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Mains electricity by country
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For further information on each plug and discussion on the different voltages and frequencies used, see AC power plugs and sockets and Mains electricity.
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Mains electricity by country includes a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they commonly use for providing electrical power to appliances, equipment, and lighting typically found in homes and offices. (For industrial machinery, see Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets.) Some countries have different voltage levels for small vs. large appliances, and sometimes different plugs are mandated for different voltage or current levels.
Voltage, frequency, and plug type vary widely, but large regions may use common standards. Physical compatibility of receptacles may not ensure compatibility of voltage, frequency, or connection to earth (ground), including plugs and cords. In some areas, older standards may still exist. Foreign enclaves, extraterritorial government installations, or buildings frequented by tourists may support plugs not otherwise used in a country, for the convenience of travellers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main reference source—IEC World Plugs
2 Voltages
3 Plugs
3.1 Identification guide
4 Table of mains voltages, frequencies, and plugs
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Main reference source—IEC World Plugs[edit]
The International Electrotechnical Commission publishes a web microsite World Plugs[1] which provides the main source for this page, except where other sources are indicated. World Plugs includes some history, a description of plug types, and a list of countries giving the type(s) used and the mains voltage and frequency.
Although useful for quick reference, especially for travellers, IEC World Plugs may not be regarded as totally accurate, as illustrated by the examples in the plugs section below, and errors may exist, such as Indonesia being listed as using both 220 V and 110 V when the Indonesian Standard SPLN 1[2] clearly states the voltage as 230 V, and the official travel website says "electric power supply is 220 volts in all regions."[3]
Voltages[edit]
Voltages in this article are the nominal single-phase supply voltages. Three-phase and industrial loads may have other voltages.
All voltages are root mean square voltage; the peak AC voltage is greater by a factor of √2, and the peak-to-peak voltage greater by a factor of 2√2.
Plugs[edit]
Main article: AC power plugs and sockets
The lettering system used here is from World Plugs, which defines the letter names and gives a (not always correct) list of what plug types are used where. The Type N description is of the two variations of Brazilian plug (Brazilian national standard NBR 14136); however, the original plug and socket is defined in IEC 60906-1 and has been adopted as a South African national Standard (SANS 164-2). The Brazilian version is non-compliant with the IEC standard. Not all plugs are included in the letter system; for example, there is no designation for the plug defined by the Thai National Standard TIS116-2549, though some web sites call this "Type O".
Identification guide[edit]
Type A (NEMA 1–15 U.S. 2 pin)
max 125 V AC, max rating 15A
Type B (NEMA 5–15 U.S. 3 pin)
max 125 V AC, max rating 15 A
and IEC standard 60906-2
Type C (CEE 7/16 Europlug)
CEE 7/17 2-pin plug & CEE 7/1 socket
Type D (BS 546 5 A)
Type E (French) CEE 7/6 plug & CEE 7/5 socket, 16A
Type F ("Schuko") CEE 7/4 plug & CEE 7/3 socket, 16A
CEE 7/7 plug, (combines earthing methods of Type E & Type F)
Type G (BS1363 UK)
Type H (SI 32 Israel)
Type I (Australian AS/NZS 3112); Argentinian version has reversed polarity compared to Chinese and Australian versions
Type J (SEV-1011 Switzerland), 10A
Type K (SRAF 1962/DB Denmark)
Type L (CEI 23-50)
Type M (15 A BS 546)
Type N (Brazilian NBR 14136)
Thai TIS 166-2549 mains plug, sometimes known as Type O
"So-called "universal socket" which meets no standard[4] but accepts a number of different plug types.(criticized as unsafe)
Table of mains voltages, frequencies, and plugs[edit]
This article is missing information about tolerances that allow compatibility across e.g. 230V and 240V systems. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2018)
Country
or
territory
Plug type for small appliances[5][a]
National plug standard for small appliances[6]
Voltage for small appliances[5]
Utility frequency[5]
Comments and alternative systems for smaller and larger equipment
Afghanistan C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Albania C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Algeria C, F 230 V 50 Hz
American Samoa A, B, F, I 120 V 60 Hz
Andorra C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Angola C 220 V 50 Hz
Anguilla A 110 V 60 Hz
Antigua and Barbuda A, B 230 V 60 Hz
Argentina C, I 220 V 50 Hz Line/neutral reversed compared to Chinese and Australian/NZ Type I
Armenia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Aruba A, B, F 127 V 60 Hz
Australia I AS/NZS 3112 230 V[7][8] 50 Hz Bathrooms may have shaver sockets[citation needed]
Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I[citation needed]
Austria C
F ÖVE-IG/EN 50075
ÖVEÖNORM E 8620 230 V 50 Hz
Azerbaijan C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Bahamas A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Bahrain G 230 V 50 Hz
Bangladesh C, D, G, K 220 V 50 Hz
Barbados A, B 115 V 50 Hz
Belarus C, F 230 V +/-10% (transitioning from separate 220V and 240V systems, as of 1993)[9] 50 Hz
Belgium C, E NBN C 61 112-1 230 V 50 Hz
Belize A, B, G 110 V
220 V 60 Hz
Benin C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Bermuda A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Bhutan C, D, F, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Bolivia A, C 115 V
230 V 50 Hz
Bosnia and Herzegovina C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Botswana D, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Brazil C, N NBR 14136 127 V
220 V [10] 60 Hz [11]
British Virgin Islands A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Brunei G 240 V 50 Hz
Bulgaria C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Burkina Faso C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Burundi C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Cambodia A, C, G 230 V 50 Hz
Cameroon C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Canada A, B CSA C22.2 No. 42[12] 120 V[13] 60 Hz Homes are typically provided with 120/240 V split-phase power; NEMA 14-30R and 14-50R receptacles are provided on 240 V circuits for clothes dryers and electric stoves.[14]
Cape Verde C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Caribbean Netherlands
Bonaire[15]
Curaçao
-
A, B
A[16], B[citation needed]
-
127 V
127 V[citation needed]
-
50 Hz
50 Hz[16]
Bonaire: Sockets for 220-240V European type C plugs are typically available at hotels; some buildings modify voltage, so travellers are advised to check before plugging in.
Cayman Islands A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Central African Republic C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Chad C, D, E, F 220 V 50 Hz
Chile C, L 220 V 50 Hz
China A, C, I GB 1002-2008 &
GB 2099.1‐2008 220 V 50 Hz Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I
Colombia A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Comoros C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Congo, Republic of the C, E 230 V 50 Hz
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
[citation needed] C, D, E 220 V 50 Hz
Cook Islands I 240 V 50 Hz
Costa Rica A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Côte d'Ivoire C, E 230 V 50 Hz
Croatia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Cuba A, B 110 V 60 Hz Modern hotels typically have 220V sockets for European 2-pin plugs (Type C).[17]
Cyprus G 240 V 50 Hz
Czech Republic C, E ČSN 35 4516 230 V 50 Hz
Denmark C
E, F, K DS/EN 50075
DS 60884-2-D1[18] 230 V 50 Hz
Djibouti C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Dominica D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Dominican Republic A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Ecuador A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Egypt C, F 220 V 50 Hz
El Salvador A, B 115 V 60 Hz
Equatorial Guinea C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Eritrea C, L 230 V 50 Hz
Estonia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Ethiopia C, E, F, L 220 V 50 Hz
Falkland Islands G 240 V 50 Hz
Faroe Islands C, E, F, K 230 V 50 Hz
Fiji I 240 V 50 Hz
Finland C
F SFS-EN 50075
SFS 5610 230 V 50 Hz
France C
E NF EN 50075
NF C 61-314 230 V 50 Hz
French Guiana C, D, E 220 V 50 Hz
French Polynesia A, B, C, E, F 110 V
220 V 60 Hz
60 Hz[19]
Gabon C 220 V 50 Hz
Gambia G 230 V 50 Hz
Georgia C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Germany C
F DIN VDE 0620
DIN 49441 230 V 50 Hz
Ghana D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Gibraltar C, G 240 V 50 Hz
Greece C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Greenland C, E, F, K 220 V 50 Hz
Grenada G 230 V 50 Hz
Guadeloupe C, D, E 230 V 50 Hz
Guam A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Guatemala A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Guernsey G 230 V 50 Hz
Guinea C, F, K 220 V 50 Hz
Guinea-Bissau C 220 V 50 Hz
Guyana A, B, D, G 110 V
220 V[20] 60 Hz
50 Hz[20] Conversion of 50 Hz distribution to 60 Hz is ongoing[21]
Haiti A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Honduras A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Hong Kong G
D, M[22] BS 1363
BS 546 220 V 50 Hz Type G is most common.
Hungary C
F MSZ EN 50075
MSZ 9781-2 230 V 50 Hz
Iceland C, F 230 V 50 Hz
India C, D, M IS 1293[23] 230 V 50 Hz
Indonesia C, F 220 V[2] 50 Hz
Iran C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Iraq C, D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Ireland G I.S. 401[24] 230 V 50 Hz
Isle of Man G 240 V 50 Hz
Israel C, H, M 230 V 50 Hz Several territories controlled by the PNA also share the same type as the State of Israel.
Italy C
F, L CEI 23-34
CEI 23-50 230 V 50 Hz Different type L plugs are used for high-current vs. low-current devices
Jamaica A, B 110 V 50 Hz
Japan A, B JIS C 8303 100 V 60 Hz
50 Hz East Japan 50 Hz (Tokyo, Kawasaki, Sapporo, Yokohama, and Sendai); West Japan 60 Hz (Okinawa, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Nagoya, Hiroshima). 120 V in military facilities in Okinawa.[citation needed] See Energy in Japan for more.
Jersey G 230 V 50 Hz
Jordan B, C, D, F, G, J 230 V 50 Hz
Kazakhstan C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Kenya G 240 V 50 Hz
Kiribati I 240 V 50 Hz
Kosovo
[citation needed] C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Kuwait C, G 240 V 50 Hz
Kyrgyzstan C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Laos C, E, F 230 V 50 Hz
Latvia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Lebanon A, B, C, D, G 220 V 50 Hz
Lesotho M 220 V 50 Hz
Liberia A, B, C, E, F 120 V
240 V 60 Hz
50 Hz
Libya C, D, F, L 127 V 50 Hz Barca, Benghazi, Derna, Sabha & Tobruk 230 V.[citation needed]
Lithuania C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Liechtenstein C, J 230 V 50 Hz
Luxembourg C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Macau D, F, G, M 230 V[25] 50 Hz
Macedonia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Madagascar C, D, E, J, K 127 V
220 V 50 Hz
Malawi G 230 V 50 Hz
Malaysia C[26]
G [26]
M[26][27] MS 1578:2003[26]
MS 589:PT.1:1997[26]
MS 1577:2003[26] 230 V[28] 50 Hz Type C requires adaptor[29]
Bathrooms may have shaver sockets[29]
Maldives D, G, J, K, L 230 V 50 Hz
Mali C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Malta G 230 V 50 Hz
Martinique C, D, E 220 V 50 Hz
Mauritania C 220 V 50 Hz
Mauritius C, G 230 V 50 Hz
Mexico A, B NMX-J-163-ANCE 127 V 60 Hz
Micronesia A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Moldova C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Monaco C, D, E, F 230 V 50 Hz
Mongolia C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Montenegro C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Montserrat A, B 120 V
230 V 60 Hz
Morocco C, E 127 V
220 V 50 Hz
Mozambique C, F, M 220 V 50 Hz
Myanmar C, D, F, G 230 V 50 Hz
Namibia D, M 220 V 50 Hz
Nauru I 240 V 50 Hz
Nepal C, D, M 230 V 50 Hz
Netherlands C, F EN 50075
NEN 1020 230 V 50 Hz
New Caledonia C, F 220 V 50 Hz
New Zealand I AS/NZS 3112 230 V 50 Hz Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I
Nicaragua A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Niger A, B, C, D, E, F 220 V 50 Hz
Nigeria D, G 240 V 50 Hz
North Korea A, C, F 110 V
220 V 60 Hz
50 Hz
Norway C
F NEK EN 50075
NEK 502 230 V
50 Hz
Oman C, G 240 V 50 Hz
Pakistan C, D, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Palau A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Panama A, B 110 V
120 V 60 Hz
Papua New Guinea I 240 V 50 Hz
Paraguay C 220 V 50 Hz
Peru A, B, C 220 V 60 Hz Talara 110/220 V; some areas 50 Hz[30][unreliable source?]
Philippines A, B, C 230 V[31] 60 Hz
Poland C, E BN-88/3064 230 V 50 Hz
Portugal C, F NP 1260 230 V 50 Hz
Puerto Rico A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Qatar D, G 240 V 50 Hz
Réunion E 220 V 50 Hz
Romania C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Russia C, F 230 V[9] 50 Hz USSR (along with much of Eastern Europe) used GOST sockets with 4.0 mm pins similar to Type C plugs and the 4.8 mm standard used by Type E & F.[32]
Rwanda C, J 230 V 50 Hz
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
[citation needed] G 220-240 V 50 Hz
Saint Martin (French) C, F 220 V 60 Hz
Sint Maarten (Dutch) A, B 120 V 60 Hz
St. Kitts and Nevis A, B, D, G 110 V
230 V 60 Hz
St. Lucia G 240 V 50 Hz
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
[citation needed] E 230 V 50 Hz
St. Vincent and the Grenadines C, E, G, I, K 230 V 50 Hz
Samoa I 230 V 50 Hz
San Marino C, F, L 230 V 50 Hz
São Tomé and Príncipe C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Saudi Arabia G SASO 2203 220 V 60 Hz
Senegal C, D, E, K 230 V 50 Hz
Serbia C
F JUS N.E3.552
JUS N.E3.553 230 V 50 Hz
Seychelles G 240 V 50 Hz
Sierra Leone D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Singapore C
G
M -
SS 145
SS 472 230 V 50 Hz
Slovakia C, E STN 34 4516 230 V 50 Hz
Slovenia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Solomon Islands I, G 220 V 50 Hz
Somalia C 220 V 50 Hz
South Africa C, M, N SANS 164 230 V 50 Hz
South Korea C, F KS C 8305 220 V 60 Hz
Spain C, F UNE 20315 230 V 50 Hz
Sri Lanka D, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Sudan C, D 230 V 50 Hz
Suriname C, F 127 V 60 Hz
Swaziland M 230 V 50 Hz
Sweden C
F SS-EN 50075
SS 428 08 34 230 V 50 Hz Bathrooms may have shaver sockets.
Switzerland C, J SN SEV 1011:2009[33][34] 230 V 50 Hz
Syria C, E, L 220 V 50 Hz
Taiwan A, B 110 V 60 Hz Sockets in older buildings are often unearthed and accept only Type A plugs.
Tajikistan C, F, I 220 V 50 Hz
Tanzania D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Thailand A, B, C, F - 220 V 50 Hz There is also a Thai national standard, TIS 166-2549 (sometimes known as Type O) which may not yet be in common use.[35][36]
Timor-Leste (East Timor) C, E, F, I 220 V 50 Hz
Togo C 220 V 50 Hz
Tonga I 240 V 50 Hz
Trinidad & Tobago A, B 115 V 60 Hz
Tunisia C, E 230 V 50 Hz
Turkey C, F 220 V[37] 50 Hz
Turkmenistan B, C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Tuvalu I 220 V 50 Hz
Uganda G 240 V 50 Hz
Ukraine C, F 230 V[38] 50 Hz
United Arab Emirates C, G 220 V 50 Hz Type G is most common.
United Kingdom G[39] BS 1363 230 V[40] 50 Hz Bathrooms may have shaver sockets
United States A
B NEMA 1-15 P
NEMA 5-15 P 120 V 60 Hz NEMA 5-20R outlets, which are similar to type B but have a T-shaped neutral blade, are used for high-current 120V equipment (up to 20 A). Use of split-phase power distribution to breaker panels is common, so high-consumption appliances like electric dryers and stoves can use 240 V circuits, typically with NEMA 14-30 or NEMA 14-50 outlets (or obsolete NEMA 10 outlets). Some commercial and light industrial equipment uses 208 V three-phase power with other NEMA outlets.
US Virgin Islands A
B NEMA 1-15 P
NEMA 5-15 P 110 V 60 Hz
Uruguay C, F, I, L 230 V 50 Hz
Uzbekistan C,I 220 V 50 Hz
Vanuatu C, G, I 220 V 50 Hz
Venezuela A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Vietnam A, C, G TCVN 6188-1 220 V 50 Hz
Yemen A, D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Zambia C, D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Zimbabwe D, G 220 V 50 Hz
Jump up ^ "C" may indicate that buildings have three-pin sockets compatible with Europlugs, which also work with other plug types (such as type E, type F, Thai, and some type H, J, K, L, and N sockets) or that buildings have some or all two-pin European style sockets, similar to CEE 7/1. Not all two-pin European plugs are compatible with all two-pin European sockets; see AC power plugs and sockets § Compatibility.
See also[edit]
AC power
AC power plugs and sockets
Alternating current
Delta-wye transformer
Electrical wiring
Electricity
Electric power transmission
Electrification
Electric grid
List of railway electrification systems
Mains electricity
NEMA connector
Telephone plug
Utility frequency
References[edit]
Jump up ^ World Plugs. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Retrieved on 2018-06-05.
^ Jump up to: a b SPLN 1 : 1995, Standar PLN. "Tegangan-tegangan Standar". Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/before-you-go
Jump up ^ "Universal AC Outlet • Setup Guide" (PDF). Anaheim, CA, USA: Extron Electronics. November 2017. 68-1638-01 Rev. F. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c "IEC - World Plugs: List view by location". Retrieved 2018-06-05.
Jump up ^ IEC/TR 60083 ed7.0: Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use standardized in member countries of IEC. International Electrotechnical Commission, October 2015. This 421-page technical report describes many national standards for domestic plugs and sockets. The first edition was published in January 1957. The 7th edition was approved in December 2012 and was published on 29th October 2015.
Jump up ^ AS60038-2012 Standards Australia – Standard Voltages
Jump up ^ When voltage varies. Electrical connection (2012-10-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Standard Voltages". docs.cntd.ru. Document gost-29322-92 via Google Translate: "The nominal voltages of the existing 220/380 and 240/415 V networks should be reduced to the recommended value of 230/400 V. Until 2003, as a first stage, power supply companies in countries with a 220/380 V network should lead the voltage to The value of 230/400 V (GOST 29322-92 (IEC 38-83) Standard voltage%). Electricity supply companies in countries with 240/415 V network should also bring this voltage to the value 230/400 V (GOST 29322-92 (IEC 38-83) Standard voltage%). After 2003, the range of 230/400 V ± 10% should be reached. Then, the issue of reducing the limits will be considered."
Jump up ^ Brasil. Decreto n. 41.019, de 26 de fev. de 1957. Regulamenta os serviços de energia elétrica, BR: BR Government, 1957
Jump up ^ Brasil. Lei n. 4.454, de 06 de nov. de 1964. Dispõe sobre a unificação de frequência da corrente elétrica no País, BR: BR Government, 1964
Jump up ^ CSA Standard C22.2 No. 42-10: General use receptacles, attachment plugs, and similar wiring devices. Mississauga, Ontario: Canadian Standards Association. 2010. p. 1.
Jump up ^ CAN3-C235-83: Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to 50 000 V. Rexdale (Toronto), Ontario: Canadian Standards Association. 1983. p. 9.
Jump up ^ C22.1-18: Canadian Electrical Code, Part 1. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Standards Association. 2018. p. 243.
Jump up ^ [1] [2] [3] [4]
^ Jump up to: a b "Curaçao Utilities". Curaçao Tourist Board. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Cuba: Electricity - TripAdvisor
Jump up ^ Dansk Standard. "DS 60884-2-D1:2011 - Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Requirements for Danish systems". webshop.ds.dk.
Jump up ^ [5](PDF)(french) Page 10, Article 9
^ Jump up to: a b History of Guyana Power and Light. Gplinc.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ GPL Converting Parts of the City to 60 Hz, retrieved 2009 July 31. Stabroeknews.com (2009-07-10). Retrieved on 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Code of Practice for the Electricity (Wiring) Regulations" (PDF). Electrical and Mechanical Services Department. p. 221. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ October 2005. IS 1293 - Indian Standard - PLUGS AND SOCKET-OUTLETS OF RELATED VOLTAGE UP TO AND INCLUDING 250 VOLTS AND RATED CURRENT YP TO AND INCLUDING 16 AMPERES -- SPECIFICATION. Bureau of Indian Standards.
Jump up ^ I.S. 401, "Safety requirements for rewirable and non-rewirable 13A fused plugs for normal and rough use having insulating sleeves on line and neutral pins", NSAI (National Standards Authority of Ireland), (1997), Dublin
Jump up ^ Standard Conditions of Supply of Electricity. (Macau). Archived from the original 2016-06-03. Retrieved on 2016-04-14
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Plug Top/Plug (15 A and below) -Energy Commission of Malaysia. Archived from the original 2015-01-07.
Jump up ^ GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS - 2008 EDITION. www.st.gov.my. Energy Commission of Malaysia.
Jump up ^ Voltan Nominal. Malaysian Energy Commission Notice (Nominal Voltage - 2008-01-01). Retrieved on 2014-07-14
^ Jump up to: a b Socket Outlet (15 A and below) Archived 2015-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. Energy Commission of Malaysia. (MS 1579:2003 is adaptor for Europlugs.)
Jump up ^ Dilwyn Jenkins, The Rough Guide to Peru 2003 Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-074-0, p. 57
Jump up ^ Philippine Electrical Code, section 2.20.1.5 (a)
Jump up ^ ГОСТ 7396.1–89 - Plugs (Electrical) and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use. Standards. Elec.ru (2013-01-30). Retrieved on 2013-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Information SEV 1011 – power socket/plug/connector" (PDF). esti.admin.ch (PDF). Federal Inspectorate for Heavy Current Installations ESTI, Swiss Confederation. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ "New standard for plugs in Switzerland starting from 2013" (PDF) (PDF). Federal Inspectorate for Heavy Current Installations ESTI, Swiss Confederation. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ TIS 166-2549 (2006): Thai Industrial Standards for Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes : plugs and socket-outlets with rated voltage not exceeding 250 V (English translation) Archived from the original 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ TIS 166-2549 (2006) THAI INDUSTRIAL STANDARD - PLUGS AND SOCKET–OUTLETS FOR HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR PURPOSES : PLUGS AND SOCKET–OUTLETS WITH RATED VOLTAGE NOT EXCEEDING 250 V (Original Thai) ISBN 974-9815-94-7
Jump up ^ Turkish Electric Plugs & Sockets. Retrieved on 2017-03-26.
Jump up ^ ДСТУ ЕN 50160:2014
Jump up ^ Mullins, Malcolm (Spring 2006). "The Origin of the BS 1363 Plug and Socket-Outlet System". IEE Wiring Matters. Institute of Electrical Engineers. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 PART VII Regulation 27, UK: UK Government, 2002
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text:
Break Up in a Small Town
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Break Up in a Small Town"
Single by Sam Hunt
from the album Montevallo
Released
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2014
Genre
Country[1]
R&B[1]
Length
3:51
Label
MCA Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Sam Hunt
Zach Crowell
Shane McAnally
Producer(s)
Zach Crowell
Shane McAnally
Sam Hunt singles chronology
"House Party"
(2015) "Break Up in a Small Town"
(2015) "Make You Miss Me"
(2016)
"House Party"
(2015) "Break Up in a Small Town"
(2015) "Make You Miss Me"
(2016)
Music video
"Break Up in a Small Town" on YouTube
"Break Up in a Small Town" is a song co-written and recorded by American singer Sam Hunt. It was released to country radio, by MCA Nashville on September 21, 2015 as the fourth single from his debut studio album Montevallo (2014). The song was written by Hunt, Zach Crowell and Shane McAnally.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Commercial performance
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Certifications and sales
7 References
Background and composition[edit]
The song has country and R&B influence, which Hunt expressed in an article with Billboard. Shane McAnally said of the influence: "It's a model that I think many people could learn from because you are still evolving as an artist along the way. Just because you put music out, it doesn't mean that is where you stop for the next year."[2] Hunt then discussed the process of making the song, saying it was born when he was "singing that chorus melody late one night while riding around trying to come up with song ideas."[2] He originally "didn't want to write anymore break up songs,"[2] but the melody of the song changed his mind, saying it "fit too perfectly not to go with it."[2] The song was inspired by his breakup with his then-girlfriend Hannah Lee Fowler whom he has since married.[3]
Hunt "sing-talks" during the verses of the song similar to American singer Frank Ocean's method in his song "Thinkin Bout You;" the chorus is then met with elements of dubstep.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song a favorable review and observed the song as "likely the wordiest song of 2015" and Hunt's "most genre-bending release to country radio", adding "Any talk of which genre Hunt belongs in misses the point. His story hits hard. It's deep and emotional and sincere and all the things we expect from a great country song."[4]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Tim Mattia and premiered in October 2015.[5]
Commercial performance[edit]
The song debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at number 30 for the week of August 30, 2014, the week his EP X2C was released, with 24,000 copies sold.[6] All four songs from the EP debuted on the chart, with "Ex to See", "House Party", and "Break Up in a Small Town" doing so exclusively through digital sales. It also debuted at number 16 on the Country Digital Songs chart. Following its release as a single from Montevallo, the song peaked at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart, but was kept out of the top spot by "Die a Happy Man" performed by Thomas Rhett. The song became Hunt's fourth consecutive top-three hit on the Hot Country Songs chart. The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on September 3, 2015, and Platinum on December 17, 2015.[7] As of March 2016, the song has sold nearly 1,230,000 downloads.[8]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–16)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[9] 43
Canada Country (Billboard)[10] 3
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 29
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[12] 2
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[13] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[14] 94
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[15] 64
Chart (2016)
Position
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[16] 46
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[17] 7
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[18]
Platinum 80,000^
United States (RIAA)[7]
3× Platinum 1,230,000[8]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Easton, Anthony (19 November 2014). "Sam Hunt: Montevallo". Popmatters. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Leight, Elias (August 24, 2014). "Jason Aldean & Sam Hunt Chart New Path With R&B-Influenced Country". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ McClellan, Laura. "The 6 Realest Songs About Sam Hunt's Wife". Taste of Country.
Jump up ^ Dukes, Billy. "Sam Hunt, 'Break Up in a Small Town' [Listen] Read More: Sam Hunt, 'Break Up in a Small Town' [Listen]". Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "CMT : Videos : Sam Hunt : Break Up In A Small Town". Country Music Television. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (August 20, 2014). "The Top 30 Digital Singles – August 20, 2014". Roughstock.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Sam Hunt – Break Up in a Small Town". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b Bjorke, Matt (March 27, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: March 29, 2016". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ "Sam Hunt Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sam Hunt Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sam Hunt Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sam Hunt Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sam Hunt Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Country Update for December 14, 2015" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 14, 2015. p. 7. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2015: Hot Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Country Airplay - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot Country Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Sam Hunt – Break Up in a Small Town". Music Canada.
[hide]
v
t
e
Sam Hunt
Discography
Studio albums
Montevallo (2014)
EPs
X2C (2014)
Mixtapes
Between the Pines (2013)
Notable singles
"Raised on It"
"Leave the Night On"
"Take Your Time"
"House Party"
"Break Up in a Small Town"
"Make You Miss Me"
"Body Like a Back Road"
Other songs
"Cop Car"
"Heartbeat"
Related articles
MCA Nashville
"Come Over"
"We Are Tonight"
"I Met a Girl"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Break_Up_in_a_Small_Town&oldid=832789773"
Categories:
2015 singles
MCA Nashville Records singles
MCA Records singles
Sam Hunt songs
Songs written by Sam Hunt
Songs written by Shane McAnally
Songs written by Zach Crowell
2014 songs
Song recordings produced by Shane McAnally
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Canada
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
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text:
Fast Food Nation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the book. For the film, see Fast Food Nation (film).
Fast Food Nation
Paperback cover
Author
Eric Schlosser[1][2]
Translator
Spanish
Country
United States
Language
English
Subject
Fast food
Genre
Non-fiction
Publisher
Houghton Mifflin
Publication date
January 17, 2001
Pages
288 pp
ISBN
0-395-97789-4
OCLC
45248356
Dewey Decimal
394.1/0973 21
LC Class
TX945.3 .S355 2001
Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (2001) is a book by investigative journalist Eric Schlosser that examines the local and global influence of the United States fast food industry.[3]
First serialized by Rolling Stone[4] in 1999, the book has drawn comparisons to Upton Sinclair's classic muckraking novel The Jungle (1906).[5] The book was adapted into a 2006 film of the same name, directed by Richard Linklater.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
1.1 Evolution of the fast food industry
1.2 Marketing to children
2 Young reader version
3 Editions
4 Reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Summary[edit]
The book is divided into two sections: "The American Way", which interrogates the beginnings of the Fast Food Nation within the context of post-World War II America; and "Meat and Potatoes", which examines the specific mechanisms of the fast-food industry, including the chemical flavoring of the food, the production of cattle and chickens, the working conditions in the beef industry, the dangers of eating meat, and the global context of fast food as an American cultural export.[6]
Fast Food Nation opens with a discussion of Carl N. Karcher and the McDonald's brothers, examining their roles as pioneers of the fast-food industry in southern California. This discussion is followed by an examination of Ray Kroc and Walt Disney's complicated relationship, as well as each man's rise to fame. This chapter also considers the intricate, profitable methods of advertising to children. Next, Schlosser visits Colorado Springs, CO and investigates the life and working conditions of the typical fast-food industry employee: fast-food restaurants have among the highest employee turnover rates and pay minimum wage to a higher proportion of their employees than any other American industry.[6]
The second section of the text begins with a discussion of the chemical components that make the food taste so good. Schlosser follows this with a discussion of the life of a typical rancher, considering the difficulties presented to the agricultural world in a new economy. Schlosser is perhaps most provocative when he critiques the meatpacking industry, which he tags as the most dangerous job in America. Moreover, the meat produced by slaughterhouses has become exponentially more hazardous since the centralization of the industry: the way cattle are raised, slaughtered, and processed provides an ideal setting for E coli to spread. Additionally, working conditions continue to grow worse. In the final chapter, Schlosser considers how fast food has matured as an American cultural export following the Cold War: the collapse of Soviet Communism has allowed the mass spread of American goods and services, especially fast food. As a result, the rest of the world is catching up with America's rising obesity rates.[6]
Evolution of the fast food industry[edit]
The book continues with an account of the evolution of fast food and how it has coincided with the advent of the automobile. Schlosser explains the transformation from countless independent restaurants to a few uniform franchises. "The extraordinary growth of the fast food industry has been driven by fundamental changes in American society. During that period, women entered the workforce in record numbers, often motivated less by a feminist perspective than by a need to pay the bills. In 1975, about one-third of American mothers with young children worked outside the home; today almost two-thirds of such mothers are employed. As the sociologists Cameron Lynne Macdonald and Carmen Sirianni have noted, the entry of so many women into the workforce has greatly increased demand for the types of services that housewives traditionally perform: cooking, cleaning, and child care. A generation ago, three-quarters of the money used to buy food in the United States was spent to prepare meals at home. Today about half of the money used to buy food is spent at restaurants - mainly at fast food restaurants."
Marketing to children[edit]
Regarding the topic of child-targeted marketing, Schlosser explains how the McDonald's Corporation modeled its marketing tactics on The Walt Disney Company, which inspired the creation of advertising icons such as Ronald McDonald and his sidekicks. Marketing executives intended that this marketing shift would result not only in attracting children, but their parents and grandparents as well. More importantly, it would instill brand loyalty that would persist through adulthood, through nostalgic associations to McDonald's. Schlosser also discusses the tactic's ills: the exploitation of children's naïveté and their trusting nature.
In marketing to children, Schlosser suggests, corporations have infiltrated schools through sponsorship and quid pro quo. He sees that reductions in corporate taxation have come at the expense of school funding, thereby presenting many corporations with the opportunity for sponsorship with those same schools. According to his sources, 80% of sponsored textbooks contain material that is biased in favor of the sponsors, and 30% of high schools offer fast foods in their cafeterias.[7]
In his examination of the meat packing industry, Schlosser finds that it is now dominated by casual, easily exploited immigrant labor and that levels of injury are among the highest of any occupation in the United States. Schlosser discusses his findings on meat packing companies, including ConAgra and IBP, Inc., and profiles former meatpacking employee Kenny Dobbins. Schlosser also recounts the steps involved in meat processing, and reveals several hazardous practices unknown to many consumers, such as the practice of rendering dead pigs, dead horses and chicken manure into cattle feed.
Schlosser notes that practices like these were responsible for the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, aka Mad Cow Disease, p. 202-3), as well as for introducing harmful bacteria into the food supply, such as E. coli O157:H7 (ch. 9, "What's In The Meat"). A later section of the book discusses the fast food industry's role in globalization, linking increased obesity in China and Japan with the arrival of fast food. The book also includes a summary of the McLibel Case.
In later editions, Schlosser provided an additional section that included reviews of his book, counters to critics who emerged since its first edition, and discussion of the effect that the threat of BSE had on USDA policy towards cattle farming. He concluded that, given the swift, decisive and effective action that took place as a result of this interest and intervention, many of the problems documented in the book are solvable, given enough political will.
Young reader version[edit]
An adaptation of Fast Food Nation for younger readers titled Chew on This was published in May 2006 by Houghton Mifflin. It is co-authored by journalist Charles Wilson.
Editions[edit]
ISBN 0-06-093845-5 (paperback edition 2002, 400pp.)
ISBN 0-7139-9602-1 (paperback edition 2001, 368pp.)
ISBN 0-14-100687-0 (paperback edition 2002, 400pp.)
ISBN 0-395-97789-4 (hardcover edition 2001, 288pp.)
ISBN 0-06-083858-2 (paperback edition 2005, 383pp.)
Reception[edit]
Rob Walker, writing for The New York Times, remarks that "Schlosser is a serious and diligent reporter"" and that "Fast Food Nation isn't an airy deconstruction but an avalanche of facts and observations as he examines the fast-food process from meat to marketing."[8]
See also[edit]
The Corporation (film) — a 2003 Canadian documentary film critical of the modern-day corporation and its behavior towards society
Labor rights in American meatpacking industry
Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead
Super Size Me
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fast Food Nation". Salon. 2002-05-03. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Jump up ^ Sagon, Candy (2001-03-14). "The Hamburger Critic (and His Own Critics); 'Fast Food Nation" takes a scary look under the bun. But is it just fear-mongering?". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Jump up ^ Schlosser, Eric (2001-04-07). "The bitter truth about fast food". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
Jump up ^ Audio Interview: Eric Schlosser. The New York Times listen to audio file. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Tichi, Cecilia (2004). "From the Jungle to Fast Food Nation: American Déjà Vu". Exposés and excess: muckraking in America, 1900-2000. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3763-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fast Food Nation, Analysis Book Summary Online Chapter Notes". TheBestNotes.com. May 16, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Schlosser, Eric (2001). Fast Food Nation. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Jump up ^ Walker, Rob (21 January 2001). "No Accounting for Mouthfeel". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
External links[edit]
Excerpt from Fast Food Nation
Original articles from which the book evolved
"Bacon as a Weapon of Mass Destruction" – video by Democracy Now!
Elizabeth L. Cline (June 14, 2012). Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion (Reprint ed.). Portfolio (distributed by Penguin Group (USA) LLC). ISBN 1591846544. , similar expose of the fashion industry
[hide]
v
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Food industry criticism
Books
The Jungle (1906)
Fast Food Nation (2001)
Reefer Madness (2003)
Shopped (2004)
Chew on This (2006)
My Secret Life on the McJob (2006)
The Omnivore's Dilemma (2006)
Eating Animals (2009)
Wheat Belly (2011)
Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat (2014)
Meat Atlas (annual)
The Meat Racket: The Secret Takeover of America's Food Business (2014)
Defending Beef: The Case for Sustainable Meat Production (2014)
Righteous Porkchop (2009)
Films
The Jungle (1914)
McLibel (1997)
The Corporation (2003)
Super Size Me (2004)
The Future of Food (2004)
We Feed the World (2005)
Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price (2005)
Our Daily Bread (2005)
Earthlings (2005)
Fast Food Nation (2006)
Black Gold (2006)
King Corn (2007)
Food, Inc. (2008)
Million Calorie March: The Movie (2008)
The World According to Monsanto (2008)
Fresh (2009)
Bananas!* (2009)
Big Boys Gone Bananas!* (2011)
The Dark Side of Chocolate (2010)
Forks Over Knives (2011)
A Place at the Table (2013)
Fed Up (2014)
Cowspiracy (2014)
Organizations
Coca-Cola
Cargill
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boycott
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Concepts
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coffee
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