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Ram Mohan Roy
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Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the Father of the Indian Renaissance
Native name
রাজা রামমোহন রায়
Born
c. 1774
Radhanagar, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died
(1833-09-27)27 September 1833
Stapleton, Bristol, England
Cause of death
Meningitis
Nationality
Indian
Other names
Herald Of New Age
Known for
Bengal Renaissance, Brahmo Sabha
(social, political reforms)
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (c. 1774 – 27 September 1833) was a founder of the Brahma Sabha, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in India. His influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public administration, education, and religion. He was known[citation needed] for his efforts to abolish the practices of suttee and child marriage. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered by many historians as the "father of the Indian Renaissance."[1][2]
In 2004, Ram Mohan Roy was ranked number 10 in BBC's poll of the greatest Bengali of all time.[3][4][5]
Contents
1 Early life and education (till 1796)
2 Christianity and the early rule of the East India Company (1795–1828)
3 Middle "Brahmo" period (1820–1830)
4 Religious reforms
4.1 Social reforms
4.2 Educationist
5 Mausoleum at Arnos Vale
6 Bristol honours Ram Mohan Roy
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life and education (till 1796)[edit]
Ram Mohan Roy was born in Radhanagar, Hooghly District, Bengal Presidency. His father Ramkanta was a Vaishnavite, while his mother, Tarini Devi, was from a Shivaite family.
Thus one parent prepared him for the occupation of a scholar, the sastri, the other secured for him all the worldly advantages needed to launch a career in the laukik or worldly sphere of public administration. Torn between these two parental ideals from early childhood, Ram Mohan vacillated the rest of his life, moving from one to the other and back.[6]
Ram Mohan Roy was married three times. His first wife died early. He had two sons, Radhaprasad in 1800 and of Ramaprasad in 1812 with his second wife, who died in 1824. Roy's third wife outlived him.[citation needed]
Ram Mohan Roy's early education is an disputed. One view is that "Ram Mohan started his formal education in the village pathshala where he learned Bengali and some Sanskrit and Persian. Later he is said to have studied Persian and Arabic in a madrasa in Patna and after that he was sent to Benares (Kashi) to learn the intricacies of Sanskrit and Hindu scripture, including the Vedas and Upanishads. The dates of his time in both these places are uncertain. However, it is believed that he was sent to Patna when he was nine years old and two years later to Benares."[6]≜'Bold textItalic text
The Persian and Arabic studies influenced his thinking about One God more than studies of European deism, which he didn't know at least while writing his first scriptures as at that stage he didn't speak or understand English.
Ram Mohan Roy's impact on modern Indian history was his revival of the pure and ethical principles of the Vedanta school of philosophy as found in the Upnishads. He preached the unity of God, made early translations of Vedic scriptures into English, co-founded the Calcutta Unitarian Society and founded the Brahma Samaj. The Brahma Samaj played a major role in reforming and modernising the Indian society. He successfully campaigned against sati, the practice of burning widows. He sought to integrate Western culture with the best features of his own country's traditions. He established a number of schools to popularise a modern system (effectively replacing Sanskrit based education with English based education) of education in India. He promoted a rational, ethical, non-authoritarian, this-worldly, and social-reform Hinduism. His writings also sparked interest among British and American Unitarians.[citation needed]
Christianity and the early rule of the East India Company (1795–1828)[edit]
During these overlapping periods, Ram Mohan Roy acted as a political agitator whilst employed by the East India Company[citation needed].
In 1792, the British Baptist shoemaker William Carey published his influential missionary tract, An Enquiry of the obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of heathens.[7]
In 1793, William Carey landed in India to settle. His objective was to translate, publish and distribute the Bible in Indian languages and propagate Christianity to the Indian peoples.[8] He realised the "mobile" (i.e. service classes) Brahmins and Pundits were most able to help him in this endeavour, and he began gathering them. He learnt the Buddhist and Jain religious works to better argue the case for Christianity in the cultural context.[citation needed]
In 1795, Carey made contact with a Sanskrit scholar, the Tantric saihardana Vidyabagish,[9] who later introduced him to Ram Mohan Roy, who wished to learn English.
Between 1796 and 1797, the trio of Carey, Vidyavagish, and Roy created a religious work known as the "Maha Nirvana Tantra" (or "Book of the Great Liberation")[10] and positioned it as a religious text to "the One True God". Carey's involvement is not recorded in his very detailed records and he reports only learning to read Sanskrit in 1796 and only completed a grammar in 1797, the same year he translated part of The Bible from Joshua to Job, a massive task.[11] For the next two decades this document was regularly augmented.[12] Its judicial sections were used in the law courts of the English Settlement in Bengal as Hindu Law for adjudicating upon property disputes of the zamindari. However, a few British magistrates and collectors began to suspect and its usage (as well as the reliance on pundits as sources of Hindu Law) was quickly deprecated. Vidyavagish had a brief falling out with Carey and separated from the group, but maintained ties to Ram Mohan Roy.[13]
In 1797, Raja Ram Mohan reached Calcutta and became a "bania" (moneylender), mainly to lend to the Englishmen of the Company living beyond their means. Ram Mohan also continued his vocation as pundit in the English courts and started to make a living for himself. He began learning Greek and Latin.[citation needed]
In 1799, Carey was joined by missionary Joshua Marshman and the printer William Ward at the Danish settlement of Serampore.[citation needed]
From 1803 till 1815, Ram Mohan served the East India Company's "Writing Service", commencing as private clerk "munshi" to Thomas Woodroffe, Registrar of the Appellate Court at Murshidabad[14] (whose distant nephew, John Woodroffe — also a Magistrate — and later lived off the Maha Nirvana Tantra under the pseudonym Arthur Avalon).[15] Roy resigned from Woodroffe's service and later secured employment with John Digby, a Company collector, and Ram Mohan spent many years at Rangpur and elsewhere with Digby, where he renewed his contacts with Hariharananda. William Carey had by this time settled at Serampore and the old trio renewed their profitable association. William Carey was also aligned now with the English Company, then head-quartered at Fort William, and his religious and political ambitions were increasingly intertwined.[16] In 1815, he started Atmiya Sabha, a philosophical discussion circle in Kolkata (then Calcutta).
The East India Company was draining money from India at a rate of three million pounds a year in 1838. Ram Mohan Roy was one of the first to try to estimate how much money was being driven out of India and to where it was disappearing. He estimated that around one-half of all total revenue collected in India was sent out to England, leaving India, with a considerably larger population, to use the remaining money to maintain social well-being.[17] Ram Mohan Roy saw this and believed that the unrestricted settlement of Europeans in India governing under free trade would help ease the economic drain crisis.[18]
During the next two decades, Ram Mohan launched his attack at the behest of the church against the bastions of Hinduism of Bengal, namely his own Kulin Brahmin priestly clan (then in control of the many temples of Bengal) and their priestly excesses.[12] The Kulin excesses targeted include sati (the co-cremation of widows), polygamy, child marriage and dowry.
From 1819, Rammohun's battery increasingly turned against William Carey, a Baptist Missionary settled in Serampore, and the Serampore missionaries. With Dwarkanath's munificence he launched a series of attacks against Baptist "Trinitarian" Christianity and was now considerably assisted in his theological debates by the Unitarian faction of Christianity." [19]
Middle "Brahmo" period (1820–1830)[edit]
This was Ram Mohan's most controversial period. Commenting on his published works Sivanath Sastri writes:[20]
"The period between 1820 and 1830 was also eventful from a literary point of view, as will be manifest from the following list of his publications during that period:
Second Appeal to the Christian Public, Brahmanical Magazine - Parts I, II and III, with Bengali translation and a new Bengali newspaper called Sambad Kaumudi in 1821;
A Persian paper called Mirat-ul-Akhbar contained a tract entitled Brief Remarks on Ancient Female Rights and a book in Bengali called Answers to Four Questions in 1822;
Third and final appeal to the Christian public, a memorial to the King of England on the subject of the liberty of the press, Ramdoss papers relating to Christian controversy, Brahmanical Magazine, No. IV, letter to Lord Arnherst on the subject of English education, a tract called "Humble Suggestions" and a book in Bengali called "Pathyapradan or Medicine for the Sick," all in 1823;
A letter to Rev. H. Ware on the " Prospects of Christianity in India" and an "Appeal for famine-smitten natives in Southern India" in 1824;
A tract on the different modes of worship, in 1825;
A Bengali tract on the qualifications of a God-loving householder, a tract in Bengali on a controversy with a Kayastha, and a Grammar of the Bengali language in English, in 1826;
A Sanskrit tract on "Divine worship by Gayatri" with an English translation of the same, the edition of a Sanskrit treatise against caste, and the previously noticed tract called "Answer of a Hindu to the question &c.," in 1827;
A form of Divine worship and a collection of hymns composed by him and his friends, in 1828;
"Religious Instructions founded on Sacred Authorities" in English and Sanskrit, a Bengali tract called "Anusthan," and a petition against Suttee, in 1829;
He publicly declared that he would emigrate from the British Empire if Parliament failed to pass the Reform Bill.
In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the United Kingdom as an ambassador of the Mughal Empire to ensure that Lord William Bentinck's Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 banning the practice of Sati was not overturned. In addition, Roy petitioned the King to increase the Mughal Emperor's allowance and perquisites. He was successful in persuading the British government to increase the stipend of the Mughal Emperor by £30,000. He also visited France. While in England, he embarked on a sort of cultural exchange, meeting with members of Parliament and publishing books on Indian economics and law. Sophia Dobson Collet was his biographer at the time.
He died at Stapleton, then a village to the north east of Bristol (now a suburb), on 27 September 1833 of meningitis and was buried in Arnos Vale Cemetery in southern Bristol.
Religious reforms[edit]
The religious reforms of Roy contained in some beliefs of the Brahmo Samaj expounded by Rajnarayan Basu[21] are:-
Brahmo Samaj believe that the most fundamental doctrines of Brahmoism are at the basis of every religion followed by man.
Brahmo Samaj believe in the existence of One Supreme God — "a God, endowed with a distinct personality & moral attributes equal to His nature, and intelligence befitting the Author and Preserver of the Universe," and worship Him alone.
Brahmo Samaj believe that worship of Him needs no fixed place or time. "We can adore Him at any time and at any place, provided that time and that place are calculated to compose and direct the mind towards Him."
Social reforms[edit]
Crusaded against Hindu customs as sati, polygamy, child marriage and caste system.
Demanded property inheritance rights for women.
In 1828, he set up the Brahmo Sabha a movement of reformist Bengali Brahmins to fight against social evils.
Roy’s political background and Christian influence influenced his social and religious views regarding reforms of Hinduism. He writes,
"The present system of Hindus is not well calculated to promote their political interests…. It is necessary that some change should take place in their religion, at least for the sake of their political advantage and social comfort."[22]
Ram Mohan Roy’s experience working with the British government taught him that Hindu traditions were often not credible or respected by western standards and this no doubt affected his religious reforms. He wanted to legitimise Hindu traditions to his European acquaintances by proving that "superstitious practices which deform the Hindu religion have nothing to do with the pure spirit of its dictates!"[23] The "superstitious practices", to which Ram Mohan Roy objected, included sati, caste rigidity, polygamy and child marriages.[24] These practices were often the reasons British officials claimed moral superiority over the Indian nation. Ram Mohan Roy’s ideas of religion actively sought to create a fair and just society by implementing humanitarian practices similar to the Christian ideals professed by the british and thus seeking to legitimise Hinduism in the eyes of the christian world.
Educationist[edit]
Roy believed education to be an implement for social reform.
In 1817, in collaboration with David Hare, he set up the Hindu College at Calcutta.
In 1822, Roy found the Anglo-Hindu school, followed four years later (1826) by the Vedanta College; where he insisted that his teachings of monotheistic doctrines be incorporated with "modern, western curriculum.".[25]
In 1830, he helped Rev. Alexander Duff in establishing the General Assembly's Institution (now known as Scottish Church College), by providing him the venue vacated by Brahma Sabha and getting the first batch of students.
He supported induction of western learning into Indian education.
He also set up the Vedanta College, offering courses as a synthesis of Western and Indian learning.
His most popular journal was the Sambad Kaumudi. It covered topics like freedom of press, induction of Indians into high ranks of service, and separation of the executive and judiciary.
When the English Company muzzled the press, Ram Mohan composed two memorials and against this in 1829 and 1830 respectively.
Mausoleum at Arnos Vale[edit]
Epitaph for Ram Mohan Roy on his Mausoleum
Mausoleum of Ram Mohan Roy in Arno's Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England
Ram Mohan Roy was originally buried on 18 October 1833, in the grounds of Stapleton Grove where he had died of meningitis on 27 September 1833. Nine and a half years later he was reburied on 29 May 1843 in a grave at the new Arnos Vale Cemetery, in Brislington, East Bristol. A large plot on The Ceremonial Way there, had been bought by William Carr and William Prinsep, and the body in its lac and lead coffin was placed later in a deep brick-built vault, over seven feet underground. Two years after this, Dwarkanath Tagore helped pay for the chattri raised above this vault, although there is no record of his ever visiting Bristol. The chattri was designed by the artist William Prinsep, who had known Ram Mohan in Calcutta.
Bristol Arnos Vale cemetery have been holding remembrance services of Raja Ram Mohan Roy every year on a Sunday close to his death anniversary date of 27th September [26]. The Indian High Commission at London often come to Raja's annual commemoration. Bristol's Lord Mayor shall also be in attendance. The commemoration is a joint Brahmo-Unitarian service, in which, prayers and hymns are sung, flowers laid at the tomb, and the life of the Raja is celebrated via talks and visual presentations.[27] In 2013, a recently discovered ivory bust of Ram Mohan was displayed. [28] [29] In 2014, his original death mask at Edinburgh was filmed and its history was discussed [30]. In 2017, Raja's commemoration was held on 24th of September [31] and in 2018, it will be held on the 30th of September.
Bristol honours Ram Mohan Roy[edit]
In 1983, a full scale Exhibition on Ram Mohan Roy was held in Bristol's Museum and Art Gallery. His enormous 1831 portrait by Henry Perronet Briggs still hangs there, and was the subject of a talk by Sir Max Muller in 1873. At Bristol's centre, on College Green, is a full-size bronze statue of the Raja by the modern Kolkata sculptor Niranjan Pradhan. Another bust by Pradhan, gifted to Bristol by Jyoti Basu, sits inside the main foyer of Bristol's City Hall.
A pedestrian path at Stapleton has been named "Rajah Rammohun Walk". There is a 1933 Brahmo plaque on the outside west wall of Stapleton Grove, and his first burial place in the garden is marked by railings and a granite memorial stone. His tomb and chattri at Arnos Vale are listed Grade II* by English Heritage, and attract many admiring visitors today.
See also[edit]
Hinduism portal
India portal
Bengal portal
Biography portal
Adi Dharm
Brahmo
Brahmoism
Brahmo
Hindu School, Kolkata
Presidency College, Kolkata
Scottish Church College, Calcutta
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Google doodle remembers the father of 'Indian Renaissance'". Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Raja Ram Mohan Roy: 'The father of Indian Renaissance'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'". 2004-04-14. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
Jump up ^ "The Hindu : International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among `greatest Bengalis of all time'". www.thehindu.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
Jump up ^ "BBC Listeners' Poll Bangabandhu judged greatest Bengali of all time'". archive.thedailystar.ne. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b page 8, Raja Ram Mohan Roy — The Renaissance Man, H.D.Sharma, 2002
Jump up ^ "An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens". www.wmcarey.edu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Home - William Carey University". www.wmcarey.edu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Kaumudi Patrika 12 December 1912
Jump up ^ "Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law" John Duncan Derrett
Jump up ^ "The Life of William Carey (1761-1834) by George Smith (1885) Ch4, p71". Retrieved 2008-12-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Syed, M. H. "Raja Rammohan Roy" (PDF). Himalaya Publishing House. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Preface to "Fallacy of the New Dispensation" by Sivanath Sastri, 1895
Jump up ^ S.D.Collett
Jump up ^ Avalon, Arthur (1 June 2004). "Mahanirvana Tantra Of The Great Liberation". Kessinger Publishing. Retrieved 2 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Smith, George. "Life of William Carey". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Roy, Rama Dev. Some Aspects of the Economic Drain from India during the British RuleSocial Scientist, Vol. 15, No. 3. March 1987.
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, Subbhas. Indigo Planters, Ram Mohan Roy and the 1833 Charter Act Social Scientist, Vol.4, No.3. October 1975.
Jump up ^ "Nabble — Origins of Brahmoism — Part 2". Retrieved 2 October 2017. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Sivanath Sastri, History of the Brahmo Samaj, 1911, 1st ed. pg. 44-46
Jump up ^ http://brahmo.org/brahmo-samaj.html
Jump up ^ Gauri Shankar 'Bhatt, "Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and the Church-Sect Typology" Review of Religions Research. 10. (1968): 24
Jump up ^ Ram Mohan Roy, Translation of Several Principal Book, Passages, and Text of the Vedas and of Some Controversial works on Brahmunical Theology. (London: Parbury, Allen & Company, 1823) 4.
Jump up ^ Brahendra N. Bandyopadyay, Rommohan Roy, (London: University Press, 1933) 351.
Jump up ^ "Ram Mohan Roy." Main. britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511196/Ram-Mohan-Roy?view=print. 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Brahmo Samaj". www.thebrahmosamaj.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Celebration at Arnos Vale". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Brahmo Samaj". www.thebrahmosamaj.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Brahmo Samaj". www.thebrahmosamaj.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Suman Ghosh (27 September 2013). "Bristol Remembers Rammohun Roy". Retrieved 2 October 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Tributes paid to the great Indian social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bristol". Retrieved 27 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ram Mohan Roy.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ram Mohan Roy
Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)
Social, Political, Economic, and Educational Ideas of Raja Rammohun Roy
Biography (Brahmo Samaj)
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text:
One pound (British coin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"£1" redirects here. For other uses, see List of £1.
One pound
United Kingdom
Value
1 pound sterling
Mass
8.75 g
Diameter
23.03-23.43 mm
Thickness
2.8 mm
Edge
Alternately milled and plain
Composition
(Outer ring)
Nickel-brass
(76% Cu, 20% Zn, and 4% Ni)
(Inner planchet)
Nickel-plated alloy
Obverse
Design
Queen Elizabeth II
Designer
Jody Clark
Design date
2016
Reverse
Design
Rose, leek, thistle, and shamrock encircled by a coronet
Designer
David Pearce
Design date
2016
The British one pound (£1) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling. Its obverse bears the Latin engraving ELIZABETH II D G REG “Dei Gratia Regina” meaning, “Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen” and F D meaning Fidei defensor,[1] Defender of the Faith.[2] It has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the original coin's introduction on 21 April 1983.[3] Four different portraits of the Queen have been used, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The design on the reverse side of the current, 12-sided coin features four emblems to represent each of the nations of the United Kingdom – the English rose, the leek for Wales, the Scottish thistle, and the shamrock for Northern Ireland – emerging from a single stem within a crown.
The original, round £1 coin replaced the Bank of England £1 note, which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988, though still redeemable at the Bank's offices, like all English banknotes. One-pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the pound coin is much more widely used. A new, dodecagonal (12-sided) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 [4] and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017. After that date, the older coin could only be redeemed at banks,[5] although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time.[6] The original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man.[7]
The main purpose of redesigning the coin was to combat counterfeiting. As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,553 million of the original nickel-brass coins in circulation,[8] of which the Royal Mint estimated in 2014 that just over 3% were counterfeit.[9][10] The new coin, in contrast, is bimetallic like the current £2 coin, and features an undisclosed hidden security feature called 'iSIS' (Integrated Secure Identification Systems).[11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Mintage figures
2.1 Round coin
2.2 12-sided coin
3 Counterfeiting
4 Other pound coins in circulation
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Design[edit]
Original round pound coin with Dent's 2008 reverse design
To date, four different portraits of Elizabeth II have appeared on the obverse. For the first three of these, the inscription was ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. 2013,[13] where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting. The fourth design, unveiled in March 2015,[14] expanded the inscription slightly to ELIZABETH II DEI.GRA.REG.FID.DEF. 2015. The 12-sided design, introduced in March 2017, reverted to D.G.REG.F.D.
In summary:
In 1983 and 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse,[15] in which the Queen wears the 'Girls of Great Britain and Ireland' Tiara.
Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used,[15] in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem.
Between 1998 and 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank-Broadley was used,[15] again featuring the tiara, with a signature-mark IRB below the portrait.
In 2015 the portrait by Jody Clark was introduced,[16] in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem,[17] with a signature-mark JC below the portrait.
In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin.[18] The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008.[19] The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the £1 coin. The coin's obverse remained unchanged.
The design of the reverse of the original coin was changed each year from 1983 to 2008 to show, in turn, an emblem representing the UK, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and England, together with an appropriate edge inscription. This edge inscription could frequently be "upside-down" (when obverse is facing upward).[20] From 2008, national-based designs were still minted, but alongside the new standard version and no longer in strict rotation. The inscription ONE POUND appeared on all reverse designs.
In common with non-commemorative £2 coins, the round £1 coin (except 2004–07 and the 2010–11 'capital cities' designs) had a mint mark: a small crosslet found on the milled edge that represents Llantrisant in South Wales, where the Royal Mint has been based since 1968.[21]
The reverse of the new 12-sided, bimetallic pound coin, introduced on 28 March 2017,[4] was chosen by a public design competition.[22] The competition to design the reverse of this coin was opened in September 2014.[23] It was won in March 2015 by 15-year-old David Pearce from Walsall, and unveiled by Chancellor George Osborne during his Budget announcement. The design features a rose, leek, thistle and shamrock bound by a crown.[14]
Mintage figures[edit]
Round coin[edit]
Images: Royal Mint
Year
Design
Nation represented
Edge inscription
Translation
Mintage[24]
1983 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 443,053,510
1984 Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 146,256,501
1985 Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 228,430,749
1986 Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 10,409,501
1987 Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 39,298,502
1988 Crown over the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 7,118,825
1989 Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 70,580,501
1990 Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 97,269,302
1991 Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 38,443,575
1992 Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 36,320,487
1993 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 114,744,500
1994 Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 29,752,525
1995 Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 34,503,501
1996 Celtic cross, Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 89,886,000
1997 Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,117,450
1998 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated
1999 Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity not circulated
2000 Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 109,496,500
2001 Celtic cross, Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 63,968,065
2002 Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 77,818,000
2003 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 61,596,500
2004 Forth Railway Bridge surrounded by railway tracks Scotland An incuse decorative feature symbolising bridges and pathways N/A 39,162,000
2005 Menai Suspension Bridge surrounded by railing and stanchions Wales 99,429,500
2006 Egyptian Arch Railway Bridge surrounded by railway station canopy dags Northern Ireland 38,938,000
2007 Gateshead Millennium Bridge surrounded by struts England 26,180,160
2008 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 3,910,000
2008 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 43,827,300
2009 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 27,625,600
2010 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,120,000
2010 Coat of arms of the City of London England DOMINE DIRIGE NOS Lord, guide us 2,635,000
2010 Coat of arms of Belfast Northern Ireland PRO TANTO QUID RETRIBUAMUS For so much, what shall we give in return? 6,205,000
2011 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 25,415,000
2011 Coat of arms of Cardiff Wales Y DDRAIG GOCH DDYRY CYCHWYN The red dragon will give the lead 1,615,000
2011 Coat of arms of Edinburgh Scotland NISI DOMINUS FRUSTRA In vain without the Lord 400,000
2012 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 35,700,030
2013 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 13,090,500
2013 Oak and rose England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,270,000
2013 Leek and daffodil Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 5,270,000
2014 Shamrock and flax plant[25] Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,780,000
2014 Thistle and bluebell[25] Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 900,000
2014 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 79,305,200
2015 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms (4th portrait)[26] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 29,580,000
2015 The Royal Coat of Arms (5th portrait)[27] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 131,250,000[27]
2016 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms (5th portrait)[28][29] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 30,000 (only in BU sets)
2016 Four heraldic beasts[30] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated
All years except 1998 and 1999 have been issued into circulation, although the number issued has varied enormously – 1983, 1984 and 1985 in particular had large mintages to facilitate the changeover from paper notes, while some years such as 1988 are only rarely seen (although 1988 is more noticeable as it has a unique reverse). Production since 1997 has been reduced, thanks to the introduction of the circulating two pound coin.
The final round coins minted for 2016 did not enter circulation, as they were only available through commemorative sets.[31] These were the shield from the Royal Coat of Arms by Matthew Dent, and a design by Gregory Cameron, Bishop of St Asaph, of four heraldic beasts.[30][32]
12-sided coin[edit]
Year
Design
Nation represented
Mintage[24]
2016 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom 300,000,000 (initial launch in March 2017)[33]
2017 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom TBA
2018 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom TBA
Counterfeiting[edit]
Royal Mint surveys estimate the proportion of counterfeit £1 coins in circulation. This was estimated at 3.04% in 2013, a rise from 2.74%.[9][10] The figure previously announced in 2012 was 2.86%, following the prolonged rise from 0.92% in 2002–2003 to 0.98% in 2004, 1.26% in 2005, 1.69% in 2006, 2.06% in 2007, 2.58% in 2008, 2.65% in 2009, 3.07% in 2010 and 3.09% in 2011.[34][35] Figures have generally been reported in the following year; in 2008 (as reported in 2009), the highest levels of counterfeits were in Northern Ireland (3.6%) and the South East and London (2.97%), with the lowest being in Northwest England.[36][37][38] Coin testing companies estimated in 2009 that the actual figure was about twice the Mint's estimate, suggesting that the Mint was underplaying the figures so as not to undermine confidence in the coin.[39] It is illegal to pass on counterfeit currency knowingly; the official advice is to hand it in, with details of where received, to the police, who will retain it and investigate.[40][41] One article suggested "given that fake coins are worthless, you will almost certainly be better off not even looking".[39] The recipient has recourse against the supplier, as in any such case.
Counterfeits are put into circulation by dishonest people, then circulated inadvertently by others who are unaware; in many cases banks do not check, and circulate counterfeits. A 2011 BBC television programme withdrew 1,000 £1 coins from each of five major banks and found that each batch contained between 32 and 38 counterfeits; the Mint estimated that about 31 per 1,000 £1 coins were counterfeit.[40] Some of the counterfeits were found by automated machinery, others could be detected only by expert visual inspection.
In July 2010, following speculation that the Royal Mint would have to consider replacing £1 coins with a new design because of the fakes, bookmakers Paddy Power offered odds of 6/4 (bet £4 to win £6, plus the £4 stake back; decimal odds of 2.5), that the £1 coin would be removed from circulation.[37][42]
Real and fake pound coin, showing poor-quality edge inscription and milling
Some counterfeits are of poor quality, with obviously visible differences (less sharply defined, lacking intricate details, edge milling and markings visibly wrong). Many better counterfeits can be detected by comparing the orientation of the obverse and reverse—they always match in genuine coins, but very often not in counterfeits.[40][41] The design on the reverse must be correct for the stamped year (e.g., a 1996 coin should have a Celtic cross).[43] It is difficult to manufacture coins with properly-produced edges; the milling (grooves) may be incomplete or poor and the inscription (often "DECUS ET TUTAMEN") may be poorly produced and sometimes in the wrong typeface.[40] A shiny coin with less wear than its date suggests is also suspect, although it may be a genuine coin that has rarely been used.[41]
Counterfeit coins are made by different processes including casting, stamping, electrotyping, and copying with a pantograph or spark erosion.[44] In a 2009 survey, 99% of fake £1 coins found in cash centres were made of a nickel-brass, of which three fifths contained some lead and a fifth were of a very similar alloy to that used by the Royal Mint. The remaining 1% were made of simple copper-zinc brass, or lead or tin, or both.[45] Those made of lead or tin may have a gold-coloured coating; counterfeits made of acrylic plastic containing metal powder to increase weight have occasionally been found.[44]
The final "round coins" were minted in December 2015; the replacement, a new 12-sided design, was introduced in 2017.[46] The coin has a 12-edged shape, similar to the pre-decimal brass threepence coin; it has roughly the same size as the previous £1 coin, and is bi-metallic like the current £2 coin. The new design is intended to make counterfeiting more difficult, and also has an undisclosed hidden security feature called "iSIS" (Integrated Secure Identification Systems).[22][47]
Current two-pound coins are made from two metals of different colour, and are much harder to counterfeit; counterfeited coins are often easily seen to be the wrong colour.
Other pound coins in circulation[edit]
Also legally circulating but not legal tender in the UK are some £1 coins of British Crown Dependencies, Gibraltar and UK South Atlantic Overseas Territories, being of the same size and composition as their UK equivalent and mostly bearing the same portraits of the UK monarch (as with most other coins of the same territories).[48][49]
Further reading[edit]
In an April 1993 The New Yorker article "Real Britannia", Julian Barnes describes the meetings to choose the 1994–1997 reverse designs.[50] This is reprinted in his book Letters from London as "Britannia's New Bra Size".
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Banknotes of the pound sterling
Coin counterfeiting
Coins of the pound sterling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "No. 39873". The London Gazette (11th supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 3023. Proclamation of 28 May 1953 made in accordance with the Royal Titles Act 1953.
Jump up ^ "Project Britain-British Coins". 2013. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
Jump up ^ "One Pound Coin". Royal Mint. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "New 12-sided pound coin to enter circulation in March". BBC News. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Giedroyc, Richard (23 May 2017). "'Most secure coin in world' launched". numismaticsnews.net. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Race on to spend old £1 coins as deadline looms". BBC News. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Manx round pound coins to remain 'legal tender'". BBC News. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mintage Figures". Royal Mint. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "£1 Counterfeit Coins". royalmint.com. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "How can I spot a fake £1 coin?". London: The Telegraph. 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "New pound coin: Firms told to prepare for redesign". BBC News. 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Specification of the £1 coin: a technical consultation" (PDF). HM Treasury. September 2014.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Tony. "Decimal Coins of the UK – Bronze". tclayton.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Katie (17 March 2015). "New 12-sided pound coin to be unveiled ahead of budget announcement". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "1p Coin". British Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint unveils new coinage portrait of the Queen". BBC News. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The reveal of the Queen's fifth coin portrait". Royal Mint. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint seeks new coin designs", BBC News, 17 August 2005
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint unveils new UK coins" Archived 18 January 2010 at WebCite, dofonline.co.uk, 2 April 2008
Jump up ^ Royal Mint. "Why does the edge inscription on the £2 and £1 coins sometimes appear "upside down"?". Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of the Royal Mint". 24carat.co.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The New One Pound Coin". royalmint.com. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ New One Pound Coin Royal Mint
^ Jump up to: a b "Decimal coins issued £2 – 20p". The Royal Mint Limited. 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "New coin designs for 2014 unveiled by The Royal Mint". BBC News. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £2 - 20p". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £2 - 20p". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ "2016 One Pound | Check Your Change". www.checkyourchange.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "2013 Dated UK Collector Coin Sales". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Last Round Pound 2016 United Kingdom £1 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
Jump up ^ "2016 One Pound". www.checkyourchange.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Powell, Anna (16 May 2016). "Behind the design: the last 'round pound'". The Royal Mint blog. The Royal Mint. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony, Sebastian (28 March 2017). "New "impossible" to fake £1 coin enters circulation today". Ars Technica. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Clive Kahn (17 December 2012). "43.5 Million Fake Pound Coins in Circulation". BusinessReport.
Jump up ^ [1] HM Treasury FOI response relating to a period 2008–2009. hm-treasury.gov.uk(PDF)
Jump up ^ Josie Ensor (1 April 2012). "Three pound coins in every 100 are fake". London: The Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosie Murray-West and Harry Wallop (27 July 2010). "Record number of fake £1 coins could force reissue". London: The Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Chris Irvine (29 January 2009). "One £1 coin in 40 is a fake". London: The Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b Ben Ando (8 April 2009). "Fake £1 coin estimate 'doubled'". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fake Britain, Series 2 episode 1, first broadcast on BBC1 TV on 16 May 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c Hilary Osborne (2 April 2012) How to spot a fake £1 coin Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2016
Jump up ^ Sarah Preece (28 July 2010). "£1 coin under threat". London: Live Odds and Scores.
Jump up ^ [2][3][4] Three blog entries analyzing counterfeits the author has been passed. blog.alism.com
^ Jump up to: a b The types of counterfeit one-pound coins and identifying them. coinauthentication.co.uk. February 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Report on UK £1 counterfeit survey" (PDF). Royal Mint. May 2009.
Jump up ^ Royal Mint Presses Last Batch of Round Pound Coins The Guardian
Jump up ^ Svenja O'Donnell (18 March 2014). "U.K. to Replace 1-Pound Coin With Secure 12-Edged Design". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man?, Royal Mint. Retrieved 24 January 2016
Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories?, Royal Mint. Retrieved 24 January 2016
Jump up ^ "Letter From London: Real Britannia". The New Yorker (paid registration required for the full article).
Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date, Richard Lobel, Coincraft. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2
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