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Cone
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Not to be confused with Conical surface. For other uses, see Cone (disambiguation).
A right circular cone and an oblique circular cone
A double cone (not shown infinitely extended)
A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex.
A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is a solid object; otherwise it is a two-dimensional object in three-dimensional space. In the case of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral surface; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface.
In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the case of half-lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe.
The axis of a cone is the straight line (if any), passing through the apex, about which the base (and the whole cone) has a circular symmetry.
In common usage in elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be right circular, where circular means that the base is a circle and right means that the axis passes through the centre of the base at right angles to its plane.[1] If the cone is right circular the intersection of a plane with the lateral surface is a conic section. In general, however, the base may be any shape[2] and the apex may lie anywhere (though it is usually assumed that the base is bounded and therefore has finite area, and that the apex lies outside the plane of the base). Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis passes through the centre of the base non-perpendicularly.[3]
A cone with a polygonal base is called a pyramid.
Depending on the context, "cone" may also mean specifically a convex cone or a projective cone.
Cones can also be generalized to higher dimensions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Further terminology
2 Measurements and equations
2.1 Volume
2.2 Center of mass
2.3 Right circular cone
2.3.1 Volume
2.3.2 Slant height
2.3.3 Surface area
2.3.4 Circular sector
2.3.5 Equation form
2.4 Elliptic cone
3 Projective geometry
4 Higher dimensions
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Further terminology[edit]
The perimeter of the base of a cone is called the "directrix", and each of the line segments between the directrix and apex is a "generatrix" or "generating line" of the lateral surface. (For the connection between this sense of the term "directrix" and the directrix of a conic section, see Dandelin spheres.)
The "base radius" of a circular cone is the radius of its base; often this is simply called the radius of the cone. The aperture of a right circular cone is the maximum angle between two generatrix lines; if the generatrix makes an angle θ to the axis, the aperture is 2θ.
Illustration from Problemata mathematica... published in Acta Eruditorum, 1734
A cone with a region including its apex cut off by a plane is called a "truncated cone"; if the truncation plane is parallel to the cone's base, it is called a frustum.[1] An "elliptical cone" is a cone with an elliptical base.[1] A "generalized cone" is the surface created by the set of lines passing through a vertex and every point on a boundary (also see visual hull).
Measurements and equations[edit]
Volume[edit]
The volume V {\displaystyle V} of any conic solid is one third of the product of the area of the base A B {\displaystyle A_{B}} and the height h {\displaystyle h} [4]
V = 1 3 A B h . {\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{3}}A_{B}h.}
In modern mathematics, this formula can easily be computed using calculus – it is, up to scaling, the integral ∫ x 2 d x = 1 3 x 3 . {\displaystyle \int x^{2}dx={\tfrac {1}{3}}x^{3}.} Without using calculus, the formula can be proven by comparing the cone to a pyramid and applying Cavalieri's principle – specifically, comparing the cone to a (vertically scaled) right square pyramid, which forms one third of a cube. This formula cannot be proven without using such infinitesimal arguments – unlike the 2-dimensional formulae for polyhedral area, though similar to the area of the circle – and hence admitted less rigorous proofs before the advent of calculus, with the ancient Greeks using the method of exhaustion. This is essentially the content of Hilbert's third problem – more precisely, not all polyhedral pyramids are scissors congruent (can be cut apart into finite pieces and rearranged into the other), and thus volume cannot be computed purely by using a decomposition argument.[5]
Center of mass[edit]
The center of mass of a conic solid of uniform density lies one-quarter of the way from the center of the base to the vertex, on the straight line joining the two.
Right circular cone[edit]
Volume[edit]
For a circular cone with radius r and height h, the base is a circle of area π r 2 {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}} and so the formula for volume becomes[6]
V = 1 3 π r 2 h . {\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}h.}
Slant height[edit]
The slant height (or lateral height[citation needed]) of a right circular cone is the distance from any point on the circle to the apex of the cone via a straight line along the surface of the cone. It is given by r 2 + h 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the base the cone and h is the height. This can be proved by the Pythagorean theorem.
Surface area[edit]
The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is L S A = π r l {\displaystyle LSA=\pi rl} where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the circle at the bottom of the cone and l {\displaystyle l} is the slant height of the cone.[4] The surface area of the bottom circle of a cone is the same as for any circle, π r 2 {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}} . Thus, the total surface area of a right circular cone can be expressed as each of the following:
Radius and height
π r 2 + π r r 2 + h 2 {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}+\pi r{\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}}
(the area of the base plus the area of the lateral surface; the term r 2 + h 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}} is the slant height)
π r ( r + r 2 + h 2 ) {\displaystyle \pi r\left(r+{\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}\right)}
where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius and h {\displaystyle h} is the height.
Radius and lateral height
π r 2 + π r l {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}+\pi rl}
π r ( r + l ) {\displaystyle \pi r(r+l)}
where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius and l {\displaystyle l} is the lateral height.
Circumference and lateral height
c 2 4 π + c l 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {c^{2}}{4\pi }}+{\frac {cl}{2}}}
( c 2 ) ( c 2 π + l ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {c}{2}}\right)\left({\frac {c}{2\pi }}+l\right)}
where c {\displaystyle c} is the circumference and l {\displaystyle l} is the lateral height.
Apex angle and height
π h 2 tan  Θ 2 ( tan  Θ 2 + sec  Θ 2 ) {\displaystyle \pi h^{2}\tan {\frac {\Theta }{2}}\left(\tan {\frac {\Theta }{2}}+\sec {\frac {\Theta }{2}}\right)}
where Θ {\displaystyle \Theta } is the apex angle and h {\displaystyle h} is the height.
Circular sector[edit]
The circular sector obtained by unfolding the surface of one nappe of the cone has:
radius R
R = r 2 + h 2 {\displaystyle R={\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}}
arc length L
L = c = 2 π r {\displaystyle L=c=2\pi r}
central angle φ in radians
ϕ = L R = 2 π r r 2 + h 2 {\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {L}{R}}={\frac {2\pi r}{\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}}}
Equation form[edit]
A right solid circular cone with height h {\displaystyle h} and aperture 2 θ {\displaystyle 2\theta } , whose axis is the z {\displaystyle z} coordinate axis and whose apex is the origin, is described parametrically as
F ( s , t , u ) = ( u tan  s cos  t , u tan  s sin  t , u ) {\displaystyle F(s,t,u)=\left(u\tan s\cos t,u\tan s\sin t,u\right)}
where s , t , u {\displaystyle s,t,u} range over [ 0 , θ ) {\displaystyle [0,\theta )} , [ 0 , 2 π ) {\displaystyle [0,2\pi )} , and [ 0 , h ] {\displaystyle [0,h]} , respectively.
In implicit form, the same solid is defined by the inequalities
{ F ( x , y , z ) ≤ 0 , z ≥ 0 , z ≤ h } , {\displaystyle \{F(x,y,z)\leq 0,z\geq 0,z\leq h\},}
where
F ( x , y , z ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( cos  θ ) 2 − z 2 ( sin  θ ) 2 . {\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=(x^{2}+y^{2})(\cos \theta )^{2}-z^{2}(\sin \theta )^{2}.\,}
More generally, a right circular cone with vertex at the origin, axis parallel to the vector d {\displaystyle d} , and aperture 2 θ {\displaystyle 2\theta } , is given by the implicit vector equation F ( u ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(u)=0} where
F ( u ) = ( u ⋅ d ) 2 − ( d ⋅ d ) ( u ⋅ u ) ( cos  θ ) 2 {\displaystyle F(u)=(u\cdot d)^{2}-(d\cdot d)(u\cdot u)(\cos \theta )^{2}} or F ( u ) = u ⋅ d − | d | | u | cos  θ {\displaystyle F(u)=u\cdot d-|d||u|\cos \theta }
where u = ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle u=(x,y,z)} , and u ⋅ d {\displaystyle u\cdot d} denotes the dot product.
Elliptic cone[edit]
In the Cartesian coordinate system, an elliptic cone is the locus of an equation of the form[7]
x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 = z 2 . {\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=z^{2}.}
It is an affine image of the right-circular unit cone with equation x 2 + y 2 = z 2 . {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=z^{2}\ .} From the fact, that the affine image of a conic section is a conic section of the same type (ellipse, parabola,...) one gets:
Any plane section of an elliptic cone is a conic section.
Obviously, any right circular cone contains circles. This is also true, but less obvious, in the general case (see circular section).
Projective geometry[edit]
In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity, which corresponds visually to a cylinder in perspective appearing to be a cone towards the sky.
In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity.[8] Intuitively, if one keeps the base fixed and takes the limit as the apex goes to infinity, one obtains a cylinder, the angle of the side increasing as arctan, in the limit forming a right angle. This is useful in the definition of degenerate conics, which require considering the cylindrical conics.
Higher dimensions[edit]
The definition of a cone may be extended to higher dimensions (see convex cones). In this case, one says that a convex set C in the real vector space Rn is a cone (with apex at the origin) if for every vector x in C and every nonnegative real number a, the vector ax is in C.[2] In this context, the analogues of circular cones are not usually special; in fact one is often interested in polyhedral cones.
See also[edit]
Bicone
Cone (linear algebra)
Cone (topology)
Cylinder (geometry)
Democritus
Generalized conic
Hyperboloid
Pyrometric cone
Quadric
Rotation of axes
Ruled surface
Translation of axes
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c James, R. C.; James, Glenn (1992-07-31). The Mathematics Dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9780412990410.
^ Jump up to: a b Grünbaum, Convex polytopes, second edition, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Cone". MathWorld.
^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Daniel C.; Koeberlein, Geralyn M. (2014-01-01). Elementary Geometry for College Students. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781285965901.
Jump up ^ Hartshorne, Robin (2013-11-11). Geometry: Euclid and Beyond. Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 27. ISBN 9780387226767.
Jump up ^ Blank, Brian E.; Krantz, Steven George (2006-01-01). Calculus: Single Variable. Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 8. ISBN 9781931914598.
Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey (1970, p. 583)
Jump up ^ Dowling, Linnaeus Wayland (1917-01-01). Projective Geometry. McGraw-Hill book Company, Incorporated.
References[edit]
Protter, Murray H.; Morrey, Jr., Charles B. (1970), College Calculus with Analytic Geometry (2nd ed.), Reading: Addison-Wesley, LCCN 76087042
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cone (geometry).
Weisstein, Eric W. "Cone". MathWorld.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Double Cone". MathWorld.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Generalized Cone". MathWorld.
Spinning Cone from Math Is Fun
Paper model cone
Lateral surface area of an oblique cone
Cut a Cone An interactive demonstration of the intersection of a cone with a plane
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cone&oldid=842760830"
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text:
All-India Muslim League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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All-India Muslim League
Presiding Leader(s)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Sir Feroz Khan Noon
Khwaja Nazimuddin
Liaquat Ali Khan
Khaliq-uz-Zaman
Mohammad Ali Bogra
Founder
Khwaja Salimullah
Vikar-ul-Mulk
Khan Bahadur Ghulam Mustafa Chowdhury
Syed Amir Ali
Syed Nabiullah
Founded
30 December 1906 (1906-12-30) at Dacca, British raj (now in Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Dissolved
14th August 1947
Succeeded by
Muslim League in Pakistan, Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India
Headquarters
Lucknow
Newspaper
Dawn
Student wing
AIMSF
Paramilitary wing
Khaki
Ideology
Pan-Islamism
conservatism
Two-nation theory
Civil rights for Muslims in India
Religion
Islam
International affiliation
All–India Muslim League (London Chapter)
Election symbol
Crescent and Star
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections
The All-India Muslim League (popularised as Muslim League) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire. Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire.[1] The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure.[2][page needed] Sir Syed had founded, in 1886, the Muhammadan Educational Conference, but a self-imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics. In December 1906 conference in Dhaka, attended by 3,000 delegates, the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party.[3][page needed] Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims. From 1906–30s, the party worked on its organizational structure, its credibility in Muslim communities all over the British Indian Empire, and lacked as a mass organisation but represented the landed and commercial Muslim interests of the United Provinces (today's Uttar Pradesh).[4]
Following in the 1930s, the idea of a separate nation-state and influential philosopher Sir Iqbal's vision of uniting the four provinces in North-West British India further supported the rationale of two-nation theory. Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers, the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947.[5][6][page needed] The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts, and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger".[7]
After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government. In Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena. In Pakistan, the Muslim League became the original successor of the All-India Muslim League, led by the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah (and after Jinnah's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan), but suffered with ill-fate following the military intervention in 1958. One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965. Furthermore, it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970. During the successive periods of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan.
Since 1985, the Pakistan Muslim League split into various factions; all factions which had little ideological connection with the original Muslim League. However, the PML-N remains to be influential faction than others,[8][9] and has been in power during the elections held in 1990 and in the 1997. As of current of 2013 elections, the PML-N remains to be a ruling party of Pakistan.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Foundation
2 Early years
3 Communalism grows
4 Conception of Pakistan
5 Campaign for Pakistan
6 Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent
6.1 Pakistan
6.2 India
6.3 Bangladesh
6.4 United Kingdom
7 Historical versions
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Foundation[edit]
The AIME Conference in 1906, held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family, laid the foundation of the Muslim League.
The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan. His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML. Originally hosting the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed's Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML.[11]
The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name "All-India Muslim League" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]
Early years[edit]
Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-years term, proportionately from different provinces.[15] The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.
Aga Khan III (1877–1957) played a leading role in founding AIML; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. He shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas.[16] in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.
Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University. Hasan reports that in the early 20th century, this Muslim institution, designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj, exploded into political activity. Until 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, however, sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement, as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League.[17]
Communalism grows[edit]
Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement. Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing the two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 in U.P. alone.[18][19] At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1924.[20]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The "Two-Nation Theory", the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected "communalism"—that is, basing politics on religious identity.[21] Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform.[22]
The League rejected the Committee report (the Nehru Report), arguing that it gave too little representation (only one quarter) to Muslims, established Devanagari as the official language of the colony, and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state, with residuary powers resting at the centre – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour.[23]
The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s. Jinnah worked closely with local politicians. However, there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938–1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow.[24]
Conception of Pakistan[edit]
Main articles: Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address
On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session. He said:[25]
I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some scholars, Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.[26] They argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".[27]
Another Indian historian, Tara Chand, also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India, but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India.[28] Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation.[29]
On 28 January 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;[30] Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" The word 'P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.[31] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".
The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write:
Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially.
[32]
Campaign for Pakistan[edit]
Main article: Pakistan Movement
Muslim League Working Committee at the Lahore session
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.
At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said:
Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.[33]
In response to Jinnah's speech, the All-India Jamhur Muslim League (AIJML) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed's two-nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan. The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary. Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground.[34] This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition.
At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.[35]
First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League
In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (lit. Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India's elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India.
However, 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India. Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa. The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed.[36]
The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."[37]
Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent[edit]
Pakistan[edit]
Main articles: Politics in Pakistan, Pakistan Muslim League, and Pakistan Muslim League (N)
The conservative convention held by PML in the 1990s in Sindh.
After the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country.[38]
From 1947–51, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister. After Jinnah and Ali Khan, Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party, primarily due to lack of its social programmes. During this time, the Republican Party, led by Iskander Mirza, had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country. In 1958, the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan, army chief at that time, imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon, a leader of Muslim League.
The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965. However, one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan.[39]
Other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in the 2000s.[39] Every time, the establishment has put the political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.[40] Hence, Pakistan Muslim League refers to several political parties in Pakistan.[39] However, the most dominating and influential faction of the Muslim League is the PML(N) that is led by its President Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who has won the largest number of seats in two of the last five general elections, including the 2013 election.[41]
India[edit]
Main article: Indian Union Muslim League
With the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population. In 1948, the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan. During its successive periods, the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government; nonetheless, the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980. Many of its leaders later joined Congress and the BJP. The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state.
Bangladesh[edit]
Main article: Awami League
The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal, with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister.
Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution. Furthermore, the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal. Muslim League's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan. In an interview given to print media, Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[42]
All over the country, the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League.[43] In 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[43] Unlike in West, not all of the Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state.[43] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. The United Front, Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League.[43] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[43]
In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[43] The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970. It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena.
United Kingdom[edit]
During the 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community's leaders took over the UK branch, making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom.[44] As of current, the Muslim League's UK branch is taken over by the PML-N, with Zubair Gull its president, and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron-in-chief.[44]
Historical versions[edit]
Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:[45]
Muslim League, the original successor of All-India Muslim League, which was disbanded on first martial law.
Convention Muslim League, a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president.
Council Muslim League, a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan.
Muslim League, a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections.
See also[edit]
Indian Independence Movement
Indian Muslim nationalism
Indian Nationalism
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Story of Pakistan. p. 1. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Sequeira, Dolly. Total History and Civics ICSE 10.New Delhi:MSB publushers,2016.Print.
Jump up ^ Burki, Shahid Javed, Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood (3rd ed.: Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999). ISBN 081333621X.
Jump up ^ John Keay (2001). India: A History. Grove Press. p. 468. ISBN 9780802137975.
Jump up ^ "Muslim League and the impact of World War II". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal (1994). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45850-4.
Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian politics, pgs 57,245 by M.Naeem Qureshi
Jump up ^ "PML-N's popularity up by four percent: survey". The News International. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Iqbal, Anwar (30 September 2012). "PTI losing ground amid PML-N surge: IRI survey". Dawn. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan Election 2013: Live Election Results". Geo News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Rashid Kahn, Abdul (2007). "All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All-India Muslim League". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 55 (1/2): 65–83.
Jump up ^ Pakistan movement. Commencement and evolution, p. 167, 168, by Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan and Shandana Zahid, published by Urdu Science Board, Lahore. ISBN 969-477-122-6
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2013). Jinnah of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: 2013. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-577389-7.
Jump up ^ The Muslim Heritage of Bengal-by Muhammad Mojlum Khan-Kube Publishing Ltd., UK- ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5
Jump up ^ "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Story of Pakistan. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Amin Valliani, "Aga Khan's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All-India Muslim League", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society (2007) 55# 1/2, pp 85–95.
Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan, "Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915–47," Indian Economic and Social History Review, (Jan 1985) 22#1 pp 1–33
Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Macmillan. p. 233.
Jump up ^ Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. London: Anthem Press. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4. Remarkable unity shown between Hindus and Muslims [during the Khilafat movement] ... tension between the religious communities worsened ... the reforms of 1919 had encouraged Muslim separatism by maintaining constituencies reserved for Muslims: having to get only the votes of their coreligionists, Hindu and Muslim politicians tended to emphasise what divided rather than what united the two communities.
Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown (1994). Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Oxford U. Press. p. 228. ISBN 9780198731122.
Jump up ^ David E. Ludden (1996). Contesting the nation: religion, community, and the politics of democracy in India. U. of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN 0812215850.
Jump up ^ Peter Lyon (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 9781576077122.
Jump up ^ P. M. Holt; Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 103ff. ISBN 9780521291378.
Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala (2010). "Rallying the Qaum: The Muslim League in the United Provinces, 1937–1939". Modern Asian Studies. 44 (3): 603–640. doi:10.1017/s0026749x09004016. JSTOR 40664926.
Jump up ^ A.R. Tariq (ed.), Speeches and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: 1973),
Jump up ^ K.K. Aziz, Making of Pakistan (London: 1970), p.81.
Jump up ^ Verinder Grover (ed.), Muhammad Iqbal: Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1995), pp.666–67.
Jump up ^ Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India Vol. III (New Delhi: 1972), p.253.
Jump up ^ lang, 23, 24 & 25 March 2003; Also see, Safdar Mahmood, Iqbal, Jinnah aur Pakistan (Lahore: Khazina Ilm-wa-Adab, 2004), pp.52–69.
Jump up ^ Full text of the pamphlet "Now or Never", published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html
Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali, 1947, Pakistan: the fatherland of the Pak nation, Cambridge, OCLC: 12241695
Jump up ^ J.L. Nehru, Discovery of India (New York: 1946), p.353.
Jump up ^ Cited in Ainslie T. Embree
Jump up ^ South Asian History and Culture vol.2 no.1 pp 16–36, Taylor and Francis Group
Jump up ^ Peter Lyon, Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia (2008) p 108
Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2008)
Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2.
Jump up ^ M S, Amogh (20 May 2011). "A history project on the impact of the AIMD on the future courses of India and Pakistan". Online Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b c Masood, Alauddin (25 January 2008). "PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues". The Weekly.
Jump up ^ Masood, Alauddin (25 January 2008). "PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues". Weekly Pulse. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Jocelyne Cesari (2014). The Awakening of Muslim Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-107-66482-1.
Jump up ^ Nair, M. Bhaskaran (1990). Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Awami League, 1949-58. New Delhi, India: Northern Book Centre. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ali, Tariq (2002). The Clash of Fundamentalism. United Kingdom: New Left Book plc. p. 181. ISBN 1-85984-457-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Muslim League in UK". PMLN Muslim League in UK. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashraf Mumtaz. Dawn Newspaper, 14 May 2006
Further reading[edit]
Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0.
Graham, George Farquhar Irving. The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1974)
Malik, Iftikar H. (2008). The History of Pakistan. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34137-3.
Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 17 (4): 529–561. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00011069. JSTOR 312235.
al Mujahid, Shairf (2007). "Reconstructing the Saga of the All India Muslim League (1906–47)". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 55 (1/2): 15–26.
Wolpert, Stanley (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to All-India Muslim League.
Government of Pakistan website
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Chronicles Of Pakistan
Jinnah at a Meeting of the Muslim League 16-second QuickTime film clip
Colloquium on the One Hundred Years of Muslim League at the University of Chicago, 4 Nov 2006
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Company formation
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This article is about forming a company in the United Kingdom. For a more general discussion of forming a business, see Incorporation (business).
Company formation is the term for the process of incorporation of a business in the UK. It is also sometimes referred to as company registration. These terms are both also used when incorporating a business in the Republic of Ireland. Under UK company law and most international law, a company or corporation is considered an entity that is separate from the people who own or operate the company.
Today the majority of UK companies are formed the same day electronically. Companies can be created by individuals, specialised agents, solicitors or accountants. Many solicitors and accountants subcontract incorporation out to specialised company formation agents. Most agents offer company formation packages for less than £100. The cost of carrying out paper filing directly with Companies House is £20. This fee does not include the cost of witnessing documents or preparation of memorandum & articles of association for the company, which would usually be carried out by a solicitor or accountant. Forming a company via the paper filing method can take up to 4 weeks.
Contents
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1 Formation process for limited companies
1.1 Paper process
1.1.1 Articles of association
1.1.2 Form IN01
1.1.3 Memorandum of association
1.2 Electronic process
2 Types of company
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Formation process for limited companies[edit]
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Paper process[edit]
Under section 9 of the Companies Act 2006,[1] those forming a company must send the following documents, together with the registration fee, to the Registrar of Companies.
Most incorporations submitted by paper take around 5 working days to be accepted.
For detailed information see the Companies House guide.[2]
Articles of association[edit]
The articles of association (often referred to as just ‘articles’) is the document which sets out the rules for the running of the company's internal affairs. The company's articles delivered to the Registrar must be signed by each subscriber in front of a witness who must attest the signature.
In the event that articles are not registered for the new company, model (default) articles will be registered. These model articles can be chosen to be adopted in the IN01 form. This new procedure was introduced by the Companies Act 2006, Section 20.[3]
Form IN01[edit]
This contains the intended situation of the Registered Office, (this will be either in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland or Wales), the details of the consenting Secretary and Director(s), details of the subscribers and, in the case of a company limited by shares, details of the share capital. The form also includes the Statement of Compliance that the requirements of the Companies Act have been complied with.
Memorandum of association[edit]
This contains the names and signatures of the subscribers that wish to form the company and, in the case of a company limited by shares, a commitment by the subscribers to take at least one share each. A draft template is available on the Companies House website.[4] It sets out constitution of a company and the foundation on which the structure of a company is based. In other words, memorandum of association is considered the charter or constitution of the company because it lays down the objectives of the company precisely and clearly, defines scope of its relation with the investor and outside world.
Electronic process[edit]
The electronic process can be accessed using compatible software that works with the Companies House eFiling service[5] and an account with Companies House. Company formation agents have direct links into Companies House, to look up the company name, and submit the company. Different agents have differences in their processes caused by their website and software implementation. Companies House have a list of company formation agents that have passed integration testing.[6]
Types of company[edit]
The following can be formed by registration at Companies House:
Public limited company (plc)
Private company limited by shares (Ltd, Limited)
Company limited by guarantee
Unlimited company
Limited liability partnership (LLP)
Limited partnership (LP)
Societas Europaea (SE): European Union-wide company structure
Community interest company (CIC)
European economic interest grouping (EEIG)
See also[edit]
Incorporation (business) - US perspective
List of company registers
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Previously section 10 of the Companies Act 1985
Jump up ^ Companies House Guide to Company Formation
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/20
Jump up ^ http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/forms/formsOnline.shtml
Jump up ^ E-Filing compatible software providers
Jump up ^ E-filing company formation agents
External links[edit]
Companies House eFiling
Companies House list of formation agents
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_formation&oldid=814393442"
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