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Sorry! (game)
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Sorry!
Older edition
Publisher(s)
W H Storey & Co
Parker Brothers
Waddingtons
Winning Moves Games
Players
2–4
Setup time
1–5 minutes
Random chance
High (Cards)
Skill(s) required
Counting, Tactics, Strategy, Probability
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Sorry! is a board game that is based on the ancient cross and circle game Pachisi. Players try to travel around the board with their pieces (called pawns) faster than any other player. Originally manufactured by W.H. Storey & Co in England and now by Hasbro, Sorry! is marketed for two to four players, ages six and older. The game title comes from the many ways in which a player can negate the progress of another, while issuing an apologetic "Sorry!"
Contents
1 Objective
2 History
3 Classic rules
4 2013 Edition rule changes
5 Classic cards and function
6 Strategy
7 Teams
8 Variations
8.1 Bump 'Em
8.2 Point play
9 Video game
10 Versions published
10.1 Basic edition re-releases
10.2 Themed editions
10.3 Other Sorry!-themed games
11 Sorry! Express
12 References
13 External links
Objective[edit]
The objective is to be the first player to get all four of their colored pawns from their start space, around the board (sometimes "backward"; see below) to their "home" space. The pawns are normally moved in a clockwise direction but can be moved backward if directed. Movement of pawns is directed by the drawing of a card.
The board game is laid out in a square with sixteen spaces per side, with each player assigned his or her own colored Start location and Home locations offset towards the center, one per side. Four five-square paths, one per color, lead from the common outer path towards a player's Home and are designated his or her "Safety Zone". On each side are two "Slides", grouping four or five spaces each.
Older versions of Sorry! contain a colored "diamond space" directly one space back from each start square, with the rules stating that a pawn of the diamond's color may not move forward over this square. Instead, a player of that must diverge from the outer space square towards his or her "Home". Although the diamond and corresponding rule were removed from subsequent print.
History[edit]
The earliest variation of today's woops! can be traced back to England. William Henry Storey of Southend-on-Sea filed for a patent. Sorry! was registered as a trade mark on 21 May 1929 (UK number 502898). It was subsequently sold in the UK by Waddingtons, the British games manufacturer who sold it from 1934.[1][2]
In the United States, U.S. Patent 1,903,661 was filed for Sorry! on Aug 4, 1930 by William Henry Storey. A Canadian patent followed in 1932.[3] The US patent was issued April 11, 1933. Sorry! was adopted by Parker Brothers in 1934. Hasbro now continuously publishes it.
Classic rules[edit]
Each player chooses four pawns of one color and places them in his or her Start. One player is selected to play first.
Each player in turn draws one card from the deck and follows its instructions. To begin the game, all of a player's four pawns are restricted to Start; a player can only move them out onto the rest of the board if he or she draws a 1 or 2 card. A 1 or a 2 places a pawn on the space directly outside of start (a 2 does not entitle the pawn to move a second space).
The Relaxation Start: When a young player is playing, especially when learning the game of Sorry!, a relaxation is offered in allowing one of his or her pawns to begin the game already on the board, on the space directly outside his or her Start, as the tedium of waiting for a 1 or a 2 can be wearisome even for experienced players.
A pawn can jump over any other pawn during its move. However, two pawns cannot occupy the same square; a pawn that lands on a square occupied by another player's pawn "bumps" that pawn back to its own Start. Players can not bump their own pawns back to Start; if the only way to complete a move would result in a player bumping his or her own pawn, the player's pawns remain in place and the player loses his or her turn.
If a pawn lands at the start of a slide (except those of its own color), either by direct movement or as the result of a switch from an 11 card or a Sorry card, it immediately "slides" to the last square of the slide. All pawns on all spaces of the slide (including those belonging to the sliding player) are sent back to their respective Starts.[4]
The last five squares before each player's Home are "Safety Zones", and are specially colored corresponding to the colors of the Homes they lead to. Access is limited to pawns of the same color. Pawns inside the Safety Zones are immune to being bumped by opponent's pawns or being switched with opponents' pawns via 11 or Sorry! cards. However, if a pawn is forced via a 10 or 4 card to move backwards out of the Safety Zone, it is no longer considered "safe" and may be bumped by or switched with opponents' pawns as usual until it re-enters the Safety Zone.
2013 Edition rule changes[edit]
[citation needed]
In the 2013 Edition, several rules were changed. Each player only has three pawns. A pawn can be moved out from Start upon any positive number card. A Sorry! card gives the alternative option of moving forward 4 spaces. The 2 card no longer allows one to pull another card.
Furthermore, two additional items known as Fire and Ice were added, and depending on which card is drawn, can be placed on certain pawns on the board, modifying the playing rules for those pawns. In short, fire gives a pawn the ability to move ahead quickly before the player's turn, and ice stops a pawn from being moved (or removed from play) at all.
There are some corner cases that are not well explained in the rules, such as "What happens to fire if one pawn removes the pawn with fire by landing on its square?". Should the fire be set back to out of play, or should it transfer to the attacking pawn?
Classic cards and function[edit]
The modern deck contains 45 cards: there are five 1 cards as well as four each of the other cards (Sorry!, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12). The 6s or 9s are kept out to avoid confusion. The first edition of the game had 44 cards (four of each) and the extra 1 card was soon introduced as an option for quicker play.[5] A 1996 board from Waddingtons had 5 of each card.
Cards are annotated with the following actions:
1
Move a pawn from Start or move a pawn one space forward.
2
Move a pawn from Start or move a pawn two spaces forward. Drawing a two entitles the player to draw again at the end of his or her turn. If the player cannot use a two to move, he or she can still draw again.
3
Move a pawn three spaces forward.
4
Move a pawn four spaces backward.
5
Move a pawn five spaces forward.
7
Move one pawn seven spaces forward, or split the seven spaces between two pawns (such as four spaces for one pawn and three for another). This makes it possible for two pawns to enter Home on the same turn, for example. The seven cannot be used to move a pawn out of Start, even if the player splits it into a six and one or a five and two. The entire seven spaces must be used or the turn is lost. You may not move backwards with a split.
8
Move a pawn eight spaces forward.
10
Move a pawn ten spaces forward or one space backward. If none of a player's pawns can move forward 10 spaces, then one pawn must move back one space.
11
Move eleven spaces forward, or switch the places of one of the player's own pawns and an opponent's pawn. A player that cannot move 11 spaces is not forced to switch and instead can forfeit the turn. An 11 cannot be used to switch a pawn that is in a Safety Zone.
12
Move a pawn twelve spaces forward.
Sorry! card
Take any one pawn from Start and move it directly to a square occupied by any opponent's pawn, sending that pawn back to its own Start. A Sorry! card cannot be used on an opponent's pawn in a Safety Zone. If there are no pawns on the player's Start, or no opponent's pawns on any squares outside Safety Zones, the turn is lost.
Strategy[edit]
Players who have a pawn that has not moved too far away from its start area, and draw a card that allows them to move a pawn backward, can (and should) elect to move this pawn backward. Move a pawn in such a situation backward enough, and the pawn is suddenly almost home.
The 7 can be split; it is often possible to do so such that one of the pieces winds up on a slide, thus increasing the value of this card. It also provides an additional opportunity for pawns to get Home, so long as there's another pawn on the board to use up the remaining spaces.
All other things being equal, moves that cause a pawn to wind up in front of an opponent's start square are poor choices, due to the high number of cards that allow that opponent to enter. Some feel that leaving a pawn on one's own square just outside "Start" (also known as the "Dot") is a poor position to be in since new pawns are blocked from entering play.
There are numerous strategies and tactics employed by skilled players. One such strategy is to leave the last pawn in the "Start" square and move the other pawns around the board while waiting for a "Sorry" card.
Another smart move requires two pawns in play: While marching one pawn around the board, a player can leave a second pawn near "Start" (within two squares of the dot) and wait for the 4 card to be drawn and moving the second pawn into position to run quickly "Home".
Due to the 11 (switching places), 4 (moving backwards, as noted above), and "Sorry" (allowing the player to send virtually any pawn back to its start) cards, the lead in the game can change dramatically in a short amount of time; players are very rarely so far behind as to be completely out of the game. This should be considered when playing a "Sorry" or an 11.
Slowing the game down is a risky yet effective move when given the opportunity. Essentially, when a player has the chance to switch with or hit the apparent leader, even though the move will not be to the player's immediate advancement around the board, the move should be made to keep the leader out of "Safety" and more importantly, out of "Home".
Teams[edit]
Players can elect to play the game in two teams of two. The team pairings are always colors on opposite sides of the board (i.e. Red and Yellow vs. Blue and Green). The game is then played as if two players had eight pawns each: for example, the yellow player may move a red pawn for any legal move. A 7 card could be split between a yellow pawn and a red one but can still be split between no more than two pieces. However, a partner's pawns are not "bump-proof": if yellow were to draw a Sorry! card with only red pawns on the board, or land on a red pawn's occupied space, yellow would have to bump its teammate.
Once one of the partners has played all of his or her pieces into home, he continues to draw and play cards on his or her turn, if possible, for his or her partner. The first partnership to play all eight pieces in its home wins.
Variations[edit]
A variation with more scope for strategy allows for each player to play the card of his or her choice from a hand of pre-dealt cards.
This variation is played by shuffling a full deck of Sorry! cards, and selecting a dealer. Five cards are dealt face-down to each player. Starting player selection is decided by normal play rules. For each turn, a player picks one card from his or her hand and plays it face up. Normal rules apply. If a 2 is played, he may play another card. Being unable to play a card after playing a 2 card does not warrant the reshuffle rule, however; if able to play another, he must. At the end of the turn, that player picks up however many cards were played face-down. End rules apply. This variation is commonly coupled with point-play, noting that it is usually produces faster and more aggressive play. Similar to regular game rules, a player must play a card if able. If a player is unable to play a card (called a dead hand), that player must discard one card and draw another face-down. If the player is able to play a card, the player must do so. If the player is able to play multiple cards, the player may choose freely which one to play.
Another version, similar to the above, involves dealing out the entire deck of cards before play starts. The same rules apply as the previous variation except with very different strategy. Namely, it forces players to think about when they play certain combinations of cards. For example, if a player's first move is to lay down a 2 followed by a 4, allowing himself to finish on his or her following turn, his or her opponents would probably stop him or her with a Sorry card or an 11, effectively wasting the first player's 2 and 4. Rather than playing a combination like this early in the game, it is often wise to save them until the end, when all the Sorry cards and 11s have been played. Note that players who have 2s in their hand will appear to have less cards at the end of each round than players who do not.
Bump 'Em[edit]
Hoyle Table Games is a computer game consisting of 18 board/table games, one of which is Bump 'Em, a game similar to Sorry!. Pawns are represented as bumper cars, and the board follows a path akin to a freeway cloverleaf instead of a regular square. There are no partnerships allowed.
A player takes a turn by taking a ticket from a ticket roll. A roll of tickets consists of five 1s, five 12s, and four each of the other tickets. When all the tickets on a roll have been taken a new roll is loaded. Tickets are randomly ordered on each roll.
1: Move one bumper car out of "pit row" (start) or advance one space
2: Advance two spaces
3: Advance three spaces and take another card
4: Advance four spaces
5: Advance five spaces
6: Advance six spaces or move nine spaces backwards
7: Advance seven spaces or switch places with an opponent
8: Advance eight spaces or split the move between two bumper cars
9: Advance nine spaces or move six spaces backwards
10: Advance ten spaces
11: Advance eleven spaces or move one space backwards
12: Advance twelve spaces or move one bumper car out of pit row
Bump 'Em: Similar to the Sorry! card in the traditional game. Take one bumper car currently in pit row. Choose an opponent's car. Take their place and send them back to pit row. If the player has no cars in pit row, he must pass.
The board also comes with oil slicks, which act as the Slides! and landing on a person's bumper car will "bump" them back to pit row.
Point play[edit]
Variation rules apply (five cards in hand style play, see "Variation"). The winner is decided by achieving a certain number of points over a span of several games.
Point system goes as follows:
Points
Scenario
5
To any player with X number of his or her own pieces in home (X being the number of pieces in home at game's end).
5
To winner for each opponent's piece not in home.
25
To winner if no opponent has more than two pieces in home.
50
To winner if no opponent has more than one piece in home.
100
To winner if no opponent's pieces have reached home.
The winner is decided when one player achieves a set number of points agreed upon by all players before play starts. Variations for faster play include point penalties for certain cards in each player's hand at the end of each set.
Video game[edit]
A electronic gaming version of Sorry! was released in 1998 as a Sorry! computer game. Also, a handheld version was released in 1996.
Versions published[edit]
A 1996 board from Waddingtons had 5 of each card.
Basic edition re-releases[edit]
Sorry! Nostalgia: First version with diamonds, a version with a different board, wood parts and in a collector's box.
Sorry!: Family Game Night Edition.
Sorry! Fun on the Run! Edition.
Hasbro's Classics: Sorry! Limited edition; contained a new box and with diamonds.
Hasbro Adventure!: The Action Pack – with Twister, Connect Four, and Trouble.
Sorry! The Greatest Hits: The FULL Pack! – Had 5 editions of the game, chosen randomly.
Sorry! 2013 Edition Game
Themed editions[edit]
NOTE: Many of these themed editions have special rules on the 3, 5, 8 & 11 cards that specify special movement rules for players if their color matches the one named on the card.
Sorry!: The Disney Edition.
Sorry! The Simpsons Edition.
Sorry!: The Spider-Man 3 Edition (featured elements based on all three films starring Tobey Maguire.)
Pokémon Sorry! (Several editions released based on different "color editions" of the Pokémon games.)
Sorry! Disney's Splash Mountain Theme Park Collector's Edition.
Sorry! SpongeBob SquarePants Edition.
Sorry! Phineas and Ferb
Sorry! Madagascar
Sorry! Star Wars
Sorry! Moana
Other Sorry!-themed games[edit]
NOTE: These are games that use elements of the basic Sorry! game, but with totally new gameplay.
Sorry! Card Revenge: A card game in the style of UNO, but featuring a large electronic pawn that directs certain elements of the game when its head is tapped (via playing a SORRY! card).
Sorry Express!: See description below.
Sorry! Sliders: A board game where the pawns act as shuffleboard-like tokens using several "target boards".
Shakin' Sorry! Dice'n'Grab Edition: Dice-based game, where the object is to roll enough of your color face to fill your HOME board.
Shakin' Sorry!: Had a collectible Sorry Keychain.
Sorry! Spin: A twist or spin of the game. Released July 2010.
U-Build Sorry: Part of Hasbro's U-BUILD series, which had a Lego-like board that allowed for custom paths, and a modified game goal of "escorting" pawns from the center of the board to your HOME space.
Sorry! Express[edit]
Parker Brothers has released a travel version of Sorry! called Sorry! Express. The game consists of three dice, four home bases, a start base, and sixteen pawns, four in each color. Up to four players can play this game. To play, each player takes a home base and sets it on a different color and all of the pawns are put on the start base no matter how many people are playing. The first person rolls all three dice and gets one of four possibilities for each die:
Color pawn – The player takes the corresponding color pawn from the start base and, if it matches up with the color of his or her home base, puts it in his or her home section. If not, it is put in his or her waiting area. When there are no more pawns of a particular color in the Start base and a player rolls that same color, he can take that color pawn from another player’s waiting area, not his or her Home section.
Sorry! – Take a pawn from the home section of one player’s home base and keep it.
Wild Pawn – The player may take any color pawn from the Start base or waiting areas (not the Home section of another player) and keep it.
Slide – Change either one's own Home section or someone else’s Home section to a different color.
The first person to get four pawns of the same color in their home section wins.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UK trademark office entry
Jump up ^ History
Jump up ^ Canadian Patents Database
Jump up ^ Scan of Sorry! rules at hasbro.com
Jump up ^ Sorry 1939 Instructions
External links[edit]
Sorry! at BoardGameGeek
1972 rules
1992 rules
2003 rules
Rules in Spanish
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Nelsan Ellis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nelsan Ellis
Ellis at the True Blood Season Two premiere party at Paramount Studios in June 2009
Born
(1977-11-30)November 30, 1977
Harvey, Illinois, U.S.
Died
July 8, 2017(2017-07-08) (aged 39)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Cause of death
Complications from heart failure
Education
Illinois State University
Juilliard School (BFA)
Occupation
Actor, playwright
Years active
2002–2017
Children
1
Nelsan Ellis (November 30, 1977 – July 8, 2017)[1] was an American film and television actor and playwright.
He played Lafayette Reynolds in the HBO series True Blood and Bobby Byrd in the 2014 James Brown biopic Get on Up.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Death
4 Awards and nominations
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Ellis was born in Harvey, Illinois,[2] near Chicago. When Ellis and his siblings were younger, their mother, a single parent after her divorce from her husband, broke down over the death of her brother. Ellis and his siblings became wards of the state as a result. They were then raised in Bessemer, Alabama, by their grandmother. In Alabama, Ellis attended Jess Lanier High School for a year, then transferred to McAdory High School.[3] He moved back to Illinois at age 15, where he lived with his maternal aunt, and in 1997 he graduated from Thornridge High School in Dolton, Illinois.[4][citation needed]
He joined the United States Marines at the age of 17, but quit not long afterwards.[5] Following this, Ellis attended Illinois State University.[6]
In 2000, at the age of 22, he was accepted for enrollment at Juilliard,[5] where he befriended True Blood colleague Rutina Wesley.[7] Ellis later earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Juilliard in 2004.[8]
Career[edit]
Ellis at the International Comic-Con San Diego with Ryan Kwanten, Deborah Ann Woll, Anna Paquin, Rutina Wesley, and Stephen Moyer to promote True Blood in 2011.
In 2007, Ellis was cast as Lafayette Reynolds in the pilot for True Blood, as a short order cook at Merlotte's, a drug dealer, a member of Jason Stackhouse's road crew, and Tara Thornton's cousin. The pilot was shot in the early summer of 2007 and was officially ordered to series in August.[9] Production on the series began later that fall.[10]
In casting, Alan Ball had concerns that the character's homosexuality would be a dominating trait, "because you don't want to bring in someone who's going to play that in a phony way".[11] Nelsan Ellis says that it took him a few episodes to find the character.[12] Ellis says that he based many of Lafayette's mannerisms on his mother and his sister,[11] and that the costuming also helped him to get into character. He told The Philadelphia Inquirer:
I have more makeup on than any of the females in the cast. Once they get me with the fake eyelashes and the eye makeup, I listen to some Rihanna and I'm there.
The series premiered on September 7, 2008, and concluded on August 24, 2014, comprising seven seasons and 80 episodes.[13][14] In 2008, Ellis received a Satellite Award from the International Press Academy for best supporting actor in a television series for his role as Lafayette Reynolds.[15] In 2009, he was nominated for a Scream Award for "Best Supporting Actor" for True Blood.[16]
In 2012, Ellis was cast as Martin Luther King, Jr. in a supporting performance in Lee Daniels' The Butler.[17][18] The Butler received mostly positive reviews from critics, with a 71% rating on the film critic aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 171 reviews.[19]
On October 21, 2013, Ellis joined the cast of Get on Up, a biographical drama film about the life of singer James Brown. He portrayed Bobby Byrd, Brown's long-time friend.[20] Get on Up was met with positive reviews from critics. In 2014, the film had a rating of 80% on the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10.[21]
Death[edit]
Ellis died at the age of 39 on July 8, 2017, in Woodhull Medical Center, New York, after complications from heart failure.[22][23] His family released a statement on July 10 saying that Ellis had been trying to quit drinking alcohol in the days before his death, and that alcohol withdrawal syndrome led to his heart failure.[24][25][26]
Awards and nominations[edit]
While at Juilliard, Ellis wrote a semi-autobiographical play entitled Ugly, which was performed at the school and later won the Lincoln Center's Martin E. Segal Award. The play was influenced by his pregnant sister's murder at the hands of her husband.[27]
2008 – Satellite Award from the International Press Academy for best supporting actor in a television series for his role as Lafayette Reynolds in HBO's True Blood.[15]
2009 – NewNowNext Awards "Brink of Fame: Actor" award.[28]
2009 – Ewwy Award for "Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series" for True Blood.[citation needed]
2009 – Scream Award for "Best Supporting Actor" for True Blood.[16]
2011 – NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series" for True Blood.[29]
Filmography[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Lost Hoffa Short film
2005 Trespass Donny Short film
2008 The Express Will Davis, Jr.
2009 The Soloist David Carter
2009 Talent Titus
2010 Secretariat Eddie Sweat
2011 The Help Henry the Waiter
2012 The Reluctant Fundamentalist Wainwright
2013 Page 36 Writer and Director Short film
2013 The Butler Martin Luther King, Jr.
2014 Get On Up Bobby Byrd
2015 The Stanford Prison Experiment Jesse Fletcher
2016 Little Boxes Mack Burns
2017 True to the Game Tyrik Completed; posthumous release
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Warm Springs Roy Collier Television film
2005–2006 The Inside Carter Howard 12 episodes
2007 Veronica Mars Apollo Bukenya Episode: "I Know What You'll Do Next Summer"
2007 Without a Trace Deng Nimieri Episode: "Lost Boy"
2008–2014 True Blood Lafayette Reynolds Regular; 80 episodes
Won Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Won Satellite Award for Best Cast – Television Series
Nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Won Ewwy Award for best supporting actor in a Drama series
Won NewNowNext Award for Brink of Fame: Actor
Nominated for a Scream Award for best supporting actor
2015 RuPaul's Drag Race Himself, Guest Judge Episode: "Conjoined Queens"
2016–2017 Elementary Shinwell Johnson Main character; 11 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nelsan Ellis". Yahoo! TV. Archived from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Herrmann, Andrew (November 22, 2008). "'True Blood' actor Nelsan Ellis credits Thornridge teachers with on- and off-screen success". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2009. Ellis, now 30
Jump up ^ Sharp, Dave (August 9, 2009). "'True Blood's' Lafayette a glamorously shady character". The Birmingham News. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Castro, Danilo (2017-07-08). "Nelsan Ellis Cause of Death: How Did the ‘True Blood’ Actor Die?". Heavy.com. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Gopala, Nisha (July 7, 2011). "Nelsan Ellis on True Blood’s Season of the Witches, Lafayette’s Mohawk, and Dodging the Marines". Retrieved July 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Tournament Results – National Forensic Association". sites.google.com.
Jump up ^ "Alumni News". The Juilliard School. May 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Juilliard School Newsletter". September 6, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2012. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael (August 9, 2007). "HBO rolls with Ball's 'True Blood'". Daily Variety. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mitovitch, Matt Webb (August 10, 2007). "True Blood Vampire Saga Tests Positive at HBO". TV Guide. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Hiltbrand, David. "Actor brings extended life to 'True Blood' character". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rhett, Starrene. "Nelsan Ellis (Lafayette) Talks 'True Blood,' Gay Marriage, Tyler Perry". Vibe Magazine. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
Jump up ^ "HBO Renews True Blood for Seventh Season". Daily Dead. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Screen Spy Team (September 3, 2013). "True Blood to End its Run in 2014". Screen Spy.
^ Jump up to: a b "2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards Nominees". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scream 2009 Best Supporting Actor". Retrieved on September 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (May 7, 2013). "'The Butler' Trailer: Oprah Winfrey Plays 'Proud' Wife to Forest Whitaker (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Labrecque, Jeff (May 8, 2013). "'The Butler': The new trailer showcases Oscar-winning actors tackling history – VIDEO". PopWatch (column). Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian (October 21, 2013). "Nelsan Ellis Joins the James Brown Biopic Get on Up". movieweb.com. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Get on Up (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (2017-07-08). "'True Blood' Star Nelsan Ellis Dies at 39.". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
Jump up ^ "True Blood star Nelsan Ellis dies aged 39". BBC. 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (July 10, 2017). "Nelsan Ellis' Family Shares Circumstances of 'True Blood' Actor's Death". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (July 10, 2017). "Nelsan Ellis struggled with addiction before death". CNN. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Seth (2017-07-10). "Nelsan Ellis’ Family Shares Details About ‘True Blood’ Star’s Cause of Death". Variety. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ Riley, Jenelle. "Interview: Sweat and Tears, Too". Backstage. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NewNowNext Awards: Who Won?". Retrieved on May 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nelsan Ellis". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
External links[edit]
Nelsan Ellis on IMDb
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Presidential memorials in the United States
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The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
The presidential memorials in the United States honor the various Presidents of the United States and seek to perpetuate their legacies.
Contents
1 Living and physical elements
2 Existing presidential memorials
3 Planned presidential memorials
4 See also
5 References
Living and physical elements[edit]
A presidential memorial may have a physical element which consists of a monument or a statue within a monument. Its entire presence consists of a physical structure that is a permanent remembrance of the president it represents. Most well known presidential memorials such as the Washington, Lincoln and Jefferson memorials have a physical element.
There are also official presidential memorials that have a living element with only a minor physical presence. An example of a presidential living memorial is the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Located in a wing of the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington, D.C., the Wilson Center has a small exhibit concerning President Wilson's life and work, but it is best known for its work to unite the world of ideas with the world of policy by supporting scholarship linked to issues of contemporary importance. In this way the living memorial perpetuates President Wilson’s legacy of scholarship linked closely to international relations.
Similarly, the Harry S. Truman Scholarship honors U.S. college students dedicated to public service and policy leadership, and thus may be considered a memorial with solely a living element. The Truman Scholarship is the sole federal memorial allowed to honor President Truman.[1]
This can also be accomplished through the establishment of a policy institute, like the Eisenhower Institute whose mandate is to advance Eisenhower's intellectual and leadership legacies through research, public education, and public policy recommendations.[2]
The James Madison Memorial Building, the third and newest building of the Library of Congress, is an example of a memorial with both living and physical elements. The building houses a memorial hall to President James Madison, but is also dedicated in memory of his 1783 proposal that the Continental Congress form an official library.
The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts also has both a physical element, a striking building in Washington, DC, and a living element, an ongoing series of live theatrical performances, presented in the name of a fallen president.
Existing presidential memorials[edit]
Multiple statues of other physical memorials to some presidents exist, larger installations include:
Washington Monument
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
Washington Monument (Washington County)
George Washington Masonic National Memorial
George Washington's Mount Vernon
Adams National Historical Park
Jefferson Memorial
Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
James Madison's Montpelier
James Madison Memorial Building
Andrew Jackson Statue, Lafayette Square, Washington, DC
Andrew Jackson Memorial at the Museum of the Waxhaws, Waxhaw, NC
Andrew Jackson's The Hermitage
Martin Van Buren National Historic Site
James K. Polk Ancestral Home
Franklin Pierce Homestead
James Buchanan Memorial in Meridian Hill Park, Washington, DC
President James Buchanan's Wheatland
Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln Highway
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park
Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial
Lincoln's New Salem State Historic Site
Lincoln Home National Historic Site
Ford's Theatre National Historic Site
Lincoln Tomb and War Memorials State Historic Site
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum
Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
General Grant National Memorial
James A. Garfield Memorial
James A. Garfield Monument
James A. Garfield National Historic Site
Benjamin Harrison memorial statue
McKinley National Memorial
National McKinley Birthplace Memorial
Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site
Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
Theodore Roosevelt Island
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Warren G. Harding Memorial (Marion Cemetery)
Hoover Tower
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, New York City's Roosevelt Island
Harry S. Truman National Historic Site
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
Truman Scholarship
Eisenhower National Historic Site
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home
John F. Kennedy National Historic Site
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
John F. Kennedy Memorial (Dallas)
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site
Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac
Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum
Jimmy Carter National Historic Site
Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum
Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, Washington, DC
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum
George H. W. Bush Memorial in Houston, Texas's Sesquicentennial Park
George Bush Center for Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Langley, VA
George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site
William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park
George W. Bush Presidential Center
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Barack H. Obama Highway
Planned presidential memorials[edit]
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial is currently being planned for Washington, DC
The Adams Memorial is currently being planned for Washington, DC
See also[edit]
Memorial
Monument
National Historic Landmark
National Memorial
List of National Memorials
National Register of Historic Places
Presidential library
United States Memorials
War memorial
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "20 U.S. Code § 2003 - Other Federal memorials prohibited". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Eisenhower Memorial Archived November 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
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