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List of Sons of Guns episodes
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The following is an episode list for the Discovery Channel reality television series Sons of Guns.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
1.1 Reception
1.1.1 Season one (2011)
1.1.2 Season two (2011–12)
1.1.3 Season three (2012)
1.1.4 Season four (2013)
1.1.5 Season five (2014)
2 References
3 External links
Episodes[edit]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
Episode premieres were watched by an average of 1.79 million people, making the show the third-ranked Wednesday night, non-sports, cable network series.[1]
Season one (2011)[edit]
In season one, episode run lengths are 30 minutes.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "Civil War Cannon/Shotgun Silencer" January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26)
After seeing a suppressed shotgun in No Country For Old Men (film), a man comes into the shop and challenges Will to build it. A cannon collector brings in his $250,000 Civil War Confederate cannon, but Will wants it inspected before he and his team shoot it. With the initial design of a shotgun suppressor a failure, Will is forced to try again. During the firing of the cannon, Will gives shop apprentice Kris a "six-pack bonus" and lets him fire the first shot the cannon has seen in over 100 years.
2
2 "Master Key" January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26)
Will briefly talks about his employees. A local SWAT consultant, Marco, asks Will to design a gun which will cut down on the time needed between breaching a door and switching to a primary firearm. Will sets out accomplishing this with a combination shotgun-assault rifle. The team is worried about meeting deadlines with a malfunctioning mill. Will buys, to daughter Stephanie's displeasure and economic concern, a grenade launcher. Will attends a live fire test of his product, with excellent results. This weapon design is easily purchased from other weapon makers that have sold it for many years, Will states this in the episode. That is where the name came from "Master Key"
3
3 "Flamethrower" February 2, 2011 (2011-02-02)
After an encounter with a fellow veteran Woody Williams in a war museum, Will agrees to restore the fellow Marine's World War II flamethrower to working condition. It becomes clear to the shop that Will has a mysterious fear of using the weapon, however. Customers of the shop's store include a man looking to modify a purchased AK-47 to accept 30 round magazines, and a man who wanted to resell a fake M1 carbine. A husband comes in with his wife and works with Will to pick out a home defense weapon. After a friendly competition to determine who would use the flamethrower, the shop tests it out with a surprising conclusion.
4
4 "Browning Machine Gun/Stephanie's Big Bet" February 2, 2011 (2011-02-02)
Will spends an enormous amount of money to buy an M2 Browning ("Ma Deuce") machine gun kit, but it becomes clear he cannot put it together on his own. Stephanie works hard to sell enough guns through the store to compensate for Will's purchase, with the shop betting whether she can accomplish this feat. Stephanie lowers the price of a store weapon in exchange for a night fishing trip. The test firing of the Ma Deuce does not go without a few hiccups.
5
5 "Coffee Grinder/Katana" February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)
Firearms instructor Tiger McKee commissions Red Jacket with building five copies of his prototype "Shootrite Katana" lightweight assault rifle. Shop gunsmith Vincent is assigned the job of assembly. Glen, Will's friend, finds a rare "coffee grinder" Civil War–era rifle, but its authenticity is questionable. Kris, the shop apprentice, makes a mistake in painting the Katanas. Finally, after a late night of final assembly by Vincent, the gun gets tested by Tiger with great results.
6
6 "AK-47 Silencer" February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)
Will has a swivel gun delivered and has a mount manufactured by another shop. After demonstrating an external suppressor for a client (Joe), the client asks Will to produce an integral AK-47 suppressor. Will puts the final result through its paces, and the client is pleased with the results. After modifying the swivel gun's mount to suit his preferences, the team gives it a test fire on a lake.
7
7 "The Bazooka/Kris' Birthday" February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16)
Will briefly forgets about shop apprentice Kris' birthday, and has to decide on a gift to give him. Glenn, Will's friend, comes into the shop and asks Will to make reproduction World War II bazookas to be used in reenactments. Although Kris makes a minor mistake, fabrication goes smoothly. However, there is a problem with the accuracy of the rockets and gunsmith Joe is tasked with fixing it. The target on which the bazooka is tested is shocking to some, but testing goes smoothly and an immediate demand for the final product surfaces.
8
8 "Tommy Gun/Machete" February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16)
Shop employee Charlie works Will to build and sell a "Red Jacket" collectible samurai sword and machete combination blade. The local sheriff asks Will to modify a Thompson ("Tommy") sub-machine gun for use with his SWAT team. The shop sets to work on the sub-machine gun work which suffers from multiple initial firing troubles. Charlie's efforts at sword making become a complete failure, forcing Will to take control. Will demonstrates the final Tommy gun result for the sheriff and a pair of his deputies, leaving the clients happy.
9
9 "Movie Gun/Leopard Gun" February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
A movie producer visits the store and wants Will to convert a regular sub-machine gun into a gun that will only fire blanks. Although the money is good, time is short for the job. A counterfeit Red Jacket gun comes back into the store for warranty service. Stephanie asks the guys to surprise her dad with a double-barreled shotgun converted into a "leopard gun". Charlie is set to do the job, but it becomes clear he needs help. Will, Stephanie, and Kris visit the movie set to demo the blank-firing gun, but the result of the trip is more than one surprise, including a visit with actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan.
10
10 "Remote Controlled Machine Gun" February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
Red Jacket is tasked by an antique gun shop to restore and test a 19th century pistol. DB, a security contracting firm agent, asks Will to build a remote-control machine gun which can be mounted to a vehicle. Will consults with Louisiana State University for the stabilization system, but an argument arises over the remote control for using the gun. Meanwhile, a strange man comes into the store. The remote-controlled machine gun is put through its paces.
11
11 "ATV Gun/Help Wanted At Red Jacket" March 2, 2011 (2011-03-02)
A combat disabled Marine comes to Will and asks him to build a gun system which would allow him to hunt from an ATV with a shotgun using his single functional arm. Stephanie and Will work on finding some additional help in the shop, but Kris has a problem with one of the applicants. Will becomes angry with Vince when Vince believes their ATV-shotgun mounting system is flawed. A promising applicant (Glenn Flemming, AKA "Flemm") comes to interview and tryout for the open job and impresses Will straight away by bringing along a selection of his previous builds/projects including a fully rebuilt & restored WWII German MG42. Meanwhile the ATV gun is tested in the field by the client and the price is a surprise.
12
12 "Machine Gun Mania/The New Guy" March 2, 2011 (2011-03-02)
A police officer comes into the shop with a M1919 Browning machine gun and asks Will to convert it into a shoulder-fired weapon for a competition—in a few days. The crew sets about replacing and adding parts to make the 1919 shoulder mounted and lighter. The aftermarket parts they install have multiple issues requiring Vince to work through the night to meet the client's deadline. The demo becomes, according to Will, "a hoot". Flemm gets hired on with Red Jacket.
13
13 "The Rocket Launcher" March 9, 2011 (2011-03-09)
Security contractor Marco returns to Red Jacket and requests Will to design a non-lethal weapons system to deter sea-based pirate attacks. Based on a Katyusha rocket launcher design, Joe takes the lead designing the rockets and launching system. A customer comes into the shop with a 1910 Maxim machine gun, but the costs of repair are immense. Kris shows his brother around the shop. Testing of the rocket array goes off with a bang.
14
14 "Alligator Kill Stick" March 16, 2011 (2011-03-16)
A friend of Vince asks him to build a weapon which can kill an alligator humanely without damaging the valuable hide. Will tries to ease the workload on the shop by hiring mechanic Christopher/"Mikey" as well as asking Vince and Kris to help out on the phones. Flemm assists Charlie with testing some vintage weapons. Vince and Will go out to the field to test the alligator kill stick.
15
15 "Double M16" March 23, 2011 (2011-03-23)
An active duty navy gunner asks Will to tie two M16's together for better fire support ability. However, Will tasks Joe with designing a water cooling system when the gas tube/barrel turns bright red under sustained fire, causing premature primer detonation. Stephanie and a customer test out some shotguns.
16
16 "Flashlight Gun" March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30)
Will is inspired by Charlie's cool folding pellet gun to get the Red Jacket team to create a combination flashlight and survival kit that unfolds to become a semi-automatic M11 SBR rifle. Then, new guy Flem is tested when Will tasks him to build an MG 42 machine gun—aka "Hitler's Buzzsaw"—from a parts kit. As the build gets underway, Charlie's excitement causes him to prematurely advertise the product, much to Will and Stephanie's dismay; meanwhile, Vince is not too thrilled at having to build "MacGyver's Lunchbox".
Season two (2011–12)[edit]
Beginning with season two, episode run lengths are 60 minutes.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
17
1 "Anniversary Bash" July 13, 2011 (2011-07-13)
With the 10 year anniversary of Red Jacket approaching, Will looks back on how far Red Jacket has come. To celebrate, Will decides to build a 3-in-1 M16 machine gun "triamese" as his Anniversary present; meanwhile Stephanie secretly organizes a surprise party; however, an error made by Kris is going to make it more difficult than expected as people begin showing up by the numbers before the celebration. An unexpected object falls out of an antique gun repair, which turns out to be a tooth. Will's surprise party goes off with a bang.
18
2 "AK Sniper Rifle" July 20, 2011 (2011-07-20)
Will decides to build a gun with the accuracy of a sniper rifle and the semi-automatic dependability of an AK-47 despite the doubts of Vince. World Champion archer, Chris Brackett, asks Will to make an arrow gun and exploding arrows. A customer has Red Jacket bring a WWII Arisaka rifle back to firing condition, at the same time Charlie is given the assignment to search for its ammo. The popularity of "Sons of Guns" takes its toll on Stephanie.
19
3 "American Chopper Gun" July 27, 2011 (2011-07-27)
This episode coincides with the second episode of the second season of American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior titled "Big Guns". Kris sketches up a crazy idea to create a chrome dipped 1919 into a chopper war machine - a gun styled to look like the handlebars of a motorcycle that might be made on American Chopper. Will then talks to Paul Teutul Jr. from Paul Jr. Designs and invites him (as well as Mikey) to come to the shop to test fire the new 1919 dragon gun. Stephanie is upset at the fact that she was not put in the loop in regards to the Teutuls visiting the shop. Vince requests help from Deep South Choppers and his tattoo artist to design aspects for the Dragon Gun. Once the painters complete the design, the team overlooks one minor detail which has Flem and the team scrambling to call back the painters. Meanwhile, world's fastest shooter, Jerry Miculek, stops into the shop and bets that he can shoot the Semi-Automatic, Silenced AK-47 faster than the factory full-auto version. Kris finally gets to use his "guitar gun" as a reward. Will and Vince head up to New York to see the PJD Team and give Mikey's birthday present from Paulie.
10
4 "The Meat Chopper" August 10, 2011 (2011-08-10)
Will tackles the ultimate challenge: taking four MG 42 machine guns and combining them into a German version of the classic WWII "Meat Chopper" anti-aircraft weapon, but the question is will the team succeed or has the team finally bitten off more than they can chew. Then, a customer brings in a rare antique French palm pistol that sparks a father-daughter debate about how to run the Red Jacket business. Joe and Charlie create some flying targets on the side for the "Meat Chopper", but Joe's flying skills are something to be desired. (Taken from Discovery.com)
21
5 "Grenade Launcher Silencer" August 17, 2011 (2011-08-17)
The Red Jacket crew tackles the nearly impossible - taking a fully automatic Mk 19 Grenade Launcher, and converting it into a silenced, single shot select fire weapon. Meanwhile, Kris takes it upon himself to make a hunting rifle float for a customer much to everyone's chagrin. Will, Joe, and Charlie play with the concept of a gunpowder version of a Soviet Ballistic Knife. Flem and Steph begin to go at it in regards to a paycheck and Will has to step in the middle. Later, Flem gets tagged by one of the shop machines, which causes him to black out. Steph starts stressing out as paperwork piles up in the office. With the Mk19 close to completion, the team overlooks one minor detail, which could prevent the team from making the deadline and Will prepares to lose it. (Taken from Discovery.com)
22
6 "Flying Guns and Uzis" August 24, 2011 (2011-08-24)
Will and the Red Jacket crew are now building death guns for helicopters! Red Jacket is building a complete operating Mag 58 weapons system with a unique twist -- a swivel arm. Will takes a stock Uzi and makes it competition ready in record time. Then, Stephanie goes on a wild ride. (Taken from Discovery.com)
23
7 "Taser Shotgun" August 31, 2011 (2011-08-31)
Will brainstorms combining a shotgun and a Taser for the police, but someone in the shop will need to be tased for the demonstration. The Red Jacket team revives a demilitarized WWII-era Lahti L-39 anti-tank gun to honor a veteran, while Will lays down the law for Kris who needs to back off on the front office flirting. (Taken from Discovery.com)
24
8 "The Gatling Gun/Dueling Pistols" September 7, 2011 (2011-09-07)
Will's motto "If you dream it, we can build it" is put to the test when a local scrap yard owner challenges him to build a modernized Gatling shotgun. The Red Jacket team repairs a set of antique dueling pistols, and Will is challenged to a duel. (Taken from Discovery.com)
25
9 "Oh My God, A Cannon!" September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
Things get crazy when Will tackles a WWII-era 57 mm Gun M1, a variant of the British Ordnance QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun. Meanwhile, Vince gives an AR-15 the Red Jacket treatment for Super Bowl champion and New Orleans Saints kicker Garrett Hartley. Then, things between Kris and Stephanie take an unexpected turn. (Taken from Discovery.com)
26
10 "Guns of Glory" November 24, 2011 (2011-11-24)
This was presented as a Thanksgiving Special Presentation following Pumpkin Chunkin 2011. This filming of this episode took place prior to the Season 2 Finale.
The Red Jacket staff counts down their Top 10 Guns thus far, as well as reveal moments that occurred off camera:
GE Minigun - The team discusses the history of the weapon, as well as the Hollywood concept of a minigun backpack seen in various action films, specifically the scenes from Predator.
Tommy Gun - The team discusses Vince's opposition to modernizing an "American Classic", Will's ""They will die!!!" quote during testing and how it has become a staple in promoting safety; as well as Kris' terrible James Cagney impersonation.
Mag 58 - Will and Steph discuss their experience from shooting from the helicopter.
Master Key - Vince discusses his shyness toward camera and his firsthand experience in Reality TV, as well as the overall construction of the build including moments that happened off camera and during testing. Right before introducing the master key, Vince can be seen lifting the propeller from the maxim test rig from season 3 off of Kris's bench.
Meat Chopper - Flemm discusses almost losing his finger, as well as Charlie and Joe's issues with the remote control planes.
.50 Caliber Machine Gun M2 "Ma Deuce" (and .50 Caliber Barrett) - Will discuss the difference between the two weapons, while Kris and Steph debate which of the two guns are better.
Lahti - The team discuss the size and power of the weapon, while Vince mentions about the Smurf obsession during the build.
Integrally Suppressed AK - The team discusses the impact of the weapon had in the business, as well as Kris' legendary water scene in the end credits of the episode... and the problems that occurred after filming.
1919 Machine Gun - The team recalls Mike Johnson, a police officer who wanted a shoulder fired 1919, as well as the visit from Paul Jr. Designs telling them to come back and visit.
AK-47 - Will discusses the first firearm he built in his life, then leaves a final message to the fans that Red Jacket is just getting started.
27
11 "Will's Floating Fortress" December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
The Red Jacket crew creates a dual mounted M-240 Bravo machine gun and Mk 19 grenade launcher for the local sheriff's Gulf Patrol Boat. Will restores a WWII German Luger P08 after he's inspired by the gun's great battlefield capture story. And Kris finally steels himself to respond to Will's ultimatum - does he choose Steph or Red Jacket?
28
12 "Honey, I Blew Up the USS Kidd" December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14)
Will and the Red Jacket crew restore a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and twin 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns aboard the World War II destroyer USS Kidd (DD-661) for an explosive Fourth of July air show. Meanwhile, Steph and Charlie designs a line of ladies Saiga 5.45 rifles — with fashionable custom paint jobs — much to Will's chagrin, as well as becoming a distraction to the team. The question is then brought up...what is the origin of the Red Jacket name?
29
13 "Flamethrower Cannon" December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)
Will and the RJ crew are challenged to build a double-barreled, napalm spewing, flamethrower cannon, much to Will's chagrin again after having to deal with Woody William's flamethrower restoration in the past. Meanwhile, against Will's wishes, Steph enlists Kris to help her design Derringer holsters for women. Also, Vince and Charlie rebuilds a German Mauser K98 rifle that has original capture papers provided by their resident gun historian Glenn Harrison. Problems occur during reveal day, but Will once again has to face his fears in front of his team and his clientele.
30
14 "Boys and Their Maxim Toys" December 28, 2011 (2011-12-28)
After a previous disappointment, the RJ crew finally get the chance to restore a WWI Maxim machine gun, mount it to a plane engine and create an interrupter system allowing the gun to fire cleanly between moving propeller blades. What the team doesn't realize that the client is Will himself. Also, Vince and Steph team up to modify a Glock with special charging handles to help a customer with multiple sclerosis safely fire again. Vince ends up having to deal with too many things at home that it is hindering his work load; it further becomes a pain with the team looking over his back. Meanwhile, the team tries to deal with the propeller engine ending with some unexpected results. Flem once again tries to find out the meaning behind the Red Jacket name, without success - until Will decides to tell everyone the story.
31
15 "Hogzilla Gun" January 4, 2012 (2012-01-04)
Will and the RJ crew create a muscled up, silenced, night stalking AR to take down the wild hogs that are tearing up Louisiana farm land. Also, Charlie scores big when he finds a rare, pinfire ammo for a 150-year-old, $7500, 20-round Lefaucheux Pistol. Vince has been lagging on work lately, so Kris attempts to cheer him up...by challenging him in a quick draw duel. Suddenly, a high profile assignment is given to Red Jacket and after much deliberation, Will decides that Kris should take lead, much to Vince's dismay due to Kris' lack of experience.
32
16 "Mortars and Mayhem" January 11, 2012 (2012-01-11)
Will and the RJ crew resurrect an 82mm Russian mortar (possibly an 82-PM-41). When the shop's truck needs repair, the mechanic shows interest with the team's mortar project and will swap his services for a working mortar. Vince discusses with Kris about his inexperience in project builds. Tempers flare when Kris has trouble building the new Desert AR. Vince is reluctant to help Kris with the AR. Ted Nugent stops by and gets to fire a belt-fed machine gun. Will gets a call that the Desert AR is needed sooner than planned.
33
17 "Wedlock and Load" January 18, 2012 (2012-01-18)
In this explosive season finale, Will, Steph and Kris head to Vegas to demo the Red Jacket Desert AR - an American gun built to challenge the AK during extreme desert warfare. Then, everyone is stunned when Red Jacket loses a valued member.
Season three (2012)[edit]
Season three premiered February 29, 2012.[2]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
34
1 "This Time It's Personal" February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)
Joe witnesses a murder while in New Orleans; Will and his crew transform a Ferret Scout into a riot control vehicle for the New Orleans Police Department. Will tries his best to make a bid for two revolvers only to get "sniped" by the "King of Guns". With the workload building up, Steph decides to step in and help out the guys. Meanwhile, Flem gets an unexpected phone call. As final preparations are made for the Ferret, Joe notices something different about Kris, it comes out that Kris and Stephanie are married.
35
2 "Sniper Rifle Silencer" March 7, 2012 (2012-03-07)
Jon Weiler of Professional Marksmen Inc. commissions the Red Jacket crew to integrally suppress a .50 caliber rifle and they only have less than a week to do it. Will, Joe, and Kris work through the night to come up with a plan. Record holder, Tom Knapp, makes a request for a spread shot that exceeds a 10 gauge; Charlie recommends going several centuries backwards with a blunderbuss, and much to his dismay, inadvertently takes lead for the project; things only get harder when the "King of Guns" strikes again. Reign Clark of customblunderbuss.com produces an 85% blunderbuss build that Will finishes himself. At Will's request, Rifle Dynamics sends one of their own to assist Red Jacket, but receives a mixed response from the team.
36
3 "Kamikaze Cannon" March 14, 2012 (2012-03-14)
Joe resigns from his teaching position; while Will turns down a job for a Japanese Zero Type 99 20mm Auto Cannon. Taking a huge risk, Joe takes the job behind Will's back and on the sneak. To help with the build, Flem request assistance from Vince, who has since quit Red Jacket. Kris inadvertently comes across the secret project and wants in; however, is caught between the promise he made to Joe and the commitment he made to Will. Meanwhile, Chris Ledford, whose identity is revealed as "The King of Guns", is asked by Will to search for a Nambu pistol and magazines in a short period of time for a friend. Will catches wind of Joe's recklessness and tries various ways to stop him.
N/A
N/A "Behind the Scenes" March 21, 2012 (2012-03-21)
37
4 "Jesse James Gun" March 28, 2012 (2012-03-28)
Monster Garage's Jesse James visits Red Jacket and commissions a custom made Browning Automatic Rifle. However, Jesse made contact with Vince, prior to leaving; Will has no choice but bring Vince back to Red Jacket as an outside contractor. However, it doesn't sit well with Kris with Vince coming back to Red Jacket.
38
5 "World's Largest Machine Gun" April 4, 2012 (2012-04-04)
Red Jacket takes in a 40mm Bofors from Ira but the manual is in Finnish, so Will decides to call back Vince to help. Chris Ledford visits Joe Perry to pick up a pistol owned by Elvis Presley while the team restores a Volcanic Repeating Pistol for Spencer Hoglund. Meanwhile Will's having trouble with the 40mm Bofors and time is running out before the deadline.
39
6 "Armored and Dangerous" April 11, 2012 (2012-04-11)
An armored Porsche is fitted with M-16s and Claymore mines. Also, Steph builds a custom rifle behind Will's back.
40
7 "Zombie Gun" April 18, 2012 (2012-04-18)
Kris convinces Max Brooks, author of The Zombie Survival Guide and World War Z, to come to the shop and the group create the perfect "tactical" military grade and "practical" personal civilian firearm to fight a zombie horde. Will allows Steph to get her hands dirty on a Lewis Machine Gun. Will and Vince finally part ways.
41
8 "Total Recall Vector Submachine Gun" July 25, 2012 (2012-07-25)
Kris asks will if they can commission a weapon similar to the new Total Recall film with Will approving on if Kris takes responsibility for everything. After getting permission from Sony, as well as Special FX artist, Patrick Tatopoulos, Kris receives props as well as other items relating to the film. Will is inspired by Kris and calls up a friend to give Kris some "secret agent" training; meanwhile, Stephanie gets some stunt training of her own from members of the Total Recall stunt team.
42
9 "The Gun That Killed Osama" September 12, 2012 (2012-09-12)
An HK416 assault rifle is modified; the gun thought to have been used to kill Osama bin Laden is recreated.
43
10 "Three Cannons and a Rock Star" September 19, 2012 (2012-09-19)
The crew refurbish a black-powder Lyle cannon for guitarist Joe Perry; a WWII German Pak 36 and an American 37-mm M3 cannon are repaired and engage in a Axis vs Allies competition on the Red Jacket range to determine the better weapon system.
44
11 "Red Jacket Snow Blaster" September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)
A 57-mm recoilless rifle is built for a mountain-rescue team to clear avalanche zones in the Pacific Northwest.
45
12 "Red Jacket Challenges MythBusters" October 3, 2012 (2012-10-03)
Will, who is a MythBusters fan, feels that Red Jacket can revisit and confirm the myth from Casino Royale that someone can blow up a propane tank with a single gunshot - which the Build Team busted on the MythBusters James Bond Special. He devises a multi-projectile "Super Beehive" round that still requires only one pull of the trigger and invites Kari Byron and Tory Belleci to Red Jacket to try some weapons and revisit the myth with their help. However, after much testing, the myth remains busted - but in return, Kari issues a challenge to Will and invites Red Jacket to MythBusters headquarters at M5 in San Francisco.
46
13 "Shotgun SuperStars vs. Redjacket" October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)
Benelli challenge Red Jacket to make a prototype for the "ultimate performance Benelli M4 12-gauge shotgun". Will decides to build a 2nd version while Joe heads up the main build. Gun1: Ambidextrous charging handle, "XRail" magazine extension system, adjustable butt-stop, front pistol grip, accessory & optics tri-rail system. Gun2: Fully automatic conversion with select fire switch, custom "MoJo" muzzle brake.
47
14 "Nine Guns and a Shootout" October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
Three-gun competition sets are created for 2 VIP's within the firearms industry. Kris is inspired and works the team solidly to also create a set for Will causing them to almost miss the deadline. Once finished, the 3 Father and Son teams tackle a 3 gun competition course created by Charlie.
48
15 "Free Fall Shotgun" October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)
A close-quarters shotgun designed to be perfect for parachuting into battle is built for a special-services contractor. Will has to face and take on one of his biggest fears.
Season four (2013)[edit]
Season four premiered April 19, 2013 and ended on June 7.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
49
1 "Under Siege" April 19, 2013 (2013-04-19)
Hurricane Isaac is just around the corner, but the real storm is coming. First off, the team sees something special coming up, a M36 Tank Destroyer needing to shoot; meanwhile, another client is need of a repair for a British PIAT. As Isaac gets closer, Will appoints shop minion, Thomas, to guard the shop while the storm hits. Later that night, he gets spooked by Flemm, who was lurking outside. As Tom checks outside, he finds a blacklisted individual at the front, Vince, who is now running a new shop down the street, Mesa Kinetic. With the help of Heavy Weapons specialist, Ira Sellers, the team finds the missing piece for the M26, the problem is that it isn't an exact part meaning the several millimeters could be the difference between the tank function or blowing up; as for the PIAT, one test causes one member of the team to draw blood. Will notices 10 socoms rifles missing barrels, upon realizing the order for the SOCOMs were mishandled, Will becomes enraged at Kris and leaves the shop. After several successful test with the M36, Will decides to go in the tank and shoot; however, once inside, the team sees smoke coming out of the tank causing everyone to run towards the tank.
50
2 "Hangfire" April 26, 2013 (2013-04-26)
After the scare involving the M36 Tank Destroyer, Will gets a call from a two star general wanting him to travel to Jordan leaving Stephanie and Kris running the shop. With the issue of the SOCOM orders, as well as other clientele, Red Jacket has too much on their plate to the point that one customer decides to choose another gun shop, Mesa Kinetic. Stephanie is unfamiliar with the shop name until she learns from Tom and Flemm that that shop is run by former RJ employee, Vince Buckles, much to Stephanie and Kris' dismay. Red Jacket then gets a visit from specialist Ira Sellers, who is looking for parts for his Solothurn Anti Tank Rifle. Despite Stephanie's objections, Kris' takes the job for Ira, only being given a week to work on it. During the test, the team realizes that a new firing pin is needed for the Solothurn; while Stephanie tries everything to get it, Flemm makes one phone call to an old friend, Vince. With the help of Vince, Flemm manages to get a firing pin for the Solothurn. When Stephanie spots Vince in front of Red Jacket, she questions Flemm's loyalty to the shop. Will and Joe return from Jordan only to learn that the SOCOM issue hasn't been resolved; however, the team is going out to test Ira's Solothurn. After returning from the Solothurn demo, Stephanie tells Will that Vince is back in town and he has his own shop.
51
3 "Will's Monster" May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)
With their SOCOM order still short 10 barrels. Will is met by a big shipment of 870s, that Joe have purchased for R&D. The goal being a "house model" 870. Will sees the war room in disarray, and tells Kris to organize it. Kris recruits the team to clean up the war room. A friend of Flem, Justin comes by to see if he'll be able to buy the parts they cleaned out of the war room, he offers scrap price for it. Will offers to make him a functioning weapon out of the random parts. Flem visits Vince at his new shop, where he discovers Vince has a box of SOCOM barrels. Will starts working on his Frankengun. The team gets assigned a shotgun each to make a "prototype" RJF 870. Steph's still looking for SOCOM barrels. Will continues work on his Frankengun. Kris, Flem, Charlie and Joe starts on their 870's, Steph sneak off with one too. Will asks Joe for help with his Frankengun. The Red Jacket team presents their 870's to Will for test firing. Will liked Joe's shotgun best. Flem catches Will outside smoking, and proceeds to tell him about Vince's stash of SOCOM barrels. Will rides to Vince's shop where they negotiate price, and Vince extends a "special" Red Jacket only offer. Words are exchanged and Will leaves. Will goes back to the shop to blow off some steam by completing the build on his Frankengun. The team sees Will's "monster" complete, and then goes to test fire it. While preparing to leave Kris and Will bumps into Chris Ledford, who immediately shows an interest in the weapon. They bring Chris with them to the client reveal. After a Red Jacket "spring cleaning" reveal, Chris and Justin bid on the gun.
52
4 "Russian Roulette" May 10, 2013 (2013-05-10)
An MK-7 is modified; an anti-tank cannon is restored; and tempers flare between Joe and Kris.
53
5 "Cutbacks" May 17, 2013 (2013-05-17)
The crew build an MG-34 machine gun.
54
6 "One Man Army" May 24, 2013 (2013-05-24)
Will restores a Lefever rifle.
55
7 "Misfire" May 31, 2013 (2013-05-31)
Will has a heart-to-heart with Flem; Tom's behavior puts his job in jeopardy.
56
8 "Last Round" June 7, 2013 (2013-06-07)
Will builds a sniper rifle in the Season 4 finale.
Season five (2014)[edit]
Season five premiered March 21 and ended on May 16, 2014.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
57
1 "Will Power" March 21, 2014 (2014-03-21)
Joe experiments with a remote-controlled flying machine in the Season 5 premiere. Later, Will receives bad news.
58
2 "Mobile MAG-58" March 28, 2014 (2014-03-28)
A snowmobile is fitted with machine guns; Charlie works on a rare Chinese rifle.
59
3 "Steel Tornado" April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
Will is commissioned to make a triple-barrel shotgun.
60
4 "Scorpion Strikes" April 11, 2014 (2014-04-11)
Will works on a British Scorpion tank from the 1970s
61
5 "Master Blaster" April 18, 2014 (2014-04-18)
Will attaches a Mac-11 machine pistol to a Saiga-12 shotgun; Kris snaps at Joe.
62
6 "The Throwdown" April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)
Mounting a long-range rifle to a vehicle; Will wants to debut a prototype, but Joe thinks using a different model makes more sense.
63
7 "Bone-dry .50 Cal" May 2, 2014 (2014-05-02)
A 50-cal. machine gun is rebuilt; Will gives Joe an ultimatum.
64
8 "Red Jacket Reloaded" May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09)
Will accepts Joe's proposal and RJF gets a new shop. Kris gets injured; Will works on a 152-mm artillery gun.
65
9 "Red Jacket Rises" May 16, 2014 (2014-05-16)
A Hispano-Suiza is mounted on a motorcycle sidecar with the help of an unlikely source, Vince. Joe accepts a project to revive a WWII weapon, a Bigot Dart Gun.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (21 June 2011). "Discovery Channel Fan Favorite, 'Sons of Guns' Returns July 13 at 10pm". TVbytheNumbers.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120314232453/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/sons-of-guns/. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
Sons of Guns press release
Red Jacket Firearms Official Site
Sons of Guns at Discovery Channel
Sons of Guns episodes at Discovery Channel
Sons of Guns at tv.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sons_of_Guns_episodes&oldid=781148280"
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Preemptive war
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with preventive war, namely an anticipatory war in the face of a less immediate threat.
"Preemptive strike" redirects here. For other uses, see Preemptive strike (disambiguation).
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A preemptive war is a war that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war shortly before that attack materializes. It is a war that preemptively 'breaks the peace'.
The term 'preemptive war' is sometimes confused with the term 'preventive war'. The difference is that a preventive war is launched to destroy the potential threat of the targeted party, when an attack by that party is not imminent or known to be planned. A preemptive war is launched in anticipation of immediate aggression by another party.[1] Most contemporary scholarship equates preventive war with aggression, and therefore argues that it is illegitimate.[2] The waging of a preemptive war has less stigma attached than does the waging of a preventive war.[3]
The initiation of armed conflict: that is being the first to 'break the peace' when no 'armed attack' has yet occurred, is not permitted by the UN Charter, unless authorized by the UN Security Council as an enforcement action. Some authors have claimed that when a presumed adversary first appears to be beginning confirmable preparations for a possible future attack, but has not yet actually attacked, that the attack has in fact 'already begun', however this opinion has not been upheld by the UN.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Theory and practice of preemptive war
1.1 Prior to World War I
1.2 World War I (1914–1918)
1.3 League of Nations period (1919–1939)
1.4 World War II period (1939–1945)
1.5 Pre-September 11, 2001 United Nations period (1945–2001)
1.6 Post September 11, 2001 Bush administration period (2002–2008)
1.6.1 Arguments for preemptive war made during the Bush administration
1.6.1.1 Sofaer's four elements
1.6.1.2 Walzer's three elements
1.6.1.3 The counter proliferation self-help paradigm
1.7 Post–Bush administration period (2009–present)
2 Intention
3 Legality
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Theory and practice of preemptive war[edit]
Prior to World War I[edit]
As early as 1625, Hugo Grotius characterized a state's right of self-defense to include the right to forestall an attack forcibly.[6] In 1685, the Scottish government conducted a preemptive strike against the Clan Campbell, called the Argyll Whigs.[7] In 1837, a certain legal precedent regarding preemptive wars was established in the Caroline affair when British forces in Canada crossed the United States border and killed several Canadian rebels and one American citizen who were preparing an offensive against the British in Canada. The United States rejected the legal ground of the Caroline case. In 1842, US Secretary of State Daniel Webster said that the necessity for forcible reaction must be "instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation." That formulation is part of the Caroline test, which "is broadly cited as enshrining the appropriate customary law standard."[8]
World War I (1914–1918)[edit]
Austro-Hungarian Chief of the General Staff Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf argued for a preemptive war against Serbia in 1913.[9] Serbia had the image of an aggressive and expansionist power and was seen as a threat to Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[9] The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 1914) justified Austria-Hungary to attack,[10] leading to World War I.
During the course of the destructive and costly World War I, for the first time in history, the concept of "the war to end war" began to be seriously considered.[11] As a further expression of that hope, upon the conclusion of the war, the League of Nations was formed. Its primary aim was to prevent war, as all signatories were required to agree to desist from the initiation of all wars, preemptive or otherwise. All of the victorious nations emerging out of World War I eventually signed the agreement, with the notable exception of the United States.[12]
League of Nations period (1919–1939)[edit]
Japanese experts inspect the scene of the 'railway sabotage' at Mukden on South Manchurian Railway
During the 1920s, the League peaceably settled numerous international disputes, and was generally perceived as succeeding in its primary purpose. It was only in the 1930s that its effectiveness in preventing wars began to come into question. Such questions began to arise when it first became apparent in 1931 that it was incapable of halting aggression by Japan in Manchuria. In the Mukden Incident, Japan claimed to be fighting a 'defensive war' in Manchuria, attempting to 'preempt' supposedly aggressive Chinese intentions towards the Japanese. According to the Japanese, the Chinese had started the war by blowing up a railway line near Mukden, China. Therefore, the Chinese were the aggressors, and the Japanese were merely 'defending themselves'. A predominance of evidence has since indicated that the railway had in fact most probably been blown up by Japanese operatives.[13]
Gliwice Radio Tower today. It was the scene of the Gleiwitz incident in September 1939
In 1933, the impotency of the League became more pronounced when notices were provided by Japan and Germany that they would be terminating their memberships in the League. Italy shortly followed suit and exited the League in 1937.[14] Soon, Italy and Germany also began engaging in militaristic campaigns designed to either enlarge their borders or to expand their sphere of military control, and the League was shown to be powerless to stop them.[14] The perceived impotency of the League was a contributing factor which eventually led to the full outbreak of World War II in 1939.[15] The start of World War II is generally dated from the event of Germany's invasion of Poland. It is noteworthy that Germany claimed at the time that its invasion of Poland was in fact a 'defensive war,' as it had allegedly been invaded by a group of Polish saboteurs, signaling a potentially larger invasion of Germany by Poland that was soon to be under way. Thus, Germany was left with no option but to preemptively invade Poland, thereby halting the alleged Polish plans to invade Germany. It was later discovered that Germany had fabricated the evidence for the alleged Polish saboteurs as a part of the Gleiwitz incident.
World War II period (1939–1945)[edit]
Once again, during the course of the even more widespread and lethal World War II, the hope of somehow definitively ending all war (including preemptive war) was seriously discussed. That dialogue ultimately resulted in the re-establishment of the successor organization to the old League, namely the United Nations (UN). As with the League, the primary aim and hope of the new UN was the prevention of all wars (including preemptive wars). Unlike the previous League, the organization had the support of the United States.
In analyzing the many components of World War II, if one might consider as separate individual wars, the various attacks on previously neutral countries, one might consider the attacks against Iran and Norway to have been preemptive wars.
In the case of Norway, the 1940 German invasion of Norway in the 1946 Nuremberg trials the German defense argued that Germany was "compelled to attack Norway by the need to forestall an Allied invasion and that her action was therefore preemptive."[16] The German defence was referring to Plan R 4 and its predecessors. Norway was vital to Germany as a transport route for iron ore from Sweden, a supply that Britain was determined to stop. One adopted British plan was to go through Norway and occupy cities in Sweden.[17][18] An Allied invasion was ordered on March 12, and the Germans intercepted radio traffic setting March 14 as deadline for the preparation.[19] Peace in Finland interrupted the Allied plans, but Hitler became, rightly, convinced that the Allies would try again, and ordered operation Weseruebung.
The new Allied plans were Wilfred and Plan R 4. The plan was to provoke a German reaction by laying mines in Norwegian waters, and once Germany showed signs of taking action UK troops would occupy Narvik, Trondheim and Bergen and launch a raid on Stavanger to destroy Sola airfield. However, "the mines were not laid until the morning of 8 April, by which time the German ships were advancing up the Norwegian coast."[20] However The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg determined that no Allied invasion was imminent, and therefore rejected the German argument that Germany was entitled to attack Norway.[21]
In the case of Iran, in which Soviet and British forces preemptively invaded this country, see Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
Pre-September 11, 2001 United Nations period (1945–2001)[edit]
See also: Pre-emptive nuclear strike
Israeli Air Force personnel inspect the wreckage of an Egyptian aircraft shot down over Sinai during the Six-Day War.
Israel incorporates preemptive war in its strategic doctrine because of its lack of strategic depth.[22] The Six-Day War, which began when Israel launched a successful attack on Egypt on June 5, 1967, has been widely described as a preemptive war[23][24][25][26] and is, according to the United States State Department, "perhaps the most cited example [of preemption]".[27] Others have alternatively referred to it as a preventive war.[28] Some have referred to the war as an act of "interceptive self-defense."[29] According to that view, no single Egyptian step may have qualified as an armed attack, but Egypt’s collective actions made clear that she was bent on armed attack against Israel. One academic has claimed that Israel's attack was not permissible under the Caroline test, as that there was no overwhelming threat to Israel's survival.[30]
Post September 11, 2001 Bush administration period (2002–2008)[edit]
The doctrine of preemption gained renewed reputation following the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Bush administration mainly claimed for the necessity to intervene to prevent Saddam Hussein from deploying weapons of mass destruction (WMD) prior to launching an armed attack. At that time, U.S. decision-makers claimed Saddam's WMD might be given to terrorists groups and claimed that security of the nation was at a great risk. Soon the Congress passed its joint resolution in October 2002 authorizing the president to use military force against Saddam Hussein's regime.[31] However, it was later confirmed that no nuclear weapons or biological weapons capability existed and that Bush administration's suspicion was mistaken. Some questioned the true intention of Bush administration for invading Iraq, based on possibility of retaliation on the terrorist attacks which occurred on September 11, 2001. It is still unclear whether the U.S. invasion of Iraq is legally justifiable and, at the same time, whether Iraq’s resistance to the attack is justifiable.
Arguments for preemptive war made during the Bush administration[edit]
Sofaer's four elements[edit]
The scholar Abraham D. Sofaer identified four key elements for justification of preemption:[32]
The nature and magnitude of the threat involved;
The likelihood that the threat will be realized unless preemptive action is taken;
The availability and exhaustion of alternatives to using force; and
Whether using preemptive force is consistent with the terms and purposes of the U.N. Charter and other applicable international agreements.
Walzer's three elements[edit]
Professor Mark R. Amstutz (citing Michael Walzer) adopted a similar but slightly varied set of criteria and noted three factors when evaluating the justification of a preemptive strike.[33]
The existence of an intention to injure;
The undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger; and
The need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk.
The counter proliferation self-help paradigm[edit]
Israeli Air Force F-16A Netz 107 with 6.5 aerial victory marks and Osirak bombing mark
The proliferation of WMDs by rogue nations gave rise to a certain argument by scholars concerning preemption.[34][35][36] They argued that the threat need not be "imminent" in the classic sense and that the illicit acquisition of these weapons, with their capacity to unleash massive destruction, by rogue states, created the requisite threat to peace and stability as to have justified the use of preemptive force. NATO's Deputy Assistant Secretary General for WMD, Guy Roberts cited the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the 1998 US attack on a Sudanese pharmaceutical plant, (identified by US intelligence to have been a chemical weapons facility) and the 1981 Israeli attack on Iraq's nuclear facility at Osirak as examples of the counter-proliferation self-help paradigm.[37] Regarding the Osirak attack, Roberts noted that at the time, few legal scholars argued in support of the Israeli attack but notes further that, "subsequent events demonstrated the perspicacity of the Israelis, and some scholars have re-visited that attack arguing that it was justified under anticipatory self-defense."[38] Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, American forces captured a number of documents detailing conversations that Sadaam Hussein had with his inner sanctum.[39] The archive of documents and recorded meetings confirm that Hussein was indeed aiming to strike at Israel.[39] In a 1982 conversation Hussein stated that, "Once Iraq walks out victorious, there will not be any Israel." Of Israel's anti-Iraqi endeavors he noted, "Technically, they [the Israelis] are right in all of their attempts to harm Iraq."[39]
Post–Bush administration period (2009–present)[edit]
Since the departure of the Bush administration, the Obama administration has made no such claims to retain the right to declare a preemptive war, but has adopted and continued many polices of the Bush Doctrine.[40]
Intention[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The intention with a preemptive strike is to gain the advantage of initiative and to harm the enemy at a moment of minimal protection, for instance, while vulnerable during transport or mobilization; however the concept of preemptive war can be used to start a war by claiming that the nation would soon be under attack and therefore had to defend itself. The concept is controversial because it can be used as a justification to start a war on questionable grounds.
While the labeling of an attack (on strategic and tactical levels) seldom is controversial, it is much more so in regard to the initiation of a war.
In his work titled "Rationalist Explanations for War", James Fearon attributes the use of preemptive strikes by rational states to both offensive advantages and commitment problems between states.[41] When a nation possesses a first strike advantage and believes itself to have a high probability of winning a war, then there is a narrower de facto bargaining range between them and an opposing country for peaceful settlements. In extreme cases, if the probability of winning minus the probable costs of war is high enough, then no self-enforcing peaceful outcome exists. In his discussion of preventative war arising from a commitment problem, Fearon builds an infinite-horizon model expected payoffs from period t on are (pt/(l - δ)) - Ca for state A and ((1 -pt)/(l - δ)) - Cb for state B, where Ca and Cb are costs incurred the respective states and δ is the state discount of the future period payoffs. This model shows that a peaceful settlement can be reached at any period that both states prefer, but strategic issues arise when there is no credible third-party guaranteer of the both states committing to a peaceful foreign policy. If there is going to be a shift in the military power between states in the future and no credible restraint is placed on the rising military power not to exploit its future advantage, then it is rational for the state with declining military power to use a preventative attack while it has a higher chance of winning the war. Fearon points out that the declining state attacks not due to fear of a future attack, but because the peace settlement in the future would be worse for it than in the current period. The lack of trust that leads to a declining power's preemptive strike does not stem from uncertainty about intentions of different nations, but rather "the situation, the structure of preferences and opportunities, that gives one party incentive to renege" on its peaceful cooperation and exploit its increased military potential in the future to win a more profitable peace settlement for itself. Thus, Fearon shows that preemptive military action is taken by nations when there is an unfavorable shift in military potential in the future which leads to a shrinking bargain range for a peaceful settlement in the current period, but with no credible commitment by the other party to not exploit their improved military potential in the future.
Legality[edit]
Further information: War of aggression, Jus ad bellum, and UN Charter
Article 2, Section 4 of the U.N. Charter is generally considered to be jus cogens (literally: "compelling law", in practice: "higher international law"), and prohibits all UN members from exercising "the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state". But in the modern framework of the UN Charter, it is the phrase "armed attack occurs" in Article 51[42] that draws the line between legitimate and illegitimate military force.[31] Some scholars believe it is reasonable to assume that if no armed attack has yet occurred that no automatic justification for preemptive 'self-defense' has yet been made 'legal' under the UN Charter. In order to be justified as an act of self-defense, two conditions must be fulfilled which are widely regarded as necessary for its justification. The first of these is that actor must have believed that the threat is real, as opposed to (merely) perceived. The second condition is that the force used in self-defense must be proportional to the harm which the actor is threatened. When it comes to a situation where an armed attack is considered as a self-defense, it usually narrows realistic options for avoidance by nonviolent means such as negotiation, retreat, or calling upon higher authorities (such as the police or the UN).[43]
See also[edit]
Controversies relating to the Six-Day War
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
Battleplan (documentary TV series)
Bush Doctrine
Caroline affair
Dwight D. Eisenhower statements on 'preventive war' in WikiQuote
Jus ad bellum
War of aggression
Pre-emptive nuclear strike (counterforce)
Soviet offensive plans controversy
Hobbesian trap
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Beres, Louis Rene (1991–1992), On Assassination as Anticipatory Self-Defense: The Case of Israel, 20, Hofstra L. Rev., p. 321
Jump up ^ Shue, Henry and Rhodin, David (2007). Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-923313-7
Jump up ^ Shue and Rodin 2007, p. 118.
Jump up ^ "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: a Reconsideration" (PDF). 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-02. A US Army sponsored discussion of various justifications for preemptive, preventive and 'precautionary' war.
Jump up ^ "Adoption of Policy of Pre-emption Could Result in Proliferation of Uniliteral, Lawless Use of Force: By Kofi Annan". 2003. Retrieved 2010-12-02. Kofi Annan discusses his unwillingness to accept proposed new changes in UN policy towards the use of preemptive force, and why.
Jump up ^ Beres, Louis R. (1991), Permissibility of State-Sponsored Assassination during Peace and War, The, 5, Temp. Int'l & Comp. L.J., p. 231
Jump up ^ Thomas Heyck (27 September 2013). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1688 to 1914. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-41521-2.
Jump up ^ Duffy, Helen (2005). The 'War on Terror' and the Framework of International Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.ISBN 978-0521547352
^ Jump up to: a b Richard L. DiNardo (14 April 2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-4408-0093-1.
Jump up ^ Michael S. Neiberg (2007). The World War I Reader. NYU Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8147-5832-8.
Jump up ^ "United States History: Woodrow Wilson". 2010. Retrieved 1010-11-30. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Discussion of Woodrow Wilson's desire to make World War I the War to End All Wars.
Jump up ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site: League of Nations article". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Article summarizing the primary objective of the League of Nations.
Jump up ^ "Mukden Incident and Manchukuo: C. Peter Chen". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Details of the Mukden Incident
^ Jump up to: a b "League of Nations Timeline". 2006. Retrieved 2010-11-30. A timeline of all major League events.
Jump up ^ "Factmonster Encyclopedia— League of Nations: Successes and Failures". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Description of the demise of the League of Nations.
Jump up ^ Myres Smith McDougal, Florentino P. Feliciano, The International Law of War: Transnational Coercion and World Public Order" pp. 211, 212
Jump up ^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p. 59 "The British plan which was adopted was more modest. While ostensibly intended to bring Allied troops to the Finnish front, it laid its main emphasis on operations in northern Norway and Sweden. The main striking force was to land at Narvik and advance along the railroad to its eastern terminus at Lulea, occupying Kiruna and Gallivare along the way. By late April two Allied brigades were to be established along that line."
Jump up ^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p. 66, 67 "The British held back two divisions from France, intending to put them into the field in Norway, and planned to expand their force eventually to 100,000 men. The French intended to commit about 50,000. The British and French staffs agreed that the latter half of March would be the best time for going into Norway;"
Jump up ^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p.67,68 "The objectives were to take Narvik, the railroad, and the Swedish ore fields;" "an intercepted radio message setting 14 March as the deadline for preparation of transport groups indicated that the Allied operation was getting under way. But another message, intercepted on the 15th, ordering the submarines to disperse revealed that the peace [in Finland] had disrupted the Allied plan."
Jump up ^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p. 68
Jump up ^ "http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter03/lawregulatingresorttoforce.html". Archived from the original on 2009-10-14. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Strategic Doctrine - Israel". Federation of American Scientists. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ The Six Day War is, "A classic example of preemptive war." Henry Shue, David Rodin Preemption: military action and moral justification
Jump up ^ "Classic examples of preemptive wars include the July Crisis of 1914 and the Six Day War of 1967 in which Israel preemptively attacked Egypt...." Karl P. Mueller Striking first: preemptive and preventive attack in U.S. national security
Jump up ^ "The Six Day War between Israel and alliance of Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq was an example of preemption." And, "It exemplifies preemption." Charles W. Kegley, Gregory A. Raymond The Global Future: A Brief Introduction to World Politics
Jump up ^ "Preemptive attack is morally justified when three conditions are fulfilled: The existence of an intention to injure, the undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger, and the need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk. Since these conditions were met in Israel's Six Day War, Israel's preemptive attack on Egypt on June 5, 1967 was a legitimate act of self-defense." Mark R. Amstutz International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics
Jump up ^ "The United States has often walked a fine line between preemption and prevention. In fact there have only been a handful of clear-cut cases of military preemption by any states in the last 200 years. (Israeli preemption in the Six Day War of 1967 is perhaps the most cited example)" U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era U.S. Department of State (2002)
Jump up ^ Choice or Necessity (New York Times, May 8, 2009)
Jump up ^ Distein, Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defense p. 192, Cambridge University Press (2005)
Jump up ^ "The closest case that might have, but is now regarded as not having met the Caroline test, was Israel's first strike against Egypt in 1967. Few regarded it as a good example of a permissible anticipatory attack under the Caroline test, especially after it became clear following the attack that there was no overwhelming threat that justified the attack to ensure Israel's survival. Gathii, James Thuo. "Assessing Claims of a New Doctrine of Preemptive War Under the Doctrine of Sources." Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1–34, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b George, and Jens Ohlin. Defending Humanity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.
Jump up ^ Abraham D. Sofaer. On the Necessity of Pre-emption. European Journal of International Law, Vol. 14 No. 2, 2003, p.220 [1]
Jump up ^ Mark R. Amstutz, International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics
Jump up ^ Col Guy Roberts, USMC (Ret) 27 Denver Journal of International Law & Policyy 483
Jump up ^ Steven C. Welsh, Preemptive War and International Law Center for Defense Information, 5 December 2003
Jump up ^ Kacerauskis pp. 84–85
Jump up ^ Roberts, n. 528–536
Jump up ^ Roberts n. 530–532
^ Jump up to: a b c Gordon, Michael, R. (25 October 2011). "Papers From Iraqi Archive Reveal Conspiratorial Mind-Set of Hussein". New York Times. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Krauthammer, Charles (23 May 2011). "Obama adopts the Bush Doctrine". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Fearon, James (1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War". International Organization. 49: 379–414.
Jump up ^ "https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml/". External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ David, and Henry Shue. Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
External links[edit]
Look up prevenge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Preemptive warfare: A viable strategic option
Can a member of The United Nations unilaterally decide to use preemptive force against another state without violating the UN Charter? Vytautas Kacerauskis, International Journal of Baltic Law Volume 2, No. 1 (January, 2005) ISSN 1648-9349
Washington Times
ThoughtCast speaks with Alan Dershowitz about his book "Preemption: A Knife that Cuts Both Ways"...
The American Strategy of Preemptive War and International Law
The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense Mary Ellen O’Connell Professor of Law
Pre-emptive Self-Defence, International Law and US Policy Chris Richter
U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era U.S. Department of State
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preemptive_war&oldid=814765163"
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Cha-cha-cha (dance)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cha Cha
Junior dance competition in the Czech Republic.
Genre
Ballroom dance
Time signature
4
4
Year
1953
Origin
Cuba
The cha-cha-chá, or simply cha-cha in the U.S., is a dance of Cuban origin.[1][2] It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s. This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo. The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers' feet.[3]
Contents
1 Origin
2 Description
2.1 Pattern
2.2 Hip movement
3 International Latin style cha-cha
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin[edit]
Cha-cha rhythm
In the early 1950s, Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América. The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón, danzonete, and danzon-mambo for dance-orientated crowds. Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo. To make his music more appealing to dancers, Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated.[4] When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana, it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound "cha-cha-cha". Thus, the new style came to be known as "cha-cha-chá" and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step.[5]
The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá (two, three, cha-cha-cha) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion. For example, one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern. These Afro-Cuban dances predate the development of cha-cha-chá and were known by many Cubans in the 1950s, especially those of African origin.[6] Thus, the footwork of the cha-cha-chá was likely inspired by these Afro-Cuban dances.[7]
In 1953, Orquesta América released two of Jorrin’s compositions, "La Engañadora" and "Silver Star", on the Cuban record label Panart. These were the first cha-cha-chá compositions ever recorded. They immediately became hits in Havana, and other Cuban charanga orchestras quickly imitated this new style. Soon, there was a cha-cha-chá craze in Havana’s dance halls, popularizing both the music and the associated dance. This craze soon spread to Mexico City, and by 1955 the music and dance of the cha cha cha had become popular in Latin America, the United States, and Western Europe, following in the footsteps of the mambo, which had been a worldwide craze a few years earlier.[8]
Description[edit]
Cha-cha-chá is danced to authentic Cuban music, although in ballroom competitions it is often danced to Latin Pop or Latin Rock. The music for the international ballroom cha-cha-chá is energetic and with a steady beat. The music may involve complex polyrhythms.
Play media
A cha-cha-cha dance video
Styles of cha-cha-chá dance may differ in the place of the chasse in the rhythmical structure.[9] The original Cuban and the ballroom cha-cha count is "two, three, chachacha", "four-and-one, two, three" or "one, two, three, chacha". The dance does not start on the first beat of a bar, though it can start with a transfer of weight to the lead's right.[10]
Nevertheless, many social dancers count "one, two, cha-cha-cha" and may find it difficult to make the adjustment to the correct timing of the dance, "two, three, cha-cha, one".
Pattern[edit]
The basic pattern involves the lead (usually the man) taking a checked forward step with the left foot, retaining some weight on the right foot. The knee of the right leg must stay bent and close to the back of the left knee, the left leg having straightened just prior to receiving part weight. This step is taken on the second beat of the bar. Full weight is returned to the right leg on the second step (beat three).
The fourth beat is split in two so the count of the next three steps is 4-and-1. These three steps constitute the cha-cha chasse. A step to the side is taken with the left foot, the right foot is half closed towards the left foot (typically leaving both feet under the hips or perhaps closed together), and finally there is a last step to the left with the left foot. The length of the steps in the chasse depends very much on the effect the dancer is attempting to make.[10]
The partner takes a step back on the right foot, the knee being straightened as full weight is taken. The other leg is allowed to remain straight. It is possible it will shoot slightly but no deliberate flexing of the free leg is attempted. This is quite different from technique associated with salsa, for instance. On the next beat (beat three) weight is returned to the left leg. Then a chasse is danced RLR.
Each partner is now in a position to dance the bar their partner just danced. Hence the fundamental construction of Cha-cha extends over two bars.
The checked first step is a later development in the "international cha-cha" style. Because of the action used during the forward step (the one taking only part weight) the basic pattern turns left, whereas in earlier times Cha-cha was danced without rotation of the alignment. Hip actions are allowed to occur at the end of every step. For steps taking a single beat the first half of the beat constitutes the foot movement and the second half is taken up by the hip movement. The hip sway eliminates any increase in height as the feet are brought towards each other. In general, steps in all directions should be taken first with the ball of the foot in contact with the floor, and then with the heel lowering when the weight is fully transferred; however, some steps require that the heel remain lifted from the floor. When weight is released from a foot, the heel should release from the floor first, allowing the toe to maintain contact with the floor.
Hip movement[edit]
A young girl dancing cha-cha-chá The girl moves her hips while holding the torso relatively still.
In traditional American Rhythm style, Latin hip movement is achieved through the alternate bending and straightening action of the knees, though in modern competitive dancing, the technique is virtually identical to the "international Latin" style.
In the international Latin style, the weighted leg is almost always straight. The free leg will bend, allowing the hips to naturally settle into the direction of the weighted leg. As a step is taken, a free leg will straighten the instant before it receives weight. It should then remain straight until it is completely free of weight again.
International Latin style cha-cha[edit]
Cha-cha is one of the five dances of the "Latin American" program of international ballroom competitions.
As described above, the basis of the modern dance was laid down in the 1950s by Pierre & Lavelle[11] and developed in the 1960s by Walter Laird and other top competitors of the time. The basic steps taught to learners today are based on these accounts.
In general, steps are kept compact and the dance is danced generally without any rise and fall; this is the modern ballroom technique of Cha-cha (and other ballroom dances).
See also[edit]
Cha-cha-chá (music)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Orovio, Helio 1944. Cuban music from A to Z. p. 50
Jump up ^ Giro, Radamés 2007. Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en South Korea. La Habana. p. 281
Jump up ^ Jorrín, Enrique 1971. Origen ddwadel chachachá. Signos 3, p. 49.
Jump up ^ Orovio, Helio. 1981. Diccionario de la Música Cubana. La Habana, Editorial Letras Cubanas. ISBN 959-10-0048-0
Jump up ^ Sanchez-Coll, Israel (February 8, 2006). "Enrique Jorrín". Conexión Cubana. Retrieved 2007-01-31
Jump up ^ Sublette (2004) Cuba and its Music, Chapter 15
Jump up ^ Schweitzer (2013)The Artistry of Afro-Cuban Bata Drumming Aesthetics, transmission, Bonding, and creativity
Jump up ^ Sublette (2007) 'The Kingsmen and the cha cha cha.;
Jump up ^ Cuban rhythms are usually scored in 2/4 time, whereas in North America the music would typically be scored in 4/4. This does not affect the sense of the text.
^ Jump up to: a b Laird, Walter 2003. The Laird Technique of Latin Dancing. International Dance Publications Ltd.
Jump up ^ Lavelle, Doris 1983. Latin & American dances. 3rd ed, Black, London.
External links[edit]
Look up cha-cha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Former Latin champions Bryan Watson and Karen Hardy give a demo. [1]
Video of cha cha ballroom competition
Video of cha cha social dancing at 2010 New York Salsa Congress (first 2 minutes of video).
Video of cha cha social dancing by Joel Dominguez and Yesenia Peralta.
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This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 15:32 (UTC).
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values: Edit section: International Latin style cha-cha

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Musicality (dance)

values: List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin

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/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)
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interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha
Cha-cha – Czech
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cs
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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
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values: Τσα τσα τσα (χορός) – Greek

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https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csacsacsa
Csacsacsa – Hungarian
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interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
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interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachacha
Chachacha – Dutch
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha
Cha-cha – Polish
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha
Cha-cha – Finnish
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fi
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interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: ชะชะช่า (การเต้นรำ) – Thai

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interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
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interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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