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Mini (marque)
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For other uses of "mini", see mini (disambiguation).
Mini
Product type
Automobiles
Owner
BMW (directly since 2000)
Produced by
BMW
Country
United Kingdom
Introduced
1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
Markets
Worldwide
Previous owners
British Motor Corporation (1959-1968)
British Leyland (1968-1986)
Rover Group (1986-2000)
Website
mini.com
Mini (stylised as MINI)[1] is a British automotive marque, owned by BMW since 2000, and used by them for a range of small cars. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.[2][3] BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought Rover Group (formerly British Leyland), which owned Mini, among other brands.[4][5]
The original Mini was a line of iconic British small cars manufactured by the British Motor Corporation, and its successors. Their models included the Morris Mini-Minor and the Austin Seven, the Countryman, Moke, 1275GT and Clubman.[6] Performance versions of these models used the name Cooper, due to a partnership with racing legend John Cooper. The original two-door Mini continued in production until 2000. Development of a successor began in 1995 and the new generation car was launched in 2001. The current Mini range includes the Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible (three-door hatchback), Clubman (estate), Countryman (five-door crossover), Coupe/Roadster and Paceman (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).
The Mini was originally a product of the British Motor Corporation, which in 1966 became part of British Motor Holdings. British Motor Holdings merged with Leyland Motors in 1968 to form British Leyland.[6] In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by British Aerospace.[6] In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW. In 2000, Rover Group was broken up by BMW, with BMW retaining the Mini brand.[7]
The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's Plant Oxford in Cowley, England[8]. The Mini Convertible and Countryman are assembled at VDL Nedcar in Born (Netherlands), the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.[9] The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by Magna Steyr in Austria.[10] A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.[11] Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the World Rally Championship since 2011 through the Prodrive WRC Team.
In April 2013, Peter Schwarzenbauer became new Mini marque's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller[12].
Contents
1 History
1.1 1959 to 1990
1.2 1990 to 2000
1.3 2000 to present
2 Production models
2.1 Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)
2.2 Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)
2.3 Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)
2.4 Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)
2.5 Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)
2.6 Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)
2.7 Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)
2.8 Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)
2.9 Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)
2.10 Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)
2.11 Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)
2.12 Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)
2.13 Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)
3 Technical information
3.1 Engine summary
3.2 Internal designations
3.3 Body type summary in UK
4 Development and production
5 Sales
6 Marketing
7 Controversy
8 Films
9 Demonstration models
9.1 Mini E (2009 to 2010)
10 Concept cars
10.1 Alternative fuel versions
11 Motorsport
11.1 Mini Countryman WRC
12 Awards and criticism
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History
1959 to 1990
Main article: Mini
1959 Morris Mini-Minor
The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,[6][13][14] and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.[15] The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the Volkswagen Beetle, which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th Century, behind the Ford Model T.[16][17]
This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by Sir Alec Issigonis.[18][19] It was manufactured at the Longbridge and Cowley plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland British Motor Corporation (Australia) factory in Sydney, Australia, and later also in Spain (Authi), Belgium, Chile, Italy (Innocenti), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini Mark I had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an estate car, a pickup truck, a van and the Mini Moke—a jeep-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as rally cars, winning the Monte Carlo Rally four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.[20] Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969.[3][21] The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.
1990 to 2000
Mini Cooper S, 2000
In the 1990s, BMW was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.[1]
In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature iconic BMW characteristics (such as rear wheel drive) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium BMW 1 Series and the mid-range Mini.[1]
It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the ACV30 which was unveiled at the 1997 Monte Carlo Rally. The name was partially an acronym of Anniversary Concept Vehicle, whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted MG F engine.[1]
Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called Spiritual and Spiritual Too. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.[1]
In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, Frank Stephenson. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).[22] This design, being a city car, also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the supermini class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine Autocar:[1]
“ We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini" ”
— Frank Stephenson[1]
2000 to present
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.[23][24] The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer Lulu, and was subsequently housed at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.[24] The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.[25]
In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.[26][27]
At the North American International Auto Show in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the Mini Paceman concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.[28][29] In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.[30][31]
In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.[32] It will also be produced in China.[33]
Production models
Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)
A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe
Main article: Mini (Mark I)
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.
Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a “mustache” grille. The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added. The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the “magic wand” selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector. An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965. In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase
Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)
Main article: Mini (Mark II)
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.
Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)
A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.
The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from Hydrolastic to rubber cones.[34] as a cost-saving measure.[35] Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.[36]
The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.
The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced 8.4-inch (210 mm) brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.
For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.
The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.
Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)
Main article: Mini Hatch
A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including One (entry-level), Cooper, Cooper S (sporty), and John Cooper Works (JCW) (high-end).
The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply Mini. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4 litre I4[37] version of the Tritec engine but all other petrol powered Minis used the 1.6 litre I4 version.[38][39]
The names Cooper and Cooper S followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of John Cooper and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the John Cooper Works (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind 17-inch (430 mm) racing wheels.[40]
The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built Tritec engine, co-developed by Chrysler & BMW; the Mini One D used a Toyota-built 1ND-TV diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at Oxford, and the body pressings were made in nearby Swindon at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.
The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with John Cooper Works GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped John Cooper Works model. Hand-finished by Bertone in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).
Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)
A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible
At the 2004 Salon International de l'Auto, Mini introduced a convertible model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.
The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a sunroof whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.
At the 2007 North American International Auto Show, Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of 215 km/h (134 mph) and accelerates from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour (0 to 62 mph) in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides 168 hp (125 kW) and 220 N⋅m (160 lbf⋅ft) of torque.
Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)
Main article: Mini Hatch
A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered platform incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the Prince engine, the architecture of which is shared with PSA Peugeot Citroën and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.[41] The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.[22][42][43] Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by 60 mm (2.4 in).
The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the BMW Motorsport factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.[44] In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.[45]
Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)
Main article: Mini Clubman
A Mini Cooper S Clubman
The Mini Clubman is an estate Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is 240 mm (9.4 in) longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is 80 mm (3.1 in) longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—160 mm (6.3 in) longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.
The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.
Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)
Athlete Mo Farah in a Mini Convertible at the Doha Diamond League
The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show[46] and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show[47] as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009[48]). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)
Main article: Mini Countryman
Mini Countryman
The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. It is the first Mini crossover SUV, and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel four-cylinder engines in various states of tune.[49] Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.
The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional all-wheel-drive powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.[50] A six-speed manual transmission is standard on all models, with automatic transmission available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)
Main article: Mini Coupé
Mini John Cooper Works Coupé
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in John Cooper Works trim, it does 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of 149 mph (240 km/h) as it is powered by a turbocharged 208 hp (155 kW) 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009[51] and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and John Cooper Works.[52]
Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)
Main article: Mini Paceman
A Mini Paceman Cooper
The Mini Paceman three-door crossover version of the Countryman debuted as a concept car at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.[53] On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."[54] The production version was launched at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.[55]
Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)
Main article: Mini Hatch
3rd generation Mini hatchback
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.[56]
Technical information
Engine summary
Model
Years
Type
Power, torque @ rpm
Petrol engines
First 2009–2010 1,397 cc (1.397 L; 85.3 cu in) I4 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) @ 4,500, 120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) @ 2,500
One 2007–2010 1,397 cc (1.397 L; 85.3 cu in) I4 95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp) @ 6,000, 140 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) @ 4,000
First 2010— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) @ 6,000, 140 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) @ 2,250
One 2010— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 98 PS (72 kW; 97 hp) @ 6,000, 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) @ 3,000
Cooper Hardtop
Cooper Clubman
Cooper Convertible 2007–2010
2008–2010
2009–2010 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp) @ 6,000, 160 N⋅m (120 lb⋅ft) @ 4,250
Cooper (all body styles) 2010— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) @ 6,000, 160 N⋅m (120 lb⋅ft) @ 4,250
Cooper S Hardtop
Cooper S Clubman
Cooper S Convertible 2007—
2008—
2009— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp) @ 5,500, 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) @ 1,600-5,000
Overboost: 260 N⋅m (190 lb⋅ft) @ 1,700-4,500
Cooper S (all body styles) 2010— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp) @ 5,500, 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) @ 1,600-5,000
Overboost: 260 N⋅m (190 lb⋅ft) @ 1,700-4,500
John Cooper Works CHALLENGE
John Cooper Works (all body styles) 2008—
2009— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo 211 PS (155 kW; 208 hp) @ 6,000, 261 N⋅m (193 lb⋅ft) @ 1,850-5,600
Overboost: 279 N⋅m (206 lb⋅ft) @ 2,000
Diesel engines
One D 2007–2009 1,364 cc (1.364 L; 83.2 cu in) I4 turbo 88 PS (65 kW; 87 hp) @ 4,000, 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750
One D 2009–2010 1,560 cc (1.56 L; 95 cu in) I4 turbo 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @ 4,000,88 hp
Cooper D 2008–2010 1,560 cc (1.56 L; 95 cu in) I4 turbo 110 PS (81 kW; 110 hp) @ 4,000, 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750-2,000
Overboost: 260 N⋅m (190 lb⋅ft)
One D 2010— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @ 4,000, 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750-2,500
Cooper D 2010— 1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo 112 PS (82 kW; 110 hp) @ 4,000, 270 N⋅m (200 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750-2,250
Cooper SD 2011— 1,995 cc (1.995 L; 121.7 cu in) I4 turbo 143 PS (105 kW; 141 hp) @ 4,000, 305 N⋅m (225 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750-2,700
Electric motors
E 2009— AC Propulsion 13000 rpm motor,
100A @ 13.5 V power supply 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp) @ 6,000-12,000, 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) @ 0-5,000
Regeneration: 115 N⋅m (85 lb⋅ft)
Continuous: 68 PS (50 kW; 67 hp)
Internal designations
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,[57] the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.[58] The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.[59]
Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:[60]
R50: "Mk I" Mini One & Cooper (2001–2006)
R52: "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
R53: "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
R55: "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
R56: "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
R57: "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
R58: Coupé (2012–2015)[61]
R59: Roadster (2012–2015)[62]
R60: Countryman (2010–2016)
R61: Paceman (2013–2016)[63]
F54: Mini Clubman (2015–)
F56: Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)[64]
F55: 5-door Hatch (2015–)
F60: Countryman (2017–)
Body type summary in UK
Chassis codes
R55
R56
R57
R60
R61
Body styles Clubman Hardtop Convertible Countryman Paceman
Trim level
Years
First – 2009— – – –
One – 2007— – – –
Cooper 2008— 2007— 2009— 2011— 2013–
Cooper S 2008— 2007— 2009— 2011— 2013–
John Cooper Works 2009— 2009— 2009— 2013— 2013–
John Cooper Works Challenge – 2008— – – –
Cooper D 2008— 2008— 2010— 2013— –
E – 2009 – – –
Development and production
Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies
Plant Oxford in Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom, the main assembly plant for the Mini range.
Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been made at both Cowley, Oxfordshire and Longbridge, Birmingham. In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "Plant Oxford", on the site of what was historically the Pressed Steel Company's Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.[65]
Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".[66] Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by Magna Steyr in Austria.[10]
At Plant Oxford 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).[67] The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where paint robots apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.[68][69]
All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the Hams Hall Plant[70] near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.[71] Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.
Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at Swindon, where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 welding robots.[72] The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the Pressed Steel Company and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.[73]
Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.[74]
In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market[75][76] from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,[77] and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.[78] Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by VDL Nedcar near Maastricht in Limburg.[79][80]
Sales
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.
Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,[81] with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.[82]
In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.[83] It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.[84]
Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.[85]
A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.[11] The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.[11] The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.[11]
Marketing
A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland
During the production of the post-2000 Mini, as a part of Mini's viral marketing approach, purchasers of the Mini convertible were asked to sign a "contract" promising that they would drive the car with the roof open at least 90% of the time. Mini also set up a telephone hotline (in the USA: 1-888-DO NOT CLOSE) which one may call to report convertible owners who are driving with the roof up inappropriately. The automated system offers such helpful advice as how to administer a wedgie to the offender.[citation needed]
Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners, Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called Hammer & Coop, directed by Todd Phillips as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.[86]
Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called Counterfeit Mini Coopers as part of the ad campaign.[87]
To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini Rickshaw, which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.[88]
In New Zealand, Mini sponsored Mad Men, broadcast on Prime. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a satirical, sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a pastiche of Mad Men's opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini.[citation needed]
Controversy
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from EPA testing didn’t match the automaker’s submissions.[89]
Films
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film The Italian Job starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.[90] In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of The Italian Job. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.
Demonstration models
This Category needs to be updated. Please update this Category to reflect recent events or newly available information. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (March 2014)
Mini E (2009 to 2010)
Main article: Mini E
Mini E electric car
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive electric car powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the Los Angeles Auto Show,[91] with an electric motor rated 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp) and 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft), 380 V 35 kilowatt-hours (130 MJ) lithium-ion battery with distance of 240 kilometres (150 mi). It has top speed of 152 km/h (94 mph). The vehicle gliders are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.[92]
The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the BMW ActiveE (all-electric vehicle), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the Mega City Vehicle (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into mass production between 2013 and 2015.[93][94][95][96] Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in Los Angeles and the New York/New Jersey area.[97] In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.[95][98] Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.[99] Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.[93][100][101][102] This trial program allowed the BMW Group to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.[103]
Concept cars
Main article: Mini concept cars
The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the ACV30 in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the Mini Countryman in 2010.
The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer Adrian van Hooydonk[104] and Frank Stephenson.
Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept
Alternative fuel versions
BMW demonstrated a hydrogen-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from electric-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the Honda FCX in that it uses a cylinder-based internal combustion engine.
An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around 200 kilograms (440 lb) of Lithium Ion batteries.[citation needed] Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie The Italian Job to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.[citation needed]
PML Flightlink developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an 160 bhp (120 kW) electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.[105]
Motorsport
The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 Monte Carlo Rally
The Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964, 1965 and 1967.[106] Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance headlamp dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.[107]
An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.[108] The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, Spain, New Zealand, and Saudi Arabia commencing in 2010.
RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the KONI Challenge Series Street Tuner class.[109]
Mini Countryman WRC
Main article: Mini Countryman WRC
Mini Countryman WRC car
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the World Rally Championship.[110] The Countryman is the chosen donor model and Prodrive have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
Awards and criticism
Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of The Italian Job
The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (Autocar magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (Classic & Sports Car magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide Internet poll run by the prestigious Global Automotive Elections Foundation in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the Model T Ford).
The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the North American Car of the Year award in 2003.[111] The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 International Car of the Year. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their Small Car of the Year 2006.[112] The car was runner up in the 2007 World Car of the Year. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for WhatGreenCar.com Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the Green Car Awards, but lost to the Ford Focus ECOnetic. In April 2010 Kelley Blue Book included the Mini Cooper as one of its Top 10 Green Cars for 2010.[113][114]
Dr. Alex Moulton, the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with MiniWorld magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."[115]
The Pulitzer Prize-winning automotive journalist Dan Neil has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.[116] In the 2013 International Engine of the Year Awards which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its 1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"[117] and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0-100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for Mini Cooper S Countryman and Mini Cooper S Paceman and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.[118][119]
See also
Mini Paceman
Frank Stephenson
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External links
Official international Mini website
Mini YouTube channel
Media related to Mini and BMW Mini at Wikimedia Commons

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List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the best season win-loss records in history, as determined by winning percentage (.700 or better), minimum 120 games played.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season records
2 Other teams
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Season records[edit]
The following teams finished the season with a .700 winning percentage or higher.
Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961, only two teams have managed a winning percentage greater than .700 (which requires 114 wins). These two are the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners.
Legend
NL = National League
AL = American League
AA = American Association
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
Finish
1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 .763 Lost 1906 World Series
1902 Pittsburg Pirates NL 103 36 .741 National League Champions
1886 Chicago White Stockings NL 90 34 .726 Lost 1886 World Series
1909 Pittsburg Pirates NL 110 42 .724 Won 1909 World Series
1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 .721 Lost 1954 World Series
2001 Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 .716 Lost 2001 ALCS
1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 .714 Won 1927 World Series
1886 Detroit Wolverines NL 87 36 .707 2nd place in National League
1897 Boston Beaneaters NL 93 39 .705 Lost 1897 Temple Cup
1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 .704 Won 1907 World Series
1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 .704 Lost 1931 World Series
1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 .704 Won 1998 World Series
1887 St. Louis Browns AA 95 40 .704 Lost 1887 World Series
1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 .702 Won 1939 World Series
Other teams[edit]
Prior to 1886, teams played .700 ball or better over shorter schedules, where there is much less of the "evening out" effect of a lengthier season.
For example, the Chicago White Stockings won the National League's first pennant in 1876 with a 52-14 record (.788), and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67-17 record (.798), which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League. The White Stockings' 1880 record would project to a record of 129-33 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings' results (538 runs scored, 317 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 120-42.
The all-time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who posted baseball's only perfect record at 67-0 (57-0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs) in 1869. Their record would stretch to 81-0 across the 1870 season before losing 8-7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14.[1][2]
While this record is considered by many to be pre-MLB, the MLB (professional baseball's current official organization) has officially recognized this year as the beginning of professional baseball.[3]
The second-best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association, who finished with a record of 71-8 (.899), but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed. The Red Stockings record would project to 146-16 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results (831 runs scored, 343 runs allowed) and the modern 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 138-24.
The National Association folded at the end of 1875, and the Red Stockings, who had won the last four pennants, joined the National League for 1876, being renamed the Red Caps. The team went 39-31 for a fourth-place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42-18 and 41-19.
The third-best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association, who finished with a record of 94-19 (.832), but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution (team owner Henry Lucas was also league president, an obvious conflict-of-interest situation which is now banned, and bought all the best available players for his franchise), generally disorganized (six teams played close to full schedules, another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season), and poorly scheduled. The Maroons' record would project to 135-27 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons' results (887 runs scored, 429 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 131-31, but these results are of questionable merit.
The Union Association folded at the end of 1884, and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885. Playing against stiffer competition, they went 36-72 in 1885, and 43-79 in 1886, finishing in last and sixth in both seasons. In 1887, the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers, playing three more seasons below .500 before folding.
See also[edit]
List of worst Major League Baseball season records
List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ^ History: Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings webpage. 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team website (2007). Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ Reds Timeline. Cincinnati Reds webpage. http://mlb.mlb.com/cin/history/timeline.jsp. Retrieved September 1, 2013
Jump up ^ In conjunction with MLB's celebration in 1969 of the 100th anniversary of professional baseball, the Philadelphia Phillies conducted a fan vote to determine their all-time team. The players were honored on August 5, 1969, at Connie Mack Stadium before the Phillies' game against the San Francisco Giants. Although the Phillies were founded in 1883, MLB commissioner Bowie Kuhn presented to each all-time team player a framed picture of the "Greatest Phillies Team / 1869--1969". To see a photo of Kuhn and the framed picture, go to the following archived webpage and use the left click on the mouse to move the page upwards. Paul Lukas (August 6, 1969). "A Night to Remember". Reading Eagle. p. 48. Retrieved 2011-11-27. "Lending a big hand for the memorable occasion was baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn who presented the individual awards to each all-time team member."
External links[edit]
Records and statistics at Baseball Reference
Baseball Almanac study of best teams of all time
Excerpts from "Baseball Dynasties" by Neyer and Epstein
Neyer, Rob, and Eddie Epstein. Baseball Dynasties: The Greatest Teams of All Time. Norton, 2000, 384 p.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best_Major_League_Baseball_season_win-loss_records&oldid=817531736"
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Ferrari 288 GTO
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This article is about the 1984-86 Group B racing car. For the 1962-63 GT racing car, see Ferrari 250 GTO.
Ferrari 288 GTO
Overview
Manufacturer
Ferrari
Also called
Ferrari GTO
Production
1983–1987
272 produced[1]
Designer
Leonardo Fioravanti at Pininfarina
Body and chassis
Class
Sports car
Body style
2-door berlinetta
Layout
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Related
Ferrari 308 GTB/GTS
Powertrain
Engine
2.9 L (2,855 cc) F114 B 000 twin turbo V8[2]
Power output
400 PS (294 kW; 395 bhp) and 496 N⋅m (366 lbf⋅ft) of torque
Transmission
5-speed manual[2]
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,450 mm (96.5 in)[2]
Length
4,290 mm (168.9 in)[2]
Width
1,910 mm (75.2 in)[2]
Height
1,120 mm (44.1 in)[2]
Kerb weight
1,160 kg (2,557.4 lb)[2]
Chronology
Predecessor
Ferrari 250 GTO
Successor
Ferrari F40
The Ferrari GTO (often referred to as Ferrari 288 GTO) is an exotic homologation of the Ferrari 308 GTB produced from 1984 to 1987 in Ferrari's Maranello factory, designated GT for Gran Turismo and O for Omologata (homologated in Italian).[3]
Contents
1 Background
2 Engine
3 Performance
4 Evoluzione
5 Notable Formula 1 GTO owners
6 Awards
7 Gallery
8 References
Background[edit]
The Ferrari GTO was built to compete in the new Group B Circuit Race series and a minimum of 200 cars were required for homologation. Due to lackluster participation caused by these regulations, the Group B Circuit series never took off. As a result, the GTO never raced and all 272 cars built remained purely road cars.
Some of the GTO's styling features were first displayed on a 308 GTB design exercise by Pininfarina shown at the 1977 Geneva Auto Salon. The 288 GTO started out as a modified version of the 308/328 to hold down costs and to build the car quickly, but little of the 308/328 was left when the 288 GTO was finished. Easily noticeable differences were the GTOs bulging fender flares, larger front/rear spoilers, large "flag-style" outside mirrors and four driving lights at the far sides of the grille. Retained from the original 250 GTO were slanted air vents, put in the GTO's rear fenders to cool the brakes, as well as the rear wing's design, borrowed from the 250 GTO's original wing. The GTO also had wider body panels than the 308's because they had to cover much larger Goodyear tires mounted on racing wheels. The suspension's height could be set higher for road use and lower for racing on tracks. Bodywork material was new and lighter for better acceleration and handling. The GTO's weight was only 2,555 lb (1,159 kg), compared to 3,085–3,350 lb (1,399–1,520 kg) for the 308/328. Steel was used just for the doors because major body panels were made from molded fiberglass. Kevlar was used for the hood, and the roof was made from Kevlar and carbon fiber.
Engine[edit]
The GTO was based on the rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive 308 GTB, which has a 2.9 L (2,927 cc) V8. The "288" refers to the GTO's 2.8 litre DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V8 engine as it used a de-bored by 1 mm (0.04 in) with IHI twin-turbochargers, Behr air-to-air intercoolers, Weber-Marelli fuel injection and a compression ratio of 7.6:1 [4]. The 2.85 litre engine capacity was dictated by the FIA's requirement for a Turbocharged engine's capacity to be multiplied by 1.4. This gave the GTO an equivalent engine capacity of 3,997 cc (4.0 L; 243.9 cu in), just under the Group B limit of 4.0 litres.
Unlike the 308's 2,927 cc (2.9 L; 178.6 cu in) engine, the GTO's 2,855 cc (2.9 L; 174.2 cu in) V8 was mounted longitudinally, using the 308's rear trunk space. This was necessary to make room for the twin turbochargers and intercoolers. The racing transmission was mounted to the rear of the longitudinal engine, moving the rear differential and wheels aft. The arrangement also let the GTO use a more conventional race-car engine/transmission layout for such things as quick gear-ratio changes for various tracks. As a result, the wheelbase was 110 mm (4.3 in) longer at 2,450 mm (96 in). The track was also widened to accommodate wider wheels and tires (Goodyear NCT 225/55 VR16 tires mounted on 8 x 16 inch Speedline wheels at the front and 265/50 VR16 mounted on 10 x 16 inch wheels at the rear) to provide increased cornering and braking performance and the ability to apply 400 PS (395 bhp; 294 kW) at 7,000 rpm and 496 N⋅m (366 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3,800 rpm.[5] The GTO was an impressive performer, with 0-60 mph (97 km/h) times around 5 seconds. Ferrari claimed 0-125 mph (201 km/h) in 15 seconds flat and a top speed of 189 mph (304 km/h), making it the first street-legal production car to reach 300 km/h (186 mph).[1]
Performance[edit]
Test results by Road & Track:
0–30 mph (48 km/h): 2.3 s [6]
0–50 mph (80 km/h): 4.1 s [6]
0–60 mph (97 km/h): 5.0 s [6]
0–70 mph (113 km/h): 6.2 s [6]
0–80 mph (129 km/h): 7.7 s [6]
0–100 mph (161 km/h): 11.0 s [6]
0–120 mph (193 km/h): 16.0 s [6]
Standing 1⁄4 mile (402 m): 14.1 s @ 113 mph (182 km/h) [6]
Top Speed: 179 mph (288 km/h)[7]
Evoluzione[edit]
1987 Ferrari 288 GTO Evoluzione.
Ferrari built six (five production models and one prototype)[8] 288 GTO Evoluzione models with more aggressive and aerodynamic body styling and increased power. The Evoluzione, introduced in 1986, was built to race in Group B but when that series was cancelled the project was also shelved as it was not fit for any other racing series. Ferrari had planned a production run of 20 cars to comply with Group B homologation requirements for Evolution models. The 288 GTO Evoluzione is powered by an upgraded version of the 2.9 L V8 used in the normal 288 GTO that has twin-turbochargers and produces 650 hp (480 kW) at 7,800 rpm.[9] It has a weight of around 940 kg (2,072 lb) and can reach a top speed of 225 mph (362 km/h).[10] It features a unique front end designed for aerodynamics with front canards, channels and vents as well as a large carbon fibre rear spoiler and numerous large NACA ducts. Many styling and mechanical elements from the Evoluzione influenced the soon to follow F40.
All six are thought to still be in existence with one owned by the Factory on display in the engine manufacturing facility in Maranello and another suspected to have been used as a prototype during the development of the F40.[9][11]
Notable Formula 1 GTO owners[edit]
Several Formula 1 drivers were offered GTOs by Enzo Ferrari. These include Michele Alboreto (56195), Keke Rosberg (56653) and Niki Lauda (58329) who was gifted the last of the 272 units built by Enzo Ferrari himself.[12]
Awards[edit]
In 2004, Sports Car International named this car number two on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1980s, behind its German rival the Porsche 959.
Gallery[edit]
Rear view of a Ferrari 288 GTO
Ferrari 288 GTO pictured in a Ferrari museum
Ferrari 288 GTO pictured in London
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Monticello, Mike (August 2010). "2011 Ferrari 599 GTO". Road & Track. 61 (12): 86.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "GTO". Ferrari official site - Past models. Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Holt, Richard (30 Nov 2017). ""The Ferrari 288 GTO: the car that makes the case for '80s design"". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 Mar 2018.
Jump up ^ "1984 Ferrari 288 GTO specifications". carfolio.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "1984 Ferrari 288 GTO specifications". carfolio.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Road & Track August 1984".
Jump up ^ Road & Track July 1987 . Excerpt: Egan, Peter (2016-05-29). "In 1987, The World's Fastest Cars Couldn't Catch A 211-mph Twin-Turbo Ruf". Road & Track. US. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
Jump up ^ "One of Five - The Ferrari 288 GTO Evoluzione at the Quail". www.stanceworks.com. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Too Fast to Race – Ferrari 288 GTO Evoluzione". www.classicdriver.com. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
Jump up ^ "Ferrari 288 GTO Part 2: 288 GTO Evoluzione". qv500.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Motor1.com Legends: Ferrari 288 GTO Evoluzione". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
Jump up ^ McAleer, Brendan. "Niki Lauda, Enzo Ferrari, and the Last 288 GTO". Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Buckley, Martin; Rees, Chris (1998). World Encyclopedia of Cars. London: Anness Publishing. ISBN 1-84038-083-7.
Ferrari 288 GTO at the Group B Rally Cars.
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"Daytona" 550 Maranello
America 330 365
2+2 coupé 250 GT/E 330 GT 2+2 365 GT 2+2 365
GTC/4 365 GT4 2+2 400 400 i 412 456 456M
Supercar 250 GTO 250 LM 288
GTO F40 F50
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