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Prison Break (season 4)
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Prison Break (season 4)
DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01) – May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Prison Break episodes
The fourth season of Prison Break, an American serial drama television series commenced airing in the United States on September 1, 2008. It consists of 24 episodes (22 television episodes and 2 straight to DVD episodes), 16 of which aired from September to December 2008. After a hiatus, it resumed on April 17, 2009 and concluded on May 15, 2009 with a two episode finale.[1] The fourth season was announced as the final season of Prison Break, however the series returned in a limited series format as Prison Break: Resurrection, which premiered on April 4, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main characters
1.2 Recurring characters
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Home media release
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main characters[edit]
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield
Michael Rapaport as DHS Special Agent Don Self
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Wade Williams as Brad Bellick
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Chris Vance as James Whistler
Danay García as Sofia Lugo
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone
Recurring characters[edit]
Leon Russom as General Jonathan Krantz
Shannon Lucio as DHS Special Agent Miriam Hultz
Stacy Haiduk as Lisa Tabak
Cress Williams as Wyatt Mathewson
Kathleen Quinlan as Christina Rose Scofield
Ted King as Downey
James Hiroyuki Liao as Roland Glenn
Michael Bryan French as Gregory White
Raphael Sbarge as Ralph Becker
Ron Yuan as Feng Huan
Barbara Eve Harris as FBI Agent Felicia Lang
Steve Tom as Stuart Tuxhorn
Dameon Clarke as Andrew Blauner
Heather McComb as Rita Morgan
Graham McTavish as Ferguson
Jude Ciccolella as Howard Scuderi
Shaun Duke as Griffin Oren
Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bruce Bennett
Michael O'Neill as DHS Director Herb Stanton
Callie Thorne as Pam Mahone
Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman
Mark Pellegrino as Patrick Vikan
Titus Welliver as Scott
Ivar Brogger as Dr. Vincent Sandinsky
Jason Davis as FBI Agent Mark Wheeler
William Mapother as FBI Agent Chris Franco
Reno Wilson as FBI Agent Wilson Wright
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
John Sanderford as Nathaniel Edison
Crystal Mantecon as Carmelita
Marshall Allman as L.J. Burrows
Kim Coates as Internal Affairs Agent Richard Sullins
Muse Watson as Charles Westmoreland
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Prison Break episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
58
1 "Scylla" Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01) 4AKJ01 6.53[2]
Scofield tracks Whistler, Morgan and Mahone to a party, where Whistler acquires a specific card before copying it secretly. Scofield arrives to kill her for Tancredi's murder, but she reveals that the latter is alive. Scofield calls Lincoln, who is living a peaceful life with L.J. and Sofia in Panama. The General blames Morgan for bringing a copy instead of the original card and orders Wyatt Mathewson, his henchman to take care of her. Scofield meets Whistler, who tell the former about Scylla, the latter's card that contains the Company's black book; but Mathewson arrives, kills Whistler and recovers the card. Lincoln kills a Company operative and is arrested. Mahone finds out that Mathewson has killed the former's son. Sucre and Bellick are revealed to have escaped Sona, which was burnt. Bagwell has also escaped and has plans to return to the U.S. to investigate Whistler's book. He is abandoned with his friend in the American deserts. Scofield reunites with Tancredi and they accept DHS agent Donald Self's offer to recover Scylla and defeat the Company in exchange for immunity, teaming up with Burrows, Mahone, Sucre and Bellick.
59
2 "Breaking & Entering" Bobby Roth Zack Estrin September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01) 4AKJ02 6.53[2]
The team arrives in Los Angeles; and the members are given ankle GPS devices and meet teammate Roland Glenn, a computer expert. Burrows promises revenge to Mahone after the mission is accomplished. Mahone manages to find the cardholder through his driver, whom Mahone saw at the party. Glenn states that they only need to copy the card using his special device, which can steal any electronic storage device's data in proximity. The team realizes that entering the mansion is impossible and instead put Glenn's device in the servant's bag and have the card copied; but she leaves the device at the mansion and the team manages to enter and recover the device. Meanwhile, Mathewson is having Morgan tortured for information and finds out that the brothers and the others aren't incarcerated; he finds Bruce Bennett and starts torturing him. Bagwell kills his friend and eats him in order to survive. He is given a ride by bikers to San Diego, mentioned in the book, where he recovers important material from a box. The team finds out that they only have one of the six cards that form the complete Scylla. Scofield notices his nose bleeding.
60
3 "Shut Down" Milan Cheylov Nick Santora September 8, 2008 (2008-09-08) 4AKJ03 6.36[3]
The team investigates other data recovered from the mansion in order to find the other cardholders. Mahone asks FBI agent Lang to help him find his son's killer. Self's supervisor, agent Herb Stanton, convinces Senator Dallow to order the abort of the mission. The team recovers emails, which are incomplete and they infiltrate the server building and obtain the rest. Sucre and Bellick are arrested by DHS agents, Glenn stays behind and the others escape. They manage to find the meeting location and Scofield proceeds while the others are arrested too. Scofield returns with a film he recorded showing the faces of the six cardholders, one being the General himself. Self decides to let the team continue the mission. Meanwhile, Mathewson gets no information from Bennett and kills him. Bagwell begins having fun in Whistler's house and calls a company called "GATE" and is requested to go and receive his check. Mahone receives a file from Lang containing the possible shooters. The team discovers that his son is killed and Burrows finally reconciles with him.
61
4 "Eagles & Angels" Michael Switzer Karyn Usher September 15, 2008 (2008-09-15) 4AKJ04 5.79[4]
The team believes the Turkish consul is a cardholder, but realizes that his wife, Lisa Tabak who is also the General's daughter, is. They find her difficult to get close to before spotting Bagwell and capturing him; but they can't find the book and he escapes. The team finds out that Tabak will attend a police celebration. Scofield, Burrows and Mahone wear uniforms and successfully copy the card; but one of her bodyguards recognizes and follows Burrows and the latter kills him by Bellick's help. Meanwhile, Tancredi is informed of Bennett's death and gets depressed. She goes to a pub, where a man steals and uses her credit card, which is detected by the Company. Bagwell starts working at GATE, meeting Gregory White, the CEO, Trishanne Smith, the secretary and Blauner, another clerk. The former notices a name, Xing, in the book. In New York City, Xing is killed by his boss for his failure to get Scylla. Mahone instructs Glenn to help him find his son's killer. Mathewson arrives at the pub and starts chasing Tancredi.
62
5 "Safe & Sound" Karen Gaviola Seth Hoffman September 22, 2008 (2008-09-22) 4AKJ05 5.84[5]
Mahone's wife, Pam, identifies Mathewson and encourages him to kill the latter. Tancredi manages to lose the latter and the team realizes that he wants to kill them. They move for the next card while Mahone starts investigating Mathewson. Self enters the cardholder's room and fails to copy the card, but gives the specifics of the safe to the team and gets them in the building. Burrows notices Scofield's nose bleeding. They manage to copy the card while Oren, the cardholder, is meeting the General, who states that Scylla is the reason the Company has power. Meanwhile, Mahone finds the motel Mathewson was staying in and notices the acceptant calling Mathewson, and takes the number by force. Morgan manages to free herself. Sucre and Bellick search the nearby buildings for Bagwell and tell Smith that there is a prize for helping them find Bagwell; but she decides to get more from Bagwell instead. Bagwell is visited by Feng Huan, Xing's boss, who threatens to kill him if he doesn't get Scylla soon. The team deduces that the General is the head of the Company.
63
6 "Blow Out" Bryan Spicer Kalinda Vazquez September 29, 2008 (2008-09-29) 4AKJ06 5.28[6]
The team manages to copy the next card with an elaborate plan; but Mahone is arrested by the police while recovering Glenn's device; and Self only manages to get the device. The team is divided whether to save Mahone or move to the next card. They finally choose to rescue him in the court, where Mathewson has also arrived to kill him. Mahone is saved successfully. He calls Mathewson and promises to find him before throwing the number away, which is recovered by Glenn. Meanwhile, Gretchen reunites with her sister, Rita, and daughter, Emily, who believes Rita is her mother. Gretchen recovers a gun and some money from a gift she had given Rita previously and proceeds with plans of working for herself. The General has found out Self's investigation on him and orders a DHS double agent to search his computer and Mathewson to warn him. Blauner finds illegal background in Bagwell's faked career and the latter clears the house and attempts to escape before being attacked by Gretchen.
64
7 "Five the Hard Way" Garry A. Brown Christian Trokey October 6, 2008 (2008-10-06) 4AKJ07 5.37[7]
Bagwell offers Morgan to work together. Mahone advises Self to take the fight to the General instead of hiding; and Self makes the latter cancel the assault on him. The team realizes that Scuderi, the next cardholder, is currently in Las Vegas, while they are informed by Smith of Bagwell's whereabouts. Scofield, Mahone and Bellick stay to find Bagwell while the others travel to Vegas. Burrows tells Tancredi of Scofield's condition, which resembles to what killed their mother at that age. The card is successfully copied; but Glenn's indiscretion results in losing the device. Meanwhile, Scofield's team realizes that the call was a ruse by Bagwell; only Mahone manages to escape . Bagwell forces Scofield to reassemble the blueprint hidden in the papers of the book. Mahone finds the house by the GPS devices; but they are already gone as Morgan spotted the devices in time. Morgan kills Blauner as a caution. Scofield manages to complete the blueprint and leads Bagwell to an underground accessed by Bagwell's office in GATE. Mahone arrives and Bagwell is locked in a room. Scofield gets a call from Morgan, who hid herself the whole time.
65
8 "The Price" Bobby Roth Graham Roland October 20, 2008 (2008-10-20) 4AKJ08 5.45[8]
Morgan makes a truce with Scofield, giving him the rest of the papers and Bagwell is released. They decide to work together to bring down the Company. Burrows suggests an attack on Krantz' car and taking the last card, which is approved. Glenn is cast out of the plan because of his indiscretion that resulted in losing the device. He offers the team's whereabouts to Mathewson in exchange for money and proves his validity by giving the team's plan away, resulting in Sucre being critically shot, whose wounds Tancredi tends to. Glenn goes to meet Mathewson, who shoots and tortures him to tell the team's location. Having followed Glenn by a tracker Scofield put in his laptop, the team arrives and abducts Mathewson, everyone apart from Michael leaves Glenn to succumb to his wounds. Meanwhile, Feng tries to kill Bagwell as he promised; but Morgan convinces him to give them more time. Bagwell instructs Smith to investigate the others. Tancredi reconciles with Morgan because of the team. Deducing that the attempt was for his card not his life, Krantz decides to transfer Scylla.
66
9 "Greatness Achieved" Jesse Bochco Nick Santora November 3, 2008 (2008-11-03) 4AKJ09 5.23[9]
The team tortures Mathewson to make him tell Krantz that they are dead while preventing Mahone from taking his revenge until the deed is done. Tancredi is chosen to convince Mathewson; but she fails. It is revealed to be a plan to record his voice using different words and Self assembles those words, making a sentence stating the mission's accomplishment, which Self plays to Krantz on the phone; and he gets relieved and cancels the newspaper coverage he planned. Mahone tortures Mathewson until he agrees to express apology to Pam, after which he is killed. Meanwhile, White starts investigating Blauner's disappearance; but Bagwell solves the situation by manipulating the records, showing the illegal background in Blauner's career, making White to close the case in order to prevent the scandal. Morgan apparently reconciles with Krantz, revealed to have been involved with him before. She finds out about the transfer. The team finds a water pipe blocking their way and manages to get across it, but at the cost of Bellick's life.
67
10 "The Legend" Dwight H. Little Karyn Usher November 10, 2008 (2008-11-10) 4AKJ10 5.38[10]
The team forces Self to recover Bellick's body and send it to his mother. Sucre reveals that he would have died in the Sona riot, incited by Bagwell, if Bellick hadn't saved the former. Morgan informs the team of Krantz' plan. They realize that they can't translate the blueprint without the legend. They find an architect's name in the papers; and Mahone goes to the architect's house, where Krantz has sent his own men to recover the architect for his plan. The team finds mines in a room they reach on their way. Sucre puts his foot on a mine, which will detonate after the foot is pulled. Morgan tries to defuse it. Mahone recovers the legend and manages to defuse the mine and save Sucre. Bagwell realizes that Smith is knowing more than expected. He gets her call register and finds out that she is in contact with Self. Meanwhile, Scofield is diagnosed with hypothalamus hamartoma and Tancredi states that he will die if he doesn't have a surgery soon.
68
11 "Quiet Riot" Kevin Hooks Seth Hoffman November 17, 2008 (2008-11-17) 4AKJ11 5.52[11]
Scofield designates the plan for the team, as he will not join them because of his surgery. Morgan arranges a tryst with Krantz, in which she tries to steal his card; but he already knows and tries to kill her before she reminds him of their child; and he spares her and leaves. Scofield decides to join the team and finish the mission before surgery; and Tancredi goes to do her part, revealed to be involving Tabak. Morgan and Bagwell prepare to kill Scofield's team when they come back with Scylla. Smith intercepts Bagwell's call about a buyer and teams up with Self to enter the house, where Feng's men capture them. Scofield's team starts working silently because of the sound sensors. They get past the wall and make a ladder to reach the glass room while using nitrogen gas to avoid the temperature sensors. They finally enter the glass room, which contains a box. As Scofield touches it, Krantz finds out and takes a team to neutralize the threat.
69
12 "Selfless" Michael Switzer Kalinda Vazquez November 24, 2008 (2008-11-24) 4AKJ12 5.25[12]
The team takes Krantz hostage and uses the six cards to open the box and recover Scylla. They proceed to Krantz' room, where, he tries to allure them to surrender, reveling that he and Aldo Burrows worked closely. He finds out that Tancredi has taken Tabak hostage; and she will kill her if the team isn't allowed a safe passage outside. The team leaves the building with Scylla and Krantz orders their chase. Meanwhile, Self and Smith manage to free themselves and kill Feng and his men. At GATE, Bagwell and Morgan take the staff hostage and kill White. Smith arrives and saves them. Morgan escapes and Bagwell is captured by Smith, who reveals that she is DHS agent Miriam Hultz. The team separates, with the brothers taking the bag to an airport, where the Company operatives take it. But it is revealed that Mahone and Sucre actually have Scylla. The team gives Scylla to Self, who gives them a package containing their transfer papers and tells them to wait for the authorities. They wait for hours without anyone coming and find out that the package contains plain papers. Self kills Hultz and takes Scylla.
70
13 "Deal or No Deal" Bobby Roth Christian Trokey December 1, 2008 (2008-12-01) 4AKJ13 5.84[13]
Self makes Stanton believe that the team has killed him and seized Scylla. The team deduces Self's plan, to sell Scylla and disappear. They unite with Gretchen to find Self, who unites with Bagwell and they take Rita and Emily hostage, forcing Gretchen to give the team away to DHS and find a new buyer. The team is attacked by DHS agents and Burrows is captured. Burrows manages to convince Stanton and Dallow of the truth. They offer a new deal for the team to testify against Self. Scofield instructs Mahone to get Tancredi and Sucre outside the city and proceeds to the warehouse to testify with Burrows. Stanton and Dallow decide to kill the brothers to prevent the scandal. The Company mole kills Stanton and other agents before Sucre arrives and saves them, with the mole being killed. They let Dallow leave. Meanwhile, Krantz kills Scuderi for humiliating him. Bagwell stays at Rita's while Gretchen and Self meet a conduit, who reveals that a piece of Scylla is missing. Self calls Scofield and demands it, who defies him to come and get it.
71
14 "Just Business" Mark Helfrich Graham Roland December 8, 2008 (2008-12-08) 4AKJ14 5.40[14]
The team prepares for Self's attack. They capture Self, who convinces them to let him sell Scylla and the Company will be destroyed anyway. They let him leave, while Sucre hides in his trunk. Self and Gretchen arrive in a motel and Sucre informs the others, who arrive and attack the duo. Scofield's condition makes him collapse; and the duo escape. The Company recovers Scofield. Having put a camera in the warehouse, Self finds where Scofield has hidden the piece and obtains it before calling the conduit. Meanwhile, Bagwell is visited by a man pretending to be a bible salesman. The former finally decides to let Rita and Emily escape and is captured by the man, who is a Company man in fact. Self meets and kills the conduit in order to keep the whole money. Mahone meets FBI agents Lang and Wheeler, who can grant the team immunity in exchange for Scylla. The latter arrests the former after hearing that Scylla is gone. Tabak resigns from the Company. Burrows makes a deal with Krantz to return Scylla in exchange for Scofield's surgery.
72
15 "Going Under" Karen Gaviola Zack Estrin December 15, 2008 (2008-12-15) 4AKJ15 5.37[15]
Burrows tortures Bagwell and finds Self and Morgan's whereabouts. The former and Sucre arrive at the location; but they are already gone. They keep searching using the Company's surveillance technology and track the duo to a place where they are meeting the buyer's henchman, Scott. The latter takes Scylla and escapes while Self and Morgan are captured. Meanwhile, Scofield goes under surgery and meets Westmoreland in his dream, where he manages to deduce what Scylla really is. The operation is successful and Scofield reveals to Tancredi that Scylla contains next generations technologies that can end the energy crisis and provide infinite energy; and that is why Krantz believes Scylla to be the source of power. Mahone escapes the transfer car and Lang stops him; but he convinces her to let him leave. Sucre departs and Krantz forces Burrows to team up with Self, Morgan and Bagwell in order to recover Scylla. Scofield blames Burrows for his decision and the latter reveals that their mother worked for the Company and he will continue the family business.
73
16 "The Sunshine State" Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead & Nicholas Wootton December 22, 2008 (2008-12-22) 4AKJ16 4.98[16]
Burrows' team arrives in Miami, where Scott has been tracked to. Self attempts to force a vote to depose Burrows as the boss and take the position, but it is negated by Mahone's arrival. The team obtains surveillance footage which Morgan investigates and finds Scott, but she doesn't inform the team and arranges a meeting with Scott on her own. Meanwhile, Michael wakes up in a countryside mansion where a Company psychiatrist informs him that his mother, Christina Rose Scofield, is still alive and working for the Company. Michael demands to talk to her, but the psychiatrist replies that they will talk when he decides to join the Company. Tancredi meets Tabak, who gives her Michael's whereabouts. Krantz gives orders for Michael to be given a medical treatment that could kill him, but which will certainly damage his mind; however, he manages to escape with Tancredi's help. He tells Tancredi that he believes his mother is alive. Morgan takes the team to a location where they are ambushed by Scott's men. Morgan changes sides again, being shot by Scott, who is killed along with his men. Morgan is left for the police. Burrows answers the call from the buyer, who is Christina.
74
17 "The Mother Lode" Jonathan Glassner Seth Hoffman April 17, 2009 (2009-04-17) 4AKJ17 3.34[17]
Burrows' team members receive images of their loved ones, sent by Krantz to make them finish the mission. They possess a special key obtained from Scott. They track it and find two locations it is used. Self and Bagwell go for one that is in a church; but they are not allowed inside. Burrows and Mahone arrive in a house where they decrypt a message Christina has left for Burrows where to meet her. Burrows meets Christina in a restaurant, where she asks him to give her time to defeat Krantz, whom Oren attempts to kill as her plan. She has Oren killed for the failure, making Krantz suspect her. The other three attack the church and find guns and special keycards there. Meanwhile, Michael and Tancredi hide in a truck heading to Miami. They are attacked by a man, who is attacked and dies after stating that he doesn't work for Krantz. Michael recovers an encrypted note from him. Burrows decides to meet Christina again, what she instructed him not to. Thus she orders a sniper to shoot him.
75
18 "VS." Dwight H. Little Christian Trokey & Kalinda Vazquez April 24, 2009 (2009-04-24) 4AKJ18 3.06[18]
The team saves Burrows and kills the sniper. Michael and Tancredi arrives in Miami, where they meet Mahone and tell him that they will destroy the Company no matter the cost, making the two teams potential enemies. Burrows' team tracks Christina to the Indian embassy and enter it at the cost of Bagwell being beaten. Christina convinces Naveen Banarjee, a politician, to talk about Scylla in the upcoming energy conference, promising him to take care of a scientist named Sandinsky from causing trouble. Burrows' team recovers a note from the embassy. Michael and Tancredi decrypt their note and arrive at the airport Sandinsky's plane is landing. Burrows' team arrives too and abduct Sandinsky while the duo take his cell phone, realizing that he has been in contact with Christina, a claim he denies when asked by Burrows' team. Bagwell secretly informs Krantz that Christina has Scylla; and he decides to go to Miami personally. Michael calls Christina, who tries to reason with him; but he hangs up. Tancredi finds out that she is pregnant.
76
19 "S.O.B." Garry A. Brown Karyn Usher May 1, 2009 (2009-05-01) 4AKJ19 3.20[19]
Michael calls Christina again and she manages to track him. She arrives with her men; but this was revealed to be a ruse by Michael, who along with Tancredi abduct her and leave. Krantz arrives and blames Burrows for not telling him about Christina. He gives the team, excluding Bagwell, another chance; and they go to a house and then a bank to acquire a suitcase; but they realize that it was just taken; and they give chase. Meanwhile, Christina reveals to Michael that Burrows is not his true brother and Aldo adopted Burrows when he lost his parents, who worked for the Company. She also reveals that Burrows is falling in a trap she has set; and Michael rushes to save Burrows before locking her. She finds out about the baby before locking Tancredi and escaping. Bagwell kills Sandinsky on Krantz' order. Burrows' team tracks the man to the energy conference, where Burrows enters before Banarjee is assassinated and Burrows is framed for it. Michael arrives and teams up with him.
77
20 "Cowboys & Indians" Milan Cheylov Nick Santora May 8, 2009 (2009-05-08) 4AKJ20 2.99[20]
Michael and Burrows escape to one of the floors. Christina makes a deal with the Indian Prime Minister, who was also Banarjee's father, to sell him Scylla. Self tells Michael and Burrows how the police is going to capture them and kills a DHS agent who spots him. Michael finds a countermeasure and they escape the attacking unit, but are spotted by the captain, who is killed by Krantz' operative, who captures the duo. Mahone frees Tancredi and informs Michael, who is brought to Krantz with the others. Krantz punishes them by performing a lottery. Self is picked and Krantz has Self's wife killed and Self escapes, but is critically shot. Michael, Burrows and Mahone find Christina and take Scylla; but Burrows is captured. Bagwell, who overheard Michael and Mahone's conversation, captures Tancredi and brings her to Krantz, who calls Michael and demands Scylla in exchange for her. Christina calls Michael and makes the same demand in exchange for Burrows, critically shooting him to force Michael to hurry.
78
21 "Rate of Exchange" Bobby Roth Zack Estrin May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15) 4AKJ21 3.32[21]
While walking in the streets of Chicago, Sucre meets Benjamin Franklin, who reveals that there is a man, called Paul, who has great power and is ready to grant Michael and the others immunity in exchange for Scylla. Michael arranges a location with Christina and tries to kill her there; but the police arrive and both parties escape. Burrows tells Michael about the baby and asks him to let him die. Christina loses the deal with Banarjee because of failure to deliver Scylla. Mahone apparently betrays Michael and calls Christina, making a deal to bring Scylla in exchange for his wife, Pam, being saved from the Company. Michael arranges a transaction with Krantz, who leaves without Tancredi, intending to kill Michael after taking Scylla. Bagwell tries to rape her; but Michael arrives and rescues her. Meanwhile, the FBI interrogates Self in the hospital until Christina's assistant, posed as a doctor, arrives and injects him with toxic substance. Mahone gives a device to Christina for testing and enters the room Burrows is held. The device is revealed to be a bomb instead of Scylla; and this is all revealed to be Michael's plan to save everyone.
79
22 "Killing Your Number" Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead & Nicholas Wootton May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15) 4AKJ22 3.32[21]
The bomb detonates and Mahone and Burrows escape; but Christina survives. Michael, Burrows, Mahone and Tancredi reunite and decide to destroy Scylla before Paul Kellerman, revealed to have been saved by Aldo's men during his transfer, calls and offers them freedom in exchange for Scylla. Self gets paralyzed as a result of the injection. Bagwell arranges a meeting with Sucre and is captured by him and Franklin. The duo start torturing him to find the others. They take Burrows outside a hospital and Mahone covers for Tancredi to take the necessary tools, but is arrested by the FBI himself. The trio are captured by the Company operatives. Sucre and Franklin arrive and kill Krantz' men; Tancredi convinces Michael to spare Krantz' life and they lock him before leaving. They are attacked by Christina, whom Tancredi kills. Michael gives Scylla to Kellerman and the former, Burrows, Tancredi, Sucre, Franklin and Mahone are given immunity. Krantz and Bagwell are arrested. Four years later, the team visits Michael's grave, stating his apparent death.
80
23 "The Old Ball and Chain" Brad Turner Story by : Christian Trokey
Teleplay by : Nick Santora & Seth Hoffman May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27) (UK) 4AKJ23 N/A
Michael and Sara wed but happiness is short lived when Sara is arrested for the murder of Christina Scofield.
81
24 "Free" Kevin Hooks Story by : Kalinda Vazquez
Teleplay by : Zack Estrin & Karyn Usher May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27) (UK) 4AKJ24 N/A
Michael, Lincoln, Sucre, and Alex reunite to break out Sara, who is ordered by the General to be killed. Michael sacrifices himself to help Sara escape. In the last scene of the series, Lincoln and Sara watch the DVD Michael left them explaining why he did what he did.
Production[edit]
On January 13, 2009, Fox president Kevin Reilly confirmed the series would end at the conclusion of this season. He explained, "Prison Break got to a point where a lot of the stories had been told." At the time, he said there was a possibility of adding two extra episodes, he said "We want to finish strong."[1] These extra two episodes became Prison Break: The Final Break, although they never aired on Fox, and became available only on DVD.
Home media release[edit]
Prison Break: The Complete Fourth Season
Set details Special features
22 episodes
6-disc Set
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround)
Audio commentaries
"Scylla" and "Breaking and Entering"
"Blow Out"
"Greatness Achieved"
"Quiet Riot"
"Just Business"
"Going Under"
"The Sunshine State"
"S.O.B."
"Cowboys and Indians"
Deleted scenes
Fade Out: The Final Episode featurette
The Plan, the Execution and the Bullet featurette
Director's World featurette
Release dates
United States
Canada United Kingdom Australia
New Zealand
June 2, 2009 July 6, 2009 July 15, 2009
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (January 13, 2009). "Fox Boss Announces Prison Break's Return ... and Finale". TV Guide. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (September 10, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, September 1–7". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 17, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, September 8–14". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 23, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, September 15–21". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 30, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, September 22–28". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 7, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, September 29 – October 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 14, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, October 6–12". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 29, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, October 20–26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 11, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, November 3–9". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 18, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, November 10–16". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 25, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, November 17–23". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 3, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, November 24–30". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 9, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, December 1–7". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 16, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, December 8–14". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 23, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, December 15–21". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 30, 2008). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, December 22–28". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (April 21, 2009). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, April 13–19". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (April 28, 2009). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, April 20–26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 6, 2009). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, April 27-May 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 12, 2009). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, May 4–10". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (May 19, 2009). "Top Fox Primetime Shows, May 11–17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
External links[edit]
List of Prison Break episodes on IMDb
List of Prison Break season 4 episodes at TV.com
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Engagement ring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A white gold wedding ring and a single-diamond, gold-banded engagement ring. The engagement ring is usually worn on the outside.
Engagement process in Azerbaijan
An engagement ring is a ring indicating that the person wearing it is engaged to be married, especially in Western cultures. A ring is presented as an engagement gift by a partner to their prospective spouse when they propose marriage or directly after a marriage proposal is accepted. It represents a formal agreement to future marriage. In Western countries, engagement rings are worn mostly by women, and rings can feature diamonds or other gemstones. In some cultures, men and women wear matching rings, and engagement rings may also be used as wedding rings. In Anglo-Saxon countries, the ring is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger, but customs vary considerably elsewhere across the world.
Neither the engagement nor any other ring is worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride as part of the ceremony, and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is usually put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring. Some brides have their engagement and wedding rings permanently soldered together after the wedding.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Ancient times
1.2 Middle ages
1.3 Renaissance
1.4 Reformation
1.5 Enlightenment
1.6 Victorian era
1.7 20th century
2 Purchase
3 Legal ownership
4 Styles
5 For men
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Ancient times[edit]
Although the ancient Egyptians are sometimes credited with having invented the engagement ring,[1] and the ancient Greeks with having adopted the tradition,[2] the history of the engagement ring can only be reliably traced as far back as ancient Rome.[3][4][5]
In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals, or Matrimonial Contracts (1686).[6] The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion's Aegyptiacorum, where the alleged vein was originally a nervus (a word that can be translated either as "nerve" or "sinew").[7]
The popular belief that an engagement ring was originally part of the bride price which represented purchase and ownership of the bride,[8] has been called into question by contemporary scholarship.[4]:42 note 105
In the second century BC, the Roman bride-to-be was given two rings, a gold one which she wore in public, and one made of iron which she wore at home while attending to household duties. At one time Roman citizens wore rings made of iron. In later years senators who served as ambassadors were given gold seal rings for official use when abroad. Later the privilege of wearing gold rings was extended to other public officials, then to the knights, later to all freeborn, and finally under Justinian, to freedmen. For several centuries it was the custom for Romans to wear iron rings at home, gold rings in public. During this period a girl or woman might receive two engagement rings, one of iron and one of gold.[9][10]
Middle ages[edit]
The mid-7th century Visigothic Code required "that when the ceremony of betrothal has been performed, ..., and the ring shall have been given or accepted as a pledge, although nothing may have been committed to writing, the promise shall, under no circumstances, be broken."[11][12]
In 860 AD, Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to Boris I of Bulgaria in reply to questions regarding differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practices. Pope Nicholas describes how in the Western church the man gives his betrothed an engagement ring.[13][14][15] At the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, convoked by Pope Innocent III, the banns of marriage was instituted, prohibiting clandestine marriages and requiring that marriages be made public in advance.[16] Some[who?] legal scholars have seen in this a parallel with the engagement-ring tradition described by Pope Nicholas I.[citation needed]
Renaissance[edit]
The first well-documented use of a diamond ring to signify engagement was by the Archduke Maximilian of Austria in imperial court of Vienna in 1477, upon his betrothal to Mary of Burgundy.[17] This then influenced those of higher social class and of significant wealth to give diamond rings to their loved ones.[citation needed]
Reformation[edit]
During the Protestant Reformation the wedding ring replaced the betrothal ring as the primary ring associated with marriage.[18] In Catholic countries the transition took place somewhat later.[19]
Enlightenment[edit]
During the Age of Enlightenment both the gimmal rings and posie rings were popular, although the latter was more often used as an expression of sentiment than to indicate a formal engagement.[20]
Victorian era[edit]
In South Africa, diamonds were first found in 1866,[21] although they were not identified as such until 1867.[22] By 1872, the output of the diamond mines exceeded one million carats per year.[23] As production increased, those of lesser means were able to join in on this movement. However, diamond engagement rings were for a long time seen as the domain of the nobility and aristocracy, and tradition often favoured simpler engagement bands.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
In the United States, the popularity of diamond engagement rings declined after World War I, even more so after the onset of the Great Depression.[24]
In 1938, the diamond cartel De Beers began a marketing campaign that would have a major impact on engagement rings. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the price of diamonds collapsed.[25] At the same time, market research indicated that engagement rings were going out of style with the younger generation. Before World War II, only 10% of American engagement rings contained a diamond.[26] While the first phase of the marketing campaign consisted of market research, the advertising phase began in 1939. One of the first elements of this campaign was to educate the public about the 4 Cs (cut, carats, color, and clarity). In 1947 the slogan "a diamond is forever" was introduced.[27] Ultimately, the De Beers campaign sought to persuade the consumer that an engagement ring is indispensable, and that a diamond is the only acceptable stone for an engagement ring.
Purchase[edit]
In the 20th century, if he could afford it, the typical Western groom privately selected and purchased an engagement ring, which he then presented to his desired bride when he proposed marriage. In countries where both partners wear engagement rings, matching rings may be selected and purchased together.[28] In the United States and Canada, where only women traditionally wear engagement rings, women also occasionally present their partners with an engagement gift.[29]
Like all jewelry, the price for an engagement ring varies considerably depending on the materials used: the design of the ring, whether it includes a gemstone, the value of any gemstone, and the seller. The price of the gemstones, if any, in the ring depends on the type and quality of the gem. Diamonds have a standardized description that values them according to their carat weight, color, clarity and cut. Other gemstones, such as sapphires, rubies, emeralds, have different systems. The jewelry may be chosen to honor a family tradition, to use family heirlooms, to have an unusual style, to have socially responsible characteristics (e.g., a style that is not associated with blood diamond controversy or the pollution caused by gold mining and cyanide process), to fit the individual's stylistic preferences, or to manage cost. Synthetic stones and diamond substitutes such as cubic zirconias and moissanites are also popular choices that are socially responsible and reduce cost while maintaining the desired appearance.[citation needed]
The idea that a man should spend a significant fraction of his annual income for an engagement ring originated from De Beers marketing materials in the mid-20th century in an effort to increase the sale of diamonds. In the 1930s, they suggested that a man should spend the equivalent of one month's income in the engagement ring.[30] In the 1980s, they suggested that he should spend two months' income on it.[26] In 2012, the average cost of an engagement ring in the US as reported by the industry was US$4,000;[31] in a 2015 scholarly study, almost a quarter of couples said that they did not buy a ring, and another third spent less than US$2000 on it.[26] Less than 15% of couples spent $4,000 or more.[26] In the UK, estimates of the average cost of an engagement ring range from £1200 to £2000. Scholarly research indicates that expensive engagement rings are associated with early divorces, possibly because spending more than US$2,000 on an engagement ring is strongly associated with debt-related stress.[26] Couples that spend less money on engagement rings and the wedding ceremony tend to have longer marriages and a lower risk of divorce.[26]
One reason for the increased popularity of expensive engagement rings is its relationship to human sexuality and the woman's marriage prospects.[32] In the United States, until the Great Depression, a man who broke off a marriage engagement could be sued for breach of promise. Monetary damages included actual expenses incurred in preparing for the wedding, plus damages for emotional distress and loss of other marriage prospects. Damages were greatly increased if the woman had engaged in sexual intercourse with her fiancé.[32] Beginning in 1935, these laws were repealed or limited. However, the social and financial cost of a broken engagement was no less: marriage was the only financially sound option for most women, and if she was no longer a virgin, her prospects for a suitable future marriage were greatly decreased. The diamond engagement ring thus became a source of financial security for the woman.[32]
The online purchase of engagement rings is growing, disrupting the market for the diamonds by bringing greater transparency to an industry that has traditionally relied on opacity. Online diamond retailers and e-commerce platforms include Blue Nile, Brilliant Earth, and Costco.[33]
Legal ownership[edit]
Tradition generally holds that if the betrothal fails because the man himself breaks off the engagement, the woman is not obliged to return the ring. This reflects the ring's role as a form of compensation for the woman's damaged reputation.[32] Legally, this condition can be subject to either a modified or a strict fault rule. Under the former, the fiancé can demand the return of the ring unless he breaks the engagement. Under the latter, the fiancé is entitled to the return unless his actions caused the breakup of the relationship, the same as the traditional approach. However, a no-fault rule is being advanced in some jurisdictions, under which the fiancé is always entitled to the return of the ring. The ring only becomes the property of the woman when marriage occurs. An unconditional gift approach is another possibility, wherein the ring is always treated as a gift, to be kept by the fiancée whether or not the relationship progresses to marriage. Recent court rulings have determined that the date in which the ring was offered can determine the condition of the gift. E.g. Valentine's Day and Christmas are widely recognized as gift giving holidays in the United States and some other countries. A ring offered in the form of a Christmas present is likely to remain the personal property of the recipient in the event of a breakup.[34]
In most states of the United States, engagement rings are considered "conditional gifts" under the legal rules of property. This is an exception to the general rule that gifts cannot be revoked once properly given. See, for example, the case of Meyer v. Mitnick, 625 N.W.2d 136 (Michigan, 2001), whose ruling found the following reasoning persuasive: "the so-called 'modern trend' holds that because an engagement ring is an inherently conditional gift, once the engagement has been broken, the ring should be returned to the donor. Thus, the question of who broke the engagement and why, or who was 'at fault,' is irrelevant. This is the no-fault line of cases." Though in certain states, whether a judicial action can be maintained at all to require return of an engagement ring is blocked by statute, as many states have statutes which state that no civil action shall be maintained for breach of promise to marry.[35]
One case in New South Wales, Australia ended in the man suing his former fiancée because she threw the ring away, after he told her she could keep it even though the marriage plans had fallen through. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that, despite what the man said, the ring remained a conditional gift (partly because his saying that she could keep it reflected his desire to salvage the relationship) and she was ordered to pay him its A$15,250 cost.[36]
In England and Wales, the gift of an engagement ring is presumed to be an absolute gift to the fiancée. This presumption may be rebutted however by proving that the ring was given on condition (express or implied) that it must be returned if the marriage did not take place, for whatever reason. This was decided in the case Jacobs v Davis (1917).[37]
Styles[edit]
This wedding set contains two separate rings, either of which could be worn separately.
This wedding set contains two separate rings that look incomplete separately.
Engagement rings, like any other kind of jewelry, come in many different styles.
Gold (Available in Yellow Gold, White Gold and Rose Gold) and platinum are preferred for engagement rings, but common metal types such as titanium, silver, and stainless steel are also used for engagement rings. This allows for the bride-to-be to exert her own individual style into the ring in a simple manner.
In the United States, where engagement rings are worn by women, diamonds have been widely featured in engagement rings since the middle of the 20th century.[38] Solitaire rings have one single diamond. The most common setting for engagement rings is the solitaire prong setting, which was popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1886 and its six-claw prong setting design sold under the "Tiffany setting" trademark. The modern favorite cut for an engagement ring is the brilliant cut, which provides the maximum amount of sparkle to the gemstone.[39] The traditional engagement rings may have different prong settings and bands. Another major category is engagement rings with side stones. Rings with a larger diamond set in the middle and smaller diamonds on the side fit under this category. Three-stone diamond engagement rings, sometimes called trinity rings or trilogy rings, are rings with three matching diamonds set horizontally in a row with the bigger stone placed in the center. The three diamonds on the ring are typically said to represent the couple's past, present, and future, but other people give religious significance to the arrangement.
A wedding set, or bridal set, includes an engagement ring and a wedding band that matches and can be bought as a set. In some cases, the wedding ring looks "incomplete"; it is only when the two halves, engagement and wedding, are assembled that the ring looks whole. In other cases, a wedding set consists of two rings that match stylistically and are worn stacked, although either piece would look appropriate as a separate ring. Although the wedding band is not to be worn until the wedding day, the two rings are usually sold together as a wedding set. After the wedding, the bride may choose to have the two pieces welded together, to increase convenience and reduce the likelihood of losing one of the rings. A trio ring set includes a ladies engagement ring, ladies wedding band and a men's wedding band. These sets often have matching rings and are lower in price.
In Nordic countries, engagement rings are worn by both men and women. Traditionally they are plain gold bands, although more ornate designs and other materials are gaining popularity. The engagement rings resemble the wedding bands sold in the United States, whereas women's wedding rings may resemble US engagement rings.
In North America and the United Kingdom, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger. Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times, dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or "vein of love". This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart, or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body. In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged, but moved to the right hand when married. In Poland and Turkey, the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably.
For men[edit]
In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings. The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal. Sometimes, the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man. In Brazil, for example, the groom and bride-to-be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement.[40] After the wedding, the band is moved to the left hand. In Argentina, it is also known for the groom and bride-to-be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged. Then, after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand.[citation needed]
Traditionally, women in the British Isles may propose marriage to men during a leap year. Women proposing has become more common in recent years, to the point that some jewelry companies have started manufacturing men's engagement rings. They resemble typical men's rings, often with a diamond centrepiece. In the countries where both sexes have traditionally worn engagement rings, the rings tend to be plainer bands, and there is no real difference between men's and women's engagement ring designs.
See also[edit]
Claddagh ring, a traditional Irish ring, often given or worn as a wedding ring
Dearest ring, a ring with stones creating the acronym D E A R E S T
Regards ring, a ring with stones creating the acronym R E G A R D S
Gimmal ring, a multi-part engagement ring fashionable in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries
Pre-engagement ring
Puzzle ring, sometimes called a "Turkish wedding ring"
Tension ring, a modern mount
Prong setting, a way of setting gems
Wedding ring
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Toliver, Wendy (1 March 2003). The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Wedding Etiquette. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8069-9389-8. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly; Thompson, John Milliken (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things. National Geographic Books. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4262-0420-3. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (1 May 2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 1623. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Hersch, Karen K. (24 May 2010). The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-521-12427-0. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Rourke, Meghan (11 June 2007). "Diamonds Are a Girl's Worst Friend". Slate. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Kacirk, Jeffrey (17 February 1999). Forgotten English. HarperCollins. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-688-16636-6. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (6 November 2003). Aulus Gellius : An Antonine Scholar and Leofranc Holford-Strevenshis Achievement: An Antonine Scholar and his Achievement. Oxford University Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-19-151468-5. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Baker, Maureen (1 January 2001). Families, Labour and Love. UBC Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7748-0849-1. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ William Smith, ed. (1890). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. William Wayte, George Eden Marindin. J. Murray. p. 130. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lord, John (1869). The old Roman world: the grandeur and failure of its civilization. C. Scribner and company. pp. 235–6. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Scott, Samuel Parsons (1910). Forum Judicum. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8377-1233-8. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ The Visigothic Code: (Forum judicum) - Book III: Concerning Marriage - Title I: Concerning Nuptial Contracts
Jump up ^ Stephen N. Scott (1980). The Replies of Pope Nicholas I to the Inquiries of the Bulgarians.
Jump up ^ The Responses of Pope Nicholas I to the Questions of the Bulgars A.D. 866 (Letter 99) Chapter 3
Jump up ^ Joseph Bingham (1846). Origines Ecclesiasticæ: The Antiquities of the Christian Church : with Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution. H. G. Bohn. p. 1215. Apud nostrates post sponsalia qua futurarum nuptiarum sunt promissio foedera quaeque consensu eorum qui haec contrahunt et eorum in quorum potestate sunt celebrantur. Postquam arris sponsam sibi sponsua per digitum fidei annulo insignitum desponderit...
Jump up ^ Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Constitution 51. Clandestine marriages forbidden
Jump up ^ Hesse, Rayner W. (1 January 2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-313-33507-5. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kunz, George F. (1917). Rings for the Finger, from the Earlieast Known Times to the Present... and Lond. p. 205. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Todd A. Salzman; Michael G. Lawler (2008). The Sexual Person: Toward a Renewed Catholic Anthropology. Georgetown University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-58901-726-9.
Jump up ^ White, Carolyn L. (8 September 2005). American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680–1820: A Guide to Identification and Interpretation. Rowman Altamira. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7591-1465-4. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Robert M. Hazen (22 July 1999). The Diamond Makers. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-521-65474-6.
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Diamond". The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 8 (11th ed.). Encyclopaedia britannica Company. p. 160. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Reunert, Theodore (1893). Diamonds and gold in South Africa. J. C. Juta & Co. p. 126. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Russell, Rebecca Ross (5 June 2010). Gender and Jewelry: A Feminist Analysis. Rebecca Ross Russell. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4528-8253-6. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Magazine, Laurence Cawley BBC News. "De Beers myth: Do people spend a month's salary on a diamond engagement ring?". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Francis-Tan, Andrew; Mialon, Hugo M. (2014-09-15). "'A Diamond is Forever' and Other Fairy Tales: The Relationship between Wedding Expenses and Marriage Duration". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2501480.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, J. Courtney (2013-05-03). "How Americans Learned to Love Diamonds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
Jump up ^ Dolan, Jenny (12 February 2007). "Shopping for your own engagement ring: Many local women say 'I do'". La Crosse Tribune. Wisconsin.
Jump up ^ "Put a ring on it". RedEye. Columbia News Service. 4 April 2009. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Lee, Laura (October 2010). Broke Is Beautiful: Living and Loving the Cash-Strapped Life. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-4587-5882-8. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "With Engagement Rings, Love Meets Budget". New York Times. 31 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brinig, Margaret F. (Spring 1990). "Rings and Promises" (PDF). The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. 6 (1): 203–215.
Jump up ^ "This Diamond Startup Wants To Change the Way You Buy An Engagement Ring". Forbes. October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Joanna (23 October 2001). "Who gets the engagement ring when the wedding is off". FindLaw. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ McConnell, J. Patrick. "Do You Have To Return Engagement Rings? - Virginia". The National Law Review. Odin, Feldman & Pittleman, P.C. ISSN 2161-3362. Retrieved 15 September 2014. See Also Cal. Civ.Code § 43.4, CONN. GEN. STAT. (2011) § 52-572b, The Heart Balm Act, §8.01-220 of the Code of Virginia,Colorado Rev.Stat. §13-20-202
Jump up ^ Kirby, Simon (18 May 2007). "Men own the engagement ring". news.com.au. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ The Canada Law Journal: New Series, Volume 53. 1917. p. 389. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Edward Jay (1 February 1982). "Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Engagement Rings…Their Long and Bright History". The Hour. Norwalk, Conn. 3 February 1979. p. 27. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Myers, Rupert (7 May 2013). "Male engagement rings: for love or money?". The Guardian. London. Comment is free. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engagement rings.
Diamond engagement ring ad, Loftis Brothers & Co., Popular Mechanics, November 1909, p. 113
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engagement_ring&oldid=855646050"
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Dermis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dermis
Cross-section of human skin
Cross section of skin under the microscope
Details
Part of
Skin
Identifiers
MeSH
D020405
TA
A16.0.00.010
TH
H3.12.00.1.03001
FMA
70323
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis.[1] The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix.[2] It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat. In addition, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are present in the dermis. Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Layers
2.1 Papillary dermis
2.2 Reticular dermis
2.3 Dermal papillae
3 See also
4 References
Structure[edit]
The dermis is composed of three major types of cells:[3] fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes.
Apart from these cells, the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen (which provides strength), elastin (which provides elasticity), and extrafibrillar matrix, an extracellular gel-like substance primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.[3]
Layers[edit]
Illustration of dermal circulation and layers
Papillary dermis[edit]
The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis. It intertwines with the rete ridges of the epidermis and is composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers.[2]
The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis and contain either terminal networks of blood capillaries or tactile Meissner's corpuscles.[4]
Reticular dermis[edit]
The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers.[2]
The reticular region is usually much thicker than the overlying papillary dermis. It receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. Within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels. The orientation of collagen fibers within the reticular dermis creates lines of tension called Langer's lines, which are of some relevance in surgery and wound healing.[5]
Dermal papillae[edit]
Dermal papillae
Papilla of the hand, treated with acetic acid. Magnified 350 times.

A. Side view of a papilla of the hand.
a. Cortical layer.
b. Tactile corpuscle.
c. Small nerve of the papilla, with neurolemma.
d. Its two nervous fibers running in spiral coils around the tactile corpuscle.
e. Apparent termination of one of these fibers.

B. Tactile papilla seen from above so as to show its transverse section.
a. Cortical layer.
b. Nerve fiber.
c. Outer layer of the tactile body, with nuclei.
d. Clear interior substance.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
papillae dermis
MeSH
D020405
TA
A16.0.00.010
TH
H3.12.00.1.03001
FMA
70323
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The dermal papillae (DP) (singular papilla, diminutive of Latin papula, 'pimple') are small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints).
Blood vessels in the dermal papillae nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are partly genetically determined features that develop before birth. They remain substantially unaltered (except in size) throughout life, and therefore determine the patterns of fingerprints, making them useful in certain functions of personal identification. [6]
The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in number. [7]
Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and cycling. [8]
In mucous membranes, the equivalent structures to dermal papillae are generally termed "connective tissue papillae", which interdigitate with the rete pegs of the superficial epithelium.
See also[edit]
List of cutaneous conditions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. Pages 1, 11–12. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marks, James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006). Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology (4th ed.). Elsevier Inc. Page 8–9. ISBN 1-4160-3185-5.
^ Jump up to: a b The Ageing Skin - Structure
Jump up ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/vsc422/secure/VSC422AppledHistologyLabHandout.pdf
Jump up ^ Ross M, Pawlina W (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6.
Jump up ^ "Dermal papillae". Probert Encyclopaedia. Retrieved February 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Friction Skin". Ridges and Furrows. Retrieved February 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Lin, Chang-min; et al. (October 2008). "Microencapsulated human hair dermal papilla cells: a substitute for dermal papilla?". Archives of Dermatological Research. Springer. 300 (9): 531–535. doi:10.1007/s00403-008-0852-3.
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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derma
Derma – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis
Dermis – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis
Dermis – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermo
Dermo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis
Dermis – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پوست حقیقی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derme
Derme – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derme
Derme – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermo
Dermo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derma
Derma – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Дерма – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8m
Dèm – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis
Dermis – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermisz
Dermisz – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis
Dermis – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derme
Derme – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinahka
Verinahka – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: หนังแท้ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis
Dermis – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

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suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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