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The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
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The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
Primary packaging artwork, depicting Link overlooking Hyrule
Developer(s)
Nintendo EPD
Publisher(s)
Nintendo
Director(s)
Hidemaro Fujibayashi
Producer(s)
Eiji Aonuma
Programmer(s)
Takuhiro Dohta
Kenji Matsutani
Hiroshi Umemiya
Artist(s)
Satoru Takizawa
Writer(s)
Akihito Toda
Composer(s)
Manaka Kataoka
Yasuaki Iwata
Hajime Wakai
Series
The Legend of Zelda
Platform(s)
Nintendo Switch
Wii U
Release
March 3, 2017
Genre(s)
Action-adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild[a] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. An entry in the longrunning Legend of Zelda series, it was released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3, 2017. The story follows Link, who awakens from a hundred-year slumber to a mysterious voice that guides him to defeat Calamity Ganon before it can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule. The game is played in an open world environment. Players are given little instruction and can explore freely: common tasks include collecting multi-purpose items to aid in various objectives or solving puzzles and side-quests in order to obtain rewards. Breath of the Wild's world is unstructured, designed to reward experimentation and allows the story to be completed in a nonlinear fashion.
Development of Breath of the Wild lasted five years. According to producer Eiji Aonuma, the team wanted to reinvent the series; thus they introduced new elements, such as a detailed physics engine, high-definition visuals, and voice acting. The game was planned for release in 2015 as a Wii U exclusive, but was delayed twice due to problems with the physics engine. Breath of the Wild was a launch game for the Switch as well as the final Nintendo game for the Wii U. Post-release downloadable content was also developed, featuring new gameplay modes and features.
Breath of the Wild received acclaim for its open-ended gameplay and attention to detail, with many critics calling it a landmark in open-world game design, despite minor criticism for its frame rate and technical performance at launch. It won numerous awards, including several Game of the Year awards, and many publications have called it one of the greatest video games of all time. It is the bestselling game in the series, selling nearly ten million copies worldwide by March 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development
4 Promotion and release
4.1 Downloadable content
5 Reception
5.1 Sales
5.2 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
See also: Gameplay of The Legend of Zelda series
Players are free to explore the world of Breath of the Wild using a variety of tools. For example, by jumping from a high elevation and deploying his paraglider, Link can travel distances quickly.
Conversely to previous Legend of Zelda games, Breath of the Wild features a full open world, twelve times larger than the overworld in Twilight Princess, with less emphasis on defined entrances and exits to areas.[1] Similar to the original Legend of Zelda, the player begins with little instruction, and is allowed to explore freely at their own pace.[2] Breath of the Wild introduces a consistent physics engine to the Zelda series, letting players approach problems in different ways rather than trying to find a single solution.[3] The game also integrates a "chemistry engine" that defines the physical properties of most objects and governs how they interact with the player and one another.[4] These design approaches result in a generally unstructured and interactive world that rewards experimentation and allows for nonlinear completion of the story.[5][6]
Players explore the kingdom of Hyrule while controlling Link. Link can perform many actions such as running, climbing, swimming, and gliding with a paraglider, although he is limited by his stamina.[7] Unlike previous Zelda games, where Link obtains key weapons for permanent use, the player procures items from the environment, including weapons, bows, and shields, which break after excessive use.[7] Many items have multiple uses; for example, wooden weapons and armor can be set to light fires or collect incoming enemy arrows, and shields can be used as makeshift snowboards.[7] Players can also obtain various food and materials, such as meat from hunted animals, wild fruit, and parts from defeated enemies.[5] By cooking combinations of food or materials, the player can create meals and elixirs that can replenish Link's health and stamina, or provide temporary status bonuses such as increased strength or weather resistance.[5] Link's Sheikah Slate can be used to mark waypoints on a map and take pictures. Early in the game, multiple rune powers are installed onto the Sheikah Slate, including remote bombs; Magnesis, which can manipulate metal objects; Cryonis, which forms ice blocks on watery surfaces; and Stasis, which temporarily stops objects in time, allowing the player to build kinetic energy which is released once time resumes.[8][9][10] In combat, players can lock onto targets for more precise attacks, while certain button combinations allow for advanced offensive and defensive moves.[11] Players may also defeat enemies without weapons, such as rolling boulders off cliffs into enemy camps.[12]
Activating towers and shrines adds waypoints that the player may warp to at any time.[13] Activating towers also adds the surrounding territory to the player's map, although location names are not added until the player explores that area. Shrines mostly replace the series' traditional dungeons, instead consisting of smaller challenges ranging from puzzles to battles against robotic opponents. Clearing these shrines earns Spirit Orbs, which can be traded at various "Goddess Statues" for additional health or stamina.[13] Also scattered across Hyrule are various small puzzles that reveal the hiding places of Koroks; solving them earns Korok Seeds, which can be traded in to expand inventory size for weapons, shields, and bows.[14] Towns serve as hotspots for main quests, sidequests and shops selling various materials and clothing. Players also encounter hikers or other travelers who offer sidequests, hints, or conversation.[7][11] Weather is dynamic and regularly changes. For example, colder environments damage Link unless he wears warm clothing or eats certain food,[15] but players may take advantage of weather by throwing metal objects at enemies during thunderstorms to attract lightning.[7]
Players who own the correct Amiibo figures may scan them against their console to summon items, or call Link's horse Epona from previous Zelda games and Wolf Link from Twilight Princess.[16][17]
Plot[edit]
Breath of the Wild introduces a world marked by recurring conflict between the kingdom of Hyrule and the evil Calamity Ganon. Each time Ganon resurfaced, he was defeated by Princess Zelda, the descendant of the Goddess Hylia, with the help of her champion.[18] Over time, Hyrule matured into an advanced civilization. Using their knowledge of Sheikah technology, they prepared for Ganon's inevitable return by creating four massive animalistic machines called Divine Beasts and an army of autonomous, mechanical weapons called Guardians.[19] Upon Ganon's return, four great warriors were given the title of Champion and tasked with piloting one of the Divine Beasts to attack and weaken him, while the princess and her hero used the Guardians to protect them while the hero struck Ganon down with the Master Sword, allowing the princess to seal Ganon away.[20]
10,000 years later, the kingdom of Hyrule had lost its technological greatness and reverted to a medieval state.[21] Upon reading their ancestors’ prophecies, they learned the signs of Ganon's return and recovered the Divine Beasts and Guardians after excavating land throughout the kingdom.[22] Key members of Hyrule's various races—Daruk, a warrior of the mountainous Goron, Mipha, a princess of the aquatic Zora, Revali, the most skilled archer among the bird-like Rito, and Urbosa, the chief of the desert-dwelling Gerudo—were assembled to pilot the Divine Beasts as Zelda’s Champions, while Princess Zelda and Link, her appointed knight, attempted to stop the evil using the same strategy as their ancestors.[23] However, Ganon appeared from beneath Hyrule Castle and possessed the Guardians and Divine Beasts, turning them against Hyrule. In the "Great Calamity" which followed, King Rhoam, the Champions, and everyone in the Castle were killed, the castle town was destroyed, and Link was gravely wounded defending Zelda.[24] Zelda survived, and after having Link taken to safety and hiding the Master Sword, faced Ganon alone, using her magic to restrain him within the castle walls.[25]
100 years later, an amnesiac Link awakens from within the Shrine of Resurrection. A mysterious female voice guides him to the now ruined Hyrule where he meets an old man who, after helping Link adjust to the ruined world, reveals himself to be the restless spirit of King Rhoam, the last King of Hyrule. The king explains to Link that Ganon has been sealed in Hyrule Castle for one hundred years, but has continued to strengthen, and the king pleads for Link to defeat him before he breaks free and destroys the world.[26]
Link visits the locations of the Divine Beasts, regaining his memories as the respective races of the former champions help him board the Divine Beasts to purge them of the monsters Ganon had created. The champions' spirits are released along with their Divine Beasts, and after offering their powers to Link, pilot them once again, preparing them to attack Ganon once Link storms Hyrule Castle. As Link travels the world, he also comes across key areas that he and Zelda traveled to in the past, eventually regaining all his memories. After obtaining the Master Sword from the Lost Woods, Link defeats Ganon with help from the Divine Beasts, but Ganon survives and manifests himself in his true form: an ethereal malicious monster called Dark Beast Ganon. Using Zelda’s Bow of Light, Link defeats Ganon and Zelda seals him away, restoring peace to Hyrule and allowing the spirits of King Rhoam and the champions to finally depart. In the epilogue, Zelda, while noting that Ganon is gone for the time being, realizes that Hyrule must be rebuilt and that she and Link must begin the process themselves.[27] If the player fulfills certain conditions, they unlock an alternative ending.[28]
Development[edit]
With Breath of the Wild, Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma sought to rethink series conventions.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild was developed by Nintendo EPD for the Wii U and Nintendo Switch consoles. According to series producer Eiji Aonuma, the development team aimed to "rethink the conventions of Zelda".[29][30] Following the release of The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword in 2011, Aonuma said he began receiving comments from players who wished to see a more interconnected map in order to explore the locales between the gameplay areas.[31] In 2013, Nintendo experimented with nonlinear, open-world gameplay in The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds.[32] At the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo, Aonuma said he planned to reform dungeons and puzzles, two of the series' major gameplay elements,[33] and redesign the storyline to allow players to reach the end of the game without progressing through it.[34] As Nintendo had never worked on a modern open-world game before, they took influence from the development of The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.[35]
Prior to starting full development, the developers designed a playable 2D prototype similar to the original Zelda to experiment with physics-based puzzles. The final game uses a modified version of the Havok physics engine.[36] At the 2017 Game Developers Conference, Fujibayashi, technical director Takuhiro Dohta, and art director Satoru Takizawa held a presentation titled "Change and Constant – Breaking Conventions with The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild", during which they demoed the prototype.[36][37] Aonuma called the physics engine in Breath of the Wild a major development for the Zelda series, saying that it "underpins everything in the world" and makes things operate in a "logical and realistic way", allowing players to approach puzzles and problems in different ways. He expanded on the difficulty in developing this system, recalling how one day during development he entered an area in the game and found that all the objects had been blown away by the wind.[3]
"Our mission in developing this new Zelda game ... is quite plainly to re-think the conventions of Zelda. I'm referring to the expectation that the player is supposed to complete dungeons in a certain order...we want to set aside these conventions, get back to basics and create a newborn Zelda so that the players can best enjoy the real essence of the franchise."
Eiji Aonuma, producer[29]
The game was built and demonstrated with touchscreen features for the Wii U, but the developers found that looking away from the main screen distracted from the game. The features were removed when the game moved to tandem development across the Wii U and Nintendo Switch.[38] The Wii U GamePad also affected animation; though Link is canonically left-handed, he is right-handed in the game to match the GamePad's control scheme, which has its sword-swinging buttons on its right side.[39] The Switch version performs better than the Wii U release when docked to a television, though when undocked, both run at the same resolution. The Switch version also has higher-quality environmental sounds.[40][41] Aonuma stated that the art design was inspired by gouache and en plein air art to help identify the vast world.[42] The game's landscape was based on locations in and around Kyoto, the hometown of game director Hidemaro Fujibayashi, and was partially designed by Monolith Soft, who assisted with topographical level design.[43][44][45]
"I really think the implementation of this physics engine is a major development for the Zelda series. The way the physics engine underpins everything in the world really offers up a lot of new possibilities. For instance, in Breath of the Wild you might have a puzzle where making use of the physics, there’ll be various ways you can solve that puzzle. That really opens up a lot of possibilities so there’s not just one way to progress in the game or just one way to solve a puzzle."
Eiji Aonuma, producer[3]
Breath of the Wild was the first main series Zelda game to use voice acting in cutscenes, although Link remains a silent protagonist. Aonuma was affected by the first time he heard a character with a human voice in-game, and wanted to leave a similar impression on players.[46] The team decided to record voice-overs for all cutscenes instead of only the key scenes, as originally planned.[47][48] Nintendo provided voice-overs and subtitles in eight languages.[b] Initially, players were not able to mix and match the languages of voices and subtitles;[49] however, Nintendo released an update in May 2017 that allowed players to choose the voice-over language.[50] The game went gold on February 3, 2017, with Nintendo holding a wrap party to celebrate.[51] Coinciding with the game's launch in Taiwan and South Korea in early 2018, Nintendo introduced a patch worldwide adding traditional and simplified Chinese and Korean translations for the Nintendo Switch version.[c][52][53][54]
The original score was composed by a team consisting of Manaka Kataoka, Yasuaki Iwata, and Hajime Wakai. Kataoka and Wakai had previously worked on the series respectively with Spirit Tracks[55] and Wind Waker, while Iwata was new to the series.[56][57] The soundtrack was primarily written and performed on a piano, with a focus on ambient music and sounds rather than the melodic and upbeat music in previous Zelda games. According to Wakai, this helped add "authenticity" to the game's environments and scenery, and was taken on as a challenge by the rest of the sound team.[58]
Promotion and release[edit]
Aonuma announced a new entry for Nintendo's Wii U console in January 2013 during the company's regular online presentation. The game, he continued, would challenge the series' conventions, such as the requirement that players complete dungeons in a set order.[2][59] The next year, Nintendo introduced the game's high-definition, cel-shaded visual style with in-game footage at its June 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press event.[60][61] Once planned for release in 2015, the game was delayed early in the year and did not show at that year's E3.[62][63] Zelda series creator Shigeru Miyamoto reaffirmed that the game was still set for release on the Wii U, despite the development of the console that would be called the Nintendo Switch.[64] The game was delayed again in April 2016 due to problems with its physics engine. With its new 2017 release date, the game would launch for both the Wii U and Switch consoles simultaneously on March 3, 2017.[65] Nintendo let attendees play the game's Wii U version at E3 2016,[66] where they also announced its subtitle, Breath of the Wild.[67] CNET said that the showing of the game at the convention would "take your breath away",[68] and Breath of the Wild was the most talked-about E3 2016 game on social media according to Brandwatch, a social media monitoring platform.[69] It was also listed among the best games at E3 by Eurogamer,[70] GameSpot,[71] and GamesRadar+.[72][73]
At a Nintendo Switch presentation in January 2017, Nintendo provided a new trailer announcing that the game would be released as a launch game for the Switch.[74] The Switch version of the game was available in limited "Special Edition" and "Master Edition" bundles, which both included a Sheikah Eye coin, a Calamity Ganon tapestry with world map, a soundtrack CD, and a themed carrying case for the Switch. The Master Edition also included a figurine based on the Master Sword.[75][76][77] An "Explorer's Edition" of the game was released for the Switch on November 23, 2017, which came with a two-sided map and a 100-page book containing story information.[78] Fils-Aimé stated that the game would be the last Nintendo-developed game released for the Wii U.[79] In Europe, the game used unique packing artwork.[80] A five-disc, 211-track soundtrack was released in Japan on April 25, 2018.[81]
Downloadable content[edit]
A season pass featuring two bundled downloadable content (DLC) packs was released: The Master Trials and The Champions' Ballad.[82][83] The Master Trials was released on June 30, 2017,[82] and adds gameplay modes, features, and items. In the Trial of the Sword challenge, Link fights through around 45 rooms of enemies and must finish each room before proceeding. Link begins with no equipment, but is rewarded with a glowing Master Sword that has greater durability and possesses a doubled damage stat if they complete the challenge. The pack also adds an option to play the game at a higher difficulty level, which adds ranks and raises the ranks of enemies. The enemies are more perceptive when Link sneaks near them and slowly regenerate health in battle. New floating platforms throughout the land offer enemies to battle and treasure as a reward. The Hero's Path feature draws the player's path on the game's map, designed to help players determine places they have not visited. The player can also find the hidden Travel Medallion to save Link's current position as a single waypoint to which the player can transport Link at any time. New items include the Korok Mask, which helps the player find Korok locations, and other themed cosmetics related to previous Zelda games.[84]
The Champions' Ballad was released on December 7, 2017, with a trailer presented at The Game Awards 2017 exhibiting the new content. The expansion pack adds a new dungeon, original story, gear, and additional challenges to the game.[83][85][86] It also introduces the Master Cycle Zero, a motorcycle-like vehicle that Link can ride after players complete the pack's additional content.[87]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (NS) 97/100[88]
(Wii U) 96/100[89]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 10/10[90]
Edge 10/10[91]
EGM 9.5/10[92]
Eurogamer [93]
Famitsu 40/40[94]
Game Informer 10/10[95]
Game Revolution [96]
GameSpot 10/10[7]
GamesRadar+ [97]
Giant Bomb [98]
IGN 10/10[5]
Nintendo Life [99]
Nintendo World Report 9.5/10[100]
Polygon 10/10[101]
VideoGamer.com 9/10[102]
Breath of the Wild was released to critical acclaim, with some calling the game a masterpiece[108] and one of the greatest video games of all time.[109][110] On the review aggregator Metacritic, Breath of the Wild scores 96/100 for the WiiU version and 97/100 for the Switch version,[89][88] is the highest rated game in 2017,[111] and holds the largest number of perfect reviews of any game on the website.[112][113][114] Major publications including IGN,[115] GameSpot,[116] Polygon,[117][118] Entertainment Weekly,[119] Eurogamer,[120] Electronic Gaming Monthly,[121] GamesRadar+,[122] and Game Informer[123] all ranked Breath of the Wild first in their respective lists of the best video games of 2017.
Breath of the Wild's open-world implementation and other gameplay mechanics were widely praised by critics. Jose Otero of IGN praised the game's combat and open world as "a masterclass in open-world design", and "a wonderful sandbox full of mystery, dangling dozens upon dozens of tantalizing things in front of you that just beg to be explored."[5] GameSpot called it "the most impressive game" Nintendo had ever made, appreciating the way that it "takes designs and mechanics perfected in other games and reworks them for its own purposes to create something wholly new, but also something that still feels quintessentially like a Zelda game." The review declared that the game is "both a return to form and a leap into uncharted territory, and it exceeds expectations on both fronts."[7] Edge stated that "the magic of being given all the tools in the opening hour is the knowledge that the solution to any problem is already at your disposal, and you can always change tack." The publication praised the game world, saying that it is "an absolute, and unremitting, pleasure to get lost in". The publication awarded the game a perfect score, making it the 29th game (including retrospective perfect scores) to earn that score from the publication.[91] Breath of the Wild became the 24th game to receive a perfect score from Famitsu.[124] Kyle Orland of Ars Technica recalled, "after spending a week utterly immersed in Nintendo's open-world reimagining of the tried-and-true Zelda formula, it's hard to return to the more formulaic entries of the franchise's past."[125] Arthur Gies of Polygon, however, considered Breath of the Wild the most challenging in the series.[126]
Reviewers lauded the game's sense of detail and immersion while criticizing its frame rate dips and low resolution of 900p.[127][128] Kotaku recommended playing the game without its on-screen minimap and indicators, in praise of the indirect cues that contextually indicate the same information, such as Link shivering when it's cold or waypoints visually appearing in the distance when using the scope.[127] Journalists commented on unexpected permutations of interactions between Link, villagers, pets, and enemies,[128][129][130] and a tribute to former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata, who died during the game's development.[128][131] These serendipitous moments proved popular on social media, according to Chris Plante of The Verge. He predicted that more open world games would abandon linear tasks in favor of Breath of the Wild's format, as game publishers would appreciate the free marketing.[132] Gaming journalist Jim Sterling was more critical of the game than most, giving it a 7/10 score. He criticized the difficulty, weapon durability, and general level design, but praised the game's variety of content and open-world mechanics.[133] Post-release updates later addressed some criticism regarding the game's technical performance and unstable frames per second (FPS) experienced at launch.[134][135][136]
The game's success sparked increased interest in the Wii U emulator Cemu, as the emulator's developers rapidly updated the software to run the game at a smooth frame rate within weeks of its release.[137][138][139]
Sales[edit]
Breath of the Wild broke Nintendo's launch game sales records in multiple regions.[140][141] The game competed with the open-world game Horizon Zero Dawn in its launch week, which it outsold in Japan (around 200,000 copies).[142][143] While Breath of the Wild was only the second bestselling retail game in the UK in its week of release, selling less than Horizon, it was the third largest Zelda series release there, behind Wind Waker and Twilight Princess.[144][145] Nintendo reported that Breath of the Wild sold more than one million copies in the United States in March 2017, 925,000 copies of which were for the Switch version, attaining a 100% attach rate for the console.[146][147][148][149] It was also the second bestselling retail game in the US in March, only behind Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands.[150] By the end of March, Nintendo reported it had sold 3.84 million copies of Breath of the Wild worldwide. The Wii U version sold 1.08 million units and the Switch version sold 2.76 million units, surpassing the Switch's global sales of 2.74 million for the same period.[151] Nintendo's president Tatsumi Kimishima said that the attach rate of Breath of the Wild to the Switch was "unprecedented".[152] By March 2018, the Switch version sold over eight million copies, while the Wii U version sold over one million, combing for a total of 9.98 million, making it the bestselling entry in the series.[153]
Accolades[edit]
Breath of the Wild received recognition from the gaming awards circuit a year before its release. Following its demonstration at E3 2016, the game received several accolades from the Game Critics Awards,[154] as well recognition from publications such as IGN and Destructoid.[155][156] It was also listed among the best games at E3 by Eurogamer,[70] GameSpot,[71] and GamesRadar+.[72][73] In late 2016, Breath of the Wild received two awards at Gamescom,[157] and won the award for Most Anticipated Game at The Game Awards 2016.[158] A week prior to release, Peter Brown of GameSpot deemed Breath of the Wild "a strong contender" for the best Zelda game.[159]
After its release, Breath of the Wild performed considerably well at The Game Awards 2017, where it won in multiple categories including Game of the Year, Best Game Direction, and Best Action/Adventure Game, while nominated for Best Art Direction, Best Score/Music, and Best Audio Design.[160] The game also performed extremely well at the 2018 DICE Awards, where it won Game of the Year among other categories,[161] and also received considerable recognition from other awards organizations.
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Result
Ref.
Game Critics Awards
July 5, 2016 Best Action/Adventure Game Won [162]
Best Console Game Won
Best of Show Won
The Game Awards 2016
December 1, 2016 Most Anticipated Game Won [163]
2017 Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017 Choice Video Game Nominated [164]
Japan Game Awards
September 21, 2017 The Grand Award Won [165]
BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards
October 22, 2017 Best Game Nominated [166]
Golden Joystick Awards
November 17, 2017 Best Visual Design Nominated [167]
[168]
Best Audio Won
Critics' Choice Award Won
Nintendo Game of the Year Won
Ultimate Game of the Year Won
The Game Awards 2017
December 7, 2017 Game of the Year Won [160]
Best Game Direction Won
Best Art Direction Nominated
Best Score/Music Nominated
Best Audio Design Nominated
Best Action/Adventure Game Won
New York Game Awards
January 24, 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Won [169]
Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game Nominated
Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Won
D.I.C.E. Awards
February 22, 2018 Game of the Year Won [161]
Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated
Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated
Adventure Game of the Year Won
Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won
Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won
National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards
March 13, 2018 Art Direction, Fantasy Won [170]
[171]
Control Design, 3D Nominated
Game Design, Franchise Nominated
Game of the Year Nominated
Game, Franchise Family Nominated
Original Light Mix Score, Franchise Won
SXSW Gaming Awards
March 17, 2018 Excellence in Musical Score Nominated [172]
[173]
Excellence in Animation Nominated
Excellence in Art Nominated
Excellence in Gameplay Won
Excellence in Design Won
Video Game of the Year Won
Game Developers Choice Awards
March 21, 2018 Best Audio Won [174]
[175]
Best Design Won
Innovation Award Nominated
Best Technology Nominated
Best Visual Art Nominated
Game of the Year Won
14th British Academy Games Awards
April 12, 2018 Artistic Achievement Nominated [176]
[177]
Best Game Nominated
Game Design Nominated
Game Innovation Won
Music Nominated
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ ゼルダの伝説 ブレス オブ ザ ワイルド (Zeruda no Densetsu: Buresu obu za Wairudo) in Japanese
Jump up ^ Languages include Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish. The Dutch localization is text only and borrows the English voice-over by default, whilst the Spanish localization include two different voice-over tracks for different regions.
Jump up ^ The Chinese and Korean localization is text only and borrows the Japanese voice-over by default.
Citations
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^ Jump up to: a b George, Richard (January 23, 2013). "New HD Zelda Revealed for Wii U". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c De Meo, Francisco (January 19, 2017). "Zelda Breath of the Wild Physics Engine Is A "Major Development" For The Series; Team Discussed Adding Female Protagonist". WCCF Tech. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gray, Kate (May 30, 2017). "Is The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild the best-designed game ever?". Theguardian.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Otero, Jose (March 2, 2017). "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Review". IGN. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Breath of the Wild is the future of blockbuster games". Theverge.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Brown, Peter (March 2, 2017). "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sliva, Marty (December 5, 2014). "New Gameplay Shown From The Legend of Zelda Wii U". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pereira, Chris (February 17, 2015). "Zelda Wii U's Open World Is as Big as the System Can Handle". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (June 14, 2016). "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is the most ambitious Nintendo game in years". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Tach, David (March 2, 2017). "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild beginner's guide". Polygon. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tassi, Paul (March 13, 2017). "Two Skills Break Zelda: Breath of the Wild's Otherwise Creative Combat". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hilliard, Kyle (February 10, 2017). "Everything We Know About The Legend Of Zelda: Breath Of The Wild's Dungeons". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (March 15, 2017). "The reward for collecting all 900 Zelda: Breath of the Wild Korok seeds is a bit poo". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Patricia (March 13, 2017). "I Swear, If It Rains In Zelda: Breath of the Wild One More God Damn Time". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Impa: The history of the royal family of Hyrule is also the history of Calamity Canon, a primal evil that has endured over the ages. This evil has been turned back time and time again by a warrior wielding the soul of a hero and a princess who carries the blood of the Goddess. With the passage of time, each conflict with Ganon faded into legend. So listen closely as I tell you of this 'legend' that occurred 10,000 years ago.
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Impa: Hyrule was then blossoming as a highly advanced civilization... the people thought it wise to utilize their technological prowess to ensure the safety of the land should Calamity Ganon ever return. They constructed... the Divine Beasts. They also built a legion of autonomous weapons called guardians.
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Impa: The Divine Beasts were piloted by four individuals of exceptional skill from across the land. And thus, the plan to neutralize Ganon was forged... The princess and the hero fought alongside these four Champions against this ancient evil. The Guardians were tasked with protecting the hero, as the Divine Beasts unleashed a furious attack... And when the hero wielding the sword that seals the darkness delivered his final blow, the princess used her sacred power to seal away Calamity Ganon.
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Princess Zelda's Research Notes: In the war against the Calamity 10,000 years ago... were the injuries so great as to necessitate such a facility?
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. King Rhoam: There was also a prophecy. 'The signs of a resurrection of Calamity Ganon are clear, and the power to oppose it lies dormant beneath the ground'. We decided to heed the prophecy and began excavating large areas of land.
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. King Rhoam: The princess, her appointed knight, and the rest of the Champions were on the brink of sealing away Ganon... But nay...
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. King Rhoam: [Ganon] seized control of the Guardians and the Divine Beasts and turned them against us. The Champions lost their lives. Those residing in the castle as well. The appointed knight, gravely wounded, collapsed while defending the princess. And thus, the Kingdom of Hyrule was devastated absolutely by Calamity Ganon.
Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. King Rhoam: However, the princess survived... to face Ganon alone.
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Jump up ^ Nintendo. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Zelda: Although Ganon is gone, for now, there is still so much for us to do. [...] I believe in my heart, that if all of us work together, we can restore Hyrule to its former glory. Perhaps... even beyond. But it all must start with us.
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Jump up ^ When docked, the Switch runs at 900p resolution, and when undocked, it runs at the screen's maximum 720p. The Wii U has the latter's maximum resolution. All versions run at 30 frames per second.[40]
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Jump up ^ Under the maiden name of Manaka Tominaga
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Jump up ^ Reviewers who called the game a "masterpiece" include those of Time,[103] Entertainment Weekly,[104] IGN,[105] Eurogamer,[106] and The A.V. Club.[107]
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Jump up ^ Osborn, Alex (December 1, 2016). "The Game Awards 2016 Winners Announced". IGN.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca; Knapp, JD (August 13, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition". Variety. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Grand Award goes to "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild"" (PDF). Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association. September 21, 2017. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "All the winners from the Radio 1 Teen Awards 2017". BBC. Archived from the original on November 29, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dwan, Hannah (October 27, 2017). "Public voting and the nominations for the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards are now up". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dwan, Hannah (November 18, 2017). "The 2017 Golden Joystick Awards winners have been revealed". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitney, Kayla (January 25, 2018). "Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018". AXS. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nominee List for 2017". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. February 9, 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Horizon wins 7; Mario GOTY". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. March 13, 2018. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNeill, Andrew (January 31, 2018). "Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists!". SXSW. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ IGN Studios (March 17, 2018). "2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed". IGN. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ McWhertor, Michael (January 5, 2018). "Zelda, Horizon lead 2018 Game Developers Choice Award nominees". Polygon. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (March 21, 2018). "Legend Of Zelda: Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ deAlessandri, Marie (March 15, 2018). "Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations". The Market for Computer & Video Games. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett (April 12, 2018). "BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017". Destructoid. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
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Heterotroph
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cycle between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs use light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water to form oxygen and complex organic compounds, mainly through the process of photosynthesis (green arrow). Both types of organisms use such compounds via cellular respiration to both generate ATP and again form CO2 and water (two red arrows).
A heterotroph (/ˈhɛtərəˌtroʊf, -ˌtrɒf/;[1] Ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros = “other” plus trophe = "nutrition") is an organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are secondary and tertiary consumers.[2][3] Ninety-five percent or more of all types of living organisms are heterotrophic, including all animals and fungi and some bacteria and protists.[4] The term heterotroph arose in microbiology in 1946 as part of a classification of microorganisms based on their type of nutrition.[5] The term is now used in many fields, such as ecology in describing the food chain.
Heterotrophs may be subdivided according to their energy source. If the heterotroph uses chemical energy, it is a chemoheterotroph (e.g., humans and mushrooms). If it uses light for energy, then it is a photoheterotroph (e.g., green non-sulfur bacteria).
Heterotrophs represent one of the two mechanisms of nutrition (trophic levels), the other being autotrophs (auto = self, troph = nutrition). Autotrophs use energy from sunlight (photoautotrophs) or inorganic compounds (lithoautotrophs) to convert inorganic carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds and energy to sustain their life. Comparing the two in layman's terms, heterotrophs (such as animals) eat either autotrophs (such as plants) or other heterotrophs, or both.
Detritivores are heterotrophs which obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces).[6] Saprotrophs (also called lysotrophs) are chemoheterotrophs that use extracellular digestion in processing decayed organic matter. It is a term most often associated with fungi. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.[7]
Contents
1 Types
2 Flowchart
3 Ecology
4 References
Types[edit]
Heterotrophs can be organotrophs or lithotrophs. Organotrophs exploit reduced carbon compounds as electron sources, like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from plants and animals. On the other hand, lithotrophs use inorganic compounds, such as ammonium, nitrite, and sulfur to obtain electron sources. Another way of classifying different heterotrophs is by assigning them as chemotrophs or phototrophs. Phototrophs utilize light to obtain energy and carry out metabolic processes, whereas chemotrophs use the energy obtained by the oxidation of chemicals from their environment.[8]
Photoorganoheterotrophs, such as Rhodospirillaceae and purple non-sulfur bacteria synthesize organic compounds using sunlight coupled with oxidation of organic substances, //including hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and molecular hydrogen//. They use organic compounds to build structures. They do not fix carbon dioxide and apparently do not have the Calvin cycle.[9] Chemolithoheterotrophs like the Oceanithermus profundus[10] obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. Mixotrophs (or facultative chemolithotroph) can use either carbon dioxide or organic carbon as the carbon source, meaning that mixotrophs have the ability to use both heterotrophic methods as well as autotrophic methods.[11][12] Although mixotrophs have the ability to grow both under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions, C. vulgaris have higher biomass and lipid productivity when growing under heterotrophic conditions compared to autotrophic conditions.[13]
Heterotrophs, by consuming reduced carbon compounds, are able to use all the energy that they obtain from food for growth and reproduction, unlike autotrophs, which must use some of their energy for carbon fixation.[9] Both heterotrophs and autotrophs alike are usually dependent on the metabolic activities of other organisms for nutrients other than carbon, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, and can die from lack of food that supplies these nutrients.[14] This applies not only to animals and fungi but also to bacteria.[9]
Flowchart[edit]
Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph, heterotroph, or a subtype
Autotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoautotroph
Heterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph
Ecology[edit]
Main article: Consumer (food chain)
Many heterotrophs are chemoorganoheterotrophs that use organic carbon (e.g. glucose) as their carbon source, and organic chemicals (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) as their energy and electron sources.[15] Heterotrophs function as consumers in food chain: they obtain these nutrients from saprotrophic, parasitic, or holozoic nutrients.[16] They break down complex organic compounds (e.g., carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) produced by autotrophs into simpler compounds (e.g., carbohydrates into glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids). They release energy by oxidizing carbon and hydrogen atoms present in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to carbon dioxide and water, respectively.
They can catabolize organic compounds by respiration, fermentation, or both. Fermenting heterotrophs are either facultative or obligate anaerobes that carry out fermentation in low oxygen environments, in which the production of ATP is commonly coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation and the production of end products (e.g. alcohol, CO2, sulfide).[17] These products can then serve as the substrates for other bacteria in the anaerobic digest, and be converted into CO2 and CH4, which is an important step for the carbon cycle for removing organic fermentation products from anaerobic environments.[17] Heterotrophs can undergo respiration, in which ATP production is coupled with oxidative phosphorylation.[17][18] This leads to the release of oxidized carbon wastes such as CO2 and reduced wastes like H2O, H2S, or N2O into the atmosphere. Heterotrophic microbes’ respiration and fermentation account for a large portion of the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, making it available for autotrophs as a source of nutrient and plants as a cellulose synthesis substrate.[19][18]
Respiration in heterotrophs is often accompanied by mineralization, the process of converting organic compounds to inorganic forms.[19] When the organic nutrient source taken in by the heterotroph contains essential elements such as N, S, P in addition to C, H, and O, they are often removed first to proceed with the oxidation of organic nutrient and production of ATP via respiration.[19] S and N in organic carbon source are transformed into H2S and NH4+ through desulfurylation and deamination, respectively.[19][18] Heterotrophs also allow for dephosphorylation as part of decomposition.[18] The conversion of N and S from organic form to inorganic form is a critical part of the nitrogen and sulfur cycle. H2S formed from desulfurylation is further oxidized by lithotrophs and phototrophs while NH4+ formed from deamination is further oxidized by lithotrophs to the forms available to plants.[19][18] Heterotrophs’ ability to mineralize essential elements is critical to plant survival.[18]
Most opisthokonts and prokaryotes are heterotrophic; in particular, all animals and fungi are heterotrophs.[4] Some animals, such as corals, form symbiotic relationships with autotrophs and obtain organic carbon in this way. Furthermore, some parasitic plants have also turned fully or partially heterotrophic, while carnivorous plants consume animals to augment their nitrogen supply while remaining autotrophic.
Animals are classified as heterotrophs by ingestion, fungi are classified as heterotrophs by absorption.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Grc". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ https://biologydictionary.net/heterotroph/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Hogg, Stuart (2013). Essential Microbiology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-119-97890-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Cells Harvest Energy". McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Jump up ^ Lwoff, A., C.B. van Niel, P.J. Ryan, and E.L. Tatum (1946). Nomenclature of nutritional types of microorganisms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (5th edn.), Vol. XI, The Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 302–303, [1].
Jump up ^ Wetzel, R. G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press. 3rd. p.700.
Jump up ^ Advanced biology principles, p 296—states the purpose of saprotrophs and their internal nutrition, as well as the main two types of fungi that are most often referred to, as well as describes, visually, the process of saprotrophic nutrition through a diagram of hyphae, referring to the Rhizobium on damp, stale whole-meal bread or rotting fruit.
Jump up ^ Mills, A.L. (1997). The Environmental Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits: Part A: Processes, Techniques, and Health Issues Part B: Case Studies and Research Topics (PDF). Society of Economic Geologists. pp. 125–132. ISBN 978-1-62949-013-7. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mauseth, James D. (2008). Botany: an introduction to plant biology (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-7637-5345-0.
Jump up ^ M. L. Miroshnichenko et al., Oceanithermus profundus gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, microaerophilic, facultatively chemolithoheterotrophic bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
Jump up ^ Libes, Susan M. (2009). Introduction to marine biogeochemistry (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-12-088530-5.
Jump up ^ Dworkin, Martin (2006). The prokaryotes: ecophysiology and biochemistry (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 988. ISBN 978-0-387-25492-0.
Jump up ^ Liang, Yanna (July 2009). "Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions". Biotechnology Letters. 31 (7): 1043–1049. doi:10.1007/s10529-009-9975-7.
Jump up ^ Campbell and Reece (2002). Biology (7th ed.). Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0805371710.
Jump up ^ Mills, A.L. "The role of bacteria in environmental geochemistry" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Heterotrophic nutrition and control of bacterial density" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gottschalk, Gerhard (2012). Bacterial Metabolism (PDF) (2 ed.). Springer. ISBN 0387961534. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wade, Bingle (2016). MICB 201: Introductory Environmental Microbiology. pp. 236–250.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kirchman, David L. (2014). Processes in Microbial Ecology. OUP Oxford. pp. 79–98. ISBN 9780199586936.
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