text:
Ground tissue
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Cross-section of a flax plant stem:
Pith
Protoxylem
Xylem I
Phloem I
Sclerenchyma (bast fibre)
Cortex
Epidermis
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls.
Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remain alive after they become mature. Parenchyma forms the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants, and is usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stem and root.
Collenchyma cells have thin primary walls with some areas of secondary thickening. Collenchyma provides extra mechanical and structural support, particularly in regions of new growth.
Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature. Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant.[1]
Contents
1 Parenchyma
2 Collenchyma
3 Sclerenchyma
3.1 Fibers
3.2 Sclereids
4 References
5 Further reading
Parenchyma[edit]
Parenchyma (/pəˈrɛŋkɪmə/;[2][3] from Greek παρέγχυμα parenkhyma, "visceral flesh" from παρεγχεῖν parenkhein, "to pour in" from παρα- para-, "beside", ἐν en-, "in" and χεῖν khein, "to pour")[4] is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex and pith of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds. Parenchyma cells are living cells and may remain meristematic at maturity—meaning that they are capable of cell division if stimulated. They have thin but flexible cellulose cell walls, and are generally polyhedral when close-packed, but can be roughly spherical when isolated from their neighbours. They have large central vacuoles, which allow the cells to store and regulate ions, waste products, and water. Tissue specialised for food storage is commonly formed of parenchyma cells.
Cross section of a leaf showing various ground tissue types
Parenchyma cells have a variety of functions:
Their main function is to repair.
In leaves, they form the mesophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis and the exchange of gases,[5] parenchyma cells in the mesophyll of leaves are specialised parenchyma cells called chlorenchyma cells (parenchyma cells with chloroplasts).
Storage of starch, protein, fats, oils and water in roots, tubers (e.g. potatoes), seed endosperm (e.g. cereals) and cotyledons (e.g. pulses and peanuts)
Secretion (e.g. the parenchyma cells lining the inside of resin ducts)
Wound repair and the potential for renewed meristematic activity
Other specialised functions such as aeration (aerenchyma) provides buoyancy and helps aquatic plants in floating.
Chlorenchyma cells carry out photosynthesis and manufacture food.
The shape of parenchyma cells varies with their function. In the spongy mesophyll of a leaf, parenchyma cells range from near-spherical and loosely arranged with large intercellular spaces,[5] to branched or stellate, mutually interconnected with their neighbours at the ends of their arms to form a three-dimensional network, like in the red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris and other mesophytes.[6] These cells, along with the epidermal guard cells of the stoma, form a system of air spaces and chambers that regulate the exchange of gases. In some works the cells of the leaf epidermis are regarded as specialised parenchymal cells,[7] but the modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as plant dermal tissue, and parenchyma as ground tissue.[8]
Shapes of parenchyma:
Polyhedral
Stellate (found in stem of plants and have well developed air spaces between them)
Elongated (found in pallisade tissue of leaf)
Lobed (found in spongy and pallisade mesophyyll tissue of some plants)
Collenchyma[edit]
Cross section of collenchyma cells
The first use of "collenchyma" (/kəˈlɛŋkɪmə, kɒ-/[9][10]) was by Link (1837) who used it to describe the sticky substance on Bletia (Orchidaceae) pollen. Complaining about Link's excessive nomenclature, Schleiden (1839) stated mockingly that the term "collenchyma" could have more easily been used to describe elongated sub-epidermal cells with unevenly thickened cell walls.[11]
Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls. They provide structural support, particularly in growing shoots and leaves. Collenchyma tissue makes up things such as the resilient strands in stalks of celery. Collenchyma cells are usually living, and have only a thick primary cell wall[12] made up of cellulose and pectin. Cell wall thickness is strongly affected by mechanical stress upon the plant. The walls of collenchyma in shaken plants (to mimic the effects of wind etc.), may be 40–100% thicker than those not shaken.
There are four main types of collenchyma:
Angular collenchyma (thickened at intercellular contact points)
Tangential collenchyma (cells arranged into ordered rows and thickened at the tangential face of the cell wall)
Annular collenchyma (uniformly thickened cell walls)
Lacunar collenchyma (collenchyma with intercellular spaces)
Collenchyma cells are most often found adjacent to outer growing tissues such as the vascular cambium and are known for increasing structural support and integrity.
Sclerenchyma[edit]
The term "sclerenchyma" (originally Sclerenchyma) was introduced by Mettenius in 1865.[13]
Sclerenchyma is the tissue which makes the plant hard and stiff. Sclerenchyma is the supporting tissue in plants. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibers and sclereids. Their cell walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. Sclerenchyma fibers are of great economic importance, since they constitute the source material for many fabrics (e.g. [flax]) hemp, jute, and ramie).
Unlike the collenchyma, mature sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells with extremely thick cell walls (secondary walls) that make up to 90% of the whole cell volume. The term sclerenchyma is derived from the Greek σκληρός (sklērós), meaning "hard." It is the hard, thick walls that make sclerenchyma cells important strengthening and supporting elements in plant parts that have ceased elongation. The difference between fibers and sclereids is not always clear: transitions do exist, sometimes even within the same plant.
Fibers[edit]
Cross section of sclerenchyma fibers
Fibers or bast are generally long, slender, so-called prosenchymatous cells, usually occurring in strands or bundles. Such bundles or the totality of a stem's bundles are colloquially called fibers. Their high load-bearing capacity and the ease with which they can be processed has since antiquity made them the source material for a number of things, like ropes, fabrics and mattresses. The fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum) have been known in Europe and Egypt for more than 3,000 years, those of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in China for just as long. These fibers, and those of jute (Corchorus capsularis) and ramie (Boehmeria nivea, a nettle), are extremely soft and elastic and are especially well suited for the processing to textiles. Their principal cell wall material is cellulose.
Contrasting are hard fibers that are mostly found in monocots. Typical examples are the fiber of many grasses, agaves (sisal: Agave sisalana), lilies (Yucca or Phormium tenax), Musa textilis and others. Their cell walls contain, besides cellulose, a high proportion of lignin. The load-bearing capacity of Phormium tenax is as high as 20–25 kg/mm², the same as that of good steel wire (25 kg/ mm²), but the fibre tears as soon as too great a strain is placed upon it, while the wire distorts and does not tear before a strain of 80 kg/mm². The thickening of a cell wall has been studied in Linum.[citation needed] Starting at the centre of the fiber, the thickening layers of the secondary wall are deposited one after the other. Growth at both tips of the cell leads to simultaneous elongation. During development the layers of secondary material seem like tubes, of which the outer one is always longer and older than the next. After completion of growth, the missing parts are supplemented, so that the wall is evenly thickened up to the tips of the fibers.
Fibers usually originate from meristematic tissues. Cambium and procambium are their main centers of production. They are usually associated with the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles. The fibers of the xylem are always lignified, while those of the phloem are cellulosic. Reliable evidence for the fibre cells' evolutionary origin from tracheids exists.[citation needed] During evolution the strength of the tracheid cell walls was enhanced, the ability to conduct water was lost and the size of the pits was reduced. Fibers that do not belong to the xylem are bast (outside the ring of cambium) and such fibers that are arranged in characteristic patterns at different sites of the shoot.
Sclereids[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Sclereid
Fresh mount of a sclereid
Long, tapered sclereids supporting a leaf edge in Dionysia kossinskyi
Sclereids are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified walls. These have a shape of a star.
They are small bundles of sclerenchyma tissue in plants that form durable layers, such as the cores of apples and the gritty texture of pears (Pyrus communis). Sclereids are variable in shape. The cells can be isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked or elaborately branched. They can be grouped into bundles, can form complete tubes located at the periphery or can occur as single cells or small groups of cells within parenchyma tissues. But compared with most fibres, sclereids are relatively short. Characteristic examples are brachysclereids or the stone cells (called stone cells because of their hardness) of pears and quinces (Cydonia oblonga) and those of the shoot of the wax plant (Hoya carnosa). The cell walls fill nearly all the cell's volume. A layering of the walls and the existence of branched pits is clearly visible. Branched pits such as these are called ramiform pits. The shell of many seeds like those of nuts as well as the stones of drupes like cherries and plums are made up from sclereids.
These structures are used to protect other cells.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mauseth 2012, pp. 98–103.
Jump up ^ "Parenchyma". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Parenchyma". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ LeMone, Priscilla; Burke, Karen; Dwyer, Trudy; Levett-Jones, Tracy; Moxham, Lorna; Reid-Searl, Kerry; Berry, Kamaree; Carville, Keryln; Hales, Majella; Knox, Nicole; Luxford, Yoni; Raymond, Debra (2013). "Parenchyma". Medical-Surgical Nursing. Pearson Australia. p. G–18. ISBN 978-1-4860-1440-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Leaves
Jump up ^ Jeffree CE, Read N, Smith JAC and Dale JE (1987). Water droplets and ice deposits in leaf intercellular spaces: redistribution of water during cryofixation for scanning electron microscopy. Planta 172, 20-37
Jump up ^ Hill, J. Ben; Overholts, Lee O; Popp, Henry W. Grove Jr., Alvin R. Botany. A textbook for colleges. Publisher: MacGraw-Hill 1960[page needed]
Jump up ^ Evert, Ray F; Eichhorn, Susan E. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development. Publisher: Wiley-Liss 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-73843-5[page needed]
Jump up ^ "Collenchyma". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "collenchyma". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Leroux O. 2012. Collenchyma: a versatile mechanical tissue with dynamic cell walls. Annals of Botany 110 (6): 1083-98.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 744–745. ISBN 978-0-321-54325-7.
Jump up ^ Mettenius, G. 1865. Über die Hymenophyllaceae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physischen Klasse der Königlich-Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 11: 403-504, pl. 1-5. link.
Further reading[edit]
Mauseth, James D. (2012). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7.
Moore, Randy; Clark, W. Dennis; and Vodopich, Darrell S. (1998). Botany (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-697-28623-1.
Chrispeels MJ, Sadava DE. (2002) Plants, Genes and Crop Biotechnology. Jones and Bartlett Inc., ISBN 0-7637-1586-7
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Bestseller
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the concept of a book as a bestseller. For other uses, see Bestseller (disambiguation).
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A bestseller is, usually, a book that is included on a list of top-selling or frequently-borrowed titles, normally based on publishing industry and book trade figures and library circulation statistics; such lists may be published by newspapers, magazines, or book store chains. Some lists are broken down into classifications and specialties (number one best selling new novel, nonfiction book, cookbook, etc.). An author may also be referred to as a bestseller if their work often appears in this category. Well-known bestseller lists in the U.S. are published by Publishers Weekly, USA Today, The New York Times and The Washington Post. Most of these lists track book sales from national and independent bookstores, as well as sales from major internet retailers such as Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble.[1]
In everyday use, the term bestseller is not usually associated with a specified level of sales, and may be used very loosely indeed in publishers' publicity. Books of superior academic value or literary merit tend not to be bestsellers, although there are exceptions. Lists simply give the highest-selling titles in the category over the stated period. Some books have sold many more copies than current "bestsellers", but over a long period of time.
Blockbusters for films and chart-toppers in recorded music are similar terms, although, in film and music, these measures generally are related to industry sales figures for attendance, requests, broadcast plays, or units sold.
Particularly in the case of novels, a large budget and a chain of literary agents, editors, publishers, reviewers, retailers, librarians, and marketing efforts are involved in "making" bestsellers, that is, trying to increase sales.
Steinberg defined a bestseller as a book for which demand, within a short time of that book's initial publication, vastly exceeds what is then considered to be big sales.[2][3][4]
Contents
1 Early best sellers
2 Description and types of bestseller
2.1 Differences among lists
2.2 Verifiability
2.3 The making of a bestseller
2.4 Unread bestsellers
3 Major publishers
4 Cultural role
5 Connection with the movie industry
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Early best sellers[edit]
The term "Best seller" is first known to have been recorded in print in 1889 in the Kansas City, Missouri, newspaper The Kansas Times & Star,[5] but the phenomenon of immediate popularity goes back to the early days of mass production of printed books. For earlier books, when the maximum number of copies that would be printed was relatively small, a count of editions is the best way to assess sales. Since effective copyright was slow to take hold, many editions were pirated well into the period of the Enlightenment, and without effective royalty systems in place, authors often saw little, if any, of the revenues for their popular works.[citation needed]
The earliest highly popular books were nearly all religious, but the Bible, as a large book, remained expensive until the nineteenth century. This tended to keep the numbers printed and sold, low. Unlike today, it was important for a book to be short to be a bestseller, or it would be too expensive to reach a large audience. Very short works such as Ars moriendi, the Biblia pauperum, and versions of the Apocalypse were published as cheap block-books in large numbers of different editions in several languages in the fifteenth century. These were probably affordable items for most of the minority of literate members of the population. In 16th and 17th century England Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and abridged versions of Foxe's Book of Martyrs were the most broadly read books. Robinson Crusoe (1719) and The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) were early eighteenth century short novels with very large publication numbers, as well as gaining international success..[citation needed][6]
Tristram Shandy, a novel by Laurence Sterne, became a "cult" object in England and throughout Europe, with important cultural consequences among those who could afford to purchase books during the era of its publication. The same could be said of the works of Voltaire, particularly his comedic and philosophically satirical novel, Candide, which, according to recent research, sold more than 20,000 copies in its first month alone in 1759. Likewise, fellow French Enlightenment author Rousseau, especially his Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (1761) and of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's novel, Die Leiden des jungen Werther (The Sorrows of Young Werther) (1774). As with some modern bestsellers, Werther spawned what today would be called a spin-off industry with items such as Werther eau de cologne and porcelain puppets depicting the main characters, being sold in large numbers.[7][8]
By the time of Byron and Sir Walter Scott, effective copyright laws existed, at least in England, and many authors depended heavily on their income from their large royalties. America remained a zone of piracy until the mid-nineteenth century, a fact of which Charles Dickens and Mark Twain bitterly complained. By the middle of the 19th century, a situation akin to modern publication had emerged, where most bestsellers were written for a popular taste and are now almost entirely forgotten, with odd exceptions such as East Lynne (remembered only for the line "Gone, gone, and never called me mother!"), the wildly popular Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Sherlock Holmes.
Description and types of bestseller[edit]
Bestsellers are usually separated into fiction and non-fiction categories. Different list compilers have created a number of other subcategories. The New York Times was reported to have started its "Children's Books" section in 2001 just to move the Harry Potter books out of the No. 1, 2, and 3 positions on their fiction chart, which the then three-book series had monopolized for over a year.[9]
Bestsellers also may be ranked separately for hardcover and paperback editions. Typically, a hardcover edition appears first, followed in months or years by the much less expensive paperback version. Hardcover bestseller status may hasten the paperback release of the same, or slow the release, if hardcover sales are brisk enough. Some lists even have a third category, trade paperback bestsellers.
In the United Kingdom, a hardcover book could be considered a "bestseller" with sales ranging from 4,000 to 25,000 copies per week, and in Canada, bestsellers are determined according to weekly rankings in the country's national print sales tracking service, BNC SalesData.[10] There are many "bestseller lists" that display anywhere from 10 to 150 titles.
Differences among lists[edit]
Bestseller lists may vary widely, depending on the method used for calculating sales. The Indie bestseller lists, for example, use only sales numbers, provided by independently owned (non-chain) bookstores, while The New York Times list includes both wholesale and retail sales from a variety of sources. A book that sells well in gift shops and grocery stores may hit a The New York Times list without ever appearing on an Indie list. USA Today has only one list, not hardcover/paperback, so that relative sales of these categories cannot be ascertained from it.
Lists from Amazon.com, the dominant on-line book retailer, are based only on sales from their own Web site, and are updated on an hourly basis. Wholesale sales figures are not factored into Amazon's calculations. Numerous Web sites offer advice for authors about a temporary method to boost their book higher on Amazon's list using carefully timed buying campaigns that take advantage of the frequent adjustments to rankings. For example, faith healing author Zhi Gang Sha has used this method to create a number of #1 bestsellers.[11] The brief sales spike allows authors to tout that their book was an "Amazon.com top 100 seller" in marketing materials for books that actually have relatively low sales. Eventually book buyers may begin to recognize the relative differences among lists and settle upon which lists they will consult to determine their purchases.
The weight and price of a book may affect its positioning on lists. The Amazon.com list tends to favor hardcover, more expensive books, where the shipping charge is a smaller percentage of the overall purchase price or is sometimes free, and which tend to be more deeply discounted than paperbacks. Inexpensive mass market paperbacks tend to do better on The New York Times list than on Amazon's. Indie and Publishers Weekly separate mass market paperbacks onto their own list.
Category structure affects the positioning of a book in other ways. A book that might be buried on the Indie hardcover fiction list could be positioned very well on The New York Times hardcover advice list or the Publishers Weekly religion hardcover list.
Verifiability[edit]
Bestseller reports from companies such as Amazon.com, which appear to be based strictly on auditable sales to the public, may be at odds with bestseller lists compiled from more casual data, such as The New York Times lists' survey of retailers and publishers. The exact method for ranking The New York Times bestseller lists is a closely guarded secret.
This situation suggests a similar one in the area of popular music. In 1991, Billboard magazine switched its chart data from manual reports filed by stores, to automated cash register data collected by a service called SoundScan. The conversion saw a dramatic shake-up in chart content from one week to the next.
Today, many lists come from automated sources. Booksellers may use their POS (point-of-sale) systems to report automatically to Book Sense. Wholesalers such as the giant Ingram Content Group have bestseller calculations similar to Amazon's, but they are available only to subscribing retailers. Barnes & Noble and other large retail chains collect sales data from retail outlets and their Web sites to build their own bestseller lists.
Nielsen BookScan U.S. is perhaps the most aggressive attempt to produce a completely automatic and trusted set of bestseller lists. They claim to be gathering data directly from cash registers at more than 4,500 retail locations, including independent bookstores, large chains such as Barnes & Noble, Powell's Books, and Borders, and the general retailer Costco. Unlike the consumer-oriented lists, BookScan's data is extremely detailed and quite expensive. Subscriptions to BookScan cost up to $75,000 per year, but it can provide publishers and wholesalers with an accurate picture of book sales with regional and other statistical analyses.
The making of a bestseller[edit]
Ultimately, having a great number of buyers creates a bestseller; however, there is a distinct "making of" process that determines which books have the potential to achieve that status. Not all publishers rely on, nor strive for, bestsellers, as the survival of small presses indicates. Large publishing houses, on the other hand, are like major record labels and film studios, and require consistent high returns to maintain their large overhead. Thus, the stakes are high. It is estimated that 200,000 new books are published each year in the U.S., and less than 1% achieve bestseller status.[12] Along the way, major players act as gatekeepers and enablers, including literary agents, editors, publishing houses, booksellers, and the media (particularly, publishers of book reviews and bestseller lists). The high visibility of an established and best-selling author is paramount in the equation also. In addition to writing the book, an author has to acquire representation and negotiate this publishing chain.[13]
At least one scientific approach to creating bestsellers has been devised. In 2004, Didier Sornette, a professor of geophysics and a complex systems theorist at UCLA, using Amazon.com sales data, created a mathematical model for predicting bestseller potential based on very early sales results. This information could be used to identify a potential for bestseller status and recommend fine tuned advertising and publicity efforts accordingly.[14] In 1995, the authors of a book called The Discipline of Market Leaders colluded to manipulate their book onto the best seller charts. The authors allegedly purchased over 10,000 copies of their own book in small and strategically placed orders at bookstores whose sales are reported to Bookscan. Because of the ancillary benefits of making The New York Times Best Seller list (speaking engagements, more book deals, and consulting) the authors felt that buying their own work was an investment that would pay for itself. The book climbed to #8 on the list where it sat for 15 weeks, also peaking at #1 on the BusinessWeek best seller list. Since such lists hold the power of cumulative advantage chart success often begets more chart success. And although such efforts are not illegal, they are considered highly unethical by publishers.[15]
Unread bestsellers[edit]
Bestsellers have gained such great popularity that it has sometimes become fashionable to purchase them. Critics have pointed out that just because a book is purchased doesn't mean it will be read. The rising length of bestsellers may mean that more of them are simply becoming bookshelf decor. In 1985 members of the staff of The New Republic placed coupons redeemable for $5 cash inside 70 books that were selling well, and none of them were sent in.[16]
Major publishers[edit]
In April 2013 Penguin Random House was created to become the world’s largest publisher. The two major shareholders are Bertelsmann (53%) and Penguin Group (47%) owned by Pearson PLC.[17]
Other major publishers include Thomson Reuters, Reed Elsevier, Wolters Kluwer, Hachette, McGraw Hill Financial, John Wiley and Sons, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, Macmillan Publishers, and Harlequin Enterprises.[18]
Cultural role[edit]
While the basic dictionary definition of bestseller is self-evident, "a popular, top-selling book", the practical cultural definition is somewhat more complex. As consumer bestseller lists generally do not detail specific criteria, such as numbers sold, sales period, sales region, and so forth, a book becomes a bestseller mainly because an "authoritative" source says it is. Calling a book a "top-selling" title is not so impressive as calling it "The New York Times bestseller". Although the former phrase is assumed to be derived from sales figures, the latter benefits from the high profile of the particular list. A book that is identified as a "bestseller" greatly improves its chance of selling to a much wider audience. In this way, bestseller has taken on its own popular meaning, rather independent of empirical data, by becoming a compromised product category and, in effect, attempting to create a marketing image. For example, a "summer bestseller" is usually determined long before the summer is over, and signals a book's suitability for millions of lounging pool-side readers.
The use of the marketing phrase, underground bestseller further illustrates the independent-from-sales, self-defining aspect of the term. For example, publisher HarperCollins suggested the bestseller potential of Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood: A Novel by announcing "...four years after her award-winning, underground bestseller, Little Altars Everywhere..." in the promotion. The book went on to achieve bestseller status in the 1990s. In reviews of the 2002 film of the same name, the novel's bestseller status was cited routinely, as in "compelling adaptation of Rebecca Wells' bestseller".[19]
The famous Diogenes Publisher at Zürich (Swiss) started to talk about its own Worstsellers in 2006, and therewith brought a new mode-word into the German speaking European countries.
Connection with the movie industry[edit]
Bestsellers play a significant role in the mainstream movie industry. There is a long-standing Hollywood practice of turning bestsellers into feature films. Many, if not the majority, of modern movie "classics" began as bestsellers. On the Publishers Weekly fiction bestsellers of the year charts, we find: #1: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003), #3. Jaws (1974); #2. The Exorcist (1971); #1. Love Story (1970); #2. The Godfather (1969); among many others. Several of each year's fiction bestsellers ultimately are made into high-profile movies. Being a bestseller novel in the U.S. during the last forty years has guaranteed consideration for a big budget, wide-release movie.[20][21]
See also[edit]
List of best-selling books
List of best-selling video games
List of best-selling music artists
List of best-selling singles
List of best-selling albums
List of highest-grossing films
List of best-selling manga
List of highest-grossing animated films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diamond, Edwin (1995). Behind the Times: Inside the New New York Times. p. 364.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, S. H. Five Hundred Years of Printing. 1955.
Jump up ^ P. N. Furbank. "The Twentieth-Century Bestseller". In Boris Ford (ed.). The Pelican Guide to English Literature. Volume 7: "The Modern Age". Penguin Books. 1961. Page 429.
Jump up ^ Alternative definitions are offered by Mott, Hart and Escarpit: See Greenspan and Rose, Book History, Pennsylvania State University, Press, 2000, ISBN 0 271 02050 4, vol 3, books.google.com/books?id=PEZkkbohbtoC&pg=PA288&output=html_text+p+288.
Jump up ^ "best, a. and adv." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Onlin December 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ For details of editions, see individual articles (in most cases)
Jump up ^ Hoffmeister, Gerhart. "Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (The Sorrows of Young Werther)". The Literary Encyclopedia. 17 June 2004. The Literary Dictionary Company. Retrieved 17 March 2006
Jump up ^ "Deutsche Sammlung" (in German). Goethe-Museum Düsseldorf. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
Jump up ^ Bolonik, Kera. "A list of their own". Salon.com:August 16, 2000. Retrieved December 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Bestsellers: Hardcover Fiction, September 3, 2016". The Globe & Mail.
Jump up ^ Zhi Gang Sha#Works
Jump up ^ Maryles, Daisy. Bestsellers by the Numbers". Publishers Weekly; 9-Jan-2006. Retrieved 22-Apr-2006.
Jump up ^ Hill, Brian and Power, Dee. The Making of a Bestseller: Success Stories from Authors and the Editors, Agents, and Booksellers Behind Them. Kaplan Business; March 1, 2005. ISBN 0-7931-9308-7.
Jump up ^ "Researchers use physics to analyze dynamics of bestsellers". PhysOrg.com: December 5, 2004. Retrieved December 7, 2005.
"UCLA Physicist Applies Physics to Best-Selling Books". UCLA News: December 1, 2004. Retrieved December 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ "DID DIRTY TRICKS CREATE A BEST-SELLER?". Stern, Willy. August 1995. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Bill (15 July 2002). "THINK TANK; Let Us Now Praise Books Well Sold, Well Loved but Seldom Read". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ About Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, HarperCollins. The review quote is from Movies Unlimited. Numerous such mentions may be located by a Web search for "film version Rebecca Wells bestseller" or similar. All retrieved 17 March 2006.
Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , Saabira (12 November 2006). "From Best Seller To Blockbuster". Forbes. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly Bestseller Lists 1990-1995. Correlation with movies may be achieved by searching at Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Both retrieved 17 March 2006.
Further reading[edit]
Bloom, Clive (2002). Bestsellers: Popular Fiction Since 1900
Boss, Shira (2007). "The Greatest Mystery: Making a Best Seller", The New York Times, May 13, 2007.
Feather, John and Woodbridge, Hazel (2007). "Bestsellers in the British Book Industry 1998–2005" Publishing Research Quarterly Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 210–223. doi:10.1007/s12109-007-9013-3
Miller, Laura J. (2000). "The Best-Seller List as Marketing Tool and Historical Fiction" Book History Vol. 3, pp. 286–304.
Sorensen, Alan T. (2004). Bestseller Lists and Product Variety: The Case of Book Sales.
Sutherland, John (2007). Bestsellers: a very short introduction, Very short introductions.
Sutherland, John (2002). Reading the decades: fifty years of the nation’s bestselling books.
Sutherland, John (1981). Bestsellers: popular fiction of the 1970s.
Vanderbilt, Arthur T. (1999). The making of a bestseller: from author to reader.
External links[edit]
The Top 150 Bestsellers According to USA Today
The Barnes and Noble Top100
The New York Times Best Seller List (current)
Historic New York Times Lists
Publisher's Weekly Bestseller List (current)
Publisher's Weekly Bestseller Lists from 1900 to 1998
"The Greatest Mystery: Making a Best Seller", by Shira Boss, The New York Times, May 13, 2007
Frank Luther Mott Collection of American Best Sellers, 1662-1945 at the University of Missouri
The Bestsellers Database, consisting of original research on 20th-century American bestsellers by students at the University of Virginia, the University of Illinois, Catholic University (DC), and Brandeis University
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List of NBA players with most championships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics, an NBA record.
This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a major professional basketball league in North America. It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949–50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL).[2] The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport's postseason. The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution.[3] However, in some rare occasion, the teams opted to give other commemorative items, such as wrist watches, instead of rings.[4][5] The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness.[6]
Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13-year playing career.[7] He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year. Afterwards, he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years, including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966.[8] He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player-coach.[7] Russell's teammate, Sam Jones, won ten championships from 1959 to 1969, the second most in NBA history.[9] Four Celtics players, Tom Heinsohn, K. C. Jones, Satch Sanders and John Havlicek, won eight championships each.[10][11][12][13] Two other Celtics, Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey, won seven championships each.[14][15][16] Four players, Bob Cousy, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen, won six championships each.[17][18] Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s.[19][20] George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA, and won five championships in the NBA.
Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won championships with three different teams.[21] Horry won seven championships: two with the Houston Rockets, three with the Los Angeles Lakers and another two with San Antonio Spurs.[16] Salley's four NBA titles came via two championships with the Detroit Pistons and one each with the Bulls and the Lakers.[22] Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times. Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons.[23] Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s,[24] and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s.[25] Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row, each having participated in three-peats, Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls.
Contents
1 List
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
List[edit]
Pos G Guard F Forward C Center
* Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame
^ Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA
Rank
Player
Pos
Seasons played
Total won
Championship teams
Ref.
1 Bill Russell* C 13 11 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [26]
2 Sam Jones* G 12 10 Boston Celtics (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [9]
3 Tom Heinsohn*[a] F/C 9 8 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965) [10]
K. C. Jones*[b] G 9 8 Boston Celtics (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966) [11]
Tom "Satch" Sanders*[c] F 13 8 Boston Celtics (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [12]
John Havlicek* F/G 16 8 Boston Celtics (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976) [13]
7 Jim Loscutoff F 9 7 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960[d], 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964) [14]
Frank Ramsey* F/G 9 7 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964) [15]
Robert Horry F 16 7 Houston Rockets (1994, 1995)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002)
San Antonio Spurs (2005, 2007) [16]
10 Bob Cousy* G 14 6 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963) [17]
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar* (formerly Lew Alcindor)[e] C 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks (1971)
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [18]
Michael Jordan* G 15 6 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) [19]
Scottie Pippen* F 17 6 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) [20]
14 George Mikan* C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) [27]
Jim Pollard* F/C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) [28]
Slater Martin* G 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954)
St. Louis Hawks (1958) [29]
Larry Siegfried F 9 5 Boston Celtics (1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [30]
Don Nelson*[f] G 14 5 Boston Celtics (1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976) [31]
Michael Cooper G/F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [32]
Earvin "Magic" Johnson* G 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [33]
Dennis Rodman* F 14 5 Detroit Pistons (1989, 1990)
Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998) [34]
Ron Harper G 15 5 Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001) [35]
Steve Kerr[g] G 15 5 Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003) [25]
Kobe Bryant G 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) [36]
Derek Fisher G 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) [37]
Tim Duncan F/C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) [38]
27 Vern Mikkelsen* F/C 10 4 Minneapolis Lakers (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) [39]
Frank Saul G/F 6 4 Rochester Royals (1951)
Minneapolis Lakers (1952, 1953, 1954) [24]
Bill Sharman*[h] G 11 4 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961) [40]
Jamaal Wilkes* G/F 12 4 Golden State Warriors (1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985[i]) [41]
Kurt Rambis F 14 4 Los Angeles Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [42]
Robert Parish* C 21 4 Boston Celtics (1981, 1984, 1986)
Chicago Bulls (1997) [43]
Will Perdue C 13 4 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1999) [44]
John Salley F/C 11 4 Detroit Pistons (1989, 1990)
Chicago Bulls (1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000) [22]
Horace Grant F/C 17 4 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001) [45]
Shaquille O'Neal* C 19 4 Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002)
Miami Heat (2006) [46]
Manu Ginóbili G 16 4 San Antonio Spurs (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) [47]
Tony Parker^ G 17 4 San Antonio Spurs (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) [48]
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
List of NBA champions
List of NBA championship head coaches
Notes[edit]
a Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics.
b Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers, in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics, and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics.
c Sanders was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a contributor.[49]
d Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury.[50]
e Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in 1971. He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010. [51]
f Nelson was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a coach.
g Kerr won additional championships in 2015, 2017 and 2018 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors.
h Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers.
i Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury, but remained on the roster until after the Finals.[52]
References[edit]
General
"Most NBA Championships Won". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Specific
Jump up ^ Goldaper, Sam. "The First Game". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1949–50 Season Overview: Powerful Lakers Repeat". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ McMenamin, Dave (June 10, 2011). "Phil Jackson, lord of the rings". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ May, Peter (June 10, 2011). "Havlicek doesn't have eight rings". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Aron, Jaime (June 14, 2011). "Mavs against Cuban's idea not to give title rings". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Araton, Harvey (January 20, 2013). "Debate Over Brady's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bill Russell Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bill Russell NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sam Jones NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "K.C. Jones NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Sanders NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Havlicek NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Robert Horry NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bob Cousy NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Jordan NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Horry adds to ring collection". NBC Sports. NBC Universal. June 24, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Salley NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jr., David L. (February 2007). Basketball Championships' Most Wanted. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 1-59797-014-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pep Saul NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Steve Kerr NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bil Russell NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "George Mikan NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jim Pollard NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Slater Martin NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Don Nelson NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Michael Cooper NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Magic Johnson NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ron Harper NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Derek Fisher NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tim Duncan NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bill Sharman NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Robert Parish NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Will Perdue NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Horace Grant NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com LL. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tony Parker NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Famers: Tom "Satch" Sanders". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Injury Hit Celtic Hopes". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. January 12, 1960.
Jump up ^ "Jabbar (Alcindor) Is The Name". The Spartanburg Herald. Spartanburg, South Carolina. September 17, 1971.
Jump up ^ Bonk, Thomas (August 29, 1985), "Wilkes Waived, Ending an 8-Year Laker Career", Los Angeles Times
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