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Translations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
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Lewis Carroll’s Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into 174 languages.[1] The language with the most editions of the Alice in Wonderland novels in translation is Japanese, with 1,271 editions.[2] Some translations, with the first date of publishing and of reprints or re-editions by other publishers, are:
Language
Year
Title
Translator
Notes
Afrikaans 1934 Avonture van Alida in Towerland Tannie (pseud.) Londen: Macmillan & Kie. Bpk.
Afrikaans 1965 Alice se Avonture in Wonderland André Brink
Altai 2016 Кайкалдыҥ Јеринде Алисала болгон учуралдар
Kaykaldıñ Cerinde Alisala bolgon uçuraldar Кӱлер Тепуков (Küler Tepukov) Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-177-4
Appalachian English 2012 Alice's Adventures in an Appalachian Wonderland Byron W. Sewell and Victoria J. Sewell Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-010-4.
Arabic 2012 أليس في بلاد العجائب شكير نصر الدين المركز الثقافي العربي
Arabic 2013 أليس في بلاد العجائب سهام عبد السلام (Seham Saniya Abdel Salam) دار التنوير - القاهرة
Arabic 2013 مغامرات أليس في بلاد العجائب نادية الخولي (Nadia El Kholy) المركز القومي للترجمة - القاهرة
Aragonese 1995 Alizia en o país de as marabiellas Antonio Gil Zaragoza: Gara d'Edizions, ISBN 978-84-8094-004-7
Basque 1992 Aliceren abenturak lurralde miresgarrian Manu López Gaseni Pamplona: Pamiela, ISBN 978-84-7681-092-7
Belarusian 2013 Алесіны прыгоды ў Цудазем’і
(Alesiny pryhody ŭ Cudazem'i) Max Ščur (Максим Шчур) Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-044-9.
Second edition 2016, Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-151-4.
Borain Picard 2012 Lès-Aventûres d’Alice ô Pèyis dès Mèrvèy André Capron Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-87-9.
Breton 1995 Troioù-kaer Alis e Bro ar Marzhoù Herve Kerrain Kemper: An Here. ISBN 2-86843-097-X
Catalan 1930 Alícia en terra de meravelles Josep Carner Barcelona: Edicions Mentora.
Catalan 1996 Alícia al país de les meravelles Salvador Oliva Llinàs Barcelona: Edicions Empúries.
Chinese 1922 阿麗思漫遊奇境記
(Ālìsī Mànyóu Qíjìng Jì) 趙元任 (Zhào Yuánrèn) Shanghai: 商務印書館 (Shāngwù Yìnshūguǎn).
Chinese 1981 阿丽思漫游奇境记
(Ālìsī Mànyóu Qíjìng Jì) 陈复庵 (Chén Fù'ān) Beijing: 中国对外翻译出版公司 (Zhōngguó duìwài fānyì chūbǎn gōngsī).
Cockney Rhyming slang 2015 Crystal's Adventures in a Cockney Wonderland Charlie Lovett Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-115-6.
Cornish 1990 Alys y'n Vro a Varthusyon Ray Edwards Sutton Coldfield: Kerkewek dre Lyther, ISBN 0-907064-26-4.
Cornish 2009 Alys in Pow an Anethow Nicholas Williams Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-19-0
Second edition 2015, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-095-1 (under the title Aventurs Alys in Pow an Anethow).
Cornu-English 2015 Alice's Ventures in Wunderland Alan M. Kent Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-102-6.
Czech 1931 Alenčina dobrodružství v podzemní říši Jaroslav Císař Praha: B. Moser,
Danish 1875 Maries Hændelser i Vidunderlandet later "Alice i Eventyrland" D. G. (anon.) Kjøbenhavn: Fr. Wøldikes Forlag.
Dutch 1874 or 1875 Lize's Avonturen in het Wonderland Nijmegen: Blomhert & Timmerman.
Dutch 1887 Alice in het Land der Droomen Eleonora Mann Amsterdam: Jan Leendertz & Zoon.
New edition 2008, Eindhoven: Chipmunk International, ISBN 978-90-8619-009-6.
Dutch 1899 Alice's Avonturen in het Wonderland R. ten Raa Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Dutch 1907 Alice's Avonturen in Wonderland Amsterdam: Van Holkema & Warendorf.
English (Deseret alphabet) 2014 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (𐐈𐑊𐐮𐑅’𐑆 𐐈𐐼𐑂𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐎𐐲𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐼): An edition printed in the Deseret Alphabet Lewis Carroll Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-064-7.
English (Ewellic alphabet) 2013 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: An edition printed in the Ewellic Alphabet Lewis Carroll; transcribed by Doug Ewell Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-035-7.
English (International Phonetic Alphabet) 2014 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (ˈÆlɪsɪz Ədˈventʃəz ɪn ˈWʌndəˌlænd): An edition printed in the International Phonetic Alphabet Lewis Carroll Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-083-8.
English (Ñspel orthography) 2014 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Alis'z Advnčrz in Wunḍland): An edition printed in the Deseret Alphabet Lewis Carroll; transcribed by Francis K. Johnson Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-051-7
English (Nyctographic alphabet) 2011 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: An edition printed in the Nyctographic Square Alphabet Lewis Carroll Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-78-7.
English (Pitman shorthand) n.d. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Pitman's Shorthand New Era Edition Lewis Carroll London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.
English (Shaw alphabet) 2013 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (·𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑕’𐑩𐑟 𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑿𐑮𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑢𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑤𐑨𐑯𐑛): An edition printed in the Shaw Alphabet Lewis Carroll; transcribed by Thomas Thurman Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-036-4.
English (Unifon alphabet) 2014 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: An edition printed in the Unifon Alphabet Lewis Carroll Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-067-8.
Esperanto 1910 La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando Elfric Leofwin Kearney Londono: British Esperanto Association.
New edition 2009, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-20-6.
Esperanto 1996 Alico en Mirlando Donald Broadribb Bakers Hill: Bookleaf.
Second edition 1999, Jekaterinburg, Sezonoj
Third edition [so stated] 2004, Kaliningrado, Sezonoj
Fourth edition [PDF] 2000, Donald Broadribb (under the title La Aventuroj de Alico en Mirlando)
Fifth edition 2012, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-86-2 (under the title La Aventuroj de Alico en Mirlando).
Estonian 1940 Alice Imedemaal Linda Bakis, poems by Ants Oras Tartu: Eesti Kirjastuse Kooperatiiv[3]
Estonian 1971 Alice Imedemaal Jaan Kross Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.
Illustrated by Vive Tolli.[4]
There have been reprints with illustrations by Navitrolla (2004, 2006) and John Tenniel (2008).
Faroese 1988 Lisa í Leikalandi Axel Tórgarð Gøtu: Aldan.
First edition illustrated by John Tenniel, second (2010) by Dušan Kállay.
Finnish 1906 Liisan seikkailut ihmemaailmassa Anni Swan Porvoo: Werner Söderström OY
Several modified reprints. First editions illustrated by John Tenniel, later by Tove Jansson.
Finnish 1972 Liisan seikkailut ihmemaassa Kirsi Kunnas & Eeva-Liisa Manner Jyväskylä: Gummerus
Several reprints. Most editions illustrated by John Tenniel, one by Anthony Browne.
Finnish 1995 Alicen seikkailut ihmemaassa Alice Martin Helsinki: Werner Söderström OY
Several reprints. All editions illustrated by John Tenniel.
Finnish 2000 Liisa Ihmemaassa Tuomas Nevanlinna Helsinki: Otava
Several reprints. Illustrated by Helen Oxenbury.
French 1869 Aventures d’Alice au pays des merveilles Henri Bué Londres: Macmillan and Co.
New edition 2010, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-52-7.
Galician 1984 Alicia no país das marabillas Teresa Barro & Fernando Pérez-Barreiro Nolla Vigo: Edicións Xerais, ISBN 978-84-8289-224-5
Georgian 1969 ალისა საოცარ ქვეყანაში
(Alisa saoc'ar k'veqanaši) Alexandre Gamkrelidze Tbilisi: Nakaduli.
Georgian 1997 ელისის თავგადასავალი საოცრებათა ქვეყანაში
(Elisis t'avgadasavali saoc'revat'a k'veqanaši) გიორგი გოკიელი (Giorgi Gokieli) Tbilisi: Kalta
New edition 2016, Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-160-6
German 1869 Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland Antonie Zimmermann Leipzig: Johann Friedrick Hartknich.
New edition 2010, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-45-9.
Gothic 2015 Balþos Gadedeis Aþalhaidais in Sildaleikalanda David Alexander Carlton Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-097-5.
Hawaiian 2012 Nā Hana Kupanaha a ʻĀleka ma ka ʻĀina Kamahaʻo R. Keao NeSmith Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-97-8.
Hebrew 1924 אליס בארץ הפלאות
(Alis be'eretz hapla'ot) L. Siman Odessa: Omanut.
Hindi 1982 जादू नगरी
(Jādū nagarī) श्रीकान्त व्यास (Śrīkānt Vyās) Delhi: Śikṣā Bhāratī.
Hungarian 1929 Alisz Kalandjai Csodaországban Juhász Andor Budapest: Béta Irodalmi Részvénytársaság Kiadása.
Hungarian 1935 Évike Tündérországban Dezső Kosztolányi Budapest: Gergely R. Kiadása.
Hungarian 2013 Aliz kalandjai Csodaországban Anikó Szilágyi Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-034-0
Hungarian 2016 Aliz kalandjai Csodaországban
(𐲀𐳖𐳐𐳯 𐳓𐳀𐳖𐳀𐳙𐳇𐳒𐳀𐳐 𐲆𐳛𐳇𐳀𐳛𐳢𐳥𐳁𐳍𐳂𐳀𐳙) Anikó Szilágyi Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-159-0 (printed in the Old Hungarian alphabet)
Icelandic 2013 Ævintýri Lísu í Undralandi Þórarinn Eldjárn Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-025-8
Indonesian 2010 Alice di Negeri Ajaib Agustina Reni Eta Sitepoe Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, ISBN 978-979-27-7323-1[5]
Irish 1922 Eaċtraḋ Eiḃlís i dTír na nIongantas Pádraig Ó Cadhla Dublin: Maunsel & Roberts.
Irish 2003 Eachtraí Eilíse i dTír na nIontas Nicholas Williams Dublin: Coiscéim; Cathair na Mart: Evertype.
Second edition 2007, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-13-8.
Italian 1871 Le Avventure d’Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie Teodorico Pietrocòla Rossetti Londra: Macmillan and Co.
New edition 2010, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-55-8 (under the title Le Avventure di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie)
Jamaican Creole 2016 Alis Advencha ina Wandalan Tamirand De Lisser Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-154-5.
Japanese 1910 愛ちやんの夢物語
(Ai-chan no Yume Monogatari) 丸山英観 (Maruyama Eikan) Tokyo: 内外出版協会 (Naigai Shuppan Kyōkai)
Japanese 1911 長編お伽噺 子供の夢
(Chōhen Otogibanashi Kodomo no Yume) 丹羽五郎 (Niwa Gorō) Tokyo: 籾山書店 (Momiyama Shoten)
Japanese 1912 アリス物語
(Arisu Monogatari) 永代静雄 (Nagayo Shizuo) Tokyo: 紅葉堂書店 (Momiji-dō Shoten)
Originally published in serial form on 『少女の友』(Shōjo no Tomo, lit. Girls’ Companion) magazine in 1908–1909.
Japanese 1920 不思議の國
(Fushigi no Kuni) 楠山正雄 (Kusuyama Masao) Tokyo: 家庭読物刊行会 (Katei Yomimono Kankō-kai)
New edition 2014, Tokyo: 真珠書院 (Shinju Shoin), ISBN 4880096113
Japanese 1923 アリスの不思議國めぐり
(Arisu no Fushigi-koku Meguri) 望月幸三 (Mochizuki Kōzō) Tokyo: 紅玉堂書店 (Kōgyoku-dō Shoten)
Japanese 1925 まりちやんの夢の國旅行
(Mari-chan no Yume no Kuni Ryokō) 鷲尾知治 (Washio Tomoharu) Tokyo: イデア書院 (Idea Shoin)
Japanese 1925 お轉婆アリスの夢
(Otemba Arisu no Yume) 益本青小鳥 (重雄) (Masumoto Shigeo) Tokyo: 成運堂書店 (Seiun-dō Shoten)
Japanese 1926 不思議國めぐり
(Fushigi-koku Meguri) 大戸喜一郎 (Ōto Ki-ichirō) Tokyo: 金の星社 (Kin-no-Hoshi Sha)
Japanese 1927 アリス物語
(Arisu Monogatari) 菊池寛 (Kikuchi Kan), 芥川龍之介 (Akutagawa Ryūnosuke) Tokyo: 興文社・文藝春秋社 (Kōbun Sha, Bungei Shunjū Sha)
Japanese 1928 不思議國のアリス
(Fushigi-koku no Arisu) 長澤才助 (Nagasawa Saisuke) Tokyo: 英文学社 (Eibungaku Sha)
In 1929 or 1930, the title was renamed 『不思議の國のアリス』(Fushigi-no-kuni no Arisu), which became the most renowned Japanese name in present-day.
Japanese 1950 ふしぎな国のアリス
(Fushigi na Kuni no Arisu) 吉田健一 (Yoshida Ken'ichi) Tokyo: 小山書店 (Oyama Shoten)
New edition 1993, Tokyo: 河出書房新社 (Kawade Shobō Shin-sha), ISBN 978-4309465562.
Japanese 1955 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 田中俊夫 (Tanaka Toshio) Tokyo: 岩波書店 (Iwanami Shoten)
Japanese 1970 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 中山知子 (Nakayama Tomoko) Tokyo: 文研出版 (Bunken Shuppan)
New edition 1986, Tokyo: 岩崎書店 (Iwasaki Shoten), ISBN 978-4265010523.
Japanese 1971 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 生野幸吉 (Shōno Kōkichi) Tokyo: 福音館書店 (Fukuin-kan Shoten), ISBN 978-4834002683; Pocket edition 2004, ISBN 978-4834019841.
Japanese 1975 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 福島正実 (Fukushima Masami) Tokyo: 角川書店 (Kadokawa Shoten), ISBN 978-4042118015.
Tokyo: 立風書房 (Rippū Shobō), 1982, ISBN 978-4651120034.
Japanese 1979 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 芹生一 (Seriu Hajime) Tokyo: 偕成社 (Kaisei-sha), ISBN 978-4035506300.
Japanese 1980 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 石川澄子 (Ishikawa Sumiko) Tokyo: 東京図書 (Tōkyo Tosho), ISBN 978-4489012198. With annotation by Martin Gardner.
Japanese 1982 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 柳瀬尚紀 (Yanase Naoki) Tokyo: 集英社 (Shūei-sha); New edition 1990, ISBN 978-4082850180;
Pocket edition 1987, Tokyo: 筑摩書房 (Chikuma Shobō), ISBN 978-4480021861.
Japanese 1983 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 高杉一郎 (Takasugi Ichirō) Tokyo: 講談社 (Kōdansha), ISBN 978-4061831162 (Pocket edition); ISBN 978-4061472068 (1986, 新書 (Shinsho)-size edition); ISBN 978-4062850285 (2008, new edition with illustration by 山本容子 [Yamamoto Yōko]).
Japanese 1985 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 高橋康也 (Takahashi Yasunari) and 高橋迪 (Takahashi Michi) Tokyo: 新書館 (Shinsho-kan), ISBN 978-4403030185; New edition 2005, ISBN 978-4403030345;
Pocket edition 1988, Tokyo: 河出書房新社 (Kawade Shobō Shin-sha), ISBN 978-4309460550.
Japanese 1987 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 北村太郎 (Kitamura Tarō) Chiba: 王国社 (Ōkoku-sha), ISBN 978-4900456075.
Pocket edition 1992, Tokyo: 集英社 (Shūei-sha), ISBN 978-4087520231.
Japanese 1990 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 矢川澄子 (Yagawa Sumiko) Tokyo: 新潮社 (Shinchō-sha), ISBN 978-4105223014; Pocket edition 1994, ISBN 978-4102401019.
Japanese 1992 ふしぎの国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 宗方あゆむ (Munakata Ayumu) Tokyo: 金の星社 (Kin-no-Hoshi Sha), ISBN 978-4323018478.
Japanese 1994 新注 不思議の国のアリス
(Shinchū Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 高山宏 (Takayama Hiroshi) Tokyo: 東京図書 (Tōkyo Tosho), ISBN 978-4489004469. With annotation by Martin Gardner.
Japanese 1998 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 脇明子 (Waki Akiko) Tokyo: 岩波書店 (Iwanami Shoten), ISBN 978-4-00-114047-7.
Japanese 2003 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 山形浩生 (Yamagata Hiro'o) Tokyo: 朝日出版社 (Asahi Shuppan-sha), ISBN 978-4255002170.
Pocket edition 2012, Tokyo: 文藝春秋 (Bungei Shunjū), ISBN 978-4167812034.
Japanese 2006 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 村山由佳 (Murayama Yuka) Tokyo: メディアファクトリー (Media Factory), ISBN 978-4840115100.
Japanese 2010 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 河合祥一郎 (Kawai Shōichirō) Tokyo: 角川書店 (Kadokawa Shoten), ISBN 978-4042118039.
Japanese 2015 不思議の国のアリス
(Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu) 高山宏 (Takayama Hiroshi) Tokyo: 亜紀書房 (Aki Shobō), ISBN 978-4-7505-1428-4. Newly translated by Hiroshi Takayama, who once translated in 1994.
Jèrriais 2012 L’s Aventuthes d’Alice en Êmèrvil’lie Geraint Jennings Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-82-4
Kazakh 2016 Әлисәнің ғажайып елдегі басынан кешкендері
(Älïsäniñ ğajayıp eldegi basınan keşkenderi) Фатима Молдашова (Fatima Moldashova) Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-175-0
Khakas 2017 Алисаның Хайхастар Чирінзер чорығы
(Alïsanıñ Hayhastar Çïrinzer çorığı) Мария Чертыкова (Maria Çertykova) Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-171-2
Kyrgyz 2016 Алисанын Кызыктар Өлкөсүндөгү укмуштуу oкуялары
(Alisanın Kızıktar Ӧlkösündögü ukmuştuu okuyaları) Аида Эгембердиева (Aida Egemberdieva) Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-176-7
Ladino 2014 Las Aventura de Alisia en el Paiz de las Maraviyas Avner Perez Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-061-6
Second edition 2016, Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-179-8
Ladino 2016 לאס אב׳ינטוראס די אליסייה אין איל פאיז די לאס מאראב׳ילייאס
Las Aventura de Alisia en el Paiz de las Maraviyas Avner Perez Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-178-1
Latin 1964 Alicia in Terra Mirabili Clive Harcourt Carruthers New York: St Martin's Press; London: Macmillan.
New edition 2011, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-69-5 (under the title Alicia in Terrā Mīrābilī)
Limburgish 2012 De Avventure vaan Alice in Woonderland Yuri Michielsen Maastricht: Oetgeverij TIC Maastricht, ISBN 978-94-91561-04-7
Lingua Franca Nova 2012 La aventuras de Alisia en la pais de mervelias Simon Davies Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-88-6
Lingwa de planeta 2014 Alisa-ney Aventura in Divalanda Anastasia Lysenko, Dmitri Ivanov Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-071-5
Lojban 2005 - lo selfri be la .alis. bei bu'u la selmacygu'e Jorge Llambías et al.
Low German 2010 Alice ẹhr Ẹventüürn in’t Wunnerland Reinhard F. Hahn Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-62-6
Manx 1990 Contoyrtyssyn Ealish Ayns Çheer ny Yindyssyn Brian Stowell [s.l.]: [s.n.].
Second edition 2006, Rhumsaa: Yn Chesaght Ghailckagh, ISBN 1-870029-33-X (under the title Ealish ayns Cheer ny Yindyssyn).
Third edition 2010, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-48-0.
Mennonite Low German 2012 Dee Erläwnisse von Alice em Wundalaund Jack Thiessen Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-83-1
Middle English 2013 The Aventures of Alys in Wondyr Lond Brian S. Lee Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-031-9.
Neapolitan 2016 L'Avventure d'Alìce 'int' 'o Paese d' 'e Maraveglie Roberto D'Ajello Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-155-2.
Neo 2013 L'Aventuros d'Alis in Marvoland Ralph Midgley Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-019-7
Norwegian 1903 Else i Eventyrland Margrethe Horn Kristiania: Olaf Norlis Forlag.
Norwegian 1979 Alice i Eventyrland Zinken Hopp Oslo: Aschehoug.
Old English 2015 Æðelgýðe Ellendǽda on Wundorlande Peter S. Baker Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-112-5.
Palatine German 2013 De Lissel ehr Erlebnisse im Wunnerland Franz Schlosser Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-042-5
Polish 1910 Przygody Alinki w Krainie Cudów Adela S. Warszawa: Wyd. M. Arcta.
Polish 1927 Ala w Krainie Czarów Maria Morawska Warszawa: Wyd. Gebethner i Wolff.
Polish 1955 Alicja w Krainie Czarów Antoni Marianowicz Warszawa: Nasza Księgarnia.
Polish 1965 Przygody Alicji w Krainie Czarów Maciej Słomczyński Warszawa: Czytelnik.
Polish 1986 Alicja w Krainie Czarów i Po drugiej stronie Lustra Robert Stiller Warszawa: Alfa.
Polish 1999 Alicja w Krainie Czarów Jolanta Kozak Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka.
Polish 2000 Alicja w Krainie Czarów Iwona Libucha Warszawa: Siedmioróg.
Polish 2010 Alicja w Krainie Czarów Krzysztof Dworak Warszawa: Buchmann.
Polish 2010 Alicja w Krainie Czarów Bogumiła Kaniewska Poznań: Vesper.
Portuguese 1931 Alice no País das Maravilhas Monteiro Lobato São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
Russian 1879 Соня въ царствѣ дива
(Sonja v tsarstvě diva) Anonymous; posited to be Ekaterina Timiryazeva (later Boratynskaya) Moscow: Типография Мамонтова (Tipografija Mamontova)
Facsimile edition 2013, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-040-1 in colour, paperback; [s.l.]: Lewis Carroll Society of North America, ISBN 978-0-930326-00-5 in greyscale, hardcover (both under the title Соня въ царствѣ дива: Sonja in a Kingdom of Wonder: A facsimile of the first Russian translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland)
New edition in modern spelling, 2017, Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-198-9, under the title Соня в царстве дива (Sonja v tsarstve diva)
Russian 1923 Аня в стране чудес
(Anja v strane čudes) В. Сирин (V. Sirin, pseudonym of Vladimir Nabokov) Berlin: Izdatel′stvo Gamaiun.
Russian 1967 Приключения Алисы в стране чудес
(Priključenija Alisy v strane čudes) Нина М. Демурова (Nina M. Demurova) Sofia: Издательство литературы на иностранных языках (Izdatel′stvo literatury na inostrannyx jazykax).
Russian 1971 Приключения Алисы в стране чудес
(Priključenija Alisy v strane čudes) Борис Заходер (Boris Zaxoder) Moscow: Pioneer Magazine, 1971 #12, 1972 #2–3.
Russian 1977 Приключения Алисы в стране чудес
(Priključenija Alisy v strane čudes) Александр А. Щербаков (Aleksandr Ščerbakov) Moscow: Художественная литература (Xudožestvennaja literatura)
Russian 1988 Приключения Алисы в стране чудес
(Priključenija Alisy v strane čudes) Владимир Э. Орел (Vladimir È. Orel) Moscow: Detskaya Literatura
Russian 1991 Приключения Алисы в стране чудес
(Priključenija Alisy v strane čudes) Леонид Л. Яхнин (Leonid L. Jaxnin) Moscow: Pioneer Magazine, 1991 #1–3.
Sambahsa 2013 Ia Aventures as Alice in Daumsenland Olivier Simon Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-047-0
Samoan 2013 ʻO Tāfaoga a ʻĀlise i le Nuʻu o Mea Ofoofogia Luafata Simanu-Klutz Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-023-4
Scots 2011 Ailice’s Àventurs in Wunnerland Sandy Fleemin Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-64-0
Scots (Border) 2015 Ahlice's Adveenturs in Wunderlaant Cameron Halfpenny Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-087-6.
Scots (Caithness) 2014 Alice's Mishanters in e Land o Farlies Catherine Byrne Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-060-9
Scots (Glaswegian) 2014 Alice's Adventirs in Wunnerlaun Thomas Clark Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-070-8.
Scots (North-East or Doric) 2013 Ailice’s Anters in Ferlielann Derrick McClure Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-016-6
Scots (Shetland) 2013 Alice’s Adventirs in Wonderlaand Laureen Johnson Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-008-1
Scots (Synthetic) 2013 Ailis's Anterins i the Laun o Ferlies Andrew McCallum Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-026-5
Scots (Ulster) 2011 Alice’s Carrànts in Wunnerlan Ann Morrison-Smyth Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-80-0
Second edition 2013, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-011-1.
Scots (West Central Scots or Ayrshire) 2014 Alison's Jants in Ferlieland James Andrew Begg Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-084-5
Scottish Gaelic 2013 Eachdraidh Ealasaid ann an Tìr na Iongantas Moray Watson Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-015-9
Scouse 2015 Alice's Adventchers in Wunderland Marvin R. Sumner Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-107-1.
Serbian 1923 Алиса у чаробној землји
(Alisa u čarobnoj zemlji) Станислав Винавер (Stanislav Vinaver) Beograd: Vreme.
Shona 2015 Alice muNyika yeMashiripiti Shumirai Nyota & Tsitsi Nyoni Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-066-1.
Shor 2017 Алисаның қайғаллығ Черинде полған чоруқтары
(Alisanıñ qayğallığ Çerinde polğan çoruqtarı) Любовь Арбачакова (Liubovʹ Arbaçakova) Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-189-7
Slovak 2004 Alica v krajine zázrakov Juraj Vojtek Bratislava: Slovart, ISBN 80-7145-939-9
Slovenian 1951 Alica v Deveti Deželi Bogo Pregelj Ljubljana: Mladinska Knjiga
Slovenian 2008 Alica v Nori Deželi Evald Flisar Ljubljana: Vodnikova založba, ISBN 9789616067447
Spanish 1922 Alicia en el País de las Maravillas Juan Gutiérrez Gili Madrid: Editorial Rivadeneyra.
Spanish 2003 Alicia en el País de las Maravillas Francisco Torres Oliver Madrid: Ediciones Akal, ISBN 978-84-460-2071-4.
Swahili 1940 Elisi katika Nchi ya Ajabu Edward St Lo Malet Re-edition 1966, London: Sheldon Press.
Swahili 2015 Alisi Ndani ya Nchi ya Ajabu Ida Hadjivayanis Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-122-4.
Swedish 1870 Alice's Äfventyr i Sagolandet Emily Nonnen Stockholm: Oscar L. Lamm.
Facsimile edition 1984, Stockholm, Rediviva, ISBN 91-7120-179-3.
New edition 2010, Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-61-9 (under the title Alices Äventyr i Sagolandet)
Swedish 1898 Alices äfventyr i sagolandet Louise Arosenius Stockholm: Norstedt
Swedish 1917 Alices märkvärdiga äventyr i Underlandet Joel Söderberg Stockholm: Magn. Bergvall
Swedish 1936 Alices äventyr i Underlandet Nino Runeberg & Arne Runeberg Stockholm: Natur & Kultur
Swedish 1945 Alices äventyr i sagolandet och Bakom spegeln Gösta Knutsson Stockholm: Jan.
New edition 1981, Stockholm, Wahlström & Widstrand, ISBN 91-46-13969-9.
Swedish 1946 Alices äventyr i underlandet Gemma Funtek-Snellman Stockholm: Natur & Kultur
Swedish 1947 Alices äventyr i drömlandet Rose Svantesson Stockholm: Harriers Bokförlag Ab
Swedish 1966 Alice i Underlandet Åke Runnquist Stockholm: Bonnier
Several editions, the latest being 2000, Stockholm, Bonnier Carlsen, ISBN 91-638-3874-5.
Swedish 1976 Alice i Underlandet Ingalill Behre Stockholm: Lindblad, ISBN 91-32-11507-5
Swedish 1977 Alice i Underlandet & Spegellandet Harry Lundin Uddevalla: Niloe, ISBN 91-7102-074-8
Swedish 2009 Alice i underlandet Christina Westman Stockholm: B. Wahlström, ISBN 978-91-32-15664-9
Tongan 2014 ʻAlisi ʻi he Fonua ʻo e Fakaofoʹ Siutāula Cocker and Telesia Kalavite Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-062-3.
Ukrainian 2011 Аліса в країні чудес
( Alisa v strane chudes) Ann Morrison-Smyth Kiev: Machaon, ISBN 978-9-66605-703-0
Viennese German 2013 Der Alice ihre Obmteier im Wunderlaund Hans Werner Sokop Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-020-3
Walloon 2012 Lès-avirètes da Alice ô payis dès mèrvèyes Jean-Luc Fauconnier Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-005-0
Welsh 1953 Anturiaethau Alys yng Ngwlad Hud M. Selyf Roberts Dinbych: Gee.
This translation is in classic literary Welsh and was completely revised for the 1982/2010 edition.
Welsh 1982 Anturiaethau Alys yng Ngwlad Hud Selyf Roberts Llandysul: Gomer, ISBN 0-86383-047-1.
New edition 2010, Cathair na Mart : Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-46-6.
Western Lombard 2015 I Avventur de Alìs ind el Paes di Meravili GianPietro Gallinelli Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-114-9.
Yiddish 2012 אַליסעס אַוואַנטורעס אין וווּנדערלאַנד
(Alises avantures in vunderland) Adina Bar-El Jerusalem: Zur-Ot, ISBN 978-965-553-032-2
Yiddish 2015 Di Aventures fun Alis in Vunderland Joan Braman Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-102-6.
Zimbabwean Ndebele 2015 Insumansumane Zika-Alice Dion Nkomo Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-113-2.
Zulu 2014 U-Alice Ezweni Lezimanga Bhekinkosi Ntuli Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-065-4.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.): Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll’s Masterpiece, vol. I, p. 739–740. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-58456-331-0.
Jump up ^ Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.): Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll’s Masterpiece, vol. I, p. 22. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-58456-331-0.
Jump up ^ tartu.ester.ee
Jump up ^ tartu.ester.ee
Jump up ^ "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Other Stories by Lewis Carroll". www.niafajriyani.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2016-12-18.
Literature[edit]
Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.) (2015). Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll’s Masterpiece I–III. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press. ISBN 978-1-58456-331-0. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Weaver, Warren (1964). Alice in Many Tongues: The Translations of Alice in Wonderland. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Translations of Through the Looking-Glass
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Louisiana Voodoo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Afro-American religion practiced in Louisiana. For the variant practiced in Haiti, see Haitian Vodou. For other uses, see Voodoo.
"New Orleans Voodoo" redirects here. For defunct US Arena Football League team, see New Orleans VooDoo.
Not to be confused with Hoodoo (folk magic).
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Voodoo ritual in St. John's Bayou, New Orleans
Louisiana Voodoo, also known as New Orleans Voodoo, describes a set of spiritual folkways developed from the traditions of the African diaspora. It is a cultural form of the Afro-American religions developed by West and Central Africans populations of the U.S. state of Louisiana. Voodoo is one of many incarnations of African-based spiritual folkways rooted in West African Dahomeyan Vodun. Its liturgical language is Louisiana Creole French, the language of the Louisiana Creole people.
Voodoo became syncretized with the Catholic and Francophone culture of New Orleans as a result of the African cultural oppression in the region resulting from the Atlantic slave trade. Louisiana Voodoo is often confused with—but is not completely separable from—Haitian Vodou and Deep Southern Hoodoo. It differs from Haitian Vodou in its emphasis upon gris-gris, Voodoo queens, use of Hoodoo paraphernalia, and Li Grand Zombi. It was through Louisiana Voodoo that such terms as gris-gris (a Wolof term)[citation needed] and "Voodoo dolls"' were introduced into the American lexicon.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 African influences
1.2 Voodoo queens
1.3 Voodoo kings
1.4 Commercialization
1.5 Louisiana Voodoo and Christianity
1.6 Hoodoo
1.7 Voodoo and Spiritualism
2 Voodoo rituals
2.1 Voodoo and racism
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
African influences[edit]
Gris-gris by Charles Gandolfo
Voodoo was brought to French Louisiana during the colonial period by enslaved Africans from West Africa. From 1719 to 1731, the majority of African captives brought to, and enslaved in, Louisiana were Fon people from what is now Benin; other groups such as the Bambara, Mandinga, Wolof, Ewe, Fulbe, Fon (Dahomean),Yoruba (Nago), Chamba, Congo, Ibo, Ado, Hausa, and Sango (Hall) also brought their cultural practices, languages, and religious beliefs rooted in spirit and ancestor worship. All of the groups were responsible for the development of Louisiana Voodoo.Their knowledge of herbs, poisons, and the ritual creation of charms and amulets, intended to protect oneself or harm others, became key elements of Louisiana Voodoo.[1] Many Fon were also taken as slaves to the French colony of Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean Sea.[2] Louisiana Voodoo has existed since the early 1700s.
The enslaved community quickly outnumbered white European colonists. The French colony was not a stable society when the enslaved Africans arrived, and the newly arrived Africans dominated the slave community. According to a census of 1731-1732, the ratio of enslaved Africans to European settlers was more than two to one.[3] As a relatively small number of colonists were planters and slaveholders, the Africans were held in large groups, which enabled their preservation of African indigenous practices and culture.[4] In the Upper South and other parts of British Colonial America, slave families were usually divided; large numbers of African slaves who were once closely related by family or community were sent to different plantations. However, in southern Louisiana, families, cultures, and languages were kept more intact than in the north. This allowed cultural traditions, languages, and religious practices of the slaves to continue there.[5]
Under the French code and the influence of Catholicism, officials nominally recognized family groups, prohibiting the sale of slave children away from their families if younger than age fourteen. They promoted the man-made legend of wake tuko[clarification needed] of the enslaved population.[6] The high mortality of the slave trade brought its survivors together with a sense of solidarity and initiation. The absence of fragmentation in the enslaved community, along with the kinship system produced by the bond created by the difficulties of slavery, resulted in a “coherent, functional, well integrated, autonomous, and self-confident enslaved community.”[7]
The practice of making and wearing charms and amulets for protection, healing, or the harm of others was a key aspect to early Louisiana Voodoo.[8] The Ouanga, a charm used to poison an enemy, contained the toxic roots of the figuier maudit tree, brought from Africa and preserved in Louisiana. The ground-up root was combined with other elements, such as bones, nails, roots, holy water, holy candles, holy incense, holy bread, or crucifixes. The administrator of the ritual frequently evoked protection from Jehovah and Jesus Christ. This openness of African belief allowed for the adoption of Catholic practices into Louisiana Voodoo.[9]
Another component of Louisiana Voodoo brought from West Africa was the veneration of ancestors and the subsequent emphasis on respect for elders. For this reason, the rate of survival among elderly enslaved peoples was high, further "Africanizing Louisiana Creole culture."[10]
Voodoo queens[edit]
The U.S. Embargo Act of 1808 ended all importation of African slaves to the United States.[2] Voodoo queens were known to exercise great power in their communities, and had the role of leading many of the ceremonial meetings and ritual dances. These drew crowds of hundreds and thousands of people.[11] They were considered practitioners who made a living through the selling and administering of amulets, or “gris-gris”, charms, and magical powders, as well as spells and charms that guaranteed to “cure ailments, grant desires, and confound or destroy one’s enemies”.[12] Their power and influence were widespread and largely incontestable, recognized by journalists, judges, criminals, and citizens alike. These females of African and Creole descent emerged as powerful leaders in a society that upheld an oppressive slave regime and a dichotomy of freedom between blacks and whites. Their influence was also related to the early history of the city, in which “a shortage of white women resulted in a high number of interracial liaisons.” As in other French colonial communities, a class of free people of color developed who were given specific rights and, in New Orleans, acquired property and education. Free women of color had a relatively high amount of influence, particularly those who were spiritual leaders.[12] In addition, the religious traditions in West and central Africa, from where many of voodoo customs are derived, provided for women to exercise extraordinary power.
Tomb of Marie Laveau
Among the fifteen “voodoo queens” in neighborhoods scattered around 19th-century New Orleans, Marie Laveau was known as "the" Voodoo Queen, the most eminent and powerful of them all. Her religious rite on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain on St. John’s Eve in 1874 attracted some 12,000 black and white New Orleanians.[13] It was said that politicians, lawyers, businessman, wealthy planters - all came to her to consult before making an important financial or business-related decision. She also saw the poor and enslaved. Although her help seemed non-discriminatory, she may have favored enslaved servants: Her most “influential, affluent customers...runaway slaves...credited their successful escapes to Laveaux’s powerful charms”.[13] Once the news of her powers spread, she dominated the other Voodoo leaders of New Orleans. Also a Catholic, Laveau encouraged her followers to attend Catholic Mass as a strategic way to protect their true beliefs. Her influence contributed to the adoption of Catholic practices into the Voodoo belief system.[14] Marie Laveau is remembered for her skill and compassion for the less fortunate.[15]
Laveau also gained influence over her clientele by her work as a hairdresser, which gave her intimate knowledge of the gossip in town. Her customers also came to her to buy voodoo dolls, potions, gris-gris bags, and the like.[16] Her influence continues in the city. In the 21st century, her gravesite in the oldest cemetery is a major tourist attraction; believers of Voodoo offer gifts here and pray to her spirit.[13] Across the street from the cemetery where Laveau is buried, offerings of pound cake are left to the statue of Saint Expedite; these offerings are believed to expedite the favors asked of the Voodoo queen. Saint Expedite represents the spirit standing between life and death. The chapel where the statue stands was once used only for holding funerals.[2] Marie Laveau continues to be a central figure of Louisiana Voodoo and of New Orleans culture. Gamblers shout her name when throwing dice, and multiple tales of sightings of the Voodoo queen have been told.[2]
Voodoo kings[edit]
Doctor John, also known as Bayou John and Prince John, born in Senegal and kidnapped as a slave, became a prominent Voodoo king in late 19th-century (1800's) New Orleans. He brought the knowledge of the craft from his home country Senegal. He joined an already prominent voodoo community that existed in New Orleans since the early 1700s developed by African slave groups such as the Bambara, Mandinga, Wolof, Ewe, Fulbe, Nard, Mina, Fon (Dahomean), Yoruba (Nago), Chamba, Congo, Ibo, Ado, Hausa, and Sango (Hall). Previous natives of Senegal were already enslaved in New Orleans by 1720.
Born in 1937 in Haiti, Frank Staten, moved with family to New Orleans as an infant, where he was raised by his grandparents, also of Haitian descent. His grandfather was a practicing Baptist minister. When Frank was young, his grandparents told him that he was of royal African descent and had supernatural abilities. His true name was revealed to be Prince Ke'eyama. Papa John Bayou taught him the ways of Haitian Voodoo. As a young man, Staten made many trips to voodoo communities in Haiti and the United States to learn more of the art.
Staten, or Prince, became Papa Midnight and settled permanently in New Orleans in the 1970s. He developed his Chicken Man persona, performing nightclub acts expressing his strong spiritual connection with God and voodoo. His performance included dancing, magic, and biting the head off a live chicken and drinking its blood. He attracted thousands of followers, but some other voodoo practitioners saw him simply as a "showman".[17] He was worshipped as a Voodoo priest until his mysterious death in early 1998. His ashes were donated to the Voodoo Spiritual Temple.[17]
Commercialization[edit]
During the 1930s, Voodoo went underground as New Orleans became an increasingly popular tourist destination. Voodoo was portrayed exotically in the 1932 feature film White Zombie. A popular misconception developed that the principal elements of Voodoo are hexing and sticking pins into dolls. Voodoo became an underground religion. At this time, some exploited the tradition, making a “business of superstitions” and selling fake potions, powders, and gris-gris.[citation needed]
New Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum
In the early 21st century, Voodoo has become part of the tourist attractions in New Orleans; commercial interests have sought to capitalize on popular interest in the religion. Shops selling charms, gris-gris, candles, and powders cater to both tourists and practitioners.[18]
A more recent example of commercializing New Orleans Voodoo is in the 2009 Disney movie Princess and the Frog. The film's villain, Dr. Facilier (voiced by Keith David) plays a boker, a witch doctor. This is exemplified through his costume, his ominous presence and the talisman he carries around.
The New Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum houses numerous artifacts and provides daily tours of the museum, the St. Louis Cemetery, and the French Quarter (New Orleans). The museum also provides spiritual services, including matrimony blessings, marriage ceremonies, consultations, and other rituals. In August 1995, voodoo practitioners held a ritual in Bywater to try to drive away crack cocaine abuse, burglaries, prostitution, and assaults.[19]
Louisiana Voodoo and Christianity[edit]
As a result of the fusion of Francophone culture and Voodoo in Louisiana, Creole African Americans associated many Voodoo spirits with the Christian saints known to preside over the same domain. Although some doctrinaire leaders of each tradition believe Voodoo and Catholic practices are in conflict, in popular culture both saints and spirits are believed to act as mediators, with the Catholic priest or voodoo Legba presiding over specific respective activities. Early followers of Voodoo in the United States adopted the image of the Catholic saints to represent their spirits.[20]
Other Catholic practices adopted into Louisiana Voodoo include reciting the Hail Mary and the Lord’s Prayer.[14]
While Voodoo is present among Catholic population, southern Protestants are more likely to practice hoodoo.
Hoodoo[edit]
Many superstitions also related to the practice of Hoodoo, developed within the Voodoo tradition in Louisiana. While these superstitions are not central to the Voodoo faith, their emergence has been partly a result of Voodoo tradition in New Orleans and have since influenced it significantly.
In Hoodoo herbalism, the "cure-all" was very popular among followers. The cure-all was a Hoodoo mixture that could solve all problems. Hoodoo's herbal healing system included a variety of ingredients for cure-alls; one recipe was to mix jimson weed with sulfur and honey. The mixture was placed in a glass, which was rubbed against a black cat, and then the mixture was slowly sipped.[21]
The Hoodoo doll is a form of gris-gris and an example of sympathetic magic. Contrary to popular belief, Hoodoo dolls are usually used to bless and have no power to curse. According to Jerry Gandolfo, the purpose of sticking pins in the doll is not to cause pain in the associated person, but rather to pin a picture of a person or a name to the doll, which traditionally represents a spirit. The gris-gris is performed from one of four categories: love; power and domination; luck and finance; and uncrossing.[22]
Hoodoo practitioners have used different tools throughout the history of the practice to solve their customer’s ailments. The specific name for the items is gris-gris. Examples include: Five Finger Grass, Dragon Blood Sticks, Dixie Love Perfume and Brimstone. Explanations in a 1946 book said that Five Finger Grass was a leaf split into five sections. The belief was that if hung in one’s house, it would ward off any evil. Dragon Blood Sticks were said to bring good luck in money, business, and love. Keeping a stick close on a person was said to bring luck. Dixie Love Perfume was noted for a fragrance to encourage romance. Brimstone is used to keep away evil spirits and counteract spells cast on households, and was burned in rooms needing to be deodorized. These were traditionally available in local shops.[23]
The user often had to take additional steps in a process before using such items, such as washing their hands in “Two Jacks Extract.” Only hoodoo shops have been known to sell these supplies. Many voodoo practitioners were believed to be afraid of these hoodoo items.[24]
In American South, hoodoo is mainly practiced by Protestant Christians.[25]
Voodoo and Spiritualism[edit]
New Orleans Spiritualist churches honor the spirit of Black Hawk, a Sauk war chief who was influential in early 19th-century Illinois and Wisconsin.[26] The New Orleans Spiritualist religion is a blend of Spiritualism, Vodun, Catholicism, and Pentecostalism. The Voodoo-influenced Spiritualist churches that survive in New Orleans are the result of syncretism of these and other spiritual practices.[27]
Voodoo rituals[edit]
Singing is among important rituals as part of voodoo worship. Songs have been passed down orally for hundreds of years. Songs would be accompanied by patting, clapping and foot stomping, but not drum playing, unless it was part of the weekly public ceremony in Congo Square in New Orleans during slavery times.
Songs are sung to give descriptions of personalities for the deities, such as their names, likes and dislikes, origin, responsibilities, strengths, and weaknesses. Sometimes the songs are sung in address to the deities, and sometimes as if the deities themselves were speaking (or singing). Many songs mirror tunes of the Catholic Church, as well as associate the Catholic saints with African deities.
There are only two ways a new song would be added to the voodoo repertoire. The first is if someone has heard the song in a dream, as this is believed to be the spirit's revelation. A second instance is if a person is in a possessed trance and asks the people around them to sing it and memorize it, when it is considered to come straight from a spirit.
There are four phases to a voodoo ritual, all identifiable by the song being sung; preparation, invocation, possession and farewell. The songs are used to open the gate between the deities and the human world and invite the spirits to possess someone.[28]
Voodoo and racism[edit]
In the 1800s Louisiana newspapers typically portrayed Voodoo practices in a negative way compared to Christian practices. They described rumors of animal sacrifices, zombies, and spirits, sensationalizing stories of depraved acts Voodoo had driven black people to commit. Voodoo contributed to the portrayal of black people as superstitious primitives.[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Louisiana State University Press. p. 58.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ravitz, Jessica (Nov 24, 2008). "Unveiling New Orleans Voodoo". The Salt Lake Tribune.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 160.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 162.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 159.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 168.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 159.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 163.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 165.
Jump up ^ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana. p. 186.
Jump up ^ Webb, Julie Yvonne (1971). "Louisiana Voodoo and Superstitions Related to Health". Association of Schools of Public Health.
^ Jump up to: a b Bell, Caryn Cossé Bell. Rev. of “The Mysterious Voodoo Queen, Mary Laveau: A Study of Powerful Female Leadership in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans” by Ina Johanna Fandrich. Labour/Le Travail, Vol. 61 (Spring 2008) Print.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fandrich, J. Ina. “The Birth of New Orleans’ Voodoo Queen: A Long-Held Mystery Resolved. Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Summer, 2005) Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Nickell, Joe (2006). "Voodoo in New Orleans". The Skeptical Inquirer.
Jump up ^ Ravitz, Jessica. "'Gris-Gris Girl' combines Catholicism and Voodoo". The Salt Lake Tribune.
Jump up ^ Nickell, Joe (2006). "Voodoo in New Orleans". The Skeptical Inquirer
^ Jump up to: a b "Chickenman, the Voodoo King of New Orleans." Haunted America Tours. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.
Jump up ^ "Katrina Disperses New Orleans' Voodoo Community", NPR, 2005
Jump up ^ Rick Bragg (18 August 1995). "New Orleans Conjures Old Spirits Against Modern Woes". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Claude F. & Andrew J. Kaslow (2001). The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion. University of Tennessee Press.
Jump up ^ Alvarado, Denise (2008). "Voodoo Hoodoo Lore". The Mystic Voodoo.
Jump up ^ Gandolfo, Jerry (2008). "Personal Correspondence".
Jump up ^ Tallant, Robert. Voodoo in New Orleans. (New York: Macmillan Company, 1946).
Jump up ^ Tallant, Robert. Voodoo in New Orleans.
Jump up ^ http://knowledgenuts.com/2013/12/26/the-difference-between-hoodoo-and-voodoo/
Jump up ^ The Spirit of Blackhawk: a Mystery of Africans and Indians. University Press of Mississippi. 1995.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Claude F.; Kaslow, Andrew J. (1991). The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion. The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-148-8.
Jump up ^ Holloway, Joseph E. "The Case of Voodoo in New Orleans," In Africanisms in American Culture, 123-129. 1st ed. Vol. 2. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Michelle. "Midnight Scenes and Orgies": Public Narratives of Voodoo in New Orleans and Nineteenth-Century Discourses of White Supremacy," American Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2012): 767-86. Accessed April 1, 2015. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4231284.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Voodoo.
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Districts of South Africa
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The nine provinces of South Africa are divided into 52 districts (sing. district, Tswana: kgaolo; Sotho: setereke; Northern Sotho: selete; Afrikaans: distrikte; Zulu: isifunda; Southern Ndebele: isiyingi; Xhosa: isithili; Swazi: isigodzi; Venda: tshiṱiriki; Tsonga: xifundza), which are either metropolitan or district municipalities. They are the second level of administrative division, below the provinces and (in the case of district municipalities) above the local municipalities.
As a consequence of the 12th amendment of the Constitution in December 2005, which altered provincial boundaries, the number of districts was reduced from 53. Another effect of the amendment is that each district is now completely contained within a single province, thus eliminating cross-border districts. The districts also cover the entire area of the continental republic.
Contents
1 Types of district
2 District municipality
2.1 District management areas
3 List
4 Boundary alignment
5 Controversy
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
Types of district[edit]
There are two types of municipality at the district level. Most of the country is covered by the 44 district municipalities, which are divided into local municipalities and share responsibilities with them. The eight largest urban agglomerations are governed by metropolitan municipalities, which act as both local and district municipalities.
District municipality[edit]
A district municipality or Category C municipality is a municipality which executes some of the functions of local government for a district. The district municipality will in turn comprise several local municipalities, with which it shares the functions of local government. District municipalities are seen as successors to former Regional Services Councils (RSC).[1]
The Constitution, section 155.1.a,[2] defines "Category C" municipalities. The Municipal Structures Act[3] states that areas not eligible to have a metropolitan municipality must have a district municipality.
District municipalities have a municipality code that consists of the letters "DC" followed by a number from 1 to 48. The "DC" reflects the fact that they were originally named "District Councils".
District management areas[edit]
Currently all district municipalities are completely divided into local municipalities. However, before the alteration of municipal boundaries which occurred at the 2011 elections, some areas of the country did not fall within any local municipality. This usually occurred in areas with a very low population density, for example national parks and nature reserves. In these areas, which were known as District Management Areas, all local government services were provided by the district municipality.
List[edit]
The following map depicts the provinces and districts of South Africa. The district municipalities are labelled with numbers that correspond to their district code, while the metropolitan municipalities are labelled with letters that correspond to their names. Further details of the districts are listed in the table that follows the image.
Map
key
Name
Code
Province
Seat
Area
(km²)[4]
Population
(2016)[5]
Pop. density
(per km2)
7001440000000000000♠44 Alfred Nzo District Municipality DC44 Eastern Cape Mount Ayliff 10,731 867,864 80.9
7001250000000000000♠25 Amajuba District Municipality DC25 KwaZulu-Natal Newcastle 7,102 531,327 74.8
7001120000000000000♠12 Amathole District Municipality DC12 Eastern Cape East London 21,117 880,790 41.7
7001370000000000000♠37 Bojanala Platinum District Municipality DC37 North West Rustenburg 18,333 1,657,148 90.4
B Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality BUF Eastern Cape East London 2,750 834,997 303.6
7000200000000000000♠2 Cape Winelands District Municipality DC2 Western Cape Worcester 21,473 866,001 40.3
7001350000000000000♠35 Capricorn District Municipality DC35 Limpopo Polokwane 21,705 1,330,436 61.3
7000500000000000000♠5 Central Karoo District Municipality DC5 Western Cape Beaufort West 38,854 74,247 1.9
7001130000000000000♠13 Chris Hani District Municipality DC13 Eastern Cape Queenstown 36,407 840,055 23.1
C City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality CPT Western Cape Cape Town 2,446 4,005,016 1,637.6
J City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality JHB Gauteng Johannesburg 1,645 4,949,347 3,008.8
T City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality TSH Gauteng Pretoria 6,298 3,275,152 520.0
7001400000000000000♠40 Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality DC40 North West Klerksdorp 14,671 742,821 50.6
7001390000000000000♠39 Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality DC39 North West Vryburg 43,764 459,357 10.5
7000400000000000000♠4 Eden District Municipality DC4 Western Cape George 23,331 611,278 26.2
7001320000000000000♠32 Ehlanzeni District Municipality DC32 Mpumalanga Nelspruit 27,896 1,754,931 62.9
Ek Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality EKU Gauteng Germiston 1,975 3,379,104 1,710.6
Et eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality ETH KwaZulu-Natal Durban 2,556 3,702,231 1,448.5
7001200000000000000♠20 Fezile Dabi District Municipality DC20 Free State Sasolburg 20,668 494,777 23.9
7000900000000000000♠9 Frances Baard District Municipality DC9 Northern Cape Kimberley 12,836 387,741 30.2
7001300000000000000♠30 Gert Sibande District Municipality DC30 Mpumalanga Ermelo 31,841 1,135,409 35.7
7001430000000000000♠43 Harry Gwala District Municipality DC43 KwaZulu-Natal Ixopo 10,386 510,865 49.2
7001290000000000000♠29 iLembe District Municipality DC29 KwaZulu-Natal KwaDukuza 3,269 657,612 201.2
7001140000000000000♠14 Joe Gqabi District Municipality DC14 Eastern Cape Barkly East 25,617 372,912 14.6
7001450000000000000♠45 John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality DC45 Northern Cape Kuruman 27,322 242,264 8.9
7001280000000000000♠28 King Cetshwayo District Municipality DC28 KwaZulu-Natal Richards Bay 8,213 971,135 118.2
7001180000000000000♠18 Lejweleputswa District Municipality DC18 Free State Welkom 32,287 646,920 20.0
M Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality MAN Free State Bloemfontein 9,886 787,803 79.7
7001330000000000000♠33 Mopani District Municipality DC33 Limpopo Giyani 20,011 1,159,185 57.9
7000600000000000000♠6 Namakwa District Municipality DC6 Northern Cape Springbok 126,836 115,488 0.9
N Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality NMA Eastern Cape Port Elizabeth 1,957 1,263,051 645.4
7001380000000000000♠38 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality DC38 North West Mahikeng 28,114 889,108 31.6
7001310000000000000♠31 Nkangala District Municipality DC31 Mpumalanga Middelburg 16,758 1,445,624 86.3
7001150000000000000♠15 OR Tambo District Municipality DC15 Eastern Cape Mthatha 12,141 1,457,384 120.0
7000300000000000000♠3 Overberg District Municipality DC3 Western Cape Bredasdorp 12,239 286,786 23.4
7000700000000000000♠7 Pixley ka Seme District Municipality DC7 Northern Cape De Aar 103,411 195,595 1.9
7001100000000000000♠10 Sarah Baartman District Municipality DC10 Eastern Cape Port Elizabeth 58,245 479,923 8.2
7001420000000000000♠42 Sedibeng District Municipality DC42 Gauteng Vereeniging 4,173 957,528 229.5
7001470000000000000♠47 Sekhukhune District Municipality DC47 Limpopo Groblersdal 13,528 1,169,762 86.5
7001190000000000000♠19 Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality DC19 Free State Phuthaditjhaba 32,734 779,330 23.8
7001210000000000000♠21 Ugu District Municipality DC21 KwaZulu-Natal Port Shepstone 4,791 753,336 157.2
7001220000000000000♠22 uMgungundlovu District Municipality DC22 KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg 9,602 1,095,865 114.1
7001270000000000000♠27 uMkhanyakude District Municipality DC27 KwaZulu-Natal Mkuze 13,855 689,090 49.7
7001240000000000000♠24 uMzinyathi District Municipality DC24 KwaZulu-Natal Dundee 8,652 554,882 64.1
7001230000000000000♠23 uThukela District Municipality DC23 KwaZulu-Natal Ladysmith 11,134 706,588 63.5
7001340000000000000♠34 Vhembe District Municipality DC34 Limpopo Thohoyandou 25,596 1,393,949 54.5
7001360000000000000♠36 Waterberg District Municipality DC36 Limpopo Modimolle 44,913 745,758 16.6
7000100000000000000♠1 West Coast District Municipality DC1 Western Cape Moorreesburg 31,119 436,403 14.0
7001480000000000000♠48 West Rand District Municipality DC48 Gauteng Randfontein 4,087 838,594 205.2
7001160000000000000♠16 Xhariep District Municipality DC16 Free State Trompsburg 34,250 125,884 3.7
7000800000000000000♠8 ZF Mgcawu District Municipality DC8 Northern Cape Upington 102,484 252,692 2.5
7001260000000000000♠26 Zululand District Municipality DC26 KwaZulu-Natal Ulundi 14,799 892,310 60.3
Boundary alignment[edit]
Several projects are underway to align various services with the district boundaries.[6] These include:
Magisterial districts
Police wards
Controversy[edit]
South Africa's official opposition, the Democratic Alliance, believes that the districts add an unnecessary fourth layer of government (between provinces and municipalities) and has called for them to be eliminated.[7]
See also[edit]
Municipalities of South Africa
List of municipalities in South Africa
Government of South Africa
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Towards Co-Operative Relations Between District And Local Municipalities" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Documents - Constitution - 1996 - Chapter 7 - Local Government". Info.gov.za. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Local Government: Municipal Structures Act [No. 117 of 1998] G 19614 GoN 1650" (PDF). gov.za. 18 December 1998. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ 2016 Boundaries [Shapefile]. Municipal Demarcation Board. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.demarcation.org.za/site/shapefiles/
Jump up ^ Community Survey 2016 [Data file]. Statistics South Africa. 2016. Retrieved from http://interactive2.statssa.gov.za/webapi
Jump up ^ Service Delivery Boundary Alignment Archived 15 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Arms Deal Scandal". archive.org. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Sources[edit]
Demarcation Board
Government Communication & Information Services (2005) Categories of municipalities
Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1996) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 7: Local Government
Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1998) Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, Act 117 of 1998.
South African Local Government Association
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