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History of the United States public debt
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Federal debt held by the public as a percentage of gross domestic product, from 1790 to 2013, projected to 2038.
The history of the United States public debt started with federal government debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War by the first U.S treasurer, Michael Hillegas, after its formation in 1789. The United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since then, except for about a year during 1835–1836. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product (GDP). Historically, the United States public debt as a share of GDP has increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined.
The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, and reached a low in 1973 under President Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the terms of presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Public debt rose during the 1980s, as President Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. It fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s boom. Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases.
Contents
1 Early history
1.1 1790s
1.2 The assumption issue
1.3 1790s to 1834
1.4 Payment of US national debt
1.5 1836 to 1910
2 World War I and Great Depression
3 After World War II
3.1 2011 credit rating downgrade
4 Changes in debt by political affiliation
5 Causes of recent changes in debt
5.1 2001 vs. 2009
5.2 2001 vs. 2011
5.3 2008 vs. 2009
6 Historical debt levels
6.1 Gross federal debt
6.2 Publicly held debt
7 Federal spending, federal debt and GDP
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Early history[edit]
Alexander Hamilton's First Report on the Public Credit, January 9, 1790
1790s[edit]
Except for about a year during 1835–1836, the United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789. During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, amassed huge war debts, but lacked the power to repay these obligations through taxation or duties on imports.[1][2]
On the founding of the United States, the financial affairs of the new federation were in disarray, exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers.[3] In 1790, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton pushed for Congress to pass a financial plan, called the First Report on the Public Credit,[4] a controversial part of which involved the federal government assuming state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War.[5] Northern states had accumulated a huge amount of debt during the war, amounting to $21.5 million, and wanted the federal government to assume their burden. The Southern states, which had lower or no debts, whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of this debt if the federal government assumed it, were disinclined to accept the proposal. Some states, including Virginia, had already paid off almost half of their debts, and felt that their taxpayers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident, and further argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government. James Madison, then a representative from Virginia, led a group of legislators from the South in blocking the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval. Jefferson supported Madison[6] The plan was finally adopted as part of the Compromise of 1790, as the Funding Act of 1790. The compromise meant that the state debts were all picked up by the federal Treasury, and the permanent national capital would be located in the South, along the Virginia-Maryland border in what became the District of Columbia.
The assumption issue[edit]
Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked. It was the critical issue; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off all the debt that states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution. The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy, thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government. Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports. Jefferson originally approved the scheme, but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government. Edling points out that after its passage in 1790, the assumption was accepted. Madison did try to pay speculators below 100%, but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them. When Jefferson became president he continued the system. The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad, and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party. Good credit allowed Jefferson's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812.[7]
The Southern states extracted a major concession from Hamilton in the recalculation of their debt under the fiscal plan.[8] For example, in the case of Virginia, a zero-sum arrangement was contrived, in which Virginia paid $3.4 million to the federal government, and received exactly that amount in federal compensation.[9] The revision of Virginia’s debt, coupled with Potomac residence issue, ultimately netted it over $13 million.[10] Another result of federal assumption of state debts was to give the federal government much more power by placing the country's most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federal government rather than the state governments. The federal government was able to avoid competing in interest with the States.
The debts of the federal government on January 1, 1791 amounted to $75,463,476.52, of which about $40 million was domestic debt, $12 million was foreign debt, and $18.3 million were state debts assumed by the federal government, of the $21.5 million that had been authorized.[11]
1790s to 1834[edit]
To reduce the debt, from 1796 to 1811 there were 14 budget surpluses and 2 deficits. There was a sharp increase in the debt as a result of the War of 1812. In the 20 years following that war, there were 18 surpluses.
Payment of US national debt[edit]
On January 1, 1835, president Andrew Jackson paid off the entire national debt, the only time in U.S. history that has been accomplished.[12][13]
1836 to 1910[edit]
In 1836 US started to have debt one more time (the debt on January 1, 1836 was $37,000).[14][15]
Another sharp increase in the debt occurred as a result of the Civil War. The debt was just $65 million in 1860, but passed $1 billion in 1863 and reached $2.7 billion by the end of the war. During the following 47 years, there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits. During this period 55% of the national debt was paid off.
World War I and Great Depression[edit]
Debt increased again during World War I (1914–1918), reaching $25.5 billion at its conclusion. Approximately $17 billion in debt was raised through the selling of Liberty Bonds to the general public to finance the U.S.'s military effort. The war was followed by 11 consecutive surpluses that saw the debt reduced by 36% by the end of the 1920s.[16]
Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920 and believed the federal government should be fiscally managed in a way similar to private sector businesses. He had campaigned in 1920 on the slogan, "Less government in business and more business in government."[17] Under Harding, federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922. Over the course of the 1920s, under the leadership of Calvin Coolidge, the national debt was reduced by one third.[18] The decrease was even greater when the growth in GDP and inflation is taken into account.
Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP.[19] During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950.
After World War II[edit]
U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP, from 1940 to 2012.
The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman, as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion. Unlike previous wars, the Korean War (1950–53) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt.[20]
Growth rates in Western countries began to slow in the mid-1960s. Beginning in the mid-1970s and afterwards, U.S. national debt began to increase faster than GDP.[21][22]
The public debt reached a post-World War II low of 24.6% in 1974.[16][23] In that year, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 reformed the budget process to allow Congress to challenge the president's budget more easily, and, as a consequence, deficits became increasingly difficult to control.[24] National debt held by the public increased from its postwar low of 24.6% of GDP in 1974 to 26.2% in 1980.[25]
Debt held by the public relative to GDP rose rapidly again in the 1980s. President Ronald Reagan's economic policies lowered tax rates (Reagan slashed the top income tax rate from 70% to 28%, although bills passed in 1982 and 1984 later partially reversed those tax cuts.)[24][26] and increased military spending, while congressional Democrats blocked cuts to social programs.[22][24][26][24] As a result, debt as a share of GDP increased from 26.2% in 1980 to 40.9% in 1988,[25] and it continued to rise during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, reaching 48.3% of GDP in 1992.[16][27]
US Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II, with presidential terms marked.
Debt held by the public reached a high of 49.5% of GDP at the beginning of President Clinton's first term. However, it fell to 34.5% of GDP by the end of Clinton's presidency due in part to decreased military spending, increased taxes (in 1990, 1993 and 1997), and increased tax revenue resulting from the 1990s boom.[16][23][28][29][30] The budget controls instituted in the 1990s successfully restrained fiscal action by the Congress and the President and together with economic growth contributed to the budget surpluses at the end of the decade.[31] The surpluses led to a decline in the public debt from about 43% of GDP in 1998 to about 33% by 2001.[31]
In the early 21st century, debt held by the public relative to GDP rose again due in part to the Bush tax cuts and increased military spending caused by the wars in the Middle East and a new entitlement Medicare D program. During the presidency of George W. Bush, debt held by the public increased from $3.339 trillion in September 2001 to $6.369 trillion by the end of 2008.[32][33] In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007–08 and related significant revenue declines and spending increases, debt held by the public increased to $11.917 trillion by the end of July 2013, under the presidency of Barack Obama.[32][34]
2011 credit rating downgrade[edit]
Main article: United States federal government credit-rating downgrade, 2011
On August 5, 2011, the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011, the credit rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded the rating of the federal government from AAA to AA+. It was the first time the U.S. had been downgraded since it was originally given a AAA rating on its debt by Moody's in 1917.[35] BBC News reported that Standard & Poor's had "lost confidence" in the ability of the U.S. government to make decisions.[36]
Changes in debt by political affiliation[edit]
Time series of U.S. public debt overlaid with party affiliation of the President. The upper graph shows the U.S. public debt in trillions of dollars while the lower graph shows the U.S. public debt as a percentage of GDP. (Data are from the 2009 U.S. Budget.)
The President proposes a national budget to Congress, which has final say over the document but rarely appropriates more than what the President requests.[37]
Economist Mike Kimel has noted that the former Democratic Presidents (Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, and Harry S. Truman) all reduced public debt as a share of GDP, while the last four Republican Presidents (George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford) all oversaw an increase in the country's indebtedness.[38] Economic historian J. Bradford DeLong, observed a contrast not so much between Republicans and Democrats but between Democrats and "old-style Republicans (Eisenhower and Nixon)" on one hand (decreasing debt) and "new-style Republicans" on the other (increasing debt).[39][40] David Stockman, former director of the Office of Management and Budget, blamed the "ideological tax-cutters" of the Reagan administration for the increase of national debt during the 1980s.[41] Former Treasury official Bruce Bartlett attributed the increase in the national debt since the 1980s to the policy of "starve the beast".[42][43] While noting that George H.W. Bush's budget deal in 1990 was one of the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s, Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s.[44][45]
Causes of recent changes in debt[edit]
Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits; that is, government spending exceeding revenues.
2001 vs. 2009[edit]
Causes of change in Federal spending as % GDP 2001–2009 from CBO Data
According to the Congressional Budget Office, the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001. From fiscal years 2001 to 2009, spending increased by 6.5% of gross domestic product (from 18.2% to 24.7%) while taxes declined by 4.7% of GDP (from 19.5% to 14.8%). Spending increases (expressed as percentage of GDP) were in the following areas: Medicare and Medicaid (1.7%), defense (1.6%), income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps (1.4%), Social Security (0.6%) and all other categories (1.2%). Revenue reductions were individual income taxes (−3.3%), payroll taxes (−0.5%), corporate income taxes (−0.5%) and other (−0.4%).
The 2009 spending level was the highest relative to GDP in 40 years, while the tax receipts were the lowest relative to GDP in 40 years. The next highest spending year was 1985 (22.8%), while the next lowest tax year was 2004 (16.1%).[46]
2001 vs. 2011[edit]
Cause of change between CBO's 2001 projection of a $5.6 trillion surplus between 2002–2012 and the $6.1 trillion debt increase that actually occurred.
In June 2012, the Congressional Budget Office summarized the cause of change between its January 2001 estimate of a $5.6 trillion cumulative surplus between 2002 and 2011 and the actual $6.1 trillion cumulative deficit that occurred, an unfavorable "turnaround" or debt increase of $11.7 trillion. Tax rate cuts and slower-than-expected growth reduced revenues by $6.1 trillion and spending was $5.6 trillion higher. Of this total, the CBO attributes 72% to legislated tax rate cuts and spending increases and 27% to economic and technical factors. Of the latter, 56% occurred from 2009 to 2011.[47][48]
The difference between the projected and actual debt in 2011, the budget office said, could be attributed largely to:
$3.5 trillion – Economic changes (including lower than expected tax revenues and higher safety net spending due to recession)
$1.6 trillion – Bush Tax Cuts (EGTRRA and JGTRRA), primarily tax rate cuts but also some smaller spending increases
$1.5 trillion – Increased non-defense discretionary spending
$1.4 trillion – Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
$1.4 trillion – Incremental interest due to higher debt balances
$0.9 trillion – Obama stimulus and tax cuts (ARRA and Tax Act of 2010)[48]
The U.S. budget situation has deteriorated significantly since 2001, when the CBO forecast average annual surpluses of approximately $850 billion from 2009–2012. The average deficit forecast in each of those years as of June 2009 was approximately $1,215 billion. The New York Times analyzed this roughly $2 trillion "swing", separating the causes into four major categories along with their share:
Recessions or the business cycle (37%);
Policies enacted by President Bush (33%);
Policies enacted by President Bush and supported or extended by President Obama (20%); and
New policies from President Obama (10%).
Several other articles and experts explained the causes of change in the debt position.[49][50][51]
2008 vs. 2009[edit]
In October 2009, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) gave the reasons for the higher budget deficit in 2009 ($1,410 billion, i.e. $1.41 trillion) over that of 2008 ($460 billion). The major changes included: declines in tax receipt of $320 billion due to the effects of the recession and another $100 billion due to tax rate cuts in the stimulus bill (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or ARRA); $245 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and other bailout efforts; $100 billion in additional spending for ARRA; and another $185 billion due to increases in primary budget categories such as Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment insurance, Social Security, and Defense – including the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq. This was the highest budget deficit relative to GDP (9.9%) since 1945.[52] The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009, versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008.[53]
The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending. The four changes were:
Account for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ("overseas military contingencies") in the budget, rather than through supplemental appropriations
Assume the Alternative Minimum Tax is indexed for inflation;
Account for the full costs of Medicare reimbursements
Anticipate inevitable expenditures for natural disaster relief
Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear.[54]
Historical debt levels[edit]
Gross federal debt[edit]
This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, or GDP, each year since World War II.[55] The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7% of GDP at the end of 2012, the most recent figure available; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100% since then. (The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt – that is, money owed by one branch of the federal government to another. When this latter amount is subtracted, the remaining quantity is known as the public debt.)
Congressional session
Years
President
President's party
Debt-to-GDP ratio at start of period
Debt-to-GDP ratio at end of period
Change in debt (in billions of dollars)
Change in debt-to-GDP ratio
(in percentage points)
77–78 1941–1945 Roosevelt Democratic 100% 117.5% +203 +67.1
79–80 1945–1949 Roosevelt, Truman Democratic 117.5% 93.1% -8 -24.4
81–82 1949–1953 Truman Democratic 93.1% 71.4% +13 -21.7
83–84 1953–1957 Eisenhower Republican 71.4% 60.4% +6 -11.0
85–86 1957–1961 Eisenhower Republican 60.4% 55.2% +20 -5.2
87–88 1961–1965 Kennedy, Johnson Democratic 55.2% 46.9% +30 -8.3
89–90 1965–1969 Johnson Democratic 46.9% 38.6% +43 -8.3
91–92 1969–1973 Nixon Republican 38.6% 35.6% +101 -3.0
93–94 1973–1977 Nixon, Ford Republican 35.6% 35.8% +177 +0.2
95–96 1977–1981 Carter Democratic 35.8% 32.5% +288 -3.3
97–98 1981–1985 Reagan Republican 32.5% 43.8% +823 +11.3
99–100 1985–1989 Reagan Republican 43.8% 53.1% +1,050 +9.3
101–102 1989–1993 Bush Sr. Republican 53.1% 66.1% +1,483 +13.0
103–104 1993–1997 Clinton Democratic 66.1% 65.4% +1,018 -0.7
105–106 1997–2001 Clinton Democratic 65.4% 56.4% +401 -9.0
107–108 2001–2005 Bush Republican 56.4% 63.5% +2,135 +7.1
109–110 2005–2009 Bush Republican 63.5% 84.2% +3,971 +20.7
111–112 2009–2013 Obama Democratic 84.2% 102.7% +6,061 +18.5
(Source: CBO Historical Budget Page and Whitehouse FY 2012 Budget – Table 7.1 Federal Debt at the End of Year PDF, Excel, Senate.gov)
Notes:
Some of the debt included in this chart for each presidential administration may include debt added under the next presidential administration.[56]
For net jobs changes over the corresponding periods, see: Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms.
Publicly held debt[edit]
U.S. debt from 1940 to 2011. Red lines indicate the "debt held by the public" and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt. The difference is the intragovernmental debt, which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security. The top panel shows debt deflated to 2010 dollars; the second panel shows debt as a percentage of GDP.
Publicly held debt is the gross debt minus intra-governmental obligations (such as the money that the government owes to the two Social Security Trust Funds, the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program, and the Social Security Disability Insurance program).[57]
Federal spending, federal debt and GDP[edit]
The table below shows annual federal spending, gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years.[58] The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown.
Fiscal year
Federal spending
Federal debt
Gross domestic product
Inflation adjuster[59]
Billions[60]
Adjusted[61]
Change
Billions[62]
Adjusted[63]
Change
Billions[64]
Adjusted[65]
Change
1977 $409 $1,040 $705 $1,795 $1,974 $5,019 0.39
1978 $459 $1,093 5.1% $776 $1,850 3.1% $2,217 $5,285 5.3% 0.42
1979 $504 $1,107 1.3% $829 $1,821 −1.5% $2,501 $5,494 4.0% 0.46
1980 $591 $1,175 6.1% $909 $1,808 −0.8% $2,727 $5,422 −1.3% 0.50
1981 $678 $1,219 3.8% $994 $1,787 −1.1% $3,055 $5,492 1.3% 0.56
1982 $746 $1,252 2.6% $1,137 $1,908 6.8% $3,228 $5,417 −1.4% 0.60
1983 $808 $1,294 3.4% $1,371 $2,195 15.0% $3,441 $5,510 1.7% 0.62
1984 $852 $1,300 0.4% $1,564 $2,386 8.7% $3,840 $5,858 6.3% 0.66
1985 $946 $1,396 7.4% $1,817 $2,680 12.3% $4,142 $6,108 4.3% 0.68
1986 $990 $1,426 2.1% $2,120 $3,052 13.9% $4,412 $6,352 4.0% 0.69
1987 $1,004 $1,406 −1.4% $2,345 $3,283 7.6% $4,647 $6,506 2.4% 0.71
1988 $1,065 $1,447 2.9% $2,601 $3,534 7.7% $5,009 $6,806 4.6% 0.74
1989 $1,144 $1,499 3.6% $2,867 $3,757 6.3% $5,401 $7,077 4.0% 0.76
1990 $1,253 $1,590 6.1% $3,206 $4,067 8.3% $5,735 $7,277 2.8% 0.79
1991 $1,324 $1,610 1.3% $3,598 $4,374 7.5% $5,935 $7,215 −0.8% 0.82
1992 $1,382 $1,624 0.9% $4,001 $4,703 7.5% $6,240 $7,334 1.7% 0.85
1993 $1,410 $1,615 −0.5% $4,351 $4,987 6.0% $6,576 $7,536 2.8% 0.87
1994 $1,462 $1,642 1.7% $4,643 $5,216 4.6% $6,961 $7,820 3.8% 0.89
1995 $1,516 $1,662 1.2% $4,920 $5,395 3.4% $7,326 $8,033 2.7% 0.91
1996 $1,561 $1,673 0.7% $5,181 $5,554 3.0% $7,694 $8,248 2.7% 0.93
1997 $1,601 $1,684 0.7% $5,369 $5,647 1.7% $8,182 $8,606 4.3% 0.95
1998 $1,653 $1,721 2.2% $5,478 $5,704 1.0% $8,628 $8,985 4.4% 0.96
1999 $1,702 $1,746 1.5% $5,605 $5,750 0.8% $9,125 $9,361 4.2% 0.97
2000 $1,789 $1,789 2.5% $5,628 $5,628 −2.1% $9,710 $9,710 3.7% 1.00
2001 $1,863 $1,821 1.8% $5,769 $5,638 0.2% $10,058 $9,829 1.2% 1.02
2002 $2,011 $1,929 6.0% $6,198 $5,945 5.5% $10,377 $9,954 1.3% 1.04
2003 $2,160 $2,018 4.6% $6,760 $6,316 6.2% $10,809 $10,099 1.4% 1.07
2004 $2,293 $2,082 3.2% $7,354 $6,677 5.7% $11,500 $10,441 3.4% 1.10
2005 $2,472 $2,165 4.0% $7,905 $6,923 3.7% $12,238 $10,717 2.6% 1.14
2006 $2,655 $2,249 3.9% $8,451 $7,158 3.4% $13,016 $11,024 2.9% 1.18
2007 $2,730 $2,263 0.6% $8,951 $7,419 3.6% $13,668 $11,329 2.8% 1.21
2008 $2,931 $2,366 4.6% $9,654 $7,793 5.0% $14,312 $11,553 0% 1.24
2009* $3,107 $2,452 3.6% $10,413 $8,218 5.5% $14,097 $11,529 2.6% 1.27
2010* $3,091 $2,392 −2.4% $11,875 $9,247 12.5% $14,508 $11,297 −2.0% 1.29
Note: The values for the years 2009, and 2010 represent estimates from the source material.
See also[edit]
First Report on the Public Credit
United States federal budget
Starve the beast (policy)
United States public debt
United States fiscal cliff
2011 U.S. debt ceiling crisis
Government budget by country
I.O.U.S.A., documentary film by Patrick Creadon
Modern Monetary Theory
Unemployment in the United States
List of U.S. state budgets
Continuing resolution
Appropriations bill (United States)
Deficit reduction in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Staloff, Darren. 2005. Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding. Hill and Wang, New York. ISBN 0-8090-7784-1. p. 69.
Jump up ^ Miller, John C. 1960. The Federalists: 1789–1801. Harper & Row, New York. ISBN 9781577660316. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Hofstadter, Richard. 1948. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. New York: A. A. Knopf. p. 125.
Jump up ^ First Report of the Public Credit, issued on January 9, 1790.
Jump up ^ Stelzer, Irwin (January 10, 2011). "Who Is the Euro Zone's Alexander Hamilton?". Wall Street Journal. Agenda. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ellis 2002, pp. 48–52
Jump up ^ Max M. Edling, "'So immense a power in the affairs of war': Alexander Hamilton and the restoration of public credit." William and Mary Quarterly 64#2 (2007): 287–326. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Staloff, 2005, pp. 96–97
Jump up ^ Ellis, 2000, p. 73
Jump up ^ Staloff, 2005, pp. 96, 313; Ellis, 2000, pp. 73–74
Jump up ^ Trescott, Paul. "Federal-State Financial Relations, 1790–1860". 15: 227–45. JSTOR 2114655.
Jump up ^ Smith, Robert (April 15, 2011). "When the U.S. paid off the entire national debt (and why it didn't last)". Planet Money. NPR. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Our History". Bureau of the Public Debt. November 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bureau of the Public Debt: The 19th Century". Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sharockman, Aaron (January 11, 2010). "PolitiFact: Fla. senator says Jan. 8, 1835, is the only day U.S. has been debt free". Retrieved July 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Historical Data on the Federal Debt". Congressional Budget Office. August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Warren G. Harding US President – 1921–23". Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thomas E. Woods, Jr. (October 8, 2009). "Depression of 1920". Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Paul (April 25, 2010). "Making dollars and sense of the U.S. government debt" (PDF). Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Austin, D. Andrew (April 29, 2008). "CRS Report for Congress" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Heinberg, Richard (August 2011). The End of Growth. ISBN 978-0-86571-695-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, Michael; Story, Louise (27 July 2011). "Q. and A. on the U.S. Debt Ceiling". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Federal Debt Held by the Public as a Share of GDP (1797–2010)" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dennis S. Ippolito. Why Budgets Matter: Budget Policy and American Politics. Penn State Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-271-02260-4. pp. 185–86
^ Jump up to: a b "Congressional Budget Office – Historical Data on the Federal Debt". cbo.gov. 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Sahadi, Jeanne (September 12, 2010). "Taxes: What people forget about Reagan". CNN Money. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Congressional Budget Office – Historical Data on the Federal Debt". cbo.gov. 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ FactCheck.org : The Budget and Deficit Under Clinton
Jump up ^ Kessler, Glenn (January 24, 2012). "Fact checking the NBC Florida debate". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Kessler, Glenn (July 1, 2011). "Barbara Boxer's blatant rewriting of history". The Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Federal Debt: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions: An Upadate – U.S. Government Accountability Office
^ Jump up to: a b United States Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Public Debt (December 2010). "The debt to the penny and who holds it". TreasuryDirect. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CBO Historical Tables – 1970 to 2010" (PDF). Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Democracy in America (July 27, 2011). "There never was a surplus". The Economist. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "S&P, in historical move, downgrades U.S. credit rating". Xinhua. August 6, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'No credible plan to cut US debt'". BBC. August 6, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Louis (Nov–Dec 1990). "Federal Budget Doldrums: The Vacuum in Presidential Leadership". Public Administration Review. 50 (6): 693–700. doi:10.2307/976984. JSTOR 976984.
Jump up ^ Kimel, Mike (December 4, 2007). "The Republican Party and the National Debt". angrybearblog.com. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Brad DeLong (November 20, 2009). "Comparing Debt-to-GDP Ratios with Presidential Terms". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 2010-08-09. contrast between the Democrats and the old-style Republicans (Eisenhower and Nixon) on the one hand and the new-style Republicans on the other is quite striking.
Jump up ^ Brad DeLong (May 1, 2008). "Short-Term Costs of Long-Run Fiscal Stupidity – Grasping Reality with Both Hands". Delong.typepad.com. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Jump up ^ Stockman, David (July 31, 2010). "Four Deformations of the Apocalypse". New York Times. nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Bruce (May 7, 2011). "Tax Cuts And 'Starving The Beast'". Forbes.com. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Bruce (November 26, 2010). "Starve the Beast: Just Bull, not Good Economics". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Bruce (April 9, 2009). "We Need A Party of Fiscal Responsibility". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Bruce (June 25, 2010). "A Budget Deal That Did Reduce the Deficit". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
Jump up ^ "The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2010 to 2020" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Bruce (June 12, 2012). "The Fiscal Legacy of George W. Bush". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Changes in CBO's Baseline Projections Since 2001". Congressional Budget Office. June 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Leonhardt, David (June 9, 2009). "Americas Sea of Red Ink Was Years in the Making". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show (November 3, 2009). "Peter Orszag Interview". Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Great Debt Shift" (PDF). Pew Charitable Trusts. April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "CBO Monthly Budget Review-October 2009" (PDF). October 7, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bureau of the Public Debt/Treasury Direct-Debt changes from September 30, 2008 to September 30, 2009". Treasurydirect.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Calmes, Jackie (February 20, 2009). "Obama Bans Gimmicks, and Deficit Will Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Budget FY2007
Jump up ^ For example, the $862 Billion stimulus of 2009 was passed by Congress under the Obama Administration, but is included in the 2009 debt totals attributed in the chart to George W. Bush.
Jump up ^ Frontline – Ten Trillion and Counting: Defining the Debt
Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009
Jump up ^ Budget FY2009. Addendum: Composite Deflator, p. 26. Divide current dollars by this number to produce value in (constant) FY2000 dollars.
Jump up ^ Budget FY2009. Outlays in current dollars, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Budget FY2009. Outlays in current dollars, p. 26, divided by inflation adjuster.
Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009. Gross Federal Debt in current dollars, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009. Gross Federal Debt in current dollars, p. 127, divided by inflation adjuster.
Jump up ^ Budget FY2009. GDP (gross domestic product) in current dollars, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Budget FY2009. GDP (gross domestic product) in current dollars, p. 194, divided by inflation adjuster.
References[edit]
Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2007.
Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2009.
Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2012.
External links[edit]
United States National Debt Tracker, including interactive historical graphs and relationship to GDP.
Stephen Bloch. "U.S. Federal Deficits and Presidents". home.adelphi.edu. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Brad DeLong (November 20, 2009). "Comparing Debt-to-GDP Ratios with Presidential Terms". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Brad DeLong (May 1, 2008). "Short-Term Costs of Long-Run Fiscal Stupidity – Grasping Reality with Both Hands". Delong.typepad.com. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Scott Willeke (March 2, 2010). "United States Deficit & Debt During Presidents from 1969–2019". Blog.scott.willeke.com. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Steve Stoft. "U.S. National Debt Graph: What the Press Won't Tell You". Zfacts.com. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Leonhardt, David. "Democrats are the real fiscal conservatives". New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_public_debt&oldid=865529556"
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List of Monday Night Football commentators
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Main article: Monday Night Football
The following is a complete list of sportscasters who have served as commentators for Monday Night Football broadcasts on various networks, along with each commentator's period of tenure on the show (beginning years of each season shown, as the NFL season ends in the calendar year after it begins). Game announcers used in #2 games usually come from ESPN and are included for both wild card playoff games (1995–2005 except 2002–2003 season) and secondary regular season games (1987, 1997, 2005–present).
Contents
[hide]
1 Television
1.1 ABC
1.1.1 Play-by-play announcers
1.1.2 Color commentators
1.1.3 Sideline reporters
1.1.4 Studio hosts
1.1.5 Studio analysts
1.1.6 Wild Card Playoffs (No. 2 game)
1.2 ESPN
1.3 ESPN Deportes/ESPN Latin America
2 Radio
2.1 CBS Radio/Westwood One
2.2 Mutual Radio
2.3 NBC Radio
Television[edit]
ABC[edit]
Play-by-play announcers[edit]
Keith Jackson (1970)
Frank Gifford (1971–1985; also when Al Michaels was working postseason baseball 1986–1989)
Al Michaels (1986–2005)
Gary Bender (#2, 1987)
Mike Patrick (#2, 1997 and 2005)
Color commentators[edit]
Howard Cosell (1970–1983)
Don Meredith (1970–1973, 1977–1984)
Fred Williamson (1974 preseason only)
Alex Karras (1974–1976)
Fran Tarkenton (1979–1982)
O. J. Simpson (1983–1985)
Joe Namath (1985)
Frank Gifford (1986–1997)
Dan Dierdorf (1987–1998)
Lynn Swann (#2, 1987)
Joe Theismann (#2, 1997 and 2005)
Dan Fouts (2000–2001)
Boomer Esiason (1998–1999)
Dennis Miller (2000–2001)
John Madden (2002–2005)
Paul Maguire (#2, 2005)
Sideline reporters[edit]
Lynn Swann (1994–1997, Super Bowls)
Ron Jaworski (#2, 1997)
Lesley Visser (sideline reporter, 1998–1999 and during Wild Card playoffs and Super Bowl XXXIV)
Eric Dickerson (2000–2001)
Melissa Stark (2000–2002)
Lisa Guerrero (2003)
Michele Tafoya (2004–2005)
Sam Ryan (2005)
Suzy Kolber (#2, 2005; Super Bowl XL)
Studio hosts[edit]
Jim Lampley (halftime and Super Bowl XIX co-host)
Al Michaels (Super Bowl XIX co-host)
Keith Jackson (Super Bowl XXII host)
Frank Gifford (1998)
Chris Berman (halftime host, 1996–1997 and during Wild Card playoffs and Super Bowls)
Brent Musburger (studio host, 1990–1995)
Robin Roberts (playoffs and Hurricane Katrina telethon co-host, 2005)
Studio analysts[edit]
Dick Vermeil (playoffs and Super Bowl, 1990–1995)
Joe Theismann (Super Bowl XIX)
Peter King (1995)
Steve Young (playoffs and Super Bowl)
Brian Billick (playoffs and Super Bowl)
Michael Strahan (playoffs and Super Bowl)
Wild Card Playoffs (No. 2 game)[edit]
Brent Musburger (play-by-play, 1990–1995 and 2002)
Mike Patrick (play-by-play, 1996–2001 and 2003–2005)
Dick Vermeil (color commentator, 1990–1995)
Joe Theismann (color commentator, 1996–2001 and 2003–2005)
Paul Maguire (color commentator, 1998–2001 and 2003–2005)
Gary Danielson (color commentator, 2002)
ESPN[edit]
Chris Berman (#2 play-by-play, 2012–2016)
Bonnie Bernstein (#2 sideline reporter, 2006–2007)
Lindsay Czarniak (#2 sideline reporter, 2014–2016)
Trent Dilfer (#2 color commentator, 2010–2015)
Mike Ditka (#2 color commentator, 2007–2008)
Mike Greenberg (#2 play-by-play, 2007–2009)
Mike Golic (#2 color commentator, 2007–2009)
Jon Gruden (color commentator, 2009–2017)
Ron Jaworski (color commentator, 2007–2011; #2 color commentator, 2006)
Suzy Kolber (sideline reporter, 2006–2011 (as fill-in only 2011))
Tony Kornheiser (color commentator, 2006–2008)
Sean McDonough (play-by-play, 2016–present)
Beth Mowins (#2 play-by-play, 2017-present)
Brad Nessler (#2 play-by-play, 2006, 2010–2011)
Rachel Nichols (sideline reporter, 2011–2012; #2)
Wendi Nix (sideline reporter, 2011) (Week 1, 4)
Sal Paolantonio (sideline reporter, 2011, 2013; #2)
Rex Ryan (#2 color commentator 2017-present)
Lisa Salters (sideline reporter, 2012–present)
Michele Tafoya (sideline reporter, 2006–2010)
Joe Theismann (color commentator, 2006)
Mike Tirico (play-by-play, 2006–2015)
Dick Vermeil (#2 color commentator, 2006)
Ed Werder (sideline reporter, 2011) (Week 3)
Steve Young (#2 color commentator, 2009, 2016)
Sergio Dipp (sideline reporter, 2017) (Week 1)
ESPN Deportes/ESPN Latin America[edit]
Álvaro Martín (play-by-play, 2006–present)
Raul Allegre (color commentator, 2006–present)
Eduardo Varela (#2 play-by-play, 2006–present)
Ciro Procuna (#3 play-by-play, 2006)
Sergio Dipp (sideline reporter, 2013–present)
Radio[edit]
CBS Radio/Westwood One[edit]
Main article: NFL on Westwood One Sports
Marv Albert (play-by-play, 2002–2009)
Bonnie Bernstein (sideline reporter, 2001–2005)
Jack Buck (play-by-play, 1978–1984, 1987–1995)
Randy Cross (backup color commentator, 2010)
Howard David (play-by-play, 1996–2001)
John Dockery (sideline reporter, 1999–2007)
Boomer Esiason (color commentator, 2000–present)
Dan Fouts (backup color commentator, 2011–2013)
Jim Gray (studio host, 2001–present)
Kevin Harlan (backup play-by-play, 2009; play-by-play, 2010–present)
Matt Millen (color commentator, 1996–2000)
Warren Moon (backup color commentator, 2009)
Hank Stram (color commentator, 1978–1984, 1987–1995)
Lesley Visser (color commentator, 2001)
Kurt Warner (backup color commentator, 2014–present)
Mutual Radio[edit]
Lindsey Nelson (play-by-play, 1974–1977)
Van Patrick (play-by-play, 1972–1973)
NBC Radio[edit]
Main article: NFL on NBC Radio
Don Criqui (play-by-play, 1985–1986)
Bob Trumpy (color commentator, 1985–1986)
[show]
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ESPN Monday Night Football
Related programs
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Commentators
Sean McDonough Play-by-play
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Former commentators
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Suzy Kolber
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Michele Tafoya
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Lore televised by ESPN
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Music
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Songs
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Yearly results
Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
1970–1989
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[show]
v
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Monday Night Football team
Primary
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Charles Woodson
Contributors
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Game Coverage
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Former Key figures
Al Michaels
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Monday Night Football
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1953
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1953
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1955
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1955
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1955
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1954
Commentators
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Postseason commentators
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Super Bowl
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"Body Bag Game"
Death of John Lennon
Brett Favre wins one for his father
"Monday Night Miracle"
Montana outduels Elway
"Snowball Game"
Joe Theismann's career-ending sack
"The Night That Courage Wore Orange"
World Bowl '91
Postseason lore
"Music City Miracle"
"One Yard Short"
"Wide Right"
Music
Charles Fox
Edd Kalehoff
Johnny Pearson
Hank Williams, Jr.
Songs
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night"
"Heavy Action"
"The Party's Over"
NFL Championship
1948
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Super Bowl
XIX (1984)
XXII (1987)
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XXXIV (1999)
XXXVII (2002)
XL (2005)
Pro Bowl
1975
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1982
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1984
1985
1986
1987
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1996
1997
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2001
2002
2003
2018
AFL Championship
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
Results and standings
Yearly results
Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
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2010–present
[show]
v
t
e
NFL on NBC Radio
Related programs
Monday Night Football
NBC NFL Sunday
NFL on NBC
Related articles
NBC Radio Network
NBC Sports Radio
History of Monday Night Football
Monday Night Football results (1970–89)
NFL on Thanksgiving Day
Commentators
Monday Night Football
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Pro Bowl
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NFC playoffs commentators
NFC Championship Game
World championship commentators
NFL Championship Game
Super Bowl
Key figures
Play-by-play men
Ken Coleman
Don Criqui
Tom Davis
Jim Gibbons
Marty Glickman
Charlie Jones
Joe McConnell
Mel Proctor
Jay Randolph
Jim Simpson
Color commentators
John Brodie
Al DeRogatis
George Ratterman
Kyle Rote
Dave Rowe
Pat Summerall
Stan White
Studio hosts
Chris Carlin
Bob Costas
Scott Graham
Al Trautwig
Studio analysts
Jerome Bettis
Cris Collinsworth
NFL Championship
1962
1963
Super Bowl
I
III
V
VII
IX
XI
XX
XXI
Pro Bowl
1986
1987
Website: Official website - NBC Sports Radio
[show]
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Lists of National Football League broadcasters
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Monday_Night_Football_commentators&oldid=819047167"
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List of the busiest airports in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
These are lists of the busiest airports in the United States, based on various ranking criteria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Busiest US airports by total passenger boardings
2 45 busiest US airports by total passenger traffic (2015)
3 20 busiest US airports by international passenger traffic (2016)
4 10 busiest airports in the US by total cargo throughput (2015)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Busiest US airports by total passenger boardings[edit]
The FAA uses passenger boarding for a full calendar year to determine Airport Improvement Program (AIP) entitlements.[1]
The term hub is used by the FAA to identify very busy commercial service airports. For instance, large hubs are those airports that each account for at least one percent of total U.S. passenger enplanements. Medium hubs are defined as airports that each account for between 0.25 percent and one percent of the total passenger enplanements. According to preliminary FAA data, in 2014 there were 30 large hubs and 30 medium hubs.
Rank
(2016)
Airports (large hubs)
IATA
Code
Major city served
State
2017
2016[2]
2015[3]
2014[4]
2013[5]
2012[6]
2011[7]
2010[8]
2009[9]
2008[9]
2007[10]
2006[11]
2005[12]
1 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport ATL Atlanta GA 51,916,451 50,476,272 49,340,732 46,604,273 45,308,407 45,798,809 44,414,121 43,130,585 42,280,868 43,236,665 43,236,665 41,352,038 42,402,653
2 Los Angeles International Airport LAX Los Angeles CA 42,459,545 39,635,691 36,351,226 34,314,197 32,425,892 31,326,268 30,528,737 28,857,755 27,439,897 28,861,477 30,113,985 29,357,327 29,372,272
3 O'Hare International Airport ORD Chicago IL 37,499,201 36,305,668 33,686,811 32,317,835 32,171,743 31,892,301 32,171,831 31,135,732 33,683,991 36,521,585 36,825,097 36,720,005
4 Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport DFW Dallas/Fort Worth TX 33,528,927 31,274,875 31,589,832 30,766,940 29,038,128 28,022,877 27,518,358 27,100,656 26,663,984 27,219,985 28,482,417 28,627,749 28,079,147
5 John F. Kennedy International Airport JFK New York NY 29,224,554 27,717,503 26,244,928 25,036,358 24,520,943 23,664,830 22,934,047 22,710,272 23,620,948 23,401,351 21,071,501 20,260,359
6 Denver International Airport DEN Denver CO 30,714,011 28,246,269 26,280,043 26,000,591 25,496,885 25,799,832 25,667,499 25,241,962 24,013,669 24,287,939 20,796,173 20,591,909 20,315,544
7 San Francisco International Airport SFO San Francisco CA 27,862,429 25,706,994 24,190,549 22,756,008 21,704,626 21,284,224 20,038,679 19,359,003 18,467,908 18,135,827 17,280,328 16,236,592 16,070,133
8 McCarran International Airport LAS Las Vegas NV 24,248,814 22,665,289 21,824,231 20,551,016 19,946,179 19,941,173 19,854,759 18,996,738 19,445,952 21,024,443 22,537,950 22,028,521 21,402,676
9 Charlotte Douglas International Airport CLT Charlotte NC 21,955,996 21,913,156 21,542,277 21,346,601 20,032,426 19,022,535 18,629,181 18,165,476 19,291,428 16,884,780 14,949,568 14,109,608
10 Seattle–Tacoma International Airport SEA Seattle/Tacoma WA 23,518,824 22,940,997 21,231,781 18,781,489 17,450,425 16,625,787 16,425,732 15,406,243 15,273,092 15,839,504 15,419,116 14,703,928 14,359,530
11 Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport PHX Phoenix AZ 22,016,714 20,896,229 21,351,445 20,344,867 19,525,109 19,556,189 19,750,306 18,907,171 18,559,647 19,450,576 20,767,144 20,479,291 19,032,196
12 Miami International Airport MIA Miami FL 21,747,189 20,796,994 20,986,341 19,468,523 19,420,089 18,987,488 18,342,158 17,017,654 16,187,768 16,377,488 16,194,162 15,664,791 15,092,763
13 Orlando International Airport MCO Orlando FL 22,215,929 20,283,479 18,759,938 17,278,608 16,884,524 17,159,425 17,250,415 17,017,491 16,371,016 17,288,480 17,614,679 16,807,856 16,592,133
14 George Bush Intercontinental Airport IAH Houston TX 20,367,204 20,839,251 20,595,874 19,772,054 18,952,840 19,038,958 19,306,660 19,528,631 19,290,239 20,030,898 24,117,623 22,822,111 20,799,886
15 Newark Liberty International Airport EWR Newark NJ 19,834,792 18,684,765 17,680,826 17,546,506 17,035,098 16,814,092 16,571,754 16,659,441 17,599,578 18,163,652 17,804,107 16,444,959
16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport MSP Minneapolis/St. Paul MN 19,002,544 18,109,982 17,634,252 16,972,678 16,280,835 15,943,751 15,895,653 15,512,487 15,551,206 16,369,324 16,962,563 17,192,410 17,971,771
17 Logan International Airport BOS Boston MA 17,749,202 16,290,323 15,425,869 14,810,153 14,293,675 14,171,476 13,561,814 12,566,797 12,820,489 13,783,297 13,544,552 13,214,923
18 Detroit Metropolitan Airport DTW Detroit MI 16,826,287 16,255,507 15,775,941 15,683,523 15,599,877 15,716,865 15,643,890 15,211,402 16,998,174 17,495,135 17,483,468 17,580,363
19 Philadelphia International Airport PHL Philadelphia PA 14,760,585 14,521,408 15,101,318 14,747,112 14,727,945 14,587,631 14,883,180 14,951,254 15,002,961 15,586,852 15,656,653 15,390,848 15,376,569
20 LaGuardia Airport LGA New York NY 14,706,123 14,319,924 13,415,797 13,372,269 12,818,717 11,989,227 12,001,501 11,084,300 11,567,586 12,529,890 12,925,697 13,014,314
21 Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport FLL Fort Lauderdale FL 16,216,686 14,263,202 13,061,607 11,987,607 11,538,140 11,445,101 11,332,466 10,829,810 10,258,118 11,020,091 11,079,250 10,204,579 10,729,468
22 Baltimore–Washington International Airport BWI Baltimore/Washington, D.C. MD 13,214,185 12,340,183 11,738,828 11,022,200 11,132,731 11,183,965 11,067,317 10,848,633 10,338,950 10,215,225 10,487,789 10,297,607 9,829,432
23 Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport DCA Washington, D.C. VA 11,966,354 11,372,460 11,242,375 10,057,794 9,838,034 9,462,206 9,053,004 8,736,804 8,490,288 8,704,466 9,038,174 8,973,410 8,623,907
24 Salt Lake City International Airport SLC Salt Lake City UT 12,098,835 11,141,970 10,634,519 10,139,065 9,668,048 9,579,836 9,701,756 9,910,493 9,903,821 9,993,198 10,560,906 10,289,129 10,601,918
25 Midway International Airport MDW Chicago IL 11,044,353 10,830,783 10,318,311 9,915,646 9,431,796 9,134,576 8,518,957 8,253,620 8,021,383 9,132,836 8,915,292 8,383,698
26 Washington Dulles International Airport IAD Washington, D.C. VA 11,407,107 10,596,883 10,363,918 10,415,948 10,570,993 10,785,683 11,043,829 11,276,481 11,132,098 11,348,775 11,789,441 11,045,217 13,032,502
27 San Diego International Airport SAN San Diego CA 11,107,078 10,340,164 9,985,739 9,333,152 8,878,772 8,686,592 8,465,683 8,430,509 8,453,854 9,007,617 9,138,116 8,724,442 8,628,648
28 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport HNL Honolulu HI 9,656,340 9,479,083 9,463,000 9,466,995 9,210,270 8,643,494 8,740,077 8,739,389 9,013,440 10,393,929 9,855,838 9,784,404
29 Tampa International Airport TPA Tampa FL 9,830,583 9,194,576 9,150,414 8,531,561 8,267,752 8,216,153 8,174,194 8,137,222 8,263,294 8,871,917 9,306,036 9,187,865 9,297,643
30 Portland International Airport PDX Portland OR 9,538,472 9,071,154 8,340,234 7,878,760 7,452,603 7,142,620 6,808,486 6,582,227 6,430,119 7,090,526 7,281,057 6,956,712 6,798,976
Rank
(2016)
Airports (Medium Hubs)
IATA
Code
City Served
State
2017
2016
2015[2]
2014[1]
31 Dallas Love Field DAL Dallas TX 7,876,769 7,554,596 7,040,921 4,522,341
32 St. Louis Lambert International Airport STL St. Louis MO 7,372,805 6,988,151 6,239,231 6,108,758
33 Nashville International Airport BNA Nashville TN 7,015,119 6,338,517 5,708,852 5,396,958
34 William P. Hobby Airport HOU Houston TX 6,741,870 6,285,181 5,937,944 5,800,726
35 Austin-Bergstrom International Airport AUS Austin TX 6,973,115 6,095,545 5,797,547 5,219,982
36 Oakland International Airport OAK Oakland CA 6,530,308 5,934,639 5,506,672 5,069,257
37 Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport MSY New Orleans LA 6,005,527 5,569,705 5,329,696 4,870,569
38 Raleigh-Durham International Airport RDU Raleigh/Durham NC 5,851,004 5,401,714 4,954,717 4,673,869
39 Kansas City International Airport MCI Kansas City MO 5,744,918 5,391,557 5,135,127 4,982,722
40 Norman Y. Mineta San José International Airport SJC San Jose CA 6,225,148 5,377,433 4,885,690 4,621,003
41 John Wayne Airport SNA Santa Ana CA 5,195,047 5,243,852 4,945,175 4,584,147
42 Sacramento International Airport SMF Sacramento CA 5,460,526 5,066,042 4,816,440 4,384,616
43 Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport SJU San Juan PR 4,395,635 4,218,785 4,150,828
44 San Antonio International Airport SAT San Antonio TX 4,521,611 4,309,761 4,091,389 4,046,856
45 Southwest Florida International Airport RSW Fort Myers FL 4,461,304 4,277,214 4,159,212 3,942,387
46 Indianapolis International Airport IND Indianapolis IN 4,376,432 4,239,828 3,889,567 3,605,908
47 Cleveland Hopkins International Airport CLE Cleveland OH 4,120,014 3,916,914 3,686,315
48 Pittsburgh International Airport PIT Pittsburgh PA 4,030,996 3,890,677 3,827,860
49 John Glenn Columbus International Airport CMH Columbus OH 3,765,007 3,620,419 3,312,496 3,115,501
50 General Mitchell International Airport MKE Milwaukee WI 3,121,910 3,401,595 3,229,876 3,228,607
51 Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport CVG Cincinnati/Covington OH/KY 3,926,158 3,384,196 3,036,697 2,874,684
52 Kahului Airport OGG Kahului HI 3,347,342 3,220,753 3,019,338
53 Palm Beach International Airport PBI West Palm Beach FL 3,166,532 3,135,027 3,113,485 2,926,242
54 Bradley International Airport BDL Hartford CT 3,214,976 3,025,166 2,926,047 2,913,380
55 Jacksonville International Airport JAX Jacksonville FL 2,799,363 2,716,465 2,589,198
56 Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport ANC Anchorage AK 2,553,353 2,525,876 2,381,826
57 Albuquerque International Sunport ABQ Albuquerque NM 2,483,861 2,398,030 2,323,850 2,354,184
58 Buffalo Niagara International Airport BUF Buffalo NY 2,324,599 2,331,545 2,378,469
59 Eppley Airfield OMA Omaha NE 2,303,223 2,171,520 2,046,155 2,020,354
60 Hollywood Burbank Airport BUR Burbank CA 2,365,361 2,069,853 1,972,531 1,931,948
45 busiest US airports by total passenger traffic (2015)[edit]
Listed according to data compiled by Airports Council International North America, and ranked according to total passengers during 2015.[13]
This list has the same 99 airports as the FAA list, but the order is slightly different. The FAA ranks by passengers boarding. ACI ranks by sum of boarding, disembarking, and flying through without leaving airplane. The statistics are slightly more than twice as high.
Rank
Airport name
Location
IATA
Code
Traffic
Aircraft
Passengers
% chg.
2014/15
Movements
% chg.
2014/15
1 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta, Georgia ATL 101,491,106 05.5 882,497 01.6
2 Chicago O'Hare International Airport Chicago, Illinois ORD 76,949,504 09.8 875,136 00.8
3 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California LAX 74,937,004 06.0 655,564 03.0
4 Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas DFW 64,074,762 00.3 681,261 00.2
5 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York, New York JFK 56,827,154 06.8 438,897 03.7
6 Denver International Airport Denver, Colorado DEN 54,014,502 01.0 541,213 04.3
7 San Francisco International Airport San Francisco, California SFO 50,057,887 06.2 429,815 00.4
8 McCarran International Airport Las Vegas, Nevada LAS 45,443,900 05.8 530,330 01.5
9 Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina CLT 44,876,627 01.3 543,944 00.2
10 Miami International Airport Miami, Florida MIA 44,350,247 08.3 412,915 02.5
11 Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix, Arizona PHX 44,003,840 04.5 440,411 02.3
12 George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston, Texas IAH 43,023,224 04.3 502,844 01.2
13 Seattle–Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington SEA 42,340,537 012.9 381,408 012
14 Orlando International Airport Orlando, Florida MCO 38,727,749 08.4 308,169 06.1
15 Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey EWR 37,494,704 05.3 415,534 05.1
16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota MSP 36,582,854 04.1 404,612 01.9
17 Logan International Airport Boston, Massachusetts BOS 33,515,905 05.9 372,930 02.5
18 Detroit Metropolitan Airport Romulus, Michigan DTW 33,440,112 02.8 379,376 03.4
19 Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PHL 31,444,403 02.3 411,368 01.9
20 LaGuardia Airport New York, New York LGA 28,437,668 05.5 360,274 00.3
21 Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport Fort Lauderdale, Florida FLL 26,941,671 09.3 278,002 07.6
22 Baltimore–Washington International Airport Linthicum, Maryland BWI 23,823,532 06.8 246,454 00.5
23 Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Arlington, Virginia DCA 23,012,191 010.7 292,781 03.4
24 Chicago Midway International Airport Chicago, Illinois MDW 22,221,499 04.9 253,519 01.7
25 Salt Lake City International Airport Salt Lake City, Utah SLC 22,152,498 04.8 311,857 04.0
26 Washington Dulles International Airport Dulles, Virginia IAD 21,498,902 00.4 269,070 07.0
27 San Diego International Airport San Diego, California SAN 20,081,258 07.1 194,215 01.3
28 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Honolulu, Hawaii HNL 19,869,707 01.5 312,655 00.5
29 Tampa International Airport Tampa, Florida TPA 18,815,425 07.2 189,865 03.2
30 Portland International Airport Portland, Oregon PDX 16,850,952 05.9 218,021 00.8
31 Dallas Love Field Dallas, Texas DAL 14,497,498 054.0 216,099 018.1
32 Lambert–St. Louis International Airport St. Louis, Missouri STL 12,752,331 03.0 185,865 01.1
33 William P. Hobby Airport Houston, Texas HOU 12,163,344 01.8 200,587 04.7
34 Austin–Bergstrom International Airport Austin, Texas AUS 11,897,959 011.0 191,193 04.8
35 Nashville International Airport Nashville, Tennessee BNA 11,673,633 05.7 184,421 04.6
36 Oakland International Airport Oakland, California OAK 11,205,063 08.4 215,750 05.9
37 Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport New Orleans, Louisiana MSY 10,868,827 09.3 N/A N/A
38 Kansas City International Airport Kansas City, Missouri MCI 10,472,461 03.0 N/A N/A
39 John Wayne Airport Santa Ana, California SNA 10,180,258 08.5 260,689 03.2
40 Raleigh–Durham International Airport Morrisville, North Carolina RDU 9,943,331 04.2 N/A N/A
41 Norman Y. Mineta San José International Airport San Jose, California SJC 9,799,427 04.4 N/A N/A
42 Sacramento International Airport Sacramento, California SMF 9,609,880 07.1 N/A N/A
43 San Antonio International Airport San Antonio, Texas SAT 8,507,459 01.6 N/A N/A
44 Southwest Florida International Airport Fort Myers, Florida RSW 8,371,801 05.0 N/A N/A
45 Pittsburgh International Airport Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania PIT 8,988,016 01.6 N/A N/A
20 busiest US airports by international passenger traffic (2016)[edit]
Listed according to data compiled by the Office of Aviation Analysis, part of the United States Department of Transportation, and ranked according to total international passengers during 2016.[14]
Rank
Airport Name
Location
IATA
Code
Traffic
Passengers
% chg.
2016/15
1 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York City, New York JFK 31,305,193 06.3%
2 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California LAX 22,177,994 010.1%
3 Miami International Airport Miami, Florida MIA 19,688,934 02.0%
4 O'Hare International Airport Chicago, Illinois ORD 11,917,782 03.8%
5 San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California SFO 11,835,425 07.6%
6 Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey EWR 11,757,112 01.5%
7 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta, Georgia ATL 11,194,192 03.8%
8 George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston, Texas IAH 10,780,277 02.1%
9 Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas DFW 7,821,342 03.1%
10 Washington Dulles International Airport Dulles, Virginia IAD 7,117,880 01.6%
11 Logan International Airport Boston, Massachusetts BOS 5,842,669 016.4%
12 Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport Broward County, Florida FLL 5,642,557 09.3%
13 Orlando International Airport Orlando, Florida MCO 5,417,295 08.8%
14 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Honolulu, Hawaii HNL 5,084,453 01.6%
15 Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington SEA 4,626,762 06.3%
16 Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PHL 3,685,920 08.0%
17 McCarran International Airport Paradise, Nevada LAS 3,497,658 02.7%
18 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Romulus, Michigan DTW 3,263,216 00.3%
19 Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina CLT 2,967,941 00.4%
20 Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport Barrigada and Tamuning, Guam GUM 2,953,930 03.1%
10 busiest airports in the US by total cargo throughput (2015)[edit]
Main article: List of largest cargo airports in the United States
Listed according to data compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration for the United States, and ranked according to total cargo throughput in pounds during 2015.[15]
Rank
Airport Name
Location
IATA
Code
Cargo
Ibs.
% chg.
2015/14
1 Memphis International Airport Memphis, Tennessee MEM 22,679,195,919 0-0.42%
2 Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Anchorage, Alaska ANC 17,139,250,601 08.01%
3 Louisville International Airport Louisville, Kentucky SDF 12,057,543,654 04.23%
4 O'Hare International Airport Chicago, Illinois ORD 9,063,649,529 020.19%
5 Miami International Airport Miami, Florida MIA 7,630,761,702 06.09%
6 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California LAX 6,585,460,219 053.24%
7 Indianapolis International Airport Indianapolis, Indiana IND 5,324,737,760 0-0.58%
8 Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Hebron, Kentucky CVG 4,019,745,706 010.30%
9 Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas DFW 3,328,784,075 05.99%
10 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York, New York JFK 3,255,916,985 02.68%
See also[edit]
List of the busiest airports in California
Top 10 Busiest Airports in the World
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics" (PDF). faa.gov. 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Calendar Year 2016 Revenue Enplanements at Commercial Service Airports" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Calendar Year 2015 Revenue Enplanements at Commercial Service Airports". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "CY 2014 Primary Airports -- Preliminary Data" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "CY 2013 Primary Airports" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "CY 2012 Primary Airports" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "CY 2011 Primary Airports" (PDF).
Jump up ^ CY 2010 Enplanements at Primary Airports Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. Airports – Airports". www.faa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Federal Aviation Administration 2007 passenger boarding statistics" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Federal Aviation Administration 2006 passenger boarding statistics" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Federal Aviation Administration 2005 passenger boarding statistics" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Airport Traffic Reports". Airports Council International - North America. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics, December 2016 (pdf) (Report). International Aviation Developments Series. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2018. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Airports" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
External links[edit]
United States Department of Transportation:
"Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel: 2008 and 2009". Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
"Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel: 2005 and 2006". Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
"Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel: 1990, 1995, and 2000". Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
"Top 20 Routes for U.S. International Airport Pair Passengers: 1990, 1995, and 2000". Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) 2005-2009
FAA National Flight Data Center (NFDC): Airport Data (Form 5010), also available from AirportIQ 5010
[show]
v
t
e
Major airports in the United States
Atlanta (Hartsfield–Jackson – ATL)
Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington – BWI)
Boston (Logan – BOS)
Charlotte (Douglas – CLT)
Chicago
Midway – MDW
O'Hare – ORD
Dallas–Fort Worth (Dallas/Fort Worth – DFW)
Denver (Denver – DEN)
Detroit (Detroit Metropolitan – DTW)
Fort Lauderdale (Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood – FLL)
Honolulu (Daniel K. Inouye – HNL)
Houston (George Bush – IAH)
Las Vegas (McCarran – LAS)
Los Angeles (Los Angeles – LAX)
Miami (Miami – MIA)
Minneapolis–Saint Paul (Minneapolis–Saint Paul – MSP)
New York
John F. Kennedy – JFK
LaGuardia – LGA
Newark (Newark Liberty – EWR)
Orlando (Orlando – MCO)
Philadelphia (Philadelphia – PHL)
Phoenix (Sky Harbor – PHX)
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Reagan National – DCA
Dulles – IAD
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[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States&oldid=830776741"
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