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Jamaica, Queens
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For other uses of "Jamaica", see Jamaica (disambiguation).
Jamaica
Neighborhood of Queens
Neighborhood of Jamaica
Frederick Ruckstull's Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1896) in Major Mark Park
Jamaica
Jamaica
Jamaica
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Coordinates: 40°42′13″N 73°47′56″W / 40.70361°N 73.79889°W / 40.70361; -73.79889Coordinates: 40°42′13″N 73°47′56″W / 40.70361°N 73.79889°W / 40.70361; -73.79889
Country
United States
State
New York
City
New York City
Borough
Queens
Languages[1]
List[hide]
59.0% English
25.4% Spanish
15.6% Other
Area
• Total
2.670 sq mi (6.92 km2)
Population (2010)
• Total
217,000
• Density
81,000/sq mi (31,000/km2)
Ancestries 2010[2]
• Black
48.2%
• Hispanic
22.1%
• White
19.9%
• Asian
10.5%
• Other
9.4%
ZIP Code
11423, 11432, 11433, 11434, 11435, and 11436
Median household income
$48,559[3]
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Exploration
Fortifications:
Fort Amsterdam
Fort Nassau (North)
Fort Orange
Fort Nassau (South)
Fort Goede Hoop
De Wal
Fort Casimir
Fort Altena
Fort Wilhelmus
Fort Beversreede
Fort Nya Korsholm
De Rondout
Settlements:
Noten Eylandt
Nieuw Amsterdam
Rensselaerswijck
Nieuw Haarlem
Beverwijck
Wiltwijk
Bergen
Pavonia
Vriessendael
Achter Col
Vlissingen
Oude Dorpe
Colen Donck
Greenwich
Heemstede
Rustdorp
Gravesende
Breuckelen
Nieuw Amersfoort
Midwout
Nieuw Utrecht
Boswijk
Swaanendael
Nieuw Amstel
Nieuw Dorp
The Patroon System
Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620–25)
Willem Verhulst (1625–26)
Peter Minuit (1626–32)
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632–33)
Wouter van Twiller (1633–38)
Willem Kieft (1638–47)
Peter Stuyvesant (1647–64)
People of New Netherland
New Netherlander
Twelve Men
Eight Men
Nine Men
Flushing Remonstrance
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Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, which also includes Hollis, St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Baisley Pond Park, Rochdale Village, and South Jamaica.[4] The NYPD's 103rd, 113th & 105th Precincts patrol Jamaica.[5]
It was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp.[6][7] Under British rule, Jamaica became the center of the "Town of Jamaica". Jamaica was the county seat of Queens County from the formation of the county in 1683 until March 7, 1788, when the state government reorganized the town and the county seat moved to Mineola (now part of Nassau County). In 1814, Jamaica became the first incorporated village on Long Island. When Queens was incorporated into the City of Greater New York in 1898, both the Town of Jamaica and the Village of Jamaica were dissolved, but the neighborhood of Jamaica regained its role as county seat. Today, some locals group Jamaica's surrounding neighborhoods into an unofficial Greater Jamaica, roughly corresponding to the former Town of Jamaica, including Richmond Hill, Woodhaven, St. Albans, Rosedale, Springfield Gardens, Hollis, Laurelton, Cambria Heights, Queens Village, Howard Beach and Ozone Park.[8]
Jamaica is the location of several government buildings including Queens Civil Court, the civil branch of the Queens County Supreme Court, the Queens County Family Court and the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building, home to the Social Security Administration's Northeastern Program Service Center.[9] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street, is a major commercial center, as well as the home of the Central Library of the Queens Borough Public Library. The New York Racing Association, based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, lists its official address as Jamaica (Central Jamaica once housed NYRA's Jamaica Racetrack, now the massive Rochdale Village housing development). John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby also use Jamaica as their address.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Precolonial and colonial periods
1.3 Late 18th and 19th centuries
1.4 20th and 21st centuries
2 Demographics and neighborhoods
3 Economy
3.1 History
3.2 Notable businesses
3.2.1 Aviation
3.2.2 Other businesses
4 Transportation
4.1 Public transport
4.2 Major thoroughfares
5 Education
5.1 Colleges and universities
5.2 Primary and secondary schools
5.2.1 Public schools
5.2.2 Private schools
5.2.3 Libraries
6 Neighboring areas
7 Notable residents
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Although many current residents of the Jamaica neighborhood are immigrants from the country of the same name, the two names have different derivations. The name of the neighborhood derives from Yameco, a corruption of a word for "beaver" in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The "y" sound in English is spelled with a "j" in Dutch, the first Europeans to write about the area. This resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of "Jamaica" when read and repeated orally.[10] In the Caribbean, the Arawak, people of the nation of Jamaica, named their land Xaymaca, which meant "land of wood and water".[11]
Precolonial and colonial periods[edit]
Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, coming to trade skins and furs for wampum.[12] It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and "Beaver Pond" (later Baisley Pond). Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp ("rest-town") in granting the 1656 land patent.
The English took over in 1664 and made it part of the county of Yorkshire. In 1683, when the British divided the Province of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York.
Colonial Jamaica had a band of 56 minutemen who played an active part in the Battle of Long Island, the outcome of which led to the occupation of the New York City area by British troops during most of the American Revolutionary War. Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, relocated here in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor which stands on the site today. King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, and houses King Manor Museum.
Late 18th and 19th centuries[edit]
By 1776, Jamaica had become a trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, then called King's Highway. The Jamaica Post Office opened September 25, 1794, and was the only post office in the present-day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803.[13] Union Hall Academy for boys, and Union Hall Seminary for girls, were chartered in 1787.[14] The Academy eventually attracted students from all over the United States and the West Indies.[15] The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $125. Jamaica Village, the first village on Long Island, was incorporated in 1814 with its boundaries being from the present-day Van Wyck Expressway (on the west) and Jamaica Avenue (on the north, later Hillside Avenue) to Farmers Boulevard (on the east) and Linden Boulevard (on the south) in what is now St. Albans.[16] By 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica.
In 1850, the former Kings Highway (now Jamaica Avenue) became the Brooklyn and Jamaica Plank Road, complete with toll gate. In 1866, tracks were laid for a horsecar line, and 20 years later it was electrified, the first in the state. On January 1, 1898, Queens became part of the City of New York, and Jamaica became the county seat.
Van Siclen farm in 1882
George Bradford Brainerd (American, 1845–1887). Long Island Rail Road Station, Jamaica, ca. 1872–1887. Collodion silver glass wet plate negative. Brooklyn Museum
Jamaica railroad stations in 1873
20th and 21st centuries[edit]
Loew's Valencia, a former theater opened in 1929
The present Jamaica station of the Long Island Rail Road was completed in 1913, and the BMT Jamaica Line arrived in 1918, followed by the IND Queens Boulevard Line in 1936 and the IND/BMT Archer Avenue Lines in 1988, the latter of which replaced the eastern portion of the Jamaica Line that was torn down in 1977–85. The 1920s and 1930s saw the building of the Valencia Theatre (now restored by the Tabernacle of Prayer), the "futuristic" Kurtz furniture store and the Roxanne Building. In the 1970s, it became the headquarters for the Islamic Society of North America.
The many foreclosures and the high level of unemployment of the 2000s and early 2010s induced many black people to move from Jamaica to the South,[17] as part of the New Great Migration.
A December 2012 junkyard fire required the help of 170 firemen to extinguish.[18]
On October 23, 2014, the neighborhood was the site of a terrorist hatchet attack on two police officers of the New York City Police Department. The police later killed the attacker.[19][20]
The First Reformed Church, Grace Episcopal Church Complex, Jamaica Chamber of Commerce Building, Jamaica Savings Bank, King Manor, J. Kurtz and Sons Store Building, La Casina, Office of the Register, Prospect Cemetery, St. Monica's Church, Sidewalk Clock at 161-11 Jamaica Avenue, New York, NY, Trans World Airlines Flight Center, and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[21]
Demographics and neighborhoods[edit]
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Part of a series on
Ethnicity in New York City
Ethnicities[show]

Arabs
African Americans
Asian Indians
Bangladeshis
Brazilians
Caribbeans
Chinese (Fuzhounese)
Filipinos
Irish
Italians
Japanese
Jews
Koreans
Puerto Ricans
Russians
Ukrainians
Neighborhoods[show]
Astoria
Bed-Stuy
Bensonhurst
Borough Park
Brighton Beach
Chinatown, Brooklyn
Chinatown, Flushing
Chinatown, Manhattan
Crown Heights
Curry Hill
Curry Row
Elmhurst
Flatbush
Harlem
Jackson Heights
Jamaica
Koreatown, Manhattan
Koreatown, Queens
Le Petit Senegal
Little Brazil
Little Egypt, Astoria
Little Fuzhou
Little Germany
Little Italy
Little Manila
Little Poland
Little Saigon
Little Spain
Little Sri Lanka
Little Syria
Little Ukraine
Loisaida
Spanish Harlem
Sunset Park
Thirteenth Avenue
Washington Heights
Ethnic enclaves
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Jamaica is large and has a diverse population. It is mostly African American, with sizable Hispanic, Asian, and White populations. While the corresponding figures represent a certain portion of Jamaica, official statistics differ by the area's numerous ZIP Codes such as 11411, 11428, 11432, 11433, 11434, 11435, and 11436. The total population of Jamaica is estimated to be a bit over 200,000 with all neighborhoods taken into consideration.
Jamaica was not always as diverse as it is today. Throughout the 19th to early 20th centuries, Jamaica was mainly populated with whites as new Irish immigrants settled around the places known today as Downtown and Baisley Pond Park. In the 1950s, however, what was later called white flight began and middle-income African Americans started taking their place. After the 1970s, as housing prices began to tumble, many Hispanic such as Salvadorans, Colombians, Dominicans, and West Indian immigrants moved in. These ethnic groups tended to stay more towards the Jamaica Avenue and South Jamaica areas. Immigration from other countries did not become widespread until the late 1990s and early 2000s. Gentrification and decrease in crime attracted many families to Jamaica's safe havens; Hillside Avenue reflects this trend. Along 150th to 161st streets, much of the stores and restaurants typify South American and Caribbean cultures.
Farther east is the rapidly growing East Indian community. Mainly spurred on by the Jamaica Muslim Center, Bangladeshis have flocked to this area due to easy transit access and the numerous Bangladeshi stores and restaurants lining 167th and 168th Streets. Bangladeshis are the most rapidly growing ethnic group here; however, it is also an African-American commercial area. Many Sri Lankans also live in this area for similar reasons as the Bangladeshi community, reflected by the numerous food and grocery establishments along Hillside Avenue catering to the community. As well as the large South Asian community, significant Filipino and African communities thrive in Jamaica, along with the neighboring Filipino community in Queens Village and the historic, well established African-American community residing in Jamaica.
From 151st Street and into 164th Street, many groceries and restaurants are representative of the West Indies. Mainly of Guyanese and Trinidadian origin, these merchants serve their respective populations in and around the Jamaica Center area. Many East Indian shops are located east from 167th Street to 171st Street. Mainly supported by the ever-growing Bangladeshi population, thousands of South Asians come here to shop for Bangladeshi goods. Also there are restaurants such as "Sagar", "Ambala", "Ghoroa", and countless more in the Bangladeshi stronghold here. Some people call this area another "Little South Asia" similar to that of Jackson Heights. Jamaica, Queens is another South Asian ethnic enclave popping up in NYC, as South Asian immigration and the NYC South Asian population has grown rapidly, as well as new South Asian enclaves.
Economy[edit]
History[edit]
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Economic development was long neglected. In the 1960s and 1970s, many big box retailers moved to suburban areas where business was more profitable. Departing retailers included brand name stores and movie theaters that once thrived in Jamaica's busiest areas. Macy's and the Valencia theater were the last companies to move out in 1969. The 1980s crack epidemic created even more hardship and crime. Prime real estate spaces were filled by hair salons and 99 cent stores. Furthermore, existing zoning patterns and inadequate infrastructure did not anticipate future development.
Since then, the decrease of the crime rate has encouraged entrepreneurs who plan to invest in the area. The Greater Jamaica Development Corporation (GJDC), the local business improvement district, acquired valuable real estate for sale to national chains in order to expand neighborhood commerce. As well they have completed underway proposals by allocating funds and providing loans to potential investors who have already established something in the area. One Jamaica Center is a mixed-use commercial complex that was built in 2002 by The Mattone Group housing Old Navy, Bally Total Fitness, Walgreens, Subway, Dunkin' Donuts, a 15-screen multiplex theater and for a while a Gap. Banking has also made a strong revival as Bank of America, Sterling National Bank, Chase Bank, and Carver Federal Savings Bank have each created at least one branch along various major streets: Jamaica Avenue, Parsons Boulevard, Merrick Boulevard, and Sutphin Boulevard. A $75 million deal between the developers, the Mattone Group and Ceruzzi Enterprises, and Home Depot cleared the way for a new location at 168th St. and Archer Ave. All approvals were obtained within three months of the application dates.
The most prominent piece of development has been the creation of the Jamaica Station, which was fully completed in 2003. It includes Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport subway station (E, J, and Z trains), the LIRR, and the Airtrain JFK to John F. Kennedy International Airport; the latter remains the central figure for ongoing economic progress. With the growing number of riders each day passing through this station, the city is providing some major changes to the surrounding blocks of this massive hub of transport.
Efforts have been made to follow the examples of major redevelopment occurring in Astoria, Long Island City, Flushing, and Downtown Brooklyn. In 2005, the New York City Department of City Planning drafted a plan that would rezone 368 blocks of Jamaica in order to stimulate new development, relieve traffic congestion, and shift upscale amenities away from low-density residential neighborhoods. The plan includes up-zoning the immediate areas around Jamaica Station to accommodate passengers traveling through the area. To improve infrastructure the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation has agreed to create more greenery and open spaces to allow pedestrians to enjoy the scenery. At the same time, the city has reserved the right to protect the suburban/residential charm of neighboring areas. Several blocks will be down-zoned to keep up with the existing neighborhood character. On September 10, 2007, the City Council overwhelmingly approved the plan, providing for structures of up to 28 stories to be built around the main transit hub as well as residential buildings of up to 7 stories to be built on Hillside Avenue.[22]
Several projects are in progress. The New York City Economic Development Corporation has issued an RFP for redevelopment of a 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2) abandoned garage located at 168th Street and 93rd Avenue. Plans are underway to convert this space into retail and parking spots. "TechnoMart Queens" was the first approved project. Located at Sutphin Blvd. and 94th Ave., Korean-based Prime Construction Corp., Greater Jamaica Development Corporation, and several other partners have signed a deal to create a 13-story mega-mall. 9 floors will be dedicated towards wholesale electronics, 3 floors to retail space for shopping, and it is estimated to contain parking for up to 800 cars. Groundbreaking on this site will initiate in late 2008 and is slated for completion by mid-2011. However, in Q3 2008, Technomart announced that it would not be moving forward with its plan to bring a retailer to the community.[23]
According to real-estate listing service StreetEasy, Jamaica's real-estate prices are rising the fastest out of all localities in New York City. The community's median home prices rose 39% in 2015.[24] The median sales price for a small row house in 2015 was $330,000, and the median asking rent for a three-bedroom house in 2015 was $1,750.[24] Sutphin Boulevard has been described as "the next tourist hot spot."[25] Jamaica's proximity to the JFK AirTrain has stimulated the development of several hotels.[26]
Notable businesses[edit]
Aviation[edit]
The Federal Aviation Administration Eastern Region has its offices in Jamaica.[27]
Several businesses are at the distant John F. Kennedy International Airport. North American Airlines has its headquarters on the property of JFK.[28] In addition, Nippon Cargo Airlines maintains its New York City offices there.[29]
When Tower Air existed, its headquarters were at the airport.[30][31] When Metro International Airways existed, its headquarters were at the airport.[32]
Other businesses[edit]
Grupo TACA operates a Jamaica-area TACA Satellite at 149–16 Jamaica Avenue.[33]
Transportation[edit]
Interstate 678 in Jamaica
Metropolitan Avenue and Jamaica Avenue at I-678
Public transport[edit]
Main articles: MTA Regional Bus Operations and Long Island Rail Road
See also: List of bus routes in Queens
Jamaica Station is a central transfer point on the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), which is headquartered in a building adjoining the station; all but one of the commuter railroad's lines (the exception being the Port Washington Branch) run through Jamaica.
The New York City Subway's IND Queens Boulevard Line (E and F trains) terminate at 179th Street station, at the foot of Jamaica Estates, a neighborhood of mansions north of Jamaica's central business district. The Archer Avenue Lines, which opened in 1988 (E, J, and Z trains), terminate at Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer station, but also serve Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport station. Jamaica Center is not just a transit hub; it is also the name of a business and government center that includes a federal office building, a shopping mall, and a theater multiplex (One Jamaica Center), and is adjacent to various other businesses and agencies, such as the main forensic laboratory facility for the New York City Police Department.
Jamaica's bus network provides extensive service across eastern Queens, as well as to destinations as distant as Hicksville in Nassau County, the Bronx, the Rockaways, and Midtown Manhattan. Nearly all bus lines serving Jamaica terminate there; most do so at the 165th Street Bus Terminal or the Jamaica Center subway station, except the Q46 bus which operates along Union Turnpike which serves as the northern border of Jamaica.
Greater Jamaica, a large, sprawling neighborhood, is also home to John F. Kennedy International Airport—one of the busiest international airports in the United States and the world—public transportation passengers are connected to airline terminals by AirTrain JFK, which operates as both an airport terminal circulator and rail connection to central Jamaica at the integrated LIRR and bi-level subway station located at Sutphin Blvd and Archer Avenue.
Major thoroughfares[edit]
Jamaica Avenue
Jamaica Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard
Major streets include Archer Avenue, Hillside Avenue, Jamaica Avenue, Liberty Avenue, Merrick Boulevard, Parsons Boulevard, Guy R. Brewer Boulevard (formerly known as New York Boulevard but renamed for a local political leader in 1982), Sutphin Boulevard, and Union Turnpike, as well as the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) and the Grand Central Parkway.
Jamaica Avenue is Jamaica's busiest thoroughfare. It begins at Broadway Junction in Brooklyn, near the boundary of the East New York neighborhood. The Avenue enters Jamaica east of the Van Wyck Expressway, and passes the Joseph Addabbo Social Security Administration Building, courthouses and the main building of the Queens Library, along with many discount stores. The 200-year-old King Manor Museum, once home to Rufus King, a founding father of the United States, is located at the corner of 153rd St. and Jamaica Ave. It includes a 2-story museum with over an acre of land and a public park. Directly across from the Museum is the Jamaica Performing Arts Center, part of the Jamaica Center for Arts & Learning, represents a long-sought adaptive reuse of the landmark, 150-year-old former Dutch Reformed Church. It was completed in 2007.
Hillside Avenue is one of the main thoroughfares of Jamaica. It is served by the E and F trains, from Sutphin Boulevard to its 179th Street terminus. Hillside Avenue runs east from Myrtle Avenue in Richmond Hill, along the length of Jamaica, into Queens Village, and finally, Nassau County. It is a wide six-lane street with numerous commercial activities. The Q43 bus runs its entire eastern length starting at Sutphin Boulevard to the city line. Hillside Avenue separates Jamaica from Briarwood, Jamaica Hills and Jamaica Estates on the southern boundary.
Sutphin Boulevard is Jamaica's second busiest thoroughfare. It has two subway stations, as well as stations for the LIRR and the AirTrain JFK, and two Queens courthouses. It begins at Hillside Avenue and 147th Place in the north and works its way south and downhill connecting with Jamaica Avenue, Archer Avenue, Liberty Avenue, South Road, Linden Boulevard, and terminates at Rockaway Boulevard. At first it is a small four-lane street, but in the downtown area it provides six lanes. At 95th Avenue, it reemerges from the LIRR underpass and becomes a four-lane street to its southern endpoint.
Union Turnpike travels through, and serving as the northern border between the towns of Flushing and Jamaica. Though both towns were absorbed into New York City in 1898, the division is evident today in the addresses. Buildings on the north side generally begin with a 113- ZIP Code, indicating Flushing, and buildings to the south side begin with a 114- ZIP Code, indicating Jamaica. Union Turnpike separates the northern boundaries of Briarwood, Jamaica Hills and Jamaica Estates from the southern boundaries of Flushing and Fresh Meadows.
Education[edit]
Colleges and universities[edit]
Several colleges and universities make their home in Jamaica proper or in its close vicinity, most notably:
York College, a senior college of the City University of New York
St. John's University (Queens Campus), a private Catholic University founded by the Vincentian Fathers (Lazarists)
Queens College, a nearby senior college of the City University of New York
New Brunswick Theological Seminary offers classes at a satellite campus on the St. John's University campus.
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
Abigail Adams School
Public schools[edit]
Jamaica's public schools are operated by the New York City Department of Education.
Public high schools in Jamaica include:
Springfield Gardens Educational Campus (formerly Springfield Gardens High School)
August Martin High School
Eagle Academy for Young Men of Southeast Queens
Thomas A. Edison Vocational and Technical High School
Hillcrest High School
Campus Magnet Educational Campus (formerly Andrew Jackson High School)
Jamaica Campus (formerly Jamaica High School), an official municipal landmark[34]
Queens High School for the Sciences at York College
Queens Gateway to Health Sciences Secondary School
High School for Law Enforcement and Public Safety
The Young Women's Leadership School of Queens
York Early College Academy
Public elementary and intermediate (junior high) schools in Jamaica include:
I.S. 231
P.S. 80
P.S. 45 Clarence Witherspoon
P.S. 50 Talfourd Lawn Elementary School
P.S. 86
P.S. 95
P.S. 131 Abigail Adams Elementary School
P.S. 160
P.S. 182 Samantha Smith
I.S. 238 Susan B Anthony
P.S. 48 William Wordsworth
I.S. 8
J.H.S. 72, Catherine and Count Basie
Private schools[edit]
Private schools in Jamaica include:
Al-Iman School, an Islamic PK-12 school.
Archbishop Molloy High School, formerly an all-boys' Catholic high school, now co-ed.
Immaculate Conception School, a co-ed Catholic school from pre-K to 8th grade. The school is a local landmark located on the property of Immaculate Conception Church and Monastery, run by the Passionist Congregation of priests.
St. Nicholas of Tolentine, a co-ed Catholic school from pre-K to 8th grade, run by the Sisters of Charity
The Mary Louis Academy, a Catholic girls' high school run by the Sisters of St. Joseph.
United Nations International School, a private school in Jamaica Estates.[citation needed]
Cariculum Academy Preschool of Southeast Queens, a community schoolhouse
Our Lady's Catholic Academy, located in South Ozone Park. it is a co-ed school from nursery to grade 8
The Catholic schools are administered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn.
From its 1975 founding to around 1980, the Japanese School of New York was located in Jamaica Estates,[35][36] near Jamaica.[37]
Libraries[edit]
The Central Library of the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's highest-circulation public library system, is in Jamaica. The Baisley Park Branch and the South Jamaica Branch are also located in Jamaica.
Neighboring areas[edit]
Neighboring areas are Jamaica Estates, Jamaica Hills, Holliswood, Bellerose, Briarwood, Cambria Heights, St. Albans, Hollis, Queens Village, South Ozone Park, Kew Gardens, Richmond Hill, Laurelton, Rosedale, Brookville, Rochdale, South Jamaica, Springfield Gardens, Hillcrest, Kew Gardens Hills, Fresh Meadows, Meadowmere Park, and Woodhaven.
Notable residents[edit]
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Notable current and former residents of Jamaica, with (B) denoting that the person was born there, include:
50 Cent (born 1975), rapper and entrepreneur (B)
Cecily Adams (1958-2004), actress (B)[38]
Khandi Alexander (born 1957), actress and dancer
Lloyd Banks (born 1982), rapper and member of hip-hop group G-Unit (B)[39]
Bob Beamon (born 1946), Olympian and world record holder for long jump[40]
Fritz Billig, stamp dealer and author of Billig's Philatelic Handbooks
Don Blackman, jazz-funk pianist, singer and songwriter
Paul Bowles, writer and composer
Jimmy Breslin, author and columnist
Harvey Brooks, musician and composer
Tina Charles, WNBA player current with the New York Liberty
Sri Chinmoy, philosopher and spiritual teacher
Chinx, rapper
Buck Clayton, jazz trumpeter[41]
Desiree Coleman, singer, actress
Mario Cuomo, former governor of New York 1983–1995 (B)
Nelson DeMille, author (B)[42]
Rocco DiSpirito, chef (B)
Alan Dugan, poet
Ann Flood, actress
Ashrita Furman, most Guinness World Records holder with 88 Guinness World Records
Alonzo Holt, singer
Scott Ian (born 1963), Rhythm guitarist for band(B)[43]
Marc Iavaroni, basketball player, former head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies
K. Sparks, Christian hip hop musician
Kamara James, Olympic fencer
James P. Johnson, "stride" pianist and composer[41]
William T. Kane, physicist; (B) born in 1932
Crad Kilodney, writer
Rufus King, signer of the United States Constitution
Len Kunstadt, jazz/blues historian, record label owner
Gerald S. Lesser psychologist, Sesame Street programming developer[44]
Sally Marr, stand-up comic, dancer, actress and talent spotter, mother of comic Lenny Bruce, whose act she influenced
Debi Mazar, actress
Darryl McDaniels (DMC), rapper
Metallica briefly lived here in April 1983 before recording their debut Kill 'Em All
Marcus Miller, jazz composer, producer and multi-instrumentalist
Nicki Minaj, rapper, born in Trinidad, brought to Queens at 5 years old
Charles Mingus, jazz bassist, composer and autobiographer[41]
Lamar Odom, NBA star, former reality TV star
Walter O'Malley, former owner of the Brooklyn and L.A. Dodgers. Lived in Jamaica from 1917 to 1920.[45][46]
Richard Parsons, former chairman of Citigroup and former chairman and CEO of Time Warner
Letty Cottin Pogrebin, writer/journalist
Freddie Roman, comedian
Salt-n-Pepa, rappers
Al Sears, jazz saxophonist[41]
Joseph Simmons (Run), rapper/pastor
Russell Simmons, entrepreneur/producer
Heathcliff Slocumb, former pitcher
Fredro Starr, actor, rapper and member of hip-hop group Onyx
William Grant Still, "dean of American black composers"[41]
Sticky Fingaz, actor, rapper and member of hip-hop group Onyx
Eva Taylor, 20s vocalist known as the "Dixie Nightingale"[41]
Fred Trump, real estate developer
Donald Trump, real estate tycoon, Reality television Star, and President of the United States (B)
Ben Webster, jazz tenor saxophonist[41]
Marinus Willett, mayor of New York 1807–08
Clarence Williams, jazz pianist and composer[41]
Fess Williams, jazz clarinetist[41]
Bernard Wright, pop/funk/jazz composer, keyboardist and singer
Tony Yayo, rapper and member of hip-hop group G-Unit
See also[edit]
New York City portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Census data". Jamaica, Queens Languages Spoken
Jump up ^ "Jamaica, Queens Demographics Data".
Jump up ^ "Jamaica, Queens Income in 2013". Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Queens Community Boards". Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ 103rd Precinct,113th Precinct, 105th Precinct NYPD.
Jump up ^ "Jamaica". Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2007. Peter Ross (1902). The History of Long Island, from its earliest settlement to the present time. NY: Lewis Pub. Co.
Jump up ^ Archive.org: The History of Long Island
Jump up ^ "Map of Queens neighborhoods". Archived from the original on August 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.gruzensamton.com/pdf/Addabbo.pdf[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Major Mark Park, accessed December 16, 2006
Jump up ^ Lonely Planet. "History of Jamaica – Lonely Planet Travel Information". Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Community History Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., accessed December 16, 2006
Jump up ^ David Roberts. "Nassau County Post Offices 1794–1879". Retrieved December 23, 2007. John L. Kay & Chester M. Smith, Jr. (1982). New York Postal History: The Post Offices & First Postmasters from 1775 to 1980. American Philatelic Society.
Jump up ^ "History of Jamaica, Borough of Queens, NYC". thehistorybox.com. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Eigenbrodt, Lewis Ernest Andrew". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Jump up ^ Gottlieb, Jeff. "History of Jamaica" (PDF). Central Queens Historical Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bilefsky, Dan. "For New Life, Blacks in City Head to South." The New York Times. June 21, 2011. Retrieved on April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Neighborhood News". New York. December 31, 2012 – January 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Prokupecz, Shimon; Conlon, Kevin (October 24, 2014). "NYPD: Hatchet attack an act of terror". CNN.
Jump up ^ Kearney, Laila (October 24, 2014). "NYC police say hatchet attack by Islam convert was terrorism". Reuters.
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "The Jamaica Plan – Department of City Planning". Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "TechnoMart Drops Out Of Jamaica". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kadet, Anne. "Jamaica Is Pegged as Next NYC Hot Spot". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sutphin Boulevard: The Next Tourist Hot Spot? - NY City Lens". NY City Lens. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa (November 21, 2013). "Jamaica Taps into Tourism With Hundreds of New Hotel Rooms". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eastern Region Contact Information." Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved January 20, 2012. "Federal Aviation Administration Eastern Region 159-30 Rockaway Blvd. Jamaica, NY 11434-4848"
Jump up ^ "Contact Us Archived March 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.." North American Airlines. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Contact Us CORPORATE OFFICE North American Airlines Building 141 Federal Circle JFK International Airport Jamaica, NY 11430 "
Jump up ^ "America." Nippon Cargo Airlines. Retrieved February 17, 2012. "Cargo Bldg.66, JFK Int'l Airport, Jamaica, NY 11430"
Jump up ^ "How to Contact Us." Tower Air. Retrieved May 28, 2009. "Corporate Headquarters Hangar #17 JFK International Airport Jamaica, NY 11430
Jump up ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 30, 1985. 127." Retrieved June 17, 2009. "Head Office: Building 178, JFK International Airport, New York 10430, USA" (continued from page 124)
Jump up ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. April 3, 1982. 852. "Head Office: Building 178, JFK International Airport, Jamaica, New York 11430, USA."
Jump up ^ "TACA Offices." Grupo TACA. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, March 24, 2009
Jump up ^ Kulers, Brian G. "QUEENS NEIGHBORHOODS QUEENS CLOSEUP East Meets West in School For Japanese in America." Newsday. November 12, 1986. News, Start Page 31. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Buckley, Tom. "Pride and Pleasure Evident Beneath Usual Restraint; Japanese Here Prepare for Imperial Visit." The New York Times. September 23, 1975. Page 39. Retrieved January 9, 2012. "Students from the Japanese School of New York in Jamaica Estates[...]"
Jump up ^ "本校の歩み." The Japanese School of New York. Retrieved January 10, 2012. "Jamaica Queensにて「ニューヨーク日本人学校」開校。"
Jump up ^ via Greater Astoria Historical Society. "Film, stage actress Cecily Adams, 46, born in Jamaica", TimesLedger, March 3, 2013. Accessed November 15, 2016. "Actress Cecily Adams was born in Jamaica Feb. 6, 1958, to singer Adelaide Efantis and actor Don Adams, of Get Smart fame."
Jump up ^ LLoyd Banks, Billboard (magazine). Accessed November 15, 2016. "Lloyd Banks was raised in Jamaica, Queens, by his Puerto Rican mother; his father spent much of his son's childhood behind bars."
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Beamon made sport's greatest leap", ESPN. Accessed November 15, 2016. "Beamon was born Aug. 29, 1946 in Jamaica, N.Y."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Tarek, Shams (January 31, 2003). "Celebrating Black History Month: History Makers That Have Made A Mark On Southeast Queens". Southeast Queens Press. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Strickland, Carol. "Novelist Uses The Island's Gold Coast As A Setting For A Clash of Cultures", The New York Times, April 8, 1990. Accessed December 13, 2007. "Mr. De Mille was born in Jamaica, Queens, and educated at Elmont High School and Hofstra University, and so he knows the area well, although he calls himself a member in good standing of the middle class."
Jump up ^ Ives, Brian. "Scott Ian Talks Anthrax, Racism and Metal’s Lean Years", Radio.com, November 5, 2014. Accessed November 15, 2016. "And while that sounds a bit abrasive, Ian is a pretty friendly guy, with an zen-like take on all the things he’s been through in his life, including (but not limited to) being in a metal band with a rotating cast through that genre’s boom and it’s crash, a few divorces, and coming from a tumultuous family home in Jamaica, Queens."
Jump up ^ Fox, Margalit. "Gerald S. Lesser, Shaper of ‘Sesame Street,’ Dies at 84", The New York Times, October 4, 2010. Accessed October 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ NOTEWORTHY ALUMNI OF JAMAICA HIGH SCHOOL Archived September 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Jamaica High School. Accessed November 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Walter F. O'Malley, Leader of Dodgers' Move to Los Angeles, Dies at 75; Unqualified Success", The New York Times, August 10, 1979. "The son of a commissioner of markets, he attended Jamaica High School in Queens and Culver Military Academy on Indiana, where he played on the baseball team until a broken nose finished his playing career."
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Greater Jamaica Development Corporation (the source of much of the historical information in this article)
The Cultural Collaboration of Jamaica, JAMS (Jamaica Arts & Music Summer festival) sponsor
"A Road Not Taken, Much" NY Times City Section, April 15, 2007
Jamaica Center for Arts and Learning
Map of Queens neighborhoods
1873 map of Village of Jamaica
1873 map of Town of Jamaica
History of Queens County: Jamaica New York: W.W. Munsell & Co.; 1882. pp. 193–257.
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Ancient Egyptian agriculture
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Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in ancient Egypt. Painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC
The civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.[1] Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as flax and papyrus.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Farming systems
1.1 The Nile and field planting
1.2 Irrigation systems
1.2.1 Basin irrigation
1.3 Horticulture
2 Crops grown
2.1 Food crops
2.2 Industrial and fiber crops
3 Religion and agriculture
3.1 Gods
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 Bibliography
Farming systems[edit]
The Nile and field planting[edit]
The Nile's watershed
Further information: Geography of Egypt
The civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa. This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts,[3] and the River Nile. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, flowing northward from Lake Victoria and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has two main tributaries: the Blue Nile which originates in Ethiopia, and the White Nile that flows from Rwanda. While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two thirds of the water volume of the river. The names of the tributaries derive from the color of the water that they carry. The tributaries come together in Khartoum and branches again when it reaches Egypt, forming the Nile delta.[4]
The Egyptians took advantage of the natural cyclical flooding pattern of the Nile. Because this flooding happened fairly predictably, the Egyptians were able to develop their agricultural practices around it. The water levels of the river would rise in August and September, leaving the floodplain and delta submerged by 1.5 meters of water at the peak of flooding. This yearly flooding of the river is known as inundation. As the floodwaters receded in October, farmers were left with well watered and fertile soil in which to plant their crops. The soil left behind by the flooding is known as silt and was brought from Ethiopian Highlands by the Nile. Planting took place in October once the flooding was over, and crops were left to grow with minimal care until they ripened between the months of March and May. While the flooding of the Nile was much more predictable and calm than other rivers, such as the Tigris and Euphrates, it was not always perfect. High floodwaters were destructive and could destroy canals that were made for irrigation. Lack of flooding created a potentially greater issue because it left Egyptians suffering from famine.[5]
Irrigation systems[edit]
To make best use of the waters of the Nile river, the Egyptians developed systems of irrigation. Irrigation allowed the Egyptians to use the Nile's waters for a variety of purposes. Notably, irrigation granted them greater control over their agricultural practices.[1] Flood waters were diverted away from certain areas, such as cities and gardens, to keep them from flooding. Irrigation was also used to provide drinking water to Egyptians. Despite the fact that irrigation was crucial to their agricultural success, there were no statewide regulations on water control. Rather, irrigation was the responsibility of local farmers. However, the earliest and most famous reference to irrigation in Egyptian archaeology has been found on the mace head of the Scorpion King, which has been roughly dated to about 3100 BC. The mace head depicts the king cutting into a ditch that is part of a grid of basin irrigation. The association of the high ranking king with irrigation highlights the importance of irrigation and agriculture to their society.[5]
Basin irrigation[edit]
Egyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation. This practice allowed them to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs. A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that would be flooded by the river. When the floods came, the water would be trapped in the basins formed by the walls. This grid would hold water longer than it would have naturally stayed, allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting. Once the soil was fully watered, the floodwater that remained in the basin would simply be drained to another basin that was in need of more water.[5]
Horticulture[edit]
Gardens of Amun from the Temple of Karnak, painting in the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener, early 14th century B.C.
Main article: Gardens of ancient Egypt
Orchards and gardens were also developed in addition to field planting in the floodplains. This horticulture generally took place further from the floodplain of the Nile, and as a result they required much more work.[6] The perennial irrigation required by gardens forced growers to manually carry water from either a well or the Nile to water their garden crops. Additionally, while the Nile brought silt which naturally fertilized the valley, gardens had to be fertilized by pigeon manure. These gardens and orchards were generally used to grow vegetables, vines and fruit trees.[7]
Crops grown[edit]
Food crops[edit]
See also: Ancient Egyptian cuisine
The Egyptians grew a variety of crops for consumption, including grains, vegetables and fruits. However, their diets revolved around several staple crops, especially cereals and barley. Barley was grown with the intent of later being fermented to make beer. Other major grains grown included einkorn wheat and emmer wheat, grown to make bread. Other staples for the majority of the population included beans, lentils, and later chickpeas and fava beans. Root crops, such as onions, garlic and radishes were grown, along with salad crops, such as lettuce and parsley.[2]
Fruits were a common motif of Egyptian artwork, suggesting that their growth was also a major focus of agricultural efforts as the civilization's agricultural technology developed. Unlike cereals and pulses, fruit required more demanding and complex agricultural techniques, including the use of irrigation systems, cloning, propagation and training. While the first fruits cultivated by the Egyptians were likely indigenous, such as the palm date and sorghum, more fruits were introduced as other cultural influences were introduced. Grapes and watermelon were found throughout predynastic Egyptian sites, as were the sycamore fig, dom palm and christ's thorn. The carob, olive, apple and pomegranate were introduced to Egyptians during the New Kingdom. Later, during the Greco-Roman period peaches and pears were also introduced.[8]
Industrial and fiber crops[edit]
Egyptians relied on agriculture for more than just the production of food. They were creative in their use of plants, using them for medicine, as part of their religious practices, and in the production of clothing. Herbs perhaps had the most varied purposes; they were used in cooking, medicine, as cosmetics and in the process of embalming. Over 2000 different species of flowering or aromatic plants have been found in tombs.[2] Papyrus was an extremely versatile crop that grew wild and was also cultivated.[9] The roots of the plant were eaten as food, but it was primarily used as an industrial crop. The stem of the plant was used to make boats, mats and paper. Flax was another important industrial crop that had several uses. Its primary use was in the production of rope, and for linen which was the Egyptians' principal material for making their clothing. Henna was grown for the production of dye.[2]
Religion and agriculture[edit]
Further information: Ancient Egyptian religion
In ancient Egypt religion was a highly important aspect of daily life. Many of the Egyptians' religious observances were centered on their observations of the environment, the Nile and agriculture. They used religion as a way to explain natural phenomena, such as the cyclical flooding of the Nile and agricultural yields.[10]
Although the Nile was directly responsible for either good or bad fortune experienced by the Egyptians, they did not worship the Nile itself. Rather, they thanked specific gods for any good fortune. They did not have a name for the river and simply referred to it as "River". The term "Nile" is not of Egyptian origin. [9]
Gods[edit]
See also: Egyptian pantheon
The Egyptians personified the inundation with the creation of the god called Hapi. Despite the fact that inundation was crucial to their survival, Hapi was not considered to be a major god.[9] He was depicted as an overweight figure who ironically made offerings of water and other products of abundance to pharaohs.[6] A temple was never built specifically for Hapi, but he was worshipped as inundation began by making sacrifices and the singing of hymns.[9]
The god Osiris was also closely associated with the Nile and the fertility of the land. During inundation festivals mud figures of Osiris were planted with barley.[9]
See also[edit]
Badari culture
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kees, Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Janick, Jules. "Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture." Acta Hort. 583: 23-39. Electronic.
Jump up ^ "Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml
Jump up ^ Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works.” http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation" http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1
^ Jump up to: a b Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.
Jump up ^ "Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l
Jump up ^ Janick, Jules. “The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding.” Plant Breeding Reviews 25. (2005): 255-320. Electronic.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml
Jump up ^ Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/
Bibliography[edit]
Jared Diamond, Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years, 1997.
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text:
India's First War of Independence (term)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The First War of Independence is a term predominantly used in India to describe the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The event challenged and ended the power and control of British East Indian Company in India to be replaced by nine decades of British colonial rule, known as the British Raj. The British termed it an armed rebellion or uprising while the Indians call it as the "First War of Independence".
Contents
[hide]
1 Indian nomenclature
2 British nomenclature
3 Criticism of the term
4 References
5 Further reading
Indian nomenclature[edit]
In India, the term First War of Independence was first popularized by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1909 book The History of the War of Indian Independence, which was originally written in Marathi.[1][2][3]
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, insisted on using the term First War of Independence to refer to the event, and the terminology was adopted by the Government of India.[2]
British nomenclature[edit]
The British and colonial press along with contemporary European referred to the events under a number of titles the most common being the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny.[4][5][6] Contemporary 'anti-imperialists' viewed this term as propaganda, and pushed to characterize it as more than just the actions of a few mutinous native soldiers although the term The Indian Insurrection was used in the British and colonial press at the time.[7] Karl Marx was the first Western scholar to call the 1857 revolt a "national revolt",[8][9] though he used the term Sepoy Revolt to describe the event.[1]
Criticism of the term[edit]
Some South Indian historians have opposed the use of the term First War of Independence by the Government to describe the 1857 revolt, and have unsuccessfully taken the issue to the court.[10] These historians insist that several other anti-British uprisings in South India, such as the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 had preceded the 1857 revolt, and should be called the First War of Indian independence. In 2006, when the Indian postal department issued a postal stamp to commemorate the Vellore Mutiny of 1806, M. Karunanidhi, the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, said that the move had given "due recognition" to India's "first war of independence".[11]
Some Sikh groups have also opposed the use of the term, they insist that the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) should be called the First War of Independence instead. In May 2007, the Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker Charanjit Singh Atwal and three other MPs from Punjab protested against the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the 1857 revolt over this issue.[12] Although many such wars had taken place before the First Anglo-Sikh war, like the First Anglo-Maratha War and First Anglo-Mysore War.
Some Indian writers also insist that none of the armed uprisings against the British in India, including the 1857 uprising, should be termed as a "war of independence", since they were not national in nature, not motivated by nationalist sentiment and only involving a minority of people or soldiers.[10][13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b K. Natwar Singh (2004-08-23). "Marx, Nehru and Savarkar on 1857". Asian Age. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Inder Malhotra. Asian Age http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/the-first-war-of-independence.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-10. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Template:Cite news of Independence
Jump up ^ "Indian History - British Period - First war of Independence".
Jump up ^ "Il y a cent cinquante ans, la révolte des cipayes". 1 August 2007.
Jump up ^ German National Geographic article
Jump up ^ The Empire, Sydney, Australia, 11 July 1857, or Taranaki Herald, New Zealand, 29 August 1857
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl; Friedrich Engels (1959). The first Indian war of independence, 1857-1859. Moscow: Foreign Languages Pub. House. OCLC 9234264.
Jump up ^ Prakash Karat. 1857: In The Hearts And Minds Of People
^ Jump up to: a b S. Muthiah (2007-03-25). "The First War of Independence?". The Hindu. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ LR Jagadheesan (11 July 2006). "Tamils dispute India mutiny date". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
Jump up ^ "1857 anniversary: Dy speaker creates flutter". The Hindu. 2004-05-10. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
Jump up ^ Ganda Singh. The Truth About the Indian Mutiny of 1857. Issue No.17, August 2004. (originally published in The Sikh Review, August, 1972, pp.32-44.)
Further reading[edit]
Marx, Karl (16 September 1857). "The Indian Revolt". www.marxists.org. New-York Daily Tribune. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Marx, Karl. "The Revolt in the Indian Army". New-York Tribune 1857. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. The Indian War of Independence –1857
Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1963). 1857 in India; mutiny or war of independence?. Boston: Heath. OCLC 870396.
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