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Hand, foot, and mouth disease
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This article is about viral disease. For chemotherapy-induced condition, see Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. For the animal disease, see Foot-and-mouth disease.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Synonyms
Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem
Typical lesions around the mouth of an 11-month-old boy
Specialty
Infectious disease
Symptoms
Fever, flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister[1][2]
Complications
Temporary loss of nails, viral meningitis[3]
Usual onset
3–6 days post exposure[4]
Duration
1 week[5]
Causes
Coxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71[6]
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms, viral culture[7]
Prevention
Handwashing[8]
Treatment
Supportive care[5]
Medication
Pain medication such as ibuprofen[9]
Frequency
As outbreaks[1]
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection caused by a group of viruses.[10] It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell.[10] This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet, and mouth, and occasionally buttocks and groin.[1][2][11] Signs and symptoms normally appear 3–6 days after exposure to the virus.[4] The rash generally goes away on its own in about a week.[5] Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later, but they will regrow with time.[3]
The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact, through the air from coughing, and the feces of an infected person.[8] Contaminated objects can also spread the disease.[8] Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause and Enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause.[6] Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible.[6][12] Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease.[10] Other animals are not involved.[8] Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms.[7] Occasionally a throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus.[7]
Handwashing may prevent spread and those infected should not go to work, daycare, or school.[8] No antiviral medication or vaccine is available, but development efforts are underway.[13] Most cases require no specific treatment.[5] Simple pain medication such as ibuprofen or numbing mouth gel may be used.[9] Occasionally intravenous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough.[9] Rarely viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease.[3]
HFMD occurs in all areas of the world.[14] It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens.[1] Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997.[14] It usually occurs during the spring, summer, and fall months.[14] Typically it occurs in children less than five years old, but can occasionally occur in adults.[1][10] HFMD should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease) which mostly affects livestock.[15]
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
2.1 Transmission
3 Diagnosis
4 Prevention
4.1 Vaccine
5 Treatment
6 Complications
7 Epidemiology
7.1 Outbreaks
8 History
9 Research
10 References
11 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Rash on palms of the hands.
Rash on hand and feet of a 36-year-old man
Rash on the soles of a child's feet
Common constitutional signs and symptoms of the HFMD include fever, nausea, vomiting, feeling tired, generalized discomfort, loss of appetite, and irritability in infants and toddlers. Skin lesions frequently develop in the form of a rash of flat discolored spots and bumps which may be followed by vesicular sores with blisters on palms of the hands, soles of the feet, buttocks, and sometimes on the lips.[16] The rash is rarely itchy for children,[4] but can be extremely itchy for adults. Painful facial ulcers, blisters, or lesions may also develop in or around the nose or mouth.[1][17][18] HFMD usually resolves on its own after 7–10 days.[17] Most cases of the disease are relatively harmless, but complications including encephalitis, meningitis, and paralysis that mimics the neurological symptoms of polio can occur.[19]
Cause[edit]
The viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD.[6] Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is the second-most common cause.[6] Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible.[6][12]
Transmission[edit]
HFMD is highly contagious and is transmitted by nasopharyngeal secretions such as saliva or nasal mucus, by direct contact, or by fecal-oral transmission.
Child care settings are the most common places for HMFD to be contracted because of the bathroom training, diaper changes, and that children often put their hands into their mouths.[18] Children who do not attend a preschool or kindergarten were found to be more susceptible to the disease.[20] HFMD is contracted through nose and throat secretions such as saliva, sputum, nasal mucus and as well as fluid in blisters, and stool.[20]
Diagnosis[edit]
A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone.[17] If the diagnosis is unclear, a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken to identify the virus by culture.[17] The common incubation period (the time between infection and onset of symptoms) ranges from three to six days.[4] Early detection of HFMD is important in preventing an outbreak in the pediatric population.[21]
Prevention[edit]
Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals (including keeping infected children home from school), proper cleaning of shared utensils, disinfecting contaminated surfaces, and proper hand hygiene. These measures have been shown to be effective in decreasing the transmission of the viruses responsible for HFMD.[17][22]
Protective habits include hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in play areas.[20] Breast-feeding has also shown to decrease rates of severe HFMD, though does not reduce the risk for the infection of the disease.[20]
Vaccine[edit]
A vaccine known as the EV71 vaccine is available to prevent HFMD in China as of December 2015.[23] No vaccine is currently available in the United States.[22]
Treatment[edit]
Medications are usually not needed as hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own. Currently, there is no specific curative treatment for hand, foot and mouth disease.[17] Disease management typically focuses on achieving symptomatic relief. Pain from the sores may be eased with the use of analgesic medications. Infection in older children, adolescents, and adults is typically mild and lasts approximately 1 week, but may occasionally run a longer course. Fever reducers and lukewarm baths can help decrease body temperature.
A minority of individuals with hand, foot and mouth disease may require hospital admission due to complications such as inflammation of the brain, inflammation of the meninges, or acute flaccid paralysis.[12] Non-neurologic complications such as inflammation of the heart, fluid in the lungs, or bleeding into the lungs may also occur.[12]
Complications[edit]
Complications from the viral infections that cause HFMD are rare, but require immediate medical treatment if present. HFMD infections caused by Enterovirus 71 tend to be more severe and are more likely to have neurologic or cardiac complications including death than infections caused by Coxsackievirus A16.[17] Viral or aseptic meningitis can occur with HFMD in rare cases and is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain.[12][17] The condition is usually mild and clears without treatment; however, hospitalization for a short time may be needed. Other serious complications of HFMD include encephalitis (swelling of the brain), or flaccid paralysis in rare circumstances.[16][17]
Fingernail and toenail loss have been reported in children 4–8 weeks after having HFMD.[4] The relationship between HFMD and the reported nail loss is unclear; however, it is temporary and nail growth resumes without treatment.[4][24]
Minor complications due to symptoms can occur such as dehydration, due to mouth sores causing discomfort with intake of foods and fluid.[25]
Epidemiology[edit]
Hand, foot and mouth disease most commonly occurs in children under the age of 10.[4][17] It tends to occur in outbreaks during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons.[6] This is believed to be due to heat and humidity improving spread.[20] HFMD is more common in rural areas than urban areas; however, socioeconomic status and hygiene levels need to considered.[26] Poor hygiene is a risk factor for HFMD.[27]
Outbreaks have occurred in China, Japan, Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[20] HFMD most commonly affects young children under the age of 10 and more often under the age of 5, but can also affect adults with varying symptoms.[18]
Since 1997 there have been 71 large enterovirus outbreaks reported, mostly in East and South East Asia, primarily affecting children.[20] From the years 2008 to 2014, more than 1 million HFMD cases have been reported in China each year.[28]
Outbreaks[edit]
In 1998, there was an outbreak in Taiwan, affecting mainly children.[29] There were 405 severe complications, and 78 children died.[30] The total number of cases in that epidemic is estimated to have been 1.5 million.[6]
In 2008 an outbreak in China, beginning in March in Fuyang, Anhui, led to 25,000 infections, and 42 deaths, by May 13.[6] Similar outbreaks were reported in Singapore (more than 2,600 cases as of April 20, 2008),[31] Vietnam (2,300 cases, 11 deaths),[32] Mongolia (1,600 cases),[33] and Brunei (1053 cases from June–August 2008)[34]
In 2009 17 children died in an outbreak during March and April 2009 in China's eastern Shandong Province, and 18 children died in the neighboring Henan Province.[35] Out of 115,000 reported cases in China from January to April, 773 were severe and 50 were fatal.[36]
In 2010 in China, an outbreak occurred in southern China's Guangxi Autonomous Region as well as Guangdong, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. Until March 70,756 children were infected and 40 died from the disease. By June, the peak season for the disease, 537 had died.[37]
The World Health Organization reporting between January to October 2011 (1,340,259) states the number of cases in China had dropped by approx 300,000 from 2010 (1,654,866) cases, with new cases peaking in June. There were 437 deaths, down from 2010 (537 deaths).[38]
In December 2011, the California Department of Public Health identified a strong form of the virus, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), where nail loss in children is common.[39]
In 2012 in Alabama, United States there was an outbreak of an unusual type of the disease. It occurred in a season when it is not usually seen and affected teenagers and older adults. There were some hospitalizations due to the disease but no reported deaths.[40]
In 2012 in Cambodia, 52 of 59 reviewed cases of children reportedly[41] dead (as of July 9, 2012) due to a mysterious disease were diagnosed to be caused by a virulent form of HFMD.[42] Although a significant degree of uncertainty exists with reference to the diagnosis, the WHO report states, "Based on the latest laboratory results, a significant proportion of the samples tested positive for enterovirus 71 (EV-71), which causes hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The EV-71 virus has been known to generally cause severe complications amongst some patients."[43]
HFMD infected 1,520,274 people with up to 431 deaths reported at the end of July in 2012 in China.[44]
History[edit]
HFMD cases were first described clinically in Canada and New Zealand in 1957.[17] The disease was termed 'Hand Foot and Mouth Disease' after a similar outbreak in 1959.[28]
Research[edit]
Novel antiviral agents to prevent and treat infection with the viruses responsible for HFMD are currently under development. Preliminary studies have shown inhibitors of the EV-71 viral capsid to have potent antiviral activity.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kaminska, K; Martinetti, G; Lucchini, R; Kaya, G; Mainetti, C (2013). "Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review". Case Reports in Dermatology. 5 (2): 203–209. doi:10.1159/000354533. PMC 3764954  . PMID 24019771.
^ Jump up to: a b Ooi, MH; Wong, SC; Lewthwaite, P; Cardosa, MJ; Solomon, T (2010). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71". Lancet Neurology. 9 (11): 1097–1105. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X. PMID 20965438.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hoy, NY; Leung, AK; Metelitsa, AI; Adams, S (2012). "New concepts in median nail dystrophy, onychomycosis, and hand, foot and mouth disease nail pathology". ISRN Dermatology. 2012 (680163): 680163. doi:10.5402/2012/680163. PMC 3302018  . PMID 22462009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Longo, Dan L. (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07174889-6.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Diagnosis". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Causes & Transmission". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Prevention & Treatment". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Li, Y; Zhu, R; Qian, Y; Deng, J (2012). "The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029003. PMC 3250408  . PMID 22235257.
^ Jump up to: a b Pourianfar HR, Grollo L (February 2014). "Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 48: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011. PMID 24560700.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Outbreaks". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b Huang, CC; Liu, CC; Chang, YC; Chen, CY; Wang, ST; Yeh, TF (23 September 1999). "Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection". The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (13): 936–42. doi:10.1056/nejm199909233411302. PMID 10498488.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Wang, Jing (21 August 2017). "Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shandong, China, 2009–2016". Scientific Reports. 7 (8900): 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09196-z.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Signs & Symptoms". mayoclinic.com. The Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)". WHO Western Pacific Region. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Koh, Wee Ming; Bogich, Tiffany; Siegel, Karen; Jin, Jing; Chong, Elizabeth Y.; Tan, Chong Yew; Chen, Mark Ic; Horby, Peter; Cook, Alex R. (October 2016). "The Epidemiology of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review and Analysis". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 35 (10): e285–300. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001242. ISSN 1532-0987. PMC 5130063  . PMID 27273688.
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Jump up ^ Suhaimi, Nur Dianah (April 20, 2008). "HFMD: 1,000 cases a week is unusual, says doc". Singapore: The Sunday Times (Straits Times). pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ Viet Nam News: HFMD cases prompt tighter health screening at airport Archived February 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.(accessed May 15, 2008)
Jump up ^ EV-71 Virus Continues Dramatic Rise Archived October 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. (accessed May 23, 2008)
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External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: B08.4
ICD-9-CM: 074.3
MeSH: D006232
DiseasesDB: 5622
External resources
MedlinePlus: 000965
eMedicine: derm/175
Patient UK: Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Media related to Hand, foot and mouth disease at Wikimedia Commons News related to Highly contagious Hand, foot and mouth disease killing China's children at Wikinews
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Stations of the Exodus
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wanderings in the desert map, 1641
The Stations of the Exodus are the 42 locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt, recorded in Numbers 33, with variations also recorded in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy.
According to the documentary hypothesis, the list of the Stations is believed to have originally been a distinct and separate source text.[1] In this hypothesis, it is believed that the redactor, in combining the Torah's sources, used parts of the Stations list to fill out awkward joins between the main sources. The list records the locations visited by the Israelites, during their journey through the wilderness, after having left Egypt. Consequently, the parts which were inserted to join up the sources appear in suitable locations in the books of Exodus and Numbers.
However, a slightly variant version of the list appears in full at Numbers 33, and several parts of the journey described in the full list, most noticeably the journey from Sinai to Zin, do not appear in the fragmented version. It is tempting to suggest that the journey from Sinai to Zin was cut out of the fragmented version due to a copying error caused by the similarity in sound of "Sinai" and "Zin". However, as there are 42 locations in the full list, and the Israelites were said to have been in the desert for 40 years,[2] it is possible that several locations in the full list were added to the list of destinations as a literary device.
Both versions of the list contain several brief narrative fragments. For example " ... and they came to Elim, where there were twelve wells of water, and seventy date-palms...". It is a matter of some debate as to how much of the narrative is part of the original text of the list, and how much is extra detail added into it by the redactor.
The situation also occurs in reverse, where some brief texts, within parts of the list, and ascribed to the redactor, are usually regarded as not being part of the list of stations, albeit without much conviction. This is particularly true for Numbers 21:14-15, which references unknown events in the lost Book of the Wars of the Lord, and Numbers 21:16b-18a, describing the digging of the well at Beer.
Biblical commentators like St Jerome in his Epistle to Fabiola, Bede (Letter to Acca: "De Mansionibus Filiorum Israhel") and St Peter Damian discussed the Stations according to the Hebrew meanings of their names.[3] Dante modeled the 42 chapters of his Vita Nuova on them.[4]
List of the Stations of the Exodus[edit]
Station Biblical reference Description Modern location
Raamses Ex. 12:37; Nu. 33:3,5 The Raamses district was of the highest quality land in Egypt (Ge. 47:11)
Sukkoth Ex. 12:37, 13:20; Nu. 33:5-6 An Egyptian city near the border Tjeku (Zuko),
Tell el-Maskhuta (Pithom)
Etham Ex. 13:20; Nu. 33:6-8 "On the edge of the wilderness" Ismailia?
Pi-Hahiroth Ex. 14:2-3; Nu. 33:7-8 Lit. Mouth of the Gorges, "between Migdol and the sea, opposite Ba'al-Zephon" (possibly "the Bay of Hiroth") Prob. a channel opening into one of the Bitter Lakes or the Mediterranean- Pi-hahiroth was located near the Red Sea.
Marah Ex. 15:23; Nu. 33:8-9 Lit. 'bitterness' 30 kilometres north of As Suways (the port of Suez)?
Elim Ex. 15:27, 16:1; Nu. 33:9-10 Had 12 wells and 70 palm trees ?
By the Red Sea Nu. 33:10-11 - - Near Gulf of Suez
Sin Wilderness Ex. 16:1, 17:1; Nu. 33:11-12 God supplies quail and manna, "Between Elim and Sinai"
Dophkah Nu. 33:12-13 - - - -
Alush Nu. 33:13-14 - - - -
Rephidim Ex. 17:1, 19:2; Nu. 33:14-15 God commands Moses to strike a "Rock of Horeb", water gushes forth to alleviate thirst. ?
Sinai Wilderness Ex. 19:1-2; Nu. 10:12, 33:15-16 Near Mount Sinai
Kibroth-Hattaavah Nu. 11:35, 33:16-17 Lit. Graves of Longing or Graves of Lust - -
Hazeroth Nu. 11:35, 12:16, 33:17-18 - - - -
Rithmah Nu. 33:18-19 - - - -
Rimmon-Perez Nu. 33:19-20 - - - -
Libnah Nu. 33:20-21 - - - -
Rissah Nu. 33:21-22 - - - -
Kehelathah Nu. 33:22-23 - - - -
Mount Shapher Nu. 33:23-24 - - - -
Haradah Nu. 33:24-25 - - - -
Makheloth Nu. 33:25-26 - - - -
Tahath Nu. 33:26-27 - - - -
Tarah Nu. 33:27-28 - - - -
Mithcah Nu. 33:28-29 - - - -
Hashmonah Nu. 33:29-30 - - - -
Moseroth Nu. 33:30-31 - - - -
Bene-Jaakan Nu. 33:31-32 - - - -
Hor Haggidgad Nu. 33:32-33 - - - -
Jotbathah Nu. 33:33-34 - - - -
Abronah Nu. 33:34-35 - - - -
Ezion-Geber Nu. 33:35-36 - - Near northern tip of Gulf of Aqaba
Kadesh Nu. 20:1,22, 33:36-37 Located in the Wilderness of Zin; Miriam's burial place Probably Ain el Qadeis
Mount Hor Nu. 20:22, 21:4, 33:37-41 On the Edomite border; Aaron's burial place - -
Zalmonah Nu. 33:41-42 - - - -
Punon Nu. 33:42-43 - - - -
Oboth Nu. 21:10-11, 33:43-44 - - - -
Abarim Ruins Nu. 21:11, 33:44-45 - - - -
Dibon Gad Nu. 33:45-46 - - - -
Almon Diblathaim Nu. 33:46-47 - - - -
Abarim Mountains Nu. 33:13-14 Israelites encamped beneath Mount Nebo - -
Moab Plains Nu. 22:1, 33:48-50 Israelites encamped on the Jordan River from Beith Hayishimoth to Aveil Hashittim Occupied most of the Trans-Jordan region
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nili S. Fox, in Adele Berlin, Marc Zvi Brettler (editors), The Jewish study Bible, Jewish Publication Society TANAKH Translation, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999), p. 349: "The literary style of the itinerary, the repetition of campsite names, and the highlighting of events in those places closely resemble extant military records from the ancient Near East, especially from Assyria. Accordingly, the notation in this Priestly source that Moses recorded the starting points of their various marches (v. 2) fits the genre. Some scholars, however, consider ch 33 a composite text extracted from other portions of Numbers, Exodus, and Deuteronomy."
Jump up ^ Numbers 14:33; Deuteronomy 8:2
Jump up ^ Gregory F. LaNave, et al., The Fathers of the Church: Mediaeval Continuation, The Letters of Peter Damian 151-180, Letter 160, pp. 110 ff., The Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C. (2005)
Jump up ^ Julia Bolton Holloway, Sweet New Style: Brunetto Latino, Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer, Chapter III, (2003)
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Horseshoes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Horseshoes, the game. For horseshoes used on animals, see horseshoe. For other uses, see Horseshoe (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Horseshoes
Horseshoes
Highest governing body
NHPA
Nicknames
Pitch
Characteristics
Contact
non-contact
Team members
individual
Presence
Olympic
non-Olympic
Horseshoe pitching contest at the annual field day of the FSA farmworkers community, Yuma, Arizona
Horseshoes is an outdoor game played between two people (or two teams of two people) using four horseshoes and two throwing targets (stakes) set in a lawn or sandbox area. The game is played by the players alternating turns tossing horseshoes at stakes in the ground, which are traditionally placed 40 feet (12 m) apart. Modern games use a more stylized U-shaped bar, about twice the size of an actual horseshoe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Game play
1.1 Official Rules of the Game of Horseshoes from the NHPA
1.2 BOH Cup style of play
2 Scoring
3 History
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Game play[edit]
Official Rules of the Game of Horseshoes from the NHPA[edit]
The National Horseshoe Pitchers Association (NHPA), the recognized governing body of the sport of horseshoe pitching in the United States, maintains an up-to-date set of rules, guidelines and specifications for the game on their website.[1] Widely accepted[citation needed] as being the official way to play the game, they outline the style of play, the two most common scoring methods (cancellation and count-all), acceptable equipment, and exact court specifications as well as additional methods of organizing tournament and league competitions.
There are other entities[who?] that have their own versions of the game and sanction their own events, but the largest recognized volume of sanctioned tournaments and leagues (by far)[citation needed] are those of the NHPA.
BOH Cup style of play[edit]
The game begins with a horseshoe toss to decide who goes first. The winner of the toss throws both horseshoes—one at a time—at the opposite stake, and then the second player throws both of their horseshoes—again, one at a time—at their end. After scoring, the next round is done in reverse order, or by throwing back at the original stake. Play continues until one player has at least 15 points at the end of a round. NHPA sanctioned games are generally played to 40 points, or a shoe limit of 40 or 50 shoes. The horseshoes can be made of either plastic or metal.
Scoring[edit]
In horseshoes, there are two ways to score: by throwing "ringers" or by throwing the horseshoe nearest to the stake. A ringer is a horseshoe that has been thrown in such a way as to completely encircle the stake. Disputes are settled by using a straightedge to touch the two points at the ends of the horseshoe, called "heel calks". If the straightedge does not touch the stake at any point, the throw is classified as a ringer.
One player pitches both shoes in succession to one pit, followed by the other player. This is formally called an inning. Normally only one pitcher can score points per inning, however some leagues and tournaments play "count all", in which all points in each inning are counted. A live shoe that is not a ringer, but comes to rest six inches (6”) or closer to the stake, has a value of one (1) point (alternate scoring methods give 2 points if the horseshoe leans on the stake. Aka a "leaner"). If both of one player's horseshoes are closer than the opponent's, two points are scored. A ringer scores three points. In the case of one ringer and a closer horseshoe, both horseshoes are scored for a total of four points. If a player throws two ringers, that player scores six points. If each player throws a ringer, the ringers cancel and no points are scored. If two ringers are thrown by one player and one ringer by the opponent, the player throwing two ringers scores three points. This is typically called "two dead and three" or "three ringers three" for score keeping purposes. Such occurrences are called "dead ringers" and are still used toward the pitcher/ringer average. Back-yard games can be played to any number of points that is agreed upon, but are usually to 21 points, win by 2. In most sanctioned tournaments the handicapped divisions pitch 50 shoe games, most points win. If there is a tie, the pitchers pitch an additional 2 innings (alternating pitch) until the tie is broken. Championship divisions, or non-handicapped divisions are pitched to 40 points, regardless of the number of shoes pitched. In Philadelphia when a player tops another players ringer the player is awarded 6 points.[citation needed]
Horseshoe tournament on Sheffield Field Day, September 4 (Labor Day), 2017 in Sheffield, Vermont.
Single points in amateur games must measure 6 inches or less from any part of the shoe to the nearest part of the stake. Also, a game cannot be won when an opposing player, tossing a shoe, bumps an opponent's shoe to cause the opponent to reach the winning score be it eleven or twenty-one. The game-winning point must be attained by the person tossing the horseshoe pertaining to his own score. Examples: If a player has 10 points and an opponent has 8 points, and the player with 10 points tosses a horseshoe and bumps his opponent's horseshoe for a ringer, the opponent scores 3 points for a total of 11 points, but does not win the game because of the 2 point rule. If a player has 9 points and an opponent 8 points and the player with 9 points tosses a horseshoe and bumps his opponent's horseshoe for a ringer, the opponent cannot score 3 points, because the winning point must be attained by his own toss. However, the opponent can take two points, bringing his total point score to 10.
This scoring system gives rise to the popular expression "Close only counts in horseshoes", or alternatively "Close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades".
History[edit]
The games of horseshoes and quoits are closely related. For information on the history of these games, see the entry on quoits.
Gallery[edit]
A horseshoes court
A player prepares to toss a horseshoe.
Shawn Coley prepares to toss horseshoe at the 2008 Our Community Place Lawn Jam in Harrisonburg, Virginia.
See also[edit]
Cornhole
Digor
Gorodki
Quoits
Washers
Muckers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Table Of Contents Rgs Book". Horseshoepitching.com. 2010-01-01.
Kane, E E. "How to Play Horseshoes". Lifescript. N.p., 4 June 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.
External links[edit]
Rules, National Horseshoe Pitching Association.
How to Pitch Horseshoes, NHPA.
A Fictional Short Story About Horseshoes: Huggy and the Eggtones, clydepark.com.
A biography of Frank Jackson, first national champion
World Horseshoe Pitching Champions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horseshoes&oldid=803165424"
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Mickey (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Kitty"
Song by Racey
from the album Smash and Grab
Released
1979
Songwriter(s)
Mike Chapman
Nicky Chinn
Producer(s)
Mike Chapman
"Mickey"
Artwork for U.S. vinyl release
Single by Toni Basil
from the album Word of Mouth
B-side
"Hanging Around"
"Thief on the Loose"
Released
1982
Genre
New wave[1][2]
bubblegum[2]
Length
4:12 (Album version)
3:36 (Single version)
Label
Chrysalis (US)
Radial Choice (UK)
Virgin (Canada)
Songwriter(s)
Mike Chapman
Nicky Chinn
Producer(s)
Greg Mathieson[3]
Trevor Veitch[3]
Toni Basil singles chronology
"Breakaway"
(1966) "Mickey"
(1982) "Nobody"
(1982)
"Mickey" is a 1981 song recorded by American singer and choreographer Toni Basil on her debut album Word of Mouth. Written by Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn as "Kitty", it was first recorded by UK music group Racey during 1979 appearing on their debut album Smash and Grab. Toni Basil changed the name from Kitty to Mickey to make the song about a man.
Contents
1 Release
2 Background
3 Charts and certifications
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 Sales and certifications
4 Track listings
5 Lolly version
5.1 Track listings
5.2 Charts
6 Other notable versions
7 Songs which sample the Toni Basil recording
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Release[edit]
Toni Basil's version of the song was initially issued as a single in the UK in May 1981, but did not chart at that time. Reissued in January 1982, "Mickey" quickly became a substantial UK hit, reaching number 2. It was issued in Australia by April, where over the Northern summer (Southern winter) it rose to number 1.
Finally issued in North America in August 1982, "Mickey" became a number 1 hit in the US and Canada in late 1982, a year and a half after its original release.
Background[edit]
The original Racey song did not include the famous "Oh Mickey, you're so fine, you're so fine, you blow my mind" chant, which Basil added.
For years, it had been rumored that the name was changed to Mickey because Basil had a crush on Monkees' drummer and lead vocalist Micky Dolenz after meeting him on the set of their movie Head for which she was the choreographer; however, this claim has been denied by Basil, who said she didn't know Dolenz that well.[4]
Two different music videos for the song were recorded, one featuring Basil with a backing band, and another featuring costuming and choreography inspired by cheerleader dance routines. Filmed in 1981, the Cheerleader video is considered the very first choreographed dance video, and the opening stunt, where a cheerleader jumps through the center of a human pyramid, is now illegal in competition.[citation needed]
The single scored number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week and number two in the UK Singles Chart. The song was Basil's only Top 40 success.[5][6] It was named #5 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of All Time, #16 on 20 to 1's Top 20 One Hit Wonders Countdown and #57 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '80s. It has also appeared on multiple greatest or best lists and countdowns.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982–1983)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[8] 39
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[9] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 69
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12] 39
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13] 2
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[14] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 1
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[5] 3
US Cash Box[16] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[17] 6
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[18] 63
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19] 15
US Cash Box[20] 36
Chart (1983)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[21] 35
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 36
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[23]
Platinum 50,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[24]
2× Platinum 200,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[25]
Gold 500,000^
United States (RIAA)[26]
Platinum 2,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Track listings[edit]
US 7" single
"Mickey" – 3:36
"Thief on the Loose" – 3:50
International 7" single
"Mickey" – 3:36
"Hanging Around" – 4:06
US 12" single
"Mickey" (Special Club mix) (Short) – 4:32
"Mickey" (Special Club mix) (Long) – 5:58
Alternate US 12" single
"Mickey" (Special Club mix) – 5:58
"Mickey" (Spanish version) – 5:12
Lolly version[edit]
"Mickey"
Single by Lolly
from the album My First Album
Released
1999
Length
3:36 (album version)
Label
Polydor
Songwriter(s)
Mike Chapman
Nicky Chinn
Producer(s)
Dufflebag Boys
Lolly singles chronology
"Viva La Radio"
(1999) "Mickey"
(1999) "Big Boys Don't Cry"
(1999)
The UK singer Lolly scored a top five hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1999. In addition, there is also a karaoke version of the cover on the album.
Track listings[edit]
UK CD Single #1[27]
"Mickey" – 3:36
"Sweetheart" – 2:54
"Mickey" (Karaoke version) - 3:36
UK CD Single #2[28]
"Mickey" - 3:36
"Mickey" (Creator remix) - 5:58
"Mickey" (D-Bop remix edit) - 4:22
"Mickey" (The Bold & The Beautiful remix) - 5:50
UK Cassette Single[29]
"Mickey" - 3:36
"Mickey" (Karaoke version) - 3:36
Charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 14
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 4
Other notable versions[edit]
Mexican band Timbiriche made a cover version of this song in Spanish called "Micky" in 1983, in their album Concierto.
"Weird Al" Yankovic parodied this song for his 1983 self titled debut album as "Ricky", a parody of and tribute to I Love Lucy. Yankovic himself sang the Ricky part while voice actress Tress MacNeille performed the Lucy part.
Walt Disney Productions released a cover version titled "Hey Mickey" in 1986 on the album Totally Minnie. This version is sung by Desirée Goyette. The lyrics were altered significantly to reflect Minnie Mouse singing to and about Mickey Mouse.
In 1987, the Brazilian entertainer Xuxa covered the song on her album Xegundo Xou da Xuxa.
Irish girl group B*Witched covered the song for their American EP Across America 2000. It was released as a promotional single outside of the UK and was used for the film Bring It On.
Swedish singer Carola Häggkvist scored a 1983 success in Scandinavia with a Swedish language-version of "Mickey" with lyrics written by Ingela "Pling" Forsman for the 1983 album Främling.[31]
Japanese comedian-musician Gorie scored no. 1 on the Japanese singles chart for two weeks with a version featuring vocals by American-born Jasmine Ann Allen.
2002 saw the release of New Zealand band Elemeno P version on B-side of single Fast Times In Tahoe.
2004, used as one of song of Denzel Washington's famous movie, Man On Fire.
In 2009, the American punk rock band Zebrahead covered it on their album Panty Raid.
In 2010, the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation released a reworked version "Cooky" to promote the LG Cyon Cooky mobile phone.
In 2011, the song was parodied as "Moshi" for commercials advertising the website Moshi Monsters.
In 2012, Olivia Newton-John recorded the song for the soundtrack to her motion picture A Few Best Men. The song was the first single released from the album on 9 January 2012.
The song appears in Pitch Perfect during the Riff Off, the song is sung by the Treblemakers in the category "Ladies of the 80s".
In 2015 The Time Lord rock band Leg Nose Robinson made a parody version of this song as "Hey Missy," referencing the line from the Doctor Who episode "Death in Heaven".
The song was covered by the cast of the TV series Glee in 2015, and featured in the eleventh episode of the final season.
A Thai version of the song is featured in the 2018 film The Meg.[32]
Songs which sample the Toni Basil recording[edit]
The entire structure of the Run–D.M.C. song "It's Tricky" was consciously lifted from Mickey. According to DMC: "I just changed the chorus around and we just talked about how this rap business can be tricky to a brother."[33]
Heidi Montag recorded a song titled "Bad Boy", which starts off sampling the song with "Bad boy you so fine, you so fine, you blow my mind."
The song was sampled by Nitty in the song, "Hey Bitty", which can be found on his album Player's Paradise.[34]
Limp Bizkit sampled the chorus in "Nookie" [Androids Vs. Las Putas Remix] on their New Old Songs album.[35]
The starting chorus of the original song was sampled by electronic duo Boards of Canada in the track "Nine-Rubber Wisdom" on Old Tunes Vol. 2.[36]
Madonna sampled part of the chorus for "Dress You Up" for her 2009 Sticky & Sweet Tour.
Kylie Minogue blended "Mickey" with her own song "Heart Beat Rock" on her KylieX2008 tour. The word "Mickey" was replaced with "Minnie".
Travis Scott blended "Mickey" with his song "Antidote" which can be found on his album Rodeo.
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1982
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1980s
List of number-one singles of 1982 (Canada)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cateforis, Theo (2011). Are We Not New Wave? : Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-03470-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Robbins, Ira. "Toni Basil". Trouser Press. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mickey / Thief On The Loose". 45cat.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Day, Adrienne (17 August 2012). "Vulture Investigates: Is Toni Basil's 'Mickey' Really About...Well, You Know?". Vulture. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Toni Basil – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Huey, Steve. "Toni Basil – Artist Biography". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australia No. 1 hits -- 1980's". World Charts. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Toni Basil – Mickey" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 6192." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Toni Basil Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Mickey". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Toni Basil – Mickey" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Toni Basil – Mickey". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (B)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending DECEMBER 18, 1982". Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. . Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of 82". RPM. Vol. 37 no. 19. Library and Archives Canada. December 25, 1982.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1982". Recorded Music New Zealand. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1982". Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. . Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "The Top Singles of 1983". RPM. Vol. 39 no. 19. Library and Archives Canada. December 24, 1983.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1983". The Longbored Surfer. Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kent Music Report No. 453 – 28 February 1983 > Platinum and Gold Singles 1982". Imgur (original document published by Kent Music Report). Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Toni Basil – Mickey". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Toni Basil – Mickey". British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Mickey in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Toni Basil – Mickey". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Lolly (2) – Mickey". Discogs. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lolly (2) – Mickey – The Mixes". Discogs. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lolly (2) – Mickey". Discogs. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Främling" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Burgos, Danielle (August 9, 2018). "'The Meg' End Credits Song Adds So Much Levity to a Movie About Terrifying Giant Sharks". Bustle. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ McLeod, Kembrew; DiCola, Peter (2011). Creative License: The Law and Culture of Digital Sampling. Duke University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8223-4875-7.
Jump up ^ "Nitty's Hey Bitty samples Toni Basil's Mickey". WhoSampled. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Limp Bizkit's Nookie [Androids vs. Las Putas Remix] samples Toni Basil's Mickey". WhoSampled. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boards of Canada's Nine-Rubber Wisdom samples Toni Basil's Mickey". WhoSampled. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of Toni Basil's "Mickey" at MetroLyrics
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