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Timeline of historical geopolitical changes
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This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and significant changes in territory (viz. land annexation, cession or secession).
2000s 1900s 1800s 1700s 1600s 1500s 1400s 1300s 1200s 1100s 1000s
1st Millennium CE 1st Millennium BCE 2nd Millennium BCE 3rd Millennium BCE 4th Millennium BCE
Africa Asia Europe Oceania North America South America Antarctica
Maps[edit]
Changes usually include (but are not limited to) the alteration of borders, the creation and fall of states, changes of geographical names, as well as some unusually destructive natural disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates and events, the approximate year and age of a world map could be calculated and estimated.
Not all maps of the world of an age or period will be the same throughout the globe as different mapmakers (or their employers) may have different views on the sovereignty or territorial integrity of the countries of the world or possess different levels of technological and geographical insight, the maps created by them might differ significantly.
Common Era[edit]
2010s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
2017 October 30 The Catalan Republic falls to the control of Spanish authorities with little resistance.[1][2]
October 27 Catalonia declares independence from Spain as the Catalan Republic[3] with Barcelona as its capital. Spain considers Catalonia to be part of its sovereign territory, a position shared by the United Nations.
February 21 The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic changes its name to the Republic of Artsakh a day after a constitutional referendum takes place. The Republic of Azerbaijan continues to consider Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory, a position shared by the United Nations.[4][5]
January 29 The Islamic Republic of The Gambia changes its name back to the Republic of The Gambia.[6][7]
2016 November 28 The Netherlands and Belgium agree to a one-for-two swap of three tiny islands in the Meuse river, with the Netherlands gaining 24.7 acres (10.0 ha) of land near Oost-Maarland, so that pene-exclaves caused by the straightening of the Meuse can be fixed. Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden, which were formerly Belgian, will be swapped in 2018 for a former Dutch piece of land, Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier.[8]
July 5 The United Nations recognizes the shortened name of Czechia for the Czech Republic.[9]
May 2 The Czech Republic votes to adopt Czechia as its official short-form name in English.[10]
2015 December 16 The International Court of Justice (ICJ) cedes 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving the Costa Rica–Nicaragua San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.[11]
December 11 The Republic of The Gambia changes its name to the Islamic Republic of The Gambia by presidential decree.[12][13]
November 12 Pakistan formally agrees to lease its Gwadar Port to control of China until 2059.[14]
June 6 India and Bangladesh exchange 162 enclaves along their borders, simplifying the border.[15]
May 8 Niger and Burkina Faso, in continuation with the implementation of the judgement of the International Court of Justice concerning the 2013 Burkina Faso–Niger Frontier Dispute case, agreed to exchange 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain four).[16]
March 21 After the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, the capital of Yemen is provisionally moved from Sana'a to Aden.
2014 March 18 The Republic of Crimea accedes to the Russian Federation as two separate federal entities: the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol. Ukraine itself and much of the international community maintain that Crimea is illegally occupied by Russia and legally remains an integral region of Ukraine.[17]
March 17 The Russian Federation recognizes the independence of the Republic of Crimea from Ukraine. Ukraine itself, along with the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, and the international community maintain that Crimea and Sevastopol are illegally occupied by Russia and that both territories remain de jure integral parts of Ukraine.
The Autonomous Republic of Crimea unilaterally proclaims its independence from Ukraine along with the independent city of Sevastopol and changes its name to the Republic of Crimea with Simferopol as its capital.[18][19]
January 27 The maritime dispute between Chile and Peru is resolved.[20]
2013 October 24 The Republic of Cape Verde decrees the official English-language rendering of its name to be the Republic of Cabo Verde,[21] following precedents set by Côte d'Ivoire and Timor-Leste (neither of which use English as an official language).
September 28 The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik ceases to exist with the loss of Zamboanga City.[22]
July 27 The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik declares independence from the Philippines and claims all of Malaysian Borneo.[23]
April 16 A border dispute between Niger and Burkina Faso is finally resolved, resulting in minor changes to the previously recognized border.
January 7 The Libyan National Congress unofficially changes the name of the country from Libya to the State of Libya, which will be used until a new constitution is adopted.[24]
2012 November 29 The United Nations votes to upgrade Palestine's status from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition.[25]
November 19 Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia.[26]
August 20 The Somali Republic changes its name to the Federal Republic of Somalia.
July 12 The State of Azawad capitulates and is taken over by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group aiming for establishing Mali as an Islamist state, effectively being reabsorbed by the Republic of Mali.[27]
May 26 Georgia moves its legislative capital from Tbilisi to Kutaisi. Tbilisi remains the administrative capital.
April 6 Azawad proclaims its independence from the Republic of Mali as the State of Azawad[28] with Timbuktu as its capital.
January 1 The Hungarian Republic changes its name to Hungary.[29]
2011 December 31 Samoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping December 30 entirely.[30]
October 23 Libya supersedes the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya after its defeat at the Battle of Sirte by the National Transitional Council.
September 1 Due to the loss of Tripoli on August 27, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya moves its capital from Tripoli to Sirte.
August 27 The National Transitional Council takes over Tripoli, moving its capital from Benghazi to Tripoli.
July 9 Southern Sudan gains independence from Sudan as the Republic of South Sudan after a referendum the previous January, with Juba as its capital.
March 31 The French Republic accepts Mayotte in the Comoro Islands as the Department of Mayotte.
February 27 After the Libyan Civil War started on February 15, the National Transitional Council was formed to act as "the political face of the revolution", based in Benghazi.[31]
February 2 The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name back to the Republic of Fiji.
January 11 The People's Republic of China has received 1,158 square kilometres (447 sq mi) from Tajikistan after a final ratification of a treaty ceding it[32]
2010 October 21 The Union of Myanmar changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
October 10 The Kingdom of the Netherlands dissolves the Netherlands Antilles and makes Curaçao and Sint Maarten two of its four constituent countries. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands.
The former Netherlands Antilles Islands
2000s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
2009 September 1 The United Kingdom changes the name of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena and Dependencies to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Jamestown on Saint Helena remains the capital.
February 7 The Republic of Bolivia changes its name to the Plurinational State of Bolivia. La Paz and Sucre remain the capitals.
2008 August 27 The Russian Federation recognizes the independence of the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia from Georgia. Tskhinval and Sukhumi are the capitals respectively. Georgia itself and much of the international community maintain that they are both illegally occupied by Russia and legally remain integral regions of Georgia.
May 28 The State of Nepal changes its name to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Kathmandu remains the capital.
February 17 The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija declares its independence from the Republic of Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. Priština remains the capital. Serbia maintains that Kosovo remains a part of Serbia.
2007 October 22 The Republic of Montenegro changes its name to Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
February 21 The French Republic separates the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy and the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Martin from the Overseas Region of Guadeloupe. Gustavia and Marigot are the capitals respectively.
January 15 The Kingdom of Nepal changes its name to the State of Nepal. Kathmandu remains the capital.
2006 October 7 The Republic of Palau moves its capital from Koror to Ngerulmud.
August 14 The Federal Republic of Nigeria transfers sovereignty of Bakassi to the Republic of Cameroon.
June 5 The Republic of Serbia supersedes the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
June 3 Montenegro secedes from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro as the Republic of Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
2005 November 6 The Union of Myanmar moves its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw.
2004 September 1 The Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty administering Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south establishes its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
February 27 The French Republic elevates the Overseas Collectivity of French Polynesia to the Overseas Country of French Polynesia. Papeetē remains the capital.
January 4 The Islamic State of Afghanistan changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
2003 May 26 The Rwandese Republic changes its name to the Republic of Rwanda. Kigali remains the capital.
March 28 The French Republic revises its constitution. New polities include:
The Overseas Region of Réunion. Saint-Denis remains the capital.
The Overseas Territory of French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Port-aux-Français remains the administrative center.
The Overseas Collectivity of French Polynesia. Papeetē remains the capital.
The Overseas Collectivity of Wallis and Futuna. Mata-Utu remains the capital.
The Overseas Region of Guadeloupe. Basse-Terre remains the capital.
The Overseas Region of Martinique. Fort-de-France remains the capital.
The Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Saint-Pierre remains the capital.
The Overseas Region of Guyane (French Guiana). Cayenne remains the capital.
February 4 The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
2002 May 21 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its British Dependent Territories to that of a British Overseas Territory. The citizens of each British Overseas Territory gain full British citizenship.
May 20 East Timor gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. East Timor was occupied by Indonesia in 1975, and was placed under United Nations administration in 1999. Dili remains the capital.
March 10 The Union of the Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli. Mutsamudu and Fomboni yield to Moroni as the capital.
February 14 The State of Bahrain changes its name to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital.
2001 December 23 The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros changes its name to the Union of the Comoros. Moroni remains the capital.
November 13 The Islamic State of Afghanistan supersedes the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
July 1 The "temporarily independent" Puntland State of Somalia adopts a new constitution explicitly identifying itself as part of the Somali Republic. Garowe yields to Mogadishu as the capital.
January Taloqan, the de facto capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan government, falls to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The capital moves to Fayzabad.
2000 July 16 Somalia changes its name to the Somali Republic. Mogadishu remains the capital.
February 6 The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Russian Federation. Ƶovxar-Ġala (Grozny) yields to Moscow as the capital.
1990s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1999 December 30 The Republic of Venezuela changes its name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Caracas remains the capital.
December 20 The Portuguese Republic transfers sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China as the Macau Special Administrative Region.
June 10 The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo is formed in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
March 19 The French Republic renames its Territory of New Caledonia as the special collectivity of New Caledonia in preparation for eventual independence. Nouméa remains the capital.
1998 May 6 The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Aqmola to Astana.
1997 December 10 The Republic of Kazakhstan moves its capital from Almaty to Aqmola.
July 4 Independent State of Western Samoa changes its name to the Independent State of Samoa. Apia remains the capital.
July 1 The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
May 17 The Republic of Zaire changes its name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa remains the capital.
The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name to the Republic of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
1996 The United Republic of Tanzania moves its capital from Dar-es-Salaam to Dodoma.
1995 December 14 The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina unite to form Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital.
1994 October 21 The Laguna del Desierto, claimed by Chile, is awarded to Argentina by arbitration.
October 1 Palau gains full independence from the United States of America as the Republic of Palau. Koror is the capital.
July 7 The Democratic Republic of Yemen is reunited with Yemen.
May 21 The Democratic Republic of Yemen secedes from Yemen. Aden is the capital.
February 28 The Republic of South Africa transfers the sovereignty of Walvis Bay to the Republic of Namibia.
1993 September 24 The restored Kingdom of Cambodia supersedes the State of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Alma-Ata to Almaty.
May 24 The State of Eritrea secedes from the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Asmara is the capital.
May 5 The Republic of Kyrgyzstan changes its name to the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek remains the capital.
January 1 The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic gain full independence with the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czechoslovakia). Prague remains the capital of the Czech Republic and Bratislava remains the capital of the Slovakia.
1992 September 12 The Democratic Republic of Madagascar changes its name to the Republic of Madagascar. Antananarivo remains the capital.
August 27 The People's Republic of Angola changes its name to the Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital.
July 23 The Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of Abkhazia. Sukhumi remains the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Federation and declares the succession illegal.
April 27 The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
April 6 The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital.
February 12 Mongolia supersedes the Mongolian People's Republic. Ulaanbaatar remains the capital.
January 15 The Socialist Republic of Slovenia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana remains the capital.
The Socialist Republic of Croatia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Croatia . Zagreb remains the capital.
1991 December 25 The Russian Federation (Russia) supersedes both the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Moscow remains the capital.
December 16 The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata remains the capital until 1997.
December 12 The Federal Republic of Nigeria moves its capital from Lagos to Abuja.
December 8 The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Republic of Belarus, and Ukraine form the Commonwealth of Independent States as a successor organization to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Turkmenistan. Ashgabat remains the capital.
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent remains the capital.
November 28 The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of South Ossetia. Tskhinvali is the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and declares the succession illegal.
September 21 The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital.
September 9 The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe remains the capital.
September 8 The Socialist Republic of Macedonia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje remains the capital. The Hellenic Republic protests the name of the new nation.
September 6 The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
September 2 The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Stepanakert remains the capital. The Republic of Azerbaijan considers Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory.
August 31 The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The capital Frunze is renamed Bishkek.
August 30 The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Azerbaijan. Baku remains the capital.
August 27 The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Moldova. Chişinău remains the capital. Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory.
August 25 The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. Minsk remains the capital.
August 24 The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Ukraine. Kiev remains the capital.
August 21 The Republic of Latvia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Latvia. Riga remains the capital.
August 20 The Republic of Estonia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Estonia. Tallinn remains the capital.
May 18 The Republic of Somaliland declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Hargeisa is the capital. The international community considers Somaliland to be part of Somalia's sovereign territory.
April 30 The Republic of Albania supersedes the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
April 9 The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital.
February 26 The State of Kuwait regains its independence. Iraq relinquishes its claim to Kuwait.
1990 December 1 The Republic of Mozambique supersedes the People's Republic of Mozambique. Maputo remains the capital.
November 15 The People's Republic of Bulgaria changes its name to the Republic of Bulgaria. Sofia remains the capital.
September 2 The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tiraspol remains the capital.
August 28 Iraq annexes the Republic of Kuwait as the Kuwait Governorate.
August 4 The State of Kuwait changes its name to the Republic of Kuwait. Kuwait City remains the capital.
October 3 The German Democratic Republic merges into the Federal Republic of Germany. Unified Germany regains full sovereignty and Allied occupation ends. Bonn yields to Berlin as the capital.
May 22 The Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) reunite to form the Republic of Yemen. Aden yields to San'a' as the capital.
April 23 The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic changes its name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Prague remains the capital.
March 21 South West Africa gains independence from South Africa as the Republic of Namibia. Windhoek remains the capital.
March 11 The Republic of Chile moves its legislative capital from Santiago to Valparaíso. Santiago remains the administrative capital.
March 1 The People's Republic of Benin changes its name to the Republic of Benin. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
1999[edit]
December 31 — Transfer of the Panama Canal Zone from the United States to Panama
December 20
The Republic of Venezuela is renamed the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, after the Constitution of Venezuela is put in place
Transfer of Macau from Portugal to the People's Republic of China
1998[edit]
December 24 — The Republic of Bougainville is taken over by Papua New Guinea
August 1 — The Puntland State of Somalia declares independence from Somalia
July 27 — The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji is renamed the Republic of the Fiji Islands
May 6 — In Kazakhstan, the capital Aqmola is renamed Astana
1997[edit]
December 10 — The capital of Kazakhstan is moved from Almaty to Aqmola
August 11 — The Democratic Republic of Mohéli declares independence from the Comoros
August 3 — The State of Anjouan declares independence from the Comoros
July — Western Samoa is renamed Samoa
July 1 — Transfer of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China
May 25 — The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan is moved to Taloqan
May 17 — Zaire is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1996[edit]
September 26 — The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is formed, and declares its capital Kabul, captured from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, whose capital moved to Mazar-i-Sharif
In Chechnya, the capital of Grozny is renamed Dzokhar-Ghala
1995[edit]
December 14 — The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the Republika Srpska is taken over by Bosniac forces
August 24 — The Republic of Georgia is renamed Georgia
August 22 — Ethiopia is renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
August 7 — The Republic of Western Bosnia is taken over by Bosnia and Herzegovina
July 26 — The Republic of Western Bosnia declares independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina
January 1 — International Date Line moved around Kiribati
1994[edit]
December 23 — Gagauzia is integrated back into Moldova, as the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia
October 1 — Independence of Palau from United States
April 27 — The nominally independent republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei are incorporated back into South Africa
March 1 — Walvis Bay and Penguin Islands are transferred from the Republic of South Africa to Republic of Namibia
1993[edit]
September 24 — The United Nations ends their administration in Cambodia, its name being the Kingdom of Cambodia
May 24 — Independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia
May 5 — The Republic of Kyrgyzstan is renamed the Kyrgyz Republic
January 1 — Dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
In Kazakhstan, the capital of Alma-Ata is renamed Almaty
1992[edit]
September 22 — The Republic of Kosova declares independence from Yugoslavia
August 25 — The People's Republic of Angola is renamed the Republic of Angola
August 12 — The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed the Republika Srpska
May 29 — South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia
April 27 — Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is constituted into the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
April 6 — International recognition of the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
March 15 — The State of Cambodia is taken over by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in order to put the government-in-exile National Government of Cambodia back in power
March 12 — The Chechen Republic is renamed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
March 1 - Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence from Yugoslavia
January 15 — Independence of Croatia and Slovenia widely recognized
January 6 — The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declares independence from Azerbaijan
1991[edit]
December 26 — Dissolution of the Soviet Union, which causes independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union
December 25 — Independences of Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and all other republics from the Soviet Union finalized
December 16 — Kazakhstan declares independence from the Soviet Union
December 12 — Independence of Russia from the Soviet Union (ratification of Belavezha Accords)
December 8 — Independence of Uzbekistan from the Soviet Union and Turkmenistan from the Soviet Union finalized
November 1 — The Chechen Republic declares independence from the Soviet Union
October 27 — Turkmenistan declares independence from the Soviet Union
October 18 — Independence of Azerbaijan from the Soviet Union finalized
September 23 — Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union
September 9 — Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union
September 8 — The Republic of Macedonia declares independence from Yugoslavia
September 6 — The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Date of their uncontested independence.
September 1 — Uzbekistan declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 31 — Kyrgyzstan declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 30 — Azerbaijan declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 27 — Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 25 — Transnistria declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 24 — Ukraine declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 21 — Latvia re-declares full independence from the Soviet Union.
August 20 — Estonia re-declares full independence from the Soviet Union.
August 19 — Gagauzia declares independence from the Soviet Union
June 25 — Croatia and Slovenia declare independence from Yugoslavia
June 20 — The capital of Germany is moved from Bonn to Berlin
June 10 — The People's Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of the Congo
May 28 — The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is renamed Ethiopia
May 18 — The northwestern Somaliland region of Somalia declares independence; this self-declared independence remains unrecognized by any country or international organization[33][34]
April 29 — The Socialist People's Republic of Albania is renamed the Republic of Albania
April 9 — Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union
February 27 — One day before the end of the Gulf War, Kuwait is liberated from Iraq
1990[edit]
November 15 — The People's Republic of Bulgaria is renamed the Republic of Bulgaria
October 3 — Merging of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), causing the creation of a unified Germany under the official name of West Germany
August 25 — The Republic of Abkhazia declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 8 — Within 6 days into the Gulf War, Kuwait is annexed by Iraq
July 27 — Belarus declares independence from the Soviet Union
July 25 — The Republic of Fiji is renamed the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji
May 22 — Unification of Yemen
May 17 — The Republic of Bougainville declares independence from Papua New Guinea.
May 8 — The Estonian SSR is renamed the Republic of Estonia.
May 4 — The Latvian SSR is renamed the Republic of Latvia and it declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Latvia from the Soviet Union.
April 23 — The Czechoslovak Federative Republic is renamed the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
March 30 — The Estonian SSR declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.
March 29 — The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is renamed the Czechoslovak Federative Republic
March 21 — Independence of Namibia (formerly South-West Africa) from South Africa
March 11 — Lithuanian SSR re-declares full independence of the Republic of Lithuania from the Soviet Union
March 1 — The People's Republic of Benin is renamed the Republic of Benin
February 3 — The government-in-exile Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea becomes the National Government of Cambodia
1980s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1989 December 30 The Polish People's Republic changes its name to the Republic of Poland. Warsaw remains the capital.
December 22 The Socialist Republic of Romania changes its name to Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
October 23 The Hungarian People's Republic changes its name to the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
September 30 The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia secede from the Senegambia Confederation. Dakar remains the capital of Senegal. Banjul is again the capital of The Gambia.
September 26 The Socialist Republic of Vietnam ends its occupation of the State of Cambodia.
June 18 The Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Myanmar. Yangon remains the capital until 2005.
The Federated States of Micronesia moves its capital from Kolonia to Palikir on Pohnpei.
May 1 The State of Cambodia supersedes the People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia). Phnom Penh remains the capital.
February 15 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ends its occupation of the Republic of Afghanistan.
1988 November 15 The State of Palestine declares independence from the State of Israel. It claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, territories considered to be occupied by Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. East Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital.
September 18 The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Burma. Yangon remains the capital.
1987 November 30 The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
October 7 The Republic of Fiji supersedes the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
February 22 The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia supersedes the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg). Addis Ababa remains the capital.
1986 December 13 New Zealand becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Constitution Act. Wellington remains the capital.
November 3 The eastern Caroline Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Federated States of Micronesia. Kolonia on Pohnpei is the capital.
October 21 The Marshall Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Majuro is the capital.
April The Republic of Ivory Coast changes its name to the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. Yamoussoukro remains the capital.
March 3 The Commonwealth of Australia becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Australia Act. Canberra remains the capital.
January 1 Aruba leaves the Netherlands Antilles to become one of three constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands following a change of the Charter for the Kingdom. Oranjestad is the capital.
1985 October 10 The Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. Khartoum remains the capital.
1984 November 29 The Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina is solved. Argentina recognizes Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands as Chilean.
August 15 Bourkina-Fasso changes its name to Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
August 4 The Republic of Upper Volta changes its name to Bourkina-Fasso. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
February 4 The Republic of Cameroon supersedes the United Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
January 1 Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam). Bandar Seri Begawan remains the capital.
1983 November 15 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence from the Republic of Cyprus. North Nicosia is the capital. The international community considers the northern part of the island as Republic of Cyprus territory under Turkish occupation.
September 19 The British Dependent Territory of Saint Christopher and Nevis gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis). Basseterre remains the capital.
March The Republic of Ivory Coast moves its capital from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro.
January 1 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its Crown Colonies to that of a British Dependent Territory.
1982 June 14 The United Kingdom recaptures the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) from the Argentine Republic. Britain restores the name of the capital Puerto Argentino to Stanley.
April 29 The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka moves its capital from Colombo to Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte.
April 17 The Dominion of Canada becomes a fully sovereign, independent state from the United Kingdom and is renamed to Canada after the passing of the Canada Act. Ottawa remains the capital.
April 18 The Republic of Zimbabwe changes many colonial place names including that of its capital from Salisbury to Harare.
April 2 The Argentine Republic seizes the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands from the United Kingdom. Argentina renames the Islands Islas Malvinas and Stanley the capital Puerto Argentino.
February 1 The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia unite to form the Senegambia Confederation. Banjul yields to Dakar as the capital.
1981 November 1 Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom. St. John's remains the capital.
September 21 The Crown Colony of Belize gains independence from the United Kingdom. Belmopan remains the capital.
1980 December 19 The United Kingdom divides the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla into the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher and Nevis and the Crown Colony of Anguilla. Basseterre remains the capital of Saint Christopher and Nevis, and The Valley becomes the capital of Anguilla.
July 30 The New Hebrides gain independence from a British-French condominium as the Republic of Vanuatu. Port Vila remains the capital.
Israel passes the Jerusalem Law, expanding its declared capital of Jerusalem to include the annexed East Jerusalem. The United Nations declares the law null and void.
July 28 Peruvian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Peru.
April 18 Southern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Salisbury remains the capital.
1989[edit]
December 29 — The People's Republic of Poland is renamed the Republic of Poland
December 22 — The Socialist Republic of Romania is renamed Romania
October 23 — The People's Republic of Hungary is renamed the Republic of Hungary
September 30 — Dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation
June 18 — The Union of Burma is renamed the Union of Myanmar, and changes the capital name of Rangoon to Yangon
May 1 — The People's Republic of Kampuchea is renamed the State of Cambodia
In Micronesia, the capital moves from Kolonia to Palikir
1988[edit]
November 16 — Estonia declares sovereignty over Soviet laws.
November 15[dubious – discuss][citation needed] — The State of Palestine declares independence. The capital is administratively Ramallah in West Bank and Gaza City in the Gaza Strip, but Palestine claims Jerusalem as the official capital.[35]
September 18 — The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma is renamed the Union of Burma
1987[edit]
November 30 — The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is renamed the Republic of Afghanistan
October 7 — The Dominion of Fiji is renamed the Republic of Fiji
February 22 — The Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, or Derg, is renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
January 1 — The Dominion of New Zealand is renamed New Zealand
1986[edit]
November 4 — The Northern Mariana Islands becomes an insular area dissolving the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
November 3 — Independence of Federated States of Micronesia from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
October 21 — Independence of the Marshall Islands from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
April 15 — The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is renamed the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
January 1 — In the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba becomes a separate autonomous county
1985[edit]
October 12 — The Republic of Ivory Coast is renamed the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
October 10 — The Democratic Republic of the Sudan is renamed the Republic of the Sudan
October 3 — In the Falkland Islands in the United Kingdom, the Falkland Islands Dependencies, disputed by Argentina, becomes a separate territory known as the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1984[edit]
August 4 — The Republic of Upper Volta is renamed Burkina Faso
February 4 — The United Republic of Cameroon is renamed the Republic of Cameroon
January 1 — Independence of Brunei from the United Kingdom
1983[edit]
November 15 — The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence from Cyprus, with only Turkey recognizing it
September 19 — Independence of Saint Christopher and Nevis (without Anguilla, therefore making it a separate dependency) from the United Kingdom as St. Kitts and Nevis
March 21 — The official capital of Ivory Coast is changed from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro
1982[edit]
August 15 — The unrecognized Kingdom of Rwenzururu is taken back by Uganda
June 22 — Democratic Kampuchea becomes exiled from Kampuchea, despite being a widely recognized UN member state, becomes a Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
April 18 — The capital of Zimbabwe, Salisbury, is renamed Harare
April 17 — The Dominion of Canada is renamed Canada
February 1 — Creation of the Senegambia Confederation
1981[edit]
December 26 — The Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone ceased to exist as the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq was fixed
December 4 — The Republic of Ciskei was declared independent by South Africa
November 1 — Independence of Antigua and Barbuda from United Kingdom
September 21 — Independence of Belize from United Kingdom
1980[edit]
July 30 — Independence of New Hebrides from France and United Kingdom condominium as Vanuatu
July 28 — The Peruvian Republic is renamed the Republic of Peru
July 24 — The Republic of Vemerana is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium, 6 days before Vanuatu achieves independence
May 27 — One day after Tafea was taken over, the Republic of Vemerana declared independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
May 26 — After 3½ months, the Nation of Tafea is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
April 18 — Zimbabwe-Rhodesia is renamed Zimbabwe upon full independence
February 15 — The Nation of Tafea declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
1970s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1979 December 25 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics occupies the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
December 12 The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia is dissolved as the United Kingdom regains control of Southern Rhodesia. Salisbury remains the capital.
October 27 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gain independence from the United Kingdom. Kingstown remains the capital.
October 1 The United States of America dissolves the Panama Canal Zone and returns sovereignty to the Republic of Panama. The United States and Panama will jointly operate the Panama Canal until December 31, 1999.
September 20 The Central African Empire changes its name back to the Central African Republic. Bangui remains the capital.
July 12 The Gilbert Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati. South Tarawa remains the capital.
June 1 The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) supersedes the Republic of Rhodesia, although neither are recognized. Salisbury remains the capital.
March 26 Israel agrees to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
February 22 Saint Lucia gains independence from the United Kingdom. Castries remains the capital.
January 10 The People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia). Phnom Penh remains the capital.
January 7 The Socialist Republic of Vietnam occupies Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia).
1978 November 3 Dominica gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of Dominica. Roseau remains the capital.
October 5 The State of Comoros changes its name to the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros. Moroni remains the capital.
October 1 Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom. Funafuti remains the capital.
July 7 The Solomon Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom. Honiara on Guadalcanal remains the capital.
September 7 The Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka changes its name to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Colombo remains the capital.
April 30 The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
1977 June 27 The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas gains independence from the French Republic as the Republic of Djibouti. The city of Djibouti remains the capital.
March 2 The Libyan Arab Republic changes its name to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Tripoli remains the capital.
1976 December 28 The Socialist People's Republic of Albania supersedes the People's Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
December 4 The Central African Republic changes its name to the Central African Empire. Bangui remains the capital.
July 17 The Republic of Indonesia declares that East Timor is the Indonesian Province of Timor Timur.
July 2 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam unite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City yields to Hanoi as the capital.
July 1 The French Republic elevates its Overseas Territory of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to the Overseas Department of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Saint-Pierre remains the capital.
June 29 The Seychelles become independent from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Seychelles. Victoria remains the capital.
June 24 The Republic of the Philippines reinstates Manila as the capital. Quezon City, the capital from 1948, was incorporated with Manila and 15 surrounding suburbs to form Metro Manila. Baguio is no longer a summer capital.
February The People's Republic of Mozambique changes the name of its capital from Lourenço Marques to Maputo.
February 27 The Polisario Front declares the creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in the region known as Western Sahara. Laayoune is the proclaimed capital, while Tifariti serves as the temporary capital. Morocco considers the SADR part of its sovereign territory, while the United Nations considers Spain the administering state.
1975 December 30 The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Antananarivo remains the capital.
December 7 The Republic of Indonesia invades East Timor.
December 2 Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) supersedes the Kingdom of Laos. Vientiane remains the capital.
November 30 The Republic of Dahomey changes its name to the People's Republic of Benin. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
November 28 The Portuguese colony of East Timor declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of East Timor. Dili remains the capital. Portugal and most other nations refuse to recognize the new government.
November 25 Suriname (Dutch Guiana) gains full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the Republic of Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital.
November 22 The restored Kingdom of Spain supersedes the Spanish State. Madrid remains the capital.
November 14 The Spanish State relinquishes control of Spanish Sahara. Both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania annex the region, now known as Western Sahara.
November 11 The State of Angola gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital.
September 16 The Territory of Papua and New Guinea gains independence from the Commonwealth of Australia as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby remains the capital.
July 12 São Tomé and Príncipe gain independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. The city of São Tomé remains the capital.
July 6 The Comoros gain independence from the French Republic as the State of Comoros. Moroni on Grande Comore remains the capital.
July 5 Cabo Verde gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Cape Verde. Praia on Santiago remains the capital.
June 25 Mozambique gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Mozambique. Lourenço Marques remains the capital.
May 16 The Kingdom of Sikkim unites with India as the State of Sikkim.
April 30 The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam supersedes the Republic of Vietnam. The name of the capital is changed from Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City.
April 17 Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes the Khmer Republic. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
1974 December 13 The Republic of Malta supersedes the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital.
September 10 The Republic of Guinea changes its name to the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and moves its capital from Madina do Boe to Bissau. The Portuguese Republic recognizes the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.
June 28 The Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) supersedes the Ethiopian Empire. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
February 22 The Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognizes the independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
February 7 Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. St. George's remains the capital.
January 4 The Union of Burma changes its name to the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. Yangon remains the capital until 2005.
1973 November 19 Uruguay recognizes Martín García Island as Argentine.
September 24 Portuguese Guinea declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Guinea. Recognition is limited. Madina do Boe is the temporary capital.
July 17 The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
July 10 The Bahamas gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Nassau remains the capital.
July 10 The United Kingdom changes the name of its Crown Colony of British Honduras to the Crown Colony of Belize. Belmopan remains the capital.
1972 June 2 The United Republic of Cameroon supersedes the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
May 22 The Dominion of Ceylon changes its name to the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka. Colombo remains the capital until 1982.
February 10 The emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates. The city of Ras al-Khaimah yields to Abu Dhabi as the capital.
1971 December 2 The Trucial States gain full independence from the United Kingdom as the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi is the capital.
October 27 The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes its name to the Republic of Zaire. Kinshasa remains the capital.
September 3 Qatar gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Qatar. Doha remains the capital.
September 1 The Arab Republic of Egypt supersedes the United Arab Republic. Cairo remains the capital.
August 16 Bahrain gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital.
March 26 The People's Republic of Bangladesh declares its independence from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Dhaka is the capital.
1970 December 1 The People's Republic of South Yemen changes its name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Aden remains the capital.
October 10 Fiji gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
August 1 The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of British Honduras from Belize City to Belmopan.
July 4 The Kingdom of Tonga gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Nukuʻalofa remains the capital.
March 18 The Khmer Republic (Cambodia) supersedes the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh is the capital.
March 2 Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) unilaterally declares itself the Republic of Rhodesia. Salisbury remains the capital.
January 15 The Republic of Biafra capitulates and is reabsorbed by the military junta controlled Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu falls to Lagos.
1979[edit]
December 12 — The Republic of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia is taken back over by the United Kingdom
October 27 — Independence of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from United Kingdom
September 20 — Central African Empire is renamed Central African Republic
September 13 — The Republic of Venda is given independence by South Africa
July 12 — Independence of the Gilbert Islands from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Kiribati
June 1 — The Republic of Rhodesia becomes the transitional state of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
April 1 — Iran changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Iran
March 26 — Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, Sinai Peninsula is returned to Egypt
February 22 — Independence of Saint Lucia from United Kingdom
February 11 — The Imperial State of Iran changes its name to Iran
January 10 — The People's Republic of Kampuchea after an overthrow of the democratic government comes into existence where Cambodia is
1978[edit]
December 29 — After a transition to democracy, the Spanish State is renamed the Kingdom of Spain
November 3 — Independence of the Commonwealth of Dominica from the United Kingdom
October 1
Independence of Tuvalu from the United Kingdom
The State of the Comoros is renamed the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
September 7 — The Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka is renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
July 7 — Independence of Solomon Islands from the United Kingdom
April 30 — The Republic of Afghanistan is renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
The capital of Sri Lanka is moved from Colombo to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
1977[edit]
December 6 — The Republic of Bophuthatswana is declared independent by South Africa
June 27 — Independence of French Territory of the Afars and Issas as Djibouti
March 2 — The Libyan Arab Republic is renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1976[edit]
December 28 — The People's Republic of Albania is renamed the Socialist People's Republic of Albania
December 4 — The Central African Republic is renamed the Central African Empire
October 26 — The Republic of Transkei is given independence by South Africa
August 7 — The Republic of North Solomons is taken by Papua New Guinea
July 2 — The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam merges into the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
June 29 — Independence of the Republic of Seychelles from the United Kingdom
June 24 — The capital of the Philippines moves from Quezon City (official) and Baguio (summer) to Manila
June 23 — In the British Indian Ocean Territory, the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches are returned to Seychelles, six days before its independence
March 1 — Trinidad and Tobago is renamed the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
February 27 — The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic declares independence from Spain in Western Sahara
February 3 — In Mozambique, the capital of Lourenço Marques is renamed to Maputo
1975[edit]
December 30 — The Malagasy Republic is renamed the Democratic Republic of Madagascar
December 7 — East Timor is completely taken over by Indonesia
December 2 — The Kingdom of Laos is overthrown, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic takes power
November 30 — The Republic of Dahomey is renamed the People's Republic of Benin
November 28 — The Democratic Republic of East Timor declares independence from Portugal it is annexed by Indonesia by military force, but still achieves independence for a little over 1 week
November 25 — Independence of the Republic of Suriname from the Netherlands
November 14 — After negotiating the Madrid Accords with Morocco and Mauritania, Spain withdrew its forces and settlers from the Spanish Sahara, which became Western Sahara.
November 11
Due to Angola achieving independence, Angolan Forces invaded the Republic of Cabinda, successfully taking it back
Independence of the People's Republic of Angola from Portugal
September 16 — Independence of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea from Australia
September 1 — The Republic of North Solomons declares independence from Australia
August 1 — The Republic of Cabinda declares independence from Portugal with little recognition
July 12 — Independence of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe from Portugal
July 6 — Independence of the State of the Comoros from France
July 5 — Independence of the Republic of Cape Verde from Portugal
June 25 — Independence of the People's Republic of Mozambique from Portugal
May 16 — Sikkim officially becomes the 22nd state of the Indian Union
April 30 — Due to losing the Vietnam War, the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) is disestablished, and the socialist republican government of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, allied with North Vietnam takes over
April 17 — The Khmer Republic was disestablished, and the Democratic Kampuchea takes control of Cambodia
1974[edit]
December 13 — The State of Malta is renamed the Republic of Malta
October 19 — Niue becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing New Zealand citizenship
September 12 — The Empire of Ethiopia is overthrown by the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (or Derg)
September 10 — The Independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau is internationally recognized, and the capital is moved from Madina do Boe to Bissau
August 16 — Turkish army reach the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus, gaining about 40% of the territory of the island of Cyprus, after the invasion started on 20 July.
June 29 — The Tanna Nation is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
March 24 — The Tanna Nation declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
February 7 — Independence of Grenada from the United Kingdom
January 3 — The Union of Burma is renamed the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
The capital of Malawi is moved from Zomba to Lilongwe
1973[edit]
September 24 — Independence of Portuguese Guinea from Portugal as the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, which is internationally unrecognized
July 17 — The Kingdom of Afghanistan is renamed the Republic of Afghanistan
July 10 — Independence of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas from the United Kingdom
June 1
British Honduras is renamed Belize
The Kingdom of Greece is renamed the Hellenic Republic
In the Gambia, the capital of Bathurst is renamed Banjul
1972[edit]
June 2 — The Federal Republic of Cameroon is renamed the United Republic of Cameroon
May 22 — The Dominion of Ceylon is renamed the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka
May 14 — Ryukyu Islands are returned to Japan
February 11 — The Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates
February 10 — The Island of Rockall Act 1972 formally incorporated Rockall into the United Kingdom
The capital of Indonesia, Djakarta, is renamed Jakarta
1971[edit]
Formation of the United Arab Emirates:
December 2 — The Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain form to become the United Arab Emirates
December 1 — The Trucial States declare independence from the United Kingdom as the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain
Independence of Bangladesh:
December 16 — Bangladesh wins independence from Pakistan
March 26 — The People's Republic of Bangladesh, previously the province of Pakistan under the name East Pakistan, declares independence
October 27 — The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of Zaire
October 25 — The Republic of China was replaced in the United Nations by the People's Republic of China.
September 11 — The United Arab Republic is renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt
September 3 — Independence of the State of Qatar from the United Kingdom
August 15 — Independence of the State of Bahrain from the United Kingdom
April 19 — Sierra Leone is renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone
1970[edit]
December 1 — The People's Republic of Yemen is renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
October 10 — Independence of the Dominion of Fiji from the United Kingdom
October 9 — The Kingdom of Cambodia is renamed the Khmer Republic
August 9 — The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is renamed the Sultanate of Oman
June 4 — Independence of the Kingdom of Tonga from the United Kingdom
April 24 — The Gambia is renamed the Republic of the Gambia
March 2 — Rhodesia is renamed the Republic of Rhodesia
February 23 — Guyana is renamed the Co-operative Republic of Guyana
January 12 — The Republic of Biafra is taken back over by Nigeria
January 3 — The Republic of the Congo is renamed the People's Republic of the Congo
The capital of British Honduras is moved from Belize City to Belmopan due to vast destruction by Hurricane Hattie
1960s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1969 October 21 The Somali Democratic Republic supersedes the Somali Republic. Mogadishu remains the capital.
September 1 The Libyan Arab Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Libya. Tripoli remains the capital.
May 25 The Democratic Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Republic of the Sudan. Khartoum remains the capital.
1968 November 11 The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
October 12 Spanish Guinea gains independence from the Spanish State as the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Malabo remains the capital.
September 6 The Kingdom of Swaziland gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Mbabane is the capital.
March 12 Mauritius gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Mauritius. Port Louis remains the capital.
January 31 Nauru gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship jointly administered by the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as the Republic of Nauru. Yaren remains the de facto capital.
1967 November 7 South Yemen declares its independence from the United Kingdom as the People's Republic of South Yemen. Aden is the capital.
June 10 Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from the United Arab Republic (Egypt), the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria as a result of the Six-Day War.
May 30 The Republic of Biafra secedes from the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu is the capital.
January 24 The Republic of the United States of Brazil changes its name to the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brasilia remains the capital.
1966 November 30 Barbados gains independence from the United Kingdom. Bridgetown remains the capital.
November 28 The Republic of Burundi supersedes the Kingdom of Burundi. Bujumbura remains the capital.
October 4 The Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Lesotho. Maseru remains the capital.
September 30 Bechuanaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Botswana. Gaborone remains the capital.
July 6 Nyasaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Malawi. Lilongwe remains the capital.
June 30 The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes the name of its capital from Léopoldville to Kinshasa.
May 26 The Crown Colony of British Guiana gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Georgetown remains the capital.
1965 November 11 The Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia issues its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom as Rhodesia, which goes unrecognized. Salisbury remains the capital.
August 21 The Romanian People's Republic changes its name to Socialist Republic of Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
August 9 The Republic of Singapore secedes from Malaysia. Singapore remains the capital.
July 26 The British Protectorate over the Sultanate of Maldives ends. Male remains the capital.
February 18 The Gambia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of the Gambia. Banjul remains the capital.
1964 November 1 The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar changes its name to the United Republic of Tanzania. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
October 24 Northern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zambia. Lusaka remains the capital.
September 21 The Crown Colony of Malta gains independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital.
August 1 The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville) changes its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Léopoldville remains the capital.
July 6 Malawi gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lilongwe remains the capital.
April 26 The Republic of Tanganyika and the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba unite to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Zanzibar City yields to Dar-es-Salaam as the capital.
March 4 The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is established in the Republic of Cyprus between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities.
1963 December 12 The Republic of Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Nairobi remains the capital.
September 23 The United Suvadive Republic is reunited with the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo yields to Male as the capital.
September 16 The Federation of Malaya unites with the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo (Sabah) to form Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur remains the capital.
April 25 The Kingdom of Libya supersedes the United Kingdom of Libya. Tripoli remains the capital.
April 7 The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
The Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba gains independence from the United Kingdom. Zanzibar City remains the capital.
1962 October 9 The Republic of Uganda gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kampala remains the capital.
September 27 Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) is overthrown by the Yemen Arab Republic. San'a becomes the capital.
September 25 Algeria becomes the People's Democratic Algerian Republic. Algiers remains the capital.
August 31 The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago gains independence from the United Kingdom. Port of Spain remains the capital.
August 6 The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of the Cayman Islands. George Town is the capital.
The Crown Colony of Jamaica gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kingston remains the capital.
July 3 The French overseas department of Algeria gains independence from the French Republic. Algiers remains the capital.
July 1 The Kingdom of Burundi and the Republic of Rwanda become independent from the Kingdom of Belgium. Bujumbura and Kigali are the respective capitals.
May 31 The West Indies Federation is dissolved and member states return to their status as parts of the British West Indies. Chaguaramas yields to London as the capital. Most of the territories involved will become independent by 1983.
January 1 The Independent State of Western Samoa gains independence from New Zealand. Apia remains the capital.
1961 December 28 The Syrian Arab Republic secedes from the United Arab Republic, leaving Egypt as the sole member of the federation. Cairo remains the capital of the UAR. Damascus is again the capital of Syria.
December 19 The Republic of India annexes Goa, Daman and Diu from the Portuguese India.
December 9 The Republic of Tanganyika gains independence from the United Kingdom. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
October 1 The southern portion of the British Cameroons gains independence from the United Kingdom and unites with the Republic of Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
June 23 The Antarctic Treaty System enters force to administer the continent of Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south.
June 19 The State of Kuwait gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuwait City remains the capital.
May 31 The Union of South Africa ceases to be a Commonwealth realm and changes its name to the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein remain the capitals.
April 27 The Republic of Sierra Leone gains independence from the United Kingdom. Freetown remains the capital.
1960 November 28 The Islamic Republic of Mauritania gains independence from the French Republic. Nouakchott remains the capital.
October 1 The Federal Republic of Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lagos remains the capital.
September 22 The Republic of Mali gains independence from the French Republic. Bamako remains the capital.
August 20 The Republic of Senegal gains independence from the French Republic. Dakar remains the capital.
August 17 The Gabonese Republic (Gabon) gains independence from the French Republic. Libreville remains the capital.
August 16 The Republic of Cyprus gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lefkosia (Nicosia) remains the capital. The United Kingdom retains control of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
August 15 The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) gains independence from the French Republic. Brazzaville remains the capital.
August 13 The Central African Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Bangui remains the capital.
August 11 The Republic of Chad gains independence from the French Republic. N'Djamena remains the capital.
August 7 The Republic of Ivory Coast gains independence from the French Republic. Abidjan remains the capital.
August 5 The Republic of Upper Volta gains independence from the French Republic. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
August 3 The Republic of Niger gains independence from the French Republic. Niamey remains the capital.
August 1 The Republic of Dahomey gains independence from the French Republic. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
July 11 The Czechoslovak Republic changes its name to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Prague remains the capital.
July 1 The Somali Republic (Somalia) is created from a merger of the former colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. Mogadishu is the capital.
June 30 The Belgian Congo gains independence from the Kingdom of Belgium as the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville). Léopoldville remains the capital.
June 26 The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains independence from the French Republic. Antananarivo remains the capital.
April 27 The Togolese Republic (Togo) gains independence from the French Republic. Lomé remains the capital.
April 21 The Republic of the United States of Brazil moves its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília.
January 1 The Republic of Cameroun gains independence from the French Republic. Yaoundé remains the capital.
1969[edit]
December 18 — The Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone was divided, and the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait was defined
October 21 — The Somali Republic is renamed the Somali Democratic Republic
September 1 — After a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi, the Kingdom of Libya becomes the Libyan Arab Republic
May 25 — The Republic of the Sudan is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
March 19 — The Republic of Anguilla is taken back by the United Kingdom
January 4 — Ifni is ceded to Morocco
1968[edit]
November 11 — The Sultanate of the Maldive Islands is renamed the Republic of Maldives
October 12 — Independence of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea from Spain
September 6 — Independence of the Kingdom of Swaziland from the United Kingdom
June 26 — The Allied occupied Bonin-Volcano Islands are given back to Japan
March 12 — Independence of Mauritius from the United Kingdom
January 31 — Independence of the Republic of Nauru from Australia
1967[edit]
November 30 — Independence of the Aden Protectorate as the People's Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) from the United Kingdom
Era of the Republic of Benin:
September 20 — The Republic of Benin is taken over by Nigeria
September 19 — The Republic of Benin becomes a puppet state that has no recognition from the parent state (Biafra)
September 8 — Uganda is renamed the Republic of Uganda
August 17 — Biafra takes over the Benin region
August 14 — In Pakistan, the capital is moved from Rawalpindi to Islamabad
July 12 — The Republic of Anguilla declares independence from the United Kingdom
July 5 — French Somaliland is renamed French Territory of the Afars and Issas
The Six Day War results in Israeli control of:
June 10 — Golan Heights from Syria
June 8 — Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
June 6 — Gaza Strip from Egypt, East Jerusalem and West Bank from Jordan
May 30 — The Republic of Biafra declares independence from Nigeria with partial recognition[36]
March 15 — The Republic of the United States of Brazil is renamed the Federative Republic of Brazil
1966[edit]
November 30 — Independence of Barbados from the United Kingdom
November 28 — The Kingdom of Burundi is renamed the Republic of Burundi
October 4 — Independence of Basutoland from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Lesotho
September 30 — Independence of Bechuanaland from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Botswana
July 6 — Malawi is renamed the Republic of Malawi
May 26 — Independence of British Guiana from the United Kingdom as Guyana
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the capital of Léopoldville is renamed Kinshasa
1965[edit]
November 11 — Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Rhodesia
November 8 — The United Kingdom creates the British Indian Ocean Territory from the Chagos Archipelago in Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from Seychelles, as Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago
August 21 — The Romanian People's Republic is renamed the Socialist Republic of Romania
August 9 — Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia and becomes the independent Republic of Singapore
August 4 — The Cook Islands becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing citizenship
July 26 — Independence of the Sultanate of the Maldive Islands from the United Kingdom
February 18 — Independence of Gambia from the United Kingdom
1964[edit]
December 12 — Kenya is renamed Republic of Kenya
October 29 — The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed the Republic of Tanzania
October 24 — Independence of Northern Rhodesia from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zambia
September 21 — Independence of the State of Malta from the United Kingdom
August 1 — The Republic of the Congo is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo
July 6 — Independence of Nyasaland from the United Kingdom as Malawi
April 26 — The Republic of Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba are united under the name United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
January 12 — The Sultanate of Zanzibar is renamed the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba
1963[edit]
December 31 — Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland
December 15 — The Spanish colonies of Fernando Pó and Río Muni merge to form Spanish Guinea
December 12 — Independence of Kenya from the United Kingdom
December 10 — Independence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar from the United Kingdom
October 1 — The Federation of Nigeria is renamed the Federal Republic of Nigeria
September 23 — The Suvadive Islands are taken back over from the United Kingdom
September 16 — The Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore merge to become Malaysia
August 31 — Independence of the Republic of Singapore from the United Kingdom
June 30 — Independence of the Kingdom of Rwenzururu from Uganda with no recognition
May 1 — United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in New Guinea is transferred to Indonesia
April 25 — The United Kingdom of Libya is renamed the Kingdom of Libya
April 7 — The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
March 3 — The disputed area of the Trans-Karakoram Tract is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it
January 15 — Katanga is taken back by Congo (Léopoldville)
1962[edit]
December 9 — Tanganyika is renamed the Republic of Tanganyika
November 21 — The disputed area of the Aksai Chin is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it
November 14 — Eritrea becomes a province of the Ethiopian Empire, losing the autonomy it had under federation
October 9 — Independence of Uganda from the United Kingdom
October 1 — Netherlands New Guinea is transferred to United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
September 27 — The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is renamed the Yemen Arab Republic
September 26 — The capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is moved from Ta'izz to Sana'a
September 25 — The Algerian State is renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
August 31 — Independence of Trinidad and Tobago from the United Kingdom
August 6 — Independence of Jamaica from the United Kingdom
July 5 — After a referendum, the Algerian State becomes independent from France
July 1 — Independence of Ruanda-Urundi from Belgium as two sovereign states:
The Kingdom of Burundi
The Rwandese Republic
May 31 — Dissolution of the West Indies Federation:
The Cayman Islands are split from Jamaica
Barbados, Jamaica, Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands become their own separate British colonies
The British Leeward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, and Saint Kitts and Nevis
The British Windward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Dominica, Grenada, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
March 3 — The United Kingdom officially gives the territory claimed in Antarctica an entity, the British Antarctic Territory, although this is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty
January 1 — Independence of the Independent State of Western Samoa from New Zealand
1961[edit]
December 26 — The United Arab States is dissolved into the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Syria, and North Yemen
December 19 — Goa was annexed by India using military force from Portugal
December 9 — Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom
December 1 — The Netherlands New Guinea is renamed West Papua
October 1 — Southern British Cameroon merges with the Republic of Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon
September 28 — In the United Arab States, Syria leaves the United Arab Republic, returning to the name of the Syrian Arab Republic
August 11 — The Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli joins India, as Portugal ceases to claim it
August 1 — Portugal cedes São João Baptista de Ajudá to Dahomey
July 31 — Portuguese fort São João Baptista de Ajudá (now Ouidah), is annexed by Dahomey
June 19 — Independence of the State of Kuwait from the United Kingdom
May 31
Northern British Cameroon joins Nigeria
The Union of South Africa is renamed the Republic of South Africa
April 27 — Independence of Sierra Leone from the United Kingdom
January 14 — India annexes Portuguese India, and Portugal keeps claims on it
1960[edit]
The British Virgin Islands become a separate colony from the West Indies Federation
November 28 — Independence of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania from France
October 1 — Independence of the Federation of Nigeria from the United Kingdom
September 22 — The Soudanese Republic is renamed the Republic of Mali
August 20 — Dissolution of the Mali Federation
Withdrawal of the Republic of Senegal from the Mali Federation
The Soudanese Republic is left from the former Mali Federation
August 17 — Independence of the Gabonese Republic from France
August 16 — Independence of the Republic of Cyprus from the United Kingdom, but still claim the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
August 15 — Independence of the Republic of the Congo from France
August 13 — Independence of the Central African Republic from France
August 11
Independence of the Republic of Chad from France
The Czechoslovak Republic is renamed the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
August 7 — Independence of the Republic of Ivory Coast from France
August 5 — Independence of the Republic of Upper Volta from France
August 3 — Independence of the Republic of Niger from France
August 1
Independence of the Republic of Dahomey from France
The capital of Pakistan is moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi
July 11 — Independence of the State of Katanga from the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) with no recognition
July 1
Independence of Trust Territory of Somalia from Italy and union with the State of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic
Independence of the Belgian Congo from Belgium under the name Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), although soon after, this was not a stable state of affairs, as the Congo Crisis occurred
June 26
Independence of the Malagasy Republic from France
Independence of British Somaliland as the State of Somaliland
June 20 — Independence of French Sudan from France with Senegal as the Mali Federation
April 27 — Independence of the Togolese Republic from France
April 21 — The federal capital of Brazil is moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília, a purpose-built city
January 1 — Independence of the Republic of Cameroun from France
1950s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1959 January 3 The United Suvadive Republic secedes from the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo is the capital.
1958 October 15 The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains autonomy within the French Community. Antananarivo is the capital.
October 2 The Republic of Guinea gains independence from the French Republic. Conakry is the capital.
July 14 The Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are created from the dissolution of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Baghdad remains the capital of Iraq. Amman is again the capital of Jordan.
February 22 The Egyptian Republic and the Syrian Arab Republic unite to form the United Arab Republic. Damascus yields to Cairo as the capital.
February 14 The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan unite to form the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Amman yields to Baghdad as the capital.
January 3 The United Kingdom establishes the West Indies Federation as a federation of most of the British West Indies, excluding the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas. The de jure capital is Chaguaramas on Trinidad and the de facto capital is Port of Spain on Trinidad.
1957 August 31 The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuala Lumpur is the capital.
March 6 The Republic of Ghana gains independence from the United Kingdom. Accra is the capital.
1956 June 18 The Egyptian Republic declares its complete independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo remains the capital.
March 23 Pakistan adopts a new constitution and changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Karachi remains the capital.
March 20 The Tunisian Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Tunis is the capital.
March 2 The Kingdom of Morocco gains independence from the French Republic. Rabat is the capital.
January 1 The Republic of Sudan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Khartoum is the capital. Egypt relinquishes its claim to Sudan.
1955 The Kingdom of Bhutan makes Thimphu the sole capital.
May 15 The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) regains its independence. Allied occupation ends. Vienna (German: Wien) is the capital.
1954 December 20 The French Republic recognizes the independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
December 15 The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Curaçao one of its three constituent countries as the Netherlands Antilles. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Surinam one of its three constituent countries as Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital.
August 11 The Republic of India annexes Dadra and Nagar Haveli from the Portuguese India.
March 7 The Sultanate of Maldives supersedes the Republic of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
July 20 The French Republic recognizes the independence of Vietnam divided between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Hanoi and Saigon are the respective capitals.
1953 November 9 The Kingdom of Cambodia declares its independence from the French Republic. Phnom Penh is the capital.
July 27 The Korean Armistice Agreement is signed, establishing the Korean Demilitarized Zone along the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
October 22 The Kingdom of Laos (Laos) gains independence from the French Republic. Vientiane is the capital.
June 13 The Egyptian Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Egypt. Cairo remains the capital.
January 1 The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
1952 July 25 The Territory of Puerto Rico becomes the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico upon ratification of the Constitution of Puerto Rico, choosing free association with the United States of America. San Juan remains the capital.
July 22 The Republic of Poland changes its name to the Polish People's Republic. Warsaw remains the capital.
1951 December 24 The United Kingdom of Libya gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship, previously having been divided into the independent Emirate of Cyrenaica, British-administered Tripolitania and the French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames. Tripoli is the capital.
February 15 The Republic of Poland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics exchange territory along their common border.
1950 August 17 The Republic of the United States of Indonesia becomes a unitary state and changes its name back to Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta remains the capital
January 26 The India adopts a republican constitution and changes its name to the Republic of India. New Delhi remains the capital.
1959[edit]
July 4 — In the West Indies Federation, Turks and Caicos Islands becomes a separate colony from Jamaica
June 30 — Fernando Pó and Río Muni are merged to form Spanish Guinea
April 4 — In French Africa, the colonies of Senegal and Soudan merge to form the Mali Federation
January 3 — The Suvadive Islands declare independence from the United Kingdom with no recognition
1958[edit]
Formation of the French Community:
December 19 — The French Colony of Niger joins the French Community
December 11 — The French Colony of Upper Volta joins the French Community
December 4
The French Colony of Dahomey joins the French Community
The French Colony of Ivory Coast joins the French Community
December 1 — The French Colony of Ubangi-Shari joins the French Community as the Central African Republic
November 28
The French Colony of Chad joins the French Community
The French Colony of Congo joins the French Community
The French Colony of Gabon joins the French Community
The French Colony of Mauritania joins the French Community
The French Colony of Senegal joins the French Community
The French Colony of French Sudan joins the French Community as Soudan
October 14 — The French Colony of Madagascar joins the French Community as the Malagasy Republic
October 2 — Independence of the Republic of Guinea from France
October 1 — Sovereignty over Christmas Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia
July 14 — The Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan is disestablished as the Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (along with East Jerusalem and West Bank)
April 10 — Spanish West Africa is disestablished:
The province of Ifni becomes a separate colony
The province of Cape Juby is ceded to Morocco
The provinces of Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra become Spanish Sahara
March 8 — The United Arab States are created from Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) and the United Arab Republic
February 22 — The French administered United Nations Trust Territory of French Togoland is renamed Togo
February 14 — The Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (along with East Jerusalem and West Bank) form the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
February 1 — The Syrian Republic and Republic of Egypt form the United Arab Republic
January 12 — Ifni is separated from Spanish West Africa
January 3 — Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, the British Leeward Islands, and the British Windward Islands are joined together to form the West Indies Federation
1957[edit]
August 31 — Independence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom
August 14 — The Sherifian Empire is renamed the Kingdom of Morocco
July 25 — The Tunisian Realm is renamed the Tunisian Republic
March 6 — Independence of the Gold Coast Colony from the United Kingdom as Ghana
January 1 — Saar is given to West Germany as the state of Saarland
1956[edit]
December 13 — British Togoland is merged into the Gold Coast
October 29 — The international zone under joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium is reintegrated into Morocco
April 7 — Spanish Morocco becomes part of Morocco
March 20 — Independence of the Tunisian Realm from France
March 2 — Independence of Morocco from France as the Sherifian Empire
January 1 — Independence of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from Egypt and United Kingdom condominium as the Republic of the Sudan
1955[edit]
November 23 — The United Kingdom gives the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia
October 26 — The State of Vietnam is renamed the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)
September 18 — Rockall officially claimed by the United Kingdom
August 6 — The French overseas territory of Adélie Land and the Malagasy dependencies of the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam merge to form the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1954[edit]
December 15 — The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of three autonomous countries, formally under sovereignty of the Netherlands:
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
Suriname
October 26 — End of the Free Territory of Trieste, divided between Italy and Yugoslavia
August 15 — The Free Dadra is renamed the Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli
August 2 — In the Free Dadra, the capital is moved from Dadra to Silvassa
July 22 — The Free Dadra declared independence from Portugal with recognition only from India
July 21 — Independence of the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and this leads to international recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
April 27 — Geneva Accords grant independence to Vietnam, provisionally divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam
1953[edit]
November 9 — Independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia from France
October 22 — Independence of the Kingdom of Laos from France
August 1 — The British colonies of Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland merge to form Rhodesia and Nyasaland
July 27 — End of Korean War re-partitions Korean peninsula
June 19 — The Kingdom of Egypt is renamed the Republic of Egypt
April 15 — The United States of Venezuela is renamed the Republic of Venezuela
1952[edit]
October 17 — The unrecognized Republic of the South Moluccas is taken back over by Indonesia
September 15 — Italian Eritrea is federated with the Ethiopian Empire
July 22 — The Republic of Poland is renamed the People's Republic of Poland
April 28 — End of Allied occupation of Japan
1951[edit]
December 24 — Independence of Fezzan from France and Cyrenaica and Tripolitania from the United Kingdom as the United Kingdom of Libya
June 11 — Due to Portuguese colonies being reorganized as overseas provinces, Portuguese East Africa is renamed Mozambique and Portuguese West Africa renamed Angola
May 23 — The unrecognized country of Tibet is taken over by China
1950[edit]
December 5 — The Kingdom of Sikkim signed a protectorate treaty with India, becoming a part of it
August 17 — The Republic of the United States of Indonesia is renamed the Republic of Indonesia
April 25 — The Republic of the South Moluccas declares independence from Indonesia with no recognition
January 26 — The Union of India is renamed the Republic of India

1940s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1949 December 8 The government of the Republic of China leaves Mainland China for Taiwan where Taipei becomes the de facto capital.
December 27 The Republic of Indonesia becomes a federation as Republic of the United States of Indonesia and its independence is formally recognised by the Netherlands. The capital returns to Jakarta from Yogyakarta.
December 5 The State of Israel declares Jerusalem its official capital. Tel Aviv continues to serve as the de facto capital.
October 7 The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established in occupied eastern Germany. East Berlin is the capital.
October 1 Mao Zedong proclaims the People's Republic of China. Beijing is the capital.
September 7 The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is established in occupied western Germany. Bonn is the capital.
August 20 The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
May 11 The Kingdom of Siam changes its name back to the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok remains the capital.
March 31 The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada as the Province of Newfoundland following the Newfoundland referendums. St. John's yields to Ottawa as the capital.
March 10 Israel captures half of the land allotted to an Arab state under the Partition Plan, Jordan occupies the West Bank, and Egypt occupies the Gaza Strip as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
March 1 The Emirate of Cyrenaica is created from part of the British Military Administration of Libya. The capital is Benghazi.
1948 September 9 Korea is divided between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Pyongyang and Seoul are the respective capitals.
July 17 The Republic of the Philippines moves its capital from Manila to Quezon City.
May 14 The State of Israel is established upon the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine. Tel Aviv is the capital.
February 4 The Crown Colony of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Ceylon. Colombo remains the capital until 1982.
January 4 The Union of Burma gains independence from the United Kingdom. Yangon (British Rangoon) is the capital until 2005.
The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) moves its capital from Sana'a to Taiz.
1947 December 30 The Romanian People's Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
August 15 India gains independence from the United Kingdom. New Delhi is the capital.
August 14 Pakistan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Karachi is the capital.
1946 September 15 The People's Republic of Bulgaria supersedes the Tsardom of Bulgaria. Sofia is the capital.
July 4 The Republic of the Philippines gains independence from the United States of America. Manila is the capital until 1948.
May 25 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan gains independence from a British League of Nations Mandate. Amman is the capital.
March 19 The French Republic elevates its colonies of Algeria and Réunion to overseas departments.
The French Republic elevates its colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique to overseas departments.
The French Republic elevates its colony of Guyane (French Guyana) to an overseas department.
February 1 The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. Budapest remains the capital.
January 11 The People's Republic of Albania supersedes the Kingdom of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
January 4 The Republic of Indonesia moves its capital from Jakarta to Yogyakarta.
1945 December 2 The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
September 8 The Kingdom of Thailand changes its name back to the Kingdom of Siam. Bangkok remains the capital.
September 2 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declares its independence from the French Republic. Hanoi is the capital.
The Empire of Japan surrenders to Allied Forces.
August 17 The Republic of Indonesia declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Jakarta is the capital.
August 15 Korea gains independence from the Empire of Japan. Seoul is the capital.
May 8 The Greater German Empire surrenders to Allied Forces.
April 27 The second Republic of Austria is established in occupied Austria. Vienna is the capital. The independence is recognised by the Allied Forces.
1944 June 17 The Kingdom of Iceland ends its personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark and becomes a republic. Reykjavík remains the capital.
1943 November 22 The Lebanese Republic (Lebanon) gains independence from the French Republic. Beirut is the capital.
January The French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames is created when Free French forces from Chad invade southern Italian Libya. Sabha is the capital.
1942 November The British Military Administration of Libya begins when British forces invade Cyrenaica from Egypt.
1949[edit]
December 27 — Independence of the Republic of Indonesia from the Netherlands is internationally recognized as the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, the territories recognized as Indonesia were the following autonomous states:
Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation
Territory of Banjar
Central Java
Dayak Besar
East Indonesia
East Java
Federation of East Kalimantan
State of East Sumatra
State of Madura
Federation of Southeast Kalimantan
State of South Sumatra
Sundanese State
Special Territory of West Kalimantan
November 6 — The Australian administered Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua merge to form the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
November 21 — The British administered proctorates of the Emirate of Cyrenaica, the occuptied territory of Tripolitania, and the French occupied territory of Fezzan merge to form a joint administered Libya
November 8 — The French Indochina remains form the French administered Kingdom of Cambodia
November — The British occupied territory of Italian Somaliland is transferred to Italy as the Trust Territory of Somalia
October 20 — The Soviet backed East Turkestan Republic is taken over by the People's Republic of China
October 7 — German Democratic Republic (East Germany) established in Soviet occupation zone of Germany
October 1 — The People's Republic of China claims victory in the Chinese Civil War, and is unrecognized by any country, gradually gaining recognition as time goes on, while the Republic of China is exiled to Taiwan, gradually losing recognition as time goes on
September 9 — The Kingdom of Tripura merges with India
August 20 — The Republic of Hungary is renamed the People's Republic of Hungary
August 8 — The Indian protectorate of the Kingdom of Bhutan declares independence
July 19 — The area of Laos in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the Kingdom of Laos
June 20 — The 1948 Arab-Israeli War ends, resulting in former mandate territory split among Israel, Jordan, and Egypt
June 14 — The area of Vietnam in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the State of Vietnam, but North Vietnam still claims independence
May 23 — Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and West Berlin established in U.S., British, and French occupation zones of Germany
April 3 — The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
April 1 — The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada as its tenth province
March 2 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Central Java is established
March 1 — The British occupied territory of Cyrenacia is renamed the Emirate of Cyrenaica
1948[edit]
November 26 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of East Java is established
September 20 — Reorganization and naming of the Dutch colonies
Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Netherlands Antilles, as its dependencies gain equality in level of sovereignty
September 12 — The State of Hyderabad is reintegrated back into the Indian Union
September 9 — Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea out of Soviet occupied Korea (North Korea)
August 30 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of South Sumatra is established
August 15 — Establishment of the Republic of Korea out of British/American/United Nations occupied Korea (South Korea)
May 14 — Independence of the State of Israel after the British Empire ends the British Mandate for Palestine[37]
April 24 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is renamed the Sundanese State
April 18 — Ireland is declared a republic
April 1 — The Faroe Islands becomes a self-governing dependency
February 26 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is created
February 4
Independence of the Dominion of Ceylon from the United Kingdom
In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is renamed the Federation of East Kalimantan
January 30 — In the United Kingdom, the Malayan Union is renamed the Federation of Malaya
January 23
In the Dutch East Indies, the states of Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, and the Riau Council are merged as the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation
In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Madura is created
January 14 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Territory of Banjar is created
January 4 — Independence of the Union of Burma from the United Kingdom
1947[edit]
December 30 — The Kingdom of Romania is renamed the Romanian People's Republic
December 26 — Sovereignty over the Heard Island and McDonald Islands is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia
December 25 — In the Dutch East Indies, the Special Territory of East Sumatra is renamed the State of East Sumatra
December 15 — France claims the Saar as a protectorate from allied-occupied Germany
November 25 — The Dominion of New Zealand ceases to be a dominion of the British Empire
November 1 — The League of Nations Mandate of Nauru is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory
October 27 — The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu is divided between India and Pakistan[38]
October 16 — Seven of the Turtle Islands are ceded to the Philippines by the United Kingdom
October 8 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Special Territory of East Sumatra is created
September 15 — Creation of the Free Territory of Trieste
August 27 — In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is created
August 15 — Independence of the Union of India (with the protecterate of the Kingdom of Bhutan), the Kingdom of Sikkim, and the countries of Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad from the United Kingdom
August 14 — Independence of the Dominion of Pakistan
August 12 — Independence of the Balochistan(Kalat State)from United Kingdom
July 18 — The South Pacific (League of Nations) Mandate, governed by Japan, is transferred to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (under the United Nations, administered by the United States)
July 12 — In the Dutch East Indies, the following autonomous states are created:
Bangka Council
Riau Council
May 12 — In the Dutch East Indies, the Federation of West Kalimantan is renamed the Special Territory of West Kalimantan
February 10 — Italian Tientsin
January 25 — The New Zealand administered League of Nations Mandate of Western Samoa is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory
January 8 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of South Kalimantan is established
1946[edit]
December 27 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state State of Great East is renamed the State of East Indonesia
December 24 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of Great East is established
December 15 — The Soviet occupied area of the Republic of Mahabad is given back to Iran
Transfer of League of Nations Mandates to United Nations Trust Territories:
December 16 — British Cameroons and Cameroun (French administered)
December 13 — British Togoland, French Togoland, and the Belgian administered Ruanda-Urundi
December 11 — Tanganyika Territory is renamed Tanganyika (British administered)
December 8 — Territory of New Guinea (Australian administered)
December 10 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state Belitung Council is established
December 7 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state Dayak Besar is established
November — The Soviet occupied area of the Azerbaijan People's Government is returned to Iran
October 27 — Reorganization of French territories to overseas territories:
Uninhabited possessions:
Adélie Land
Colonies:
Comoros (separated from Madagascar)
French Equatorial Africa
French Establishments in India
French Establishments in Oceania is renamed the French Settlements in Oceania
French Somaliland is renamed the Territory of French Somaliland
French West Africa
Madagascar
New Caledonia and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
Saint Pierre and Miquelon is renamed the Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
October 22 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of West Kalimantan is established
October 14 — The Provisional Government of the French Republic is renamed the French Republic
September 15 — The Kingdom of Bulgaria is renamed the People's Republic of Bulgaria
July 26 — The Spanish colonies of Ifni and Spanish Sahara merge to form Spanish West Africa
July 13 — In Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia), the city of Podgorica is renamed Titograd
July 4
Independence of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United States as the Republic of the Philippines
The city of Königsberg is renamed Kaliningrad in the Soviet Union
June 2 — The Kingdom of Italy is renamed the Italian Republic
May 25 — The Emirate of Transjordan declares independence from the United Kingdom as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan
April 1 — Formation of the colony of the Malayan Union from the following protectorates
Federated Malay States
State of Johor Darul Ta'zim
State of Kedah Darul Aman
State of Kelantan Darul
State of Perlis Indera Kayangan
State of Terengganu Darul Iman
Straits Settlements (Singapore became a separate crown colony)
March 19 — The following French colonies became overseas department:
French Guiana (Inini is reintegrated back into French Guiana)
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Réunion
February 28 — The following French Concessions are ceded to the Republic of China:
Shanghai
Tientsin
Guangzhouwan renamed Zhanjiang
February 2 — The Kingdom of Hungary is renamed the Hungarian Republic
January 31 — The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
January 22 — The Soviet Union occupies part of northwestern Iran, and that area forms the puppet state of the Republic of Mahabad
January 11 — The Democratic Government of Albania is renamed the People's Republic of Albania
1945[edit]
World map of colonisation in 1945.
December 29 — The Netherlands New Guinea is separated from the Dutch East Indies
December 26 — Independence of the Republic of Poland
November 29 — The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
November — The Soviet Union invades northwest Iran and creates the puppet state of the Azerbaijan People's Government
October 25 — In occupied Japan, Taiwan is given to the Republic of China, the successor to the Qing dynasty.
October 17 — Soviet Union annexes northern East Prussia
October 16 — The Japanese puppet state of the Kingdom of Cambodia is taken over by France and put back under French Indochina
October 10 — In occupied Japan, the Banaba Island are given back over by the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, under the United Kingdom
October 7 — In occupied Japan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are given back to the British Raj
October — In occupied Japan, Christmas Island is given back to the United Kingdom
September 23 — The Kingdom of Laos, which was under Japanese occupation, is taken back by France as part of the French Indochina
September 16 — The British occupation of the Faroe Islands ends and handed back to Denmark
September 15 — The Soviet Union occupied People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) ends
September 13 — Nauru is taken back over by allied forces and put under a U.N. trusteeship, administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
September 12
Malaya is given back to the United Kingdom from occupied Japan, split into the Federated Malay States and the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim
Syonan-to is taken back over by the United Kingdom from Japan as the Straits Settlements
September 11 — In occupied Japan, Timor is split between the Portuguese East Timor and the Dutch West Timor
September 10 — Bourneo Kita and the occupation of the British protectorate of the Kingdom of Sarawak is taken back over by the United Kingdom as North Borneo
September 9 — Nanjing is taken over by the Republic of China
September 8 — The following states were freed from the Empire of Japan (which became occupied), and became their own states from Malaya
The State of Kedah Darul Aman, the State of Kelantan Darul Naim, the State of Perlis Indera Kayangan, and the State of Terengganu Darul Iman
September 4 — The United States occupies Wake Island from Japan
September 3 — The United States occupies the Bonin Islands and Volcano Islands from Japan
September 2
World War II ends, and the capital of the Republic of China is moved from Chongqing back to Nanking
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared independence from France
September
The Concessions of Shanghai, Tientsin, and Guangzhouwan are re-controlled by France from Japan
August 28 — British Hong Kong becomes a crown colony
August 22 — The Kwantung Leased Territory is given to the Republic of China
August 18 — The Japanese create a separate political entity for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
August 17
The Dutch East Indies declares independence, after being freed from Japanese forces by allied powers, from the Netherlands as the Republic of Indonesia
The Government in exile, Commonwealth of the Philippines, while semi-independent self-governing of the United States, takes over the Japanese occupied independent Republic of the Philippines
August 16 — The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong ends, being liberated by allied forces and put under British rule
August 15
The Great Empire of Manchuria is taken over by the Soviet Union
French Indochina is recovered by France
Chōsen is occupied by allied forces as Korea, as the Soviet Union occupies northern Korea
August 11 — The Japanese occupied Empire of Vietnam is taken back over by France
June 29 — A treaty is signed between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia having the Soviet Union annex Subcarpathian Ruthenia
June 14 — The State of Brunei is retaken by the United Kingdom and is classified as a protectorate
May 13 — The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is integrated back into Czechoslovakia
May 9
The Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Norway) is liberated by allied forces, and is given back its possessions (Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land)
The Channel Islands are liberated from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom as the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey
May 8
The Flensburg Government surrenders to the allies and is occupied
The Independent State of Croatia is taken over by allied forces and given back to Yugoslavia
May 7 — The Dodecanese Islands are taken over by allied forces and given to Greece
May 5
The occupation of the Kingdom of Denmark by the Flensburg Government (while given back Greenland from United States protection) ends
The Reichskommissariat Niederlande (the Netherlands) is liberated, and the colonies loyal to the government in exile of Curaçao and Dependencies and the Surinam are merged to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands
May 1 — Due to the death of Adolf Hitler, and the allied victory of the Battle of Berlin, the government was moved to Flensburg, and the Flensburg Government was created
April 27 — Anschluss is taken over by allied forces and was treated as the first victim of Nazi Germany, and occupied as the Republic of Austria
April 25 — The Italian Social Republic is taken over from Nazi Germany and given to the Kingdom of Italy
April 8 — The Kingdom of Laos declares independence under Japanese occupation, while Japanese Indochina ceases to exist as a political entity
April 4 — The Slovak Republic is liberated and given to the Czechoslovak Republic
April 3
The Czechoslovak Republic is liberated from Nazi Germany
The United States takes over the Ryukyu Islands and administers it as the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
March 27 — The State of Burma is taken back over by allied forces and becomes the British crown colony of Burma
March 20 — France regains Alsace-Lorraine
March 18 — The Kingdom of Cambodia declares independence from Japan under its occupation
March 11 — The Empire of Vietnam declares independence from Japan under its occupation
March 8 — The Kingdom of Hungary is liberated from Nazi Germany
January 17 — The Polish area of the General Government is liberated from Nazi Germany by allied forces
1944[edit]
December 31 — The Republic of Poland gains independence
December 15 — The Kingdom of Montenegro, a puppet state of Italian Social Republic (which is a puppet state of Nazi Germany), is taken over by allied forces
November 13 — The Independent State of Macedonia is liberated from axis powers, and Yugoslavia takes it back
November 12 — The East Turkestan Republic declares independence from the Republic of China
November 3 — The Hellenic State is completely liberated from the axis powers, with the Kingdom of Greece taken over the rest of it
October 20
The Albanian Kingdom is liberated from the axis powers as the Democratic Government of Albania
The Military Administration in Serbia is liberated from the axis powers, and Yugoslavia takes it back over
October 16 — The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a puppet state of Nazi Germany, keeping the name of the Kingdom of Hungary
October 13
The Kingdom of Greece returns to power after Athens is recovered
The Reichskommissariat Ostland is completely taken over by allied forces, and integrated into the Soviet Union
October 11 — The Soviet Union annexes the Tuvan People's Republic
September 11 — The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is liberated from Nazi Germany
September 8 — The Independent State of Macedonia is created in Bulgarian controlled Macedonia
September 3 — The Military Administration in Belgium and North France are liberated from Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Belgium is reformed, as Belgian Congo is put under the Belgian government control after being loyal to the government in exile
August 20 — The French State (Vichy France) is renamed the Provisional Government of the French Republic. All of its colonies remained loyal to the Free French Forces until Vichy France was disestablished, and Clipperton Island is returned
August 10 — Omiya Jima is taken over by the United States from Japan
June 17 — The Republic of Iceland declares independence from Denmark, under United States protection
February 2 — The Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Ukraine) is taken back over by the Soviet Union
1943[edit]
December 1 — The National Republic State of Italy is renamed the Italian Social Republic
November 22 — The Mandate of Syria, made up of the State of Greater Lebanon and the Syrian Republic, are given independence as the Lebanese Republic and the Syrian Republic, respectively
October 23 — The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are taken back over by allied forces
October 14 — The Philippines under the Japanese, is given independence as the Republic of the Philippines
September 23 — The part of Italy under German occupation is made into a separate country as the National Republican State of Italy
September 11 — The Dodecanese Islands becomes an occupied territory under Nazi Germany from Italy
September 10 — The Kingdom of Montenegro becomes a protectorate under Nazi Germany from Italy
September 8
The Albanian Kingdom becomes a protectorate of Nazi Germany from Italy
September — The French Antilles and Guiana is split into French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon
August 15 — Kiska is taken over by allied forces
August 1 — Burma is given independence under Japanese occupation as the State of Burma
July 30 — The Shanghai French Concession and the Tianjin French Concession are taken over by Japan
June 26 — The German Reich is officially renamed the Greater German Reich
May 30 — Attu Island is taken back over by the United States
February — Guangzhouwan is taken over by Japan
January 13 — Italian Libya (Fezzan) is taken over by allied forces from Italy, and was under the Free French Forces
1942[edit]
The Axis-controlled territory in Europe at the time of its maximal expansion (1941–42).
December 28 — The allied forces took back over French Somaliland from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
December 14 — The allied forces took back over Madagascar from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
November 28 — The allied forces took back over Réunion from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
November 8 — The allied forces took back over the Kingdom of Morocco from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
November 1 — The Karafuto Prefecture is integrated into Mainland Japan
November — The allied forces took back over French West Africa from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
October 23 — The allied forces takes over Tripolitania from Italy, and it becomes an occupied territory of the United Kingdom
October 9 — The Commonwealth of Australia ceases to be a dominion within the British Empire
August 26 — The Japanese occupy Banaba Island and Nauru from the United Kingdom
August 1 — The Japanese occupy Burma from the United Kingdom
June 7 — The Japanese occupy Atsuta Jima and Narukami Jima from the United States
March 31 — The Japanese occupy Christmas Island and the Straits Settlements (which is integrated into Japanese occupied Malaya) from the United Kingdom
March 23 — The Japanese occupy the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the United Kingdom
March 8 — The Japanese occupy the Netherlands East Indies from the Netherlands as Indonesia
February 20 — The Japanese occupy Portuguese Timor and Dutch Timor and combine them as Timor
February 15 — The Japanese occupy Singapore from the United Kingdom as Syonan-to
January 31 — The Japanese occupy the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim and the Federated Malay States from the United Kingdom and integrated into what is captured by the Japanese Malaya
January 18 — The Japanese occupy Boruneo Kita from the United Kingdom
January 6 — The Japanese occupy the State of Brunei Darussalam from the United Kingdom
January 2 — The Japanese occupy the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United States as the Philippines
1941[edit]
December 25 — The Japanese occupy British Hong Kong as the Hong Kong Occupied Territory
December 24 — The Japanese occupy the Kingdom of Sarawak, as Sarawak
December 23 — Wake Island is taken over by Japan from the United States as Otori Jima
December 22 — Within British Malaya, the State of Kelantan Darul Naim is taken over by Japan
December 14 — Within British Malaya, the State of Kedah Darul Aman is taken over by Japan
December 11 — The Japanese occupy the State of Terengganu Darul Iman from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya
December 10 — The Territory of Guam is taken over by Japan from the United States as Omiya Jima
December 8 — The Japanese begin the invasion of Malaya in the State of Perlis Indera Kavangan, as Malaya
November 28 — Italian East Africa is taken over by allied forces
July 17
After the invasion of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ostland
After the invasion of around Ukraine, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ukraine
July 12 — After Italy invades Montenegro, it creates the protectorate of the Kingdom of Montenegro
July — The French shares French Indochina with Japan
May 19 — Eritrea is taken over by the United Kingdom
May 5 — The Ethiopian Empire is revived after being under Italian control
April 30 — The Military Administration in Serbia is created after Nazi Germany invades it
April 17 — The Kingdom of Yugoslavia is dissolved due to axis invasions
April 9 — Greenland and the Kingdom of Iceland are put under United States protection from the Danish government-in-exile
April 6 — The Kingdom of Greece is taken over by axis forces
March 16 — The British Somaliland protectorate is taken back over by allied forces
February 26 — Allied forces take over Italian Somaliland, and is put under the United Kingdom
February — Cyrenaica is taken over by the United Kingdom
1940[edit]
November 12 — French Equatorial Africa is taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF)
November 4 — The international city of Tangier is taken over by Spain
September 22 — New Caledonia and Dependencies are taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the FFF
September 9 — French India is taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the FFF
September 2 — French Oceania is taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the FFF.
August 19 — British Somaliland is taken over by Italian forces, and put under Italian East Africa.
August 6 — The Estonian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 16th union republic. This move was not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
August 5 — The Latvian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 15th union republic. This move was not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
August 3 — The Lithuanian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 14th union republic. This move was not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
August 2 — The Moldavian SSR is annexed into the Soviet Union as the 13th union republic.
July 31 — The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is renamed the General Government.
July 21 — The Estonian, Latvian and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics are declared in Soviet-occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
July 1 — The Bailiwick of Jersey is taken over by Nazi Germany
June 30 — The Bailiwick of Guernsey is taken over by German Empire
June 28 — The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic is declared in Soviet-occupied Moldavia.
June 22 — The French Republic is renamed the French State (Vichy France)
June 17 — The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia.
June 15
The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Lithuania
Germany annexes Alsace-Lorraine
June 7 — The Kingdom of Norway and its possessions (Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land) is taken over by Nazi Germany
May 17 — The Kingdom of Belgium is taken over by Nazi Germany as the Military Administration in Belgium and North France, while Belgian Congo remains loyal to the government-in-exile
May 14 — The Kingdom of the Netherlands is taken over by Nazi Germany as the Reichskommissariat Niederlande, and its colonies remain loyal to the government-in-exile
May 10 — The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is taken over by Nazi Germany
April 12 — The Faroe Islands are put under British occupation
April 9 — The Kingdom of Denmark is taken over by Nazi Germany, while Greenland is self-governing
March 30 — The Provisional Government of China and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China merge to form the Reorganized National Government of China (Republic of China)
March 12 — The Finnish Democratic Republic is taken over by Finland
1930s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1939 July 10 The third German Empire changes its name to the Greater German Empire. Berlin remains as the capital.
June 23 The Kingdom of Siam changes its name to the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok remains the capital.
April 1 The Spanish State supersedes the Second Spanish Republic. Madrid remains the capital.
1938 March 13 The third German Empire absorbs the Federal State of Austria in Anschluss. Vienna yields to Berlin as the capital.
1937 The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of Aden. The city of Aden becomes the capital.
December 29 The Irish Free State changes its name to Ireland. Dublin remains the capital.
1936 The former colony of Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of Curaçao following the implementation of several laws resulting from the 1922 abolition of colonies in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital.
1935 Reza Shah Pahlavi changes the name of Imperial State of Persia to the Imperial State of Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
1934 The third German Empire supersedes the Weimar Republic. Berlin remains the capital.
Italy creates Italian Libya with the merger of the colonies of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan. The capital is Tripoli.
1932 October 3 The Iraqi Kingdom (Iraq) gains independence from the United Kingdom. Baghdad is the capital.
September 13 The Socialist Republic of Chile changes its name back to the Republic of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
June 4 The Republic of Chile changes its name to the Socialist Republic of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
1931 December 11 By the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada gains full control over its foreign policy and thus independence from the United Kingdom. Ottawa remains the capital.
April 14 The Second Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
1939[edit]
December 1 — The Finnish Democratic Republic is created after the Soviet invasion of Finland
October 12 — The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is created in Nazi Germany
October 6 — Poland is partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
September 28 — The Republic of Poland falls as a government, being under Nazi German occupation
September 14 — The colonies of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon merges into the colony of the French Antilles and Guiana
September 2 — The Free City of Danzig is taken over by Nazi Germany
September 1
World War II begins with the German invasion of Poland
The Japanese militarily occupied Mongol United Autonomous Government is renamed the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
July 23 — Turkey fully annexes the Republic of Hatay
April 12 — Italy annexes the Albanian Kingdom
April 6 — The islands of Canton and Enderbury are put under the Canton and Enderbury Islands condominium of the United States and the United Kingdom
April 1 — The Spanish Civil War ends with the Spanish State completely takes over Spain from the Spanish Republic
March 18 — Carpatho-Ukraine is annexed by Hungary
March 15 — Czechoslovakia is partitioned into the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine
1938[edit]
September 30
The Munich Agreement transfers the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany and gives parts of Slovakia to Hungary
The Czechoslovak Republic is renamed the Czecho-Slovak Republic
September 7 — The area known as Hatay, becomes an independent Hatay State, from Syria
July 29 — The Australian Federal Capital Territory is renamed the Australian Capital Territory
March 28 — The Reformed Government of China is formed after the Japanese invade northern China
March 12 — Nazi Germany annexes the Federal State of Austria in the Anschluss
March 8 — The United States claims the Canton and Enderbury Islands
January 14 — Norway lays claims in Antarctica as Queen Maud Land and lies between 20° west and 45° east
January 12 — Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of the crown colony of Saint Helena, part of the United Kingdom
1937[edit]
December 29 — Irish Free State adopts the Constitution of Ireland.
December 14 — Japanese invasion of China continues with the creation of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China
December 5 — The invasion of China by Japan continues with the invasion of Shanghai, creating the Dadao Municipal Government of Shanghai
November 22 — The Mongol Military Government is renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government
April 1 — The following colonies are split from the latter:
The Aden Settlement is separated from British India and is changed into the Aden Colony and Protectorate, in modern-day Yemen
British Burma is separated from the British Raj
1936[edit]
December 22 — The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 is ratified, and all British troops are withdrawn from Egypt, except for the Suez Canal Zone
December 5 — In the French Mandate of Syria, the Sanjak of Latakia is integrated into the Syrian Republic
December 2 — In the French Mandate of Syria, the Jabal ad-Druze is integrated into the Syrian Republic
October 14 — Spanish Guinea is taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces
September — Ifni and Spanish Sahara are taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces
August 6 — The British reassert their claim on Kanton Island
July 23 — The Spanish State claims to be the sole government of Spain
July 17 — Nationalist forces take over Spanish Morocco, starting the Spanish Civil War
June 1 — The Italian colonies of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland merge to form Italian East Africa
May 9 — The Ethiopian Empire is taken over by Italy as Italian Ethiopia after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War
1935[edit]
November 25 — The East Hebei Autonomous Council is created in China after the invasion of East Hebei by Japan
November 15 — The U.S. territory of the Philippines becomes a semi-independent Commonwealth of the Philippines
November 3 — The Hellenic Republic is renamed the Kingdom of Greece after a coup d'état, which restored the monarchy
April 1 — The Territory of the Saar Basin is taken over by Nazi Germany
March 26 — Jarvis Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to the United States
March 21 — The Imperial State of Persia is renamed the Imperial State of Iran
1934[edit]
October 15 — The Chinese Soviet Republic is taken back over by the Republic of China
October 7 — The Catalan State is taken back over by Spain
October 6 — The Catalan State declares independence from Spain
March 1 — The State of Manchuria is renamed the Great Empire of Manchuria
February 6 — The Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan is taken back over by the Republic of China
January 1 — The three Italian provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan become united into the colony of Libya
1933[edit]
November 12 — The Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
June 13 — The United Kingdom cedes Enderby Land and Victoria Land to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory
April 5 — Eric the Red's Land is ceded back to Denmark in Greenland
March 23 — The German Reich has a regime change, and Nazi Germany takes over, under the same name
1932[edit]
October 3 — Independence of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Iraq
September 23 — The personal union of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz unify to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
September 13 — The Socialist Republic of Chile is put back in control by the Republic of Chile
June 4 — The Republic of Chile falls, and the Socialist Republic of Chile takes over
February 18 — Japan takes over northern China, and creates the State of Manchuria
1931[edit]
November 7 — The Chinese Soviet Republic is established by the Communist Party of China, in China as independent
July 10 — Norway claims territory on eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land
June 12 — The Australian territories of North Australia and Central Australia merge to form the Northern Territory
April 28 — The Catalan Republic is taken back over by Spain
April 14
The Kingdom of Spain is renamed the Spanish Republic after a government change
After a government change of Spain, the Catalan Republic declares independence from Spain
January 28 — France officially annexes Isla de la Pasión as Clipperton Island
January 15 — The Belgian concession of Tientsin
1920s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1929 October 3 The Kingdom of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Belgrade remains the capital.
June 7 Vatican City gains independence from the Kingdom of Italy. Vatican City itself is the capital.
1928 December 29 The Republic of China establishes Nanking as its official capital, later codified in the 1947 Chinese Constitution.
September 1 The Kingdom of Albania supersedes the Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
1927 May 9 The Commonwealth of Australia moves its capital from Melbourne to Canberra.
April 12 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changes its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London remains the capital.
1926 June 9 Afghanistan becomes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
The Kingdom of Belgium moves the capital of its colony of the Congo from Boma to Leopoldville.
1925 July 1 The Republic of China relocates its provisional capital from Nanking to Canton.
January 22 The Republic of Albania supersedes the Principality of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
January 1 The Kingdom of Norway changes the name of its capital from Kristiania to Oslo.
1924 November 26 The Mongolian People's Republic is established. Ulan Bator is the capital.
1923 October 29 The Republic of Turkey is established following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Ankara is the capital.
1922 December 30 The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic unite to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tbilisi, Kharkov, and Smolensk yield to Moscow as the capital.
December 8 Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State to again form a region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
December 6 The Irish Free State is constituted as an independent dominion formed through the secession of the island of Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin is the capital.
November 17 The Ottoman Empire is dissolved. Its territories are mostly made protectorates of the victorious Allies of World War I.
March 12 The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic, and the Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic unite to form the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Baku and Yerevan yield to Tbilisi as the capital.
February 28 The Kingdom of Egypt gains independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo is the capital.
1921 November 22 The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
February 25 The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia supersedes the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital until 1922.
1920 November 29 The Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital until 1922.
April 28 The Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Baku remains the capital until 1922.
February 29 The Hungarian Kingdom supersedes the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
Map of Europe from the 1920s
1929[edit]
October — The Kingdom of Afghanistan is reestablished from the Emirate of Afghanistan
June 3 — Tacna returned to Peru by Chile
February 11 — Independence of the State of the Vatican City from Italy
February 2 — Norway claims Peter I Island
January 6 — The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
January — The Emirate of Afghanistan is reestablished from the Kingdom of Afghanistan
1928[edit]
September 1 — The Albanian Republic is renamed the Albanian Kingdom due to a government change
1927[edit]
October 28 — The independence of the Republic of Ararat is declared from Turkey
May 9 — The capital of Australia is moved from Melbourne to Canberra
April 12 — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland due to the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
January 29 — Within the Nejd and Hejaz, the Sultanate of Nejd is renamed the Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies
In French Syria, the State of Souaida is renamed the Jabal Druze State
1926[edit]
June 30 - Oltre Giuba is incorporated into Italian Somaliland.
May 27 - Rif Republic is dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces in Morocco.
1925[edit]
December 6 - Britain adjusts the Egyptian border in favor of Italian Libya, giving it the Jarabub and Kufra oases.
June 29 - Britain transfers control of northern Jubaland to Italy, becoming the Italian colony of Oltre Giuba.
January 1 — In Norway, the capital Kristiania is renamed Oslo.
1923[edit]
October 29 — The declaration of the Republic of Turkey that replaced the Ottoman Empire
October 13 — The capital of Turkey is moved from Istanbul to Ankara
1922[edit]
December 28 — Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
December 6 — Independence of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom.
October — End of Far Eastern Republic
February 28 — Independence of Egypt from the United Kingdom
1921[edit]
October 13 — Treaty of Kars:
Turkey relinquishes claims to Armenia
Turkey gains the area around Kars and southern Achara
October 13 — Niger established as a separate colony
October 12 — Upper Silesia divided between Poland and Germany
September 18 - Short-lived and unrecognized Rif Republic declared in Spanish Morocco.
August 14 - Tuvan People's Republic established as a Soviet satellite state.
June 1 — France reorganizes French West Africa, colony of Mauritania established
March 18 — Peace of Riga - new borders between Poland and Soviet Russia, Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Belarus defined.
1920[edit]
July 9 — Denmark officially incorporates northern Schleswig following plebiscite earlier in the year
June 4 — Treaty of Trianon signed by Hungary:
Union of Transylvania and parts of Banat, Crişana, Szatmár and Maramureş with the Kingdom of Romania (declared on December 1, 1918) recognized
Czechoslovakia recognized
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Banat, Bačka and Baranja recognized
Late April — Western Thrace is granted to Greece by the Entente
April 6 — Establishment of Far Eastern Republic with capital at Chita
February 2 — The Estonian War of Independence end with the Treaty of Tartu, which awards areas around Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) and Pechory (Petseri) from Soviet Russia to Estonia
January 10 — The United Kingdom officially takes over administration of German East Africa and changes name to Tanganyika
1910s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1919 August 14 The Weimar Republic supersedes the second German Empire. Berlin remains the capital.
August 8 Afghanistan declares its independence from the United Kingdom. Kabul is the capital.
The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
August 2 The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
March 21 The Hungarian Soviet Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
March 1 Oriental State of Uruguay changes its name to Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Montevideo remains the capital.
February 27 The Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vilnius is the capital.
January 1 The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Belarusian People's Republic. Minsk and Smolensk remain joint capitals.
1918 December 1 Iceland, a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with home rule, becomes the fully sovereign state Kingdom of Iceland in personal union with Denmark. Reykjavík is the capital.
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia unite to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Zagreb yields to Belgrade as the capital.
November 28 The Kingdom of Serbia annexes the Kingdom of Montenegro.
November 18 The Republic of Latvia gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Riga is the capital.
November 16 The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. Budapest remains the capital.
November 14 The Republic of Poland supersedes the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw remains the capital.
November 2 The Republic of Lithuania supersedes the Kingdom of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
November 1 The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sana'a is the capital.
October 31 The Hungarian Kingdom declares its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Budapest is the capital.
October 29 The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs gains independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Zagreb is the capital.
July 25 The Kingdom of Belgium reabsorbs the Independent State of Flanders.
July 10 The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic supersedes the Soviet Russian Republic. Petrograd remains the capital.
July 9 The Kingdom of Lithuania supersedes the State of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
May 30 Armenia changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital.
May 28 Armenia and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic dissolve the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Yerevan and Baku are the respective capitals.
May 26 The Democratic Republic of Georgia secedes from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Tbilisi is the capital.
May 11 The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus annexes the Emirate of Chechenia.
April 22 The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tbilisi is the capital.
April 19 The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic annexes the Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia).
March 25 The Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia) gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Sukhumi is the capital.
March 25 The Belarusian People's Republic declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Minsk and Hrodna are named the joint capitals.
March 12 The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic moves its capital from Petrograd to Moscow.
February 24 The Republic of Estonia declares independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tallinn is the capital.
February 16 The State of Lithuania declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vilnius is named the capital despite occupation by the Kingdom of Poland.
January 22 The Ukrainian People's Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Kiev is the capital.
1917 December 22 The Independent State of Flanders declares its independence from the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital.
December 6 The Republic of Finland gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Helsinki is the capital.
December 2 The Emirate of Chechenia declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vedeno is the capital.
November 7 The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic supersedes the Russian Republic. Petrograd remains the capital.
September 14 The Russian Republic supersedes the Provisional Government of Russia. Petrograd remains the capital.
March 15 The Provisional Government of Russia supersedes the Russian Empire. Petrograd remains the capital.
1916 November 5 Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaim the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw is the capital.
1914 March 7 Albania becomes the Principality of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
1912 November 28 Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Tirana is the capital.
January 1 The Republic of China supersedes the Qing Dynasty of China. Nanking is the provisional capital.
1910 October 5 The first Portuguese Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal. Lisbon remains the capital.
August 22 The Korean Empire capitulates and is annexed by the Empire of Japan.
May 31 The Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony unite as the Union of South Africa to gain independence from the United Kingdom.
January 15 The French Republic creates French Equatorial Africa from its colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, and Oubangui-Chari. Libreville and Bangui yield to Brazzaville as the capital.
1919[edit]
Territory ceded by Bulgaria in the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
November 27 — Bulgaria signs the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine:
Western Thrace is ceded to the Entente
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized and a small amount of land along the western border is ceded to it
Dobruja is given to Romania
September 25 — Spitsbergen awarded to Norway
New borders of the states formed by the dissolution of Austria-Hungary
September 12 - Bonin-Pichon agreement transfers two desert strips from French control to Italian Libya.
September 10 — Austria signs Treaty of Saint Germain:
Cedes Eastern Galicia to Poland
Cedes South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Istria to Italy
Recognizes the independence of Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
August 11 – Germany adopts the Weimar Constitution, establishing the Weimar Republic (retaining the name Deutsches Reich)
August 8 — The United Kingdom acknowledges the complete independence of Afghanistan
July 10 — France and the United Kingdom agree on frontier between their mandates in the Cameroons
German losses as a result of the treaty of Versailles.
Poland and the Baltic states after the Treaty of Versailles.
June 28 — The Treaty of Versailles and Little Treaty of Versailles:
Eupen-Malmedy and Neutral Moresnet ceded to Belgium
Alsace-Lorraine officially ceded to France
Second Polish Republic is established in place of the puppet Kingdom of Poland. Most of Posen and West Prussia ceded to Poland by Germany.
Memel and Saarland under international administration
Provides for plebiscites in Schleswig and Upper Silesia
Danzig and surrounding area becomes a semi-autonomous city-state under the name Free City of Danzig, administered by the League of Nations
May 30 — Ruanda and Urundi (minus Kisaka district) assigned to Belgium as a mandate
May 7 — German New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago assigned to Australia as a mandate
May 7 — German Southwest Africa assigned to South Africa as a mandate
May 7 — German Samoa assigned to New Zealand as a mandate
May 7 — German Northern Pacific islands assigned to Japan as a mandate
May 7 — Nauru assigned to British Empire (eventually UK, Australia, and NZ) as a mandate
May 6 — Kionga Triangle assigned to Portugal as a mandate
May 6 — Kamerun and Togoland assigned to France and the United Kingdom as mandates
May 1 — End of Soviet republic in Bavaria
April 19 — Polish occupation of Vilna, disputed by the Lithuanians
April 4 — Soviet republic established in Bavaria
March 1 — French West Africa reorganized, with Upper Volta as a separate colony
February 1 — The Soviet puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia loses all territory to the Republic of Estonia
1918[edit]
December 1 — The Kingdom of Serbia is united with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
November 29 — The puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established in Soviet-occupied Estonia
November 26 — The Podgorica Assembly votes to depose King Nicholas I and merge the Kingdom of Montenegro with Kingdom of Serbia under the Serbian King
November 25 — Vojvodna, formerly part of Austria-Hungary, unites with the Kingdom of Serbia
November 18 — Independence of Latvia from Russia
November 15 — Serbian military invasion of the short-lived Banat Republic, Banat divided between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and Romania
November 12 — Republic of German-Austria (unrecognized) declared
November 1
Declaration of the short-lived Banat Republic
Independence of Yemen from the Ottoman Empire
Declaration of the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic
October 31 — The Hungarian government terminates its union with Austria, dissolving Austria-Hungary
October 29 — The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares independence from Austria-Hungary
October 28 — The Republic of Czechoslovakia declares independence from Austria-Hungary
March 25 — Independence of Belarus
March 3 — The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk creates many new states out of the western Russian Empire
February 24 — The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares independence from the Russian Empire as the Republic of Estonia.
February 16 — Independence of Lithuania from the Russian Empire
January 22 — Independence of Ukraine from the Russian Empire
January 3 — Independence of Finland from the Russian Empire
1917[edit]
April 12 — The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is created from the Governorate of Estonia and some of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.
March 31 — The United States takes possession of the United States Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies) according to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies.
1916[edit]
November 15 — Germany and Austria-Hungary create a puppet Kingdom of Poland from the territory of Congress Poland taken from the Russian Empire
1914[edit]
April 17 - Tannu Uriankhai is officially made a protectorate of Russia.
1913[edit]
August 10 and September 23: The Treaty of Bucharest and the Treaty of Constantinople at the end of the Second Balkan War set out the following land changes in the Balkans:
The Ottoman Empire regains the portions of Eastern Thrace it lost in the First Balkan War
Albania gains southern, eastern, and northern lands that bring it to its current borders.
Bulgaria gains Western Thrace and the southern portions of what are now Blagoevgrad Province and Burgas Province
Romania gains Southern Dobruja.
Montenegro gains most of what is now its Northern Region
Serbia gains Kosovo, most of what is now the Republic of Macedonia, and some new land to the west of its previous borders.
Greece gains Epirus, West Macedonia, Central Macedonia, and most of the islands in the Aegean that it did not control before the war.
May 30: End of the First Balkan War:
The Balkan League gain all Ottoman territory west of a line joining Enez and Kıyıköy (thus the Ottomans lose all their European territory, except for what is roughly the southeastern half of Turkey's present-day European territory).
Albania becomes officially independent, though a large portion of its lands are disputed
Much of the Ottoman territory gained by the Balkan League is disputed between Serbia and Greece or Bulgaria and Greece, and official borders for the new territories would not be set until the end of the Second Balkan War.
February 13 — Tibet declares independence from the Republic of China
1912[edit]
November 28 — Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.
November 27 - Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco assigns the northern and southern strips of Morocco to Spain.
March 30 - Treaty of Fez makes Morocco formally a French Protectorate.
1911[edit]
December 29 — Mongolia declares independence from Qing China, along with Tannu Uriankhai
November 4 - Germany acquires the Neukamerun region from France, in exchange for dropping German claims in Morocco, in the "Morocco–Congo Treaty"
1910[edit]
August 22 — Japan formally annexes Korea (de facto controlled as a 'Protectorate' since 1905)
May 31 - Union of South Africa is formed as a British Dominion, by the union of four colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony.
1900s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1908 November 15 King Leopold II of Belgium sells his private Congo Free State to the Kingdom of Belgium. The colony is renamed the Belgian Congo. Boma remains the capital.
August 5 The Kingdom of Bulgaria gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sofia is the capital.
1907 December 17 Ugyen Wangchuck establishes the Kingdom of Bhutan. Punakha is the winter capital and Thimphu is the summer capital.
September 26 New Zealand gains independence from the United Kingdom. Wellington is the capital.
April 24 The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Republic of Colombia is defined by the Bogotá Treaty. Brazil gains lands on the margins of the Solimoes River, at the area known as Cabeça de Cachorro (The Dog's Head).
1906 The French Republic divides its colony of French Congo into the colonies of Gabon and Middle Congo. Libreville remains the capital of Gabon. Brazzaville becomes the capital of Middle Congo.
1905 October 26 The Kingdom of Sweden recognises the independence of the Kingdom of Norway.
June 7 The Kingdom of Norway declares its independence from the Kingdom of Sweden through dissolution of the personal union. Kristiania is the capital.
1904 The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and British Guiana is defined by arbitration. About half of the disputed land goes to each side.
1903 November 18 The new Republic of Panama grants the United States of America control of the Panama Canal Zone. Balboa is the administrative center.
November 11 The Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of the United States of Brazil sign the Treaty of Petrópolis. Bolivia receives land in Mato Grosso from Brazil, and Brazil absorbes the Republic of Acre.
November 3 The Republic of Panama secedes from the Republic of Colombia. Panama City is the capital.
January 27 The third Republic of Acre declares its independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
1902 May 31 The United Kingdom creates the Orange River Colony from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Colony from the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal). Bloemfontein and Pretoria remains the respective capitals.
May 20 The Republic of Cuba gains independence from the United States of America. Havana is the capital.
1901 January 1 The Commonwealth of Australia is established by federation of the British colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Melbourne is the capital until 1927.
1900 October 6 The United Kingdom annexes the Orange Free State. Bloemfontein remains the capital.
May 28 The United Kingdom occupies the Orange Free State. Bloemfontein remains the capital.
March The first Republic of Acre capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Republic of Bolivia. Later the same year, the second Republic of Acre is declared with Antimary as its capital, and it is again reabsorbed by Bolivia.
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the French colony of Guyane (French Guyana) is defined by arbitration. The French troops that advanced to the margins of Araguari River repair to the Oiapoque River.
1909[edit]
April — the 1878 Treaty of Berlin is amended, recognizing Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
March 10 - Siam (Thailand) transfers its southernmost provinces to British Malaya in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
1908[edit]
October 18 - Belgium annexes the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo
October 6 — Austria-Hungary formally annexes the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia (under de facto Austro-Hungarian rule since the Treaty of Berlin 1878) as the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (causing the Bosnian crisis)
October 5 — Formal independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire is declared (already de facto independent since 1878).
1907[edit]
September 26 — Independence of New Zealand from the United Kingdom
April 24 - Vásquez Cobo–Martins treaty, Colombia concedes area of Amazon jungle to Brazil
March 23 - Siam concedes more territory to French Indochina in exchange for Trat.
1905[edit]
Union between Sweden and Norway dissolved:
October 26 — Sweden recognizes Norway as an independent country
June 7 — Norway's parliament declares independence
September 5 — Treaty of Portsmouth:
Liaodong Peninsula and Russian railway in south Manchuria leased to Japan
Japan annexes Sakhalin Island south of 50°N
1904[edit]
October 4 - Franco-Spanish Convention of Paris acknowledges formal Spanish control of Saguia el-Hamra (later northern Spanish Sahara)
February 13 - Franco Siamese Convention, Siam concedes border territories to French Indochina in exchange for French-occupied Chantaburi.
1903[edit]
November 17 — Acre is ceded by Bolivia to Brazil
November 3 — Independence of Panama from Colombia
May 12 - France declares a protectorate over Mauritania.
1902[edit]
November 20 - British king Edward VII adjusts border in Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile).
May 31 - Treaty of Vereeniging; Boer states South African Republic and Orange Free State become, respectively, British Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony.
May 20 — Independence of Cuba from the United States
1901[edit]
January 1 — The British colonies of New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and Queensland federate to form the Commonwealth of Australia
1890s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1899 July 14 The first Republic of Acre declares independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
April 11 The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Havana and San Juan are the respective capitals.
The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Island of Guam to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War.
The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of the Philippines to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Manila is the Spanish capital. The Philippine Republic maintains its sovereignty with Malolos as it is the capital.
1898 November 2 The Puna de Atacama dispute is defined by arbitration, of the 75,000 km2 in dispute 64,000 (85%) were awarded to the Argentine Republic and 11,000 (15%) to the Republic of Chile.
August 12 The United States of America annexes the Republic of Hawaii as the Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu remains the capital.
July 25 The United States of America seizes control of Puerto Rico from the Spanish Empire during the Spanish–American War. San Juan remains the capital.
June 12 The Philippine Republic declares independence from Kingdom of Spain. Malolos is the capital.
The Republic of Bolivia moves its administrative capital from Sucre to La Paz. Sucre remains the constitutional and judicial capital.
1897 The Joseon Dynasty becomes the Korean Empire. Hanseong remains the capital.
1895 November 16 The United Kingdom annexes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony. Vryburg yields to Cape Town as the capital.
October 23 The Empire of Japan conquers the Republic of Formosa. Takasago Koku (Taiwan) becomes a Japanese colony. Taihoku (Taipei) is the capital.
June The Republic of Formosa moves its capital from Taipei to Tainan.
May 23 The Republic of Formosa declares independence from the Qing Dynasty of China. Taipei is its capital.
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Argentine Republic is defined.
1894 July 4 The Republic of Hawaii supersedes the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Honolulu remains the capital.
1890 November 29 The end of the personal union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1898[edit]
August 12 — Republic of Hawaii becomes a territory of the United States of America
The United States of America gains the following territories from the Spanish Empire: Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Cuba
1891[edit]
Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.

1880s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1889 November 15 The Republic of the United States of Brazil supersedes the Empire of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
March 9 Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia moves his capital to Addis Ababa.
1888 The Republic of Honduras moves its capital from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa, ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital.
1887 December 16 The Sultanate of Maldives becomes a British Protectorate. Male remains the capital.
1886 May 1 King Leopold II of Belgium selects Boma as the capital of his Congo Free State.
1885 September 6 The Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia. Sofia remains the capital.
September 1 The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. Vryburg is the capital.
May 2 King Leopold II of Belgium establishes his Congo Free State, a private government run by the International African Association.
1884 August 3 The British suzerainty in the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) ends. Pretoria remains the capital.
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland. Maseru is the capital.
1882 March 6 The Kingdom of Serbia supersedes the Principality of Serbia. Belgrade remains the capital.
1881 August 3 The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) regains independence under British suzerainty. Pretoria remains the capital.
July 23 The border between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined.
March 14 The Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed. Bucharest is the capital.
1880 The French Republic establishes the protectorate of French Congo. Brazzaville is the capital.
December 6 Federalization of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is declared the official capital of the Argentine Republic.
1888[edit]
The capital of Honduras is moved from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa
1886[edit]
The United States of Colombia become the Republic of Colombia
1884[edit]
October 18 — Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia, subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance (modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz)
April 4 — Truce between Chile and Bolivia concluding the War of the Pacific:
Chile gains Antofagasta (made permanent in 1904)
The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for cartographers
German South-West Africa created[39]
German East Africa created
Togo created
Cameroon created
1883[edit]
October 20 — Treaty of Ancón between Chile and Peru at the end of the War of the Pacific:
Chile gains Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna
Argentina incorpores the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province, until the Limay River
1881[edit]
July 23 — Chile and Argentina establish boundaries along the highest peaks of the Andes, as well as its maritime borders and the status of the Strait of Magellan
March 15 — Romania is raised to a Kingdom
Tunisia becomes a French protectorate
1870s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1878 July 13 The Principality of Bulgaria moves its capital from Plovdiv to Sofia.
May 21 The Principality of Romania gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Bucharest is the capital.
March 3 The Principality of Bulgaria is established by the Treaty of San Stefano. Plovdiv is the capital.
1877 April 12 The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) as the Transvaal Colony. Pretoria remains the capital.
1874 December 29 The restored Monarchy of Spain supersedes the first First Spanish Republic. Madrid remains the capital.
1873 November 17 With the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest, Budapest becomes the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
February 11 The First Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
1872 The Empire of Brazil gains lands in the border with Republic of Paraguay after the Paraguayan War.
1871 January 1 The second German Empire supersedes the North German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital.
1870 September 4 The third French Republic supersedes the second French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
July 20 The Crown Colony of British Columbia joins the Dominion of Canada.
1878[edit]
The Argentine campaign to take control of Patagonic territories start. By the end of 1879 Argentina's control would go as far as the Negro River (modern Provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa, as well as southern Mendoza, San Luis, Córdoba and Buenos Aires Provinces)
The Principality of Bulgaria according to the terms of the Treaties of San Stefano (black outline) and Berlin (green). Eastern Rumelia is shown in red.
July 13 — The Treaty of Berlin, an amended form of the Treaty of San Stefano recognized by the Great Powers:
The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly
Eastern Rumelia is created as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire
Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is recognized; De facto under Austro-Hungarian rule.
The Ottoman Empire cedes Thessaly and small parts of Epirus to Greece
Alashkerd and Bayazid are returned to the Ottoman Empire
March 16 — The island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean, which has been a Swedish colony acquired from France since 1784, is returned from Swedish to French rule.
March 3 — The Treaty of San Stefano between the Ottoman and Russian Empires (not recognized by other Great Powers):
The Principality of Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria) is created as a de facto independent state under nominally Ottoman sovereignty
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari
Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence
Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire)
Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia
The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert.
The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province
Crete, Epirus and Thessaly receive limited self-government
1876[edit]
February 3 — Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established, following the Paraguayan War. Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province) and some territories in Misiones
1875[edit]
May 7 — Treaty of Saint Petersburg:
Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup
1873[edit]
July 1 — Prince Edward Island joins Canada
January 1 — The Hungarian cities of Buda, Pest and Óbuda are united as Budapest, the new capital
1872[edit]
The capital of Jamaica is moved from Spanish Town to Kingston
January 9 — Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarged its Mato Grosso region
1871[edit]
May 10 — Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War, which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
January 18 — Unification of Germany (German Empire)
July 20 — British Columbia joins Canada
Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy
1870[edit]
September 20 — Italy annexes the area around Rome, ending the Papal States, succeeded by the States of the Church
July 15 — Hudson's Bay Company transfers North-Western Territory to Canada
1860s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1868 October 1 The Bolivian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Bolivia. Sucre remains the capital until 1898.
January 3 Japan becomes the Empire of Greater Japan. Tokyo remains the capital.
1867 October 18 The Russian Empire sells Alaska to the United States of America. New Archangel (Novoarkhangelsk now Sitka) is the capital.
July 1 The United Kingdom unites its colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada as the Dominion of Canada. Ottawa is the capital.
The North German Confederation supersedes the German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital.
June 19 The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire. México remains the capital.
1866 August 2 The United Kingdom unites the colonies of British Columbia and the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies as the Crown Colony of British Columbia. New Westminster yields to Victoria as the capital.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec to Ottawa.
1865 April 11 The Confederate States of America capitulates and is reabsorbed by the United States of America. The USA will readmit the 11 CSA states to full statehood between July 24, 1866, and July 15, 1870.
April 3 The Confederate States of America moves its capital to Danville, Virginia.
March 3 The Dominican Republic regains its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
1864 July The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is conquered by the Qing Dynasty of China.
April 10 The Mexican Empire supersedes the United Mexican States. México remains the capital.
1863 June 20 The Union-occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia (which considered itself a part of the Confederate States of America) secede from the state and are admitted to the United States of America as the State of West Virginia.
1862 The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of British Honduras at the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. The capital is Belize City.
October 12 The State of Buenos Aires reunites with the Argentine Republic.
October 8 Buenos Aires is declared provisional capital of the Argentine Republic.
1861 The Dominican Republic returns to Spanish rule.
The Principality of Monaco declares independence from the Second French Empire. Monaco itself is the capital.
December 12 The Argentine Republic supersedes the Argentine Confederation.
December 2 Paraná is no longer the capital of the Argentine Confederation.
May 29 The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.
May 20 The State of North Carolina secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
May 7 The State of Tennessee secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
May 6 The State of Arkansas secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
April 17 The Commonwealth of Virginia secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
February 4 The Confederate States of America, formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the United States of America. Montgomery, Alabama, is the capital for three months. Four more slave states will join by May 20.
February 1 The State of Texas secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Texas. Austin remains the capital.
January 26 The State of Louisiana secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Louisiana. Baton Rouge remains the capital.
January 19 The State of Georgia secedes from the United States of America, as the independent State of Georgia. Milledgeville remains the capital.
January 11 The State of Alabama secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Alabama Republic. Montgomery remains the capital.
January 10 The State of Florida secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Florida. Tallahassee remains the capital.
January 9 The State of Mississippi secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Mississippi. Jackson remains the capital.
1860 December 20 The State of South Carolina secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of South Carolina. Columbia remains the capital. Six more slave states will secede by February 1, 1861.
1868[edit]
In Japan, the city of Edo becomes the new capital and is renamed Tokyo
1867[edit]
October 18 — The United States of America purchases Alaska from the Russian Empire
July 1 — Canada becomes independent, with originally only four provinces
May 29 — The Austrian Empire becomes Austria-Hungary
1866[edit]
October 22 — Italy annexes the Kingdom of Venetia
August 6 — The Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia are merged into the United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia
1865[edit]
May 5 — The Confederate States of America declares itself dissolved and is reintegrated into the United States of America
Florence replaces Turin as the capital city of Italy
1864[edit]
May 21 – Britain transfers the Ionian Islands to Greece
1863[edit]
July 6 — The Northern Territory is annexed by the British colony of South Australia from the colony of New South Wales
May 8 — The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia
1862[edit]
April 12 — The British colony of Queensland's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E
1861[edit]
December 10 - The splinter government of Kentucky is admitted to the Confederate States of America
November 28 - The splinter government of Missouri is admitted to the Confederate States of America
November 20 - A splinter government of Kentucky declares the state's secession from the United States of America
October 31 - A splinter government of Missouri declares the state's secession from the United States of America
September 17 — After the Battle of Pavón the Capital city of Argentina is moved to Buenos Aires
August 1 - Arizona Territory is annexed by the Confederate States of America
July 20 - North Carolina is admitted to the Confederate States of America
July 2 - Tennessee is admitted to the Confederate States of America
June 8 - Tennessee secedes from the United States of America
May 20 - North Carolina secedes from the United States of America, and Arkansas is admitted to the Confederate States of America
May 7 - Tennessee secedes from the United States of America, and Virginia is admitted to the Confederate States of America
May 6 - Arkansas secedes from the United States of America
April 17 - Virginia secedes from the United States of America
March 28 - Arizona Territory secedes from the United States of America
March 17 — The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
March 2 - Texas secedes from the United States of America and is admitted to the Confederate States of America
February 13 — Gaeta surrenders to Sardinia-Piedmont
February 8 — The Confederate States of America is formed by Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina
January 26 - Louisiana secedes from the United States of America
January 19 - Georgia secedes from the United States of America
January 11 - Alabama secedes from the United States of America
January 10 - Florida secedes from the United States of America
January 9 - Mississippi secedes from the United States of America
1860[edit]
December 20 - South Carolina secedes from the United States of America
November 4 — Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches
October 21 — The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, except for the Fortress of Gaeta
October 8 — The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic
Treaty of Turin. Due to plebiscites in Savoy and Nice:
June 14 — France annexes the Duchy of Savoy
June 12 — France annexes the County of Nice
March 22 — The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont
The British colony of South Australia's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E
Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit[40]
1850s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1859 The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1858 The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto back to the city of Québec.
1856 The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1854 March 24 The Argentine Confederation moves its capital to Paraná.
February 23 The Orange Free State is established. Bloemfontein is the capital.
1853 March The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom establishes its capital at Tianjing.
1852 December 2 The second French Empire supersedes the second French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
September 11 The Province of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires remains the capital, the Confederation is without capital until 1854.
January 17 The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) is established. Pretoria is the capital.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto to the city of Québec.
1851 January 11 The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom gains independence from the Qing Dynasty of China.
1859[edit]
December 8 — The Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy
November 11 — After the Battle of Cepeda, the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation
November 10 — Treaty of Zürich:
Austria cedes Lombardy from Lombardy-Venetia to France
France immediately cedes Lombardy to Sardinia-Piedmont
June 6 — Queen Victoria signs the Proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales
1858[edit]
August 2 — The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country organized as the Colony of British Columbia
May 28 — Qing dynasty China cedes Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun
May 22 — The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation
1856[edit]
January 1 — The British colony Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania
1855[edit]
February 7 — Treaty of Shimoda:
Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between
Russia recognizes Japanese sovereignty of the Kuril Islands from Iturup on southwards
1853[edit]
June 24 — The Gadsden Purchase gives a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico to the United States
May 1 — The Argentine Confederation becomes a Federal Republic, renamed the Argentine Nation
1852[edit]
September 11 — The State of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation
February 3 — The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War. Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation. The Capital city is moved to Paraná
1851[edit]
July 1 — The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales
May 1 — The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation
1840s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1849 The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Montréal to Toronto.
August 13 The Hungarian State capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Austrian Empire.
April 14 The Hungarian State declares its independence from the Austrian Empire. Debrecen is the temporary capital.
1848 February 24 The second French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
February 2 The United Mexican States surrenders its northern territory to the United States of America with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican-American War.
1847 July 26 The African American colony of Liberia declares its independence as the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia is the capital.
1846 August 22 The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Republic. México remains the capital.
1845 December 29 The Republic of Texas joins the United States of America as the State of Texas. Austin yields to Washington as federal capital while remaining capital of the state.
The Netherlands splits its colonial possessions in the Americas into two parts: Suriname and Curaçao and Dependencies. Paramaribo remains the capital of Suriname, while Willemstad on Curaçao becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands.
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi moves its capital from Lāhainā to Honolulu.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Falkland Islands from Port Louis to Stanley.
March 1 The Riograndense Republic is reabsorbed by the Brazilian Empire as the province of Rio Grande do Sul again.
1844 The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Kingston to Montréal.
February 27 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. Santo Domingo is the capital.
1841 February 10 The United Kingdom unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada. Kingston is the capital.
February 2 The sole remnant of the Federal Republic of Central America changes its name back to the Republic of El Salvador. San Salvador remains the capital.
1849[edit]
July 2 — The Papal States are restored as Rome falls
March 29 - The Sikh Empire falls after the Sikh defeat in Anglo-Sikh wars and is merged in British India
February 9 — Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic
1848[edit]
February 2 — Much of the Mexican Cession is ceded by Mexico to the United States
1847[edit]
July 26 — Americo-Liberian settlers declare the independence of the Republic of Liberia
1846[edit]
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, ruled by the Dogra Dynasty, is created after the first Anglo-Sikh war, as per the Treaty of Amritsar.[41][38]
November 28 — The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales
June 18 — The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States.
February 19 — The Republic of Texas is officially incorporated into the United States of America
February 17 — The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
1844[edit]
February 27 — Independence of the Dominican Republic from Haiti
1840[edit]
November 16 — The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
1830s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1839 November 17 The Republic of Guatemala secedes from the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City becomes the capital.
August 25 The Peruvian Republic and the Bolivian Republic are formed from the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Lima and Sucre (previously Chuquisaca) are the respective capitals.
July 24 The Juliana Republic declares independence from Brazil. Laguna is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
April 19 The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg becomes independent, but remains in the personal Union with the Netherlands as a result of the Treaty of London.
The Principality of Serbia moves its capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade.
The Republic of Texas establishes its permanent capital at Austin.
1838 November 5 The Republic of Costa Rica, the Republic of Nicaragua, and the Republic of Honduras secede from the Federal Republic of Central America. San José, Managua, and Comayagua are the respective capitals.
1836 October 28 The Republic of North Peru, the Republic of South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic unite to form the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Tacna is the capital.
September 6 The Riograndense Republic declares independence from Brazil. Piratini is the first of five provisional capitals.
August 11 The Republic of North Peru supersedes the Peruvian Republic. Lima remains the capital.
March 17 The Republic of South Peru secedes from Peruvian Republic. Cusco is the capital.
March 2 The Republic of Texas declares its independence from México. Washington is the first of six cities that will serve as temporary capital until 1839.
1835 October 23 The Mexican Republic supersedes the United Mexican States. México remains the capital.
1834 The Federal Republic of Central America moves its capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador.
The Kingdom of Greece moves its capital from Nafplio to Athens.
1833 January 3 The United Kingdom removes a garrison installed by the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in October 1832 reasserting its sovereignty claim over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Port Louis becomes the capital.
1831 July 21 Belgium becomes the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels remains the capital
January 4 The United Kingdom combines Essequibo-Demerara and Berbice as the Crown Colony of British Guiana. Georgetown is the capital.
January 4 The Argentine Confederation supersedes the United Provinces of the River Plate. Buenos Aires remains the capital until 1852.
1830 October 4 Belgium declares its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Brussels is the capital.
June 28 The Oriental State of Uruguay is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo remains the capital.
May 13 The Republic of Colombia, the Republic of Ecuador, and the Republic of Venezuela are created from the dissolution of Gran Colombia. Bogotá, Quito, and Caracas are the respective capitals.
February 3 The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of Greece. Nafplio is the capital.
1839[edit]
October 17 — The capital of the Republic of Texas is moved from Houston to Austin
August 25 — Peru-Bolivian Confederation officially dissolved
April 19 — The Treaty of London recognizes Belgium as an independent and neutral country
1838[edit]
November 5 — Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua secede from the Federal Republic of Central America
1836[edit]
December 28 — The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
October 28 — Peru-Bolivian Confederation proclaimed, with its capital at Tacna
August 11 — North Peru proclaimed
March 17 — South Peru proclaimed
March 2 — The Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico
1833[edit]
January 2 — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland takes over the Falkland Islands from the Argentine Confederation
1832[edit]
The Unitarian League is dissolved and its members join the Argentine Confederation
The British Swan River Colony in Australia changes its name to Western Australia
May — The London Conference of 1832 establishes the Kingdom of Greece under Bavarian prince Otto
1831[edit]
January 4 — The Federal Pact establishes the Argentine Confederation and fights the Unitarian League
1830[edit]
The Unitarian League is created among various Provinces of Argentina
October 20 — Colombia becomes the Republic of New Granada
October 4 — Belgium declares independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and full recognition will follow in 1839
May 13 — Secession of Ecuador and Venezuela from Gran Colombia
February 3 — Greece is recognized as an independent sovereign state in the London Protocol
1820s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1828 August 27 The Banda Oriental gains independence from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata as Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo is the capital.
1826 July 9 The Republic of Chile supersedes the State of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
1825 November 15 The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves changes its name back to the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Lisbon remains the capital.
August 29 The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves recognizes the independence of the Empire of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
August 25 Cisplatina declares its independence from the Empire of Brazil and reunites with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
August 6 The Bolivian Republic gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain at the conclusion of the Bolivian War of Independence. Chuquisaca (later Sucre) is the capital.
The Netherlands administratively combines its three colonies of Suriname, Curaçao and Dependencies (the ABC islands), and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (the SSS islands). The capital is Paramaribo.
1824 October 4 The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire upon the execution of Emperor Maximilian I. México remains the capital.
July 2 The Confederation of the Equator declares independence from Brazil. Recife is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed at the same year.
1823 July The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of El Salvador, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Honduras, and the Republic of Costa Rica unite to form the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City is the capital.
May 16 The Republic of Costa Rica moves its capital from Cartago to San José.
1822 December 19 The Peruvian Republic supersedes the State of Peru. Lima remains the capital.
October 12 The Empire of Brazil supersedes the Independent Kingdom of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
September 7 The Independent Kingdom of Brazil declares its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
February 9 Haiti annexes the Republic of Spanish Haiti. Santo Domingo yields to Port-au-Prince as the capital.
1821 December 1 The Republic of Spanish Haiti gains independence from Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
September 21 The Republic of Costa Rica gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Cartago is the capital.
September 15 The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Honduras, the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of El Salvador become independent from the Monarchy of Spain. Guatemala City, Comayagua, Managua, and San Salvador are the respective capitals.
August 24 The Monarchy of Spain recognizes the independence of the Mexican Empire. México remains the capital.
August 3 Peru becomes the State of Peru. Lima remains the capital.
July 28 Peru declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Lima is the capital.
July 18 Cisplatina formally declares itself as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
July 3 The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves returns the capital from exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Lisbon.
March 25 Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Nafplion is the capital.
1820 October 8 The Kingdom of Haiti collapses upon the suicide of King Henri I. Haiti is unified under the Republic of Haiti with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi establishes its capital at Lāhainā.
1829[edit]
The British Swan River Colony is established in the west of Australia
1828[edit]
August 27 — Uruguay is recognized as an independent country in the Treaty of Montevideo, following the Cisplatine War. Misiones Orientales are awarded to Brazil
1827[edit]
August 17 — The Argentine Republic is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty delegating the Foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires
1826[edit]
The Argentine Republic is proclaimed
1825[edit]
December 3 — Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales
August 25 — Rebel Uruguayan forces siege Montevideo and claim independence from the Brazilian Empire, asking to rejoin the United Provinces of South America. The Cisplatine War ensues
July 16 — The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E
1824[edit]
December 9 — The Battle of Ayacucho end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America
August 6 — Bolivia declares independence from Spain, and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America
1823[edit]
July — The Federal Republic of Central America is created from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
1822[edit]
September 7 — The Brazilian Empire declares independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1821[edit]
November 28 — Independence of Panama from Spain
September 28 — The First Mexican Empire is established
September 21 — Independence of Costa Rica from Spain
September 15 — Independence of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua from Spain
August 24 — Mexico is recognized as an independent country in the Treaty of Córdoba
July 28 — Peru declares independence from Spain
March 25 — Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire
Alaska Boundary Dispute with Russia and Great Britain begins
1820[edit]
February 1 — Federal League Provinces of Entre Ríos and Santa Fe defeat the central government of the United Provinces of South America. The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty, delegating the Foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires
1810s[edit]
Retreat of European colonialism and change of political borders in South America, 1700–prese
Year
Date
Event
1819 August 7 The Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Bogotá is the capital.
1817 February 12 The State of Chile again declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
January 20 The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves occupies the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) as Cisplatina.
1816 July 9 The United Provinces in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay) declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
1815 December 16 The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital-in-exile.
November 21 Miloš Obrenović establishes the Principality of Serbia. Kragujevac is the capital.
July 8 The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the first French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
June 20 The Congress of Vienna establishes the German Confederation. Frankfurt is the capital.
March 20 The first French Empire supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
March 16 The United Kingdom of the Netherlands supersedes the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. Amsterdam and Brussels are the joint capitals.
Sir Robert Brownrigg establishes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. Colombo becomes the capital.
1814 November 4 The Kingdom of Norway unites with the Kingdom of Sweden to form the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Stockholm and Christiania are the capitals.
October 2 The Monarchy of Spain reconquers Chile.
April 6 The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the First French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
January 14 The Kingdom of Norway secedes Denmark–Norway. Christiania is the capital.
The Principality of Andorra declares independence from the First French Empire. Andorra la Vella is the capital.
1813 December 2 The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is created from the ruins of the first French Empire. Amsterdam is the capital.
October 19 The Confederation of the Rhine dissolves.
October 12 Paraguay becomes the Republic of Paraguay. Asunción remains the capital.
July 23 The British Malta Colony supersedes the Malta Protectorate. Valletta remains the capital.
1811 May 14 Paraguay gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Asunción is the capital.
March 28 The Kingdom of Haiti supersedes the State of Haiti. Cap-Haïtien is the capital.
1810 September 18 Chile declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
September 16 México declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
July 20 Colombia declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
July 13 The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) is annexed by the first French Empire.
May 25 The United Provinces in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is created from colonies of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is the capital.
April Kamehameha I unifies the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
1819[edit]
December 17 — Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela, United Provinces of New Granada, and the Presidency of Quito
August 7 — The Battle of Boyacá leads to the full independence of the United Provinces of New Granada
1818[edit]
April 5 — The Battle of Maipú secures Chilean independence from Spain
February 12 — Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
1817[edit]
January 20 — The Eastern Bank of the Uruguay River (modern-day Uruguay) is annexed by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, and renamed Cisplatina in 1824
1816[edit]
July 9 — The United Provinces of South America (now Argentina) declare independence from Spain
May 6 — Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments
1815[edit]
June 29 — The Federal League (including modern-day Uruguay and several Argentine Provinces) is established
June 9 — The Congress of Vienna
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire
Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa
Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and is given Piombino
The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca
The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia), Congress Poland (Russia) and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria)
Prussia is awarded Danzig, much of the Kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and the Rhineland.
The German Confederation is established
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands, with Luxembourg in a personal union.
Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia.
The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark
Hanover becomes a Kingdom annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia
Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse
British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony, Tobago, and Ceylon, is recognized
The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate
March 16 - The Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands changes its name to the Kingdom of the Netherlands
The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton
1814[edit]
November 4 — Norway accepts a personal union with Sweden with the king of Sweden also becoming king of Norway.
October 2 — The Battle of Rancagua marks the end of the early Chilean independent governments.
May 17 — Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
April 11 — Napoleon abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
March 29 — The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands.
January 14 — Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the peace of Kiel.
Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States.
The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa. (Ratified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.)
1813[edit]
December 11 — The Treaty of Valençay ends formally the Peninsular War, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire.
November 4 — Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine declared by the Allies
August 7 — The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared
1812[edit]
July 28 — The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire
May 28 — The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest
January 26 — France annexes Catalonia from Spain, creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre and Ter. Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre.
1811[edit]
November 27 — The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia) are established
July 5 — Venezuela declares independence from Spain
May 14 — Independence of Paraguay from Spain
1810[edit]
December 13 — France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Salm, Arenberg, Oldenburg, parts of Westphalia and Berg)
September 18 — The first independent government in Chile is established, starting the Chilean War of Independence from Spain
September 16 — The independentist Grito de Dolores in Dolores, Mexico, starts the Mexican War of Independence
July 20 — After similar events in numerous cities of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence is declared in the Capital city, Santa Fe de Bogotá (modern Colombia)
July 9 — France annexes Holland
May 25 — The May Revolution establishes the United Provinces of the River Plate over the former Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, starting the Argentine War of Independence
May 22 — By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria
April 19 — The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain
The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon
1800s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1808 March 7 The Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves removes the capital from Lisbon to exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1806 October 17 The Empire of Haiti collapses upon the assassination of Emperor Jacques I. Haiti splits in two with the State of Haiti in the north with its capital at Milot, and the Republic of Haiti in the south with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
August 6 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
July 25 Napoleon I of France establishes the Confederation of the Rhine. Frankfurt is the capital.
June 5 The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) supersedes the Batavian Republic. Amsterdam remains the capital.
January 8 The United Kingdom establishes the Cape Colony. Cape Town is the capital.
1804 September 22 Jean-Jacques Dessalines establishes the Empire of Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
May 18 The first French Empire supersedes the first French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
March 4 The French Republic sells Louisiane to the United States of America. New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans) is the capital of the unorganized territory.
January 1 The French colony of Saint-Domingue on Hispaniola declares its independence from the French Republic as Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
1801 August 20 The Gozitan Nation is annexed by the British protectorate of Malta.
June 6 The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain cedes the South American Misiones Orientales to Portugal.
The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal cedes Olivenza to Spain.
January 1 The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin yields to London as the capital.
1800 November 17 The United States of America moves its capital from Philadelphia to its permanent location at Washington in the District of Columbia.
September 5 French forces in Malta surrender to the British. The island becomes the British protectorate of Malta with Valletta as capital.
1809[edit]
October 14 — Austria signs the Treaty of Schönbrunn:
Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria
West Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw,
Tarnopol is ceded to the Russian Empire
Trieste and Croatia south of the Sava are ceded to France; these become the Illyrian provinces
September 17 — Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the peace of Hamina
March 29 — The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland, effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy
Napoleon dissolves the Teutonic Knights; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly to Württemberg.
1808[edit]
Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country was partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I set as king by Napoleon.
1807[edit]
July — Napoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit
1806[edit]
August 6 — Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
July 12 — Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine
1805[edit]
July — France annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino
1804[edit]
Austrian Empire is formed from the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy by proclamation of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor/Francis I of Austria
January 1 — Independence of Haiti from France
1803[edit]
The United States of America negotiates the Louisiana Purchase with France, by which the French territory of Louisiane is placed under American sovereignty
27 April — As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, all but three (Archbishopric of Regensburg, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John) ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states. The Duchy of Salzburg (formerly the Archbishopric of Salzburg) is also raised to an electorate.
February 19 — The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation
1802[edit]
Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic
1801[edit]
Spain annexes Olivenza from Portugal
January 1 — The Kingdom of Great Britain is united with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1800[edit]
October 1 — After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain, Spain returns the colony of Louisiana to France
Animated image depicting U.S. territorial growth
February 17 — The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin
1790s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1798 October 28 The Gozitan Nation gains de facto independence from Malta with Rabat as its capital.
June 11 The Order of Saint John capitulates to French forces and Malta is under French occupation with Valletta remaining the capital.
1797 April 17 The House of Habsburg annexes the Republic of Venice.
1795 January 19 The Batavian Republic supersedes the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital.
1792 September 21 The first French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
1791 March 4 The Vermont Republic joins the United States of America as the State of Vermont. Windsor yields to Philadelphia as the federal capital.
1790 December 7 The United States of Belgium capitulates to the House of Habsburg.
December 6 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from New York City to Philadelphia pending the construction of the new capital permitted by the new United States Constitution.
January 11 The United States of Belgium declares its independence from the House of Habsburg. Brussels is the capital.
1799[edit]
July 7 — Establishment of the Sikh Empire after capture of Lahore by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and unification of the Sikh Confederacy under him.
1798[edit]
April 12 — The Napoleonic Helvetic Republic is declared
January 4 — France annexes Mulhouse
1797[edit]
October 18 — The Treaty of Campo Formio is signed by French and Austrian leaders.
The Austrian Netherlands and various Mediterranean islands, including Corfu, are ceded to France.
The Republic of Venice is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of Domini di Terraferma, roughly modern Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Istria and Dalmatia are annexed by Austria
Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic and Ligurian Republic
The Kingdom of Italy is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the Holy Roman Empire
1795[edit]
October 24 — Third partition of Poland
France annexes Southern Netherlands
1793[edit]
June 25 — Avignon is transferred from the Papal States to France
March 23 — The Rauracian Republic is annexed by France to form the département of Mont-Terrible
March 2 — France annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm
1792[edit]
December 17 — Most of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel becomes the Napoleonic Rauracian Republic, retaining only Schliengen
January 23 — Second partition of Poland
1791[edit]
March 4 — Vermont is admitted to the United States of America
1780s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1785 January 11 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Trenton to New York City.
1784 November 1 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Annapolis to Trenton.
King Joseph II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1783 November 26 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Princeton to Annapolis.
September 3 The Kingdom of Great Britain signs the Treaty of Paris, recognizing the independence of the United States of America. Princeton remains the temporary capital.
November 26 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Princeton.
Province of Trinidad moves its capital from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España, its present location.
1782 April 21 Siam moves its capital from Thonburi to Bangkok, its present location.
1788[edit]
January 26 — British colony of New South Wales is established
1784[edit]
1 July — King Gustav III of Sweden acquires the island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century, until it is sold back to France in 1878.
Russian seafarer and merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrives in Three Saints Bay in Alaska
1783[edit]
September 3 — The independence of the United States of America is recognized by Britain in the Treaty of Paris
January 20 - Great Britain surrenders East Florida and West Florida to Spain
April 19 [O.S. April 8] — The Crimean Khanate is annexed by the Russian Empire and incorporated as the Taurida Governorate
1770s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1778 July 27 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from York back to Philadelphia.
1777 October 1 The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, confirming almost all the borders defined by the Treaty of Madrid, with the exception that Spain would rule both Colonia del Sacramento and the Misiones Orientales.
September 30 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Lancaster to York.
September 27 United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces.
July 8 The Republic of New Connecticut changes its name to the Vermont Republic. Windsor remains the capital.
June 4 The Republic of New Connecticut moves its capital to Windsor.
March 4 The United States of America moves its temporary capital back from Baltimore to Philadelphia.
January 15 The Republic of New Connecticut declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Westminster is the temporary capital.
1776 December 20 The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Baltimore.
July 4 The United States of America (including the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations) declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Philadelphia is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800.
May 4 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Providence is the capital.
1775 The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil, the State of Great-Pará, and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
1772 The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital, Belém) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
Ayutthaya having been destroyed in 1767, the new capital of Siam is created in Thonburi.
1776[edit]
July 4 — The United States of America declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain
1772[edit]
August 5 — First partition of Poland

1760s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1768 December 21 Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies the Kingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu is the capital.
1763 February 12 The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colony of the State of Brazil from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.
1761 February 12 The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of El Pardo, nullifying the Treaty of Madrid.
1768[edit]
May 15 — Genoa sells to France its rights to Corsica
1763[edit]
February 10 — The Treaty of Paris creates a number of territory transfers between Great Britain, France, and Spain. New France (Canada) now belongs to the British.
The capital of the colony of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro
1762[edit]
The Louisiana Territory is transferred from France to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau
1750s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1751 The Kingdom of Portugal changes the name of its colonial State of Maranhão to State of Great-Pará and Maranhão.
1750 January 13 The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Madrid. Based on the uti possidetis concept, Portugal gains lands on the actual south, central and north regions of Brazil. The treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Colonia del Sacramento and Portugal the Misiones Orientales.
1758[edit]
The Zunghar Khanate is annexed by Qing Dynasty China.
1752[edit]
Georgia becomes a colony of British North America[42]
1751[edit]
September 21 — Through the Treaty of Strömstad, the border between Sweden and Norway is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in Iddefjord until Norway's border on Russia at Varanger (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden).
1740s[edit]
1747[edit]
Safavid Empire collapses[43]
October — The Durrani Empire is founded near Kandahar on a Loya jirga, when Ahmad Shah Abdali is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
1740[edit]
Prussia annexes Silesia from Austria
1730s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1737 The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colonial State of Maranhão from São Luís to Belém.
1739[edit]
September 18 — Treaty of Belgrade
The Habsburg Monarchy cedes the Kingdom of Serbia, the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire
The Habsburg Monarchy cedes Oltenia to Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal)
January 1 — Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
1720s[edit]
1729[edit]
North Carolina and South Carolina become royal colonies, due to the division of the Province of Carolina
1728[edit]
On Greenland (then part of Denmark-Norway), Hans Egede founds the colony of Godthåb
1721[edit]
October 22 — Peter the Great proclaims the Tsardom of Russia an Empire
August 30 — Swedish Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, and most of Karelia is ceded by Sweden to the Tsardom of Russia according to the terms of the Treaty of Nystad.
1720[edit]
January 21 — Sweden cedes the portion of Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom to Prussia
1710s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1715 The Kingdom of Spain returns Colonia del Sacramento to the Kingdom of Portugal.
1713 March and April The Treaty of Utrecht is signed. The United Kingdom takes sovereignty over Gibraltar and Menorca from the Kingdom of Spain. Spain also ceded: Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan to Savoy; Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; lands in South America between Amazon River and Oiapoque River to the Kingdom of Portugal.
1719[edit]
November 9 — Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover
1718[edit]
July 21 — Treaty of Passarowitz:
The Ottoman Empire cede the Banat, southeastern Syrmia, central Serbia, part of northern Bosnia and Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) to the Habsburg Monarchy
The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land
The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land
Venice return Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans.
The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski, Sinj, and Vrgorac).
1715[edit]
November 28 — Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Majorca, the last part of the Crown of Aragon, through invasion
1714[edit]
September 11 — Fall of the Crown of Aragon invaded by Kingdom of Castile marked by the invasion of the City of Barcelona (Siege of Barcelona). Creation of a unified Kingdom of Spain through the Nueva Planta decrees.
September 7 — The Duchy of Milan is ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy
1713[edit]
Gibraltar passes from Spain to Great Britain
1711[edit]
The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg Monarchy as a crown land (Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867))
July 21 — The Russian Empire returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth
1700s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1707 May 1 The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[44] Edinburgh yields to London as the capital for all but judicial functions.
1707[edit]
April 25 — Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Valencia part of the Crown of Aragon through invasion (Battle of Almansa)
May 1 — The creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain through the Acts of Union
17th century[edit]
1700[edit]
The Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople
1690s[edit]
1699[edit]
January 26 — Treaty of Karlowitz:
The Ottoman Empire cede the Eğri Eyalet, the Varat Eyalet, northern parts of the Temeşvar Eyalet, most of the Budin Eyalet and parts of the Bosnia Eyalet to the Habsburg Monarchy. This territory plus the Principality of Transylvania corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans (Ottoman Hungary).
The Principality of Transylvania, while nominally independent, comes de facto under Habsburg rule.
The Ottoman Empire return Podolia to Poland-Lithuania.
The Ottoman Empire cede the Morea and most of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.
1680s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1684 The English Crown Colony of Bermuda supersedes the Somers Isles Company. Hamilton is the capital.
1685[edit]
New York becomes a royal colony
1682[edit]
Robert de La Salle sails down the Mississippi River[45]
1681[edit]
Pennsylvania becomes a colony
1674[edit]
Shivaji founded Maratha Empire in Maharashtra

1660s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1660 May 27 The Kingdom of Sweden cedes Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths as part of the Treaty of Copenhagen.
April 4 The restored Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland supersede the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin are the respective capitals.
1664[edit]
New Jersey founded
1663[edit]
Rhode Island becomes a colony
1662[edit]
Connecticut becomes a British royal colony
1661[edit]
Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire gives the port of Bombay to the British
1660[edit]
May 27 — The treaty of Copenhagen leads to Sweden returning Trøndelag to Norway and Bornholm to Denmark
May 3 — The Treaty of Oliva cedes Ruhnu Island in Estonia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Sweden
1650s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1658 February 26 The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, Båhus and Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Roskilde.
December 16 The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland supersedes the Commonwealth of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland. Edinburgh and Dublin yield to London as the capital.
1658[edit]
February 26 — Sweden gains in Danish-Norwegian regions of Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän (Båhuslen), Scania (Skåne) and Trøndelag and the 30 year ownership of Halland is made permanent in the treaty of Roskilde
1653[edit]
May 4 — The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined in the Treaty of Stettin
1640s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1649 May 19 The republican Commonwealth of England supersedes the Kingdom of England. London remains the capital.
1645 August 13 The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Jämtland, Härjedalen, Idre & Särna, Gotland, Ösel and Halland, the latter for a period of 30 years, to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Brömsebro.
1644 October 30 The Qing Dynasty of China supersedes the Ming Dynasty. Beijing remains the capital.
1648[edit]
The Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire
The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653
1645[edit]
August 13 — Torstenson War ends with Second Treaty of Brömsebro. Sweden gains the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen and Idre & Särna as well as the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel. The Danish province of Halland was also transferred for a period of 30 years.
1640[edit]
December 1 — Portugal separates from personal union with Spain
1630s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1636 England establishes the Crown Colony of Connecticut. Hartford is the capital.
1635 Fasilides makes Gondar the first permanent capital of Ethiopia since the fall of the Zagwe Dynasty
1638[edit]
Delaware founded
1634[edit]
Maryland founded

1620s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1628 The Colony of Barbados moves its capital from Saint James Town to Bridgetown.
1627 The Kingdom of England establishes the Colony of Barbados with its capital at Saint James Town.
1621 The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into the State of Brazil (capital, Salvador) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
1626[edit]
Dutch purchase Manhattan[46]
1623[edit]
New Hampshire founded
1620[edit]
Massachusetts founded
1610s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1612 The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1617[edit]
February 27 — In the treaty of Stolbovo Sweden gained the Russian province and fortress of Kexholm (Käkisalmi, now Priozersk) and the province of Ingria including the fortress of Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg, Russia)
1610[edit]
Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
1600s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1608 The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro) for the second time.
1607[edit]
Jamestown and Virginia Colony founded
1601[edit]
January 17 — France gains Bresse, Bugey, and Gex from Savoy, and cedes Saluzzo to Savoy in exchange
1590s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1594 Virmadhalasuriya I of Sri Lanka moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kandy
1598[edit]
Kuchum, Khan of Sibir is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia.
1596[edit]
Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago
1591[edit]
Moroccans conquer Timbuktu[47]
1580s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1581 July 26 The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
1584[edit]
March 20 — Swedish Estonia is reorganized as the Duchy of Estonia.
1580[edit]
July — Yermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls, beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia.
Personal union of Spain and Portugal
1570s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1578 The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1573 The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro).
1571 March 18 The Order of Saint John moves the capital of Malta from Birgu to Valletta.
1575[edit]
The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago
Historical map of the world by Ortelius, 1570 CE
1570[edit]
December 13 — The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Lääne County and Hiiumaa Island to Sweden.
1560s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1569 July 1 The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania unite to form the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vilnius yields to Kraków as the capital.
1569[edit]
July 1 — The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are united into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin
1563[edit]
Denmark and Lithuania exchange some outlying territories of the former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the Livonian Order
1562[edit]
March 5 — The Livonian Order is incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the Duchy of Livonia.
1561[edit]
June 15 — Northern Estonia pledges allegiance to Sweden and is annexed as Swedish Estonia.
1550s[edit]
1559[edit]
The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark.
1558[edit]
July 18 — Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia.
1540s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1549 The Kingdom of Portugal establishes a central government for its Colony of Brazil, with Salvador as the capital.
1542 The Kingdom of Ireland supersedes the feudal Lordship of Ireland. Dublin remains the capital.
The Kingdom of England annexes the Principality of Wales.
1530s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1536 King Ferdinand I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Pozsony.
1534 The Kingdom of Portugal divides its Colony of Brazil into 15 independent captaincies.
1532 The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Brittany.
1530 October 26 The Order of Saint John annexes Malta and moves the capital from Mdina to Birgu.
1532[edit]
Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Inca
1530[edit]
Malta is separated from the Kingdom of Sicily when it falls under the rule of the Order of Saint John
1520s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1529 April 22 Representatives of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain sign the Treaty of Zaragoza, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in Asia and Oceania at a meridian about 144°40' west of Greenwich.)
1521 August 13 The combined forces of Hernán Cortés conquer Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. The Kingdom of Spain subsequently renames the region New Spain. The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed México.
King Mayadunne I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Sitawaka.
1526[edit]
Babur of the Mughal Empire defeats the sultan of Delhi
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, uniting the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg Monarchy under a single ruler
1522[edit]
Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth
1510s[edit]
1519-1521[edit]
Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztecs
1513[edit]
Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain
1513[edit]
Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama
1500s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1500 April 22 Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at the coast of Brazil and claims all land in South America east of the Tordesillas Meridian for the Kingdom of Portugal, thus establishing the Portuguese Colony of Brazil.
1504[edit]
The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon
1501[edit]
May 20 — João da Nova discovers Ascension Island
1500[edit]
22 April — Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at Brazil
1490s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1495 June 7 Representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian about 46°0' west of Greenwich.
1493 May 4 Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.)
1492 October 12 While seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago, which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola.
1490 King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1499-1501:Safavids conquer Persia
1498:20 May — Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
1494:May 3 — Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca
1492:October 12 — Christopher Columbus arrives at America when he sights land in The Bahamas[48]
January 2 — The combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, completing the Spain's Reconquista.
1480s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1485 King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs.
1488:Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope
1482:The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished
1481:France gains the County of Provence
1470s[edit]
1478: Commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands by Catholic Monarchs' Spain.
1472:The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland.
1460s[edit]
1469:October 18 — The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs.
1450s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1453 29 May The Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople, present day Istanbul.
1453:May 29 — The Byzantine capital of Constantinople falls after an invasion by the Ottoman Empire, ending the Byzantine Empire
1440s[edit]
1444:2 March 1444 — The Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian Confederate of League of Lezhe.
1430s[edit]
1432:Burgundy acquires the County of Hainaut
1420s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1421 The Ming Dynasty of China moves its capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
1410s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1412 King Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kotte.
1415:August 21 - The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
1400s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1408 King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1390s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1392 The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital.
1380s[edit]
1384:The Burgundian Netherlands are established
1360s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1368 The Ming Dynasty supersedes the Yuan Dynasty of China. Nanjing is the capital.
1366:Liège annexes the County of Loon
1350s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1350 With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai.
1358:Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
1340s[edit]
1349:Dauphiné sold to France
1347:June 7 — The Teutonic Order gives the former Danish Estonia over to the Livonian Order
1346:November 1 — Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order
1341:King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
1320s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1325 March 13 The Mexicas (Aztecs) founded Tenochtitlan, the foundation of México. It is the oldest continuous capitol in the Americas.
1323 King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Visegrád.
1326:The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia
1323:August 12 - The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland.
1310s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1315 King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Temesvár.
1316:France gains the Counties of Valentinois and Diois
1300s[edit]
1305:France gains the County of Vivarais
1301:France gains Barrois mouvant (County of Bar west of Meuse River)
1290s[edit]
1299:Ottoman Empire founded
1293:March 10 - Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland.
1280s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1287 King Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka back to Polonnaruwa.
1270s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1279 March 19 The Song Dynasty is conquered by the Yuan Dynasty of China.
1278 September 8 The Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory of Andorra.
1272 The Yuan Dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu.
August 10 Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries.
1279:The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon
1278:Andorra granted independence from the Crown of Aragon
1276:Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, which are inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon
1272:February 1 — The Kingdom of Albania (medieval) established.
1260s[edit]
1266:July 2 — Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth
1260:Mongol Empire splits
1250s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1256 King Béla IV moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Buda.
1258:May 11 — The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia
Mongols occupy Baghdad
1220s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1220 King Vijayabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Dambadeniya.
1240s[edit]
1245:The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra
1230s[edit]
1238:June 7 — The Livonian Order returns Danish Estonia to Denmark, but Järva County is ceded to the Livonian Order.
Sweden conquers central Finland.
1237:May 12 — The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order.
1236:Mongols invade Northern Korea
1235:Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca
1231:Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon
1235:Kingdom of Mali established
1220s[edit]
1228:August — The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Livonia. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
1227:February — The Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate the Estonians and conquer much of Danish Estonia.
1224:August — The Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat.
July 24 — The Bishopric of Estonia cedes some of its land in Southeastern Estonia to the Bishopric of Livonia.
July 21 — The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia. The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
1223:Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors
1210s[edit]
1219:July 15 — Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Harjumaa, Virumaa and Järvamaa as the Duchy of Estonia
1218:The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester
1217:Serbian kingdom established
1216:The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi
1215:The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia
1210:Mongols capture much of China
1190s[edit]
1197:The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished
1190:The Principality of Arbanon is established

1180s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1185 The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria.
1170s[edit]
1170:The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England
1160s[edit]
1162:Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon
1150s[edit]
1156:King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden.
1154:Al-Idrisi creates an early world map named Tabula Rogeriana, which describes the Eurasian continent and the northern half of Africa

1130s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1139 The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León.
1139:The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal.
1130:December 25 — The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished
1120s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1127 The Song Dynasty of China moves its capital from Bianjing to Lin'an.
1090s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1097 King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London.
1092:William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England.
1091:Noto, Sicily is conquered by the County of Sicily, ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily
1080s[edit]
1088:The Principality of Taranto is established
1070s[edit]
1076:Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana. The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited (in a personal union) under Sancho Ramírez, who styled himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities
1075:Muslims conquer Syria
1071:Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established

1060s[edit]
1066:England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union
1065:The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León
The Duchy of Limburg is established
1061:Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'
Messina, Sicily is captured from the Muslims by the Normans
1050s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1055 King Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Polonnaruwa.
1059:The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a Duchy by the Pope
1018-1054:At some point between 1018 and 1054 the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland
1040s[edit]
1043:Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona
1042:The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established
1030s[edit]
1035:The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon
1032:Kingdom of Arles is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire.
1030:Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in Southeastern Estonia.
1010s[edit]
1018:English (Northumbrian) land north of the Tweed is ceded to Scotland
1000s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
1000 King Stephen I establishes the Hungarian Kingdom. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are the official capitals.
1000:December — King Stephen I of Hungary is crowned and begins the transformation of the early Hungarian state into the Christian Kingdom of Hungary. This is considered to be the official date of foundation of the country.
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson spots islands off the coast of Greenland. European discovery of the island itself is dated to the 980s, when explorers arrived from Iceland and Norway.
Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows.
980s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
987 Hughe Capet confirmes Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France).
970s[edit]
975:Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden
960s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
962 February 2 Otto the Great re-establishes the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital.
960 January 3 Emperor Taizu of Song establishes the Song Dynasty of China. Bianjing remains the capital.
ca. 965:The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
962:King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire.
961:King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which is wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
950s[edit]
959:Lower Lorraine is established
954:The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw
940s[edit]
948:The Kingdom of Nri is established
The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily
942:England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
941:Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes
930s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
936 Goryeo Dynasty unified the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
920s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
927 July 12 King Athelstan of Wessex establishes the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital.
927:The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England
922:The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona
920:The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth
The County of Horne is established

910s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
918 King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital.
918:The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex
The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex
916/17:Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes
910:December 10 — The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León
900s[edit]
909:The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate
902:The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya
890s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
895 Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary.
891:The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia
880s[edit]
Frankish kingdoms in 888
Year
Date
Event
872 Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital.
880s:Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
880:The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
870s[edit]
878:The Emirate of Ifriqiya takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
876:The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
873:The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
872:The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
870:As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy.

860s[edit]
860:Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
850s[edit]
858:Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
855:Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
851:The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
840s[edit]
Partitions of Francia by the Treaty of Verdun
Year
Date
Event
843 Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, made Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun.
843:The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia.
830s[edit]
831:September — Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
820s[edit]
825:The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex
The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex
824:The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established
820:The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks
810s[edit]
814:Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom
800s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
800 December 25 Charlemagne establishes the Holy Roman Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital.
804:Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony
8th century[edit]
795:The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against the Moors
788:The Franks conquer Bavaria[49]
The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto
787:Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy
785:Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
774:Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy)
The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento
769:Franks conquer Gascony
768–769:Franks conquer Aquitania
759:Franks conquer Septimania
754:The Papal States is established
751:The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade
744:Franks conquer Alemannia
734:Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers
718:Kingdom of Asturias established
717:Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
711:A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.
690s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
690 King Go establishes Balhae on the Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula.
690:Muslims conquer North Africa[50]
680s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
681 Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital.
681:A peace treaty with Byzantium marked the beginning of the First Bulgarian Empire.
680:The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
670s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
676 Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
630s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
630 January 11 The Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital.
634:The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
620s[edit]
628:Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
610s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
618 June 18 Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang. Chang'an is the capital.
550s[edit]
553:The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
530s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
538 The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi.
534:The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
500s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
508 Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom.
490s[edit]
493:Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy
490:Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees
480s[edit]
486:The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks
480:A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered

470s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
476 September 4 Germanic General Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end.
475 The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure of Goguryeo.
476:September 4 — The Western Roman Empire falls due to Odoacer deposing Romulus Augustulus
460s[edit]
469:The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies
457-461:Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul
450s[edit]
451-453:Huns attack the Western Roman Empire
430s[edit]
435:The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa
420s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
427 The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang.
429:Vandals enter Africa
426:Alans leave Hispania
410s[edit]
418:The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul
411:The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine
400s[edit]
405:December 31 — A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine
402:Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna
390s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
395 January 17 At his death, Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons. Arcadius (Flavius Arcadius) rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius (Flavius Honorius) rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy).
395:Roman Empire splits into eastern and western portions
370s[edit]
370:The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished
Huns appear north of the Black Sea
350s[edit]
358:Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium)
330s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
330 May 11 Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).
330:Eastern Roman capital moved to Constantinople[51]
320s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
324 September 18 Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
300s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
301 September 3 Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital.
301-3 September- San Marino secedes from Roman Empire (traditional)
290s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
293 Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).
280s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
286 April 1 Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany).
270s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
274 Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
273 Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
274:The Gallic Empire is disestablished
273:The Palmyrene Empire is disestablished
271:Roman Dacia is abandoned
260s[edit]
Year
Date
Event
269 The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt.
260 Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital.
Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital.
269:Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire
260:Two Roman breakaway states, the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire, are formed
240s[edit]
240:Gupta Empire forms in India

1st century[edit]
World in year 1.
Year
Date
Event
3 The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae.
71-84:Conquest of Wales and Scotland by Romans
43–47:The Romans found Londinium, a town that will with time become modern London
5:Romans conquer much of the Middle East
Before the Common Era[edit]
Note: The common year numbering system follows the ordinal numbers rather than the cardinal numbers, thus there was no year "zero". The date January 1, 1 CE immediately followed the date December 31, 1 BCE. Thus, while the 2000s began on Saturday, January 1, 2000 CE, the official Third Millennium began on Monday, January 1, 2001 CE.
First Millennium BCE[edit]
Year
Date
Event
18 BCE Onjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital.
27 BCE January 16 The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire. The city of Rome remains the capital.
30 BCE August 1 Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control.
37 BCE Dongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital.
57 BCE Hyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital.
194 BCE Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula.
202 BCE February 28 Gaozu establishes the Han Dynasty of China. Chang'an becomes the capital.
221 BCE Qin Shi Huang unifies ancient China as the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty of China. Xianyang becomes the capital.
238 BCE Arsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
305 BCE Macedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter. Alexandria remains the capital.
312 BCE Macedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital.
322 BCE Chandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital.
330 BCE Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia. Alexander makes Babylon the capital.
332 BCE Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria.
343 BCE Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III.
380 BCE November Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital.
399 BCE autumn Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital.
404 BCE Amyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital.
504 BCE King Panduvasudeva moves the capital of the Kingdom of Lanka to Upatissa Nuwara.
509 BCE The Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome. The city of Rome remains the capital.
515 BCE Darius the Great moves the capital of the Persian Empire to Persepolis.
525 BCE May Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II.
543 BCE King Vijaya establishes the Kingdom of Lanka and makes Tambapanni the new capital.
546 BCE Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital.
660 BCE February 11 Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan.
about 664 BCE Pharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital.
694 BCE Deioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital.
about 700 BCE Phoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital.
about 728 BCE Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital.
about 740 BCE Nubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia.
753 BCE April 21 Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
808 BCE Karanus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital.
about 875 BCE Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt.
879 BCE Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu.
911 BCE Adad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire. Assur remains the capital.
about 930 BCE The Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
about 945 BCE Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis remains the capital.
1st century BCE:The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica
30:Egypt becomes a Roman province
58-50:Romans conquer Gaul
63:Romans conquer Jerusalem
Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
111:By this date, Emperor Wu of Han had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from the Yue
133:Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia
135:Western half of Minyue conquered by China
146:Romans conquer Iberia
Ancient Carthage is disestablished
Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League
Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed
148:Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana
168:Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
180:Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
187:The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed
197:Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt
Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
209:The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control
211:Romans capture Syracuse
221:Qin Dynasty unifies China
230:Han state conquered by Qin
238:Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces
241:Sicily becomes first Roman province
266:Ashoka unifies most of South Asia
281:Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids
291:Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
294:Demetrius Poliorcetes kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
301:The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
306:Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
309:Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire.
316:The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
321:Mauryan Empire founded
323:Alexander dies and his empire splits
329:Alexander conquers Samarkand
332:Alexander conquers Egypt from the Achaemenid Empire
338:Phillip II of Macedon unites Greece
348:Artaxerxes III reconquers Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire
375:Zheng annexed by Han
387:The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
404:Darius II of Persia, loses control over Egypt and Thrace
Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony
405:Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
406:Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
409:Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage
479:Delian League established
525:Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt
535:Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom
539:Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire
546:Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
550:Cyrus the Great of Persia, creates the Achaemenid Empire and conquers the Median Empire
586:Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
605:With the Battle of Carchemish, the Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
609:Harran, the new capital of Assyria, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
612:Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
650:Ancient Carthage is established
653:After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians
657:Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara
671:Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
695:Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians
705:The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
706:The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
713:The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians
717:The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians
720:Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians
732:The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
733-734:The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
745:Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
753:April 21 — The foundation of the city of Rome. The precise date is based on legend, but archaeological evidence suggests Rome did grow to city size from an earlier village in the 8th century BCE.
879:Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of Assyria from Assur to Nimrud, also known as Kalhu.
931:The kingdom of Israel splits into the kingdom of Israel in Samaria and the Kingdom of Judah in the south.

Second Millennium BCE[edit]
Year
Event
about 1004 BCE King David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
about 1046 BCE Wu establishes Zhou Dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital.
about 1047 BCE Shaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital.
about 1070 BCE Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital.
about 1184 BCE Greeks destroy the city-state of Troy.
about 1188 BCE Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu remains the capital.
about 1243 BCE Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur.
about 1230 BCE Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
about 1243 BCE Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
about 1272 BCE Mursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa.
about 1293 BCE Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 1295 BCE Pharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa.
about 1332 BCE Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Memphis.
about 1340 BCE Ashur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1345 BCE Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton).
about 1400 BCE Kurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu.
about 1534 BCE Agum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital.
about 1534 BCE Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1600 BCE Tang establishes the Shang Dynasty in China. Yinxu is the capital.
about 1619 BCE Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1620 BCE Djehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital.
about 1624 BCE Salitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital.
about 1710 BCE Nehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital.
about 1763 BCE Hammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire. Babylon remains the capital.
about 1778 BCE Wegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Amenemhat-itj-tawy remains the capital.
about 1810 BCE Sumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital.
about 1894 BCE Sumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian Dynasty. Babylon is the capital.
about 1900 BCE Zulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1983 BCE Amenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.
1077:The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
1550:The New Kingdom of Egypt is established
1650:The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
1940:The Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
Third Millennium BCE[edit]
Year
Event
about 2047 BCE Ur-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital.
about 2070 BCE Yu the Great establishes the Xia Dynasty in China. Yangcheng, Zhenxun are the capitals.
about 2130 BCE Mentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt.
Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2160 BCE Meryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2165 BCE Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2175 BCE Netjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2270 BCE Sargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad. Akkad is the capital.
about 2333 BCE Dangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula.
about 2380 BCE Ur-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash. Lagash is the capital.
about 2336 BCE Teti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2484 BCE Userkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2580 BCE Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer.
about 2655 BCE Sneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2727 BCE Djoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital.
about 2860 BCE Hotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
2055:The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established
Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur
2181:The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt
2193:The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutians
2271:Sargon of Akkad of the Akkadian Empire comes to power after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk
2686:The Old Kingdom of Egypt is established
Fourth Millennium BCE[edit]
Year
Event
about 3080 BCE Narmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt.
about 3200 BCE The regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt.
about 3200 BCE The city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer.
See also[edit]
Lists of capitals
Of countries
in alphabetical order
by latitude
by population
Former
Purpose-built
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References[edit]
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Kingdom of Morocco

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Islamic Republic of Mauritania

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State of Angola

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State of Sikkim

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Republic of Vietnam

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Republic of Malta

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Republic of Guinea-Bissau

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/wiki/Madina_do_Boe
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Madina do Boe

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Islamic Republic of Pakistan

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People's Republic of Bangladesh

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Commonwealth of The Bahamas

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Federal Republic of Cameroon

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State of Qatar

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Arab Republic of Egypt

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Kingdom of Tonga

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Republic of Biafra

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Republic of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia

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Republic of Venda

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Republic of Kiribati

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Islamic Republic of Iran

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/wiki/Egyptian-Israeli_Peace_Treaty
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Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty

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Imperial State of Iran

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State of the Comoros

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Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte

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Republic of Bophuthatswana

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Republic of Transkei

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Republic of North Solomons

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Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

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States and territories of India

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Empire of Ethiopia

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Commonwealth of the Bahamas

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Abu Dhabi (emirate)

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Sharjah (emirate)

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Republic of Sierra Leone

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People's Republic of Yemen

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Sultanate of Muscat and Oman

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Sultanate of Oman

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/wiki/Republic_of_the_Gambia
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Republic of the Gambia

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Co-operative Republic of Guyana

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Republic of Maldives

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Sultanate of Maldives

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Male, Maldives

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Republic of Equatorial Guinea

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Kingdom of Swaziland

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Republic of Mauritius

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Republic of Nauru

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Federative Republic of Brazil

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Republic of Burundi

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Territory of Basutoland

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Kingdom of Lesotho

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Republic of Botswana

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Republic of Malawi

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Romanian People's Republic

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Republic of Singapore

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Republic of Zambia

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/wiki/Republic_of_Tanganyika
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Republic of Tanganyika

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Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba

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Greek Cypriot

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Turkish Cypriot

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Republic of Kenya

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British North Borneo

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United Kingdom of Libya

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Republic of Uganda

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Kingdom of Belgium

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Apia, Samoa

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Syrian Arab Republic

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Republic of India

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Republic of Cameroun

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Gabonese Republic

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Republic of Chad

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Republic of Niger

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Togolese Republic

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Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone

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Six Day War

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Federation of Malaysia

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Republic of Tanzania

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Suvadive Islands

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Algerian State

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Antarctic Treaty

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British Cameroon

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Trust Territory of Somalia

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Republic of Guinea

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Republic of Iraq

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Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

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Egyptian Republic

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Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq

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Republic of Ghana

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Tunisian Republic

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Kingdom of Bhutan

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Republic of Austria

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Territory of Curaçao

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/wiki/Willemstad,_Cura%C3%A7ao
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Willemstad, Curaçao

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Territory of Surinam

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Territory of Puerto Rico

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Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

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Allied occupation of Libya

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Emirate of Cyrenaica

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Union of India

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French Africa

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/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territory
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United Nations Trust Territory

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/wiki/Syrian_Republic_(1930-58)
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Syrian Republic (1930-58)

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/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt
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Republic of Egypt

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/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)
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Saar (protectorate)

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/wiki/Spanish_Morocco
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Spanish Morocco

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/wiki/French_overseas_territory
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French overseas territory

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/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)
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Geneva Conference (1954)

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Rhodesia and Nyasaland

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Republic of the South Moluccas

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Portuguese East Africa

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Portuguese West Africa

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Republic of China

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Yogyakarta (city)

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Partition Plan

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British Mandate for Palestine

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British Mandate of Palestine

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French Guyana

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Kingdom of Denmark

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Lebanese Republic

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Bangka–Belitung Islands

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/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tripura
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Kingdom of Tripura

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1948 Arab-Israeli War

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Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan

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Dutch colonies

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State of Hyderabad

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Indian Union

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Republic of Korea

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Riau Sultanate

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Western Samoa

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Tanganyika Territory

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French Establishments in India

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French Establishments in Oceania

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French Settlements in Oceania

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New Caledonia and Dependencies

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Italian Republic

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French colonies

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Democratic Federal Yugoslavia

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Occupied Japan

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Great Empire of Manchuria

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Subcarpathian Ruthenia

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State of Brunei

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Dodecanese Islands

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Occupation of Denmark

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British Burma

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Independent State of Macedonia

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Military Administration in Serbia

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Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

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Free French Forces

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Republic of Iceland

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Mandate of Syria

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French Mandate of Lebanon

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/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria
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French Mandate of Syria

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French protectorate of Morocco

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/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies
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Netherlands East Indies

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/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Indonesia
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Japanese occupation of Indonesia

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Dutch Timor

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State of Brunei Darussalam

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French Oceania

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/wiki/Third_French_Republic
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Third French Republic

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Kingdom of Norway

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Reza Shah Pahlavi

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Iraqi Kingdom

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Bohemia and Moravia

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Reformed Government of China

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Mongol Military Government

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Aden Settlement

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British India

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Suez Canal Zone

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Jabal al-Druze (state)

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/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War
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Second Italo-Abyssinian War

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/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Persia
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Imperial State of Persia

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Eric the Red's Land

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British Mandate of Mesopotamia

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Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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1947 Chinese Constitution

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Boma, Kongo Central

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Canton (Guangzhou)

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/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey
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Republic of Turkey

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Democratic Republic of Armenia

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State of the Vatican City

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Kingdom of Nejd

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State of Souaida

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Jabal ad-Druze

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Oltre Giuba

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Soviet Russia

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Oriental Republic of Uruguay

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Danish Realm

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/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1916-1918)
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Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

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Independent State of Flanders

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Russian SFSR

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State of Lithuania

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Emirate of Chechenia

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Abkhazian Republic

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Republic of Finland

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Provisional Government of Russia

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Qing Dynasty

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Portuguese First Republic

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British Cape Colony

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Middle Congo

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/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Germain
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Treaty of Saint Germain

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German Southwest Africa

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Bavarian Council Republic

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/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro
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Nicholas I of Montenegro

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Eastern Thrace

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Regions of Montenegro

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West Macedonia

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mw-redirect
Republic of China (1912-1949)

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/wiki/Natal_Colony
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Natal Colony

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/wiki/Republic_of_Colombia
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Republic of Colombia

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/wiki/Solimoes_River
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Solimoes River

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/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden
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Kingdom of Sweden

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/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba
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Republic of Cuba

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/wiki/Oiapoque_River
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Oiapoque River

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/wiki/Vilayet_of_Bosnia
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Vilayet of Bosnia

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/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii
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Honolulu, Hawaii

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Joseon Dynasty

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Tainan City

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Kingdom of Hawaiʻi

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U.S. territory

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Menelik II of Ethiopia

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Republic of Honduras

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/wiki/German_South-West_Africa
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German South-West Africa

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/wiki/Conquest_of_the_desert
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Conquest of the desert

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Principality of Romania

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Republic of Paraguay

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French Second Empire

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Córdoba Province (Argentina)

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/wiki/Great_Powers
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Great Powers

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/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia
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Southern Bessarabia

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Brazilian Empire

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Bolivian Republic

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Empire of Greater Japan

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New Archangel

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United Province of Canada

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Principality of Monaco

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Slave state

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Republic of Louisiana

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Republic of Florida

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Republic of Mississippi

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Republic of South Carolina

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Colony of British Columbia

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Kingdom of Two Sicilies

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Province of Buenos Aires

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Papal Legations

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/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia
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Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

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Federal Republic

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/wiki/Argentine_Civil_War
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Argentine Civil War

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/wiki/Second_Mexican_Republic
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Second Mexican Republic

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/wiki/Mexican-American_War
mw-redirect
Mexican-American War

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/wiki/African_American
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African American

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/wiki/Republic_of_Liberia
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Republic of Liberia

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/wiki/State_of_Texas
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State of Texas

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/wiki/Washington,_DC
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Washington, DC

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/wiki/L%C4%81hain%C4%81,_Hawai%27i
mw-redirect
Lāhainā, Hawai'i

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/wiki/Republic_of_El_Salvador
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Republic of El Salvador

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/wiki/Republic_of_Guatemala
mw-redirect
Republic of Guatemala

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/wiki/Peru-Bolivian_Confederation
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Peru-Bolivian Confederation

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/wiki/Republic_of_Costa_Rica
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Republic of Costa Rica

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/wiki/Republic_of_Nicaragua
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Republic of Nicaragua

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/wiki/Republic_of_Ecuador
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Republic of Ecuador

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/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1839
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Treaty of London, 1839

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/wiki/Pacto_Federal
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Pacto Federal

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/wiki/State_of_Chile
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State of Chile

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Sint Eustatius and Dependencies

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1828 Treaty of Montevideo

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United Provinces of South America

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Alaska Boundary Dispute

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United Provinces in South America

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French First Empire

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Sir Robert Brownrigg

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Crown Colony of Ceylon

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Principality of Andorra

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Malta Colony

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Royal Audience of Quito

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Free City of Kraków

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Duchy of Lauenburg

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Duchy of Würzburg

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St. George, Bermuda

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Peace of Kiel

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Principality of Moldavia

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Treaty of Bucharest, 1812

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Grito de Dolores

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Santa Fe de Bogotá

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Napoleon I of France

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Illyrian provinces

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Peace of Hamina

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Teutonic Knights

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Archbishopric of Regensburg

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Knights of Saint John

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Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)

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United States of Belgium

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Sikh Confederacy

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Second partition of Poland

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Province of Trinidad

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Republic of New Connecticut

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Westminster, Vermont

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Colony of Brazil

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Zunghar Khanate

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Safavid Empire

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Ahmad Shah Abdali

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Electorate of Hanover

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Robert de La Salle

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Ming Dynasty

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Fasilides of Ethiopia

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Zagwe Dynasty

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Duchy of Ingria

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Nöteborg Fortress

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Pays de Gex

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

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Kingdom of Poland (1385-1569)

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Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek

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Bishopric of Dorpat

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Early Modern France

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Francisco Pizzaro

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Mayadunne of Sri Lanka

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Kingdom of Hungary (1301-1526)

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Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia

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Japanese Archipelago

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League of Lezhe

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County of Bar

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Meuse River

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Song Dynasty

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Bishop of Urgell

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Kingdom of Mali

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Kingdom of Deheubarth

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Peter IV of Bulgaria

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Erik den helige

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William Rufus

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Kingdom of Ghana

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Vijayabahu I of Sri Lanka

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Leif Ericson

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Kingdom of the West Franks

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Erik Segersäll

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Otto the Great

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Later Three Kingdoms of Korea

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Athelstan of England

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Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

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Kingdom of Mercia

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Principality of Benevento

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Æthelberht of Wessex

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Æthelbald of Wessex

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Kingdom of Wessex

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Kingdom of Provence

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Kingdom of Pamplona

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Duchy of Vasconia

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Córdoba, Andalusia

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Berber people

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Emir of Damascus

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Iberian peninsula

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Khan Asparukh

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Byzantine Emperor

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Clovis the Frank

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Frankish Kingdom

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Romulus Augustus

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Hunnic Empire

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Flavius Theodosius

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Flavius Arcadius

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Eastern Roman Empire

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Istanbul, Turkey

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Flavius Honorius

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Milan, Italy

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Constantine I

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İzmit, Turkey