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Four-stroke engine
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Four-stroke cycle used in gasoline/petrol engines. 1 = Intake, 2 = Compression, 3 = Power, 4 = Exhaust. The right blue side is the intake port and the left brown side is the exhaust port. The cylinder wall is a thin sleeve surrounding the piston head which creates a space for the combustion of fuel and the genesis of mechanical energy.
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:
Intake: also known as induction or suction This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion.
Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
Combustion: also known as power or ignition This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
Exhaust: also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Otto cycle
1.2 Atkinson cycle
1.3 Diesel cycle
2 Thermodynamic analysis
3 Fuel considerations
4 Design and engineering principles
4.1 Power output limitations
4.1.1 Intake/exhaust port flow
4.2 Waste Heat Recovery of an IC engine 12[6]
4.2.1 Supercharging
4.2.2 Turbocharging
4.3 Rod and piston-to-stroke ratio
4.4 Valve train
4.4.1 Valve clearance
4.5 Energy balance
5 See also
6 References
7 General sources
8 External links
History[edit]
Otto cycle[edit]
Main article: Otto cycle
See also: Otto engine
An Otto Engine from 1920's US Manufacture
Nikolaus August Otto as a young man was a traveling salesman for a grocery concern. In his travels he encountered the internal combustion engine built in Paris by Belgian expatriate Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir. In 1860, Lenoir successfully created a double-acting engine that ran on illuminating gas at 4% efficiency. The 18 litre Lenoir Engine produced only 2 horsepower. The Lenoir engine ran on illuminating gas made from coal, which had been developed in Paris by Philip Lebon.[1]
In testing a replica of the Lenoir engine in 1861 Otto became aware of the effects of compression on the fuel charge. In 1862, Otto attempted to produce an engine to improve on the poor efficiency and reliability of the Lenoir engine. He tried to create an engine that would compress the fuel mixture prior to ignition, but failed as that engine would run no more than a few minutes prior to its destruction. Many other engineers were trying to solve the problem, with no success.[1]
In 1864, Otto and Eugen Langen founded the first internal combustion engine production company, NA Otto and Cie (NA Otto and Company). Otto and Cie succeeded in creating a successful atmospheric engine that same year.[1] The factory ran out of space and was moved to the town of Deutz, Germany in 1869 where the company was renamed to Deutz Gasmotorenfabrik AG (The Deutz Gas Engine Manufacturing Company).[1] In 1872, Gottlieb Daimler was technical director and Wilhelm Maybach was the head of engine design. Daimler was a gunsmith who had worked on the Lenoir engine. By 1876, Otto and Langen succeeded in creating the first internal combustion engine that compressed the fuel mixture prior to combustion for far higher efficiency than any engine created to this time.
Daimler and Maybach left their employ at Otto and Cie and developed the first high-speed Otto engine in 1883. In 1885, they produced the first automobile to be equipped with an Otto engine. The Daimler Reitwagen used a hot-tube ignition system and the fuel known as Ligroin to become the world's first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. It used a four-stroke engine based on Otto's design. The following year Karl Benz produced a four-stroke engined automobile that is regarded as the first car.[2]
In 1884, Otto's company, then known as Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz (GFD), developed electric ignition and the carburetor. In 1890, Daimler and Maybach formed a company known as Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft. Today, that company is Daimler-Benz.
Atkinson cycle[edit]
This 2004 Toyota Prius hybrid has an Atkinson-cycle engine as the petrol-electric hybrid engine
The Atkinson Gas Cycle
Main article: Atkinson cycle
The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of single stroke internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density, and is used in some modern hybrid electric applications.
The original Atkinson-cycle piston engine allowed the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle to occur in a single turn of the crankshaft and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines.[3]
Due to the unique crankshaft design of the Atkinson, its expansion ratio can differ from its compression ratio and, with a power stroke longer than its compression stroke, the engine can achieve greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine. While Atkinson's original design is no more than a historical curiosity, many modern engines use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke/longer power stroke, thus realizing the fuel economy improvements the Atkinson cycle can provide.[4]
Diesel cycle[edit]
Main article: Diesel cycle
Audi Diesel R15 at Le Mans
The diesel engine is a technical refinement of the 1876 Otto-cycle engine. Where Otto had realized in 1861 that the efficiency of the engine could be increased by first compressing the fuel mixture prior to its ignition, Rudolph Diesel wanted to develop a more efficient type of engine that could run on much heavier fuel. The Lenoir, Otto Atmospheric, and Otto Compression engines (both 1861 and 1876) were designed to run on Illuminating Gas (coal gas). With the same motivation as Otto, Diesel wanted to create an engine that would give small industrial companies their own power source to enable them to compete against larger companies, and like Otto, to get away from the requirement to be tied to a municipal fuel supply. Like Otto, it took more than a decade to produce the high-compression engine that could self-ignite fuel sprayed into the cylinder. Diesel used an air spray combined with fuel in his first engine.
During initial development, one of the engines burst nearly killing Diesel. He persisted and finally created a successful engine in 1893. The high-compression engine, which ignites its fuel by the heat of compression, is now called the diesel engine whether a four-stroke or two-stroke design.
The four-stroke diesel engine has been used in the majority of heavy-duty applications for many decades. It uses a heavy fuel containing more energy and requiring less refinement to produce. The most efficient Otto-cycle engines run near 30% thermal efficiency.
Thermodynamic analysis[edit]
The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle p-V diagram: the intake (A) stroke is performed by an isobaric expansion, followed by the compression (B) stroke, performed by an adiabatic compression. Through the combustion of fuel an isochoric process is produced, followed by an adiabatic expansion, characterizing the power (C) stroke. The cycle is closed by an isochoric process and an isobaric compression, characterizing the exhaust (D) stroke.
The thermodynamic analysis of the actual four-stroke and two-stroke cycles is not a simple task. However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if air standard assumptions[5] are utilized. The resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, is the Otto cycle.
During normal operation of the engine, as the air/fuel mixture is being compressed, an electric spark is created to ignite the mixture. At low rpm this occurs close to TDC (Top Dead Centre). As engine rpm rises, the speed of the flame front does not change so the spark point is advanced earlier in the cycle to allow a greater proportion of the cycle for the charge to combust before the power stroke commences. This advantage is reflected in the various Otto engine designs; the atmospheric (non-compression) engine operates at 12% efficiency whereas the compressed-charge engine has an operating efficiency around 30%.
Fuel considerations[edit]
The problem with compressed charge engines is that the temperature rise of the compressed charge can cause pre-ignition. If this occurs at the wrong time and is too energetic, it can damage the engine. Different fractions of petroleum have widely varying flash points (the temperatures at which the fuel may self-ignite). This must be taken into account in engine and fuel design.
The tendency for the compressed fuel mixture to ignite early is limited by the chemical composition of the fuel. There are several grades of fuel to accommodate differing performance levels of engines. The fuel is altered to change its self ignition temperature. There are several ways to do this. As engines are designed with higher compression ratios the result is that pre-ignition is much more likely to occur since the fuel mixture is compressed to a higher temperature prior to deliberate ignition. The higher temperature more effectively evaporates fuels such as gasoline, which increases the efficiency of the compression engine. Higher Compression ratios also mean that the distance that the piston can push to produce power is greater (which is called the Expansion ratio).
The octane rating of a given fuel is a measure of the fuel's resistance to self-ignition. A fuel with a higher numerical octane rating allows for a higher compression ratio, which extracts more energy from the fuel and more effectively converts that energy into useful work while at the same time preventing engine damage from pre-ignition. High Octane fuel is also more expensive.
Diesel engines by their nature do not have concerns with pre-ignition. They have a concern with whether or not combustion can be started. The description of how likely Diesel fuel is to ignite is called the Cetane rating. Because Diesel fuels are of low volatility, they can be very hard to start when cold. Various techniques are used to start a cold Diesel engine, the most common being the use of a glow plug.
Design and engineering principles[edit]
Power output limitations[edit]
The four-stroke cycle
1=TDC
2=BDC
A: Intake
B: Compression
C: Power
D: Exhaust
The maximum amount of power generated by an engine is determined by the maximum amount of air ingested. The amount of power generated by a piston engine is related to its size (cylinder volume), whether it is a two-stroke engine or four-stroke design, volumetric efficiency, losses, air-to-fuel ratio, the calorific value of the fuel, oxygen content of the air and speed (RPM). The speed is ultimately limited by material strength and lubrication. Valves, pistons and connecting rods suffer severe acceleration forces. At high engine speed, physical breakage and piston ring flutter can occur, resulting in power loss or even engine destruction. Piston ring flutter occurs when the rings oscillate vertically within the piston grooves they reside in. Ring flutter compromises the seal between the ring and the cylinder wall, which causes a loss of cylinder pressure and power. If an engine spins too quickly, valve springs cannot act quickly enough to close the valves. This is commonly referred to as 'valve float', and it can result in piston to valve contact, severely damaging the engine. At high speeds the lubrication of piston cylinder wall interface tends to break down. This limits the piston speed for industrial engines to about 10 m/s.
Intake/exhaust port flow[edit]
The output power of an engine is dependent on the ability of intake (air–fuel mixture) and exhaust matter to move quickly through valve ports, typically located in the cylinder head. To increase an engine's output power, irregularities in the intake and exhaust paths, such as casting flaws, can be removed, and, with the aid of an air flow bench, the radii of valve port turns and valve seat configuration can be modified to reduce resistance. This process is called porting, and it can be done by hand or with a CNC machine.
Waste Heat Recovery of an IC engine 12[6][edit]
An IC engine on an average is capable of converting just 30-40% of the supplied energy into mechanical work. A large part of the waste energy is in the form of heat that is released to the environment through coolant, fins etc. If we could somehow recover the waste heat we can improve the engine’s performance. It has been found that even if 6% of the entirely wasted heat is recovered it can increase the engine efficiency greatly.
Many methods have been devised in order to extract waste heat out of an engine exhaust and use it further to extract some useful work, decreasing the exhaust pollutants at the same time. Use of Rankine Cycle, Turbocharging and Thermo electric Generation can be very useful as a waste heat recovery system.
Though waste heat recovery systems are being used frequently among all the devices but still some issues like their low efficiency at lower heat supply rates and high pumping losses remain a cause of concern for the researchers.
Supercharging[edit]
One way to increase engine power is to force more air into the cylinder so that more power can be produced from each power stroke. This can be done using some type of air compression device known as a supercharger, which can be powered by the engine crankshaft.
Supercharging increases the power output limits of an internal combustion engine relative to its displacement. Most commonly, the supercharger is always running, but there have been designs that allow it to be cut out or run at varying speeds (relative to engine speed). Mechanically driven supercharging has the disadvantage that some of the output power is used to drive the supercharger, while power is wasted in the high pressure exhaust, as the air has been compressed twice and then gains more potential volume in the combustion but it is only expanded in one stage.
Turbocharging[edit]
A turbocharger is a supercharger that is driven by the engine's exhaust gases, by means of a turbine. It consists of a two piece, high-speed turbine assembly with one side that compresses the intake air, and the other side that is powered by the exhaust gas outflow.
When idling, and at low-to-moderate speeds, the turbine produces little power from the small exhaust volume, the turbocharger has little effect and the engine operates nearly in a naturally aspirated manner. When much more power output is required, the engine speed and throttle opening are increased until the exhaust gases are sufficient to 'spool up' the turbocharger's turbine to start compressing much more air than normal into the intake manifold.
Turbocharging allows for more efficient engine operation because it is driven by exhaust pressure that would otherwise be (mostly) wasted, but there is a design limitation known as turbo lag. The increased engine power is not immediately available due to the need to sharply increase engine RPM, to build up pressure and to spin up the turbo, before the turbo starts to do any useful air compression. The increased intake volume causes increased exhaust and spins the turbo faster, and so forth until steady high power operation is reached. Another difficulty is that the higher exhaust pressure causes the exhaust gas to transfer more of its heat to the mechanical parts of the engine.
Rod and piston-to-stroke ratio[edit]
The rod-to-stroke ratio is the ratio of the length of the connecting rod to the length of the piston stroke. A longer rod reduces sidewise pressure of the piston on the cylinder wall and the stress forces, increasing engine life. It also increases the cost and engine height and weight.
A "square engine" is an engine with a bore diameter equal to its stroke length. An engine where the bore diameter is larger than its stroke length is an oversquare engine, conversely, an engine with a bore diameter that is smaller than its stroke length is an undersquare engine.
Valve train[edit]
The valves are typically operated by a camshaft rotating at half the speed of the crankshaft. It has a series of cams along its length, each designed to open a valve during the appropriate part of an intake or exhaust stroke. A tappet between valve and cam is a contact surface on which the cam slides to open the valve. Many engines use one or more camshafts “above” a row (or each row) of cylinders, as in the illustration, in which each cam directly actuates a valve through a flat tappet. In other engine designs the camshaft is in the crankcase, in which case each cam usually contacts a push rod, which contacts a rocker arm that opens a valve, or in case of a flathead engine a push rod is not necessary. The overhead cam design typically allows higher engine speeds because it provides the most direct path between cam and valve.
Valve clearance[edit]
Valve clearance refers to the small gap between a valve lifter and a valve stem that ensures that the valve completely closes. On engines with mechanical valve adjustment, excessive clearance causes noise from the valve train. A too small valve clearance can result in the valves not closing properly, this results in a loss of performance and possibly overheating of exhaust valves. Typically, the clearance must be readjusted each 20,000 miles (32,000 km) with a feeler gauge.
Most modern production engines use hydraulic lifters to automatically compensate for valve train component wear. Dirty engine oil may cause lifter failure.
Energy balance[edit]
Otto engines are about 30% efficient; in other words, 30% of the energy generated by combustion is converted into useful rotational energy at the output shaft of the engine, while the remainder being losses due to waste heat, friction and engine accessories.[7] There are a number of ways to recover some of the energy lost to waste heat. The use of a Turbocharger in Diesel engines is very effective by boosting incoming air pressure and in effect provides the same increase in performance as having more displacement. The Mack Truck company, decades ago, developed a turbine system that converted waste heat into kinetic energy that it fed back into the engine's transmission. In 2005, BMW announced the development of the turbosteamer, a two-stage heat-recovery system similar to the Mack system that recovers 80% of the energy in the exhaust gas and raises the efficiency of an Otto engine by 15%.[8] By contrast, a six-stroke engine may reduce fuel consumption by as much as 40%.
Modern engines are often intentionally built to be slightly less efficient than they could otherwise be. This is necessary for emission controls such as exhaust gas recirculation and catalytic converters that reduce smog and other atmospheric pollutants. Reductions in efficiency may be counteracted with an engine control unit using lean burn techniques.[9]
In the United States, the Corporate Average Fuel Economy mandates that vehicles must achieve an average of 34.9 mpg‑US (6.7 L/100 km; 41.9 mpg‑imp) compared to the current standard of 25 mpg‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30.0 mpg‑imp).[10] As automakers look to meet these standards by 2016, new ways of engineering the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) have to be considered. Some potential solutions to increase fuel efficiency to meet new mandates include firing after the piston is farthest from the crankshaft, known as top dead centre, and applying the Miller cycle. Together, this redesign could significantly reduce fuel consumption and NOx emissions.

Starting position, intake stroke, and compression stroke.

Ignition of fuel, power stroke, and exhaust stroke.
See also[edit]
Atkinson cycle
Miller cycle
Desmodromic valve
History of the internal combustion engine
Napier Deltic
Poppet valve
Radial engine
Rotary engine
Six-stroke engine
Stirling engine
Two-stroke engine
Four-stroke internal combustion engine
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d [1], NA Otto Museum.
Jump up ^ Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd
Jump up ^ US 367496, J. Atkinson, "Gas Engine", issued 1887-08-02
Jump up ^ "Auto Tech: Atkinson Cycle engines and Hybrids". Autos.ca. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
Jump up ^ Best Place for Engineering and Technology, Air Standard Assumptions.
Jump up ^ Sprouse III, Charles; Depcik, Christopher (2013-03-01). "Review of organic Rankine cycles for internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat recovery". Applied Thermal Engineering. 51 (1–2): 711–722. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.10.017.
Jump up ^ Ferreira, Omar Campos (March 1998). "Efficiencies of Internal Combustion Engines". Economia & Energia (in Portuguese). Brasil. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Neff, John (2005-12-09). "BMW Turbo Steamer Gets Hot and Goes". Autoblog. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Faiz, Asif; Weaver, Christopher S.; Walsh, Michael P. (1996). Air pollution from motor vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions. World Bank Publications. ISBN 9780821334447.
Jump up ^ "Fuel Economy". US: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Retrieved 2016-04-11.
General sources[edit]
Hardenberg, Horst O. (1999). The Middle Ages of the Internal combustion Engine. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). ISBN 978-0-7680-0391-8.
scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/OttoCycle.html
Cengel, Yunus A; Michael A Boles; Yaling He (2009). Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach. N.p. The McGraw Hill Companies. ISBN 978-7-121-08478-2.
Benson, Tom (11 July 2008). "4 Stroke Internal Combustion Engine". p. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
External links[edit]
U.S. Patent 194,047
Four stroke engine animation
Detailed Engine Animations
How Car Engines Work
Animated Engines, four stroke, another explanation of the four-stroke engine.
CDX eTextbook, some videos of car components in action.
Video from inside a four-stroke engine cylinder
New 4 stroke
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Sushma Swaraj
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sushma Swaraj
Swaraj in 2017
Minister of External Affairs
Incumbent
Assumed office
26 May 2014
Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
Preceded by
Salman Khurshid
Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs
In office
26 May 2014 – 7 January 2016
Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
Preceded by
Vayalar Ravi
Succeeded by
Position abolished
Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha
In office
21 December 2009 – 26 May 2014
Preceded by
L. K. Advani
Succeeded by
vacant
Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
In office
29 January 2003 – 22 May 2004
Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by
Pramod Mahajan
Succeeded by
Ghulam Nabi Azad
Minister of Health and Family Welfare
In office
29 January 2003 – 22 May 2004
Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by
C. P. Thakur
Succeeded by
Anbumani Ramadoss
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office
30 September 2000 – 29 January 2003
Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by
Arun Jaitley
Succeeded by
Ravi Shankar Prasad
Chief Minister of Delhi
In office
13 October 1998 – 3 December 1998
Governor
Vijai Kapoor
Preceded by
Sahib Singh Verma
Succeeded by
Sheila Dikshit
Member of Parliament
from Vidisha
Incumbent
Assumed office
13 May 2009
Preceded by
Rampal Singh
Member of Parliament
from South Delhi
In office
7 May 1996 – 3 October 1999
Preceded by
Madan Lal Khurana
Succeeded by
Vijay Kumar Malhotra
Personal details
Born
Sushma Sharma
(1952-02-14) 14 February 1952 (age 65)
Ambala Cantonment, Punjab, India
(now in Haryana, India)
Political party
Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)
Swaraj Kaushal
Alma mater
Sanatan Dharma College
Panjab University, Chandigarh
Sushma Swaraj ( pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952[1]) is an Indian politician, former Supreme Court lawyer and the current Minister of External Affairs of India, in office since 26 May 2014. A leader of Bharatiya Janata Party, Swaraj is the second woman to be India's Minister of External Affairs, after Indira Gandhi. She has been elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister of north Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister of Delhi for a brief term in 1998.[2]
In the 2014 Indian general election, she won the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh for a second term, retaining her seat by a margin of over 400,000 votes.[3] She became the External Affairs Minister in the union cabinet on 26 May 2014. Swaraj was called India's 'best-loved politician' by the US daily Wall Street Journal.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Early political career
4 State-level politics
4.1 Chief Minister of Delhi
5 National-level politics
5.1 Union Minister I&B & Telecommunications
5.2 Minister for Information and Broadcasting
5.3 Union Health Minister
5.4 Leader of Opposition, 15th Lok Sabha
5.5 External Affairs Minister
6 Distinctions and records
7 Personal life
8 Controversy
9 Positions held
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Sushma Swaraj (née Sushma Sharma)[6] was born at Ambala Cantt, Haryana[7] on 14 February 1952 to Hardev Sharma & Shrimati Laxmi Devi.[8][9] Her father was a prominent Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh member. Her parents hailed from Dharampura area of Lahore, Pakistan.[10] She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College in Ambala Cantonment and earned a bachelor's degree with majors in Sanskrit and Political Science.[11] She studied law at Punjab University, Chandigarh.[1][11][12] A state-level competition held by the Language Department of Haryana saw her winning the best Hindi Speaker award for three consecutive years.[8]
Career[edit]
In 1973, Swaraj started practice as an advocate in the Supreme Court of India.[1][11]
Early political career[edit]
Swaraj began her political career with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad in the 1970s. Her husband, Swaraj Kaushal, was closely associated with the socialist leader George Fernandes and Sushma Swaraj became a part of George Fernandes's legal defence team in 1975. She actively participated in Jayaprakash Narayan's Total Revolution Movement. After the Emergency, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party. Later, she became a national leader of the BJP.[13]
State-level politics[edit]
She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977 to 1982, acquiring the Ambala Cantonment assembly seat at the age of 25, and then again from 1987 to 1990.[14] In July 1977, she was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister in the Janata Party Government headed by then Chief Minister Devi Lal. She became State President of Janata Party (Haryana) in 1979, at the age of 27 years. She was Education Minister of Haryana state in the Bharatiya Janata Party–Lok Dal coalition government during the period of 1987 to 1990.[11]
Chief Minister of Delhi[edit]
Main article: Sushma Swaraj ministry (1998)
After a tenure in national level politics, in October 1998 she resigned from the Union Cabinet to take over as the first female Chief Minister of Delhi. However, the BJP had lost the Assembly elections because of rising prices and inflation.[citation needed] She resigned from her Assembly seat and returned to national politics.
National-level politics[edit]
In April 1990, she was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha and remained there until she was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha from South Delhi constituency in 1996.
Swaraj was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha from South Delhi constituency in April 1996 elections. She was Union Cabinet Minister for Information and Broadcasting during the 13-day government of PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1996.[citation needed]
Union Minister I&B & Telecommunications[edit]
She was re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha from South Delhi Parliamentary constituency for a second term in March 1998. Under the second PM Vajpayee Government, she was sworn in as Union Cabinet Minister for Information and Broadcasting with additional charge of the Ministry of Telecommunications from 19 March 1998 to 12 October 1998. Her most notable decision during this period was to declare film production as an industry, which made the Indian film industry eligible for bank finance. Prior to this, the film industry was heavily financed by the underworld on high rate of interest. This one decision liberated film industry from the clutches of the underworld.[citation needed] She also started community radio at universities and other institutions.[citation needed]
In September 1999, BJP nominated Swaraj to contest against the Congress party's national President Sonia Gandhi in the 13th Lok Sabha election, from the Bellary constituency in Karnataka, which had always been retained by Congress politicians since the first Indian general election in 1951–52. During her campaign, she addressed public meetings in the local Kannada language. She secured 358,000 votes in just 12 days of her election campaign. However, she lost the election by a 7% margin.[15]
Minister for Information and Broadcasting[edit]
She returned to Parliament in April 2000 as a Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh. She was reallocated to Uttrakhand when the new state was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000.[16] She was inducted into the Union Cabinet as Minister for Information and Broadcasting, a position she held from September 2000 until January 2003.[citation needed]
Union Health Minister[edit]
She was Minister of Health, Family Welfare and Parliamentary Affairs from January 2003 until May 2004, when the National Democratic Alliance Government lost the general election.
As Union Health Minister, she set up six All India Institute of Medical Sciences at Bhopal (MP), Bhubaneshwar (Odisha), Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Patna (Bihar), Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Rishikesh (Uttrakhand).[citation needed]
Swaraj was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for third term in April 2006 from Madhya Pradesh state. She served as the Deputy leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha till April 2009.
Leader of Opposition, 15th Lok Sabha[edit]
She won the 2009 election for the 15th Lok Sabha from the Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh by the highest margin of over 400,000 votes. Sushma Swaraj became Leader of Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha in place of Lal Krishna Advani on 21 December 2009 and retained this position till May 2014 when in Indian general election, 2014 her party got a major victory.[17][18][19][20]
External Affairs Minister[edit]
Main article: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif greeting Swaraj in the Indian style
.
Swaraj has been serving as the Indian External Affairs Minister under Prime Minister Narendra Modi since May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second woman to hold this position after Indira Gandhi.[21][22]
Distinctions and records[edit]
In 1977, she became the youngest ever Cabinet Minister in the country at 25 years of age.[citation needed] In 1979, she became State President of Janata Party, Haryana State at the young age of 27. Sushma Swaraj was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs.[citation needed] She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years.[8]
Personal life[edit]
During the times of Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Swaraj married Swaraj Kaushal, a peer and fellow advocate at the Supreme Court of India.[citation needed] The Emergency movement brought together the couple, who then teamed up for the defence of the socialist leader George Fernandes.
Swaraj Kaushal is now a senior advocate of Supreme Court of India and a criminal lawyer who served as Governor of Mizoram from 1990 to 1993. He was a member of parliament from 1998 to 2004.[23]
The couple have a daughter, Bansuri, who is a graduate from Oxford University and a Barrister at Law from Inner Temple.[24][25]
Sushma Swaraj's sister Vandana Sharma is an associate professor of political science in a government college for girls in Haryana.[26]
Swaraj's brother Dr. Gulshan Sharma is an Ayurveda doctor based in Ambala.[27]
On 10 December she underwent for a kidney transplant at AIIMS, with the organ being harvested from a living unrelated donor. The surgery was successful.[28]
Controversy[edit]
Swaraj, while being the external affairs minister of the NDA government, issued an NOC against a specific query raised by the UK government about the Indo-UK bilateral relationship if UK granted permission to Lalit Modi, an Indian fugitive in a cricket scandal who had been staying in Britain since 2010, to attend his wife's surgery in Portugal.She conveyed to the British High Commissioner that they should examine Modi's request as per their rules and wrote "if the British government chooses to give travel documents to Lalit Modi -– that will not spoil our bilateral relations".[29] However, some people[who?] mentioned this incident as Swaraj helping Lalit Modi in the travel visa process.
[30][31][32]
On 12 August 2015, leader of Indian National Congress, Mallikarjun Kharge, moved an Adjournment Motion in the lower house seeking resignation of Sushma Swaraj due to her alleged conduct in this regard. Initially, the motion was rejected by the Speaker, but was accepted on Swaraj's insistence. Intervening in the motion, Swaraj clarified that Lalit Modi's right of residency was not cancelled since the Enforcement Directorate did not file an extradition request. The Adjournment Motion was subsequently rejected with voice vote.
Positions held[edit]
1977–82 Elected as Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.[11]
1977–79 Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment, Government of Haryana.[11]
1987–90 Elected as Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.[11]
1987–90 Cabinet Minister, Education, Food and Civil Supplies, Government of Haryana.[11]
1990–96 Elected to Rajya Sabha (1st term)
1996–97 [15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997] Member, Eleventh Lok Sabha (2nd term).
1996 [16 May – 1 June] – Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting.[11]
1998–99 [10 March 1998 – 26 April 1999] Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha (3rd term).
1998 [19 March – 12 October] Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications (Additional charge).
1998 [13 October – 3 December] Chief Minister of Delhi.
1998 [November] – Elected from Hauz Khas Assembly constituency of Delhi Assembly. Resigned from Delhi Assembly and retained Lok Sabha seat.
2000–06 Member, Rajya Sabha (4th term).[9]
2000–03 [30 September 2000 – 29 January 2003] Minister of Information and Broadcasting.
2003–04 [29 January 2003 – 22 May 2004] Minister of Health and Family Welfare and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.
2006–09 [April 2006 -] Member, Rajya Sabha (5th term).[33]
2009–14 [16 May 2009 – 18 May 2014] Member, 15th Lok Sabha (6th term).[11]
2009-09 [3 June 2009 – 21 December 2009] Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.[11]
2009–14 [21 December 2009 – 18 May 2014] Leader of the Opposition and replaced Lal Krishna Advani.
2014–present [26 May 2014–] Member, 16th Lok Sabha (7th term)
2014–present [26 May 2014–] External Affairs Minister in the Union of India
See also[edit]
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Sushma Swaraj. India Today. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "At a glance: Sushma Swaraj, from India's 'youngest minister' to 'aspiring PM'". India TV. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ BJP's Sushma Swaraj to contest Lok Sabha polls from Vidisha constituency. NDTV.com (13 March 2014). Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Varadarajan, Tunku (July 24, 2017). "India's Best-Loved Politician". Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj is 'India's Best-Loved Politician', opines US magazine Wall Street Journal". Zee News. July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "The push for a Swaraj party". Tehelka. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sushma Swaraj Biography".
^ Jump up to: a b "Brief Bio-data. Member of Rajya Sabha. Sushma, Shrimati". Archived from the original on 28 May 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-13. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Indian FM Sushma Swaraj's parents hailed from Lahore – Pakistan – Dunya News". dunyanews.tv. Dunya News. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Detailed Profile – Smt. Sushma Swaraj – Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India". India.gov.in. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet reshuffle: Modi government's got talent but is it being fully utilised?", The Economic Times, 10 July 2016
Jump up ^ Archis Mohan (27 December 2015). "How Sushma Swaraj helped Modi get his Pak groove back". Business Standard.
Jump up ^ "Compendium of General Elections to Vidhan Sabha (1967–2009) in Haryana State" (PDF). NIC. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "SUSHMA SWARAJ (1952--)". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2006-07-21. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Advani quits as Leader of Opposition". Retrieved 18 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "New India opposition leader named". BBC News. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha". NIC. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "BJP gets majority alone". Sahara Samay. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj-first woman to get External Affairs portfolio". 26 May 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj, Arun Jaitley, Uma Bharti and Rajnath Singh sworn into the new cabinet". 26 May 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj Bumped into Husband at Work, Tweeted This Fab Photo". NDTV.com.
Jump up ^ "A sneak peek into Sushma Swaraj's life". Dainik Bhaskar. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj re-invents herself in a party dominated by Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Poultry businessman stuns Sushma Swaraj's sister in Safidon". Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Sushma vows to double women cops in Haryana". Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj Undergoes Kidney Transplant at AIIMS Hospital in Delhi". NDTV.com.
Jump up ^ . DNA India http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-uk-rules-out-probing-mp-keith-vaz-over-complaint-about-helping-lalit-modi-2095832. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "LK Advani Appreciates Sushma Swaraj's Spirited Defence in Lok Sabha". NDTV.com. Press Trust of India. 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Sandipan Sharma (14 June 2015). "Sushma Swaraj, daughter help ED accused: It's achhe din for Lalit Modi under BJP rule". Firstpost.
Jump up ^ "Sushma Swaraj helped expedite Lalit Modi's UK visa process!". Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Detailed Profile – – Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India. India.gov.in. Retrieved 30 July 2011. Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sushma Swaraj.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sushma Swaraj
MEA : Profile of External Affairs Minister
Detailed Profile: Smt. Sushma Swaraj
Lok Sabha
Preceded by
Madan Lal Khurana Member of Parliament
for South Delhi
1996–1999 Succeeded by
Vijay Kumar Malhotra
Preceded by
Rampal Singh Member of Parliament
for Vidisha
2009–present Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by
Sahib Singh Verma Chief Minister of Delhi
1998–1998 Succeeded by
Sheila Dikshit
Preceded by
Arun Jaitley Minister of Information and Broadcasting
2000–2003 Succeeded by
Ravi Shankar Prasad
Preceded by
C. P. Thakur Minister of Health and Family Welfare
2003–2004 Succeeded by
Anbumani Ramadoss
Preceded by
Pramod Mahajan Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
2003–2004 Succeeded by
Ghulam Nabi Azad
Preceded by
L. K. Advani Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha
2009–2014 Vacant
Preceded by
Salman Khurshid Minister of External Affairs
2014–present Incumbent
Preceded by
Vayalar Ravi Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs
2014–2016 Position abolished
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Prime Minister: Narendra Modi
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Nirmala Sitharaman
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Uma Bharati
Earth Sciences
Harsh Vardhan
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Rich Hall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Richard Hall.
Rich Hall
Hall in 2016
Birth name
Richard Travis Hall
Born
(1954-06-10) 10 June 1954 (age 63)
Alexandria, Virginia, United States
Medium
Stand-up, television
Years active
1979–present
Genres
Observational comedy, Deadpan, Political satire
Subject(s)
American culture, British culture, United States politics, British politics
Spouse
Karen Hall (m. 2005)
Children
2
Notable works and roles
QI, Saturday Night Live, Fridays, Late Show with David Letterman
Website
www.offthekerb.co.uk/rich-hall/
Hall's voice
from the BBC programme Front Row, 22 June 2009[1]
Richard Travis "Rich" Hall (born 10 June 1954) is an American comedian, writer, and musician, first coming to prominence as a sketch comedian in the 1980s. He wrote and performed for a range of American networks, in series such as Fridays, Not Necessarily the News (popularising the "sniglet" neologism), and Saturday Night Live.
After winning a Perrier Comedy Award in 2000, using the character of Tennesseean country musician Otis Lee Crenshaw, Hall became popular in the United Kingdom, regularly appearing on QI and similar panel shows. He has created and starred in several series for the BBC, including comedies with Mike Wilmot, and documentaries often concerning cinema of the United States. Hall has also maintained a successful stand-up comedy career, as both Crenshaw and himself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 United States
2.2 United Kingdom
2.3 Other appearances
3 Otis Lee Crenshaw
4 List of celebrities impersonated on Saturday Night Live
5 Musical and literary career
5.1 Filmography
5.1.1 TV
5.1.2 Radio
5.2 Discography
5.3 Bibliography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Hall was born in Alexandria, Virginia and grew up in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He is part Cherokee.[2] Early in his career, he performed as a street comedian with a suitcase and stand, traveling the college circuit, and performing impromptu skits for gathering crowds. He attended college at Western Carolina University.[3]
Career[edit]
United States[edit]
Hall performing at the Tower Theatre in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania in 1986
Hall's first professional work was as a writer and performer on the original David Letterman Show (1980), and the sketch comedy TV series Fridays from 1980 until 1982. After the end of Fridays, Hall co-wrote and starred in the satirical comedy series Not Necessarily the News from 1983 until 1990 where he coined the term "sniglet" to describe newly created words and collected and published several volumes of books of them. He was also a regular on Saturday Night Live for the show's tenth season (1984–1985), becoming the only Fridays cast member to be an SNL cast member (Larry David, while also a Fridays cast member who went on to work for SNL, was hired as a writer and only appeared onscreen as an extra).
In 1986, Hall had his own Showtime channel special, Vanishing America, which was turned into a book with the same title. He hosted a talk show during The Comedy Channel's 1990–91 season, titled Rich Hall's Onion World.
In the United States, he has appeared several times on American talk shows such as Late Show with David Letterman and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Hall was previously a writer and on-air contributor on The David Letterman Show, Letterman's morning show that aired on NBC in 1980.
Hall made a special guest appearance as himself in the Cartoon Network talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast.
In 2011, Hall voiced an Idaho man in Sony Pictures Animation's Arthur Christmas.
United Kingdom[edit]
Outside his homeland, Hall has also achieved popularity in the United Kingdom, where he has lived on-and-off for 23[when?] years. He spends part of his time during the off-seasons writing plays in the United States, where he has a small ranch just outside Livingston, Montana. The rest of the time is spent in London, where he owns a flat.
Hall is a guest on popular BBC panel quiz shows, most notably as a regular guest on QI,[4] and is known as the game's most frequently victorious guest panellist with ten victories (only permanent panellist Alan Davies has won more shows), and also with appearances in 8 Out of 10 Cats, Have I Got News for You and Never Mind the Buzzcocks.[5][6] He has also appeared on the British stand-up comedy series Jack Dee's Live at the Apollo. His appearances achieved some cult status due to his line of jokes on Live at the Apollo about Tom Cruise, and the perceivable similarities between many of his roles. In 2006, Hall also wrote and acted in the play Levelland at the Edinburgh Festival.
Hall has had four BBC TV series of his own: Rich Hall's Badly Funded Think Tank, Rich Hall's Fishing Show in 2003, Rich Hall's Cattle Drive in 2006, as well as a one-off programme about the 2004 American Presidential Elections, Rich Hall's Election Special. He also appeared on the BBC Two programme Top Gear, where he successfully managed to make a song about a Rover 25 car, much to the enjoyment of host Jeremy Clarkson and the audience. After the September 11 attacks, Hall was entrusted with the task of responding to the tragedy on the first subsequent edition of Have I Got News for You.
Hall has written and presented six 90-minute documentaries about film genres, broadcast on BBC Four. Rich Hall's How the West Was Lost (first broadcast June 2008)[7] discusses Westerns, Rich Hall's The Dirty South (October 2010) challenges stereotypical Hollywood presentations of the Southern United States,[8][9] Rich Hall's Continental Drifters (November 2011) examines the American road movie,[10] Rich Hall's Inventing the Indian (October 2012) discusses portrayals of Native Americans.,[11] Rich Hall's You Can Go To Hell, I'm Going To Texas,[12] first broadcast 30 June 2013, which examines what it means to be a Texan, and Rich Hall's California Stars.[13]
In 2007, he returned to the Fringe with his second play, Best Western, which he wrote and directed. His autumn 2009 tour included a performance at London's Hammersmith Apollo, which was recorded and released in November 2009 as a live DVD.
In 2009, he performed at the Edinburgh Festival in two shows, his solo stand up and also with longtime collaborator Mike Wilmot and Montana-based actor Tim Williams in a new play entitled "Campfire Stories".
On 5 April 2010, Hall appeared as one of the stand-up acts on Channel 4's Comedy Gala, a benefit show organised by Channel 4 to raise money for Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital.
Hall is a former regular performer on Channel 4's Stand Up for the Week, which began in June 2010.[14]
In January 2015, Hall started a comedy tour of the UK called '3:10 To Humour'[15]
On 11 November 2016, Hall guest starred on an episode of Have I Got News for You.
Other appearances[edit]
Rich Hall made an Irish TV appearance as a guest on the fifth series of RTÉ's topical news comedy programme, Don't Feed the Gondolas, and has appeared at the Kilkenny Cat Laughs comedy festival on 15 occasions. He has also performed at the West Belfast Festival/Feile an Phobail, one of the largest community festivals in Ireland, to a sell-out audience where he received widespread critical acclaim. He appeared in several Pizza Hut commercials in the 1980s, mainly promoting Pizza Hut's guarantee of serving each customer within five minutes.
Hall has achieved some popularity in Australia, regularly appearing at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Adelaide Fringe Festival, and on Australian comedy panel shows, such as The Glass House and Spicks and Specks.
Hall appeared at the Garvey 1989 Celebrity Ski Classic and at the Altitude Comedy Festival 2008 in the ski resort of Meribel in France. He also appeared – albeit briefly – in the 2006 Cheap Seats (ESPNCL) episode titled "Steve Garvey Celebrity Skiing".
From 2015 onwards, Hall has lent his voice as Captain Taylor in the ITV series Thunderbirds Are Go, with the character first appearing in the episode "Relic" and is set to return to the role in the show's second season.
Otis Lee Crenshaw[edit]
Hall performing at York Theatre Royal, in 2014
In 2000, he won the Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Fringe, in the guise of his own grizzled uncle, Otis Lee Crenshaw, the much-convicted country music singer. He has released several albums, including How Do We Do It? Volume! in 2003, and a concert video, as this character. The first album, London Not Tennessee, in 2001, was recorded on the first comedy tour, and included two duets on stage with US singer Catherine Porter. In 2004, he published a book of the man's memoirs, entitled Otis Lee Crenshaw: I Blame Society, and in 2007 he finished a screenplay for a film based on the book, written for the director Mel Smith.[16]
In 2008, Hall toured two stand-up shows around the UK: Rich Hall Autumn Tour 2008 played around 45 dates and headlined as his alter-ego in a show entitled Otis Lee Crenshaw and Band, with Rich Hall listed as a "special guest". He subsequently toured a version of this show throughout the UK and Ireland in 2009, with longtime sidekick Myron T. Buttram (guitarist and pedal steel player, Rob Childs) and Lonesome Dave (banjoist and guitarist, David Lindsay) appearing at the 2009 Adelaide Fringe festival, the Sydney Opera House, and the 2009 Melbourne Comedy festival. The band were originally credited as The Black Liars, and were renamed as The Honky Tonk A**holes when joined by Horst Furst II (bassist, Nigel Portman Smith) and drummer Mark Hewitt.
List of celebrities impersonated on Saturday Night Live[edit]
Doug Henning
Doug Flutie
Bernhard Goetz
Caspar Weinberger
Paul Harvey
David Byrne
Mark Goodman
Vince McMahon
Musical and literary career[edit]
Filmography[edit]
Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985) - Street Punk #1 (uncredited)
One Crazy Summer (1986) - Wilbur
Million Dollar Mystery (1987) - Slaughter
C.H.U.D. II: Bud the C.H.U.D. (1989) - Stan
The Lives of the Saints (2006) - Club Performer
Arthur Christmas (2011) - Idaho Man (voice)
TV[edit]
Rich Hall's How the West Was Lost (first broadcast June 2008)[7]
Rich Hall's The Dirty South (October 2010)[8]
Rich Hall's Continental Drifters (November 2011)[10]
Rich Hall's Inventing the Indian (October 2012)[11]
Rich Hall's You Can Go To Hell, I'm Going To Texas (June 2013)[12]
Rich Hall's California Stars (July 2014)[13]
Rich Hall's Presidential Grudge Match (November 2016)
Rich Hall's Countrier Than You (March 2017)
Radio[edit]
In Search of Southern Hospitality
Discography[edit]
London Not Tennessee (with The Black Liars) (2001)
How Do We Do It? Volume! (2003)
Waitin' On A Grammy (2016)
Bibliography[edit]
1984: Sniglets (Snig'Lit: Any Word That Doesn't Appear in the Dictionary, but Should), ISBN 0-02-012530-5
1985: More Sniglets: Any Word That Doesn't Appear in the Dictionary, but Should
1986: Unexplained Sniglets of the Universe
1986: Rich Hall's Vanishing America, ISBN 0-02-547480-4
1987: Angry Young Sniglets (1987)
1989: When Sniglets Ruled the Earth (1989)
1994: Self Help for the Bleak: Attaboy Therapy, ISBN 0-8431-3669-3
2002: Things Snowball, ISBN 0-349-11576-1
2003: Top Gear, (2003)
2004: Otis Lee Crenshaw: I Blame Society, ISBN 0-349-11818-3
2009: Magnificent Bastards, ISBN 0-349-11965-1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rich Hall". Front Row. 22 June 2009. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
Jump up ^ "QI – Season 2 – Episode 12". QI. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Holcolmbe, Randall. "The Bare Facts". Western Carolina University. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Filmography by TV series for Rich Hall (I): 'QI' (16 episodes)". IMDb. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Rich Hall, Amy Winehouse, Mike Peters, Fearne Cotton". Never Mind the Buzzcocks. Season 14. Episode 10. 2004-03-08. BBC.
Jump up ^ "Rich Hall, Amy Winehouse, Mike Peters, Fearne Cotton". TV.com. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich Hall's "How the West was Lost"". BBC Four. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich Hall's "The Dirty South"". BBC Four. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Rampton, James (9 July 2012). "Rich Hall on the Dirty South". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich Hall's Continental Drifters". BBC Four. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich Hall's Inventing the Indian". BBC Four. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich Hall's You Can Go To Hell, I'm Going To Texas". BBC Four. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich Hall's California Stars". BBC Four. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Sweney, Mark (14 June 2010). "Channel 4 lines up topical standup show hosted by Patrick Kielty". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rich Hall announces '3:10 to Humour' tour dates". Digital Spy. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Acclaimed Stand-up Comedian Rich Hall Makes Light of Life". 28 February 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rich Hall.
Rich Hall on IMDb
Rich Hall reading from "Magnificent Bastards" at writLOUD, London
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 55510008
ISNI: 0000 0000 8384 2393
SUDOC: 143203703
BNF: cb16175705g (data)
MusicBrainz: ee158de2-dc49-46b9-bf42-1149168dd5b8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rich_Hall&oldid=797733601"
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