text:
Spinning Wheel (song)
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"Spinning Wheel"
Single by Blood, Sweat & Tears
from the album Blood, Sweat & Tears
B-side
"More and More"
Released
1969
Format
7" (45 rpm)
Recorded
October 9, 1968
Genre
Jazz fusion, pop rock, psychedelic rock
Length
4:05 (Stereophonic album version)
3:26 (Quadraphonic album version)
2:39 (single edit)
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
David Clayton-Thomas
Producer(s)
James William Guercio
Blood, Sweat & Tears singles chronology
"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
(1969) "Spinning Wheel"
(1969) "And When I Die"
(1969)
"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
(1969) "Spinning Wheel"
(1969) "And When I Die"
(1969)
"Spinning Wheel"
Single by Peggy Lee
from the album A Natural Woman
B-side
"Lean on Me"
Released
March 1969
Format
7" (45 rpm)
Genre
Jazz fusion, pop rock
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
David Clayton-Thomas
Producer(s)
Phil Wright
Peggy Lee singles chronology
"Big Spender"
(1969) "Spinning Wheel"
(1969) "Is That All There Is?"
(1969)
"Big Spender"
(1969) "Spinning Wheel"
(1969) "Is That All There Is?"
(1969)
"Spinning Wheel" is the title of a song from 1968 by the band Blood, Sweat & Tears. The song was written by the band's Canadian lead vocalist David Clayton-Thomas and appears on their eponymous album.
Released as a single in 1969, "Spinning Wheel" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July of that year, remaining in the runner-up position for three weeks.[1] In August of that year, the song topped the Billboard easy listening chart for two weeks.[2] It was also a crossover hit, reaching #45 on the US R&B chart.
"Spinning Wheel" was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 1970 ceremony, winning in the category Best Instrumental Arrangement. The arranger for the song was the band's saxophonist, Fred Lipsius. It was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year; the album won the Grammy for Album of the Year.
Clayton-Thomas was quoted as describing the song as being "written in an age when psychedelic imagery was all over lyrics...it was my way of saying, 'Don't get too caught up, because everything comes full circle'."[2]
The song ends with the 1815 Austrian tune "O Du Lieber Augustin" ("The More We Get Together" or "Did You Ever See a Lassie?")[3] and drummer Bobby Colomby's comment: "That wasn't too good", followed by laughter from the rest of the group. According to producer James William Guercio this section was inserted at the last minute after the end of the master tape was recorded over accidentally by an engineer at the studio. Most of this section and the trumpet solo were edited out for the single version. The eight-bar piano solo which precedes the trumpet solo on the album version is overlapped with guitar on the single version before the last verse. Alan Rubin sat in on trumpet for Chuck Winfield, who wasn't able to attend the song's recording session.
Peggy Lee's 1969 single release climbed the Easy Listening chart, with a peak at #24, even before the BST version.[4]
A Benny Goodman's instrumental version was released on a Reader's Digest album in 1973.[5][6]
Towards the end of 2016, the original studio arrangement received extensive airplay on many San Francisco Bay Area radio stations. In December 2016 it was listed at #13 on radicalwave.com's list of the 'Top 50 Annoying Songs of the 20th Century'. It also earned inclusion in a similar list compiled by The Stranger magazine in Seattle, Washington.
Other artists who have covered "Spinning Wheel" are Shirley Bassey, who included the song on her 1970 album Something, and Nancy Wilson, who covered it in the Hawaii Five-O episode "Trouble in Mind," which originally aired September 23, 1970. In 1970 Marianne Mendt released a version of the tune in Austria as "A g'scheckert's Hutschpferd", and Barbara Eden performed a live version[7] that aired in the U.S. Jazz organist Dr. Lonnie Smith recorded an extended instrumental version for his 1970 Blue Note album Drives. American organist Lenny Dee covered Spinning Wheel on an album by the same name in 1970.[8] James Brown scored a minor hit in 1971 with an instrumental version of the song, reaching #90 on the Billboard Hot 100.[9][10] The Canadian a cappella music group, Cadence also covered this song. In 1970 P.P. Arnold recorded a version produced by Barry Gibb but it was not released. An instrumental rendition of this song was used as a cue on the first Wheel of Fortune pilot titled Shopper's Bazaar. Maynard Ferguson released a big-band arrangement by Adrian Drover on his 1972 album "M.F. Horn Two". In Germany, a part of the song was used as opening tune for the political cabaret TV show "Neues aus der Anstalt", aired 2007-13.
In 1983, British company Graham & Brown launched a famous and long-running UK television advertising campaign for their wallpaper Super Fresco, set to the tune of "Spinning Wheel" (albeit slightly modifying the original phrasing): "What goes up, must come down. Super Fresco makes it easy; it's by Graham & Brown."
"Spinning Wheel" was sampled in "War Photographer" by Jason Forrest,[11] "Sons of Third Bass" by Third Bass, "Big Willie" by Run DMC, and "Zatsunen Entertainment" by the Japanese rap group Rip Slyme.
The tune was also covered (actually, apparently plagiarized) by Milli Vanilli for their 1990 hit, All or Nothing.
The song is performed by Jeffrey Tambor's character Hank Kingsley in the episode "Larry's Agent" The Larry Sanders Show, where he creates a more latin sound to it, hoping to perform a tap dancing along with the song.
"Spinning Wheel" appears in the following films: Indian Summer, Where the Truth Lies, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, and Elvis & Nixon.
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1969 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 68.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of #1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications), page 74.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research, Inc. p. 66. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
Jump up ^ http://www.peggyleediscography.com/p/capitolee2c.php
Jump up ^ "Various - Linger Awhile". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Jump up ^ Bruce Kennewell (2011-06-17), Benny Goodman & Orchestra - Spinning Wheel, retrieved 2017-10-26
Jump up ^ Barbara Eden "Spinning Wheel" on YouTube
Jump up ^ AllMusic Review by Ron Wynn (1970-01-02). "Drives - Dr. Lonnie Smith | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2000). Top Pop Singles 1955–1999. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, Inc. p. 79. ISBN 0-89820-140-3.
Jump up ^ White, Cliff (1991). "Discography". In Star Time (pp. 54–59) [CD booklet]. New York: PolyGram Records.
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Graham & Brown advertising campaign
Preceded by
"Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet"
by Henry Mancini US Billboard Easy Listening number-one single
by Blood, Sweat & Tears
August 2, 1969 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"In the Year 2525"
by Zager & Evans
[show]
v
t
e
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Dave Gellis
Glenn McClelland
Jon Ossman
Carl Fischer
Barry Danielian
Charley Gordon
Ken Gioffre
Joel Rosenblatt
Bo Bice
Al Kooper
Randy Brecker
Jerry Weiss
Fred Lipsius
Dick Halligan
Steve Katz
Jim Fielder
Bobby Colomby
David Clayton-Thomas
Lew Soloff
Dave Bargeron
Bobby Doyle
Joe Henderson
Lou Marini Jr.
Larry Willis
Georg Wadenius
Jerry Fisher
Tom Malone
Ron McClure
Luther Kent
Jaco Pastorius
Steve Khan
Mike Stern
Don Alias
Roy McCurdy
Barry Finnerty
Neil Stubenhaus
Gregory Herbert
Steve Conte
Dave Panichi
Glenn McClelland
Jerry Sokolov
Franck Amsallem
Ted Kooshian
Dave Pietro
Rob Paparozzi
Jason Paige
Bernard Purdie
Studio albums
Child Is Father to the Man
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Blood, Sweat & Tears 3
Blood, Sweat & Tears 4
New Blood
No Sweat
Mirror Image
New City
More Than Ever
Brand New Day
Nuclear Blues
Live albums
In Concert
Live and Improvised
Live
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Found Treasures
The Collection
Super Hits
Rare, Rarer & Rarest
Soundtracks
The Owl and the Pussy Cat
Singles
"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
"Spinning Wheel"
"And When I Die"
[show]
v
t
e
James Brown singles
Billboard charting singles (R&B and Pop)
1950s
1956
"Please, Please, Please"
1958
"Try Me"
1959
"I Want You So Bad"
1960s
1960
"I'll Go Crazy"
"Think"
"You've Got the Power"
"This Old Heart"
"The Bells"
1961
"Bewildered"
"I Don't Mind"
"Baby, You're Right"
"Just You and Me, Darling"
"Lost Someone"
1962
"Night Train"
"Shout and Shimmy"
"Mashed Potatoes U.S.A."
"Three Hearts in a Tangle"
"I've Got Money"
1963
"Like a Baby"
"Every Beat of My Heart"
"Prisoner of Love"
"These Foolish Things"
"Signed, Sealed, and Delivered"
1964
"Oh Baby Don't You Weep"
"Please, Please, Please"
"Caldonia"
"The Things That I Used to Do"
"Out of Sight"
"Have Mercy Baby"
1965
"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"
"Try Me"
"I Got You (I Feel Good)"
1966
"Lost Someone"
"I'll Go Crazy"
"Ain't That a Groove"
"It's a Man's Man's Man's World"
"Money Won't Change You"
"Don't Be a Drop-Out"
"Sweet Little Baby Boy"
1967
"Bring It Up"
"Kansas City"
"Think"
"Let Yourself Go"
"Cold Sweat"
"Get It Together"
"I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)"
"There Was a Time"
1968
"You've Got to Change Your Mind"
"I Got the Feelin'"
"Licking Stick – Licking Stick"
"America Is My Home"
"I Guess I'll Have to Cry, Cry, Cry"
"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"
"Goodbye My Love"
"Tit for Tat (Ain't No Taking Back)"
1969
"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose"
"Soul Pride"
"I Don't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing (Open Up The Door, I'll Get It Myself)"
"The Popcorn"
"Mother Popcorn (You Got to Have a Mother for Me)"
"Lowdown Popcorn"
"World"
"Let a Man Come In and Do the Popcorn"
"Ain't It Funky Now"
1970s
1970
"It's a New Day"
"Funky Drummer"
"Brother Rapp"
"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine"
"Super Bad"
"Santa Claus Is Definitely Here to Stay"
"Get Up, Get into It, Get Involved"
1971
"Spinning Wheel"
"Soul Power"
"I Cried"
"Escape-ism"
"Hot Pants"
"Make It Funky"
"I'm a Greedy Man"
1972
"Talkin' Loud and Sayin' Nothing"
"King Heroin"
"There It Is"
"Honky Tonk"
"Get on the Good Foot"
"I Got a Bag of My Own"
"What My Baby Needs Now Is a Little More Lovin'"
1973
"I Got Ants In My Pants (And I Want to Dance)"
"Down and Out in New York City"
"Think"
"Sexy, Sexy, Sexy"
"Stoned to the Bone"
1974
"The Payback"
"My Thang"
"Papa Don't Take No Mess"
"Funky President (People It's Bad)"
"Coldblooded"
1975
"Reality"
"Sex Machine"
"Hustle!!! (Dead on It)"
"Superbad, Superslick"
"Hot (I Need To Be Loved, Loved, Loved, Loved)"
1976
"(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons"
"Get Up Offa That Thing"
"I Refuse to Lose"
"Bodyheat"
1977
"Kiss in 77"
"Give Me Some Skin"
"If You Don't Give a Doggone About It"
1978
"Eyesight"
"The Spank"
"For Goodness Sakes, Look at Those Cakes"
1979
"It's Too Funky in Here"
"Star Generation"
1980s
1980
"Regrets"
"Rapp Payback (Where Iz Moses)"
1981
"Stay with Me"
1983
"The Night Time Is the Right Time (To Be With the One That You Love)"
1984
"Unity"
1985
"Living in America"
1986
"Gravity"
1987
"How Do You Stop"
1988
"I'm Real"
"Static"
1989
"Gimme Your Love"
1990s
1991
"(So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On"
1993
"Can't Get Any Harder"
UK-only
charting
singles
"Hey America" (1970)
"Bring It On...Bring It On" (1983)
"Froggy Mix" (1985)
"She's the One" (1988)
"The Payback Mix" (1988)
"I Got You (I Feel Good) [James Brown v. Dakeyne]" (1992)
"Funk on Ah Roll" (1999)
Notable
productions
"The Grunt" (1970)
"Gimme Some More" (1971)
"I Know You Got Soul" (1971)
"Pass the Peas" (1972)
"Think (About It)" (1972)
"Doing It to Death" (1973)
"Soul Power 74" (1973)
Other
songs
"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" (1960)
"Maybe the Last Time" (1964)
"Old Landmark" (1980)
"Killing Is Out, School Is In" (2001)
"Gut Bucket" (2006)
[show]
v
t
e
Peggy Lee
Albums
Selections from Irving Berlin's White Christmas
Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues
Black Coffee
Dream Street
Sea Shells
Miss Wonderful
The Man I Love
Jump for Joy
Things Are Swingin'
I Like Men!
Beauty and the Beat!
Latin ala Lee!
All Aglow Again!
Pretty Eyes
Christmas Carousel
Olé ala Lee
Basin Street East Proudly Presents Miss Peggy Lee
If You Go
Blues Cross Country
Sugar 'n' Spice
Mink Jazz
I'm a Woman
In Love Again!
Pass Me By
Then Was Then – Now Is Now!
Guitars a là Lee
Big $pender
Extra Special!
Somethin' Groovy!
2 Shows Nightly
A Natural Woman
Make It with You
Where Did They Go
Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota
Let's Love
Mirrors
Live in London
Peggy
Close Enough for Love
Miss Peggy Lee Sings the Blues
The Peggy Lee Songbook: There'll Be Another Spring
Love Held Lightly: Rare Songs by Harold Arlen
Moments Like This
The Best of Peggy Lee: The Capitol Years
Singles
"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)"
"Blues in the Night"
"We'll Meet Again"
"The Way You Look Tonight"
"Why Don't You Do Right?"
"It's a Good Day"
"Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)"
"Bali Ha'i"
"Riders in the Sky (A Cowboy Legend)"
"The Old Master Painter"
"Lover"
"Just One of Those Things"
"Baubles, Bangles, & Beads"
"Let Me Go, Lover"
"Fever"
"Hallelujah, I Love Him So"
"I'm a Woman"
"I Go to Sleep"
"Big Spender"
"Spinning Wheel"
"Is That All There Is?"
Other songs
"Black Coffee"
"The Folks Who Live on the Hill"
"Kansas City"
"I Love Being Here with You"
Radio
The Chesterfield Supper Club
Television
The Guy Mitchell Show
What's My Line?
Films
Stage Door Canteen
Jasper in a Jam
The Jazz Singer
Lady and the Tramp
Pete Kelly's Blues
Related
Discography
Benny Goodman
Dave Barbour (first husband)
Brad Dexter (second husband)
Dewey Martin (third husband)
Jo Stafford
Patti Page
Rosemary Clooney
Book:Peggy Lee
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinning_Wheel_(song)&oldid=843177542"
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text:
Blood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation).
Blood
Venous (darker) and arterial (brighter) blood
Details
Identifiers
Latin
haema
TA
A12.0.00.009
FMA
9670
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.[1]
In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),[2] and contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes). The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma.
Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks, use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. In most insects, this "blood" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to suffice for supplying oxygen.
Jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system, based largely on white blood cells. White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the clotting of blood. Arthropods, using hemolymph, have hemocytes as part of their immune system.
Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.
Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word αἷμα (haima) for "blood". In terms of anatomy and histology, blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue, given its origin in the bones and the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of fibrinogen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 Constituents
2.1 Cells
2.2 Plasma
2.3 pH values
2.4 Blood in non-mammalian vertebrates
3 Physiology
3.1 Cardiovascular system
3.2 Production and degradation of blood cells
3.3 Oxygen transport
3.4 Carbon dioxide transport
3.5 Transport of hydrogen ions
3.6 Lymphatic system
3.7 Thermoregulation
3.8 Rate of blood flow
3.9 Hydraulic functions
3.10 Invertebrates
4 Color
4.1 Hemoglobin
4.2 Hemocyanin
4.3 Chlorocruorin
4.4 Hemerythrin
4.5 Hemovanadin
5 Pathology
5.1 General medical disorders
5.2 Hematological disorders
5.3 Carbon monoxide poisoning
6 Medical treatments
6.1 Blood products
6.2 Intravenous administration
6.3 Bloodletting
7 History
7.1 Classical Greek medicine
7.2 Human blood
8 Cultural and religious beliefs
8.1 Indigenous Australians
8.2 European paganism
8.3 Christianity
8.4 Judaism
8.5 Islam
8.6 Jehovah's Witnesses
8.7 East Asian culture
8.8 Vampire legends
9 Applications
9.1 In the applied sciences
9.2 In art
9.3 In genealogy and family history
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Functions
Hemoglobin, a globular protein
green = haem groups
red & blue = protein subunits
Heme
Blood performs many important functions within the body, including:
Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red cells)
Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids))
Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding
Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage
Regulation of core body temperature
Hydraulic functions
Constituents
See also: Reference ranges for common blood tests
Play media
What's Inside of Blood
Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight,[3][4] with an average density around 1060 kg/m3, very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m3.[5] The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres (11 US pt),[4] which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also called corpuscles or "formed elements") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.
Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics. If all human hemoglobin were free in the plasma rather than being contained in RBCs, the circulatory fluid would be too viscous for the cardiovascular system to function effectively.
Human blood fractioned by centrifugation: Plasma (upper, yellow layer), buffy coat (middle, thin white layer) and erythrocyte layer (bottom, red layer) can be seen.
Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated
Illustration depicting formed elements of blood
Two tubes of EDTA-anticoagulated blood.
Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube.
Right tube: Freshly drawn blood
Cells
Further information: Complete blood count
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a normal red blood cell (left), a platelet (middle), and a white blood cell (right)
One microliter of blood contains:
4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) erythrocytes:[6] Red blood cells contain the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles in mammals. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and other cells) are also marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the hematocrit, and is normally about 45%. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.[7]
4,000–11,000 leukocytes:[8] White blood cells are part of the body's immune system; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign substances. The cancer of leukocytes is called leukemia.
200,000–500,000 thrombocytes:[8] Also called platelets, they take part in blood clotting (coagulation). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh over the platelet plug.
Constitution of normal blood
Parameter
Value
Hematocrit
45 ± 7 (38–52%) for males
42 ± 5 (37–47%) for females
pH 7.35–7.45
base excess −3 to +3
PO2 10–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg)
PCO2 4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg)
HCO3− 21–27 mM
Oxygen saturation
Oxygenated: 98–99%
Deoxygenated: 75%
Plasma
Main article: Blood plasma
About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.
Other important components include:
Serum albumin
Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate coagulation)
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
lipoprotein particles
Various other proteins
Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chloride)
The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the proteins remaining are albumin and immunoglobulins.
pH values
See also: Acid-base homeostasis
Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly basic.[9][10] Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too acidic, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic. Blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) are carefully regulated by a number of homeostatic mechanisms, which exert their influence principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system to control the acid-base balance and respiration. An arterial blood gas test measures these. Plasma also circulates hormones transmitting their messages to various tissues. The list of normal reference ranges for various blood electrolytes is extensive.
Blood in non-mammalian vertebrates
Vertebrate red blood cell types, measurements in micrometers
Frog red blood cells magnified 1000 times
Turtle red blood cells magnified 1000 times
Chicken red blood cells magnified 1000 times
Human red blood cells magnified 1000 times
Human blood is typical of that of mammals, although the precise details concerning cell numbers, size, protein structure, and so on, vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences:[11]
Red blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates are flattened and ovoid in form, and retain their cell nuclei.
There is considerable variation in the types and proportions of white blood cells; for example, acidophils are generally more common than in humans.
Platelets are unique to mammals; in other vertebrates, small nucleated, spindle cells called thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting instead.
Physiology
Cardiovascular system
Circulation of blood through the human heart
Main article: Circulatory system
Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.
Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of skeletal muscles, which can compress veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the right atrium.
The blood circulation was famously described by William Harvey in 1628.[12]
Production and degradation of blood cells
In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in the mediastinum, is an important source of T lymphocytes.[13] There are recent reports that the lungs may also be the site of hematopoiesis.[14] The proteinaceous component of blood (including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney.
Healthy erythrocytes have a plasma life of about 120 days before they are degraded by the spleen, and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids, and amino acids. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the urine.
Oxygen transport
Basic hemoglobin saturation curve. It is moved to the right in higher acidity (more dissolved carbon dioxide) and to the left in lower acidity (less dissolved carbon dioxide)
About 98.5%[citation needed] of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the hemoglobin. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below). Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.40 ml O2 per gram hemoglobin,[15] which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold,[16] compared to if oxygen solely were carried by its solubility of 0.03 ml O2 per liter blood per mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen (about 100 mm Hg in arteries).[16]
With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest, hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98–99% saturated with oxygen, achieving an oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml/min[17] to the body. In a healthy adult at rest, oxygen consumption is approximately 200–250 ml/min,[17] and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still roughly 75%[18][19] (70 to 78%)[17] saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.[20] Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia). Sustained hypoxia (oxygenation less than 90%), is dangerous to health, and severe hypoxia (saturations less than 30%) may be rapidly fatal.[21]
A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 21% of the level found in an adult's lungs), so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) to function under these conditions.[22]
Carbon dioxide transport
CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood). Most of it (about 70%) is converted to bicarbonate ions HCO−
3 by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO−
3; about 7% is dissolved in the plasma; and about 23% is bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds.[23][24] Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO2 bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of allosteric effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO2 decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. The decreased binding to carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the Haldane effect, and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. A rise in the partial pressure of CO2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.
Transport of hydrogen ions
Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ions as it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin.
Lymphatic system
Main article: Lymphatic system
In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with lymph, which is continuously formed in tissues from blood by capillary ultrafiltration. Lymph is collected by a system of small lymphatic vessels and directed to the thoracic duct, which drains into the left subclavian vein where lymph rejoins the systemic blood circulation.
Thermoregulation
Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body, and adjustments to this flow are an important part of thermoregulation. Increasing blood flow to the surface (e.g., during warm weather or strenuous exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. In contrast, when the external temperature is low, blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body, preferentially.
Rate of blood flow
Rate of blood flow varies greatly between different tissues. Liver has the most abundant blood supply with approximate blood flow of 1350ml/min. Kidney and Brain are the second and the third most supplied tissues, with 1100 ml/min and ~700ml/min, respectively.[25]
If the rate of blood flow per 100g of tissue be the criterion, these gradings will be completely different. With kidney, adrenal gland and thyroid being the first, second and third most supplied tissues, respectively.[25]
Hydraulic functions
The restriction of blood flow can also be used in specialized tissues to cause engorgement, resulting in an erection of that tissue; examples are the erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris.
Another example of a hydraulic function is the jumping spider, in which blood forced into the legs under pressure causes them to straighten for a powerful jump, without the need for bulky muscular legs.[26]
Invertebrates
In insects, the blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues.) Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.
Other invertebrates use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright-green, blue, or orange).
In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys.
Giant tube worms have unusual hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.
Color
The coloring matter of blood (hemochrome) is largely due to the protein in the blood responsible for oxygen transport. Different groups of organisms use different proteins.
Hemoglobin
Main article: Hemoglobin
Capillary blood from a bleeding finger
Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood in vertebrates. Each molecule has four heme groups, and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color. In vertebrates and other hemoglobin-using creatures, arterial blood and capillary blood are bright red, as oxygen imparts a strong red color to the heme group. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red; this is present in veins, and can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states.[27]
Blood in carbon monoxide poisoning is bright red, because carbon monoxide causes the formation of carboxyhemoglobin. In cyanide poisoning, the body cannot utilize oxygen, so the venous blood remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are some conditions affecting the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue—a symptom called cyanosis. If the heme is oxidized, methemoglobin, which is more brownish and cannot transport oxygen, is formed. In the rare condition sulfhemoglobinemia, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears dark red with a bluish hue.
Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this alteration of color perception are related to the light-scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the visual cortex, rather than the actual color of the venous blood.[28]
Skinks in the genus Prasinohaema have green blood due to a buildup of the waste product biliverdin.[29]
Hemocyanin
Main article: Hemocyanin
The blood of most mollusks – including cephalopods and gastropods – as well as some arthropods, such as horseshoe crabs, is blue, as it contains the copper-containing protein hemocyanin at concentrations of about 50 grams per liter.[30] Hemocyanin is colorless when deoxygenated and dark blue when oxygenated. The blood in the circulation of these creatures, which generally live in cold environments with low oxygen tensions, is grey-white to pale yellow,[30] and it turns dark blue when exposed to the oxygen in the air, as seen when they bleed.[30] This is due to change in color of hemocyanin when it is oxidized.[30] Hemocyanin carries oxygen in extracellular fluid, which is in contrast to the intracellular oxygen transport in mammals by hemoglobin in RBCs.[30]
Chlorocruorin
Main article: Chlorocruorin
The blood of most annelid worms and some marine polychaetes use chlorocruorin to transport oxygen. It is green in color in dilute solutions.[31]
Hemerythrin
Main article: Hemerythrin
Hemerythrin is used for oxygen transport in the marine invertebrates sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and the annelid worm, magelona. Hemerythrin is violet-pink when oxygenated.[31]
Hemovanadin
Main article: Hemovanadin
The blood of some species of ascidians and tunicates, also known as sea squirts, contains proteins called vanadins. These proteins are based on vanadium, and give the creatures a concentration of vanadium in their bodies 100 times higher than the surrounding sea water. Unlike hemocyanin and hemoglobin, hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier. When exposed to oxygen, however, vanadins turn a mustard yellow.
Pathology
General medical disorders
Disorders of volume
Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding.[32] A healthy adult can lose almost 20% of blood volume (1 L) before the first symptom, restlessness, begins, and 40% of volume (2 L) before shock sets in. Thrombocytes are important for blood coagulation and the formation of blood clots, which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause internal bleeding, which can sometimes be severe.
Dehydration can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood. This would rarely result in shock (apart from the very severe cases) but may result in orthostatic hypotension and fainting.
Disorders of circulation
Shock is the ineffective perfusion of tissues, and can be caused by a variety of conditions including blood loss, infection, poor cardiac output.
Atherosclerosis reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking, high blood pressure, excess circulating lipids (hyperlipidemia), and diabetes mellitus.
Coagulation can form a thrombosis, which can obstruct vessels.
Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The term ischemia refers to tissue that is inadequately perfused with blood, and infarction refers to tissue death (necrosis), which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or is very inadequate).
Hematological disorders
See also: Hematology
Anemia
Insufficient red cell mass (anemia) can be the result of bleeding, blood disorders like thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies, and may require one or more blood transfusions. Anemia can also be due to a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells simply do not function effectively. Anemia can be confirmed by a blood test if the hemoglobin value is less than 13.5 gm/dl in men or less than 12.0 gm/dl in women.[33] Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.
Sickle-cell anemia
Disorders of cell proliferation
Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues and cells.
Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis) may be premalignant.
Myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.
Disorders of coagulation
Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in coagulopathy (bleeding disorders).
Hypercoagulable state (thrombophilia) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis.
Infectious disorders of blood
Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard.
Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Main article: Carbon monoxide poisoning
Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and fewer oxygen molecules can be transported throughout the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard, since it can create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.[citation needed]
Medical treatments
Blood products
Further information: Blood transfusion
Venous blood collected during blood donation
Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors by blood donation and stored in a blood bank. There are many different blood types in humans, the ABO blood group system, and the Rhesus blood group system being the most important. Transfusion of blood of an incompatible blood group may cause severe, often fatal, complications, so crossmatching is done to ensure that a compatible blood product is transfused.
Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate, and specific coagulation factor concentrates.
Intravenous administration
Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.
After severe acute blood loss, liquid preparations, generically known as plasma expanders, can be given intravenously, either solutions of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 etc.) at physiological concentrations, or colloidal solutions, such as dextrans, human serum albumin, or fresh frozen plasma. In these emergency situations, a plasma expander is a more effective life-saving procedure than a blood transfusion, because the metabolism of transfused red blood cells does not restart immediately after a transfusion.
Bloodletting
Main article: bloodletting
In modern evidence-based medicine, bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia. However, bloodletting and leeching were common unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century, as many diseases were incorrectly thought to be due to an excess of blood, according to Hippocratic medicine.
History
Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into four types (A, B, AB, and O)
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "blood" dates to the oldest English, circa 1000 CE. The word is derived from Middle English, which is derived from the Old English word blôd, which is akin to the Old High German word bluot, meaning blood. The modern German word is (das) Blut.
Classical Greek medicine
Fåhræus (a Swedish physician who devised the erythrocyte sedimentation rate) suggested that the Ancient Greek system of humorism, wherein the body was thought to contain four distinct bodily fluids (associated with different temperaments), were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen. A dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"). Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"). Above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"). The top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile").[34]
Human blood
The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which remains in use today. In 1907 the first blood transfusion was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility.[35] The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937.
Cultural and religious beliefs
See also: Blood libel
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Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/parentage; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendence, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother".
Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions, because Leviticus 17:11 says "the life of a creature is in the blood." This phrase is part of the Levitical law forbidding the drinking of blood or eating meat with the blood still intact instead of being poured off.
Mythic references to blood can sometimes be connected to the life-giving nature of blood, seen in such events as childbirth, as contrasted with the blood of injury or death.
Indigenous Australians
In many indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples' traditions, ochre (particularly red) and blood, both high in iron content and considered Maban, are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual. As Lawlor states:
In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers. In secret, sacred male ceremonies, blood extracted from the veins of the participant's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies. Red ochre is used in similar ways in less-secret ceremonies. Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people's bodies. Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive.[36]
Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the Dreamtime. Lawlor then connects these invisible energetic realms and magnetic fields, because iron is magnetic.
European paganism
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Among the Germanic tribes, blood was used during their sacrifices; the Blóts. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator, and, after the butchering, the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods, and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called blóedsian in Old English, and the terminology was borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing. The Hittite word for blood, ishar was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara. The Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the gods, ichor, was a substance that was poisonous to mortals.
As a relic of Germanic Law, the cruentation, an ordeal where the corpse of the victim was supposed to start bleeding in the presence of the murderer, was used until the early 17th century.
Christianity
In Genesis 9:4, God prohibited Noah and his sons from eating blood (see Noahide Law). This command continued to be observed by the Eastern Orthodox.
It is also found in the Bible that when the Angel of Death came around to the Hebrew house that the first-born child would not die if the angel saw lamb's blood wiped across the doorway.
At the Council of Jerusalem, the apostles prohibited certain Christians from consuming blood—this is documented in Acts 15:20 and 29. This chapter specifies a reason (especially in verses 19–21): It was to avoid offending Jews who had become Christians, because the Mosaic Law Code prohibited the practice.
Christ's blood is the means for the atonement of sins. Also, ″… the blood of Jesus Christ his [God] Son cleanseth us from all sin." (1 John 1:7), “… Unto him [God] that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood." (Revelation 1:5), and "And they overcame him (Satan) by the blood of the Lamb [Jesus the Christ], and by the word of their testimony …” (Revelation 12:11).
Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Assyrian Church of the East teach that, when consecrated, the Eucharistic wine actually becomes the blood of Jesus for worshippers to drink. Thus in the consecrated wine, Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper, as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread that they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. "This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (Luke 22:20).
Most forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is spiritually but not physically present. Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast.
Judaism
In Judaism, animal blood may not be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Blood is purged from meat by rinsing and soaking in water (to loosen clots), salting and then rinsing with water again several times.[37] Eggs must also be checked and any blood spots removed before consumption.[38] Although blood from fish is biblically kosher, it is rabbinically forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the Biblical prohibition.[39]
Another ritual involving blood involves the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the life of the animal is [in] its blood" (ibid 17:14). In relation to human beings, Kabbalah expounds on this verse that the animal soul of a person is in the blood, and that physical desires stem from it.
Likewise, the mystical reason for salting temple sacrifices and slaughtered meat is to remove the blood of animal-like passions from the person. By removing the animal's blood, the animal energies and life-force contained in the blood are removed, making the meat fit for human consumption.[40]
Islam
Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by Islamic dietary laws. This is derived from the statement in the Qur'an, sura Al-Ma'ida (5:3): "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah."
Blood is considered unclean, hence there are specific methods to obtain physical and ritual status of cleanliness once bleeding has occurred. Specific rules and prohibitions apply to menstruation, postnatal bleeding and irregular vaginal bleeding. When an animal has been slaughtered, the animal's neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not severed, hence the brain may send commands to the heart to pump blood to it for oxygen. In this way, blood is removed from the body, and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat. In modern times, blood transfusions are generally not considered against the rules.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
Based on their interpretation of scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep abstaining...from blood."), many Jehovah's Witnesses neither consume blood nor accept transfusions of whole blood or its major components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. Members may personally decide whether they will accept medical procedures that involve their own blood or substances that are further fractionated from the four major components.[41]
East Asian culture
In south East Asian popular culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, he is experiencing sexual desire. This often appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films as well as in Japanese and Korean culture parodied in anime, manga, and drama. Characters, mostly males, will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen someone nude or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy; this is based on the idea that a male's blood pressure will spike dramatically when aroused.[42][unreliable source?]
Vampire legends
Main article: Vampire
Vampires are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the 'Nosferatu' legend, a human who achieves damnation and immortality by drinking the blood of others, originates from Eastern European folklore. Ticks, leeches, female mosquitoes, vampire bats, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires. This has no relation to vampire bats, which are new world creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths.
Applications
In the applied sciences
Blood residue can help forensic investigators identify weapons, reconstruct a criminal action, and link suspects to the crime. Through bloodstain pattern analysis, forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of bloodstains.
Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in archeology.
In art
Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.[43] In particular, the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Istvan Kantor, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, Lucas Abela and Kira O' Reilly, along with the photography of Andres Serrano, have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.
In genealogy and family history
The term blood is used in genealogical circles to refer to one's ancestry, origins, and ethnic background as in the word bloodline. Other terms where blood is used in a family history sense are blue-blood, royal blood, mixed-blood and blood relative.
See also
Autotransfusion
Blood as food
Blood donation
Blood pressure
Blood substitutes ("artificial blood")
Blood test
Hemophobia
List of human blood components
Luminol, a visual test for blood left at crime scenes.
Taboo food and drink: Blood
Oct-1-en-3-one ("Smell" of blood)
References
Jump up ^ "Definition of BLOOD". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
Jump up ^ The Franklin Institute Inc. "Blood – The Human Heart". Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce (2012). "Table 22-1 Blood Cells". Molecular Biology of the Cell. NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Elert, Glenn (2012). "Volume of Blood in a Human". The Physics Factbook. his students. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-01
Jump up ^ Shmukler, Michael (2004). "Density of Blood". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 4 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count". Medline Plus. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Robert B. Tallitsch; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. (2006). Human anatomy (5th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 529. ISBN 0-8053-7211-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Ganong, William F. (2003). Review of medical physiology (21 ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. p. 518. ISBN 0-07-121765-7.
Jump up ^ Waugh, Anne; Grant, Allison (2007). "2". Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (Tenth ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-443-10102-1.
Jump up ^ Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Professional Edition
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 404–06. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Harvey, William (1628). "Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus" (in Latin).
Jump up ^ Williams, Peter W.; Gray, Henry David (1989). Gray's anatomy (37th ed.). New York: C. Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-02588-6.
Jump up ^ "The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors". Nature. 22 March 2017. doi:10.1038/nature21706.
Jump up ^ Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S (December 1981). "Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease". Br J Anaesth. 53 (12): 1325–28. PMID 7317251. doi:10.1093/bja/53.12.1325.
^ Jump up to: a b Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7311-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Edwards Lifesciences LLC - Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult Archived 10 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. 2009
Jump up ^ "Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance". 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart MSN groups
Jump up ^ Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, et al. (July 2005). "Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans". J. Physiol. 566 (Pt 1): 273–85. PMC 1464731  . PMID 15860533. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025.
Jump up ^ "Blood gas and Saturation measurements:". 25 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lecture Notes-20". 2 May 1999. Archived from the original on 2 May 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Martini, Frederic; et al. (2007). Anatomy and Physiology. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 643. ISBN 9789712348075.
Jump up ^ Vander's Human Physiology reported similar numbers: 60% carried as bicarbonate, 30% bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, and 10% physically dissolved. Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2003). Vander's Human Physiology (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 493 (ch. Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood). ISBN 0-07-288074-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Saunders. 2015. p. 204. ISBN 978-1455770052.
Jump up ^ "Spiders: circulatory system". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Prahl. "Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin". Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Kienle, Alwin; Lothar Lilge; I. Alex Vitkin; Michael S. Patterson; Brian C. Wilson; Raimund Hibst; Rudolf Steiner (1 March 1996). "Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question" (PDF). Applied Optics. 35 (7): 1151–60. Bibcode:1996ApOpt..35.1151K. PMID 21085227. doi:10.1364/AO.35.001151. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Austin CC, Perkins SL (2006). "Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks". J. Parasitol. 92 (4): 770–77. PMID 16995395. doi:10.1645/GE-693R.1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shuster, Carl N (2004). "Chapter 11: A blue blood: the circulatory system". In Shuster, Carl N Jr; Barlow, Robert B; Brockmann, H. Jane. The American Horseshoe Crab. Harvard University Press. pp. 276–77. ISBN 0-674-01159-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, The Handy Science Answer Book, p. 465, Visible Ink Press, 2011 ISBN 1578593212.
Jump up ^ "Blood – The Human heart". The Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/
Jump up ^ Hart GD (December 2001). "Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies" (PDF). Br. J. Haematol. 115 (4): 719–28. PMID 11843802. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2011. [not in citation given]
Jump up ^ http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Lawlor, Robert (1991). Voices of the first day: awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime. Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions International. pp. 102–03. ISBN 0-89281-355-5.
Jump up ^ Koshering Meat. Chabad.org.
Jump up ^ Removing the Blood. Chabad.org.
Jump up ^ Citron, R. Aryeh. All About Kosher Fish. Chabad.org.
Jump up ^ Schneerson, R. Menachem M. Igrot Kodesh, vol. vii, p. 270.
Jump up ^ The Watchtower 15 June 2004, p. 22, "Be Guided by the Living God"
Jump up ^ Law of Anime No. 40 a.k.a. Law of Nasal Sanguination at ABCB.com, The Anime Cafe.
Jump up ^ "Nostalgia" Artwork in blood Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Blood
Look up blood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood.
Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Free online book at NCBI Bookshelf ID: NBK2261
Blood on In Our Time at the BBC.
Blood Photomicrographs
[show]
v
t
e
The main cell types in blood
Cellular/
HSCs
Myeloid/
CFU-GEMM
CFU-GM
CFU-G:
Granulocytes
Band cell
Neutrophil
CFU-M:
Monocytes/
MPS
Macrophages
Histiocytes
Kupffer cells
Alveolar macrophage
Microglia
Osteoclasts
Epithelioid cells
giant cells
Langhans giant cells, Foreign-body giant cell
Touton giant cells
CFU-DL
Dendritic cells
Langerhans cell
Common
Myelomonocyte
CFU-Baso
Granulocytes
Basophil
CFU-Eos
Granulocytes
Eosinophil
MEP
CFU-Meg
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
CFU-E
Reticulocyte
Normoblast
CFU-Mast
Mast cell precursors
Noncellular
Plasma
[show]
v
t
e
Blood: lymphocytes
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B cells
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Memory
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Marginal zone
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Thymocyte
T cells
αβ (Cytotoxic CD8+
Helper CD4+ / TFH / Th3 / Th17 / Regulatory)
γδ
Naïve
Natural killer T cell
NK cells
Cytokine-induced killer cell
Lymphokine-activated killer cell
Null cell
Lymphopoiesis
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
[show]
v
t
e
Transfusion medicine
General concepts
Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis)
Blood transfusion
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International Society of Blood Transfusion
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ISBT 128
Transfusion reactions
Blood group systems /
blood types
ABO
Chido-Rodgers
Colton
Cromer
Diego
Dombrock
Duffy
Er
FORS
Gerbich
GIL
GLOB
Hh
Ii
Indian
JR
JMH
Kell (Xk)
Kidd
Knops
Lan
Lewis
Lutheran
LW
MNS
OK
P
Raph
Rh and RHAG
Scianna
T-Tn
Vel
Xg
Yt
Other
Blood products /
blood donation
Whole blood
Platelets
Red blood cells
Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 (Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant)
Blood substitutes
Authority control
LCCN: sh85014927
GND: 4007259-9
BNF: cb11934902m (data)
NDL: 00565671
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood&oldid=806483976"
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atj
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qan
Qan – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кроў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluad
Bluad – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv
Krv – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwad
Gwad – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang
Sang – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo
Dugo – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krev
Krev – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa
Ropa – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaed
Gwaed – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod
Blod – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blut
Blut – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri
Veri – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Αίμα – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre
Sangre – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango
Sango – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odol
Odol – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuun
Khuun – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang
Sang – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed
Bloed – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanc
Sanc – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuil
Fuil – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuil
Fuil – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue
Sangue – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiet
Hiet – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values: रक्त – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv
Krv – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango
Sango – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara
Dara – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah
Darah – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguine
Sanguine – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue
Sangue – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazi
Igazi – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue
Sangue – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih
Getih – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya
Daya – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damu
Damu – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_(non)
San (non) – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xw%C3%AEn
Xwîn – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кан (анатомия) – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguis
Sanguis – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinis
Asinis – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutt
Blutt – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujas
Kraujas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
Blood – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangu
Sangu – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9r
Vér – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra
Ra – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demm
Demm – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah
Darah – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eztli
Eztli – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed
Bloed – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod
Blod – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod
Blod – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang
Sang – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiiga
Dhiiga – Oromo
om
om
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qon
Qon – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
Blood – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krew
Krew – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue
Sangue – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawar
Yawar – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кровь – Rusyn

values: Хаан – Sakha

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluid
Bluid – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjaku
Gjaku – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangu
Sangu – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
Blood – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv
Krv – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri
Kri – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiig
Dhiig – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv
Krv – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih
Getih – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri
Veri – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod
Blod – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo
Dugo – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: குருதி – Tamil

values: రక్తం – Telugu

values: เลือด – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan
Kan – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwed
Lwed – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue
Sangue – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri
Veri – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1u
Máu – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri
Veri – Võro
fiu-vro
fiu-vro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed
Bloed – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo
Dugo – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereet
Dereet – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goni
Goni – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Blood rootpage-Blood vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view