text:
Sequoiadendron giganteum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the species commonly called "giant sequoia". For the species commonly called "coast redwood", see Sequoia sempervirens. For other uses, see Sequoia (disambiguation).
Sequoiadendron giganteum
The "Grizzly Giant" in the Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park
Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Sequoiadendron
Species: S. giganteum
Binomial name
Sequoiadendron giganteum
(Lindl.) J.Buchh.
Natural range of the California members of the Sequoioideae subfamily
red - Sequoiadendron giganteum
green - Sequoia sempervirens
Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia; also known as giant redwood, Sierra redwood, Sierran redwood, Wellingtonia or simply Big Tree—a nickname used by John Muir[2]) is the sole living species in the genus Sequoiadendron, and one of three species of coniferous trees known as redwoods, classified in the family Cupressaceae in the subfamily Sequoioideae, together with Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood). The common use of the name sequoia generally refers to Sequoiadendron giganteum, which occurs naturally only in groves on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.
The etymology of the genus name has been presumed—initially in The Yosemite Book by Josiah Whitney in 1868[3]—to be in honor of Sequoyah (1767–1843), who was the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary.[4] An etymological study published in 2012, however, concluded that the name was more likely to have originated from the Latin sequi (meaning to follow) since the number of seeds per cone in the newly-classified genus fell in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Biology
3 Distribution
4 Ecology
5 Discovery and naming
6 Uses
7 Cultivation
7.1 Europe
7.2 United States and Canada
7.3 Australia
7.4 New Zealand
8 Superlatives
8.1 Largest by trunk volume
8.2 Tallest
8.3 Oldest
8.4 Greatest girth
8.5 Greatest base diameter
8.6 Greatest mean diameter at breast height
8.7 Largest limb
8.8 Thickest bark
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Sources
13 Further reading
14 External links
Description[edit]
Leaves of Sequoiadendron giganteum
Giant sequoias are the world's largest single trees and largest living thing by volume. Giant sequoias grow to an average height of 50–85 m (164–279 ft) and 6–8 m (20–26 ft) in diameter. Record trees have been measured to be 94.8 m (311 ft) in height. Claims of 17 m (56 ft) diameter have been touted by taking an author's writing[6] out of context, but the widest known at chest height is closer to 8.2 m (27 ft). Between 2014 and 2016, specimens of coast redwood were found to have larger trunk diameters than all known giant sequoias[7]. However, the trunks of redwoods taper more quickly, whereas sequoias have more columnar boles that maintain greater girth higher up in the tree.
The oldest known giant sequoia based on ring count is 3,500 years old. Giant sequoias are among the oldest living things on Earth. Sequoia bark is fibrous, furrowed, and may be 90 cm (3 ft) thick at the base of the columnar trunk. It provides significant fire protection for the trees. The leaves are evergreen, awl-shaped, 3–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) long, and arranged spirally on the shoots. The seed cones are 4–7 cm (1 1⁄2–3 in) long and mature in 18–20 months, though they typically remain green and closed for up to 20 years; each cone has 30–50 spirally arranged scales, with several seeds on each scale, giving an average of 230 seeds per cone. The seed is dark brown, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) broad, with a 1-millimeter (0.04 in) wide, yellow-brown wing along each side. Some seeds are shed when the cone scales shrink during hot weather in late summer, but most are liberated when the cone dries from fire heat or is damaged by insects.
Giant sequoia cones and seed
The giant sequoia regenerates by seed. Young trees start to bear cones at the age of 12 years. Trees up to about 20 years old may produce stump sprouts subsequent to injury, but unlike coast redwoods, shoots do not form on the stumps of mature trees. Giant sequoias of all ages may sprout from their boles when branches are lost to fire or breakage.
At any given time, a large tree may be expected to have about 11,000 cones. Cone production is greatest in the upper portion of the canopy. A mature giant sequoia has been estimated to disperse 300,000–400,000 seeds per year. The winged seeds may be carried up to 180 m (590 ft) from the parent tree.
Lower branches die fairly readily from shading, but trees less than 100 years old retain most of their dead branches. Trunks of mature trees in groves are generally free of branches to a height of 20–50 m (70–160 ft), but solitary trees will retain low branches.
Biology[edit]
Because of its size, the tree has been studied for its water pull. Water from the roots can be pushed up only a few meters by osmotic pressure but can reach extreme heights by using a system of branching capillarity (capillary action) in the tree's xylem (the water tubules) and sub-pressure from evaporating water at the leaves.[8] Sequoias supplement water from the soil with fog, taken up through air roots, at heights to where the root water cannot be pulled.[9]
Distribution[edit]
The Generals Highway passes between giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park
The natural distribution of giant sequoias is restricted to a limited area of the western Sierra Nevada, California. They occur in scattered groves, with a total of 68 groves (see list of sequoia groves for a full inventory), comprising a total area of only 144.16 km2 (35,620 acres). Nowhere does it grow in pure stands, although in a few small areas, stands do approach a pure condition. The northern two-thirds of its range, from the American River in Placer County southward to the Kings River, has only eight disjunct groves. The remaining southern groves are concentrated between the Kings River and the Deer Creek Grove in southern Tulare County. Groves range in size from 12.4 km2 (3,100 acres) with 20,000 mature trees, to small groves with only six living trees. Many are protected in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument.
The giant sequoia is usually found in a humid climate characterized by dry summers and snowy winters. Most giant sequoia groves are on granitic-based residual and alluvial soils. The elevation of the giant sequoia groves generally ranges from 1,400–2,000 m (4,600–6,600 ft) in the north, to 1,700–2,150 metres (5,580–7,050 ft) to the south. Giant sequoias generally occur on the south-facing sides of northern mountains, and on the northern faces of more southerly slopes.
High levels of reproduction are not necessary to maintain the present population levels. Few groves, however, have sufficient young trees to maintain the present density of mature giant sequoias for the future. The majority of giant sequoias are currently undergoing a gradual decline in density since European settlement.
While the present day distribution of this species is limited to a small area of California, it was once much more widely distributed in prehistoric times, and was a reasonably common species in North American and Eurasian coniferous forests until its range was greatly reduced by the last ice age. Older fossil specimens reliably identified as giant sequoia have been found in Cretaceous era sediments from a number of sites in North America and Europe, and even as far afield as New Zealand[10] and Australia.[11]
A group of sequoias was planted and is naturally propagating on Mount San Jacinto in Riverside County, southern California. The trees were planted by the United States Forest Service after a 1974 wildfire.[12]
Ecology[edit]
Two giant sequoias, Sequoia National Park. Note the large fire scar at the base of the right-hand tree; fires do not typically kill the trees but do remove competing thin-barked species, and aid giant sequoia regeneration.
Giant sequoias are in many ways adapted to forest fires. Their bark is unusually fire resistant, and their cones will normally open immediately after a fire.[13] The giant sequoias are having difficulty reproducing in their original habitat (and very rarely reproduce in cultivation) due to the seeds only being able to grow successfully in full sun and in mineral-rich soils, free from competing vegetation. Although the seeds can germinate in moist needle humus in the spring, these seedlings will die as the duff dries in the summer. They therefore require periodic wildfire to clear competing vegetation and soil humus before successful regeneration can occur. Without fire, shade-loving species will crowd out young sequoia seedlings, and sequoia seeds will not germinate. When fully grown, these trees typically require large amounts of water and are therefore often concentrated near streams.
Fires also bring hot air high into the canopy via convection, which in turn dries and opens the cones. The subsequent release of large quantities of seeds coincides with the optimal postfire seedbed conditions. Loose ground ash may also act as a cover to protect the fallen seeds from ultraviolet radiation damage.
Due to fire suppression efforts and livestock grazing during the early and mid 20th century, low-intensity fires no longer occurred naturally in many groves, and still do not occur in some groves today. The suppression of fires also led to ground fuel build-up and the dense growth of fire-sensitive white fir. This increased the risk of more intense fires that can use the firs as ladders to threaten mature giant sequoia crowns. Natural fires may also be important in keeping carpenter ants in check.
In 1970, the National Park Service began controlled burns of its groves to correct these problems. Current policies also allow natural fires to burn. One of these untamed burns severely damaged the second-largest tree in the world, the Washington tree, in September 2003, 45 days after the fire started. This damage made it unable to withstand the snowstorm of January 2005, leading to the collapse of over half the trunk.
In addition to fire, two animal agents also assist giant sequoia seed release. The more significant of the two is a longhorn beetle (Phymatodes nitidus) that lays eggs on the cones, into which the larvae then bore holes. This cuts the vascular water supply to the cone scales, allowing the cones to dry and open for the seeds to fall. Cones damaged by the beetles during the summer will slowly open over the next several months. Some research indicates many cones, particularly higher in the crowns, may need to be partially dried by beetle damage before fire can fully open them. The other agent is the Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasi) that gnaws on the fleshy green scales of younger cones. The squirrels are active year round, and some seeds are dislodged and dropped as the cone is eaten.[14]
Discovery and naming[edit]
Shortly after their discovery by Europeans, giant sequoias were subject to much exhibition
The giant sequoia was well known to Native American tribes living in its area. Native American names for the species include wawona, toos-pung-ish and hea-mi-withic, the latter two in the language of the Tule River Tribe.
The first reference to the giant sequoia by Europeans is in 1833, in the diary of the explorer J. K. Leonard; the reference does not mention any locality, but his route would have taken him through the Calaveras Grove.[15] This discovery was not publicized. The next European to see the species was John M. Wooster, who carved his initials in the bark of the 'Hercules' tree in the Calaveras Grove in 1850; again, this received no publicity. Much more publicity was given to the "discovery" by Augustus T. Dowd of the Calaveras Grove in 1852, and this is commonly cited as the species' discovery.[15] The tree found by Dowd, christened the 'Discovery Tree', was felled in 1853.
The first scientific naming of the species was by John Lindley in December 1853, who named it Wellingtonia gigantea, without realizing this was an invalid name under the botanical code as the name Wellingtonia had already been used earlier for another unrelated plant (Wellingtonia arnottiana in the family Sabiaceae). The name "Wellingtonia" has persisted in England as a common name.[16] The following year, Joseph Decaisne transferred it to the same genus as the coast redwood, naming it Sequoia gigantea, but again this name was invalid, having been applied earlier (in 1847, by Endlicher) to the coast redwood. The name Washingtonia californica was also applied to it by Winslow in 1854, though this too is invalid, belonging to the palm genus Washingtonia.
Clothespin tree in the Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park
In 1907, it was placed by Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze in the otherwise fossil genus Steinhauera, but doubt as to whether the giant sequoia is related to the fossil originally so named makes this name invalid.
The nomenclatural oversights were finally corrected in 1939 by J. Buchholz, who also pointed out the giant sequoia is distinct from the coast redwood at the genus level and coined the name Sequoiadendron giganteum for it.
The etymology of the genus name has been presumed—initially in The Yosemite Book by Josiah Whitney in 1868[3]—to be in honor of Sequoyah (1767–1843), who was the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary.[4] An etymological study published in 2012, however, concluded that the name was more likely to have originated from the Latin sequi (meaning to follow) since the number of seeds per cone in the newly-classified genus fell in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder.[5]
John Muir wrote of the species in about 1870:
"Do behold the King in his glory, King Sequoia! Behold! Behold! seems all I can say. Some time ago I left all for Sequoia and have been and am at his feet, fasting and praying for light, for is he not the greatest light in the woods, in the world? Where are such columns of sunshine, tangible, accessible, terrestrialized?' [17]
Uses[edit]
Wood from mature giant sequoias is highly resistant to decay, but due to being fibrous and brittle, it is generally unsuitable for construction. From the 1880s through the 1920s, logging took place in many groves in spite of marginal commercial returns. The Hume-Bennett Lumber Company was the last to harvest giant sequoia, going out of business in 1924.[18] Due to their weight and brittleness, trees would often shatter when they hit the ground, wasting much of the wood. Loggers attempted to cushion the impact by digging trenches and filling them with branches. Still, as little as 50% of the timber is estimated to have made it from groves to the mill. The wood was used mainly for shingles and fence posts, or even for matchsticks.
Pictures of the once majestic trees broken and abandoned in formerly pristine groves, and the thought of the giants put to such modest use, spurred the public outcry that caused most of the groves to be preserved as protected land. The public can visit an example of 1880s clear-cutting at Big Stump Grove near General Grant Grove. As late as the 1980s, some immature trees were logged in Sequoia National Forest, publicity of which helped lead to the creation of Giant Sequoia National Monument.[citation needed]
The wood from immature trees is less brittle, with recent tests on young plantation-grown trees showing it similar to coast redwood wood in quality. This is resulting in some interest in cultivating giant sequoia as a very high-yielding timber crop tree, both in California and also in parts of western Europe, where it may grow more efficiently than coast redwoods. In the northwest United States, some entrepreneurs have also begun growing giant sequoias for Christmas trees. Besides these attempts at tree farming, the principal economic uses for giant sequoia today are tourism and horticulture.
Cultivation[edit]
The well-known giant sequoia avenue planted in 1863 at Benmore Botanic Garden, Scotland. These trees are all over 50 metres (160 ft) tall.
Giant sequoia is a very popular ornamental tree in many areas. It is successfully grown in most of western and southern Europe, the Pacific Northwest of North America north to southwest British Columbia, the southern United States, southeast Australia, New Zealand and central-southern Chile. It is also grown, though less successfully, in parts of eastern North America.
Trees can withstand temperatures of −31 °C (−25 °F) or colder for short periods of time, provided the ground around the roots is insulated with either heavy snow or mulch. Outside its natural range, the foliage can suffer from damaging windburn.
A wide range of horticultural varieties have been selected, especially in Europe, including blue, compact blue, powder blue, hazel smith, pendulum—or weeping—varieties, and grafted cultivars.[19]
Europe[edit]
Sequoias in Eurodisney (near Paris) in 2009 and 2017
The giant sequoia was first brought into cultivation in Britain in 1853 by the horticulturist Patrick Matthew of Perthshire from seeds sent by his botanist son John in California.[20] A much larger shipment of seed collected from the Calaveras Grove by William Lobb, acting for the Veitch Nursery near Exeter, arrived in England in December 1853;[21] seed from this batch was widely distributed throughout Europe.
The tallest giant sequoia ever measured outside of the United States[22] is a specimen planted near Ribeauvillé in France in 1856 and measured in 2014 at a height between 57.7 m (189 ft)[23] and 58.1 m (191 ft)[24] at age 158 years.
Growth in Britain is very fast, with the tallest tree, at Benmore in southwest Scotland, reaching 56.4 m (185 ft) in 2014 at age 150 years,[25] and several others from 50–53 m (164–174 ft) tall; the stoutest is around 12 m (39 ft) in girth and 4 m (13 ft) in diameter, in Perthshire. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London also contains a large specimen. Biddulph Grange Garden in Staffordshire holds a fine collection of both Sequoiadendron giganteum and also Sequoia sempervirens (Coast Redwood). The General Sherman of California has a volume of 1,489 m3 (52,600 cu ft); by way of comparison, the largest giant sequoias in Great Britain have volumes no greater than 90–100 m3 (3,200–3,500 cu ft), one example being the 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) specimen in the New Forest.
Sequoiadendron giganteum at New Forest, Hampshire, England, one of the tallest in the UK at 52.73 m (173.0 ft).[26]
Numerous giant sequoia were planted in Italy from 1860 through 1905. Several regions contain specimens that range from 40 to 48 metres (131 to 157 ft) in height. The largest tree is in Roccavione, in the Piedmont, with a basal circumference of 16 metres (52 ft). One notable tree survived a 200-metre (660 ft) tall flood wave in 1963 that was caused by a landslide at Vajont Dam. There are numerous giant sequoia in parks and reserves.[27]
Growth rates in some areas of Europe are remarkable. One young tree in Italy reached 22 m (72 ft) tall and 88 cm (2.89 ft) trunk diameter in 17 years (Mitchell, 1972).
Growth further northeast in Europe is limited by winter cold. In Denmark, where extreme winters can reach −32 °C (−26 °F), the largest tree was 35 m (115 ft) tall and 1.7 m (5.6 ft) diameter in 1976 and is bigger today. One in Poland has purportedly survived temperatures down to −37 °C (−35 °F) with heavy snow cover.
Two members of the German Dendrology Society, E. J. Martin and Illa Martin, introduced the giant sequoia into German forestry at the Sequoiafarm Kaldenkirchen in 1952.[28]
Twenty-nine giant sequoias, measuring around 30 m (98 ft) in height, grow in Belgrade's municipality of Lazarevac in Serbia.[29]
The oldest sequoiadendron in the Czech Republic, at 44 m (144 ft), grows in Ratměřice u Votic castle garden.
United States and Canada[edit]
Unopened pollen (male) cones of cultivated tree in Portland, Oregon, USA (fall)
Immature seed (female) cones of cultivated tree in Portland, Oregon, USA (fall)
Giant sequoias are grown successfully in the Pacific Northwest and southern US, and less successfully in eastern North America. Giant sequoia cultivation is very successful in the Pacific Northwest from western Oregon north to southwest British Columbia, with fast growth rates. In Washington and Oregon, it is common to find giant sequoias that have been successfully planted in both urban and rural areas. In the Seattle area, large specimens exceeding 90 ft (27 m) are fairly common and exist in several city parks and many private yards (especially east Seattle including Capitol Hill, Washington Park, & Leschi/Madrona, as well as Tacoma's Jefferson Park).
In the northeastern US there has been some limited success in growing the species, but growth is much slower there, and it is prone to Cercospora and Kabatina fungal diseases due to the hot, humid summer climate there. A tree at Blithewold Gardens, in Bristol, Rhode Island is reported to be 27 metres (89 ft) tall, reportedly the tallest in the New England states.[30][31] The tree at the Tyler Arboretum in Delaware County, Pennsylvania at 29.1 metres (95 ft) may be the tallest in the northeast.[32] Specimens also grow in the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts (planted 1972, 18 m tall in 1998), at Longwood Gardens near Wilmington, Delaware, in the New Jersey State Botanical Garden at Skylands in Ringwood State Park, Ringwood, New Jersey, and in the Finger Lakes region of New York. Private plantings of giant sequoias around the Middle Atlantic States are not uncommon, and other publicly accessible specimens can be visited at the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. A few trees have been established in Colorado as well.[33] Additionally, numerous sequoias have been planted with success in the state of Michigan.[34]
Sequoiadendron giganteum "Hazel Smith", photographed at the U.S. National Arboretum in September, 2014.
A cold-tolerant cultivar 'Hazel Smith' selected in about 1960 is proving more successful in the northeastern US. This clone was the sole survivor of several hundred seedlings grown at a nursery in New Jersey. The U.S. National Arboretum has a specimen grown from a cutting in 1970 that can be seen in the Gotelli Conifer Collection.
Australia[edit]
The Ballarat Botanical Gardens contain a significant collection, many of them about 150 years old. Jubilee Park and the Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve in Daylesford, Cook Park in Orange, New South Wales and Carisbrook's Deep Creek park in Victoria both have specimens. Jamieson Township in the Victorian high country has 2 specimens which were planted in the early 1860s.[35] In Tasmania specimens are to be seen in private and public gardens, as they were popular in the mid Victorian era. The Westbury Village Green has mature specimens with more in Deloraine. The Tasmanian Arboretum contains young wild collected material. The National Arboretum Canberra has begun a grove. They also grow in the abandoned arboretum at Mount Banda Banda in New South Wales.
New Zealand[edit]
Sequoiadendron giganteum in Queenstown, New Zealand
Several impressive specimens of Sequoiadendron giganteum can be found in the South Island of New Zealand. Notable examples include a set of trees in a public park of Picton, as well as robust specimens in the public and botanical parks of Christchurch and Queenstown.[citation needed] There are also several in private gardens in Wanaka.[citation needed] There is also a tree at Rangiora High School, which was planted for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee and is thus over 125 years old.[36]
Superlatives[edit]
Largest by trunk volume[edit]
Main article: List of largest giant sequoias
General Sherman, largest known living single stem tree in the world
Some sequoias, such as the Mother of the Forest, were undoubtedly far larger than any living tree today.[citation needed] However, as of 2009, the top ten largest giant sequoias sorted by volume of their trunks are:[6][note 1]
Rank
Tree Name
Grove
Height
Girth at ground
Volume
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft³)
(m³)
1 General Sherman Giant Forest 274.9 83.8 102.6 31.3 52,508 1,486.9
2[note 2] General Grant General Grant Grove 268.1 81.7 107.5 32.8 46,608 1,319.8[note 2]
3[note 2] President Giant Forest 240.9 73.4 93.0 28.3 45,148 1,278.4[note 2]
4 Lincoln Giant Forest 255.8 78.0 98.3 30.0 44,471 1,259.3
5 Stagg Alder Creek Grove 243.0 74.1 109.0 33.2 42,557 1,205.1
6 Boole Converse Basin 268.8 81.9 113.0 34.4 42,472 1,202.7
7 Genesis Mountain Home Grove 253.0 77.1 85.3 26.0 41,897 1,186.4
8 Franklin Giant Forest 223.8 68.2 94.8 28.9 41,280 1,168.9
9 King Arthur Garfield Grove 270.3 82.4 104.2 31.8 40,656 1,151.2
10 Monroe Giant Forest 247.8 75.5 91.3 27.8 40,104 1,135.6
The General Sherman tree is estimated to weigh about 2100 tonnes.[39]
The Washington Tree was previously arguably the second largest tree with a volume of 47,850 cubic feet (1,355 m3) (although the upper half of its trunk was hollow, making the calculated volume debatable), but after losing the hollow upper half of its trunk in January 2005 following a fire, it is no longer of great size.
Tallest[edit]
Redwood - Redwood Mountain Grove - 95 metres (311 ft)[6]
tallest outside the United States:[22] specimen near Ribeauvillé, France, measured in 2014 at a height between 57.7 m (189 ft)[23] and 58.1 m (191 ft)[24] at age 158 years.
Oldest[edit]
The Muir Snag, believed to be over 3500 years old
Muir Snag - Converse Basin Grove - more than 3500 years[6]
Greatest girth[edit]
Waterfall Tree - Alder Creek Grove - 47 metres (155 ft) - tree with enormous basal buttress on very steep ground.[6]
Greatest base diameter[edit]
Waterfall Tree - Alder Creek Grove - 21 metres (69 ft) - tree with enormous basal buttress on very steep ground.[6]
Tunnel Tree - Atwell Mill Grove - 17 metres (57 ft) - tree with a huge flared base that has burned all the way through.[6]
Greatest mean diameter at breast height[edit]
General Grant - General Grant Grove - 8.8 metres (29.0 ft)[6]
Largest limb[edit]
Arm Tree - Atwell Mill, East Fork Grove - 3.9 metres (12.8 ft) in diameter[6]
Thickest bark[edit]
0.9 metres (3 ft) or more[6]
See also[edit]
Trees portal
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Mother of the Forest
General Sherman (tree)
The House (trees)
Bury Me in Redwood Country
List of giant sequoia groves
Sequoia National Park
Kings Canyon National Park
Yosemite National Park
Calaveras Big Trees State Park
Sequoioideae
Sequoia sempervirens - Coast Redwood
Old growth forest
List of superlative trees
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The volume figures have a low degree of accuracy (at best about ±14 cubic metres or 490 cubic feet), due to difficulties in measurement; stem diameter measurements are taken at a few set heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in cross-section, and that taper between measurement points is even. The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. The measurements are trunk-only, and do not include the volume of wood in the branches or roots.
^ Jump up to: a b c d This table presents giant sequoias sorted by the volume of their trunks. In December 2012, Stephen Sillett announced a measurement of the President tree with a total of 54,000 cubic feet (1,500 m3) of wood and 9,000 cubic feet (250 m3) of wood in the branches.[37][38] Ranked according to the total amount of wood in the tree, the General Sherman tree is first, the President tree is second, and the General Grant tree is third.[37][38] General Sherman has 2,000 cubic feet (57 m3) more wood than the President tree.[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schmid, R. & Farjon, A. 2013. Sequoiadendron giganteum. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sequoia and Kings Canyon brochure" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-26. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowe, Gary D. (2012). "Endlicher's Sequence: The Naming of the Genus Sequoia" (PDF). cnps.org. California Native Plant Society. p. 27. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Whitney states, 'The genus was named in honor of Sequoia* or Sequoyah, a Cherokee Indian.'
^ Jump up to: a b Sierra Nevada - The Naturalist's Companion. University of California Press. 1 June 2000. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-520-92549-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowe, Gary D. (2012). "Endlicher's Sequence: The Naming of the Genus Sequoia" (PDF). cnps.org. California Native Plant Society. p. 33. Retrieved January 15, 2017. ...the foregoing has shown that the name of the genus Sequoia as a tribute to the Cherokee linguist Sequoyah is an unsubstantiated opinion...Endlicher named the genus for the operation that he had conducted. The new genus fell in sequence with the other four genera in his suborder.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Flint 2002
Jump up ^ Vaden, M.D. "Coast Redwood Discovery. Sequoia sempervirens".
Jump up ^ water pull at Cropsview (an agriculture science magazine) website
Jump up ^ Studies on tree height limits, and the Sequoia in particular
Jump up ^ James E Eckenwalder. Conifers of the World, The Complete Reference. p 586. Timber Press 2009. ISBN 9780881929744
Jump up ^ Bryan G Bowes. Trees and Forests, a colour guide. pp 48-49. Manson Publishing 2010. ISBN 9781840760859
Jump up ^ Masters, Nathan (21 May 2014). "These Sequoia Trees Are Thriving 175 Miles South of Their Natural Range". Gizmodo. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ National Geographic Magazine December 2012
Jump up ^ Hartesveldt, RJ; Harvey, HT (1967). "The Fire Ecology of Sequoia Regeneration" (PDF). Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. 7: 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Farquhar, Francis P. (1925). "Discovery of the Sierra Nevada". California Historical Society Quarterly. 4 (1): 3–58. doi:10.2307/25177743. JSTOR 25177743. , Yosemite.ca.us
Jump up ^ Ornduff, R. (1994). "A Botanist's View of the Big Tree". In Aune, P. S. Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias (PDF). US Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service (Pacific Southwest Research Station). General Technical Report PSW-GTR-151.
Jump up ^ Muir, John (November 1996). Gifford, Terry, ed. John Muir: His Life and Letters and Other Writings. Mountaineers Books. pp. 139–140. ISBN 0898864631.
Jump up ^ "Battle against Rough fire intensifies as blaze bears down on Hume Lake". fresnobee. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Species Level Browse Results". NurseryGuide.com. Oregon Association of Nurseries. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ "The History of Cluny – The Plant Collectors". clunyhousegardens.com. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Christopher J. Earle. "Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindley) Buchholz 1939". University of Hamburg. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The thickest, tallest, and oldest giant sequoia trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum)". monumentaltrees.com. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Giant sequoia in the forêt domaniale de Ribeauvillé". monumentaltrees.com. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "RIQUEWIHR/RIBEAUVILLÉ (68) : Forêt Domaniale de Ribeauvillé". Sequoias.eu. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tree Register of the British Isles, tree-register.org
Jump up ^ "Top Trunks". Redwood World. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sequoie d'Italia". Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Die Wiedereinführung des Mammutbaumes (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in die deutsche Forstwirtschaft. In: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft. Vol. 75. pp. 57–75. Ulmer. Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8001-8308-0
Jump up ^ Puzović, B. (August 15, 2011). "Lazarevac: Visoke sekvoje niču iz uglja" (in Serbian). Novosti.rs. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mansion and History". Blithewold Mansion, Gardens, and Arboretum.
Jump up ^ "Gardens". Blithewold Mansion, Gardens, and Arboretum.
Jump up ^ Big Trees Of Pennsylvania: Sequoiadendron - Giant Sequoia, pabigtrees.com
Jump up ^ "Colorado giant sequoia". giant-sequoia.com.
Jump up ^ "Michigan giant sequoia". Giant-sequoia.com.
Jump up ^ Jamieson & District Historical Society
Jump up ^ "History". Rangiora High School.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cone, Tracie (2012-12-01). "Upon further review, giant sequoia tops a neighbor". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Quammen, David. "Giant Sequoias". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ Fry & White 1938
Sources[edit]
Conifer Specialist Group (1998). "Sequoiadendron giganteum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1cd v2.3)
Aune, P. S., ed. (1994). Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias. US Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service (Pacific Southwest Research Station). General Technical Report PSW-GTR-151.
Flint, W.D. (2002). To Find The Biggest Tree. Sequoia Natural History Association, Inc. ISBN 1-878441-09-4.
Mitchell, Alan (1972). Conifers in the British Isles. HMSO. Forestry Commission Booklet 33.
Mitchell, Alan (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-219972-6.
Harvey, H. T.; Shellhammer, H. S.; Stecker, R. E. (1980). Giant sequoia ecology. Scientific Monograph Series. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service.
Kilgore, B. (1970). "Restoring Fire to the Sequoias". National Parks and Conservation Magazine. 44 (277): 16–22.
Zsolt Debreczy; Istvan Racz (2012). Kathy Musial, ed. Conifers Around the World (1st ed.). DendroPress. p. 1089. ISBN 9632190610.
Further reading[edit]
Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. p. 99. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sequoiadendron giganteum.
Wikispecies has information related to Sequoiadendron giganteum
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Sequoia Gigantea.
ARKive: Sequoiadendron giganteum, arkive.org
Gymnosperm Database - Sequoiadendron giganteum, conifers.org
Arboretum de Villardebelle - photos of cones & shoots with phenology notes, pinetum.org
Forest Service database entry on Sequoiadendron giganteum, fs.fed.us
Giant Sequoia Fire History in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park, nps.gov
Save-the-Redwoods League, savethewoods.org
"Sequoias of Yosemite National Park" 1949 by James W. McFarland
Redwoodworld.co.uk giant redwoods in the U.K.
The Giant Sequoia of the Sierra Nevada An NPS online book
Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California (1862) – The Mammoth Trees Of Calaveras, yosemite.ca.us
Short radio episode Woody Gospel Letter in which John Muir extols "King Sequoia" from The Life and Letters of John Muir, 1924. California Legacy Project.
"Sequoia". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Conifers Around the World: Sequoiadendron giganteum - Giant Sequoia.
Giants of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, On YouTube by Sequoia Parks Conservancy
Video and commentary on the cones and bark characteristics on YouTube
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q149851
ARKive: sequoiadendron-giganteum
Calflora: 7532
CNPS: 2771
EoL: 323361
EPPO: SQUGI
FNA: 210002083
FoC: 210002083
GBIF: 2684120
GRIN: 33713
iNaturalist: 59567
IPNI: 677175-1
ITIS: 183438
IUCN: 34023
NCBI: 99814
NZOR: 2fea3225-7ec4-4801-8281-41c61f4d1a77
Plant List: kew-2587860
PLANTS: SEGI2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234727-2
Tropicos: 31300229
WCSP: 381300
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sequoiadendron_giganteum&oldid=842925728"
Categories:
IUCN Red List endangered species
Sequoiadendron
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Trees of the United States
Symbols of California
Garden plants of North America
Ornamental trees
Endangered flora of California
Hidden categories:
CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Taxonbars with 20+ taxon IDs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Коми
Кырык мары
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
Перем Коми
Piemontèis
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Удмурт
Українська
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Winaray
粵語
中文
49 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 16:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Sequoia_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Sequoia (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Largest_organism
mw-redirect
Largest organism

values:
/wiki/Bole_(botany)
mw-redirect
Bole (botany)

values:
/wiki/List_of_sequoia_groves
mw-redirect
List of sequoia groves

values:
/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation
mw-redirect
Ultraviolet radiation

values:
/wiki/Washington_tree
mw-redirect
Washington tree

values: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

values: Wellingtonia arnottiana (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher
mw-redirect
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher

values:
/wiki/Carl_Ernst_Otto_Kuntze
mw-redirect
Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze

values:
/wiki/John_T._Buchholz
mw-redirect
John T. Buchholz

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Ornamental_tree
mw-redirect
Ornamental tree

values:
/wiki/Veitch_Nursery
mw-redirect
Veitch Nursery

values:
/wiki/Sequoiafarm_Kaldenkirchen
mw-redirect
Sequoiafarm Kaldenkirchen

values: Sekvojovce v Ratměřicích (page does not exist)

values: Blithewold Mansion, Gardens and Arboretum

values:
/wiki/Tyler_Arboretum
mw-redirect
Tyler Arboretum

values:
/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Botanical_Garden
mw-redirect
New Jersey State Botanical Garden

values: Tasmanian Arboretum (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)

values:
/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee
mw-redirect
Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)

values:
/wiki/General_Grant_tree
mw-redirect
General Grant tree

values:
/wiki/Washington_Tree
mw-redirect
Washington Tree

values: Edit section: Greatest mean diameter at breast height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Old_growth_forest
mw-redirect
Old growth forest

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Sillett
mw-redirect
Stephen Sillett

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F25177743

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/25177743

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/68z7CCeUX

values:
nofollow
http://www.tree-register.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.blithewold.org/gardens

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values:
nofollow
external text
http://conifersaroundtheworld.com

values:
/wiki/A._C._McClurg_%26_Co.
mw-redirect
A. C. McClurg & Co.

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/11004975

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3477527

values: s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sequoia Gigantea

values:
nofollow
http://www.savetheredwoods.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.redwoodworld.co.uk/
external text

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/323361

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SQUGI

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2684120

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/59567

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/31300229

values: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

values: Category:IUCN Red List endangered species

values: Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)

values: Category:Trees of the Southwestern United States

values: Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: سيكويا عملاقة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Секвоядэндран – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Гигантска секвоя – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Σεκοϊάδενδρο το γιγαντιαίο – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: درخت غول – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 세쿼이아덴드론 – Korean

values: Սեքվոյադենդրոն հսկայական – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyo
Sequoyo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: סקוויה ענקית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: სეკვოიადენდრონი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Секвойядендрон – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values: Секвойядендрон – Western Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Џиновска секвоја – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: セコイアデンドロン – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammuttre
Mammuttre – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Секвойядендрон – Komi-Permyak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Секвойядендрон гигантский – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamutovec
Mamutovec – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Џиновска секвоја – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Секвойядендрон – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values: Секвоядендрон – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sequoiadendron_giganteum rootpage-Sequoiadendron_giganteum skin-vector action-view