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Legal status of tattooing in the United States
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In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).
In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State
State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules
Alabama
none specified[1] informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2] Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3] cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2] Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4] Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]
Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]
Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[7] parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7] Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7] no restriction[8] Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]
Arizona
none specified[9] parent/guardian must be physically present[9] Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9] no restriction[9] Violations are a class 6 felony.[9] There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10] Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]
Arkansas
16[11] parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12] none specified[12] cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12] Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]
California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14] parent/guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14] no restriction Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]
Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16] parent/guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16] Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]
Connecticut
none specified permission of parent or guardian[17][18] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]
no restrictions Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]
District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19] written consent (for ear piercing)[19] minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19] no restrictions[19] Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]
Delaware
18[20] notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20] none specified[20] cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20] Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]
Florida
16[21] Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21] for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21] no restriction Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]
Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22] For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]
no restrictions Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]
Hawaii
none specified[25] written consent of parent/guardian[25] Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]
Idaho
18[26] Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26] Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]
no restrictions Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]
Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27] Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27] Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]
no restrictions Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]
Indiana
none specified[28] Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28] no restrictions Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]
Iowa
18[30] n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30] Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31] no restrictions Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Kansas
16[32] Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32] Minors may have their ears pierced[33] no restrictions Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]
Kentucky
16 Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34] none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35] Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]
Louisiana
16 Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36] no restrictions La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]
Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37] For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38] Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39] no restrictions Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]
Maryland
none specified[40] written consent, which must be retained for 3 years. Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41] no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40] COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06
Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42] Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42] Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42] no restriction County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state. Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42] Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]
Michigan
none specified[43] Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43] cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43] Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]
Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45] For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45] Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45] cannot have any body art procedures.[45] Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]
Mississippi
18 n/a - minors cannot be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear. no restriction Miss.Code Ann. §73-61
Missouri
none specified[46] For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46] cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46] violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46] The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47] Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]
Montana
none specified[48] Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49] cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49] A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]
Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52] Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]
Nebraska
none specified[55] written consent, must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56] No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165
Nevada
n/a[6] n/a[6] Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57] n/a[6] n/a[6]
New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58] For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure. Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59] no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]
New Jersey
none specified[60] written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60] Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61] no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]
New Mexico
none specified[62] Written consent and presence during the procedure. Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63] no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]
New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64] Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65] Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66] no restrictions New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]
North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67] Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67] no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]
North Dakota
none specified[70] Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70] cannot get tattoos or other body art[71] N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]
Ohio
none specified[73] Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73] none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73] no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]
Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74] Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74] Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]
cannot be tattooed.[74] Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]
Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75] For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77] Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]
cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77] Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]
Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82] Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]
Pennsylvania
none specified[83] parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83] no restrictions Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]
Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85] Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85] no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84] Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85] RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]
South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87] Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87] Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86] cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88] Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87] Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90] S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]
South Dakota
none specified[92] Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92] cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94] Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95] Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95] S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]
Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98] For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]
Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97] Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]
Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101] Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]
Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104] For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104] Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]
Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107] Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]
Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111] Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]
Utah
none specified[113] Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113] Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113] Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113] Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]
Vermont
none specified[114] Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114] Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]
Virginia
none specified[116] Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116] Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116] Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116] Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]
Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]
Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120] cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121] Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]
West Virginia
none specified[125] parent/guardian must give written consent[125] All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125] Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128] W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]
Wisconsin
18[130] n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131] Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235
Wyoming
none specified[132] Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132] Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law. no restriction[132] Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132] Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]
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Jump up ^ "Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1010". nebraskalegislature.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments". southernnevadahealthdistrict.org.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm
^ Jump up to: a b "Section 2C:40-21 - Tattooing of a minor; parental permission, required :: 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36.5". New Mexico Administrative Code. Retrieved 2015-06-29. the signature of the client and, if the client is a minor, written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent;
^ Jump up to: a b "ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act". public.nmcompcomm.us. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree". ny.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article 4-A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing". ny.gov.
Jump up ^ "Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing". ny.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf
Jump up ^ "GS_130A-283". state.nc.us.
Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lawriter - ORC". ohio.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "§21-842.1. Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years—Definitions. :: 2014 Oklahoma Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
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Jump up ^ "Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties. :: 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
Jump up ^ "Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts; exceptions. :: 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
^ Jump up to: a b c "6311 - Tattooing and body piercing. :: 2010 Pennsylvania Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "§ 11-9-15 Tattooing of minors. :: CHAPTER 11-9 Children :: Title 11 Criminal Offenses :: 2010 Rhode Island General Laws :: Rhode Island General Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Section 23-1-39 - Tattooing and/or body piercing. :: 2014 Rhode Island General Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Section 44-34-100 - Unlawful acts; penalties. :: 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SECTION 44-32-120. Minors or persons impaired by drugs, alcohol, or otherwise incapable of consenting; unhealthy skin surfaces; penalty. :: 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING :: 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Section 44-34-20 - Establishment of sterilization, sanitation, and safety standards; licensing; engaging in other retail business. :: 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "SECTION 44-32-20. Sterilization, sanitation and safety standards; certificate of completion of blood-borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course; permits. :: 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 34 - TATTOOING :: 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c "§ 26-10-19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. :: 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Rules Display". sd.gov.
Jump up ^ "Rules Display". sd.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c "§ 9-34-17 Tattooing and body piercing. :: 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Rules Display". sd.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "§ 62-38-211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "§ 62-38-305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§ 62-38-310 - Penalty. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/
Jump up ^ "§ 62-38-302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing :: 2010 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012: TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS". Findlaw.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125: BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT; EXCEPTION". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025: EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126: TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124: BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018: OFFENSE; CRIMINAL PENALTY". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019: ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021: EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS; REGISTRATION REQUIRED". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002: LICENSE REQUIRED". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "Texas Statutes - Chapter 146: TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS". Findlaw.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Utah State Legislature". utah.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vermont Laws". vermont.gov.
Jump up ^ "Professions and Occupations". vermont.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "§ 18.2-371.3. Tattooing or body piercing of minors". virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ "§ 54.1-703. License required". virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ "§ 54.1-704.1. License required for barbershop, cosmetology salon, nail care salon, waxing salon, tattoo parlor, body-piercing salon, and esthetics spa". virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ "§ 15.2-912. Regulation of tattoo parlors and body-piercing salons; definition; exception". virginia.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "RCW 26.28.085: Applying tattoo to a minor — Penalty". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "WAC 246-145-015: Restrictions". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 18.300 RCW: BODY ART, BODY PIERCING, AND TATTOOING". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 246-145 WAC: BODY ART, BODY PIERCING, ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 70.54 RCW: MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS". wa.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c "§16-38-3. Operation standards. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§16-38-7. Violations and penalties. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§16-38-6. Registration requirements; inspections by local or regional boards of health; permit fees. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§16-37-3. Registration requirements; inspections by local boards of health; posting of permit; power of local board of health to order studio to close. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE 38. TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Legislature: 948.70". Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Legislature: 252.23". Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "TITLE 14 - CHILDREN, CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION, ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS". legisweb.state.wy.us. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
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David (Michelangelo)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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David
Artist
Michelangelo
Year
1501–1504
Medium
Marble statue
Subject
Biblical David
Location
Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, Italy
David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created in marble between 1501 and 1504 by the Italian artist Michelangelo. David is a 5.17-metre (17.0 ft)[a] marble statue of a standing male nude. The statue represents the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence.[1]
David was originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, but was instead placed in a public square, outside the Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of civic government in Florence, in the Piazza della Signoria where it was unveiled on 8 September 1504. The statue was moved to the Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, in 1873, and later replaced at the original location by a replica.
3D model
Because of the nature of the hero it represented, the statue soon came to symbolize the defence of civil liberties embodied in the Republic of Florence, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome.[2]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Commission
1.2 Placement
1.3 Later history
2 Interpretation
3 Conservation
3.1 Replicas
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
Commission[edit]
David, modelling of the marble.
The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.[3] Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral.[4] In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta. A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.[5] Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the Operai contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David. A block of marble was provided from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany. Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs. His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off.
Rossellino's contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for 26 years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop. This was of great concern to the Opera authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence. In 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as "a certain figure of marble called David, badly blocked out and supine."[6] A year later, documents showed that the Operai were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art. They ordered the block of stone, which they called The Giant, "raised on its feet" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion. Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted, it was Michelangelo, only 26 years old, who convinced the Operai that he deserved the commission. On 16 August 1501, Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task.[7] He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September, a month after he was awarded the contract. He would work on the massive statue for more than two years.
Placement[edit]
A replica of David now stands outside the Palazzo Vecchio.
On 25 January 1504, when the sculpture was nearing completion, Florentine authorities had to acknowledge there would be little possibility of raising the more than six-ton statue to the roof of the cathedral.[8] They convened a committee of 30 Florentine citizens that comprised many artists, including Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, to decide on an appropriate site for David.[9] While nine different locations for the statue were discussed, the majority of members seem to have been closely split between two sites. One group, led by Giuliano da Sangallo and supported by Leonardo and Piero di Cosimo, among others, believed that, due to the imperfections in the marble, the sculpture should be placed under the roof of the Loggia dei Lanzi on Piazza della Signoria; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the Palazzo della Signoria, the city's town hall (now known as Palazzo Vecchio). Another opinion, supported by Botticelli, was that the sculpture should be situated on or near the cathedral. In June 1504, David was installed next to the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio, replacing Donatello's bronze sculpture of Judith and Holofernes, which embodied a comparable theme of heroic resistance. It took four days to move the statue the half mile from Michelangelo's workshop into the Piazza della Signoria. Later that summer the sling and tree-stump support were gilded, and the figure was given a gilded loin-garland.[10][11]
Later history[edit]
David Galleria dell'Accademia.
In 1873, the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracted many visitors. A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.[12]
In 1991, a mentally disturbed artist named Piero Cannata attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket;[13] in the process of damaging the toes of the left foot, he was restrained.[14]
On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica[15] of the David was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only. Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the Operai who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.
In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the municipality of Florence claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the Italian Culture Ministry, which disputes the municipality claim.[16][17]
In the mid 1800s, small cracks were noticed on the left leg on David which can possibly be attributed to an uneven sinking of the ground under the massive statue.[18]
David's eyes look towards Rome.
Interpretation[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Close-up of David.
The pose of Michelangelo's David is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of David. The bronze statues by Donatello and Verrocchio represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath, and the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing, even as Goliath's head rested between his feet,[19] but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether. According to Helen Gardner and other scholars, David is depicted before his battle with Goliath.[20][21] Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he, David looks tense and ready for combat.
The statue appears to show David after he has made the decision to fight Goliath but before the battle has actually taken place, a moment between conscious choice and action. His brow is drawn, his neck tense and the veins bulge out of his lowered right hand. His left hand holds a sling that is draped over his shoulder and down to his right hand, which holds a rock.[22] The twist of his body effectively conveys to the viewer the feeling that he is in motion, an impression heightened with contrapposto. The statue is a Renaissance interpretation of a common ancient Greek theme of the standing heroic male nude. In the High Renaissance, contrapposto poses were thought of as a distinctive feature of antique sculpture. This is typified in David, as the figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg forward. This classic pose causes the figure's hips and shoulders to rest at opposing angles, giving a slight s-curve to the entire torso. The contrapposto is emphasised by the turn of the head to the left, and by the contrasting positions of the arms.
Michelangelo's David has become one of the most recognized works of Renaissance sculpture, a symbol of strength and youthful beauty.
David's right hand.
Just the colossal size of the statue impressed Michelangelo's contemporaries. Vasari described it as "certainly a miracle that of Michelangelo, to restore to life one who was dead," and then listed all of the largest and most grand of the ancient statues that he had ever seen, concluding that Michelangelo's work surpassed "all ancient and modern statues, whether Greek or Latin, that have ever existed."[23]
The proportions of the David are atypical of Michelangelo's work; the figure has an unusually large head and hands (particularly apparent in the right hand). The small size of the genitals, though, is in line with his other works and with Renaissance conventions in general, perhaps referencing the ancient Greek ideal of pre-pubescent male nudity. These enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline, where the important parts of the sculpture may have been accentuated in order to be visible from below. The statue is unusually slender (front to back) in comparison to its height, which may be a result of the work done on the block before Michelangelo began carving it.
It is possible that the David was conceived as a political statue before Michelangelo began to work on it.[24] Certainly David the giant-killer had long been seen as a political figure in Florence, and images of the Biblical hero already carried political implications there.[25] Donatello's bronze David, made for the Medici family, perhaps c. 1440, had been appropriated by the Signoria in 1494, when the Medici were exiled from Florence, and the statue was installed in the courtyard of the Palazzo della Signoria, where it stood for the Republican government of the city. By placing Michelangelo's statue in the same general location, the Florentine authorities ensured that David would be seen as a political parallel as well as an artistic response to that earlier work. These political overtones led to the statue being attacked twice in its early days. Protesters pelted it with stones the year it debuted, and, in 1527, an anti-Medici riot resulted in its left arm being broken into three pieces.
Commentators have noted the presence of foreskin on David's penis, which is at odds with the Judaic practice of circumcision, but is consistent with the conventions of Renaissance art.[26][27]
Conservation[edit]
During World War II, David was entombed in brick to protect it from damage from airborne bombs.
Detail of David's damaged left foot, caused by exposure to the elements and in 1991 when a deranged man hit it with a concealed hammer.
In 1991, the foot of the statue was damaged by a man with a hammer.[13] The samples obtained from that incident allowed scientists to determine that the marble used was obtained from the Fantiscritti quarries in Miseglia, the central of three small valleys in Carrara. The marble in question contains many microscopic holes that cause it to deteriorate faster than other marbles. Because of the marble's degradation, from 2003 to 2004 the statue was given its first major cleaning since 1843. Some experts opposed the use of water to clean the statue, fearing further deterioration. Under the direction of Franca Falleti, senior restorers Monica Eichmann and Cinzia Parnigoni undertook the job of restoring the statue.[28]
In 2008, plans were proposed to insulate the statue from the vibration of tourists' footsteps at Florence's Galleria dell'Accademia, to prevent damage to the marble.[29]
Replicas[edit]
Main article: Replicas of Michelangelo's David
Approximate heights of various notable statues:
1. Statue of Unity 240 m (incl. 58 m base)
2. Spring Temple Buddha 153 m (incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne)
3. Statue of Liberty 93 m (incl. 47 m pedestal)
4. The Motherland Calls 87 m (incl. 2 m pedestal)
5. Christ the Redeemer 38 m (incl. 8 m pedestal)
David has stood on display at Florence's Galleria dell'Accademia since 1873. In addition to the full-sized replica occupying the spot of the original in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, a bronze version overlooks Florence from the Piazzale Michelangelo. The plaster cast of David at the Victoria and Albert Museum has a detachable plaster fig leaf which is displayed nearby. Legend claims that the fig leaf was created in response to Queen Victoria's shock upon first viewing the statue's nudity, and was hung on the figure prior to royal visits, using two strategically placed hooks.[30] In 2010, the Italian government began a campaign to solidify its claim to the iconic marble statue.
David has often been reproduced,[31] in plaster and imitation marble fibreglass, signifying an attempt to lend an atmosphere of culture even in some unlikely settings such as beach resorts, gambling casinos and model railroads.[32]
See also[edit]
List of works by Michelangelo
List of statues by height
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ The height of the David was recorded incorrectly and the mistake proliferated through many art history publications. The accurate height was only determined in 1998–99 when a team from Stanford University went to Florence to try out a project on digitally imaging large 3D objects by photographing sculptures by Michelangelo and found that the sculpture was taller than any of the sources had indicated. See [1] and [2].
Citations
Jump up ^ See, for example, Donatello's 2 versions of David; Verrocchio's bronze David; Domenico Ghirlandaio's painting of David; and Bartolomeo Bellano's bronze David.
Jump up ^ This theory was first proposed by Saul Levine "The Location of Michelangelo's David: The Meeting of January 25, 1504, The Art Bulletin 56 (1974): 31–49.
Jump up ^ The genesis of David was discussed in Seymour 1967 and in Coonin 2014.
Jump up ^ Charles Seymour, Jr. "Homo Magnus et Albus: the Quattrocento Background for Michelangelo's David of 1501–04," Stil und Überlieferung in der Kunst des Abendlandes, Berlin, 1967, II, 96–105.
Jump up ^ Seymour, 100–101.
Jump up ^ Giovanni Gaye, Carteggio inedito d'artisti del sec. XIV, XV, XVI, Florence: 1839–40, 2: 454 and Charles Seymour, Michelangelo's David: A Search for Identity, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1967, 134–137, doc. 34.
Jump up ^ Gaetano Milanesi, Le lettere di Michelangelo Buonarroti pubblicati coi ricordi ed i contratti artistici, Florence, 1875, 620–623: "...the Consuls of the Arte della Lana and the Lords Overseers being met Overseers, have chosen as sculptor to the said Cathedral the worthy master, Michelangelo, the son of Lodovico Buonarrotti, a citizen of Florence, to the end that he may make, finish and bring to perfection the male figure known as the Giant, nine braccia in height, already blocked out in marble by Maestro Agostino grande, of Florence, and badly blocked; and now stored in the workshops of the Cathedral. The work shall be completed within the period and term of two years next ensuing, beginning from the first day of September next ensuing, with a salary and payment together in joint assembly within the hall of the said of six broad florins of gold in gold for every month. And for all other works that shall be required about the said building (edificium) the said Overseers bind themselves to supply and provide both men and scaffolding from their office and all else that may be necessary. When the said work and the said male figure of marble shall be finished, then the Consuls and Overseers who shall at that time be in authority shall judge whether it merits a higher reward, being guided therein by the dictates of their own consciences."
Jump up ^ The statue has not been weighed, but an estimate of its weight was circulated in 2004, when the statue was cleaned. See a CBS news report of 8 March 2004.
Jump up ^ The minutes of the meeting were published in Giovanni Gaye, Carteggio inedito d'artisti del sec. XIV, XV, XVI, Florence, 1839–40, 2: 454–463. For an English translation of the document, see Seymour, Michelangelo's David, 140–155 and for an analysis, see Saul Levine, "The Location of Michelangelo's David: The Meeting of January 25, 1504, Art Bulletin 56 (1974): 31–49; N. Randolph Parks, "The Placement of Michelangelo's David: A Review of the Documents," Art Bulletin, 57 (1975) 560–570; and Rona Goffen, Renaissance Rivals: Michelangelo, Leonardo, Raphael, Titian, New Haven, 2002, 123–127.
Jump up ^ Goffen (2002), p. 130.
Jump up ^ Coonin, 2014, pp. 90-94.
Jump up ^ Coonin, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "a man the police described as deranged, broke part of a toe with a hammer, saying a 16th century Venetian painter's model ordered him to do so." Cowell, Alan. "Michelangelo's David Is Damaged", New York Times, 1991-09-15. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi, Art lovers go nuts over dishy David, ABC Science, Monday, 21 November 2005
Jump up ^ "Michelangelo's David as It Was Meant to Be Seen : Discovery News". news.discovery.com. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta (31 August 2010). "Who Owns Michelangelo's 'David'?". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Pisa, Nick (16 August 2010). "Florence vs Italy: Michelangelo's David at centre of ownership row". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ A., Borri (2006). "Diagnostic analysis of the lesions and stability of Michelangelo's David". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 7: 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2006.06.004 – via ScienceDirect.
Jump up ^ "File:Andrea del castagno, scudo di david con la testa di golia, 1450-55 circa, 02.JPG - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. MamiyaIt, Gardner's Art Through the Ages retrieved February 17, 2009
Jump up ^ Howard Hibbard, Michelangelo, New York: Harper & Row, 1974, 59–61; Anthony Hughes, Michelangelo, London: Phaidon, 1997, 74.
Jump up ^ "David Sculpture, Michelango's David, Michelangelo Gallery".
Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari, Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori nelle redazioni del 1550 e 1568, ed. Rosanna Bettarini and Paola Barocchi, Florence, 1966–87, 6: 21.
Jump up ^ Levine, 45–46.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Andrew (1995). "New Evidence for the Iconography of David in Quattrocento Florence". I Tatti Studies. 8: 115–133.
Jump up ^ Strauss, RM; Marzo-Ortega, H (2002). "Michelangelo and medicine". J R Soc Med. 95: 514–5. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.10.514. PMC 1279184. PMID 12356979.
Jump up ^ Coonin, 2014, pp. 105-108.
Jump up ^ Eric Scigliano. "Inglorious Restorations. Destroying Old Masterpieces in Order to Save Them." Harper's Magazine. August 2005, 61–68.
Jump up ^ "Michelangelo's David 'may crack'". BBC News. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "David's Fig Leaf". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
Jump up ^ " You need not travel to Florence to see Michelangelo's David. You can see it well enough for educational purposes in reproduction," asserted E. B. Feldman in 1973 (Feldman, "The teacher as model critic", Journal of Aesthetic Education, 1973).
Jump up ^ That "typical examples of kitsch include fridge magnets showing Michelangelo’s David." is reported even in the British Medical Journal (J Launer, "Medical kitsch", BMJ, 2000)
Bibliography[edit]
External video
Michelangelo's David, Smarthistory[1]
Coonin, A. Victor, From Marble to Flesh: The Biography of Michelangelo’s David, Florence: The Florentine Press, 2014. ISBN 9788897696025.
Goffen, Rona (2002). Renaissance Rivals: Michelangelo, Leonardo, Raphael, Titian. Yale University Press.
Hall, James, Michelangelo and the Reinvention of the Human Body New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
Hartt, Frederick, Michelangelo: the complete sculpture, New York: Abrams Books,1982.
Hibbard, Howard. Michelangelo, New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
Hirst Michael, “Michelangelo In Florence: David In 1503 and Hercules In 1506,” The Burlington Magazine, 142 (2000): 487–492.
Hughes, Anthony, Michelangelo, London: Phaidon Press, 1997.
Levine, Saul, "The Location of Michelangelo's David: The Meeting of January 25, 1504", The Art Bulletin, 56 (1974): 31–49.
Natali, Antonio; Michelangelo (2014). Michelangelo Inside and Outside the Uffizi. Florence: Maschietto. ISBN 978-88-6394-085-5.
Pope-Hennessy, John, Italian High Renaissance and Baroque Sculpture. London: Phaidon, 1996.
Seymour, Charles, Jr. Michelangelo's David: a search for identity (Mellon Studies in the Humanities), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967.
Vasari, Giorgio, The Lives of the Artists (Penguin Books), “Life of Michelangelo”, pp. 325–442.
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Jump up ^ "Michelangelo's David". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
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interlanguage-link interwiki-war
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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