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Freedom Caucus
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This article is about the U.S. Congressional organization. For the Democratic political action organization, see Democratic Freedom Caucus.
Freedom Caucus
Chairman
Mark Meadows (NC-11)
Founded
January 26, 2015; 2 years ago (2015-01-26)
Split from
Republican Study Committee
Ideology
Conservatism[1][2]
Libertarian conservatism[3][4]
Fiscal conservatism
Social conservatism[5][6]
Libertarianism[2]
Political position
Right-wing[2][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
to Far-right[14][15][16][17][18][19]
National affiliation
Republican Party
Seats in House Republican Conference
31 / 240
Seats in the House
31 / 435
Politics of the United States
Political parties
Elections
The Freedom Caucus, also known as the House Freedom Caucus, is a congressional caucus consisting of conservative and libertarian Republican members of the United States House of Representatives.[1][3][2] It was formed in 2015 by what member Jim Jordan called a "smaller, more cohesive, more agile and more active" group of conservative Congressmen.[20]
Many members are also part of the much larger Republican Study Committee.[20][21] The caucus is sympathetic to the Tea Party movement.[22] The Freedom Caucus is considered the farthest-right grouping within the House Republican Conference.[23][24]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Speaker of the House John Boehner resignation in 2015
1.2 Backlash in 2016
1.3 Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017
2 Membership
2.1 Chairs
2.2 Former members
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The origins of the caucus lie at the mid-January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Nine conservative active Republican members of the House began planning a new Congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference. The group ultimately became the nine founding members and the first board of directors for the new caucus consisting of Republican Representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey, Jim Jordan of Ohio, John Fleming of Louisiana, Matt Salmon of Arizona, Justin Amash of Michigan, Raúl Labrador of Idaho, Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina, Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina.[25]
The group debated a name for their new caucus eventually settling on "House Freedom Caucus" (HFC) because, according to founding member Mick Mulvaney, "it was so generic and universally awful that we had no reason to be against it." The group of nine founding members in Hershey set as a criterion for new members that they had to be willing to vote against Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner on legislation that the group opposed.[26]
During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015, the Caucus offered four plans for resolution, but all were rejected by the Republican leadership. One of the caucus leaders, Labrador of Idaho, said the Caucus will offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support.[27][needs update]
Speaker of the House John Boehner resignation in 2015[edit]
The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25, 2015, and the ensuing leadership battle for the new Speaker.[28] Members of the Caucus who had voted against Boehner for Speaker felt unfairly punished, accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments.[29][30] Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of the Freedom Caucus, and he sparred with House Republican members in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in order to accomplish goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act. These members later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus when it was created in 2015.[26][31][32][33]
After Boehner resigned as speaker, Kevin McCarthy, the House Majority Leader, was initially the lead contender to succeed him, but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support.[34] However, McCarthy withdrew from the race on September 28, 2015.[35] On the same day as McCarthy's withdrawal, Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race.[36]
On October 20, 2015, Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus.[37] While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement, on October 21, 2015, it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan.[38] On October 29, 2015, Ryan succeeded John Boehner as the Speaker of the House.[39]
On November 16, 2015, Jim Jordan was re-elected chairman of the caucus.[40]
On October 30, 2017, Vanity Fair published an interview with former Speaker Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can’t tell you what they’re for. They can tell you everything they’re against. They’re anarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That’s where their mindset is."[41]
Backlash in 2016[edit]
The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle.[42] One of its members, Congressman Tim Huelskamp, a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas' First District, was defeated during a primary election on August 2, 2016, by Roger Marshall.[43]
Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017[edit]
On March 24, 2017, the American Health Care Act (AHCA), the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, was withdrawn by Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass, due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans.[44][45][46]
Two days later, President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups, such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action, that opposed the bill. Trump tweeted: "Democrats are smiling in D.C. that the Freedom Caucus, with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage, have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare!"[47][48] On the same day, Congressman Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus.[49] On March 30, 2017, Trump "declared war" on the Freedom Caucus, sending a tweet urging Republicans to "fight them" in the 2018 midterm elections "if they don't get on the team" (i.e., support Trump's proposals).[50] Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of "succumb[ing] to the D.C. Establishment."[51]
Trump has since developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair, Mark Meadows.[52]
Membership[edit]
Congressional District map for Freedom Caucus membership of the 114th Congress. Former members in light color.
The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members.[53] In the current (115th) Congress, the group has about three dozen members.[53] A number of members have identified themselves, or have been identified by others, as members of the Freedom Caucus, as of March 2017[update] including:
Mark Meadows of North Carolina[54][53]
Justin Amash of Michigan[54]
Joe Barton of Texas[55]
Andy Biggs of Arizona[56]
Rod Blum of Iowa[57]
Dave Brat of Virginia[58]
Jim Bridenstine of Oklahoma[59]
Mo Brooks of Alabama[60][61]
Ken Buck of Colorado[62]
Ted Budd of North Carolina[63]
Warren Davidson of Ohio[64]
Ron DeSantis of Florida[54]
Scott DesJarlais of Tennessee[65]
Jeff Duncan of South Carolina[66]
Tom Garrett Jr. of Virginia[67]
Louie Gohmert of Texas[55]
Paul Gosar of Arizona[68]
Morgan Griffith of Virginia[15]
Andy Harris of Maryland[57]
Jody Hice of Georgia[69]
Jim Jordan of Ohio,[54]
Raúl Labrador of Idaho[54]
Alex Mooney of West Virginia[57]
Gary Palmer of Alabama[59]
Steve Pearce of New Mexico[62]
Scott Perry of Pennsylvania[57]
Bill Posey of Florida[57]
Mark Sanford of South Carolina[57]
David Schweikert of Arizona[62]
Randy Weber of Texas[70]
Ted Yoho of Florida[70]
Chairs[edit]
Rep. Jim Jordan (OH-4), 2015–2017[71]
Rep. Mark Meadows (NC-11), 2017–present
Former members[edit]
Brian Babin of Texas (resigned from the caucus in 2017)[72]
Curt Clawson of Florida (retired)[73]
John Fleming of Louisiana (ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate)[74]
Trent Franks of Arizona[62] (resigned from Congress in 2017)
Scott Garrett of New Jersey (defeated in 2016 general election)[54]
Tim Huelskamp of Kansas (defeated in 2016 primary election)[75]
Barry Loudermilk of Georgia (declined to renew membership for the 115th Congress)[69][76]
Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming (retired in 2016)[62]
Tom McClintock of California (resigned from the caucus on September 16, 2015)[59]
Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina (appointed as Director of the Office of Management and Budget)[54]
Ted Poe of Texas (resigned from caucus March 26, 2017 after AHCA was withdrawn)[77]
Reid Ribble of Wisconsin (resigned from the caucus on October 9, 2015)[36]
Keith Rothfus of Pennsylvania (resigned from the caucus in 2016)[78]
Matt Salmon of Arizona (retired in 2016)[54]
Marlin Stutzman of Indiana (ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate in 2016)[57]
See also[edit]
Blue Dog Coalition
Factions in the Republican Party (United States)
Liberty Caucus
Republican Main Street Partnership
Tea Party Caucus
The Tuesday Group
Second Amendment Caucus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Tyler (January 28, 2015). "House Freedom Caucus Delays Immigration Bill". Headlines and Global News. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Loiaconi, Stephen (March 24, 2017). "For Freedom Caucus, defying Trump could have consequences". WJLA-TV. Retrieved March 31, 2017. The House Freedom Caucus, a cadre of conservatives, libertarians and others who have shown no hesitation to buck the party leadership, has been heavily critical of the AHCA
^ Jump up to: a b Carl, Jeremy (October 13, 2015). "The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP's Future". Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Dan (July 13, 2016). "For These House Republicans, the NRA's Seal of Approval Isn't Enough". The Trace. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Mollie (October 21, 2015). "House Conservatives Support Paul Ryan For Speaker, But Won't Formally Endorse Him". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Paul Ryan vs. House Freedom Caucus: Who will blink first in speaker's race?". Los Angeles Times. October 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Right-Wing 'Freedom Caucus' Says It's Going to Kill Trumpcare". Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "GOP Centrists, Not Freedom Caucus, Are Blocking Deal To Replace Obamacare". Retrieved April 10, 2017. The conventional wisdom—repeated by President Trump—is that the right-wing House Freedom Caucus is singlehandedly blocking Republican attempts to repeal and replace Obamacare.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Right-Wing Rebels Who Overthrew John Boehner". Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Republican quits House Freedom Caucus". Retrieved April 10, 2017. Rep. Ted Poe (R-Texas) resigned Sunday from the House Freedom Caucus, indicating he did so because he wanted to vote for the Republican healthcare proposal the right-wing caucus so adamantly opposed.
Jump up ^ "WHY LIBERALS HAVE LEARNED TO LOVE THE GOP FREEDOM CAUCUS". Retrieved April 10, 2017. Because every Republican in Congress is well aware that the Tea Party and the Freedom Caucus are the culmination of American right-wing ideology, and have no interest in compromising on their ideological principles.
Jump up ^ "A HOUSE DIVIDED". Retrieved April 10, 2017. Meadows is one of the more active members of the House Freedom Caucus, an invitation-only group of about forty right-wing conservatives that formed at the beginning of this year.
Jump up ^ "In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match". Retrieved April 10, 2017. This group of House conservatives are just as committed to their brand of right-wing populism as the president.
Jump up ^ French, Lauren (March 14, 2016). "House Freedom Caucus to break with leadership on budget". Politico. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Budget Committee Chairman Tom Price of Georgia and Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) have labored to gain the support of the far-right caucus
^ Jump up to: a b Newhauser, Daniel (June 24, 2015). "Boehner-vs.-Freedom-Caucus Battle Escalates". National Journal. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Sean (March 4, 2015). "Insurgent bloc of House conservatives proving to be a thorn in Boehner's side". Washington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thrush, Glenn (March 25, 2017). "Trump Becomes Ensnared in Fiery G.O.P. Civil War". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Fabian, Jordan (March 30, 2017). "Trump on the warpath against Freedom Caucus". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Woolf, Nicky (October 7, 2015). "Republicans in Freedom Caucus support Florida conservative as speaker". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Eaton, Sabrina (February 11, 2015). "It's official: Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus". Cleveland. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Graf, Scott (January 28, 2015). "Idaho's Rep. Labrador Joins Other Tea Party Conservatives To Form 'Freedom Caucus'". Boise State Public Radio. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferrechio, Susan (January 26, 2015). "Conservative lawmakers form House Freedom Caucus". Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lauren Fox, Why (almost) everyone hates the House Freedom Caucus, CNN (March 24, 2017): "At first, there were just nine of them, but the group, which is considered the most far-right flank of the Republican conference, grew."
Jump up ^ Mark Barrett, Meadows in line to lead House's most conservative wing, Asheville Citizen-Times (December 3, 2016): "the House Freedom Caucus, which occupies the furthest-right position on the ideological spectrum in the U.S. House..."
Jump up ^ French, Lauren (January 26, 2015). "9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus". Politico. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lizza, Ryan. "A House Divided". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ French, Lauren (March 3, 2015). "Conservatives offer John Boehner another DHS deal". Politico. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner, House Speaker, Will Resign From Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marcos, Cristina. "Boehner rebels replaced on committee". The Hill. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (June 27, 2015). "The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders". The Hill. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of the 2013 Government Shutdown". www.mediaite.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Ryan (October 4, 2013). "32 Republicans Who Caused the Government Shutdown". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lizza, Ryan (December 14, 2015). "A HOUSE DIVIDED". Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kevin McCarthy Announces Run for Speaker of the House". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Costa, Mike DeBonis, Robert; Helderman, Rosalind S. (October 8, 2015). "House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy drops out of race for House speaker". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rep. Ribble leaves Freedom Caucus over moves in leadership race". Politico. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ David M. Herszenhorn (October 21, 2015), "Freedom Caucus Is Key to Paul Ryan House Speaker Decision", The New York Times
Jump up ^ DeBonis, Mike; Costa, Robert (October 21, 2015). "'Supermajority' of House Freedom Caucus to back Paul Ryan's speaker bid". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (October 29, 2015). "Paul Ryan Is Elected House Speaker, Hoping to Manage Chaos". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ DeBonis, Mike (November 16, 2015). "Rep. Jim Jordan will remain House Freedom Caucus chairman". PowerPost. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Tina (2017-10-30). ""Idiots," "Anarchists," and "Assholes": Boehner Unloads on Republicans". The Hive. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Elena (August 15, 2016). "The GOP establishment strikes back". Politico. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Joe; Tate, Curtis (August 2, 2016). "Tea party's Tim Huelskamp ousted by challenger Roger Marshall in Kansas congressional race". The Kansas City Star.
Jump up ^ "Breaking: House Republicans withdraw health care bill". KFOR-TV. CNN Wire. March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017. Freedom Caucus members stood by their ideological objections to a bill they say does not go far enough in repealing Obamacare.
Jump up ^ Shannon Pettypiece Jennifer Jacobs & Billy House, Trump Meets Freedom Caucus and Result Is Legislative Disaster, Bloomberg (March 25, 2017).
Jump up ^ Eliza Collins, Collapse of Obamacare repeal plan puts Freedom Caucus in complicated spot, USA Today (March 24, 2017): "While the bill faced critics from all factions of the party, no group played more of a role in sinking the legislation than the Freedom Caucus."
Jump up ^ "Trump tweets about Democrats, Freedom Caucus after health care bill fails". CBS News. March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weber, Joseph (March 26, 2017). "Trump hits Freedom Caucus, Washington conservatives for nixing ObamaCare overhaul". Fox News.
Jump up ^ Abby Livingston, U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus, Texas Tribune (March 26, 2017).
Jump up ^ Glenn Thrush, 'We Must Fight Them’: Trump Goes After Conservatives of Freedom Caucus, New York Times (March 30, 2017).
Jump up ^ Jordan Fabian, Trump threatens to ‘fight’ Freedom Caucus in midterms, The Hill (March 30, 2017).
Jump up ^ Golshan, Tara (August 28, 2017). "Meet the most powerful man in the House". Vox. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Huetteman, Emmarie (March 20, 2017). "On Health Law, G.O.P. Faces a Formidable Policy Foe: House Republicans". New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2017. So secretive that it will not disclose the names of its members, [...] the roughly three dozen
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h French, Lauren (January 26, 2015). "9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus". Politico. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Livingston, Abby (March 26, 2017). "U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus". Texas Tribune. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Ronald J. (March 24, 2017). "Two Arizona Republican House members helped sink 'Obamacare' repeal". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "House Freedom Caucus Forms 'Fight Club' in House". 218. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ @DaveBratVA7th (March 13, 2015). "Proud to be part of House Freedom Caucus" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fuller, Matt (September 16, 2015). "House Freedom Caucus Loses Member Over Planned Parenthood". CNN. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ May, Caroline (January 27, 2015). "House GOP To Regroup On Border Bill". Breitbart. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott; Shabad, Rebecca; Marcos, Cristina (February 26, 2015). "House will vote Friday to prevent Homeland Security shutdown". The Hill. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wong, Scott; Marcos, Cristina (June 27, 2015). "The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders". The Hill. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dexheimer, Elizabeth (July 5, 2017). "Taking Wall Street's Side, Young Congressman Infuriates Allies". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 6, 2017. Budd affiliated himself with the Freedom Caucus
Jump up ^ "Boehner's successor joins Freedom Caucus". Politico. June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Broden, Scott (April 22, 2015). "DesJarlais raises $144,677 for 2016 campaign". The Daily News Journal. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Anna; French, Lauren (February 5, 2015). "Ron DeSantis, Jeff Duncan quit House whip team". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Portnoy, Jenna (March 15, 2017). "Three Virginia GOP congressmen, including Rep. Tom Garrett in 5th District, line up against GOP health care plan". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Strong, Jonathon (January 27, 2015). "Secretive 'Freedom Caucus' Claims Scalp On Border Bill Delay". Breitbart. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Darnell, Tim (March 19, 2015). "Can the House Freedom Caucus save the GOP?". Peach Pundit. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Drew DeSilver (October 20, 2015), What is the House Freedom Caucus, and who's in it?, Pew Research Center
Jump up ^ Eaton, Sabrina (February 11, 2015). "It's official: Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marcos, Christina (April 27, 2017). "Texas Republican departs Freedom Caucus". The Hill. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Newhauser, Daniel; Mimms, Sarah; Roubein, Rachel (February 26, 2015). "Boehner Has a Plan to Avoid a DHS Shutdown—But It Might Not Pass". National Journal. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pathé, Simone (December 10, 2016). "Louisiana Runoffs Increase Republican Majorities in Senate and House". Roll Call. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tim Huelskamp, Anti-Establishment House Republican, Loses Primary in Kansas". New York Times. August 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hallerman, Tamar (2 March 2017). "Barry Loudermilk quietly leaves the House Freedom Caucus". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fox, Lauren (March 26, 2017). "Rep. Poe resigns from House Freedom Caucus". CNN. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mauriello, Tracie (January 6, 2017). "Freedom Caucus may play role in alternate Obamacare repeal timeline". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
External links[edit]
Cristina Marcos (January 26, 2015), "House conservatives form 'Freedom Caucus'", The Hill
Jeremy Carl (October 13, 2015), "The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP's Future", Time
Linda Killian (October 10, 2015), "How House Freedom Caucus Has Alienated Members—and Risks Its Agenda", The Wall Street Journal
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This Side of Paradise
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see This Side of Paradise (disambiguation).
This Side of Paradise
Dust jacket cover of first edition
Author
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Cover artist
W. E. Hill
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Novel
Publisher
Scribner
Publication date
March 26, 1920
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback)
Pages
305 pp (first edition hardcover)
ISBN
9781593082437 (Barnes & Noble paperback)
Followed by
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
This Side of Paradise is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was published in 1920.[1] Taking its title from a line of Rupert Brooke's poem Tiare Tahiti, the book examines the lives and morality of post–World War I youth. Its protagonist, Amory Blaine, is an attractive Princeton University student who dabbles in literature. The novel explores the theme of love warped by greed and status seeking. The novel famously helped F. Scott Fitzgerald gain Zelda Sayre's hand in marriage due to its success.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Publication
3 Plot summary
4 Characters
5 Style
6 Critical favour
7 Legacy and modern analysis
8 In popular culture
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Background[edit]
In the summer of 1919, after less than a year of courtship, Zelda Sayre broke up with the 22-year-old Fitzgerald. After a summer of heavy drinking, he returned to St. Paul, Minnesota, where his family lived, to complete the novel, hoping that if he became a successful novelist he could win Zelda back. While at Princeton (notably in University Cottage Club's library), Fitzgerald had written an unpublished novel, "The Romantic Egotist", and ultimately 80 pages of the typescript of this earlier work ended up in This Side of Paradise.[2]
On September 4, 1919, Fitzgerald gave the manuscript to his friend Shane Leslie to deliver to Maxwell Perkins, an editor at Charles Scribner's Sons in New York. The book was nearly rejected by the editors at Scribners, but Perkins insisted, and on September 16 it was officially accepted. Fitzgerald begged for early publication—convinced that he would become a celebrity and impress Zelda—but was told that the novel would have to wait until the spring. Nevertheless, upon the acceptance of his novel for publication he went and visited Zelda, and she agreed to marry him.[3][4]
Publication[edit]
This Side of Paradise was published on March 26, 1920, with a first printing of 3,000 copies. The initial printing sold out in three days. On March 30, four days after publication and one day after selling out the first printing, Fitzgerald wired for Zelda to come to New York and get married that weekend. Barely a week after publication, Zelda and Scott married in New York, on April 3, 1920.[5]
The book went through 12 printings in 1920 and 1921, for a total of 49,075 copies.[6] The novel itself did not provide a huge income for Fitzgerald. Copies sold for $1.75, for which he earned 10 percent on the first 5,000 copies and 15 percent beyond that. In total, in 1920 he earned $6,200 ($82,095.27 in 2015 dollars) from the book. His new fame enabled him to earn much higher rates for his short stories.[citation needed]
Plot summary[edit]
The book is written in three parts.
"Book One: The Romantic Egotist"—The novel centers on Amory Blaine, a young Midwesterner who, convinced that he has an exceptionally promising future, attends boarding school and later Princeton University. He leaves behind his eccentric mother Beatrice and befriends a close friend of hers, Monsignor Darcy. While at Princeton he goes back to Minneapolis, where he re-encounters Isabelle Borgé, a young lady whom he had met as a little boy, and starts a romantic relationship with her. At Princeton he repeatedly writes ever more flowery poems, but Amory and Isabelle become disenchanted with each other after meeting again at his prom.
"Interlude"—Following their break-up, Amory is shipped overseas, to serve in the army in World War I. (Fitzgerald had been in the army himself, but the war ended while he was still stationed on Long Island.) Amory's experiences in the war are not described, other than to say later in the book that he was a bayonet instructor.
"Book Two: The Education of a Personage"—After the war, Amory falls in love with a New York debutante named Rosalind Connage. Because he is poor, however, this relationship collapses as well; Rosalind decides to marry a wealthy man, instead. A devastated Amory is further crushed to learn that his mentor Monsignor Darcy has died. The book ends with Amory's iconic lament, "I know myself, but that is all".[7]
Characters[edit]
Most of the characters are drawn directly from Fitzgerald's own life:[8][9]
Amory Blaine—the protagonist of the book, is clearly based on Fitzgerald. Both are from the Midwest, attended Princeton, had a failed romance with a debutante, served in the army, then had a failed romance with a second debutante (though after the success of This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald won back Zelda).
Beatrice Blaine—Blaine's mother was actually based on the mother of one of Fitzgerald's friends, rather than his own.
Isabelle Borgé—Amory Blaine's first love is based on Fitzgerald's first love, the Chicago debutante Ginevra King.[10][11]
Monsignor Darcy—Blaine's spiritual mentor is based on a Sigourney Fay, to whom Fitzgerald was close. Fay was from Minneapolis.[citation needed]
Rosalind Connage—Amory Blaine's second love is based on Fitzgerald's second love, Zelda Sayre. However, unlike Zelda, Rosalind was from New York. Rosalind is also partially based on the character Beatrice Normandy in H. G. Wells's novel Tono-Bungay (1909).[citation needed]
Cecilia Connage—Rosalind's cynical younger sister.[citation needed]
Thomas Parke D'Invilliers—one of Blaine's close friends (also the fictitious author of the poem at the start of The Great Gatsby) was based on Fitzgerald's friend and classmate, the poet John Peale Bishop.[citation needed]
Eleanor Savage—a girl Amory meets in Maryland. Eleanor's character serves as a "love interest, therapeutic friend, and conversational other". Highly educated and discussing poetry and philosophy, "Eleanor not only posits her desires in juxtaposition to the lingering Victorian expectations of women in her day but also serves as soothsayer to the demands which would be placed on females".[12]
Clara Page—Amory's widowed cousin, whom he loves. But she doesn't love him back.
Style[edit]
This Side of Paradise blends different styles of writing: it is, at times, a fictional narrative, at times free verse, and at times a narrative drama, interspersed with letters and poems from Amory. In fact, the novel's odd blend of styles was the result of Fitzgerald's cobbling his earlier attempt at a novel, "The Romantic Egotist", together with assorted short stories and poems that he had composed but never published. The occasional switch from third person to second person gives the hint that the story is semi-autobiographical.[13]
Critical favour[edit]
Many reviewers were enthusiastic. Burton Rascoe of the Chicago Tribune wrote: "it bears the impress, it seems to me, of genius. It is the only adequate study that we have had of the contemporary American in adolescence and young manhood."[14] H. L. Mencken wrote: This Side of Paradise was the "best American novel that I have seen of late."[15]
One reader who was not entirely pleased, however, was John Grier Hibben, the President of Princeton University: "I cannot bear to think that our young men are merely living four years in a country club and spending their lives wholly in a spirit of calculation and snobbishness".[16]
Legacy and modern analysis[edit]
Although not as popular in media as Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby the book has nonetheless been the subject of diverse studies. The book has been used in research studying Fitzgerald's career[17] as well as essays looking at development of narcissism[18] and feminism[12] in literature.
Saori Tanaka's essay on narcissism argues that "Amory comes to know himself through Beatrice and his four lovers, which are like five sheets of glass. They are his reflectors (...) reflecting his narcissim and the inner side.[18] The first three women in the book allow Amory to narcissistically dream:
Beatrice. She is the basis of both his nervousness and romanticism. He is attracted to her exquisite delicacy despite "no illusions about her" and has a sense of superiority.
Isabelle. A beautiful girl in Minneapolis, is a replica of his perfect self. Amory identifies himself with her because she is his twin in "good looks and an excitable temperament".
Clara. She is ideal, clean, brilliant and casts light upon him as her name suggests. Her holiness and goodness will save him from his fear of temptation and evil.
The last two women he meets, after participating in the war and losing his financial foundation "make him not dream but awake in postwar act II":
Rosalind. Seemingly reminiscent of actress-like Isabelle, she sells her love to satisfy her narcissism infinitely. She kills not herself but his love (...) when she rejects "his lips against her wet cheek". She makes Amory lose "the illusion of eternal youth"
Eleanor. The last women who leaves Amory the pain of knowing himself. She is the sole muse who projects his precise image. Eleanor echoes Amory's "black old inside self" and exposes his soul.
Tanaka states that: "With Beatrice and Isabelle, Amory activates the grandiose self, with Clara and Rosalind, he restricts narcissism, and with Eleanor, he gains a realistic conception of the self."[18]
In popular culture[edit]
In the television series 30 Rock,[when?] the character Jack Donaghy (played by Alec Baldwin) says that he was awarded the "Amory Blaine Handsomeness Scholarship" by Princeton University.
The 24th episode of the first season of Star Trek is called "This Side of Paradise" as well. Both were inspired by Rupert Brooke's poem Tiare Tahiti.
The book is read by the main character, Charlie, in Stephen Chbosky's coming-of-age novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower.[19]
Alternative band Glass Animals subtly referenced the novel on their 2016 album, How to Be a Human Being, with a track entitled "The Other Side Of Paradise." The lyrics detail a one-sided, chaotic relationship.
The central plot of John Grisham's "Camino Island" centers around F. Scott Fitzgerald's manuscripts, including "This Side of Paradise", which were stolen from the Firestone Library at Princeton University.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1920). This Side of Paradise. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 98–99
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 109
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCfUsaX5F10
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 127–28
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 133
Jump up ^ This Side of Paradise, p. 285
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 123–124
Jump up ^ Mizener, Arthur (1972), Scott Fitzgerald and His World, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
Jump up ^ Noden, Merrell (November 5, 2003). "Fitzgerald's first love". Princeton Alumni Weekly.
Jump up ^ Stepanov, Renata (September 15, 2003). "Family of Fitzgerald's lover donates correspondence". The Daily Princetonian.
^ Jump up to: a b Riccardo, Andrew (1 January 2012). "Anticipative Feminism in F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise and Flappers and Philosophers". The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English. 14 (1): 26-57. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ West, James L. W. III, "The question of vocation in This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned. In Prigozy 2002, pp. 48–56
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 116–17
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 117
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 125
Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 125
^ Jump up to: a b c Tanaka, Saori (24 December 2014). "Mirror Images Reflecting Self : Narcissism in F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise". Osaka Literary Review. 43: 123–140. doi:10.18910/25224. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Chbosky, Stephen (1999). The Perks of Being a Wallflower. New York: Pocket Books. p. 14.
Bibliography[edit]
Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph (2002), Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.), Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1-57003-455-9
Prigozy, Ruth (ed.) (2002), The Cambridge Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62447-9 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
This Side of Paradise
This Side of Paradise at Project Gutenberg
This Side of Paradise Internet Archive
This Side of Paradise Internet Archive
This Side of Paradise Map
This Side of Paradise public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[hide]
v
t
e
Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Novels
This Side of Paradise (1920)
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
The Great Gatsby (1925)
Tender Is the Night (1934)
The Last Tycoon [unfinished] (1941)
Short story
collections
Flappers and Philosophers
(1920)
"The Offshore Pirate"
"The Ice Palace"
"Head and Shoulders"
"The Cut-Glass Bowl"
"Bernice Bobs Her Hair"
"Benediction"
Tales of the Jazz Age
(1922)
"May Day"
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz
"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button"
All the Sad Young Men
(1926)
"The Rich Boy"
"Winter Dreams"
"The Baby Party"
"Absolution"
"The Adjuster"
Taps at Reveille
(1935)
"The Freshest Boy"
"First Blood"
"Crazy Sunday"
"Babylon Revisited"
Posthumous works
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (1960)
The Basil and Josephine Stories (1962)
The Pat Hobby Stories (1973)
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1989)
Plays
The Vegetable, or From President to Postman (1923)
Essay collections
The Crack-Up (1945)
Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Norma Tanega
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Norma Tanega
Birth name
Norma Cecilia Tanega
Born
(1939-01-30)January 30, 1939
Vallejo, California
Origin
California
Genres
folk
pop
experimental
Latin jazz
Occupation(s)
Musician, painter
Instruments
guitar
vocals
percussion
Years active
1966–present
Labels
New Voice Records
RCA Records
Associated acts
Dusty Springfield
The Caramic Ensemble
hybridVigor
Baboonz
Website
www.normatanega.com/
Norma Cecilia Tanega (born January 30, 1939, Vallejo, California) is an American folk and pop singer-songwriter, painter, and experimental musician. In the 1960s she had a hit with the single "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog" and wrote songs for Dusty Springfield and other prominent musicians. In recent decades Tanega has worked mostly as a percussionist, playing various styles of music in the bands Baboonz, hybridVigor and Ceramic Ensemble.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Music career
1.2.1 "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog"
1.2.2 Years in the United Kingdom
1.2.3 Recent work
2 In other media
3 Discography
3.1 Solo
3.1.1 Singles
3.1.2 Albums
3.2 Group projects
3.2.1 hybridVigor
3.2.2 Latin Lizards
3.2.3 Norma Tanega and John Zeretzke
3.2.4 Norma Tanega and Brian Ransom
3.2.5 Baboonz
3.2.6 Norma Tanega and Steve Rushingwind Ruiz
4 References
5 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Norma Tanega was born in Vallejo, near San Francisco, California and moved to Long Beach at the age of two. Her mother, Philda Tanega, was Panamanian, and her father, Tomas Tanega, was Filipino and worked as a bandmaster for 30 years in the United States Navy aboard the USS Hornet before moving on to lead his own band. Norma's older brother Rudy went into the United States Air Force.[1]
Tanega began classical piano lessons at age nine. She entered Long Beach Polytechnic High School in 1952 and in her senior year directed the school's art gallery. By age 16 she was exhibiting her paintings at both Long Beach's Public Library and its Municipal Art Center, play Beethoven and Bartok at piano recitals, and writing poetry.[1] At age 17 she entered Scripps College on a scholarship and continued her studies at Claremont Graduate School, achieving an MFA in 1962.[2]
Tanega spent a summer backpacking around Europe and moved to New York City to pursue her artistic career. Living in Greenwich Village she became involved in the folk music scene and political activism, including early opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War.[3]
Music career[edit]
"Walkin' My Cat Named Dog"[edit]
Tanega worked for a short time at a mental hospital, where she sang and played songs for patients.[4] She spent her summers working as a camp counselor upstate in the Catskill Mountains.[5] One summer Brooklyn-based record producer Herb Bernstein happened to be visiting the camp and saw Tanega performing some of her songs.[2] impressed by what he saw, Bernstein took her to meet Four Seasons songwriter Bob Crewe and in 1966 the two men produced a number of recordings that comprised Tanega's first album and singles to be released on Crewe's New Voice Records label.[6]
Her first single, "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog", went on to be an international hit, peaking at number 22 on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Charts, and entered Canadia's top 10.[7][8] Tanega's impetus for the song came from living in a New York City apartment building that didn't allow dogs, so she kept a cat instead, named the cat "dog" and took the cat out for walks.[9] The single's success landed her appearances on American Bandstand and Where the Action Is,[10] and also a slot as the only woman on a North American tour with Gene Pitney, Bobby Goldsboro, Chad and Jeremy and The McCoys. On that tour Tanega was initially backed up by members of The Outsiders, who ended up not being able to follow Tanega's more idiosyncratic music and she had to take on session players to accompany her onstage.[4] While some of her songs riffed off of traditional tunes like "Hey Girl", derived from Lead Belly's take on "In the Pines",[11] many of her songs diverged from the structure of typical pop and folk music, such as her song "No Stranger Am I", set to a 5/4 time signature.[12]
With Tanega's next three singles having less commercial success than "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog", her debut album was named for its big hit[13] and its popularity spawned several cover versions by contemporary artists. A month after Tanega's single entered the charts, Barry McGuire cut a version on the heels of his number one hit "Eve of Destruction".[7][14] The T-Bones did an instrumental take on it later that year,[15] and both the Jazz Crusaders and Art Blakey released jazz treatments of the song in 1967.[16] International versions adapted the song into other languages. Madagascar yé-yé group Les Surfs translated it as "Mon Chat Qui S'Appelle Médor" for the French-speaking and African markets,[17] Belgium's Lize Marke released it as "Wanneer Komt Het Geluk Voor Mij" ("When Comes This Happiness For Me") in Dutch,[18] and Jytte Elga Olga interpretted it as "Min Kat – Herr Hund" ("My Cat, Mister Dog") on a Danish 45.[19]
Years in the United Kingdom[edit]
In 1967 Tanega traveled to the England to promote her music. Her tour included a perforformance on the BBC program Ready, Steady, Go! where she met British pop singer Dusty Springfield. After Tanega returned to the U.S. Springfield made many transatlantic calls to talk to her regularly, and Springfield accrued a large phone bill.[3] On a visit to New York, Springfield entered a romantic relationship with Tanega, and the two went back to England and lived together for five years.[20]
The couple took up residence in London's Kensington district where Tanega continued to paint and play music.[21] She contributed guitar tracks to Springfield's 1967 album Where Am I Going? and Springfield recorded many of Tanega's songs. These included "No Stranger Am I", the 5/4 number that originally appeared on Tanega's first album; "The Colour of Your Eyes", which Tanega wrote for Springfield in Venice, California; "Earthbound Gypsy" and "Midnight Sounds", both co-written in New York with Tanega's high school friend Dan White; and "Come for a Dream", co-written with bossa nova musician Antônio Carlos Jobim. Tanega also penned the English language lyrics for Springfield's version of "Morning", a cover of the song "Bom Dia" by Gilberto Gil and Nana Caymmi. In 1970 Tanega teamed up with jazz pianist Blossom Dearie to write a song about Springfield for Dearie's album That's Just the Way I Want to Be.[12]
Most of Tanega's songs appeared as non-album B-sides to Springfield's singles. Some, like the outtake "Go My Love", appeared only on collections released years after their recording.[22] Tanega also went uncredited for many of her collaborations with Springfield, and by 1970 their relationship was deteriorating.[12] Tanega's time in the U.K. secured her a contract with British division of RCA Records for whom she recorded the album I Don't Think It Will Hurt If You Smile in 1971 with producer/keyboardist Mike Moran and Don Paul of British rock group The Viscounts.[2][23] When Tanega ended up returning to the U.S. before the album's promotion, it wasn't met with the chart success of her earlier work.[24] Dusty Springfield biographer Annie J. Randall said of the record, "I hear many references to Norma's relationship with Dusty on this album. It stands to reason that Dusty would be the object of affection in the love songs.”[2]
Recent work[edit]
in 1972 Tanega moved back to Claremont, California and took jobs teaching both music and English as a second language.[2] She returned to painting and exhibiting her artwork.[25] with frequent support from the Claremont Museum of Art.[26] and sometimes combined with her own musical performances.[27] Musically she switched from playing guitar to percussion and her style evolved from folk-rock singer-songwriting to more instrumental and experimental music.[4][28] In the 1980s she was a member of Scripps ceramics professor Brian Ransom's Ceramic Ensemble, a group tht played Ransom's handmade earthenware instruments.[29] Over the years Ceramic Ensemble played at universities, folk festivasl and art museums.[30]
In the 1990s Tanega founded the group hybridVigor, starting as a duo with Mike Henderson for their first album, then expanding to a trio with the addition of Rebecca Jamm for their second album.[31] In 1998 Tanega formed the Latin Lizards with Robert Grajeda, and the duo released the album Dangerous in 2003.[32][33]
Her next band was called Baboonz with guitarist Tom Skelly and bassist Mario Verlangieri. The trio released a selt-titled CD in 2008, the album Ah! In 2009, and a third called 8 Songs Ate Brains in 2010.[2] Other recording projects soon followed, including the album Push with John Zeretzke,[34] Twin Journey with Steve Rushingwind Ruiz, and a return collaboration with Ceramic Ensemble sound sculptor Brian Ransom for their album Internal Medicine.[2]
In other media[edit]
Beyond the mid-60s buzz around Tanega's sole hit single and the number of songs she contributed to Dusty Springfield's repertoire, many other musicians have continued to record their own versions of Tanega's early work. Garage rock group Thee Oh Sees covered "What Are We Craving?" on their 2011 album Castlemania.[35] Her one chart hit, "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog" has continued its rounds in other musicians' repertoires. Dr. Hook included it in a 1996 three-disc collection,[36] Yo La Tengo performed it 2010,[37] and They Might Be Giants recorded it in 2013 for release on their 2015 children's album Why?[38]
In 2014, Tanega's song 'You're Dead' was used in the opening credits of the New Zealand vampire comedy film What We Do In The Shadows and was remixed to become a running theme for its characters.[39][40] In 2015 Sienna Sebek portrayed Tanega in a London stage production based on the life of Dusty Springfield.[41] Critics panned the show, one writing that the Tanega-Springfield relationship was reduced to, "they meet, fall in love, have a relationship and break up all within the space of a 10 minutes or so."[42] Anabello Rodrigo reprised the role for a 2016 production featuring 3-D[disambiguation needed] virtual effects.[43]
Discography[edit]
Solo[edit]
Singles[edit]
"Walkin’ My Cat Named Dog"/"I'm The Sky" (New Voice, 1966)
"A Street That Rhymes At Six A.M."/"Treat Me Right" (New Voice, 1966)
"Bread"/"Waves" (New Voice, 1966)
"Run, On The Run"/"No Stranger Am I" (New Voice, 1967)[44]
"Nothing Much Is Happening Today"/"Antarctic Rose" (RCA, 1971)[4]
Albums[edit]
Walkin’ My Cat Named Dog (New Voice, 1966)[45]
I Don't Think It Will Hurt If You Smile (RCA, 1971)
Group projects[edit]
hybridVigor[edit]
hybridVigor (1996)
II by 3 (2000)[46]
Latin Lizards[edit]
Dangerous (2001)[47]
Norma Tanega and John Zeretzke[edit]
Push (2003)[48]
Norma Tanega and Brian Ransom[edit]
Internal Medicine (2008)[49]
Baboonz[edit]
Baboonz (2008)
AH! (2009)
8 Songs Ate Brains (2011)[2]
Norma Tanega and Steve Rushingwind Ruiz[edit]
Twin Journeys (2012)[50]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Vera (August 21, 1955). Independent Press-Telegram from. Long Beach, California. p. 68. Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Norma Tanega talks about her ‘lost’ album, sold exclusively through “Let’s Talk Dusty!” – Let's Talk Dusty!". Let's Talk Dusty. June 3, 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Valentine, Penny; Wickham, Vicki (2014). Dancing with Demons: The Authorized Biography of Dusty Springfield. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781466878211.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McLane, Ben C.; Wong, Venice Antoinette (1995). "Articles: Norma Tanega". www.benmclane.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie (2014). Jingle Jangle Morning: Folk-Rock in the 1960s. BookBaby. ISBN 9780991589210.
Jump up ^ "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog – Norma Tanega | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 9 April 1966. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London, UK: Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 549. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Choron, Sandra; Choron, Harry; Moore, Arden (2007). Planet Cat: A Cat-Alog. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 59. ISBN 0618812598.
Jump up ^ Independent Press-Telegram. Long Beach, California. April 10, 1966. pp. 185, 189. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Miller, Quinn (November 14, 2014). "Hey People, Come Free With Me: New Voices from 1966 « The Hooded Utilitarian". The Hooded Utilitarian. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Howes, Paul; Clark, Petula (2012). The Complete Dusty Springfield. Titan Books. ISBN 9781781165409.
Jump up ^ Inc (14 May 1966). "Pop Spotlight: Walkin' My Cat Named Dog". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. Billboard Books. p. 183. ISBN 9780823076772.
Jump up ^ "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 29 October 1966.
Jump up ^ "Norma Tanega | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tendres Années – Les Surfs | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lize Marke – Wanneer Komt Het Geluk Voor Mij (Walking My Cat Named Dog)". 45 Cat. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "HMV Label X series 45 Singles Diskografi". danpop. April 22, 2012. p. 8. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Karen (2014). Dusty: An Intimate Portrait of a Musical Legend. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 9781849547635.
Jump up ^ Hashish, Amira (13 June 2017). "Dusty's home is for sale – perfect for Diana Vickers' role research". Homes and Property. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Pop star Diana Vickers will portray the late, great Dusty Springfield in the new musical Son of a Preacher Man, directed by Strictly Come Dancing judge Craig Revel Horwood. Vickers will tour the UK with the production later this year. As part of her research for the role, she should surely book a viewing at the lateral Art Deco house in Aubrey Walk, Kensington, where Sixties icon Springfield lived with her lover, Norma Tanega.
Jump up ^ SDGLN Staff (26 October 2015). "Meet LGBT History Month icons Michael Sam, Barbra Siperstein, and Dusty Springfield". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Retrieved 8 September 2017. During the late 1960s and early ’70s, Springfield was romantically linked to Norma Tanega, a California-born singer-songwriter who wrote a few of Springfield’s songs such as “Go My Love.”
Jump up ^ Hi-fi News & Record Review. Link House Publications. 1972. p. 327.
Jump up ^ Randall, Annie J. (2008). Dusty!: Queen of the Postmods. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199716302.
Jump up ^ The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. February 20, 1981. p. 45 https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/62638502/. Retrieved 13 September 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "tanega | Search Results | Claremont Museum of Art". Claremont Museum of Art.
Jump up ^ "Galleries: Local art guide the week of October 3". Claremont Courier. October 2, 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Ruchie. "Norma Tanega | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Tanega moved to England for five years, recording an album for RCA. After returning to the United States, she became a percussionist, playing ceramic instruments and making several albums with woodwind player Brian Ransom. Later she played world music with Hybrid Vigor, and taught art and music in Southern California.
Jump up ^ Henken, John (11 December 1988). "Instruments That Look and Sound Like Earth : Ceramist/musician Brian Ransom creates art that's both aural and visual". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Woodard, Josef (24 October 1991). "Sound Sculptor : Brian Ransom's 'whistling pods,' 'hooters' and 'spiral horns' double as ceramic art and instruments.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "Norma Tanega – Biography | Billboard". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latin Lizards Concert | PolyCentric". PolyCentric. August 17, 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous – The Latin Lizards.". CD Baby. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Norma Tanega and Robert Grajeda, known in this galaxy as The Latin Lizards, play a "delicioso" blend of Latin Jazz and Pop. Norma is a painter, composer and musician who has recorded several albums, one of which included "Walkin'My Cat Named Dog", a top-ten hit song in 1967. She sings and plays a variety of percussion instruments including a custom set of ceramic drums (congas, djembes and dumbeks) which are featured on the album. Norma's Panamanian and Filipino roots give the songs an earthy and exotic flavor. Her warmth and joy make you smile and dance every time you listen to her sing and play.
Jump up ^ "Push". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Castlemania – Thee Oh Sees | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Parisien, Roch. "Pleasure & Pain: The History of Dr. Hook – Dr. Hook | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jarnow, Jesse (December 9, 2010). "Live: The National Open, But Yo La Tengo Dominate During Their Final Hanukkah Night At Maxwell’s | Village Voice". Village Voice. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Meet They Might Be Giants’ John Flansburgh’s Murderous Cats, Symphony Sid and Suzzy". Spin. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Kustanczy, Catherine (February 13, 2015). "From the Makers of 'Flight of the Conchords,' A Wickedly Funny Vampire Mockumentary". Mic. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Mic: The movie has a really unique soundtrack, with the Norma Tanega song "You're Dead" as a kind of theme for your vampires. How did you find the music? TW: We stumbled across that. Our editors had a big list, like a big drive full of music.
Jump up ^ "Festivales de Buenos Aires – 260". festivales.buenosaires.gob.ar. April 22, 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2017. This sublime documentary couldn’t have a better theme song than the resounding “You’re Dead,” by Norma Tanega, which points out with preciseness the main qualities of its protagonists.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Paul (8 September 2015). "Dusty, review: Wooden book is saved by elating sequences". The Independent. Retrieved 8 September 2017. But hers is a gutsily-sung, courageous performance and there are elating sequences amidst the dross of the book – Dusty becoming an honorary Vandella for a joyous evening with Witney White's excellent Martha; the duetting same-sex spin on numbers during the show's otherwise cursory treatment of her relationship with American song-writer Norma Tanega (Sienna Sebek); and the moment of deathless kitsch when Dusty dons her first blonde wig, eyes her reflection and says “Goodbye Mary”.
Jump up ^ Graham, Katherine M (September 16, 2015). "Dusty drama a dreary dud". People’s Printing Press. Retrieved 12 September 2017. This is most evident in the portrayal of Springfield’s relationship with songwriter Norma Tanega (Sienna Sebek) — they meet, fall in love, have a relationship and break up all within the space of a 10 minutes or so.
Jump up ^ "Everything's Coming Up Dusty". Up&Atom Magazine (6). March 30, 2016. pp. 20–22.
Jump up ^ "Chart Spotlights—Predicted to reach the Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 25 March 1967.
Jump up ^ Flores, Leonardo; Miller, Mike (July 1, 2007). "The Complete Bob Crewe Label Discography" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hybrid Vigor — "II by 3"". Exposé (22). July 2001. p. 38.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous - The Latin Lizards. Listen @cdbaby". CD Baby. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "PUSH - Tanaga and Zeretzke. Listen @cdbaby". CD Baby. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "“From St. Petersburg, with Love”: July 26-September 6" (Newsletter). Artspace Lima. Lima, OH. June 2008. p. 1. He has recorded a CD of his work, “Internal Medicine,” in collaboration with Norma Tanega.
Jump up ^ Wildsmith, Steve (August 24, 2016). "Steve Rushingwind, other Native American performers head to Townsend". The Daily Times. Retrieved 26 September 2017. In 2012, he released an album of flute and percussion with solo artist Norma Tanega under the moniker Twin Journeys.
External links[edit]
Official website
Norma Tanega on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 87258238
MusicBrainz: 6afd770e-8d2a-4243-b1fc-d9c22f11e428
IATH: w64j29tt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norma_Tanega&oldid=802525028"
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