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Pakistani passport
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Pakistani passport
پاکستانی پاسپورٹ
The front cover of a contemporary Pakistani passport.
Current Pakistani passport. (Areas containing personal information are grayed out.)
Issued by
Pakistan
Type of document
Passport
Purpose
Identification
Eligibility requirements
Pakistani citizenship
Expiration
5 and 10 Years
Cost
₨3000 (US$28) - 5 Years Validity
₨5400 (US$51)- 10 Years Validity
The Pakistani passport (Urdu: پاکستانی پاسپورٹ) is issued to citizens of Pakistan for the purpose of international travel. The Directorate General of Immigration & Passports of the Ministry of Interior[1] is responsible for issuing passports. Pakistan's machine-readable and biometric passports are currently being issued from regional passport offices and Pakistani embassies. Pakistani passport holders are eligible to visit 32 countries without a visa, or with visa on arrival.
In 2004, Pakistan became one of the first countries in the world to issue the biometric passports, which are, according to the publisher, compliant with ICAO standards and dubbed Multi-biometric e-Passports.[2] They do not carry the "chip inside" symbol ( ), which is mandatory for ICAO-standard electronic passports.,[3] however Ministry of Interior is planning to start issuing E-Passport in coming years to Pakistani citizens. As of 2012, Pakistan has adopted the Multi-biometric e-Passport that is now compliant with ICAO standards.[4] According to the Interior Minister, the biometric passports will be introduced in 2017.[5] The passports are printed in a centralized passport personalization facility established within the premises of Directorate General of Immigration and Passports Headquarters in the Federal capital of Islamabad.[6] Since January 2014, passports are being issued with 5 and 10 years validity.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Under British Raj
1.2 1940s
1.3 1950s
1.4 1960s
1.5 1970s
1.6 1980s
1.7 1990s–present
2 Types
3 Security features
4 Physical appearance
4.1 Passport holder identity
4.2 Passport note
5 Visa requirements
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
Under British Raj[edit]
British Indian passport issued during the colonial days when Pakistan was not formed but constituted a part of India (and for some years after partition)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah's passport issued by the British Indian Empire.
The British Indian passport was issued to the British subjects of British Indian Empire, British subjects from other parts of the British Empire, and the subjects of the British protected states in India (i. e. the British Protected Persons of the 'princely states').[8] The use of passports was introduced to British India after the First World War.[9] The Indian Passport Act of 1920 required the use of passports, established controls on the foreign travel of Indians, foreigners travelling to and within India.[10] The passport was based on the format agreed upon by 1920 League of Nations International Conference on Passports.[11] However, the British Indian passport had very limited usage, being valid for travel only within the British Empire, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, Spain, Norway, Sweden and Holland.[12]
The use of the passport was discontinued after the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and its bearers were entitled to opt for Indian, Pakistani or British nationality.Passport regime only started between the two countries from 1952. Citizens of both India and Pakistan did not need a visa or were issued one on arrival till the Second Kashmir War. Before the war, citizens of both countries could freely travel to each other's countries, despite the fact that both had gone to war in 1947 over the princely state of Kashmir.[13]
Joint India-Pakistan passport issued to migrants to enable them to visit family, friends and ancestral homes located on the other side of the Radcliffe line
1940s[edit]
The cover of the First Pakistani passport in 1947
Issued in late 1947, the cover of Pakistan’s first passport was largely beige in colour and only partially green. It had 'Pakistan Passport' written in three languages: English, Bengali, and Urdu. It had two Pakistan flags, one symbolising West Pakistan and the other East Pakistan. Inside, there was the holder's name, address, profession, photo, and marital status. Pakistanis did not require pre-arrival visas and could get visas-on-arrival in any country they wished to travel, including India.[14]
1950s[edit]
The West Pakistani passport in 1954
By 1954, the colour green had ousted the beige. The two flags were still there, but the holder's name now appeared on the cover. Due to tensions between the state and the Bengali majority of East Pakistan, the government had introduced the One Unit scheme, which treated the ethnically diverse West Pakistan as a single province and the Bengali-dominated East Pakistan as the other province. Consequently, West Pakistani passports (like the one in the picture) had 'Pakistan Passport' written only in English and Urdu, whereas East Pakistani passports had the same written in English and Bengali. This was soon changed, but the rest of the contents remained the same: holder's name, photo, address, profession, and marital status. Pakistanis could still get on-arrival-visas in most countries, except Israel, the Soviet Union and Afghanistan – countries that Pakistan had developed strained relations with. However, India and Pakistan were still issuing on-arrival-visas to one another despite the fact that both had gone to war in 1948.[14]
The dark green passport lasted till 1960. In 1956, when the Constituent Assembly authored and passed the country's first constitution, it declared Pakistan an Islamic republic. It was also decided that the term 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' was to appear on Pakistani passports by 1958. However, this never happened because in 1958, the country's powerful president, Iskander Mirza, and its army chief, Ayub Khan, imposed martial law for the first time in Pakistani history. Mirza suspended the constitution, terming it “the peddling of Islam for political gains.” Within the first 20 days of the coup, Ayub ousted Mirza as well and became president in 1959. He changed the name of the country to the Republic of Pakistan.[14]
1960s[edit]
Pakistani passport during Ayub's era
The first passport issued by the Ayub regime was in 1960. It was light green in colour, symbolising the regime's modernist and moderate view of Islam. It just had 'Pakistan Passport' written on it in English and Urdu. The flags were removed and so was the Bengali translation (which had reappeared in the late 1950s). The contents inside remained the same. Pakistanis could receive on-arrival-visas in all countries, except the Soviet Union, communist countries in eastern Europe, and Israel. Afghanistan had begun to give on-arrival visas. The only communist country that gave on-arrival visas to Pakistanis was China. India and Pakistan still had on-arrival-visa policies between them.[14]
In 1967, the colour of the passport was changed back to dark green. The Ayub regime had begun to face harsh criticism from opponents, especially after the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war had ended in stalemate and the once-booming economy had begun to retract. Trouble began to brew on the country's streets and campuses, and Bengali nationalists in East Pakistan became more hostile. The passport turned dark green again and, once more, the words 'Pakistan Passport' began appearing in Bengali. The inside contents remained the same. Pakistanis still enjoyed on-arrival-visa facilities in all the countries, except in communist countries, barring China. However, from 1965 onward, India and Pakistan abolished their long-standing on-arrival-visa policies.[14]
1970s[edit]
In 1974, the passport became bluish green in colour and the Bengali text disappeared after Pakistan recognised Bangladesh. This was due to the fact that in December 1971, East Pakistan had seceded to become Bangladesh. When Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's left-leaning and populist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) came to power in 1973, it authored and passed the country's third constitution. Even though the new constitution changed the country's name back to Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the new name did not appear on the passport. The contents inside changed a bit though. Apart from having the holder's name, address, profession, and marital status, a section was added to note the colour of the holder's eyes. From 1970 onward, the U.S. ended its policy of giving on-arrival-visas to Pakistanis, but the Soviet Union and communist countries began to relax their visa policies towards Pakistan somewhat. Nevertheless, Pakistanis were still able to enjoy on-arrival-visas in most countries.[14]
In 1974, the passport also came with the disclaimer that Pakistanis could not use the passport to travel to Israel and South Africa, which was under the apartheid regime at the time. In 1979, the passport was more or less the same, but the Urdu words 'Pakistan passport' were shifted on top and the English ones pushed down. In July 1977, a reactionary military coup pulled off by General Zia-ul-Haq had toppled the Bhutto regime, but the name Islamic Republic of Pakistan had yet to appear on the passports. The contents inside remained the same as they were in 1974. However, the revived on-arrival-visa policies between Pakistan and Afghanistan were abolished again, mainly due to the communist revolution in Afghanistan in 1978 and the Soviet invasion of that country in 1979. Barring the communist countries (except for China) and the U.S., Pakistanis could still get on-arrival-visas in most countries.[14]
1980s[edit]
In 1984, major changes were made to the Pakistani passport. Zia was still at the helm and had accelerated his Islamization. The country's official name, though changed to Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1973, only appeared on the passports for the first time in 1984. The word 'Passport', in addition to English and Urdu, also appeared in Arabic. There were two reasons for this. Firstly, more and more Pakistanis were going to oil-rich Gulf countries for work. Secondly, Arab cultural and theological influence had been allowed by the regime to seep inside the country’s institutions. The contents of the new passport inside now had an additional section in which the holder had to declare their faith. Also, they had to sign a declaration that they were not members of the Ahmadiyya community in order to receive the passport. Though the community had been ousted from the fold of Islam by a National Assembly Bill in 1974, a new ordinance in 1984 introduced further restrictions on the community. In 1983, UK and other major European countries stopped providing on-arrival-visas to Pakistanis. Pakistanis could also not get Afghan visas (and vice versa), but the visa policies between India and Pakistan were greatly relaxed. Pakistanis still could not get visas for the Soviet Union and other communist countries easily, but China continued to provide on-arrival-visas. Soon, the Gulf states changed their policies as well and Pakistanis were required to have pre-arrival visas for the UAE, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. Libya had already stopped providing on-arrival-visas to Pakistanis in 1980.[14]
1990s–present[edit]
The Pakistani passport today
In the early 1990s, a few years after the end of the Zia dictatorship, the passport changed again. The green became slightly lighter in colour, and the English words 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' were once again pushed up and the Urdu ones pushed down. The Arabic text was removed, but the section noting the holder's faith remained and so did the declaration denouncing the Ahmadiyya community. This version of the passport has remained as is till this day, even though the Pervez Musharraf regime (1999-2008) attempted to replace the words 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' with the old 'Republic of Pakistan'. But the attempt failed due to protests by religious parties. After 9/11, and the rise of religious militancy in Pakistan, more and more countries stopped providing on-arrival-visa facilities to Pakistanis. Pakistanis now require a pre-arrival visa for China as well. According to a 2016 Henley and Partners Visa Restrictions Report, the Pakistani passport's value has been rapidly diminishing in the last two decades and it is now one of the least valuable passports in the world.[14]
As of 2016, Pakistani embassies in some European countries have begun to provide, to dual-nationals only, Pakistani passports that have 'Pakistan' written on them in English and the words 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' in Urdu only. This cover might gradually be adopted for passports held by all Pakistanis in the future.[14]
Visa requirements for holders of regular Pakistani passports
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Visa free access
Visa issued upon arrival
Electronic authorization or eVisa required
Visa available both on arrival or online
Visa required prior to arrival
Types[edit]
The passports are printed by the governmental agency DGIP. The Passport Act, 1974 and Passport and Visa Manual 1974 regulate the issuance of passports. There are three types of passports being issued in Pakistan:[15]
Diplomatic Passport
Official Passport
Ordinary Passport
Diplomatic passports are issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to diplomats and other entitled categories in pursuance of Para-45 of Passport & Visa Manual, 2006.[16]
Official passports are issued to Senators, Members of the National Assembly, provincial ministers, judges of the supreme/high courts, officers serving with the governments when abroad on official assignments etc.The color outer cover of official passport of Pakistan is blue instead of green. (Para-9 of the Passport & Visa Manual, 2006)
A special Hajj passport was formerly issued to those making a hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. They are however no longer issued, as ordinary passports may be utilised for the Hajj pilgrimage.
Security features[edit]
The key features of Pakistan passport are:
PKI – Public Key Infrastructure
RFID Chip
Biometric features namely Facial & Fingerprint
IPI- Invisible Personal ID
2D Bar code
Machine-Readable Zone (MRZ)
Security Substrate and Laminate
Ultra Violet features Micro Printing
Holograms
Watermark Paper
Security Ink
3 Colour Intaglio Printing
Guilloche Patterns
Physical appearance[edit]
Pakistani passports contain a note that the passport cannot be used for travel to Israel
Pakistani passports have a deep green cover with golden colored content. Emblem of Pakistan is emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The words 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' (English) are inscribed above the Emblem whereas 'Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان', 'Urdu: پاسپورٹ' and 'Passport' (English) are inscribed below the emblem. The standard passport contains 36 pages, but frequent travelers can opt for a passport containing 72 or 100 pages.
Passport holder identity[edit]
Until 2004, Pakistani passports had the bearers particulars written by hand, with the passport picture glued to the cover page. These older passports looked very unprofessional and the newer passports have identity information printed on both front and back cover ends. Both of these pages are laminated to prevent modification.
The opening cover end contains the following information:
Photo of Passport Holder
Type 'P'- Stands for "Personal", 'D'- Stands for "Diplomat", - S'- Stands for "Service"
Country Code
Passport number
Surname
Given Name
Nationality
Date of Birth
Citizenship Number
Gender
Place of birth
Father Name
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Issuing Authority
Tracking Number
Booklet Number
1st page of regular booklet contains the note from President of Pakistan (mentioned later).
2nd page mentions ANNOTATION on the top and contains the following
Religion
Previous Passport Number (if any)
Signature of Passport holder
3rd page declares that said passport is valid to travel all countries of the world except ISRAEL.
Passport note[edit]
The passports contain a note from the President of Pakistan addressing the authorities of all states, identifying the bearer as a citizen of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and requesting and requiring that the bearer be allowed to pass freely without any hindrance and be assisted and protected in any need. The note inside of Pakistani passports states:
“ Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan requires & requests in the name of President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan all those to whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.
Director General Immigration & Passports.
”
Visa requirements[edit]
Main article: Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens
In 2018, Pakistani citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 33 countries and territories.
See also[edit]
Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens
Visa policy of Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Directorate General of Immigration & Passports, Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan". Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Administrator. "Multi-Biometric e-Passport". Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Jump up ^ ICAO website Machine-Readable travel documents, specifications for electronically enabled MRtds with biometric identification capacity (doc 9303 part 3 vol 2) Archived 2010-11-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan048580.pdf
Jump up ^ Tribune - Biometric passports to be introduced in 2017
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ Directorate General of Immigration & Passports Website Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Dominions 1931-1947". Historical Atlas of the British Empire. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ MumbaiSpace Indian Passport History Archived October 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 (No. 34 of 1920)
Jump up ^ History of Passports
Jump up ^ Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (2007). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia. Columbia University Press. p. 162. ISBN 0-231-13846-6.
Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1283918
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Paracha, Nadeem F. (15 September 2016). "History of the Pakistani passport". DAWN. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Types of Passport Archived 2009-12-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ regulated by Para-45 of the Passport & Visa Manual, 2006
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Notes
1 A) Includes Crown dependencies, British Overseas Territories, and former British plantations, crown colonies, colonies, protectorates, protected states, mandates, trust territories and other British possessions.
1 B) The Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union, but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union; the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey, and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves (unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status), are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union.
1 C) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union.
2 Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area.
3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here.
4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Turkey has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace.
5 Azerbaijan and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus.
6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.
7 Armenia (Artsakh) and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.
8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and Western Asia. Egypt has a small part of its territory in Western Asia called Sinai Peninsula.
9 Partially recognized.
10 Not recognized by any other state.
11 Special administrative regions of China
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9 Partially recognized.
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1 British Overseas Territories. 2 Open border with Schengen Area. 3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. 4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. 5 Azerbaijan (Artsakh) and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. 6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe. 7 Armenia and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus; Akrotiri and Dhekelia) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula. 9 Part of the Realm of New Zealand. 10 Partially recognized. 11 Unincorporated territory of the United States. 12 Part of Norway, not part of the Schengen Area, special open-border status under Svalbard Treaty
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1 British Overseas Territories. 2 Open border with Schengen Area. 3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia. 4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. 5 Abkhazia9, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and South Ossetia9 are often regarded as transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. 6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. 7 Armenia, Artsakh9, Cyprus, and Northern Cyprus9 are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula. 9 Partially recognized.
Immigration law
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_passport&oldid=843276048"
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text:
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 July 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]National Basketball Association awards and honors
Championship
O'Brien Trophy
Brown Trophy (defunct)
Individual awards
All-Star Game MVP
Bill Russell Finals MVP
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship
Community Assist Award
Most Improved Player
Most Valuable Player
Rookie of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
Sportsmanship Award
Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year
Lifetime Achievement Award
Honors
All-NBA Team
All-Rookie Team
All-Defensive Team
v
t
e
The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955–56 season to the best performing player of the regular season. The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president)[a] of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963. Until the 1979–80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980–81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada, each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first-place vote is worth 10 points; each second-place vote is worth seven; each third-place vote is worth five, fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award.[2] As of June 2017[update], the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times.[3] Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times,[4] while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons.[5] Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice.[4] Only two rookies have won the award: Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season.[6] Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria,[b] Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[c] Steve Nash of Canada[d] and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered "international players" by the NBA.[9]
Stephen Curry in 2015–16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously. Shaquille O'Neal in 1999–2000 and LeBron James in 2012–13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection, both receiving 120 of 121 votes.[e][5] The most recent winner, Russell Westbrook, is the first to have played for a team that failed to win at least 50 regular-season games since the 1982–83 season.[f][11][12] Every player to have won the award has made at least one appearance as a player in the NBA Finals, with the exceptions of Steve Nash and Derrick Rose.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners
Bill Russell (left) won the award five times in his NBA career. Wilt Chamberlain (center) won the award four times in his career.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record-setting six times in his career.
Michael Jordan won the award five times in his career.
LeBron James is a four-time NBA MVP.
Tim Duncan, of the San Antonio Spurs, won back-to-back Most Valuable Player awards in the '01-02 and '02-03 seasons.
Derrick Rose became the youngest player to ever win the award at age 22.
Stephen Curry won back-to-back MVP awards in the '14-15 and '15-16 seasons.
Russell Westbrook is the reigning MVP.
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Denotes player whose team won championship that year
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1955–56
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Forward United States St. Louis Hawks
1956–57
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Guard United States Boston Celtics
1957–58
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Center United States Boston Celtics (2)
1958–59
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (2)
Forward United States St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959–60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors
1960–61
Russell, BillBill Russell* (2)
Center United States Boston Celtics (3)
1961–62
Russell, BillBill Russell* (3)
Center United States Boston Celtics (4)
1962–63
Russell, BillBill Russell* (4)
Center United States Boston Celtics (5)
1963–64
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals
1964–65
Russell, BillBill Russell* (5)
Center United States Boston Celtics (6)
1965–66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1967–68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (4)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1968–69
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*
Center/Forward United States Baltimore Bullets
1969–70
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center United States New York Knicks
1970–71
AaaLew Alcindor*[g]
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks
1971–72
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (2)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (2)
1972–73
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center United States Boston Celtics (7)
1973–74
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (3)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (3)
1974–75
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
Forward/Center United States Buffalo Braves
1975–76
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (4)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers
1976–77
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (5)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1977–78
Walton, BillBill Walton*
Center United States Portland Trail Blazers
1978–79
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
Center United States Houston Rockets
1979–80
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (6)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1980–81
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1981–82
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (2)
Center United States Houston Rockets (2)
1982–83
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (5)
1983–84
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Forward United States Boston Celtics (8)
1984–85
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
Forward United States Boston Celtics (9)
1985–86
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)
Forward United States Boston Celtics 910 !Boston Celtics (10)
1986–87
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1987–88
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1988–89
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1989–90
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (3)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1990–91
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1991–92
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1992–93
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Forward United States Phoenix Suns
1993–94
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
Center Nigeria[b] Houston Rockets (3)
1994–95
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
Center United States San Antonio Spurs
1995–96
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (4)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1996–97
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Forward United States Utah Jazz
1997–98
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (5)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (5)
1998–99
Malone, KarlKarl Malone* (2) [h]
Forward United States Utah Jazz (2)
1999–00
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2000–01
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2001–02
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
Forward/Center United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2002–03
Duncan, TimTim Duncan (2)
Forward/Center United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (3)
2003–04
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
Forward/Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves
2004–05
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
Guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (2)
2005–06
Nash, SteveSteve Nash (2)
Guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (3)
2006–07
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks
2007–08
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2008–09
James, LeBronLeBron James^
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2009–10
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (2)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2010–11
Rose, DerrickDerrick Rose^ [i]
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (6)
2011–12
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (3)
Forward United States Miami Heat
2012–13
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (4)
Forward United States Miami Heat (2)
2013–14
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder
2014–15
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
Guard United States Golden State Warriors (2)
2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (2)
Guard United States Golden State Warriors (3)
2016–17
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (2)
Multi-time winners
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Awards
Years
1 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (3) 6 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980
2 Bill Russell
Boston Celtics 5 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965
Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998
4 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors (1) / Philadelphia 76ers (3) 4 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968
LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers (2) / Miami Heat (2) 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
6 Moses Malone Houston Rockets (2) / Philadelphia 76ers (1) 3 1979, 1982, 1983
Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984, 1985, 1986
Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1987, 1989, 1990
9 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 2 1956, 1959
Karl Malone Utah Jazz 1997, 1999
Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 2002, 2003
Steve Nash Phoenix Suns 2005, 2006
Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2015, 2016
See also
National Basketball Association portal
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award
Notes
Jump up ^ The official title of the position was President until 1967 when it was changed to Commissioner.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993. He was the first ever international player to win the award.[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c Although Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is a United States citizen,[8] the NBA considers him an international player.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b c Steve Nash, who was born in South Africa, was raised in Canada.[10]
Jump up ^ Allen Iverson received the only other first-place vote in 2000, while Carmelo Anthony received the only other first-place vote in 2013.[5]
Jump up ^ Except for seasons affected by lockouts, when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games. Karl Malone won in 1998–99 when Utah was 37–13 in 50 games, which projected to 60 wins in 82 games. James won in 2011–12 when the Miami Heat were 46–20 in 66 games, which projected to 57 wins.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[13]
Jump up ^ Malone, at 35 years and 284 days old at the end of the regular season, is the oldest MVP in NBA history.[14]
Jump up ^ Rose, at 22 years and 191 days old at the end of the regular season, is the youngest MVP in NBA history.[15]
References
General
"Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
"Most Valuable Player Award Winners". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
"NBA MVP – Maurice Podoloff Trophy – Marc Mellon Sculpture Studio". Retrieved January 19, 2002.
Specific
Jump up ^ Monroe, Mike. "The Commissioners". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "LeBron receives 116 first-place votes". ESPN.com. May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace, Michael (May 5, 2013). "LeBron James wins 4th MVP award". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wes Unseld". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon Bio: 1992-93". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBA Players from around the world: 2005-2006 Season". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ McPeek, Jeramie. "The Canadian Kid". NBA.com (from Fastbreak Magazine of Sept./Oct. 1996). Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Who is the leading MVP candidate?". ESPN.com. March 6, 2015. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, Jan (April 22, 1990). "NBA NOTES : Charles Barkley Running a Slick Campaign for MVP". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Karl Malone 1998-99 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Derrick Rose 2010-11 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Russell
1959: Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Russell
1962: Russell
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Russell
1966: Chamberlain
1967: Chamberlain
1968: Chamberlain
1969: Unseld
1970: Reed
1971: Alcindor
1972: Abdul-Jabbar
1973: Cowens
1974: Abdul-Jabbar
1975: McAdoo
1976: Abdul-Jabbar
1977: Abdul-Jabbar
1978: Walton
1979: M. Malone
1980: Abdul-Jabbar
1981: Erving
1982: M. Malone
1983: M. Malone
1984: Bird
1985: Bird
1986: Bird
1987: Johnson
1988: Jordan
1989: Johnson
1990: Johnson
1991: Jordan
1992: Jordan
1993: Barkley
1994: Olajuwon
1995: Robinson
1996: Jordan
1997: K. Malone
1998: Jordan
1999: K. Malone
2000: O'Neal
2001: Iverson
2002: Duncan
2003: Duncan
2004: Garnett
2005: Nash
2006: Nash
2007: Nowitzki
2008: Bryant
2009: James
2010: James
2011: Rose
2012: James
2013: James
2014: Durant
2015: Curry
2016: Curry
2017: Westbrook
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=792560799"
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Bite the bullet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Bite the bullet (disambiguation).
To "bite the bullet" is to endure a painful or otherwise unpleasant situation that is seen as unavoidable.[1] The phrase was first recorded by Rudyard Kipling in his 1891 novel The Light that Failed.[1]
It was suggested by the movie Bite the Bullet that biting the bullet meant using a shell casing to cover an aching tooth, especially one that had been broken, and where a nerve is exposed. In the film, the slug was removed from the bullet, the cap was hit to expend that charge, and the casing was cut down to allow it to sit level with the other teeth.
It is often stated that it is derived historically from the practice of having a patient clench a bullet in his or her teeth as a way to cope with the extreme pain of a surgical procedure without anesthetic, though evidence for biting a bullet rather than a leather strap during surgery is sparse.[1] It has been speculated to have evolved from the British empire expression "to bite the cartridge", which dates to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, but the phrase "chew a bullet", with a similar meaning, dates to at least 1796.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 In philosophy
1.1 Examples
2 See also
3 References
In philosophy[edit]
A more specific meaning of the phrase is to accept unpleasant consequences of one's assumed beliefs.[2] Sound reasoning requires its practitioner to always sustain a consistent set of beliefs. This may involve accepting a disturbing belief that is a consequence of one's currently held beliefs. It may be disturbing because it is counterintuitive or has other disturbing consequences. Given a philosopher's currently held beliefs that he or she is not prepared to give up, he or she may have to bite the bullet by accepting a particular claim offered as an extreme case or putative counterexample.
Examples[edit]
A strict utilitarian will be forced to admit that, if it can be shown that punishing an innocent person would increase the total happiness of the whole society, then there are times when it is morally right to punish an innocent person.[2] (See telishment) An ethically "easy" example would be when an informed person—such as an army cadet—voluntarily accepts the "punishment" or risk of "harm" for the greater good.
The Euthyphro dilemma can be resolved in the mind of a divine command theorist by simply accepting that if God tells us to do something which appears to be immoral, then we are to accept that it really is moral in the bigger picture, and that it only appears to be immoral.[3]
A consequentialist believes that what is called right or wrong depends on what consequences come about as a result of a proposed action. As a way to test this view, some counterexamples may be considered which are intended to find out if this view holds up in extreme cases. For example, one may object that some actions appear to be right in principle even when terrible consequences have resulted from them. Also, there may be times when an action appears to be wrong in principle, but has wonderful consequences. A person wanting to stay faithful to the consequentialist view in the face of an extreme case may have to bite the bullet by taking the position that, even though these counterexamples do exist, the original view still holds up:
Even though both drivers were driving recklessly, only the one who gets in an accident gets a severe penalty. It's okay that some people are treated differently based solely on their luck.
Accepting the existence of moral luck may seem counterintuitive or even unreasonable to some, so this statement of acceptance can be seen as biting the bullet.
See also[edit]
Reductio ad absurdum
Unintended consequence
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bite the bullet. Phrases.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-10-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Warburton, Nigel (2000). Thinking from A to Z. Routledge. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-415-22281-8.
Jump up ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Iep.utm.edu (2006-08-21). Retrieved on 2011-10-12.
[hide]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling's The Light that Failed
Films
The Light That Failed (1923)
The Light That Failed (1939)
Phrases
"Bite the bullet"
"Sturgeon's law"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bite_the_bullet&oldid=794763357"
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