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Seat belt legislation
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Seat belt legislation requires the fitting of seat belts to motor vehicles and the wearing of seat belts by motor vehicle occupants to be mandatory. Laws requiring the fitting of seat belts to cars have in some cases been followed by laws mandating their use, with the effect that thousands of deaths on the road have been prevented. Different laws apply in different countries to the wearing of seat belts.
Contents
[hide]
1 National comparisons
1.1 Australia
1.2 Canada
1.3 United Kingdom
1.4 United States
1.5 Developing countries
2 Effects
3 Opposition
3.1 Risk compensation and other theories
3.2 Individual liberty
3.3 Side-effects of seat belts
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References and further reading
National comparisons[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, after the introduction of mandatory front outboard mounting points in 1964, the use of seat belts by all vehicle passengers was made compulsory in the states of Victoria and South Australia in 1970 and 1971, respectively.[1] By 1973, the use of fitted seat belts by vehicle occupants was made compulsory for the rest of Australia and some other countries during the 1970s and 1980s. The subsequent dramatic decline in road deaths is generally because of seat belt laws and subsequent road safety campaigns.[2][3][4] Seat belts are not required for bus occupants, reversing drivers, and those driving some slow moving vehicles. The laws for these differ depending on the state or territory with jurisdiction.
Canada[edit]
Main article: Seat belt legislation in Canada
All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws. In 1976, Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts.[5]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, seat belts must be worn at all times if they are fitted to a vehicle unless reversing. Passengers may be exempt from wearing a seat belt for different reasons. Since September 18, 2006, children travelling in the UK must also use an appropriate child seat in addition to the standard seat belt, unless they are 12 years old and/or have reached at least 135 centimetres (53 in) in height.[6]
In the UK, a requirement for anchorage points was introduced in 1965, followed by the requirement in 1968 to fit three-point belts in the front outboard positions on all new cars and all existing cars back to 1965.[citation needed] Successive UK Governments proposed, but failed to deliver, seat belt legislation throughout the 1970s. Front seat belts were compulsory equipment on all new cars registered in the UK from 1972, although it did not become compulsory for them to be worn until 1983. Rear seat belts were compulsory equipment from 1986 and became compulsory for them to be worn in 1991. However, it has never been a legal requirement for cars registered before those dates to be fitted with seat belts.[7] In one such attempt in 1979 similar claims for potential lives and injuries saved were advanced. William Rodgers, then Secretary of State for Transport in the Callaghan Labour Government (1976–1979), stated: "On the best available evidence of accidents in this country - evidence which has not been seriously contested - compulsion could save up to 1000 lives and 10,000 injuries a year."[8]
United States[edit]
Main article: Seat belt legislation in the United States
Seat belt use by type of law in the US, 2008
In the United States, seat belt legislation varies by state. The state of Wisconsin introduced legislation in 1961 requiring seat belts to be fitted to the front outboard seat positions of cars.[9] Seat belts have been mandatory equipment since the 1968 model year per Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208.
New York State passed the first law in the US mandating the use of seat belts in 1984 under the leadership of John D. States, an orthopedic surgeon who dedicated his career to improving automotive safety.[10] Depending on which state a driver is in, not wearing a seat belt in the front seat is either a primary offense or a secondary offense, with the exception of New Hampshire, which does not have a law requiring people over age 18 to wear a seat belt. In the front seat, the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt, one person per belt. In some states, such as New York, New Hampshire, and Michigan, belts in the rear seats are not mandatory for people over the age of 16, though it is extremely advised. The driver and front-seat passengers aged 16 or older can be fined up to $50 each for failure to buckle up. In California, you must be 15 years or older to accompany the driver in the front seat. Children 14 and younger must sit in the rear seat until they reach the age of 15.Template:DMV.org
Seat belt use by sex, age, and type of law in the US, 2008
A primary offense means that a police officer can pull a driver over for the seat belt law violation alone, and secondary offense indicates that one can be punished for a seat belt law violation only if they are already pulled over for another reason. By January 2007 25 states and the District of Columbia had primary seat belt laws, 24 had secondary seat belt laws, and New Hampshire had no laws.[11] In 2009, Public Health Law Research published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health. One stated, "Safety belt laws work, but there is strong evidence to support that primary enforcement safety belt laws are more effective than secondary enforcement laws in increasing seat belt use and reducing crash injuries."[12]
Another found that "there is strong evidence that enhanced seat belt enforcement interventions can substantially increase seat belt use and its associated benefits."[13]
Developing countries[edit]
In many developing countries, pedestrians, cyclists, rickshaw operators and moped users represent the majority of road users.
In India, all cars manufactured after March 25, 1994 are equipped with front seat belts. The rule was extended for rear seats in 2002. The usage of seat belts is to be implemented by the respective states, with most states making seat belt usage for front seat passengers mandatory in 2002. Older vehicles that did not originally have seat belts were exempted. However, enforcement is weak in most parts of the country.
In Indonesia, belts are only mandatory for front seats. Many low entry car models are not equipped with rear seat belts.[14]
In Malaysia, the first stage of safety belt laws was implemented in 1979. This was expanded in January 2009 to include rear passengers. Passenger vehicles registered prior to January 1, 1995, and those weighing more than 3.5 tons are exempted from this rule. The third and fourth stages, which will deal with baby and child seats and the number of passengers in a vehicle, have not taken effect.[15]
In the Philippines, a seat belt law, Republic Act No. 8750, was approved in August 5, 1999. The law took effect in 2000 and requires all public and private vehicles, except motorcycles and tricycles, to have their front seats equipped with seat belts. Front seats as defined by the law includes the first row of seats behind the driver for public utility buses. Those below the age of six are prohibited to occupy the front seats of motor vehicles even if wearing a seat belt. Jeepneys are only required to have lap belts for the front seat passengers and the driver.[16][17]
The table below gives an overview of when seat belt legislation was first introduced in different countries. It includes both regional and national legislation.
Country
Compulsory wearing
Compulsory fitting
Source
Cars
Bus passengers
Cars
Buses
Driver
Front passengers
Rear passengers
Argentina 1994 1994 1994 (First row only, all in school buses) [18]
Australia 1970 (Victoria), 1971 (SA, NSW), 1972 (national), 1986 (child restraints) 1969, 1970 (back seat, Victoria) 1971 (back seat) 1983 (≤3.5 tonnes) [19][20]
Canada 1976
Czech Republic 1966 (outside cities)
1990 (all) 1976
1990 2004 1968 [21]
European Union 1993 [22]
Finland 1975 1982 1987 2006
France 1973 (outside cities), 1975 (cities at night), 1979 (all) 1990 2003 1967, 1978 (back seat) 2003 [22]
[23]
Germany 1976 1984 1999 1970, 1979 (back seat) 1999 Angurtpflicht
Hungary 1976 1993 [19]
Hong Kong 1983 1983 1996 2004 (minibuses) 1996 (back seat) 2004 (minibuses)
[24]
India 1994 (front seats), 2002 (rear seats)
Ireland 1979 1992 1971 (front seats), 1992 (rear seats) [25]
Italy 1989 1990 (where available)‡ 2006‡ 1988 (new vehicles); 1989 (all*, front seats); 1990 (new vehicles, back seats); 2000 (all*, back seats) 2006 [26]
Japan 1971† (1985) 1971 (no fines), 1985 (fines on freeway), 1993 (all) 2008 2008 1969 [22]
Myanmar 2017 2017 2017 2016 (motorway buses enforced)
Netherlands 1976 1992 1975 (front) 1990 (rear)
New Zealand 1972 1972 (15 years and over), 1979 (8 years and over) 1989♣ 1972 (vehicles registered after 1965), 1975 (after 1955) [27]
Philippines 2000 (those below 6 years prohibited to occupy front seats) 2000 (first row beside the driver's seat only) 2000 [28]
Singapore 1973 1973 1993 2008 (small buses) 1973
Spain 1975
Sri Lanka 2011 2011
Sweden 1975 1986 1969 (front) 1970 (rear) 2004 [22][29]
Thailand 1996 2009
United Kingdom 1983 1991 2006 1967 (front) 1987 (rear) [30]
United States 1984 (New York; seat belt use law is jurisdiction of individual states) Wisconsin, 1961. Federally, front lap 1965 model year; front shoulder & rear lap 1968; 3-point front 1974 [22]
* - actually only vehicles registered after 15 June 1976; in previous registered vehicles fitting is optional
† - required by the law, but no penalty for violation at the time
‡ - required by the law, but low enforcement
♣ - definitely introduced by this date, possibly earlier
Effects[edit]
Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States (1991–2001)
Studies by road safety authorities conclude that seat belt legislation has reduced the number of casualties in road accidents.
Experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers also indicated that wearing seat belts should lead to reduced risk of death and injury in car crashes.
Studies of accident outcomes suggest that fatality rates among car occupants are reduced by between 30 and 50 percent if seat belts are worn. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that death risks for a driver wearing a lap-shoulder seat belt are reduced by 48 percent. The same study indicated that in 2007, an estimated 15,147 lives were saved by seat belts in the United States and that if seat belt use were increased to 100 percent, an additional 5024 lives would have been saved.[31]
An earlier statistical analysis by the NHTSA claimed that seat belts save over 10,000 lives every year in the US.[32]
According to a more recent fact sheet produced by the NHTSA:
"In 2012, seat belts saved an estimated 12,174 lives among passenger vehicle occupants 5 and older. [...] Research has found that lap/shoulder seat belts, when used, reduce the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45% and the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50%. [...] Research on the effectiveness of child safety seats has found them to reduce the risk of fatal injury by 71% for infants (younger than 1 year old) and by 54% for toddlers (1 to 4 years old) in passenger cars." [33]
By 2009, despite large increases in population and the number of vehicles, road deaths in Victoria had fallen below 300, less than a third of the 1970 level, the lowest since records were kept, and far below the per capita rate in jurisdictions such as the United States. This reduction was generally attributed to aggressive road safety campaigns beginning with the seat belt laws.[34][35]
A 2008 study in the Journal of Health Economics found that mandatory seat belt laws in the U.S. "significantly increased seatbelt use among high school age youths by 45-80%" and "significantly reduced traffic fatalities and serious injuries resulting from fatal crashes by 8 and 9%, respectively."[36] The authors note that these "results suggest that if all states had primary enforcement seatbelt laws then regular youth seatbelt use would be nearly universal and youth fatalities would fall by about 120 per year."[36]
Opposition[edit]
A number of groups and individuals are opposed to seat belt legislation. The most common grounds for opposition are:
The view that laws requiring the wearing of seat belts are an infringement of individual liberty.
Claims that official estimates of the number of lives saved by seat belts are overstated or fail to take into account additional risks for other road users.
Risk compensation and other theories[edit]
The most common basis for disputing estimates of the benefits of seat belts is risk compensation and risk homeostasis, advanced by researchers John Adams and Gerald Wilde. The idea of this theory is that, if the risk of death or injury from a car crash is reduced by the wearing of seat belts, drivers will respond by reducing the precautions they take against crashes. Adams accepts the hypothesis that wearing seat belts improves a vehicle occupant’s chances of surviving a crash.[37] In order to explain the disparity between the agreed improvement in crash survival and the observed results, Adams and Wilde argue that protecting someone from the consequences of risky behaviour may tend to encourage greater risk taking. Wilde states, "to compel a person to use protection from the consequences of hazardous driving, as seat belt laws do, is to encourage hazardous driving. A fine for non-compliance will encourage seat belt use, but the fact that the law fails to increase people's desire to be safe encourages compensatory behaviour." [38]
Studies and experiments have been carried out to examine the risk compensation theory. In one experiment subjects were asked to drive go-karts around a track under various conditions. It was found that subjects who started driving belted did not drive any slower when subsequently unbelted, but those who started driving unbelted did drive consistently faster when subsequently belted.[39] A study of habitual non-seat belt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to seat belt use by adopting higher driving speeds and closer following distances.[40] In another study, taxi drivers who were habitual non-wearers were timed over a route with passengers who did, and others who did not, insist on the driver wearing a belt. They completed the route faster when belted.[41]
In addition to risk compensation, Adams has suggested other mechanisms that may lead to inaccurate or unsupportable predictions of positive benefits from seat belt legislation.
Case-control studies based on voluntary use of safety aids can attribute to the aid benefits that actually come from the risk-averse nature of those likely to use them voluntarily (confounding), particularly early adopters.
Fatality rates are subject to considerable stochastic noise, and comparison of single years or short periods can be misleading.
Individual liberty[edit]
Opponents have objected to the laws on libertarian principles.[42] Some do so on the grounds that seat belt laws infringe on their civil liberties. For example, in a 1986 letter to the editor of the New York Times, a writer argued that seat belt legislation was "coercive" and that "a mandatory-seat-belt law violates the right to bodily privacy and self-control".[43]
A counterpoint to the libertarian view is that by reducing death and serious injury, mandatory seat belt use and enforcement of seat belt laws results in substantial social benefits. For example, an analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that in 2010 non-fatal injuries to motor vehicle occupants cost the United States $48 billion in medical expenses and lost work.[44] An example is an unbelted driver who kills or injures another road user because he/she slides out of proper seating position and cannot regain control of the vehicle during slippery conditions. Another notable scenario is of rear-seated passengers being forced forward in a crash and thus inadvertently harming the driver or front passenger. A University of Wisconsin study demonstrated that car accident victims who had not worn seat belts cost the hospital (and the state, in the case of the uninsured) on average 25% more.[45]
Side-effects of seat belts[edit]
Neck injuries can be caused by the deceleration from a high speed. The passengers head continues to move forward while the body is restrained, potentially causing paralyzing injuries. A study of such injuries notes, "Seatbelts save lives. However, they may cause injury to adjacent structures and when they malfunction can cause injury to the abdominal viscera, bony skeleton and vascular structures. The motor industry has attempted to reduce these injuries by modification of vehicle design and safety equipment."[46]
See also[edit]
Car accident
Click It or Ticket
Clunk Click Every Trip
Road safety
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Potted Seat Belt History". Drivers Technology.
Jump up ^ Milne, P.W. "Fitting and Wearing of Seat Belts in Australia: The history of a successful countermeasureA" (PDF). February, 1985. Department of Transport; Federal Office of Road Safety, Australian Government Publishing Service. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Helena Webb (15 August 2006). "Loose belts lose lives". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Jump up ^ 2005 Regulatory Impact Statement - Seat belt legislation amendments
Jump up ^ "Seatbelts Saving Lives In Ontario For 35 Years" (Press release). Ministry of Transportation, Ontario. December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wearing a seat belt and exemptions". Directgov.
Jump up ^ "RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law". RoSPA. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law" (PDF). john adams.
Jump up ^ "The History of Seat Belt Development". School Transportation News. STN Media Group. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
Jump up ^ Click it or ticket
Jump up ^ "Most Wanted". National Transportation Safety Board.
Jump up ^ "Primary Enforcement of Safety Belt Laws". Public Health Law Research. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. December 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Enhanced Enforcement of Safety Belt Laws". Public Health Law Research. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2009.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia". US Department of State. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
Jump up ^ "All must belt up in MPVs". The Star. 29 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Republic Act No. 8750". LAWPHiL. Eleventh Congress of the Philippines. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Crisostomo, Sheila (1 May 2000). "Seat Belt Law takes effect today". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) National Law Nº26,687 - Article 30 A, Article 40 K and Article 55
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00022331.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1985/pdf/Belt_Analysis_4.pdf
Jump up ^ http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1966/sb35-66.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c d e http://www.stnonline.com/stn/occupantrestraint/seatbelthistory/
Jump up ^ http://www.ladocfrancaise.gouv.fr/dossier_actualite/securite_routiere/chronologie.shtml
Jump up ^ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199901/27/0127119.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel_and_recreation/roads_and_safety/seatbelts_when_motoring_in_ireland.html
Jump up ^ http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario;jsessionid=an4pS+wPCztq+ANf1oUxlw__.ntc-as2-guri2a?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1988-04-11&atto.codiceRedazionale=088G0149&elenco30giorni=false
Jump up ^ http://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/NewPDFs/Legislation-2006.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1999/ra_8750_1999.html
Jump up ^ http://www.umu.se/dsps/surgery/personal/personal_kirurgi/OAG%20rapport%20124.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.rospa.com/about/history/seatbelt-history.aspx RoSPA
Jump up ^ "Lives Saved Calculations for Seat Belts and Frontal Air Bags" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. December 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Glassbrenner, Donna. "Estimating The Lives Saved By Safety Belts and Air Bags" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Traffic Safety Facts - 2012 Data - Occupant Protection" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Sexton, Reid (27 December 2009). "Victoria's road toll at record low". theage.com.au. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Lucas, Clay (9 July 2010). "How low can we go?". theage.com.au. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Christopher S.; Stehr, Mark (2008-05-01). "The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use, motor vehicle fatalities, and crash-related injuries among youths". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 642–662. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.010. ISSN 0167-6296. PMID 18242744.
Jump up ^ John Adams (2006). "The Failure of Seat Belt Legislation" (PDF). John Adams. Retrieved 2010-03-04. (primary source)
Jump up ^ Wilde GJS (1994). Target Risk. Toronto: PDE Publications. ISBN 0-9699124-0-4.
Jump up ^ Streff FM; Geller ES (August 1988). "An experimental test of risk compensation: between-subject versus within-subject analyses". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 20 (4): 277–87. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(88)90055-3. PMID 3415759.
Jump up ^ Janssen W (April 1994). "Seat belt wearing and driving behaviour: An instrumented-vehicle study". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 26 (2): 249–2. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90095-7. PMID 8198694.
Jump up ^ Wilde GJS (1994). Target Risk (1st ed.). ISBN 0-9699124-0-4.
Jump up ^ Jeff Jacoby (August 25, 1994). "Unbuckling the Voters" (Op-Ed). Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ David Solan (February 26, 1986). "Seat-Belt Laws Violate Your Civil Rights" (Op-Ed). New York Times.
Jump up ^ CDC (September 2014). "Data & Statistics (WISQARS): Cost of Injury Reports".
Jump up ^ Marion Ceraso; Keri Frisch; Stephen Hargarten; Timothy Corden (September 2006). "Primary Enforcement of Seatbelt Laws: A Means for Decreasing Injuries, Deaths and Crash-Related Costs in Wisconsin?" (PDF). University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.
Jump up ^ Smith, J. E. (2005). Injuries caused by seatbelt - Trauma. tra.sagepub.com. pp. Vol. 7, No. 4, 211–215. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
References and further reading[edit]
John Adams (1995). Risk. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-068-7.
Wilde G.S. Target Risk PDE Publications, 1994
The Isles report "Seat belt savings: Implications of European Statistics", UK DoT, 1981, Sourced from Death on the Streets, Cars and the Mythology of Road Safety by Robert Davis, Leading Edge Press, North Yorkshire UK, 1992 and "Report questions whether seat belts save lives" by M. Hamer, New Scientist, 7 February 1985 p7
Evaluation of Automobile Safety Regulations: The case of Compulsory Seat Belt Legislation in Australia. by J.A.C. Coneybeare, Policy Sciences 12:27-39, 1980
Compulsory Seat Belt Use: Further Inferences, by P. Hurst Accident Analysis and Prevention., Vol 11: 27-33, 1979
Wilde G. S. Risk Homeostasis and Traffic Accidents Propositions, Deductions and Discussion of Dissension in Recent Reactions, Ergonomics 1988 Vol, 31, 4:439
Methodological Issues in Testing the Hypothesis of Risk Compensation by Brian Dulisse, Accident Analysis and Prevention Vol. 25 (5): 285-292, 1997
RS 255 The initial impact of seat belt legislation in Ireland by R. Hearne, An Foras Forbatha, Dublin, 1981
The efficacy of seat belt legislation: A comparative study of road accident fatality statistics from 18 countries, by J. Adams. Department of Geography University College, London 1981
Casualty Reductions, Whose Problem? By F. West-Oram, Traffic Engineering and Control, September 1990
The Puzzle of Seat Belts Explained, Press Release of the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, April 1999
Reconsidering the effects of seat belt Laws and Their Enforcement Status by T.S. Dee Accident Analysis and Prevention., Vol 30(1): 1-10, 1998

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List of current Indian chief ministers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Current ruling parties in the states and union territories of India
BJP
Coalition with BJP
INC
Other parties
In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and the two union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.[1]
Of the thirty-one incumbents, three are women—Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal, Mehbooba Mufti in Jammu and Kashmir, and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Serving since December 1994 (for 23 years, 118 days), Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency. Amarinder Singh (b. 1942) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (b. 1979) is the youngest.[2] Fifteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party, four to the Indian National Congress no other party has more than one chief minister in office.
Current Indian chief ministers[edit]
Colour key for parties
Aam Aadmi Party
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
All India Trinamool Congress
Bharatiya Janata Party
Biju Janata Dal
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Indian National Congress
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
Janata Dal (United)
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
National People's Party
Sikkim Democratic Front
Telangana Rashtra Samithi
Telugu Desam Party
State
(past chief ministers)
Name[3]
Portrait
Took office
(tenure length)
Party[a]
Alliance[b]
Ref
Andhra Pradesh
(list) N. Chandrababu Naidu 000000002014-06-08-00008 June 2014
(7003140100000000000♠3 years, 305 days) Telugu Desam Party None [4]
Arunachal Pradesh
(list) Pema Khandu 000000002016-07-17-000017 July 2016
(7002631000000000000♠1 year, 266 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [5][6]
Assam
(list) Sarbananda Sonowal 000000002016-05-24-000024 May 2016
(7002685000000000000♠1 year, 320 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [7]
Bihar
(list) Nitish Kumar 000000002015-02-22-000022 February 2015
(7003114200000000000♠3 years, 46 days) Janata Dal (United) NDA [8]
Chhattisgarh
(list) Raman Singh 000000002003-12-07-00007 December 2003
(7003523700000000000♠14 years, 123 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [9]
Delhi[c]
(list) Arvind Kejriwal 000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015
(7003115000000000000♠3 years, 54 days) Aam Aadmi Party None [10]
Goa
(list) Manohar Parrikar 000000002017-03-14-000014 March 2017
(7002391000000000000♠1 year, 26 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [11]
Gujarat
(list) Vijay Rupani 000000002016-08-07-00007 August 2016
(7002610000000000000♠1 year, 245 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [12]
Haryana
(list) Manohar Lal Khattar 000000002014-10-26-000026 October 2014
(7003126100000000000♠3 years, 165 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [13]
Himachal Pradesh
(list) Jai Ram Thakur 000000002017-12-27-000027 December 2017
(7002103000000000000♠103 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [14]
Jammu and Kashmir
(list) Mehbooba Mufti 000000002016-04-04-00004 April 2016
(7002735000000000000♠2 years, 5 days) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party NDA [15]
Jharkhand
(list) Raghubar Das 000000002014-12-28-000028 December 2014
(7003119800000000000♠3 years, 102 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [16]
Karnataka
(list) Siddaramaiah 000000002013-05-13-000013 May 2013
(7003179200000000000♠4 years, 331 days) Indian National Congress UPA [17]
Kerala
(list) Pinarayi Vijayan 000000002016-05-25-000025 May 2016
(7002684000000000000♠1 year, 319 days) Communist Party of India (Marxist) LDF [18]
Madhya Pradesh
(list) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 000000002005-11-29-000029 November 2005
(7003451400000000000♠12 years, 131 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [19]
Maharashtra
(list) Devendra Fadnavis 000000002014-10-31-000031 October 2014
(7003125600000000000♠3 years, 160 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [20]
Manipur
(list) N. Biren Singh 000000002017-03-15-000015 March 2017
(7002390000000000000♠1 year, 25 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [21]
Meghalaya
(list) Conrad Sangma 000000002018-03-06-00006 March 2018
(7001340000000000000♠34 days) National People's Party NDA [22]
Mizoram
(list) Lal Thanhawla 000000002008-12-07-00007 December 2008
(7003341000000000000♠9 years, 123 days) Indian National Congress UPA [23]
Nagaland
(list) Neiphiu Rio 000000002018-03-08-00008 March 2018
(7001320000000000000♠32 days) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party NDA [24]
Odisha
(list) Naveen Patnaik 000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000
(7003660900000000000♠18 years, 35 days) Biju Janata Dal None [25]
Puducherry[c]
(list) V. Narayanasamy 000000002016-06-06-00006 June 2016
(7002672000000000000♠1 year, 307 days) Indian National Congress UPA [26]
Punjab
(list) Amarinder Singh 000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017
(7002389000000000000♠1 year, 24 days) Indian National Congress UPA [27]
Rajasthan
(list) Vasundhara Raje 000000002013-12-13-000013 December 2013
(7003157800000000000♠4 years, 117 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [28]
Sikkim
(list) Pawan Kumar Chamling 000000001994-12-12-000012 December 1994
(7003851900000000000♠23 years, 118 days) Sikkim Democratic Front NDA [29]
Tamil Nadu
(list) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 000000002017-02-16-000016 February 2017
(7002417000000000000♠1 year, 52 days) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam None [30]
Telangana
(list) K. Chandrashekhar Rao 000000002014-06-02-00002 June 2014
(7003140700000000000♠3 years, 311 days) Telangana Rashtra Samithi None [31]
Tripura
(list) Biplab Kumar Deb 000000002018-03-09-00009 March 2018
(31 Days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [32]
Uttar Pradesh
(list) Yogi Adityanath 000000002017-03-19-000019 March 2017
(7002386000000000000♠1 year, 21 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [33]
Uttarakhand
(list) Trivendra Singh Rawat 000000002017-03-18-000018 March 2017
(7002387000000000000♠1 year, 22 days) Bharatiya Janata Party NDA [34]
West Bengal
(list) Mamata Banerjee 000000002011-05-20-000020 May 2011
(7003251600000000000♠6 years, 324 days) All India Trinamool Congress None [35]
Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister's party. The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
Jump up ^ This refers to any alliance government, both nationally or locally
^ Jump up to: a b Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers (headed by the chief minister), they are officially union territories.
See also[edit]
List of current Indian governors
List of current Indian chief justices
List of current Indian legislative speakers
List of current Indian opposition leaders
List of female Indian chief ministers
List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party
List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
Jump up ^ "Meet Pema Khandu: India’s youngest Chief Minister Archived 17 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Chief Ministers Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM Archived 10 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam Archived 24 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Arun (27 July 2017). "Grand Alliance to NDA: Nitish Kumar changes partner, continues as Bihar CM". Hindustan Times. Patna. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar. "Raman Singh takes oath Archived 5 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 8 December 2003.
Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran, Shubhomoy Sikdar. "Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft-free in 5 years Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar, Prakash Kamat. "Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong. plea Archived 14 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa. "Vijay Rupani sworn in; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah’s stamp Archived 7 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher. "Khattar sworn in Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jai Ram Thakur sworn in as Himachal Chief Minister Archived 24 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". Indian Express. 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mehbooba Mufti sworn in as J&K's first woman CM Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 4 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary. "Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Siddaramaiah sworn in as Chief Minister of Karnataka Archived 10 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair. "Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister Archived 25 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 30 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar. "Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing-in Archived 5 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Isha Gupta. "BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.". India Today. 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Conrad Sangma sworn-in as Meghalaya CM Archived 6 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister". The Times of India. 11 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Neiphiu Rio sworn in as Nagaland CM". The Pioneer. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ N. Ramdas. "Naveen Govt. installed Archived 11 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 6 March 2000.
Jump up ^ "Puducherry: V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister Archived 7 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.". The Indian Express. 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vasundhara swearing-in, a show of strength Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister Archived 19 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan. "Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Archived 17 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy. "KCR sworn in; heads cabinet of 11 ministers Archived 6 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 2 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Karmakar, Rahul (9 March 2018). "Biplab Kumar Deb sworn in as Tripura CM". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Archived 19 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay. "Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister Archived 19 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 18 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mamata, 37 Ministers sworn in Archived 4 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.". The Hindu. 21 May 2011.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)
Andhra Pradesh
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh
Pema Khandu
Assam
Sarbananda Sonowal
Bihar
Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh
Raman Singh
Delhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Goa
Manohar Parrikar
Gujarat
Vijay Rupani
Haryana
Manohar Lal Khattar
Himachal Pradesh
Jai Ram Thakur
Jammu and Kashmir
Mehbooba Mufti
Jharkhand
Raghubar Das
Karnataka
Siddaramaiah
Kerala
Pinarayi Vijayan
Madhya Pradesh
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra
Devendra Fadnavis
Manipur
N. Biren Singh
Meghalaya
Conrad Sangma
Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
Nagaland
Neiphiu Rio
Odisha
Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry
V. Narayanasamy
Punjab
Amarinder Singh
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Telangana
K. Chandrashekhar Rao
Tripura
Biplab Kumar Deb
Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
Uttarakhand
Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=832688633"
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Cultural origins
Late 19th century, Midwestern United States
Typical instruments
piano (sometimes played by a banjo)
Derivative forms
Stride
novelty piano
jazz
honky tonk
Fusion genres
Jazz
boogie woogie
country
Scott Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime"
Ragtime – also spelled rag-time or rag time[1] – is a musical style that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1918.[2] Its cardinal trait is its syncopated, or "ragged", rhythm.[2]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins of Ragtime music
2 Historical context
3 Musical form
4 Related forms and styles
5 American, pre-1940, ragtime composers
6 Influence on European composers
7 Revivals
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Second edition cover of Maple Leaf Rag, one of the most famous rags
Origins of Ragtime music[edit]
The style has its origins in African-American communities in cities such as St. Louis.[3][4] Ernest Hogan (1865–1909) was a pioneer of ragtime and was the first composer to have his ragtime pieces (or "rags") published as sheet music, beginning with the song "La Pas Ma La", published in 1895. Hogan has also been credited for coining the term ragtime. The term is actually derived from his hometown "Shake Rag" in Bowling Green, Kentucky.[citation needed] Ben Harney, another Kentucky native, has often been credited for introducing the music to the mainstream public. His first ragtime composition, "You've Been a Good Old Wagon But You Done Broke Down", helped popularize the style. The composition was published in 1896, a few months after Ernest Hogan's "La Pas Ma La."[5][6] Ragtime was also a modification of the march style popularized by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music.[7] Ragtime composer Scott Joplin (ca. 1868–1917) became famous through the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899) and a string of ragtime hits such as "The Entertainer" (1902), although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s.[8][9] For at least 12 years after its publication, "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.[10]
Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since the music has been re-discovered. First in the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime genres of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award.[11] In 1973 The New England Ragtime Ensemble (then a student group called The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble) recorded The Red Back Book, a compilation of some of Joplin's rags in period orchestrations edited by conservatory president Gunther Schuller. This also won a Grammy for Best Chamber Music Performance of the year and was named Billboard's Top Classical Album of 1974. Subsequently, the motion picture The Sting (1973) brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. The film's rendering of "The Entertainer", adapted and orchestrated by Marvin Hamlisch, was a Top 5 hit in 1975.
Ragtime – with Joplin's work at the forefront – has been cited as an American equivalent of the minuets of Mozart, the mazurkas of Chopin, or the waltzes of Brahms.[12] Ragtime also influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky.[13][14]
Historical context[edit]
Ragtime originated in African American music in the late 19th century and descended from the jigs and march music played by African American bands, referred to as "jig piano" or "piano thumping".[15][16] By the start of the 20th century, it became widely popular throughout North America and was listened and danced to, performed, and written by people of many different subcultures. A distinctly American musical style, ragtime may be considered a synthesis of African syncopation and European classical music, especially the marches made popular by John Philip Sousa.
Some early piano rags are entitled marches, and "jig" and "rag" were used interchangeably in the mid-1890s.[15] Ragtime was also preceded by its close relative the cakewalk. In 1895, black entertainer Ernest Hogan composed two of the earliest sheet music rags, one of which ("All Coons Look Alike to Me") eventually sold a million copies. The other composition was called La Pas Ma La which was also a hit.[17] As fellow black musician Tom Fletcher said, Hogan was the "first to put on paper the kind of rhythm that was being played by non-reading musicians."[18] While the song's success helped introduce the country to ragtime rhythms, its use of racial slurs created a number of derogatory imitation tunes, known as "coon songs" because of their use of racist and stereotypical images of blacks. In Hogan's later years he admitted shame and a sense of "race betrayal" for the song while also expressing pride in helping bring ragtime to a larger audience.[19]
Maple Leaf Rag
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The emergence of mature ragtime is usually dated to 1897, the year in which several important early rags were published. In 1899, Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" was published and became a great hit and demonstrated more depth and sophistication than earlier ragtime. Ragtime was one of the main influences on the early development of jazz (along with the blues). Some artists, such as Jelly Roll Morton, were present and performed both ragtime and jazz styles during the period the two styles overlapped. He also incorporated the Spanish Tinge in his performances, which gave a habanera or tango rhythm to his music.[20] Jazz largely surpassed ragtime in mainstream popularity in the early 1920s, although ragtime compositions continue to be written up to the present, and periodic revivals of popular interest in ragtime occurred in the 1950s and the 1970s.
The heyday of ragtime occurred before sound recording was widely available. Like classical music, and unlike jazz, classical ragtime had and has primarily a written tradition, being distributed in sheet music rather than through recordings or by imitation of live performances. Ragtime music was also distributed via piano rolls for player pianos. A folk ragtime tradition also existed before and during the period of classical ragtime (a designation largely created by Scott Joplin's publisher John Stillwell Stark), manifesting itself mostly through string bands, banjo and mandolin clubs (which experienced a burst of popularity during the early 20th century) and the like.
Joseph Lamb's 1916 "The Top Liner Rag", a classic rag
A form known as novelty piano (or novelty ragtime) emerged as the traditional rag was fading in popularity. Where traditional ragtime depended on amateur pianists and sheet music sales, the novelty rag took advantage of new advances in piano-roll technology and the phonograph record to permit a more complex, pyrotechnic, performance-oriented style of rag to be heard. Chief among the novelty rag composers is Zez Confrey, whose "Kitten on the Keys" popularized the style in 1921.
Ragtime also served as the roots for stride piano, a more improvisational piano style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Elements of ragtime found their way into much of the American popular music of the early 20th century. It also played a central role in the development of the musical style later referred to as Piedmont blues; indeed, much of the music played by such artists of the style as Reverend Gary Davis, Blind Boy Fuller, Elizabeth Cotten, and Etta Baker could be referred to as "ragtime guitar."[21]
Although most ragtime was composed for piano, transcriptions for other instruments and ensembles are common, notably including Gunther Schuller's arrangements of Joplin's rags. Ragtime guitar continued to be popular into the 1930s, usually in the form of songs accompanied by skilled guitar work. Numerous records emanated from several labels, performed by Blind Blake, Blind Boy Fuller, Lemon Jefferson, and others. Occasionally ragtime was scored for ensembles (particularly dance bands and brass bands) similar to those of James Reese Europe or as songs like those written by Irving Berlin. Joplin had long-standing ambitions of synthesizing the worlds of ragtime and opera, to which end the opera Treemonisha was written. However its first performance, poorly staged with Joplin accompanying on the piano, was "disastrous" and it was never to be fully performed again in Joplin's lifetime.[22] In fact the score was lost for decades, then rediscovered in 1970, and a fully orchestrated and staged performance took place in 1972.[23] An earlier opera by Joplin, A Guest of Honor, has been lost.[24]
Musical form[edit]
The first page of "The Easy Winners" by Scott Joplin, showing ragtime rhythms and syncopated melodies.
The rag was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music.[7] It was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time with a predominant left-hand pattern of bass notes on strong beats (beats 1 and 3) and chords on weak beats (beat 2 and 4) accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. According to some sources the name "ragtime" may come from the "ragged or syncopated rhythm" of the right hand.[2] A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz."
Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that march time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical style that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents occur between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat ("a rhythmic base of metric affirmation, and a melody of metric denial"[25]). The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating." He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".[26] The name swing later came to be applied to an early style of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number. These themes were typically 16 bars, each theme divided into periods of four four-bar phrases and arranged in patterns of repeats and reprises. Typical patterns were AABBACCC′, AABBACCDD and AABBCCA, with the first two strains in the tonic key and the following strains in the subdominant. Sometimes rags would include introductions of four bars or bridges, between themes, of anywhere between four and 24 bars.[2]
Related forms and styles[edit]
Sheet music cover for "Spaghetti Rag" (1910) by Lyons and Yosco
Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell
Ragtime pieces came in a number of different styles during the years of its popularity and appeared under a number of different descriptive names. It is related to several earlier styles of music, has close ties with later styles of music, and was associated with a few musical "fads" of the period such as the foxtrot. Many of the terms associated with ragtime have inexact definitions, and are defined differently by different experts; the definitions are muddled further by the fact that publishers often labelled pieces for the fad of the moment rather than the true style of the composition. There is even disagreement about the term "ragtime" itself; experts such as David Jasen and Trebor Tichenor choose to exclude ragtime songs from the definition but include novelty piano and stride piano (a modern perspective), while Edward A. Berlin includes ragtime songs and excludes the later styles (which is closer to how ragtime was viewed originally). The terms below should not be considered exact, but merely an attempt to pin down the general meaning of the concept.
Cakewalk – a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks.
Characteristic march – a march incorporating idiomatic touches (such as syncopation) supposedly characteristic of the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches.
Two-step – a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps.
Slow drag – another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags.
Coon song – a pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in blackface. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. It was strongly associated with ragtime in its day.
Ragtime song – the vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the coon song. Though this was the form of music most commonly considered "ragtime" in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the "popular music" category. Irving Berlin was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911) was the single most widely performed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation. Gene Greene was a famous singer in this style.
Folk ragtime – ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did. Folk rags often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training.
Classic rag – the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others.
Fox-trot – a dance fad that began in 1913. Fox-trots contain a dotted-note rhythm different from that of ragtime, but which nonetheless was incorporated into many late rags.
Novelty piano – a piano composition emphasizing speed and complexity, which emerged after World War I. It is almost exclusively the domain of white composers.
Stride piano – a style of piano that emerged after World War I, developed by and dominated by black East-coast pianists (James P. Johnson, Fats Waller and Willie 'The Lion' Smith). Together with novelty piano, it may be considered a successor to ragtime, but is not considered by all to be "genuine" ragtime. Johnson composed the song that is arguably most associated with the Roaring Twenties, "Charleston." A recording of Johnson playing the song appears on the compact disc James P. Johnson: Harlem Stride Piano (Jazz Archives No. 111, EPM, Paris, 1997). Johnson's recorded version has a ragtime flavor.
American, pre-1940, ragtime composers[edit]
By far the most famous ragtime composer[note 1] was Scott Joplin. Joseph Lamb, James Scott, and Joplin are, together, acknowledged as the three most sophisticated ragtime composers. Other leading ragtime composers include Jelly Roll Morton, Eubie Blake, Charles L. Johnson, Tom Turpin, May Aufderheide, Lyons and Yosco, Mike Bernard, George Botsford, Zez Confrey, Sidney L. Perrin, Ben Harney, Luckey Roberts, Irving Jones, James P. Johnson, Paul Sarebresole, Joe Jordan, Fred S. Stone and Wilbur Sweatman.
Influence on European composers[edit]
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Main article: List of ragtime composers
European Classical composers were influenced by the form. The first contact with ragtime was probably at the Paris Exposition in 1900, one of the stages of the European tour of John Philip Sousa. The first notable classical composer to take a serious interest in ragtime was Antonín Dvořák.[27] French composer Claude Debussy emulated ragtime in three pieces for piano. The best-known remains the Golliwog's Cake Walk (from the 1908 Piano Suite Children's Corner). He later returned to the style with two preludes for piano: Minstrels, (1910) and General Lavine-excentric (from his 1913 Preludes),[13] which was inspired by a Médrano circus clown.
James Scott's 1904 "On the Pike", which refers to the midway of the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904
Erik Satie, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud and the other members of The Group of Six in Paris never made any secret of their sympathy for ragtime, which is sometimes evident in their works. Consider, in particular, the ballet of Satie, Parade (Ragtime du Paquebot), (1917) and La Mort de Monsieur Mouche, an overture for piano for a drama in three acts, composed in the early 1900s in memory of his friend J.P. Contamine de Latour. In 1902 the American cakewalk was very popular in Paris and Satie two years later wrote two rags, La Diva de l'empire and Piccadilly. Despite the two Anglo-Saxon settings, the tracks appear American-inspired. La Diva de l'empire, a march for piano soloist, was written for Paulette Darty and initially bore the title Stand-Walk Marche; it was later subtitled Intermezzo Americain when Rouarts-Lerolle reprinted it in 1919. Piccadilly, another march, was initially titled The Transatlantique; it presented a stereotypical wealthy American heir sailing on an ocean liner on the New York–Europe route, going to trade his fortune for an aristocratic title in Europe.[28] There is a similar influence in Milhaud's ballets Le boeuf sur le toite and Creation du Monde, which he wrote after a trip to Harlem during his trip in 1922. Even the Swiss composer Honegger wrote works in which the influence of African American music is pretty obvious. Examples include Pacific 231, Prélude et Blues and especially the Concertino for piano and orchestra.
Igor Stravinsky wrote a solo piano work called Piano-Rag-Music in 1919 and also included a rag in his theater piece L'histoire du soldat (1918).[29]
Maurice Ravel is said to have heard Jimmie Noone and his group perform in Chicago. Despite the imprecise anecdote, Ravel's involvement with jazz is unquestionable, as it influenced many of his important works, for example the fox-trot of L'enfant et les sortilèges, the blues of the Sonata for violin and piano, Concerto in G and the Concerto for the left hand, both composed for piano in 1931.[citation needed]
From the 1960s on, composers from Sweden are producing ragtime, chief among them are Peter Lundberg, Sune "Sumpen" Borg, Peter Andersson, Ragnar Hellspong, Oscar Janner, Oleg Mezjuev, Joakim Stenshäll, Kimo Viklund, and Kjell Waltman.[citation needed]
Revivals[edit]
In the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire, and as early as 1936 78 rpm records of Joplin's compositions were produced.[30] Old numbers written for piano were rescored for jazz instruments by jazz musicians, which gave the old style a new sound. The most famous recording of this period is Pee Wee Hunt's version of Euday L. Bowman's "Twelfth Street Rag."
A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s. A wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. Much of the ragtime recorded in this period is presented in a light-hearted novelty style, looked to with nostalgia as the product of a supposedly more innocent time. A number of popular recordings featured "prepared pianos," playing rags on pianos with tacks on the hammers and the instrument deliberately somewhat out of tune, supposedly to simulate the sound of a piano in an old honky tonk.
Four events brought forward a different kind of ragtime revival in the 1970s. First, pianist Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work, Scott Joplin: Piano Rags, on Nonesuch Records, which was nominated for a Grammy Award in the "Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist(s) without Orchestra" category[11] in 1971. This recording reintroduced Joplin's music to the public in the manner the composer had intended, not as a nostalgic stereotype but as serious, respectable music. Second, the New York Public Library released a two-volume set of "The Collected Works of Scott Joplin," which renewed interest in Joplin among musicians and prompted new stagings of Joplin's opera Treemonisha.[23][31] Next came the release and Grammy Award for The New England Ragtime Ensemble's recording of Joplin's Red Back Book. Finally, with the release of the motion picture The Sting in 1973, which had a Marvin Hamlisch soundtrack of Joplin tunes originally edited by Gunther Schuller, ragtime was brought to a wide audience. Hamlisch's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag "The Entertainer" won an Academy Award,[32] and was an American Top 40 hit in 1974, reaching #3 on 18 May.[33]
Significant ragtime composers of the mid- to late-20th century include Max Morath, William Bolcom, Trebor Tichenor, David Thomas Roberts, and Reginald Robinson.[citation needed]
In 1998, an adaption of E. L. Doctorow's historical novel Ragtime was produced on Broadway. With music by Stephen Flaherty and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, the show featured several rags as well as songs in other musical styles.
Many modern musicians have again begun to find ragtime and incorporate it into their musical repertoires.[citation needed] Such acts include Jay Chou, Curtains for You, Baby Gramps and Bob Milne.[34]
See also[edit]
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Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Specifically, the composer whose worldwide reputation rested exclusively on ragtime works. Certain famous composers such as Irving Berlin and Claude Debussy dabbled in the style of ragtime but largely made their reputations in other repertoires.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Perlman, Itzhak. "THE EASY WINNERS and other rag-time music of Scott Joplin". Retrieved 2010-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Berlin, Edward. "Ragtime". The Grove Music Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
Jump up ^ The Globalization of Music in History by Richard Wetzel, Routledge, 2013, page 58.
Jump up ^ Jazz: A Regional Exploration by Scott Yanow, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, page 2
Jump up ^ Blesh, Rudi. Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, Introduction to Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works, New York Public Library, 1981, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ Brogan, Hugh. The Penguin History of the USA, 2nd Edition, 1999, ISBN 978-0-14-025255-2, p.415.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, pp. xv–xvi.
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xiii
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xviii
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xxiii.
^ Jump up to: a b Past Winner Database, "1971 14th Grammy Awards." Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hitchcock, H. Wiley. "Stereo Review", 1971, p.84, cited in Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xiv.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xiii.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Peter (1 January 1987). "Reviews of Books". Music and Letters. 68 (1): 78–79. doi:10.1093/ml/68.1.78.
^ Jump up to: a b van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Nineteenth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316121-4, p.63
Jump up ^ "From Piano Thumping to the Concert Stage: The Rise of Ragtime". Music Educators Journal. 59 (8): 53. April 1973. doi:10.2307/3394278. JSTOR 3394278.
Jump up ^ White, Loring. Ragging It: Getting Ragtime into History (and Some History into Ragtime), iUniverse, 2005. xiv, 419 pp. ISBN 0-595-34042-3, p.99.
Jump up ^ Ragging It, p.100.
Jump up ^ Peress, Maurice (2003). Dvorak to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Garrett 2004, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Bastin, Bruce. "Truckin' My Blues Away: East Coast Piedmont Styles" in Nothing But the Blues: The Music and the Musicians. Ed. Lawrence Cohn. New York: Abbeville Press, 1993.
Jump up ^ Scott, William B., and Rutkoff, Peter M. New York Modern: The Arts and the City Johns Hopkins Univ. Press (2001), p37
^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Bernard L. (1993). A century of musicals in black and white. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 357. ISBN 0-313-26657-3. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Classical Net". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xv.
Jump up ^ "School of Ragtime" (1908) in Scott Joplin Collected Piano Works, Edited by Vera Brodsky Lawrence, The New York Public Library, 1971, ISBN 0-87104-242-8, page 284.
Jump up ^ "Antonin Dvorak – Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" In Nature's Realm – Carnival". Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gildo De Stefano, "Ragtime, jazz & dintorni", Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milan 2007. ISBN 978-88-7198-532-9
Jump up ^ "L'HISTOIRE DU SOLDAT (THE SOLDIER'S TALE) A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW". Retrieved January 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jasen, David A. Discography of 78 rpm Records of Joplin Works, Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works, New York Public Library, (1981), pp. 319–320
Jump up ^ Ping-Robbins, Nancy R. (1998). Scott Joplin: a guide to research. p. 289. ISBN 0-8240-8399-7. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Awards Database". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Charis Music Group, compilation of cue sheets from the American Top 40 radio Show" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-05.
Jump up ^ 88 notes pour piano solo, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Neva Ed., 2015.p.267. ISBN 978 2 3505 5192 0
Further reading[edit]
Berlin, E.A. (1980). Ragtime: a musical and cultural history. California: University of California Press.
Blesh, R.; Janis, H. (1971). They all played ragtime, 4th ed. Oak Publications.
De Stefano, Gildo; Baraka, Amiri (2007). Ragtime, jazz & dintorni. Milan: SUGARCO Editions. ISBN 978-88-7198-532-9.
Jasen, D.A.; Tichenor, T.J. (1980). Rags and ragtime. Dover.
Schafer, W.J.; Riedel, J. (1973). The art of ragtime: form and meaning of an original black American art. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
Waldo, Terry (2009). This is Ragtime. Jazz at Lincoln Center Library Editions.
External links[edit]
Look up ragtime in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ragtime.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ragtime
Classic Ragtime Piano by Ted Tjaden
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All Coons Look Alike to Me

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Piano rolls

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Classic Rag

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Kitten on the Keys

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Foxtrot (dance)

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Willie 'The Lion' Smith

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James Scott (musician)

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Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style

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L'histoire du soldat

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Sound recordings

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Academy Award

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Trebor Tichenor

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//doi.org/10.1093/ml/68.1.78

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//doi.org/10.2307/3394278

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//www.jstor.org/stable/3394278

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http://www.ragtimepiano.ca/
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values: راجتايم (موسيقى) – Arabic

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https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Asturian
ast
ast
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display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Estonian
et
et
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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ράγκταϊμ – Greek

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interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtimo
Ragtimo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Basque
eu
eu
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interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: رگتایم – Persian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

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https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

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https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragcheol
Ragcheol – Irish
ga
ga
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

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https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Galician
gl
gl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Indonesian
id
id
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Italian
it
it
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display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-he
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https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Latin
la
la
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interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

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https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regtaims
Regtaims – Latvian
lv
lv
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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
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Regtaimas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
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interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
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https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Lingala
ln
ln
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Dutch
nl
nl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Norwegian
no
no
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interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
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interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Polish
pl
pl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

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display: none;

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Ragtime – Scots
sco
sco
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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
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https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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Ragtime – Swedish
sv
sv
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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Ragtime – Turkish
tr
tr
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