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Jio
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Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited
Type
Subsidiary of RIL
Industry
Telecommunications
Founded
2010; 8 years ago (2010)
Founder
Mukesh Ambani
Headquarters
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Key people
Sanjay Mashruwala (Managing Director)
Jyotindra Thacker (Head of IT)
Akash Ambani (Chief of Strategy)[1]
Products
Mobile telephony
Wireless broadband
Parent
Reliance Industries
Subsidiaries
LYF
Website
www.jio.com
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited or Jio is an LTE mobile network operator in India. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Industries headquartered in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra that provides wireless 4G LTE service network (without 2G/3G-based services) and is the only 'VoLTE-only' (Voice over LTE) operator in the country which lacks legacy network support of 2G and 3G, with coverage across all 22 telecom circles in India.[2][3]
The services were first beta-launched to Jio's partners and employees on 27 December 2015 on the eve of 83rd birth anniversary of late Dhirubhai Ambani, founder of Reliance Industries,[4][5] and later services were commercially launched on 5th September 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Beta launch
1.2 Commercial launch
1.3 Alliance
2 Network
2.1 Radio frequency summary
2.2 Partnerships
3 Products and Services
3.1 JioPhone
3.2 4G Broadband
3.3 LYF Smartphones
3.4 Jionet WiFi
3.5 Jio apps
3.6 Affordable 4G Phones
3.7 JioFi
4 Branding and marketing
4.1 Pokémon Go
5 Reception of Jio Prime
6 Controversies
6.1 Issue with incumbents
6.2 Alleged subscriber data breach
7 See also
8 References
9 External Links
History
Jio's headquarters in RCP, Navi Mumbai
In June 2010, Reliance Industries (RIL) bought a 96% stake in Infotel Broadband Services Limited (IBSL) for ₹4,800 crore (US$760 million). Although unlisted, IBSL was the only company that won broadband spectrum in all 22 circles in India in the 4G auction that took place earlier that year.[6] Later continuing as RIL's telecom subsidiary, Infotel Broadband Services Limited was renamed as Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL) in January 2013.[7]
In June 2015, Jio announced that it will start its operations all over the country by the end of 2015.[8] However, four months later in October 2015, the company's spokesmen sent out a press release stating that the launch was postponed to the first quarter of the financial year 2016–2017.[9]
Later in July, a PIL filed in the Supreme Court by an NGO called the Centre for Public Interest Litigation, through Prashant Bhushan, challenged the grant of pan-India licence to Jio by the Government of India. The PIL also alleged that Jio was allowed to provide voice telephony along with its 4G data service, by paying an additional fees of just ₹165.8 crore (US$26 million) which was arbitrary and unreasonable, and contributed to a loss of ₹2,284.2 crore (US$360 million) to the exchequer.[10][11]
The Indian Department of Telecom (DoT), however, refuted all of CAG's claims. In its statement, DoT explained that the rules for 3G and BWA spectrum didn't restrict BWA winners from providing voice telephony. As a result, the PIL was revoked, and the accusations were dismissed.[12]
Beta launch
The 4G services were launched internally to Jio's partners, its staff and their families on 27 December 2015. Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan, who is also the brand ambassador of Jio, kickstarted the launch event which took place in Reliance Corporate Park in Navi Mumbai, along with celebrities like musician A R Rahman, actors Ranbir Kapoor and Javed Jaffrey, and filmmaker Rajkumar Hirani.[13] The closed event was witnessed by more than 35000 RIL employees some of whom were virtually connected from around 1000 locations including Dallas in the US.[14][15][16]
Commercial launch
The company commercially launched its services on 5 September 2016.[4] Within the first month of commercial operations, Jio announced that it had acquired 16 million subscribers. This is the fastest ramp-up by any mobile network operator anywhere in the world.[17] Jio crossed 50 million subscriber mark in 83 days since its launch.[18] subsequently crossing 100 million subscribers on 22 February 2017.[19] By October 2017 it had about 130 million subscribers.[20]
Alliance
Jio, in February 2016 announced a global alliance of Mobile Network Operators which include:[21][22]
BT Group
Deutsche Telekom
Millicom
Orange S.A.
Rogers Communications
MTS
Telia Company
Telecom Italia
Network
Radio frequency summary
Jio owns spectrum in 850 MHz and 1,800 MHz bands in ten and six circles, respectively, of India's 22 circles, and also owns pan-India licensed 2,300 MHz spectrum. The spectrum is valid till 2035.[23]
Telecom circle
FDD-LTE
1800MHz
Band 3
FDD-LTE
850MHz
Band 5
TDD-LTE
2300MHz
Band 40
Andhra Pradesh & Telangana
Assam
Bihar & Jharkhand
Delhi
Uttar Pradesh (East)
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Kolkata
Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra
Goa
North East
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Uttar Pradesh (West)
Partnerships
Jio shares spectrum with Reliance Communications. The sharing deal is for 800 MHz band across seven circles other than the 10 circles for which Jio already owns.[24]
In September 2016, Jio signed a pact with BSNL for intra-circle roaming which would enable users of the operators to use each other's 4G and 2G spectrum in national roaming mode.[25]
In February 2017, Jio announced a partnership with Samsung to work on LTE - Advanced Pro and 5G. [26]
Products and Services
The official slogan of Jio
JioPhone
On 21 July 2017, Jio introduced its first affordable 4G feature phone, powered by KaiOS, named as JioPhone. The price announced for it is ₹ 0 with a security deposit of ₹ 1500 which can be withdrawn back by the user by returning the JioPhone at Jio stores only after 3 years. This phone was released for beta users on 15 August 2017 and pre-booking for regular users started on 24 August 2017.[27][28]
4G Broadband
The company launched its 4G broadband services throughout India on September 2016.[9] It was slated to release in December 2015 after some reports said that the company was waiting to receive final permits from the government.[29] Jio offers fourth-generation (4G) data and voice services, along with peripheral services like instant messaging and streaming movies and music.[30]
The company has a network of more than 250,000 km of fiber optic cables in the country, over which it will be partnering with local cable operators to get broader connectivity for its broadband services.[31] With its multi-service operator (MSO) licence, Jio will also serve as a TV channel distributor and will offer television-on-demand on its network.
LYF Smartphones
Main article: LYF
An image of LYF WATER 2 phone with IPS display.[32]
In June 2015, Jio entered into an agreement with domestic handset maker Intex to supply 4G handsets capable of voice over LTE (VoLTE).[33] However, in October 2015, Jio announced that it would be launching its own mobile handset brand named LYF.[34][35][36]
On 25 January 2016, the company launched its LYF smartphone series starting with Water 1, through its chain of electronic retail outlets, Reliance Retail.[37] Three more handset models have been released so far, namely Water 2,[38] Earth 1,[39] and Flame 1.[40][41]
Jionet WiFi
Prior to its pan-India launch of 4G data and telephony services, Jio has started providing free Wi-Fi hotspot services in cities throughout India including Surat, Ahmedabad in Gujarat, and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh,[42] Indore, Jabalpur, Dewas and Ujjain[43] in Madhya Pradesh, select locations of Mumbai in Maharashtra,[44] Kolkata in West Bengal,[45] Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh,[46] Bhubaneswar in Odisha,[47] Mussoorie in Uttarakhand,[48] Collectorate's Office in Meerut,[49] and at MG Road in Vijayawada[50] among others.
In March 2016, Jio started providing free Wi-Fi internet to spectators at six cricket stadiums hosting the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 matches. Jionet was made available in Wankhede Stadium (Mumbai), Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium (Mohali), Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium (Dharamshala), Chinnaswamy Stadium (Bengaluru), Feroz Shah Kotla (Delhi), and Eden Gardens (Kolkata) in India.[51]
Jio apps
Jio sim card pouch as distributed by Reliance Jio Infocomm
In May 2016, Jio launched a bundle of multimedia apps on Google Play as part of its upcoming 4G services. While the apps are available to download for everyone, a user will require a Jio SIM card to use them. Additionally, most of the apps are in beta phase.[52] Following is a list of the apps:
MyJio - Manage Jio Account and Digital Services associated with it[53][54]
JioTV - A live TV channel service
JioCinema - An online HD video library[55]
JioChat Messenger - An instant messaging app[56]
JioMusic - A music player
Jio4GVoice (earlier JioJoin) - A VoLTE phone simulator[57]
JioMags - E-reader for magazines[58]
JioXpressNews - A news and magazine aggregator
JioSecurity - Security app[59]
JioDrive - Cloud-based backup tool[60]
JioMoney Wallet - An online payments/wallet app[61]
JioSwitch - Transfer content
JioNet - Connect to JioNet Wi-fi
Affordable 4G Phones
Reliance Jio has teamed up with Google to manufacture affordable 4G handsets. These phones will run exclusively on Jio network. The two companies are also working on developing a software for smart-TV services. Both are expected to launch in 2017.[62]
JioFi
Jio has also launched Wi-Fi routers by the name JioFi.[63]
Branding and marketing
Jio logo before September 2016
On December 24, 2015, Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan was appointed as Jio's brand ambassador.[64][65][66]
Pokémon Go
Location-based AR game Pokémon Go was launched in India in December, 2016 in collaboration with Jio in which hundreds of Jio stores and other Reliance marts and shopping malls like Reliance Trends and Reliance Digital became Sponsored PokéStops and Gyms.[67]
Reception of Jio Prime
By July 125.5 million Jio Customers had opted for Jio Prime. The last date for registration to Jio Prime membership was 31 March 2017. But, it was further extended till 15 April 2017 along with an introduction of new offer, "Jio Summer Surprise" which gave customers 3 months complimentary services free of cost. On 6 April 2017, TRAI advised Jio to withdraw this offer.[68]
Controversies
Issue with incumbents
In September 2016, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) summoned Jio and the country's existing telecom operators like Bharti Airtel, Vodafone, and Idea Cellular to meet and discuss an issue regarding interconnection between the operators. This was a result after Jio complained to TRAI and Department of Telecom (DoT) about other operators not honoring their commercial agreements to let Jio use their network resources. The company further added that the operators are trying to sabotage its entry into the telecom scene. However, DoT dismissed the request and directed TRAI to help settle the dispute amicably. Moreover, the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) requested TRAI to include all the operators in the discussion instead of the three.[69]
The incumbent operators had previously approached the country's PMO to reiterate their stance they "are in no way obliged or in any position to entertain Jio's requests for interconnection points as they do not have either the network or the financial resources to terminate the latter's humongous volumes of potentially asymmetric voice traffic." Responding to this, Mukesh Ambani, owner of Jio, said, "All operators have publicly said last week that they will provide this (interconnect and MNP). So, we are waiting. These are all great companies. They have their own reputations to protect. I am confident they won't violate the law." Commenting about number portability, he added, "The number belongs to the consumer. No operator can cause trouble if they want to change operators."[70] However, on 12 September 2016, Idea Cellular agreed to allow Jio to use 196 of its interconnection access points.[71]
Alleged subscriber data breach
On July 10, 2017, Reliance Jio's customer data was allegedly leaked on the website magicapk.com.[72] The website was suspended shortly after the news of the breach broke out.[73]

See also
List of mobile network operators
References
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External Links
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List of most-followed Twitter accounts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Katy Perry is currently the most followed person on Twitter.
This list contains the top 50 accounts with the largest number of followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of January 7, 2018, the most followed person is American singer Katy Perry, with over 108 million followers. Her account was the first to exceed 100 million followers, in June 2017.[2]
Top accounts[edit]
The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country
1. @katyperry Katy Perry 108 Musician United States
2. @justinbieber Justin Bieber 105 Canada
3. @BarackObama Barack Obama 99 Former U.S. President United States
4. @taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 86 Musician
5. @rihanna Rihanna 86 Barbados
6. @TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 77 Comedian United States
7. @ladygaga Lady Gaga 76 Musician
8. @YouTube YouTube 71 Social media platform
9. @Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 68 Footballer Portugal
10. @jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 65 Musician and actor United States
11. @twitter Twitter 62 Social media platform
12. @KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 58 Reality TV personality
13. @ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 57 Musician
14. @britneyspears Britney Spears 56
15. @selenagomez Selena Gomez 56 Musician and actress
16. @cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 54 News
17. @ddlovato Demi Lovato 54 Musician and actress
18. @shakira Shakira 50 Musician Colombia
19. @jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 50 Comedian United States
20. @realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 46 U.S. President
21. @JLo Jennifer Lopez 45 Musician and actress
22. @BillGates Bill Gates 43 Businessman and philanthropist
23. @Oprah Oprah Winfrey 41 Businesswoman
24. @nytimes The New York Times 41 Newspaper
25. @KingJames LeBron James 40 Basketball player
26. @BrunoMars Bruno Mars 40 Musician
27. @instagram Instagram 39 Social media platform
28. @narendramodi Narendra Modi 39 Prime Minister of India India
29. @CNN CNN 39 Television channel United States
30. @MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 39 Musician and actress
31. @NiallOfficial Niall Horan 38 Musician Ireland
32. @neymarjr Neymar 37 Footballer Brazil
33. @Drake Drake 37 Rapper Canada
34. @BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 37 News United Kingdom
35. @SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Television channel United States
36. @KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian
37. @espn ESPN 34 Television channel
38. @LilTunechi Lil Wayne 33 Rapper
39. @wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 33
40. @SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 33 Actor India
41. @iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 32
42. @Pink P!nk 32 Musician United States
43. @Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 32
44. @onedirection One Direction 32 Band UK / Ireland
45. @Harry_Styles Harry Styles 32 Musician United Kingdom
46. @LiamPayne Liam Payne 31
47. @aliciakeys Alicia Keys 30 United States
48. @BeingSalmanKhan Salman Khan 30 Actor India
49. @KAKA Kaká 30 Footballer Brazil
50. @Adele Adele 29 Musician United Kingdom
Last updated on January 7, 2018
See also[edit]
List of most-retweeted tweets
List of most-liked tweets
List of most-subscribed YouTube channels
List of most-viewed YouTube videos
List of most-streamed songs on Spotify
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Twitter: Most Followers". Friend or Follow. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cirisano, Tatiana (June 16, 2017). "Katy Perry Becomes First to Hit 100 Million Twitter Followers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
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Apollo 13 (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Apollo 13
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ron Howard
Produced by
Brian Grazer
Screenplay by
William Broyles, Jr.
Al Reinert
Based on
Lost Moon
by Jim Lovell
Jeffrey Kluger
Starring
Tom Hanks
Kevin Bacon
Bill Paxton
Gary Sinise
Ed Harris
Kathleen Quinlan
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
Dean Cundey
Edited by
Daniel P. Hanley
Mike Hill
Production
company
Imagine Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 30, 1995 (1995-06-30) (United States)
Running time
140 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$52 million[1]
Box office
$355.2 million[2]
Apollo 13 is a 1995 American space docudrama film directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, and Ed Harris. The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr. and Al Reinert, that dramatizes the aborted 1970 Apollo 13 lunar mission, is an adaptation of the book Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 by astronaut Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger. The film depicts astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise aboard Apollo 13 for America's third Moon landing mission. En route, an on-board explosion deprives their spacecraft of most of its oxygen supply and electric power, forcing NASA's flight controllers to abort the Moon landing, and turning the mission into a struggle to get the three men home safely.
Howard went to great lengths to create a technically accurate movie, employing NASA's technical assistance in astronaut and flight controller training for his cast, and obtaining permission to film scenes aboard a reduced gravity aircraft for realistic depiction of the "weightlessness" experienced by the astronauts in space.
Released to cinemas in the United States on June 30, 1995,[3] Apollo 13 was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture (winning for Best Film Editing and Best Sound).[4] In total, the film grossed over $355 million worldwide during its theatrical releases. The film was very positively received by critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Preproduction and props
3.2 Cast training and filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Box-office performance
5.2 Reception
5.3 Home media
6 Accolades
7 Technical and historical accuracy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In July 1969, Astronaut Jim Lovell hosts a house party where guests watch Neil Armstrong's televised first human steps on the Moon. Afterwards Lovell, who had orbited the Moon on Apollo 8, tells his wife Marilyn that he intends to return to the Moon to walk on its surface.
Three months later, as Lovell conducts a VIP tour of NASA's Vertical Assembly Building, his boss Deke Slayton informs him that because of problems with Alan Shepard's crew, his crew will fly Apollo 13 instead of 14. Lovell, Ken Mattingly, and Fred Haise train for their new mission. A few days before launch, Mattingly is exposed to the measles, and the flight surgeon demands his replacement with Mattingly's backup, Jack Swigert. Lovell resists breaking up his team, but relents when Slayton threatens to bump his crew to a later mission. As the launch date approaches, Marilyn has a nightmare about her husband getting killed in space, but goes to the Kennedy Space Center the night before launch to see him off.
On April 11, 1970, Flight Director Gene Kranz gives the go-ahead from Houston's Mission Control Center for the Apollo 13 launch. As the Saturn V rocket climbs through the atmosphere, a second stage engine cuts off prematurely, but the craft reaches its Earth parking orbit. After the third stage fires to send Apollo 13 to the Moon, Swigert performs the maneuver to connect the Command/Service Module Odyssey to the Lunar Module Aquarius and pull it away from the spent rocket.
Three days into the mission, the crew makes a television transmission, which the networks decline to broadcast live. After Swigert turns on the liquid oxygen tank stirring fans as requested, one of the tanks explodes, emptying its contents into space and sending the craft tumbling. The other tank is soon found to be leaking. They attempt to stop the leak by shutting off fuel cells #1 and #3, but to no avail. With the fuel cells closed, the Moon landing must be aborted, and Lovell and Haise must hurriedly power up Aquarius to use as a "lifeboat" for the return home, as Swigert shuts down Odyssey before its battery power runs out. In Houston, Kranz rallies his team to come up with a plan to bring the astronauts home safely, declaring "failure is not an option". Controller John Aaron recruits Mattingly to help him invent a procedure to restart Odyssey for the landing on Earth.
As Swigert and Haise watch the Moon pass beneath them, Lovell laments his lost chance of walking on its surface, then turns their attention to the business of getting home. With Aquarius running on minimal electrical power, the crew suffers freezing conditions, and Haise contracts a urinary infection and a fever. Swigert suspects Mission Control is withholding their inability to get them home; Haise angrily blames Swigert's inexperience for the accident; and Lovell quickly squelches the argument. When carbon dioxide approaches dangerous levels, ground control must quickly invent a way to make the Command Module's square filters work in the Lunar Module's round receptacles. With the guidance systems on Aquarius shut down, the crew must make a difficult but vital course correction by manually igniting the Lunar Module's engine.
Mattingly and Aaron struggle to find a way to turn on the Command Module systems without drawing too much power, and finally transmit the procedure to Swigert, who restarts Odyssey by transferring extra power from Aquarius. When the crew jettisons the Service Module, they are surprised to see the extent of the damage. As they release Aquarius and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere, no one is sure that Odyssey's heat shield is intact. The tense period of radio silence due to ionization blackout is longer than normal, but the astronauts report all is well and splash down in the Pacific Ocean.
As helicopters bring the three men aboard the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima for a hero's welcome, Lovell's voice-over describes the subsequent investigation into the explosion, and the careers of Haise, Swigert, Mattingly, and Kranz. He wonders if and when mankind will return to the Moon.
Cast[edit]
Top to bottom: Hanks, Bacon and Paxton, who portray astronauts Lovell, Swigert, and Haise, respectively
Tom Hanks as Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell: Jim Lovell stated that before his book Lost Moon was even written, the movie rights were being shopped to potential buyers[5] and that his first reaction was that Kevin Costner would be a good choice to play him.[5][6] However, by the time Howard acquired the director's position, Costner's name never came up in serious discussion, and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13. When Hanks' representative informed him that a script was being passed around, he had the script sent to him.[5] John Travolta was initially offered the role of Lovell, but declined.[7]
Kevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert
Bill Paxton as Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise
Gary Sinise as Apollo 13 prime Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly: Sinise was invited by Howard to read for any of the characters, and chose Mattingly.[5]
Ed Harris as White Team Flight Director Gene Kranz: Harris described the film as "cramming for a final exam." Harris described Gene Kranz as "corny and like a dinosaur", but was respected by the crew.[5] Apollo 13 would be Harris' second space travel-themed movie; he had starred as pioneering astronaut John Glenn in 1983's The Right Stuff.
Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Gerlach Lovell, Jim's wife
Chris Ellis as Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton
Joe Spano as "NASA Director", a composite character loosely based on Chris Kraft
Marc McClure as Black Team Flight Director Glynn Lunney
Clint Howard as White Team Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) Sy Liebergot
Ray McKinnon as White Team Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick
Todd Louiso as White Team Flight Activities Officer
Loren Dean as EECOM John Aaron
Xander Berkeley as "Henry Hurt", a fictional NASA Office of Public Affairs staff member[8]
David Andrews as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad
Christian Clemenson as Flight Surgeon Dr. Charles Berry
Ben Marley as Apollo 13 backup Commander John Young
Brett Cullen as Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) 1
Ned Vaughn as CAPCOM 2
Tracy Reiner as Haise's wife Mary
Mark Wheeler as Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 Commander
Larry Williams as Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 Lunar Module Pilot
Mary Kate Schellhardt as Lovell's older daughter Barbara
Max Elliott Slade as Lovell's older son James (Jay), who attended military school at the time of the flight
Emily Ann Lloyd as Lovell's younger daughter Susan
Miko Hughes as Lovell's younger son Jeffrey
The real Jim Lovell appears as captain of the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima; Howard had intended to make him an admiral, but Lovell himself, having retired as a captain, chose to appear in his actual rank. Horror film director Roger Corman, a mentor of Howard, appears as a congressman being given a VIP tour by Lovell of the Vehicle Assembly Building, as it had become something of a tradition for Corman to make a cameo appearance in his protégés' films.[9][10] The real Marilyn Lovell appeared among the spectators during the launch sequence.[6] CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite appears in archive news footage and can be heard in newly recorded announcements, some of which he edited himself to sound more authentic.[6]
In addition to his brother, Clint Howard, several other members of Ron Howard's family appear in the movie:
Rance Howard (his father) appears as the Lovell family minister.
Jean Speegle Howard (his mother) appears as Lovell's mother Blanch.
Cheryl Howard (his wife) and Bryce Dallas Howard (his daughter) appear as uncredited background performers in the scene where the astronauts wave goodbye to their families.[10]
Brad Pitt was offered a role in the film, but turned it down to star in Se7en.[11] Reportedly, the real Pete Conrad expressed interest in appearing in the film.[6]
Jeffrey Kluger appears as a television reporter.[10]
Production[edit]
Preproduction and props[edit]
The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr. and Al Reinert was rewritten by John Sayles after Hanks had been cast and construction of the spacecraft sets had begun.[12]
While planning the film, director Ron Howard decided that every shot of the film would be original and that no mission footage would be used.[13] The spacecraft interiors were constructed by the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center's Space Works, which also restored the Apollo 13 Command Module. Two individual Lunar Modules and two Command Modules were constructed for filming. While each was a replica, composed of some of the original Apollo materials, they were built so that different sections were removable, which enabled filming to take place inside the capsules. Space Works also built modified Command and Lunar Modules for filming inside a Boeing KC-135 reduced-gravity aircraft, and the pressure suits worn by the actors, which are exact reproductions of those worn by the Apollo astronauts, right down to the detail of being airtight. When the actors put the suits on with their helmets locked in place, air was pumped into the suits to cool them down and allow them to breathe, exactly as in launch preparations for the real Apollo missions.[14]
The real Mission Control Center consisted of two control rooms located on the second and third floors of Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. NASA offered the use of the control room for filming, but Howard declined, opting instead to make his own replica from scratch.[6][13] Production designer Michael Corenblith and set decorator Merideth Boswell were in charge of the construction of the Mission Control set at Universal Studios. The set was equipped with giant rear-screen projection capabilities and a complex set of computers with individual video feeds to all the flight controller stations. The actors playing the flight controllers were able to communicate with each other on a private audio loop.[14] The Mission Control room built for the film was on the ground floor.[13] One NASA employee, who was a consultant for the film, said that the set was so realistic that he would leave at the end of the day and look for the elevator before remembering he was not in Mission Control.[6] By the time the film was made, the USS Iwo Jima had been scrapped, so her sister ship, the USS New Orleans, was used as the recovery ship instead.[13]
For actors, being able to actually shoot in zero gravity as opposed to being in incredibly painful and uncomfortable harnesses for special effects shots was all the difference between what would have been a horrible moviemaking experience as opposed to the completely glorious one that it actually was.
—Tom Hanks[14]
Howard anticipated difficulty in portraying weightlessness in a realistic manner. He discussed this with Steven Spielberg, who suggested using a KC-135 airplane, which can be flown in such a way as to create about 23 seconds of weightlessness, a method NASA has always used to train its astronauts for space flight. Howard obtained NASA's permission and assistance in filming in the realistic conditions aboard multiple KC-135 flights.[15]
Cast training and filming[edit]
In Los Angeles, Ed Harris and all the actors portraying flight controllers enrolled in a Flight Controller School led by Gerry Griffin, an Apollo 13 flight director, and flight controller Jerry Bostick. The actors studied audiotapes from the mission, reviewed hundreds of pages of NASA transcripts, and attended a crash course in physics.[13][14] Astronaut Dave Scott was impressed with their efforts, stating that each actor was determined to make every scene technically correct, word for word.[5]
Soundtrack[edit]
Apollo 13: Music From The Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by James Horner
Released
June 27, 1995
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
77:41
Label
MCA
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [16]
Filmtracks.com [17]
SoundtrackNet [18]
Tracksounds [19]
The score to Apollo 13 was composed and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack was released in 1995 by MCA Records and has seven tracks of score, eight period songs used in the film, and seven tracks of dialogue by the actors at a running time of nearly seventy-eight minutes. The music also features solos by vocalist Annie Lennox and Tim Morrison on the trumpet. The score was a critical success and garnered Horner an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.[20]
All music composed by James Horner, except where noted.
Apollo 13: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
No.
Title
Length
1. "Main Title" 1:32
2. "One Small Step" 0:42
3. "Night Train" (performed by James Brown) 3:27
4. "Groovin'" (performed by The Young Rascals) 2:26
5. "Somebody to Love" (performed by Jefferson Airplane) 2:55
6. "I Can See for Miles" (performed by The Who) 4:09
7. "Purple Haze" (performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience) 2:48
8. "Launch Control" 3:28
9. "All Systems Go/The Launch" 6:39
10. "Welcome to Apollo 13" 0:38
11. "Spirit in the Sky" (performed by Norman Greenbaum) 3:50
12. "House Cleaning/Houston, We Have a Problem" 1:34
13. "Master Alarm" 2:54
14. "What's Going On?" 0:34
15. "Into the L.E.M." 3:43
16. "Out of Time/Shut Her Down" 2:20
17. "The Darkside of the Moon" (performed by Annie Lennox) 5:09
18. "Failure is Not an Option" 1:18
19. "Honky Tonkin'" (performed by Hank Williams) 2:42
20. "Blue Moon" (performed by The Mavericks) 4:09
21. "Waiting for Disaster/A Privilege" 0:43
22. "Re-Entry & Splashdown" 9:05
23. "End Titles" (performed by Annie Lennox) 5:34
Release[edit]
The film was released on June 30, 1995 in North America and on September 22, 1995 in the UK.
In September 2002 the film was re-released in IMAX. It was the first film to be digitally remastered using IMAX DMR technology.[21]
Box-office performance[edit]
The film was a box-office success, bringing in $355,237,933 worldwide.[2] The film's widest release was 2,347 theaters.[2] The film's opening weekend and the following two weeks placed it at #1 with a US gross of $25,353,380, which made up 14.7% of the total US gross.[2]
Apollo 13 box office revenue
Source
Gross (US$)
% Total
All-time rank (unadjusted)
US $173,837,933[2] 48.9% 229[2]
Non-US $181,400,000[2] 51.1% N/A
Worldwide $355,237,933[2] 100.0% 282[2]
Reception[edit]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has an overall approval rating of 95%, based on 85 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "In recreating the troubled space mission, Apollo 13 pulls no punches: it's a masterfully told drama from director Ron Howard, bolstered by an ensemble of solid performances."[22] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film an average score of 77 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film in his review saying: "A powerful story, one of the year's best films, told with great clarity and remarkable technical detail, and acted without pumped-up histrionics."[24] Richard Corliss from Time highly praised the film, saying: "From lift-off to splashdown, Apollo 13 gives one hell of a ride."[25] Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle gave a mixed review and wrote: "I just wish that Apollo 13 worked better as a movie, and that Howard's threshold for corn, mush and twinkly sentiment weren't so darn wide."[26] Peter Travers from Rolling Stone praised the film and wrote: "Howard lays off the manipulation to tell the true story of the near-fatal 1970 Apollo 13 mission in painstaking and lively detail. It's easily Howard's best film."[27] Movie Room Reviews said "This film is arguably one of the most dramatic and horrendous spaceflight stories ever told."[28]
Janet Maslin made the film an NYT Critics' Pick, calling it an "absolutely thrilling" film that "unfolds with perfect immediacy, drawing viewers into the nail-biting suspense of a spellbinding true story." According to Maslin, "like Quiz Show, Apollo 13 beautifully evokes recent history in ways that resonate strongly today. Cleverly nostalgic in its visual style (Rita Ryack's costumes are especially right), it harks back to movie making without phony heroics and to the strong spirit of community that enveloped the astronauts and their families. Amazingly, this film manages to seem refreshingly honest while still conforming to the three-act dramatic format of a standard Hollywood hit. It is far and away the best thing Mr. Howard has done (and Far and Away was one of the other kind)."[29] The academic critic Raymond Malewitz focuses on the DIY aspects of the "mailbox" filtration system to illustrate the emergence of an unlikely hero in late 20th-century American culture—"the creative, improvisational, but restrained thinker—who replaces the older prodigal cowboy heroes of American mythology and provides the country a better, more frugal example of an appropriate 'husband'."[30]
Ron Howard stated that, after the first test preview of the film, one of the comment cards indicated "total disdain"; the audience member had written that it was a "typical Hollywood" ending and that the crew would never have survived.[31] Marilyn Lovell praised Quinlan's portrayal of her, stating she felt she could feel what Quinlan's character was going through, and remembered how she felt in her mind.[5]
Home media[edit]
A 10th-anniversary DVD of the film was released in 2005; it included both the theatrical version and the IMAX version, along with several extras.[32] The IMAX version has a 1.66:1 aspect ratio.[33]
In 2006, Apollo 13 was released on HD DVD and on April 13, 2010 it was released on Blu-ray disc as the 15th-anniversary edition on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 13 accident.[32] The Film was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on October 17, 2017.[34]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
1996 Academy Awards (1996) Best Film Editing Mike Hill and Daniel Hanley Won [4]
Best Sound Rick Dior, Steve Pederson, Scott Millan, and David MacMillan Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Ed Harris (lost to Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects) Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Kathleen Quinlan (lost to Mira Sorvino in Mighty Aphrodite) Nominated
Best Art Direction Art Direction: Michael Corenblith; Set Decoration: Merideth Boswell (lost to Restoration) Nominated
Best Original Dramatic Score James Horner (lost to Il Postino) Nominated
Best Picture Brian Grazer (lost to Braveheart) Nominated
Best Visual Effects Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Leslie Ekker, and Matt Sweeney (lost to Babe) Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay William Broyles Jr. and Al Reinert (lost to Sense & Sensibility) Nominated
American Cinema Editors (Eddies) Best Edited Feature Film Mike Hill, Daniel P. Hanley Nominated
American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Dean Cundey Nominated
BAFTA Film Awards Best Production Design Michael Corenblith Won
Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Matt Sweeney, Leslie Ekker Won
Best Cinematography Dean Cundey Nominated
Best Editing Mike Hill, Daniel Hanley Nominated
Best Sound David MacMillan, Rick Dior, Scott Millan, Steve Pederson Nominated
Casting Society of America (Artios) Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama Jane Jenkins, Janet Hirshenson Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Picture Apollo 13 Won
Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ron Howard, Carl Clifford, Aldric La'Auli Porter, Jane Paul Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Ed Harris as Gene Kranz Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Ron Howard Nominated
Best Motion Picture – Drama Apollo 13 Nominated
Heartland Film Festival Studio Crystal Heart Award Jeffrey Kluger Won
Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Apollo 13 Nominated
MTV Movie Awards Best Male Performance Tom Hanks as Jim Lovell Nominated
Best Movie Apollo 13 Nominated
PGA Awards Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Brian Grazer, Todd Hallowell Won
Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Apollo 13 Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Ed Harris as Gene Kranz Won
Outstanding Performance by a Cast Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan, and Gary Sinise Won
Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award Best Family Feature – Drama Apollo 13 Won [35]
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium William Broyles Jr., Al Reinert Nominated
Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature – Drama Apollo 13 Nominated
2005 American Film Institute AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes "Houston, we have a problem." (#50) Won [36]
2006 American Film Institute AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers Apollo 13 (#12) Won [36]
Technical and historical accuracy[edit]
Apollo 13 space capsule prop from the film
The film depicts the crew hearing a bang quickly after Swigert followed directions from mission control to stir the oxygen and hydrogen tanks. In reality, the crew heard the bang 93 seconds later.[37]
The film portrays the Saturn V launch vehicle being rolled out to the launch pad two days before launch. In reality, the launch vehicle was rolled out on the mobile launch platform using the crawler-transporter weeks before the launch date.
The movie depicts Swigert and Haise arguing about who was at fault. The show The Real Story: Apollo 13 broadcast on the Smithsonian Channel includes Haise stating that no such argument took place and that there was no way anyone could have foreseen that stirring the tank would cause problems.[38]
The dialogue between ground control and the astronauts was taken nearly verbatim from transcripts and recordings, with the exception of one of the taglines of the film, "Houston, we have a problem." (This quote was voted #50 on the list "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes".) According to the mission transcript, the actual words uttered by Jack Swigert were "Hey, we've got a problem here" (talking over Haise, who had started "Okay, Houston"). Ground control responded by saying "This is Houston, say again please." Jim Lovell then repeated, "Houston, we've had a problem."[39]
One other incorrect dialogue is after the re-entry blackout. In the movie, Tom Hanks (as Lovell) says "Hello Houston... this is Odyssey... it's good to see you again." In the actual re-entry, the Command Module's transmission was finally acquired by a Sikorsky SH-3D Sea King recovery aircraft which then relayed communications to Mission Control. CAPCOM and fellow astronaut Joe Kerwin (not Mattingly, who serves as CAPCOM in this scene in the movie) then made a call to the spacecraft "Odyssey, Houston standing by. Over." Jack Swigert, not Lovell, replied "Okay, Joe," and unlike in the movie, this was well before the parachutes deployed; the celebrations depicted at Mission Control were triggered by visual confirmation of their deployment.[40]
The tagline "Failure is not an option", stated in the film by Gene Kranz, also became very popular, but was not taken from the historical transcripts. The following story relates the origin of the phrase, from an e-mail by Apollo 13 Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick:
As far as the expression "Failure is not an option," you are correct that Kranz never used that term. In preparation for the movie, the script writers, Al Reinart and Bill Broyles, came down to Clear Lake to interview me on "What are the people in Mission Control really like?" One of their questions was "Weren't there times when everybody, or at least a few people, just panicked?" My answer was "No, when bad things happened, we just calmly laid out all the options, and failure was not one of them. We never panicked, and we never gave up on finding a solution." I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored with the interview. Only months later did I learn that when they got in their car to leave, he started screaming, "That's it! That's the tag line for the whole movie, Failure is not an option. Now we just have to figure out who to have say it." Of course, they gave it to the Kranz character, and the rest is history.[41]
In the film, Flight Director Gene Kranz and his White Team are portrayed as managing all of the essential parts of the flight, from liftoff to landing. Consequently, the actual role of the other flight directors and teams, especially Glynn Lunney and his Black Team, were neglected. In fact, it was Flight Director Lunney and his Black Team who got Apollo 13 through its most critical period in the hours immediately after the explosion, including the mid-course correction that sent Apollo 13 on a "free return" trajectory around the Moon and back to the Earth. Astronaut Ken Mattingly, who was replaced as Apollo 13 Command Module Pilot at the last minute by Jack Swigert, later said:
If there was a hero, Glynn Lunney was, by himself, a hero, because when he walked in the room, I guarantee you, nobody knew what the hell was going on. Glynn walked in, took over this mess, and he just brought calm to the situation. I've never seen such an extraordinary example of leadership in my entire career. Absolutely magnificent. No general or admiral in wartime could ever be more magnificent than Glynn was that night. He and he alone brought all of the scared people together. And you've got to remember that the flight controllers in those days were—they were kids in their thirties. They were good, but very few of them had ever run into these kinds of choices in life, and they weren't used to that. All of a sudden, their confidence had been shaken. They were faced with things that they didn't understand, and Glynn walked in there, and he just kind of took charge.[42]
A DVD commentary track, recorded by Jim and Marilyn Lovell and included with both DVD versions,[32] mentions several inaccuracies included in the film, all done for reasons of artistic license:
We were working and watching the controls during that time. Because we came in shallow, it took us longer coming through the atmosphere where we had ionization. And the other thing was that we were just slow in answering.
—Jim Lovell, on the real reason for the delay in replying after Apollo 13's four-minute re-entry into Earth's atmosphere[43]
In the film, Mattingly plays a key role in solving a power consumption problem that Apollo 13 was faced with as it approached re-entry. Lovell points out in his commentary that Mattingly was a composite of several astronauts and engineers—including Charles Duke (whose rubella led to Mattingly's grounding)—all of whom played a role in solving that problem.[6]
When Jack Swigert is getting ready to dock with the LM, a concerned NASA technician says: "If Swigert can't dock this thing, we don't have a mission." Lovell and Haise also seem worried. In his DVD commentary, the real Jim Lovell says that if Swigert had been unable to dock with the LM, he or Haise could have done it. He also says that Swigert was a well-trained Command Module Pilot and that no one was really worried about whether he was up to the job,[43] but he admitted that it made a nice subplot for the film. What the astronauts were really worried about, Lovell says, was the expected rendezvous between the Lunar Module and the Command Module after Lovell and Haise left the surface of the Moon.[6]
A scene set the night before the launch, showing the astronauts' family members saying their goodbyes while separated by a road, to reduce the possibility of any last-minute transmission of disease, depicted a tradition not begun until the Space Shuttle program.[6]
The film depicts Marilyn Lovell dropping her wedding ring down a shower drain. According to Jim Lovell, this did occur,[43] but the drain trap caught the ring and his wife was able to retrieve it.[6] Lovell has also confirmed that the scene in which his wife had a nightmare about him being "sucked through an open door of a spacecraft into outer space" also occurred, though he believes the nightmare was prompted by her seeing a scene in Marooned, a 1969 film they saw three months before Apollo 13 launched.[43]
See also[edit]
From the Earth to the Moon, a docudrama mini-series based around the Apollo missions
Gravity, a 2013 film about astronauts stranded in Earth orbit
Marooned, a 1969 film directed by John Sturges, about astronauts marooned in an Apollo Command/Service Module
Other survival films
Moon portal
Space portal
Spaceflight portal
Film portal
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Jump up ^ "CNN Showbiz News: Apollo 13". CNN. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Apollo 13 (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13". Box Office Mojo. 30 June 1995. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Academy Awards, USA: 1996". awardsdatabase.oscars.org. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Lost Moon: The Triumph of Apollo 13". Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Apollo 13: 2-Disc Anniversary Edition (Disc 1), Special Features: Commentary track by Jim and Marilyn Lovell (DVD). Universal Studios. 19 April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Film Casting that Might Have Been for John Travolta and Richard Gere". Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ The character in the film is a composite of protocol officer Bob McMurrey, who relayed the request for permission to erect a TV tower to Marilyn Lovell, and an unnamed OPA staffer who made the request on the phone, to whom she personally denied it as Quinlan did to "Henry" in the film. "Henry" is also seen performing other OPA functions, such as conducting a press conference. Kluger, Jeffrey; Jim Lovell (July 1995). Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 (First Pocket Books printing ed.). New York: Pocket Books. pp. 118, 209–210, 387. ISBN 0-671-53464-5.
Jump up ^ "Repertoire Of Horrors: The Films Of Roger Corman". Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Apollo 13: 2-Disc Anniversary Edition (Disc 1), Special Features: Commentary track by Ron Howard (DVD). Universal Studios. 19 April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Brad Pitt – A Quick Overview". Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Mary; Neff, Renfreu; Mercurio, Jim; Goldsmith, David F. (April 15, 2016). "John Sayles on Screenwriting". Creative Screenwriting. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Apollo 13: 2-Disc Anniversary Edition (Disc 1), Production Notes (DVD). Universal Studios. 19 March 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Production Notes (Press Release)" (PDF). IMAX. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ron Howard Weightless Again Over Apollo 13's DGA Win". Retrieved 16 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Apollo 13 at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Filmtracks review
Jump up ^ Soundtrack.Net review Archived June 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Tracksounds review Archived April 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Apollo 13 soundtrack review at Filmtracks. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "History of IMAX". Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13: Roger Ebert". Chicago Sun-Times. June 30, 1995. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13: Review". Time. July 3, 1995. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Guthmann, Edward (June 30, 1995). "Apollo 13 Review: Story heroic, but it just doesn't fly". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13 Review: Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: "Apollo 13"". Movie Room Reviews. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (June 30, 1995). "Apollo 13, a Movie for the Fourth of July". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Malewitz, Raymond (September 5, 2014). "getting Rugged With Thing Theory". Stanford UP. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Howard, Ron (December 8, 2008). "A conversation about the film "Frost/Nixon"". Charlie Rose. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Apollo 13 Blu-Ray Release". Universal Studios. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13 (DVD - 2005)". Lethbridge Public Library. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13 - 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray Ultra HD Review | High Def Digest". ultrahd.highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Symposium Awards". National Space Symposium. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "AFI's 100 years...100 quotes" (PDF). AFI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Apollo 13 Timeline, Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference, NASA History Series, Office of Policy and Plans, Richard W. Orloff, Sept. 2004. See "Oxygen tank #2 fans on. Stabilization control system electrical disturbance indicated a power transient. 055:53:20."
Jump up ^ The Real Story: Apollo 13, Season 4, Episode 3, 2012. See this section beginning at 15:18.
Jump up ^ "Page 231 of Apollo 13's transcript at NASA Johnson Space Center" (PDF). Retrieved 8 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 13's re-entry transcript on Spacelog".
Jump up ^ "Origin of Apollo 13 Quote: "Failure Is Not an Option."". SPACEACTS.COM. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Ken Mattingly, quoted in Go, Flight! The Unsung Heroes of Mission Control, 1965-1992, Rick Houston and Milt Heflin, 2015, University of Nebraska Press, p. 221
^ Jump up to: a b c d William, Lena (19 July 1995). "In Space, No Room For Fear". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 13 (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: the film Apollo 13
Apollo 13 on IMDb
Apollo 13 at the TCM Movie Database
Apollo 13 at AllMovie
Apollo 13 at Rotten Tomatoes
Apollo 13 at Box Office Mojo
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Films directed by Ron Howard
Grand Theft Auto (1977)
Cotton Candy (1978)
Skyward (1980)
Night Shift (1982)
Splash (1984)
Cocoon (1985)
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In the Heart of the Sea (2015)
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Brian Grazer
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Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Apollo 13 (1995)
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