text:
GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall
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GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall
GWR Hall Class no. 5972 Olton Hall on display at Doncaster Works open day on 27 July 2003
hideType and origin
Power type
Steam
Designer
Charles Collett
Builder
GWR Swindon Works
Build date
30 April 1937
hideSpecifications
Configuration:

• Whyte
4-6-0
Loco weight
75 tons (68 t)
hideCareer
Operators
Great Western Railway, British Railways
Class
GWR 4900 (Hall)
Numbers
5972
Official name
Olton Hall
First run
1937
Last run
July 2014
Withdrawn
31 December 1963
Current owner
West Coast Railway Company
Disposition
Static display at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter
No. 5972 at the National Railway Museum, York
No. 5972 in the National Railway Museum with Hogwarts Castle name plates
5972 taking on water in Hellifield with The Wizards Express
5972 standing at York after arriving with the Wizards Express from Manchester on Sat 7th June 2014.
5972 after detaching from "The Wizards Express" at Hellifield.
The steam locomotive no. 5972 Olton Hall is a 4-6-0 Hall class locomotive.
In the early 2000s, the locomotive came to prominence when it was used in the Harry Potter films to pull the Hogwarts Express.
Contents
1 Service
2 Allocations and history
3 Preservation
3.1 Harry Potter film series
3.2 Models of "5972 Olton Hall"
4 Other work
5 References
6 External links
Service[edit]
Built in April 1937 at Swindon railway works for the Great Western Railway, it was first allocated to Carmarthen, South Wales where it remained until 1951. After being fitted with a three row superheater at Swindon, it was allocated to Plymouth Laira TMD. Its last shed allocation was to Cardiff East Dock, before it was withdrawn in December 1963, and acquired by Woodham Brothers, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan for scrap in May 1964.[1][2]
Allocations and history[edit]
The locations of 5972 on particular dates.
30 April 1937 (First Shed) Carmarthen, CARM then 87G
31 March 1951 Plymouth Laira, 83D
October 1951 Tyseley, 84E
1 November 1952 Oxley, 84B
17 July 1954 Truro, 83F
September 1955 Penzance, 83G
29 November 1958 Plymouth Laira, 83D
8 August 1959 Severn Tunnel Junction, 86E
18 June 1960 Neath, 87A
15 November 1962 Fishguard Goodwick, 87J
29 June 1963 (Final Shed) Cardiff East Dock, 88L
31 December 1963 Withdrawn
31 December 1963-April 1964 Stored, Cardiff East Dock
May 1964 Purchased by Barry Scrapyard.
May 1981 Purchased for Preservation.
20 May 1998 Returned to Steam
Preservation[edit]
Woodham Brothers sold the locomotive to a private buyer and was stored at Procor (UK) Ltd in Wakefield, and it left as the 125th departure from Barry in May 1981.[1] It was based at National Railway Museum Shildon in County Durham.
Since 2004, private tour operator Beyond Boundaries Travel has commissioned the train each summer for use on its Harry Potter Fan Trips tours of the United Kingdom. On 11 March 2007, vandals targeted the coaches, causing £75,000 worth of damage at West Coast Railway Company's depot in Carnforth. Ten youths, aged between twelve and fourteen years, were arrested in connection with the incident — in which 337 windows on several coaches were smashed.[3]
Harry Potter film series[edit]
In the films, the locomotive is depicted pulling the "Hogwarts Express", a fictional train, made up of four (later five) British Rail Mark 1 carriages. Scenes were filmed at King's Cross railway station, the Glenfinnan Viaduct in Scotland and the North Yorkshire Moors Railway — along with internal scenes on board the train.
When filmed, Olton Hall carried a "Hogwarts Express" headboard on the smokebox, featuring the Hogwarts school crest. The same emblem is featured as part of the "Hogwarts Railways" sigil on the tender and carriages. It retains its GWR number of 5972, but with alternative nameplates fitted, naming the engine Hogwarts Castle. It is painted in a crimson livery — a non-standard colour, as Great Western Railway locomotives traditionally used green.
Olton Hall was not the first locomotive to be re-liveried to appear hauling the Hogwarts Express. To promote the fourth Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Goblet Of Fire, Southern Railway West Country Class locomotive 34027 Taw Valley was temporarily repainted and renamed. However, it was rejected by film director Chris Columbus as looking "too modern" for the film[citation needed], but it carried the name and colour for some months afterwards.
The renaming as "...Castle" has become a railway preservation joke: "...the Hall that thinks it's a Castle". The Great Western Railway Castle Class engines were a larger type of locomotive.
Three full-size replicas of the locomotive as 5972 Hogwarts Castle are at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort). Two as part of the Hogwarts Express train ride[4] and the other is a static exhibit in the Hogsmeade area.[5] There are also static models at the other Wizarding World of Harry Potter locations in Hollywood[6] and Japan.[7]
Models of "5972 Olton Hall"[edit]
The Hornby Railways model of the locomotive is actually a model of a Castle class locomotive, not a Hall. Tri-ang Hornby did release a model of the Hall class in 1966; however, this model was last offered in 1983 as 4930 Hagley Hall, a preserved locomotive on the Severn Valley Railway. While Hornby (the successor to Tri-ang Hornby) may still have the moulds, they were modified some years ago to produce a Saint class replica. New tooling for a Hall has since been introduced and is available in the current Hornby range (see below).
Other manufacturers have perpetuated this error, with Märklin using a Castle in their Hogwarts Express set. While Bachmann Branchlines does produce models of the 'Hall' and 'Modified Hall' class locomotives, they have not offered one as 5972 "Hogwarts Castle (Olton Hall)", though Bachmann USA released one in their range.
In 2012, Hornby said that for 2013 they planned to bring out a true model of 5972 Olton Hall in their locomotive line in the crimson livery. In mid-2013, the model listing was changed to "due 2014". In 2015, Hornby presented their model "RailRoad GWR 4-6-0 'Olton Hall' 4900 Hall Class - R3169" for sale.[8]
Other work[edit]
5972 is sometimes used for work other than its "Hogwarts" duties. In May 2009 it was moved temporarily to the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway, and in July 2009 it was based at Tyseley Locomotive Works for use on some of the regular "Shakespeare Express" trains run by Vintage Trains during the Summer. Locomotive 5972 returned to the G&WR during their annual Wizard's Weekend event in 2010. Late 2011 saw the locomotive on static display in Hyde Park, London still in its "Hogwarts" red livery and in June–July 2014 locomotive 5972 worked two final Wizards Express railtours from Manchester to York before expiry of its mainline certificate.
As of 2015[update] the locomotive remains on static display at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter, near Watford and will remain there in the museum for the foreseeable future.[9][10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Olton Hall". Great Western Society. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Our link with Harry Potter". Woodham Brothers. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Ten held over Potter train damage". BBC News. 2007-04-05.
Jump up ^ Sim, Nick (12 October 2014). "The 5 Strangest Secrets of Universal's Hogwarts Express". Retrieved 30 June 2015. on-board the two Hogwarts Express trains.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (2 July 2014). "How Universal came up with Hogwarts Express and said goodbye to Jaws". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Of course, we [already] had a parked Hogwarts Express,
Jump up ^ Levine, Arthur (April 14, 2016). "Wizarding World of Harry Potter: What's different in Hollywood?". USA TODAY. As in the first Hogsmeade, a railroad station serving the Hogwarts Express greets visitors at the land's entrance. But the train in California doesn't move.
Jump up ^ "Hogwarts™ Express Photo | Attractions｜Universal Studios Japan™". Universal Studios Japan.
Jump up ^ "RailRoad GWR 4-6-0 'Olton Hall' 4900 Hall Class - R3169". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - Hogwarts Express Archived 27 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Surviving Steam Locomotive Search
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall.
Vintage Trains official site
Shakespeare Express official site
Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway official site
Woodham Brothers Limited
show
v
t
e
Preserved GWR Hall Class locomotives
4920 Dumbleton Hall
4930 Hagley Hall
4936 Kinlet Hall
4942 Maindy Hall
4953 Pitchford Hall
4965 Rood Ashton Hall
4979 Wootton Hall
5900 Hinderton Hall
5952 Cogan Hall
5967 Bickmarsh Hall
5972 Olton Hall
List of all GWR Hall Class Locomotives
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text:
Miranda Bailey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Miranda Bailey
Grey's Anatomy character
The season nine promotional photograph of Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey
First appearance
"A Hard Day's Night" (1.01)
March 27, 2005
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Chandra Wilson
Information
Nickname(s)
The Nazi
Dr. B
Mandy
BCB (Booty Call Bailey)
Occupation
Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital
Attending General Surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital
Title
Chief of Surgery
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
Family
William Bailey (father)
Elena Bailey (mother)
Danielle Bailey (sister, deceased)
Spouse(s)
Tucker Jones (divorced)
Ben Warren
Significant other(s)
Eli Lloyd
Children
William George "Tucker" Bailey Jones[1]
Religion
Christianity
Miranda Bailey, is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy. The character was created by series creator and producer Shonda Rhimes, and has been portrayed by actress Chandra Wilson since the show's inception in 2005. Wilson has reprised her role in the spin-off series Private Practice and Station 19.
Introduced as a resident in general surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital, Bailey works her way up to the attending physician level, and is eventually named Chief of Surgery. Her relationship with the five surgical interns she is in charge of - Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) - is a focal point at the beginning of the series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storyline
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storyline[edit]
Miranda Bailey married Tucker Jones in 1995 and is a Wellesley College graduate.
She is introduced to the interns as "The Nazi" in the first season premiere because of her tough personality and blunt attitude. When she was still a resident, Webber once pointed out that she disliked nearly every attending she worked under; the attendings take her seriously due to her formidable reputation as an excellent surgeon. Off the bat she tells her interns to "not bother sucking up cause I already hate you and that's not going to change"; however, Miranda's more motherly and protective side is exhibited, as she is shown to care about not only her patients, but also her colleagues. She is protective of her interns, as shown when she warns Derek to stay away from Meredith. Miranda stays beside Cristina's side as she recovers from surgery. It is later revealed that she has been married to her husband Tucker Jones (Cress Williams) for ten years and that she is pregnant. Her son is born during a bomb scare at Seattle Grace while her husband is being treated in surgery for injuries from a car crash. George O'Malley helped her through labor, and she thanked him by naming her son William George Bailey Jones (though he is nicknamed "Tuck").
Bailey adjusts to becoming a parent and reconciling this with her desire to continue her career as a surgeon. Her professional confidence was shaken and questioned by other surgeons when Izzie Stevens cut Denny Duquette's LVAD wire and Denny subsequently died. Christina kept Burke's secret about his disabled hand, and Bailey felt that she wasn't in control of her interns, and that she was ultimately responsible for these incidents. Dr. Richard Webber, Chief of Surgery, comforts her saying "You raised them like babies, and some of them turn out just like you". Disillusioned by how little she can help patients as a surgeon, Bailey pushes to open a free clinic at Seattle Grace. Izzie helps pay for it from a multi-million dollar bequest from Denny Duquette, whom she had loved. Bailey loses the post of Chief Resident to Callie Torres.
Bailey decides to back up Torres, which the Chief observes. He says that he made a mistake in not choosing Bailey in the first place. Miranda helped save the life of a white supremacist paramedic despite his racist treatment of her. When closing his stomach after the surgery, she comments to George that the incision will need to be aligned better, thus ruining the patient's large swastika tattoo on his stomach. Following severe injuries to her son and several arguments over the state of their marriage, Dr. Bailey and her husband separated. Realizing that she cannot perform surgery and direct the clinic, Bailey chooses Izzie Stevens for the position. She has shown both commitment and talent for it.
After watching the residents fight after the chance to do a solo surgery, Bailey realizes that she has become somewhat bored with General Surgery and may need a change of specialty. She became drawn to Pediatric surgery after working on a number of pediatric case and working closely with, (and having many arguments with), Arizona Robbins, a pediatric surgeon. Chief Webber is unhappy with Bailey's decision to leave General Surgery, and discouraged her at every opportunity, giving her an uninspiring letter of recommendation and purchasing a surgical robot to lure her back to General Surgery. Ultimately, Bailey decided to continue to pursue her career in General Surgery because she had a fight with her husband who said that if she accepted a position as a Peds fellow, he would divorce her. She decides to go through with the divorce and states there will be no time to start a new specialty as a single-mom. Additionally, Bailey supports Stevens through her rounds of chemo and cancer treatments.
After declining a fellowship in Pediatrics, Bailey starts as an Attending in General Surgery. Bailey is so deeply saddened by the news of George's death and Izzie's near-death that she realizes that she is caring about them like her own children. She begins a relationship with the anesthesiologist from Mercy West, Ben Warren. A gunman enters the hospital, believing that the staff had failed his wife. He shoots several people, including resident Charles Percy, whom Bailey is unable to save because the elevators are shut down during the crisis and she can't get him to an OR. She grows close with a patient, Mary Portman, when she fights to save Charles' life. Charles dies in Miranda's lap. As Miranda comforts him, Charles says, "You [Bailey] were always my favorite, I thought you should know".
Distraught by these experiences, Bailey takes time off to visit her parents with her son. On her return, she breaks up with Ben. Mary Portman returns for her surgery, which appears to go well, but she does not wake up. They cannot discover what caused her death. Miranda starts on a quest to cure fistulas and encounters a nurse, Eli, whom she starts dating.
Bailey is offended when Meredith violates the rules of the Alzheimer's clinical trial in order to help the Chief's wife. She berates Meredith; the Chief resigns as head of surgery because of Meredith's action. Bailey resumes control of Ellis Grey's Diabetes trial, and Webber pushes her to forgive Meredith and choose her as staff for the trial. Bailey forgives Meredith. She breaks off her relationship with Eli, not wanting to pursue it further, and renews her relationships with Ben the anesthesiologist. She eventually moves in with him, but he gains a surgical internship in California.
They become engaged nonetheless, and new interns at SGMW refer to her as BCB ("Booty Call Bailey"): whenever Ben is in town she is giddy and has sex with him as much as possible. On the way to her wedding, Bailey is pulled in to perform surgery on Richard's wife, Adele. After saving Adele, she returns to the venue and marries Ben. She launches a genome mapping program, and Meredith is the first one to test it. An investigation of Bailey takes place after three of her patients contracted an infection and died. It concludes that Bailey transmitted the infection via permeable gloves, a new brand that the hospital started using.
Following that incident, Bailey shuts everyone out for some time, because she feels that she is dirty and contaminated. She blamed Dr. Webber the most for abandoning her and avoids him altogether. Eventually, her husband, Ben, flies to Seattle to get her out of the genome lab. In the first part of the season finale, Bailey returns to work but does not go into the surgical OR. Eventually, with Dr. Webber's stern push, she decides to be on the OR rotation for the upcoming storm along with her intern, Shane Ross.
Webber suffers electrical injuries and Bailey takes him as a patient. Bailey's husband Ben returns for Halloween and says that he has dropped out of residency to spend more time with her and Tuck. Bailey is not impressed by this decision, and starts exhibiting some odd behaviors. Ben suggests that Bailey might have developed OCD after what happened with the CDC investigation.
Dr Bailey gets very upset when Ben shows interest as a Fire Fighter, after the Fire Incident when Dr Edwards sets fire in Grey Sloane Memorial to defend her from the Rapist (Rings of Fire). He claims to give him "The Rush".
Later that season, Miranda Bailey gets hospitalized due to a heart attack.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
Shonda Rhimes intended the character of Bailey to be a tiny blonde with curls as "it would be unexpected to have this sweet-looking person open her mouth and say tough things." However, Wilson's audition went so well that she was offered the part, and the character was rewritten.[2] Sandra Oh was initially looking to audition for the part of Dr. Bailey.[3] Of her role, Wilson said: "I thought it was endearing; endearing as the word 'Nazi' can be."[4] Wilson explained how she plays Bailey:
“ It's a teacher's mentality. The pilot described me as the Nazi, so I had to think about that and try to relate. It's about my demeanor, how I carry myself, demanding respect from my students. Once I have that, I just teach.[5] ”
Characterization[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Bailey has been characterized as "straightforward", "tough", and "quick-witted" by Grey's Anatomy executives.[6] Reflecting on her character, Chandra Wilson said: "I think a strength and a weakness for her is her ego. The strength part is great because it really does make her a really good physician. She's really good at her job and she continues to evolve and she continues to look at ways to be 'value added' at the hospital and is incredibly independent. That independence has certainly gotten in the way of her personal relationships. It's gotten in the way of her being a team player on many occasions."[7]
Reception[edit]
USA Today TV critic wrote in 2006 that Emmy voters could consider Chandra Wilson because she adds "warmth and humor to Bailey without making her go all squishy."[8] Reviewing the show's fourth season, Patrick Luce of Monsters and Critics found Bailey "one of the most interesting characters to watch" as "she had to deal with losing a promotion to Sara Ramírez’s Dr. Torres; her own marriage trouble; and the continued stress of balancing being a mom and being a doctor." He also appreciated the fact that people got to see "a softer side" of her while she kept "all the biting satire and sarcasm that made the character great."[9] Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times deemed Bailey and Sam her favorite pairing of the Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice crossover, praising: "The grief he gave her about becoming a pediatric surgeon … the grief she gave him for letting ex-wife Naomi go and wind up in the arms of Archer … the fist bump. I say again, the fist bump! Together, Chandra Wilson and Taye Diggs are hilarious and touching and all sorts of fabulous. Here’s hoping this isn’t the last we ever see of this unexpectedly dynamic duo."[10] Fellow Los Angeles Times critic, Carina MacKenzie, welcomed Bailey's "flirtation" with Ben (Jason George) because it was "nice to see her fun, flirty side" presented with a bit of humor after the deterioration of her relationship with Tucker.[11] Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres' friendship in the first half of the ninth season, calling it "the one bright spot": "They joke, they tease each other, they offer sage love advice to one another, now that they're both on their second marriages."[12] Entertainment Weekly included Bailey in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[13] AOL TV named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters.[14]
Chandra Wilson has received multiple nominations for her portrayal of Dr. Miranda Bailey. She won a 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the show's third season. She has been nominated each year from 2006 to 2009 at the Emmy Awards for "Supporting Actress in a Drama Series", losing in 2007 to co-star Katherine Heigl in the role of Izzie Stevens for the performance in the episode "Oh, the Guilt". She has also been praised for her performance in Grey's Anatomy at the Screen Actors Guild Awards, receiving three nominations along with the other cast members for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" each year from 2006 to 2008, with the 2007 Awards marking a victory.
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ Season 2, Episode 17 — "As We Know It"
Jump up ^ Winfrey, Oprah (December 2006). "Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes". O, The Oprah Magazine. Harpo Productions, Inc. p. 5. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sandra Oh (2007). Grey's Anatomy – Sandra Oh Audition. Paley Center. Event occurs at 0:05–0:15. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fogel, Matthew (May 8, 2005). "'Grey's Anatomy' Goes Colorblind". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ McDaniel, Mike (August 10, 2006). "Grey's Anatomy role nets actress an Emmy bid". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) Bio". American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Samson, Janalen (April 25, 2013). "'Grey's Anatomy' Exclusive Interview: Chandra Wilson Says Bailey 'Didn't Do Anything Wrong'". BuddyTV. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (May 14, 2006). "The cure for bromidic TV: 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'House'". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Luce, Patrick (September 14, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Fourth Season (Expanded) – DVD Review". Monsters and Critics. Retrieved June 20, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Malcom, Shawna (February 13, 2009). "'Grey's Anatomy': Crossing over at Seattle Grace". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (March 12, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy': Love is in the air for Bailey". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 23, 2013). "Now That Private Practice Is Over, Addison Should Go Back to Grey's Anatomy". New York. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (June 15, 2009). "Paging Dr. Feelgood: 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kim (March 2, 2011). "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters". AOL TV. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
General
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
Grey's Anatomy portal
Fictional characters portal
Grey's Anatomy at ABC.com
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Grey's Anatomy
Episodes
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Characters
(cast members)
Meredith Grey
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Attribution (copyright)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Creative Commons license symbol for attribution.
Attribution in copyright law, is acknowledgement as credit to the copyright holder or author of a work.
Attribution is often considered as the most basic requirements in the usage of the works of others, with a long tradition in the scientific community and academia.
If attribution is required by a license, it prevents others from claiming fraudulently to own the work and allows a copyright holder to accumulate a positive reputation that partially repays their losses. In cases when the copyright holder is the author himself, it is regarded as a sign of decency and respect to acknowledge the creator by giving him/her credit for the work.
Contents
[hide]
1 Copyright holder attribution
2 Author attribution
3 See also
4 References
Copyright holder attribution[edit]
The most fundamental form of attribution is the statement of the copyright holder's identity, often in the form Copyright © [year] [copyright holder’s name]. The preservation of such a notice was an invariable requirement to prevent a work entering the public domain; this changed in the United States of March 1, 1989 when the requirement of copyright registration and copyright signment was ended. Copyright holder attribution is in most countries in the world not required, due to Berne convention.
Author attribution[edit]
Author attribution is required by several licenses, such as the open content Creative Commons licenses[1] and most open-source software licenses like the MIT permissive license. Open content licenses without the requirement for author attribution are Public domain equivalent licenses, like CC0.
See also[edit]
Acknowledgment (creative arts)
Credit (creative arts)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Creative Commons, FAQ

This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cannabis laws in the United States1
Jurisdiction with legalized cannabis.
Jurisdiction with both medical and decriminalization laws.2
Jurisdiction with legal psychoactive medical cannabis.
Jurisdiction with legal non-psychoactive medical cannabis.
Jurisdiction with decriminalized cannabis possession laws.
Jurisdiction with cannabis prohibition.
1 Includes laws which have not yet gone into effect.
2 Marked states have only legal non-psychoactive medical cannabis.
* Cannabis remains a Schedule I substance under federal law.
* Some cities and Indian Reservations have legalization policies separate from their surrounding states.
* Cannabis is illegal in all federal enclaves.
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US Cannabis Legalization [1] 100 Years of Cannabis Legalization
Timeline of medical marijuana legalization in the USA
(State-level legalization)
1996: California
1998: Alaska, Oregon, Washington
1999: Maine
2000: Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada
2004: Montana, Vermont
2006: Rhode Island
2007: New Mexico
2008: Michigan
2010: Arizona, D.C., New Jersey
2011: Delaware
2012: Connecticut, Massachusetts
2013: Illinois, New Hampshire
2014: Maryland, Minnesota, New York
2015: Louisiana
2016: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, North Dakota, Arkansas
Total states: 29 and D.C.
The legal history of cannabis in the United States began with state-level prohibition in the early 20th century, with the first major federal limitations occurring in 1937. Starting with Oregon in 1973, individual states began to liberalize cannabis laws through decriminalization. In 1996, California was the first state to legalize medical cannabis, sparking a trend that spread across most other US states. In 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to legalize cannabis for recreational use.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal
2 States
3 Municipal
4 Territory
5 Indian Reservations
6 Opinion
6.1 Presidential
6.2 Public
7 See also
8 External links
9 References
Federal[edit]
1937: The Marijuana Tax Act is passed, effectively prohibiting all use of cannabis on a federal level.
1970: The Controlled Substances Act is passed, prohibiting cannabis federally along with several other drugs and replacing the 1937 act.
2014: The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment passed the U.S. House and was signed into law. Requiring annual renewal, it prohibits the Justice Department from interfering with the implementation of state medical marijuana laws.[1][2]
States[edit]
Prohibition begins - 1911
1911: Massachusetts requires a prescription for sales of "Indian hemp"[3]
1913: California, Maine, Wyoming, and Indiana ban marijuana[3]
1915: Utah and Vermont ban marijuana[3]
1917: Colorado legislators made the use and cultivation of cannabis a misdemeanor;
1923: Iowa, Oregon, Washington, and Vermont ban marijuana[3]
1927: New York,[3] Idaho, Kansas, Montana, and Nebraska ban marijuana[4]
1931: Illinois bans marijuana.[5]
1931: Texas declared cannabis a "narcotic", allowing up to life sentences for possession.[6]
1933: North Dakota and Oklahoma ban marijuana.[4] By this year, 29 states have criminalized cannabis.[7]
Decriminalization begins - 1973
1973: Oregon decriminalized cannabis.[8][9]
1973: Texas law was amended to declare possession of four ounces or less a misdemeanor.[10]
1975: Alaska's Supreme Court establishes that the right to privacy includes possession of small amounts of marijuana[11]
1976: Maine decriminalized cannabis.[12]
1977: South Dakota decriminalized cannabis, but repealed that law "almost immediately" afterward.[13]
1973-1978: California, Colorado, Mississippi, New York, Nebraska, North Carolina, and Ohio decriminalized cannabis.[14] Certain cities and counties, particularly in California, adopted laws to further decriminalize cannabis.
1978: New Mexico passes the Controlled Substances Therapeutic Research Act, becoming the first state to pass legislation recognizing the medical value of marijuana.[15]
1979: Virginia passed legislation allowing doctors to recommend cannabis for glaucoma or the side effects of chemotherapy.[16][17]
1982: Alaska's legislature decriminalizes possession of cannabis[18]
1990: Alaska re-criminalizes cannabis by voter initiative, restoring criminal penalties for possession of any amount of cannabis[19]
Medical marijuana begins - 1996
1996: California legalized medical cannabis. (California Proposition 215)
1996: First marijuana dispensary, Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana appears in Fairfax, California, USA.[20]
1998: Oregon, Alaska, and Washington legalized medical cannabis.[21][22]
1999: Maine legalized medical cannabis.[23][24]
2000: Hawaii, Nevada, and Colorado legalized medical cannabis.[22] Hawaii became the first state to do so by state legislature.[25]
2004: Montana and Vermont legalized medical cannabis.[22]
2007: New Mexico legalized medical cannabis.[22]
2008: Michigan legalized medical cannabis. Massachusetts decriminalized cannabis.[26]
2010: New Jersey and Arizona legalized medical cannabis.[27][28] (Arizona's proposition 203)[29]
2010: California decriminalizes possession to a civil infraction[30]
2012: Massachusetts legalized medical cannabis. (Massachusetts Medical Marijuana Initiative)
Recreational legalization begins - 2012
2012: Colorado and Washington legalized recreational marijuana for adults 21 years of age or older.[31]
2014: Maryland decriminalized cannabis. Minnesota and New York legalized medical cannabis.[32][33][34]
2014: Utah legalizes CBD oil, becoming the first state to legalize a cannabis-based medicine without legalizing medical cannabis entirely.[35]
2014: Oklahoma legalizes trials of CBD oil.[36]
2014: Alaska and Oregon legalized recreational cannabis.[37] Alaska's law took effect on February 25, 2015.[38] Oregon's initiative began on July 1, 2015.[39]
2015: Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas legalized CBD oil.[40][41]
2015: Louisiana legalized medical cannabis.[42]
2015: Delaware decriminalized cannabis.[43]
2016: Ohio[44] and Pennsylvania[45] legalized medical cannabis via state legislature.
2016: Illinois decriminalized cannabis.[46]
2016: California, Nevada, Maine and Massachusetts legalized recreational cannabis via ballot initiative.
2016: Florida, North Dakota, and Arkansas legalized medical cannabis via ballot initiative.
2017: Vermont becomes first state to pass recreational cannabis bill entirely through elected legislature on May 10, 2017 (see cannabis in Vermont).
2017: New Hampshire decriminalized cannabis.[47]
2017: West Virginia legalized medical cannabis.
Municipal[edit]
1906: Washington D.C. requires a prescription for cannabis drugs.[48]
1915: El Paso, Texas restricts cannabis.[49]
1974: Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti, Michigan, reduce cannabis possession to a civil infraction.[50][51]
1998: Washington D.C. attempted to legalize medical cannabis with the passage of Initiative 59, but was prevented by the Barr Amendment from putting the new law into action until 2009, with the first legal medical sales occurring in 2013.[52]
2004: Oakland, California passes Measure Z, making private adult cannabis offenses the lowest possible priority for law enforcement, establishing a system to regulate, tax, and sell cannabis pending state legalization, and urging legalization on the state and national levels.[53]
2005: Denver, Colorado legalized cannabis.[54]
2009: Breckenridge, Colorado legalized cannabis.[55]
2013: Portland, Maine legalized cannabis.[56]
2014: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania decriminalized cannabis.[57]
2014: Washington D.C.'s City Council decriminalized cannabis in July, and the electorate voted in November to legalize recreational marijuana with 69% in favor.[37] A Congressional rider prevented D.C. from permitting retail marijuana stores.[58] On February 26, 2015, marijuana became legal in D.C. for adults aged 21 and over to possess, gift and grow but not to sell.[59]
2014: New York City, New York decriminalized cannabis.[60]
2015: Wichita, Kansas, decriminalizes possession of cannabis.[61]
2015: Toledo, Ohio decriminalizes possession of 200 grams of cannabis or less to a citation.[62]
2016: Nashville and Memphis, Tennessee, decriminalize possession of small amounts of cannabis, with Memphis reducing punishment to a $50 fine.[63]
2016: the Ohio cities of Bellaire, Logan, Newark and Roseville decriminalize possession of 200 grams of cannabis or less to a citation.[62]
2017: Kansas City, Kansas, eliminated jail time for possession of 35 grams or less of cannabis.[64]
2017: Atlanta, Georgia, decriminalizes possession of one ounce or less of cannabis via unanimous City Council vote.[65]
Territory[edit]
2014: Guam legalized medical cannabis.[66]
2014: United States Virgin Islands decriminalizes cannabis.[67]
2015: Puerto Rico legalizes medical cannabis by executive order.[68]
Indian Reservations[edit]
2014: The US Justice Department allowed recognized Indian Reservations to regulate cannabis laws within their reservation. The laws in the reservations are allowed to be different from state and federal laws. As with State and Territories, the Federal government will not intervene as long as the reservations regulate strict control over cannabis. Some domestic nations such as the Yakama Nation and the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council rejected the approval to allow cannabis on their reservation.[69]
2015: The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota) voted to legalize recreational cannabis on its territory.[70]
Opinion[edit]
Presidential[edit]
2015: President Barack Obama declared his support of cannabis decriminalization but opposition to legalization.[71][72]
Public[edit]
1969: Gallup first begins to poll the public on support for legalizing marijuana; the 1969 result was 12% in favor.[73]
2011: Gallup reported a record 50% of Americans surveyed supported legalization.[74]
2013: The Pew Research Center presented U.S. survey results that showed prohibition support as a minority position for the first time in four decades: 52% supported legalization.[75] Gallup reported a record 58% of Americans support nationwide legalization.[76]
2014: Research conducted by the Pew Research Center in February showed an increase in the percentage of legalization supporters, from 52% to 54%,[77] while the New York Times published its Editorial Boards series "High Time: An Editorial Series on Marijuana Legalization" in July.[78]
2015: Gallup reported a record 58% of Americans support marijuana legalization.[79]
2016: an October Gallup poll shows a record 60% of Americans in favor of legalizing recreational cannabis.[80]
See also[edit]
Cannabis portal
United States portal
Timeline of cannabis
Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States
Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction
External links[edit]
CannabisLegality.com, live dynamic map
Smokebits.com, Where is marijuana legal (US edition)?
Smokebits.com, Where is marijuana legal (global edition)?
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reilly, Ryan (May 30, 2014). "House Blocks DEA From Targeting Medical Marijuana". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sullum, Jacob (January 4, 2016). "The Federal Ban on Medical Marijuana Was Not Lifted". Reason. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sarah E. Boslaugh (8 December 2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society. SAGE Publications. pp. 1758–. ISBN 978-1-5063-4618-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Davenport-Hines (29 November 2012). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Social History of Drugs. Orion Publishing Group. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-78022-542-5.
Jump up ^ Also from Bruce Rushton (2012-02-09). "The war on weed". Illinoistimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
Jump up ^ National Governors' Conference. Center for Policy Research and Analysis (1977). Marijuana: A Study of State Policies and Penalties. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
Jump up ^ Beatriz Caiuby Labate; Clancy Cavnar (25 March 2014). Prohibition, Religious Freedom, and Human Rights: Regulating Traditional Drug Use. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 236–. ISBN 978-3-642-40957-8.
Jump up ^ Suellentrop, Chris (February 15, 2001). "Which States Have Decriminalized MJ Possession?". Cannabis News. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Single, E.W. (1981). "The Impact of Marijuana Decriminalization". In Israel, Y.; Glaser, F.B.; Kalant, H.; et al. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer US. pp. 405–424. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7740-9_12. ISBN 9781461577409. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ Emmis Communications (March 1976). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications. pp. 22–. ISSN 0148-7736.
Jump up ^ "State by State Laws: Alaska". National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. 2006. Retrieved December 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ Scott, Emilee (May 5, 2010). "Marijuana Decriminalization". ABC News. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ David R. Bewley-Taylor (22 March 2012). International Drug Control: Consensus Fractured. Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-1-107-37907-7.
Jump up ^ Doug Husak; Peter de Marneffe (August 29, 2005). The Legalization of Drugs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44585-6.
Jump up ^ Lester Grinspoon; James B. Bakalar (1997). Marihuana, the Forbidden Medicine. Yale University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-300-07086-6.
Jump up ^ James A. Inciardi; Lana D. Harrison (11 October 1999). Harm Reduction: National and International Perspectives. SAGE. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-7619-0688-9.
Jump up ^ February 02, 1997 | By SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE (1997-02-02). "Laws Passed In 1979 | Va. finds it legalized medical marijuana Law passed in 1979 with no controversy - tribunedigital-baltimoresun". Articles.baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2017-01-12. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Matthew Lippman (22 August 2013). Essential Criminal Law. SAGE Publications. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-1-4833-2447-0.
Jump up ^ Michael D. Lyman (25 September 2013). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control. Routledge. pp. 398–. ISBN 978-0-12-407167-4.
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[show]
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Cannabis dispensaries
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