cleveland plans such as retaking his jersey or helping him save a friend. It is revealed that he has a daughter he has not seen in a year and a half in "Field of Streams" and in "Terry Unmarried" he reveals that he is bisexual, ("I've been with a lot of hot women, and I've been with a few hot dudes.") later marrying his boyfriend Paul (voiced by Justin Timberlake) in Vermont. He has a son named Terry Jr. ("Ain't Nothin' But Mutton Bustin'") and a daughter that he hasn't seen in years ("Field of Streams").
Arch (voiced by Mike Henry) – An employee of Waterman Cable. He seems to be very serious, being quite a stickler when it comes to office etiquette.
Aaron (voiced by Alec Sulkin) – One of Cleveland's co-workers. He once helped Cleveland win a Civil War reenactment of "The Battle of Stoolbend" against B. Emerson Plunkett V.
Florence (voiced by Mike Henry) – Florence is Lloyd Waterman's assistant who seems to be more favored than the other employees.
Jane (voiced by Fergie) – She is a worker at Waterman Cable. Jane is shown to love cats, as she has lots of them living in her apartment, one of which is seemingly capable of using her answering machine. She first appears in "Buried Pleasure" when Holt meets her online. They initially hit it off over their shared love of music, but the relationship gets dangerous on Holt's end when Jane gets aggressive with him and starts beating him regularly. When Cleveland, Tim, Lester, and Terry all try to get her to stop, she beats up all of them, as well, knowing they will not strike her back for being a female. She is finally driven off and forced to end her relationship with Holt after losing a brawl with Donna, who fights her out of anger for hurting Cleveland (and physical assists from Arianna and Kendra for hurting their respective husbands certainly do not hurt). She makes a cameo appearance at LeVar and Evelyn's wedding in "You're the Best Man, Cleveland Brown" (though why she was there is inexplicable, given that she was on poor terms with most of the characters).
Tori (voiced by Rutina Wesley) – Tori is a worker that first appears in "Frapp Attack." She started a good relationship with Cleveland which made Donna jealous. In "Brownsized," Tori made a cameo at the assembly when Lloyd Waterman announces the company lay-off.
Stoolbend High School[edit]
Principal Wally Farquhare[3] (voiced by Mike Henry in the first appearance, Will Forte in later appearances) – He is the principal of Cleveland Jr's and Roberta's school, and is a former high-school classmate of Cleveland's. He hates both Cleveland and Terry because they bullied him in high school. When he threatened to tell the principal about how Cleveland's group was drinking back when they were students, Cleveland chased him to try and beat him up, making him fall and then urinate all over himself, soaking his thighs and pocket contents. He first appeared in "Ladies Night," where Cleveland Jr. runs for the election for Student President. He has the mannerisms of a teenager. In "Field of Streams," he tries to get revenge on Cleveland by torching Cleveland's jersey but was stopped by Cleveland Jr. Cleveland then decides to teach Principal Wally a lesson for almost torching his jersey, as well as for calling Cleveland Jr. a "chubby loser." However, after Cleveland corners Principal Wally, he once again urinates his pants soaking his thighs and pocket contents to Cleveland's delight. In "American Prankster," it is shown that Principal Wally is the leader of a Boy Scouts that Cleveland Brown Jr. is a part of. Farquhare's name may be a reference to Fauquier County in Northern Virginia, and his character is described as "an effeminate Will Forte."
Gabriel Friedman (voiced by Jamie Kennedy) – more commonly known as Federline Jones, is Roberta's Jewish classmate and boyfriend. He is a reference to rapper Kevin Federline/"K-Fed." In the pilot episode, Cleveland made sure Federline brought Roberta home at exactly 10PM. Cleveland has since loosened this curfew, agreeing to let Roberta come home at midnight in exchange for Federline helping Cleveland Jr. with the ladies. In "The One About Friends," Roberta thought that if Ernie was allowed to move into the Tubbs-Brown home, Federline should be allowed to move in as well. Federline appears to only be dating Roberta for her body, not caring if she's smart as long as she's physically attractive. He spends "A Brown Thanksgiving" with her, but two hobos steal his Cutlass and he manages to retrieve it at the soup kitchen, where he learns that family is the most important thing of all. Further referencing Kevin Federline, Federline enjoys rap and hip-hop and Cleveland describes him as a lame, inside-out Oreo, overall a stereotypical wigger. His catchphrase involves him rhyming something with "flip", such as "script", followed by a high pitched sound similar to a siren. As for his rapping skills—he gets beaten up at T.G.I. Cheney's for playing one of his recordings. Nevertheless, he has released at least one CD, "Fireman Killer". His parents, both professors, appear supportive, but behind that façade is deep disdain. His real name was revealed to be Gabriel Friedman in "Brotherly Love". In "Love Rollercoaster" he admits he only dates Roberta for her body; despite knowing this, Roberta continues to date him. However, she broke up, then made up, with him in "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta?", then in "Nightmare on Grace Street" she pursues Edwin Mullins and Caleb while Federline is studying for his SATs. Federline's parents, Sarah and Saul Friedman (Bebe Neuwirth, Jason Alexander), teach at State College; in "B.M.O.C." they bump into Federline and Roberta and give them the tour, impressed with the assumption that Roberta convinced Federline to attend college (they were actually trying to get away from Cleveland). Federline and his father sit in The Broken Stool planning Thanksgiving in "Turkey Pot Die" and he is inexplicably dressed similar to Abraham Lincoln during "Anny the Musical" in "A Vas Deferens Between Men & Women".
Oliver Wilkerson (voiced by Mike Henry) – He is a popular deaf jock and school bully at Stoolbend High School. He is the captain of the school football team and often teases and torments Cleveland Jr. He leads the popular kids at his school and his closest friends are apparently Derek, Laine, and Reggie, although they are often seen without him.
Derek (voiced by Julius Sharpe) – One of Oliver's friends at Stoolbend High School. He is also possibly his right-hand man and like Oliver, he wears a letterman's jacket and is on the school softball team and possibly the football team as well. When he attempts to join the others in making fun of other students (notably Cleveland Jr.), he goes much too far by often making incredibly inappropriate comments, much to Laine's anger.
Laine (voiced by Alec Sulkin) – One of Oliver's friends at Stoolbend High School. He is apparently the most intelligent of Oliver's main group of friends.
Reggie (voiced by Clarence Livingston) – One of Oliver's friends at Stoolbend High School. He is most likely the most humorous of Oliver's gang. His catchphrase is "Whoa!"
Kenny West (voiced by Kanye West) – The slick Rapper of Stoolbend High. He first appears in "Brotherly Love." Cleveland Jr. and Kenny get in a rap battle to impress a girl. Then he re-appeared in the first episode in season 2 where Cleveland Brown helped to jump start Kenny's musical career.
Harper Elementary School[edit]
Mrs. Hadassah Lowenstein (voiced by Alex Borstein) – Rallo's kindergarten teacher at Harper Elementary School. In the pilot episode, she expelled Rallo from school for pulling down her pants, but Cleveland convinced her to give him another chance. She is a stereotypical Jew; when Cleveland asks if he can call her Hadassah, she says "Ochay", referring to the stereotypical "ch' sound heard in Hebrew and Yiddish.
Julius Nemeth (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – One of Rallo's best friends, along with Walt, who attends Harper Elementary School.
Walt Fuller (voiced by Al Thompson) – One of Rallo's best friends, along with Julius, who attends Harper Elementary School.
Theodore Parker Jr. III (voiced by T-Pain) – One of Rallo's friends at Harper Elementary School. He is good friends with Bernard.
Bernard Bernard (voiced by will.i.am) – One of Rallo's friends at Harper Elementary School. He is good friends with Theodore.
Hot Wheels (voiced by Mike Henry) – One of the kids at Harper Elementary School. He wears roller blades. Despite being in kindergarten, he already shows signs of being part of the "alternative lifestyle." He resembles former American Idol contestant Adam Lambert.
Others[edit]
Coach Charles McFall (voiced by Mike Henry) – He worked as a baseball coach during Cleveland's high school days at Stoolbend High School. When Cleveland wanted to start up the Waterman Yards again, Cleveland found Coach McFall working as a janitor at the Broken Stool. He suffers from pronounced oral cancer from years of tobacco-chewing (as shown with part of his right cheek missing, similar to the scar seen on Jonah Hex) and is apparently homeless. In "Once Upon a Tyne in New York", it is revealed that he once went out with Tyne Daly.
Gus (voiced by David Lynch) – He works as a bartender at the Broken Stool, before which he studied Drama at Northwestern University. Gus seems to be on good terms with Cleveland and his friends, giving them their drinks for free. However, he may just be unintelligent as he does not pay his mortgage on the bar, and learns quite a bit of bartending from the fourteen-year-old Cleveland Jr. Gus is also very lax, hiring Cleveland Jr. to work at his bar and letting people almost push him around. In "A Nightmare on Grace Street", it is revealed that he uses parts of human corpses as the meat in the sandwiches served at his bar, possibly to save money on real meat. In "Escape from Goochland", it is revealed that Gus is 117 years old. In "The Hangover Part Tubbs", it is revealed that Gus also runs a restaurant called Gustavo's on the second floor that is above the Broken Stool.
Larry the Leopard – Larry is Cleveland Jr.'s stuffed toy leopard. Cleveland is self-conscious about his son having a stuffed animal as a friend at his age. As Cleveland describes this to Donna, he says "The boy's fourteen and he still talks to stuffed animals. And worse, listens to them too! And then changes his opinion based on what they told him!"
Murray (voiced by Carl Reiner) – Murray is a Jewish senior citizen who Rallo meets at the retirement home. He teaches Rallo about the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.
Angus (voiced by Alec Sulkin) – A radio show host and occasional sports commentator and one of Cleveland's high school friends.
Gordy (voiced by John Viener) – A radio announcer who is the co-host and best friend of Angus and one of Cleveland's high school friends.
Dr. Fist (voiced by Seth MacFarlane in the earlier appearances, Bryan Cranston in later appearances, understudied by Tom Kenny in "Skip Day") – A doctor that works at Stoolbend's hospital. Due to Seth MacFarlane working on the film Ted, Tom Kenny had to cover for Seth by voicing Dr. Fist starting with "Skip Day." In "Fist and the Furious," it is revealed that Dr. Fist was originally called Green-Jarvis Ben-Ellis(based on BenJarvus Green-Ellis) had a private practice until he was approached by members of the New York Mafia to save one of their fellow members from multiple stab injuries. Then he was approached by the FBI to put anesthesia on the Mafia Don enough to put him in a coma so that he can go under Witness Protection. Cleveland learns this when they end up pursued by members of the New York Mafia. He was later shot by Cleveland when the New York Mafia failed to do the job. Cleveland was able to save Dr. Fist's life by doing it Operation style. Three months later, Dr. Fist decides to stay in Stoolbend now that the New York Mafia thinks that he is dead.
Donny (voiced by Danny Smith) – Formerly a leisure-suit-wearing patron of the Broken Stool and a former acquaintance of Cleveland's, Donny was first seen in "How Cleveland Got His Groove Back", when Cleveland temporarily sought out a new circle of friends to avoid the shame of facing his current drinking buddies after Lester struck him out in baseball. However, he quickly became annoyed by Donny's tendency to frequently tell bad jokes and began to treat him fairly poorly. Donny's more prominent appearance came in "A Nightmare on Grace Street," when Cleveland continued treating him dismissively out of sheer annoyance with him (and there were hints that this had been going on long before the events of the episode). The repeated rejections caused him to have a psychotic break, and he plotted to murder Cleveland in his home with an axe on Halloween. When he turned out not to be home, he instead settled for trying to kill Donna and Cleveland Jr., while he waited for his main target. Eventually, he simply took them prisoner until Cleveland arrived home with Rallo, at which point he attempted to kill them, as well. He was killed in self-defense in a final showdown with Cleveland (with an assist from Rallo), and his body was taken by Gus to be used for sandwich meat at the Broken Stool.
Dwayne Meighan (voiced by Mike Henry) – Dwayne is the local television newscaster of Stoolbend.
Fern Stapleton (voiced by Kristen Wiig in the first appearance, Beth Littleford in later appearances) – Fern is the mother of Lacey Stapleton and Kyle Stapleton.
Mike (voiced by Brandon Richardson) – The band member leader who help Cleveland Brown and Kenny West find his street cred.
Mayor Larry Box (voiced by Larry Box) – The Mayor of Stoolbend who is mildly-profane.
Mr. Flippers (voiced by Mike Henry) – A magical flying walrus that would save the characters during the "Scene Missing" parts.
Reverend Jenkins (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A reverend who works at the Stoolbend Community Church. He first appeared in "Gone with the Wind" where he proceeded over Loretta Brown's funeral.
Sarah Friedman (voiced by Bebe Neuwirth) – Sarah Friedman is the mother of Gabriel and works as a university professor alongside her husband Saul.
Saul Friedman (voiced by Jason Alexander) – Saul Friedman is the father of Gabriel and works as a university professor alongside his wife Sarah. He allows his son to promote his CD at his house. Saul was present at LeVar and Cookie's wedding.
Yvette (voiced by Rutina Wesley) – She is Donna Tubbs's best friend. She first appears in the episode "Ladies' Night". She made a second appearance in the episode "Brotherly Love."
See also[edit]
List of Family Guy characters
List of American Dad! characters
References[edit]
As of this edit, this article uses content from "Donna Tubbs-Brown", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
Jump up ^ Kevin Biggins, Travis Bowe (writers) & Phil Allora (director) (April 1, 2012). "Frapp Attack!". The Cleveland Show. Season 3. Episode 16. Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Dave Jeser, Matt Silverstein (writers) & Jack Perkins (director) (November 20, 2011). "Skip Day". The Cleveland Show. Season 3. Episode 4. Fox.
Jump up ^ The Voice of Wally
External links[edit]
Official The Cleveland Show website on FOX.com
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Carbon–carbon bond
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A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.[1] The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals are sp3-hybridized orbitals, but single bonds formed between carbon atoms with other hybridisations do occur (e.g. sp2 to sp2). In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridisation. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that isn't involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp-hybridized orbital and two p-orbitals from each atom. The use of the p-orbitals forms a pi bond.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chains and branching
2 Synthesis
3 Bond strengths
4 See also
5 References
Chains and branching[edit]
Carbon is one of the few elements that can form long chains of its own atoms, a property called catenation. This coupled with the strength of the carbon–carbon bond gives rise to an enormous number of molecular forms, many of which are important structural elements of life, so carbon compounds have their own field of study: organic chemistry.
2,2,3-trimethylpentane
Branching is also common in C−C skeletons. Different carbon atoms can be described by the number of carbon neighbors they each have:
Primary carbon: one carbon neighbor
Secondary carbon: two carbon neighbors
Tertiary carbon: three carbon neighbors
Quaternary carbon: four carbon neighbors
In "structurally complex organic molecules", it is the three-dimensional orientation of the carbon–carbon bonds at quaternary loci which dictates the shape of the molecule.[2] Further, quaternary loci are found in many biologically active small molecules, such as cortisone and morphine.[2]
Synthesis[edit]
Carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions are organic reactions in which a new carbon–carbon bond is formed. They are important in the production of many man-made chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and plastics.
Some examples of reactions which form carbon–carbon bonds are aldol reactions, Diels–Alder reaction, the addition of a Grignard reagent to a carbonyl group, a Heck reaction, a Michael reaction and a Wittig reaction.
The directed synthesis of desired three-dimensional structures for tertiary carbons was largely solved during the late 20th century, but the same ability to direct quaternary carbon synthesis did not start to emerge until the first decade of the 21st century.[2]
Bond strengths[edit]
Relative to most bonds, a carbon–carbon bond is very strong.[3]
C–C bond
Molecule
Bond dissociation energy (kcal/mol)
CH3−CH3 ethane 90
C6H5−CH3 toluene 102
C6H5−C6H5 biphenyl 114
CH3C(O)−CH3 acetone 84
CH3−CN acetonitrile 136
CH3−CH2OH ethanol 88
See also[edit]
An extensive list is presented here: list of carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions
The chemistry of carbon bonded to other elements in the periodic table:
[show]Compounds of carbon with other elements in the periodic table
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CH He
CLi CBe CB CC CN CO CF Ne
CNa CMg CAl CSi CP CS CCl CAr
CK CCa CSc CTi CV CCr CMn CFe CCo CNi CCu CZn CGa CGe CAs CSe CBr CKr
CRb CSr CY CZr CNb CMo CTc CRu CRh CPd CAg CCd CIn CSn CSb CTe CI CXe
CCs CBa CHf CTa CW CRe COs CIr CPt CAu CHg CTl CPb CBi CPo CAt Rn
Fr CRa Rf Db CSg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
CLa CCe CPr CNd CPm CSm CEu CGd CTb CDy CHo CEr CTm CYb CLu
Ac CTh CPa CU CNp CPu CAm CCm CBk CCf CEs Fm Md No Lr
Chemical bonds to carbon
Core organic chemistry Many uses in chemistry
Academic research, but no widespread use Bond unknown
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dembicki, Harry (2016-10-06). Practical Petroleum Geochemistry for Exploration and Production. Elsevier. p. 7. ISBN 9780128033517.
^ Jump up to: a b c Quasdorf, Kyle W.; Overman, Larry E. "Review: Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocentres". Nature (paper): 181–191. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..181Q. doi:10.1038/nature14007.
Jump up ^ Yu-Ran Luo and Jin-Pei Cheng "Bond Dissociation Energies" in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th Edition.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon–carbon_bond&oldid=808883508"
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text:
History of the firearm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: History of gunpowder
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The phalanx-charging fire-gourd, one of many hand cannon types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing, 14th century.
After the Chinese invented black powder during the 9th century,[1][2][3] these inventions were later transmitted to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. The direct ancestor of the firearm is the fire lance. The prototype of the fire lance was invented in China during the 10th century and is the predecessor of all firearms.
Hand cannon from the Chinese Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368).
Contents
[hide]
1 China
2 Middle East
3 Europe
3.1 Early modern age
3.2 Repeating and automatic firearms
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Further reading
8 External links
China[edit]
The direct ancestor of the firearm is the fire lance, a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower (not to be confused with the Byzantine flamethrower); shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.[3][4] The earliest known depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang.[5] The De'an Shoucheng Lu, an account of the siege of De'an in 1132 during the Jin–Song Wars, records that Song forces used fire-lances against the Jurchen.[6]
The proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximize its explosive power.[4] To better withstand that explosive power, the paper, and bamboo of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced with metal.[3] And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.[4] With this, the three basic features of the gun emerged: a barrel made of metal, high-nitrate gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the muzzle so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.[7]
The earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan dating to the 12th century of a Chinese figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard with flames and a cannonball coming out of it.[8][9] The oldest surviving firearm is the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, which was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District where the History of Yuan records that battles were fought at that time; Li Ting, a military commander of Jurchen descent, led footsoldiers armed with guns in battle to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan.[10]
Middle East[edit]
Guns - Safavid Empire - Iran (Persia)
The Middle East obtained firearms in the 14th century.[11] Al-Hassan claims that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 saw the Mamluks use against the Mongols "the first cannon in history" gunpowder formula which are almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder.[12][13] However, Khan states that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world[14] and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.[15]
Europe[edit]
One theory of how gunpowder came to Europe is that it made its way along the Silk Road through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century.[16][17] English Privy Wardrobe accounts list "ribaldis," a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at the Siege of Calais (1346–47).[18]
The first mention of firearms in Russia is found in the Sofiiskii vremennik chronicle, where it is stated that during the 1382 defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh's Golden Horde, Muscovites used firearms called tyufyaki (Russian: тюфяки), which were of Eastern origin; this word derives from Turkic tüfäk "gun".[19][20]
Around the late 14th century in Italy, smaller and portable hand-cannons or schioppi were developed, creating in effect the first smoothbore personal firearm. In the late 15th century, the Ottoman Empire used firearms as part of its regular infantry.
The earliest surviving firearm in Europe was found in Otepää, Estonia and it dates to at least as early 1396.[21]
Early modern age[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Page showing a musketeer (Plate 4) from Jacob de Gheyn's Wapenhandelinghe van Roers, Musquetten ende Spiessen (1608)
During the early modern age, these hand-held cannons evolved into the flintlock rifle, then the breech loader and finally the automatic weapon.

As ignition devices, matchlocks, wheellocks, snaplock, flintlocks and percussion caps were used in turn.
The paper cartridge was introduced sometime before 1586, and the bayonet came to use in 16th century France. Hand grenades, thrown by grenadiers, appeared around the same time.
Early cartridge firearms had to be cocked and caught by the "sear", which holds the hammer back, before each shot. Pulling the trigger allows the hammer or striker to fly forward, striking the "firing pin," which then strikes the "primer," igniting an impact-sensitive chemical compound (historically, first fulminate of mercury, then potassium chlorate, now lead styphnate) which shoots a flame through the "flash hole" into the cartridge's propellant chamber, igniting the propellant.
The Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts became important to the history of firearms during the 1850s, when it debuted the Springfield rifle.[22] Springfield rifles were among the very first breech-loading rifles, starting production in 1865. By that time, metallurgy had developed sufficiently so that brass could be worked into fixed ammunition. Previously, each round was custom made as needed: the shooter poured loose powder down the barrel, used leather or cloth for wadding if time allowed, selected a suitable projectile (lead ball, rocks, arrow, or nail), then seated the projectile on top of the powder charge by means of a ramrod. Performance was erratic. Fixed ammunition combined a primer, the pre-measured charge, and the projectile in a water-resistant brass cartridge case. Most importantly, the soft brass expanded under pressure of the gas to seal the rear end of the barrel, which prevented the shooter from being maimed by escaping high-pressure gas when he pulled the trigger.
Repeating and automatic firearms[edit]
A repeating firearm or "repeater" is a firearm that holds more than one cartridge and can be fired more than once between chargings. One example of a repeater is the American Springfield Model 1892–99—also made at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts—which were used during the Spanish–American War. Some repeating firearms require manipulation of a bolt (as in bolt action), lever, or slide to eject the fired cartridge case, draw a fresh cartridge from the magazine, and insert it into the firing chamber, and "cock" (draw to the rear and place under spring tension) the hammer or striker, so that pulling the trigger will fire the weapon. Others use either the firearm's recoil or a small portion of the propellant gas drawn from the barrel, to operate the firearm's mechanism and ready it for the next shot. Such firearms are sometimes called "self-loading," but are more commonly known as semi-automatic, if they fire one shot for every pull of the trigger, or automatic or "full-auto" if they continue to fire until the trigger is released and the magazine is empty.
A revolver is a unique type of firearm in which a rotating cylinder holds a number of cartridges; the cylinder "revolves" to align each "chamber" or "charge hole" with the rear of the barrel, hold the cartridge and contain the pressure (up to 65,000 pounds per square inch or 450 MPa) produced when the cartridge is fired. Thus the cylinder serves as both magazine and firing chambers. There are also "single- shot" and multiple barrel firearms, which hold only one cartridge per barrel and must be reloaded manually between shots.
The earliest repeating firearms were revolvers (revolving rifles were sometimes called "turret guns") and were "single action" in that they could only be fired one way: by manually cocking the mechanism (drawing the hammer to the rear with the thumb) before each shot. This design dates from 1836, with the introduction of the Colt Paterson, or even earlier. Though they are slower to reload and fire than some other types of firearms, single-action revolvers are of a simple, strong design, and are still made, though they are nowadays used more often for hunting than for self-defense. The double-action revolver is a design almost as old as the single action. Some double-action revolvers, called double-action only or D.A.O. revolvers can only be fired using the trigger (e.g., revolvers with bobbed or hidden hammers). Most double-action revolvers can be fired in either of the two ways. One can cock the hammer (the action of which moves levers to rotate the cylinder and align a fresh cartridge with the rear of the barrel), then pull the trigger for each shot ("single-action mode") or one may simply pull the trigger, through a longer, heavier stroke. This causes levers and springs to both rotate the cylinder and draw the hammer to the rear, then release it, firing the cartridge. Firing a double-action revolver in single-action mode tends to be more accurate, because the trigger pull is much shorter and lighter; usually three or four pounds-force (18−22 newtons) of pull is sufficient, instead of the twelve to twenty pounds (50−90 N) required for double-action mode, so the firearm's aim and mobility is less likely to be disturbed by the force of pulling the trigger.
The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the Gatling gun, invented by Richard Jordan Gatling and fielded by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s. It is operated by a hand crank and rotates multiple barrels. The Gatling gun needs a four-man crew to function and has had many upgrades since its introduction and has been used in many conflicts.
Self-loaders are firearms that use some of the discharge energy to reload the firearm. These are also called semi or full-automatics. These are typically fed from a tube or detachable magazine, sometimes referred to as a "clip" (which denotes a magazine reloading device used in certain rifles, or a retainer for flangeless bullets used in certain revolvers). The world's first self-loading firearm is the Maxim gun, developed by British inventor Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884, capable of firing 600 rounds per minute but requires a team of men to maintain and is not portable by one man. The Maxim gun has been used in a vast number of conflicts.
The world's first successful self-loading rifle is the Mondragón rifle, designed by Mexican general Manuel Mondragón and was the first self-loading firearm able to be operated by a single rifleman, since its debut in 1908 it received few modifications (bipod, 30-round drum magazine) and has been used during the Mexican Revolution (Mexican Army) and World War I (Imperial German Flying Corps).
The world's first submachine gun (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the MP18.1, invented by Theodor Bergmann. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the Stosstruppen (assault groups specialized in trench combat). Submachine guns came to prominence during World War II, with millions manufactured. During the war, manufacturers moved away from finely crafted but expensive submachine guns such as the Thompson, in favor of cheaper models that were quicker to manufacture, such as the M3.
The first successful assault rifle was introduced during World War II by the Germans, known as the StG 44, it was the first-ever firearm which bridges the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. The assault rifle was a more powerful and had longer ranges than the submachine gun, yet can be used comfortably in close, urban environments and on fully automatic from the shoulder unlike heavier machine guns and long semi-auto rifles, thanks to its intermediate round and select-fire option (switch from fully automatic to semi-automatic). After World War II ended, the assault rifle concept was adopted by every world power and is still being used to this day.
The battle rifle was a post-World War II development pushed primarily by the United States that desired a select-fire rifle that retained the long range of the M1 Garand (the US service rifle during World War II and the Korean War). Influenced by the US, NATO members adopted battle rifles of their own. In practice, the powerful cartridge of the battle rifle proved to be difficult to control during fully automatic fire and the concept was not further developed.
See also[edit]
Science and technology of the Song dynasty
Jiao Yu
Huolongjing
History of cannon
History of weapons
Military history
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gunpowder".
Jump up ^ "Who Built It First?". Archived from the original on 2016-04-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chase 2003, pp. 31–32
^ Jump up to: a b c Crosby 2002, p. 99
Jump up ^ Needham 1986, pp. 8–9
Jump up ^ Needham 1986:222
Jump up ^ Needham 1986, p. 10
Jump up ^ Lu, Needham & Phan 1988
Jump up ^ Chase 2003:31–32
Jump up ^ Needham 1986:293–294
Jump up ^ Chase 2003:1 "The Europeans certainly had firearms by the first half of the 14th century. The Arabs obtained firearms in the 14th century too, and the Turks, Iranians, and Indians all got them no later than the 15th century, in each case directly or indirectly from the Europeans. The Koreans adopted firearms from the Chinese in the 14th century, but the Japanese did not acquire them until the 16th century, and then from the Portuguese rather than the Chinese."
Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine., History of Science and Technology in Islam.
Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine., History of Science and Technology in Islam.
Jump up ^ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", Journal of Asian History, 30: 41–5 .
Jump up ^ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press .
Jump up ^ Norris 2003:11
Jump up ^ Chase 2003:58
Jump up ^ David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; ISBN 978-1-85532-966-9.
Jump up ^ Firearms in Russia
Jump up ^ (in Russian) First Gun Volleys
Jump up ^ Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Bibliography[edit]
Buchanan, Brenda J. (2006), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-5259-9
Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2
Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79158-8
Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03718-6
Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3
Norris, John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300-1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press .
Sun Laichen (2006) Chinese Gunpowder Technology Technology and Dai Viet, ca. 1390 -1497. In Vietnam Borderless Histories Eds Nhung Tuyet Tran & Anthony Reid University of Wisconsin Press
Further reading[edit]
Chase, Kenneth. Firearms: A Global History to 1700 (2008) excerpt
DK. Firearms: An Illustrated History (2014) excerpt
Pyhrr, Stuart W. (1985). Firearms from the collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870994258.
Silverman, David J. Thundersticks: Firearms and the Violent Transformation of Native America (2016) excerpt
Wills, Chuck and Robert Lindley. The Illustrated History of Guns: From First Firearms to Semiautomatic Weapons (2014) excerpt

External links[edit]
"From AD142 to present day - Important dates in the history of Firearms".
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