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Regulation of electronic cigarettes
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Regulation of electronic cigarettes varies across countries and states, ranging from no regulation to banning them entirely.[1] Others have introduced strict restrictions and some have licensed devices as medicines such as in the UK.[2] As of 2015[update], around two thirds of major nations have regulated e-cigarettes in some way.[3] Because of the potential relationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries.[4] The companies that make e-cigarettes have been pushing for laws that support their interests.[5] In 2016 the US Department of Transportation banned the use of e-cigarettes on commercial flights.[6] This regulation applies to all flights to and from the US.[6]
The legal status of e-cigarettes is currently pending in many countries.[7] Many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, the Seychelles, and Uruguay have banned e-cigarettes.[2] In Canada, they are technically illegal to sell, as no nicotine-containing e-fluid is approved by Health Canada, but this is generally unenforced and they are commonly available for sale Canada-wide.[8] In the US and the UK, the use and sale to adults of e-cigarettes are legal.[9]:US[10]:UK As of August 8, 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.[11] Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users.[12] The FDA rule also bans access to minors.[12] A photo ID is required to buy e-cigarettes,[13] and their sale in all-ages vending machines is not permitted.[12] In May 2016 the FDA used its authority under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with FDA and comply with good manufacturing practice regulation.[14] E-cigarette and tobacco companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning existing products already on the market.[15]
In February 2014 the European Parliament passed regulations requiring standardization and quality control for liquids and vaporizers, disclosure of ingredients in liquids, and child-proofing and tamper-proofing for liquid packaging.[16] In April 2014 the FDA published proposed regulations for e-cigarettes.[17][18] In the US some states tax e-cigarettes as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments have broadened their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[19] As of 9 October 2015, at least 48 states and 2 territories banned e-cigarette sales to minors.[20]
E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.[21] Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the US is not restricted.[22] Some countries have regulated e-cigarettes as a medical product even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid.[23] A 2014 review stated the emerging phenomenon of e-cigarettes has raised concerns in the health community, governments, and the general public and recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated to protect consumers.[24] It added, "heavy regulation by restricting access to e-cigarettes would just encourage continuing use of much unhealthier tobacco smoking."[24] A 2014 review said these products should be considered for regulation in view of the "reported adverse health effects".[23]
Contents
[hide]
1 Europe
2 United States
2.1 Federal regulation
2.2 State regulation
3 Other countries
4 References
Europe[edit]
Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in Europe:
Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges illegal
Unknown
On 19 December 2012 the European Commission adopted its proposal to revise the European Union Tobacco Products Directive 2001/37/EC which included proposals to introduce restrictions on the use and sales of e-cigarettes.[25][26][27] On 8 October 2013 the European Parliament in Strasbourg voted down the Commission's proposal to introduce medical regulation for e-cigarettes, but proposed that cross-border marketing of e-cigarettes be regulated similarly to tobacco products, meaning that sales of e-cigarettes to under-18s would be prohibited in the European Union, along with most cross-border advertising. Warning labels also would be required. The Parliament and Member States are involved in trilogue discussions to reach a common conclusion.[28] In February 2014, the European Parliament approved new regulations for tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.[29] The new regulations forbid advertising of e-cigarettes, set limits on maximum concentrations of nicotine in liquids, limit maximum volumes of liquid that can be sold, require child-proof and tamper-proof packaging of liquid, set requirements on purity of ingredients, require that the devices deliver consistent doses of vapor, require disclosure of ingredients and nicotine content, and empower regulators to act if the regulations are violated.[16] In October 2014 e-cigarette manufacturer Totally Wicked won the right to challenge the directive at the Court of Justice of the EU. The hearing took place on 1 October 2015 and the results will not be announced until early 2016.[30]
In autumn 2013, the e-cigarette industry ran "a determined lobbying campaign" to defeat proposed European legislation to regulate e-cigarettes like medical devices.[31] Pharmaceutical manufacturers GlaxoSmithKline and Johnson & Johnson have lobbied the US government, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the EU parliament for stricter regulation of e-cigarettes which compete with their products Nicorette gum and nicotine patches.[32]
A no vaping sign on public transport from Scotland
Albania: No information is available.
Armenia: The sale of e-cigarettes and liquids with and without nicotine is not regulated.[33]
Austria: Nicotine-containing cartridges are classified as medicinal products and e-cigarettes for nicotine inhalation as medical devices. Nicotine cartridges may not be sold without a license.[34]
Azerbaijan: No information is available.
Belarus: No information is available.
Belgium: A royal decree legalized the sale of nicotine containing cartridges outside of pharmacies as long as the cartridge contains not more than 2 ml and a maximum of 20 mg/ml of nicotine. The sale to a minor under the age of 16 years is prohibited.[35]
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Nicotine-containing cartridges are not classified as tobacco products, and therefore the sale is not regulated.[36]
Bulgaria: The sale and use of electronic cigarettes are legal, as well as the sale of cartridges and liquids with nicotine. There are no specific regulations from EU.[37]
Croatia: Advertising is restricted. Vaping is banned in all public enclosed facilities. By a law passed by the parliament e-cigarettes are classified as tobacco products. Therefore, vaping is banned in all public buildings, and the sale to a minor is prohibited.[38]
Cyprus: No information is available.
Czech Republic: Sales are prohibited to people under 18 years of age.[39] The use and advertising of e-cigarettes are legal.[40] Sale of e-cigarettes is regulated in the same way as sale of conventional cigarettes – as such, e-cigarettes cannot be sold to minors and can be sold only at places permitted to sell conventional cigarettes. Online sale with mail delivery is de facto illegal due to the impossibility for age verification,[39] however this rule is not enforced and there are plenty of e-shops.
Denmark: Advertising is restricted. The Danish Medicines Agency classifies e-cigarettes containing nicotine as medicinal products. Thus, authorization is required before the product may be marketed and sold, and no such authorization has currently been given. The agency has clarified, however, that e-cigarettes that do not administer nicotine to the user, and are not otherwise used for the prevention or treatment of disease, are not considered medicinal devices.[41][42]
Estonia: The Estonian State Agency of Medicines had previously banned e-cigarettes, but the ban was overturned in court on 7 March 2013.[43] Currently e-liquids containing more than 0.7 mg/ml of nicotine are still considered medicine and as such cannot be legally purchased within the country due to no manufacturer being licensed properly. Following the outcome of EU tobacco directive in October 2013, the legislation is moving towards a more relaxed stance on the issue. As stated by the Estonian minister of social affairs Taavi Rõivas (in charge of tobacco regulation), e-cigarettes will receive an advertisement ban and will clearly be banned for minors but will be available for adults before the end of 2013.
Finland: The National Supervisory Authority of Welfare and Health (Valvira) declared that the new tobacco marketing ban (effective 1 January 2012) would also cover e-cigarettes,[44] resulting in that Finnish stores or web stores can't advertise e-cigarettes because they might look like regular cigarettes. In theory, e-cigarettes with nicotine-free cartridges may still be sold, as long as their images and prices are not visible. Ordering from abroad remains allowed. Sale of nicotine cartridges is currently prohibited, as nicotine is considered a prescription drug requiring an authorization that such cartridges do not yet have. However, the Finnish authorities have decided that nicotine cartridges containing less than 10 mg nicotine, and e-liquid containing less than 0.42 g nicotine per bottle, may be legally brought in from other countries for private use. If the nicotine content is higher, a prescription from a Finnish physician is required. From a country within the European Economic Area a maximum of one year's supply may be brought in for private use when returning to Finland, while three months' supply may be brought in from outside the EEA. Mail-order deliveries from EEA countries, for a maximum of three months' supply, are also allowed.[45][46]
France: The sales of e-cigarettes or machines that imitate smoking, as well as the sale of cartridges containing or not containing nicotine, are prohibited to people under 18 years of age.[47] The e-cigarettes are considered neither as a medical device nor as a medicine, according to a 2011 opinion of the National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), if it is not claimed by its sellers as a smoking cessation product, if the level and amount of nicotine do not exceed the thresholds of (20 mg / ml) and 10 mL respectively. In January 2017, the French Health Law transposing the European Directive on Tobacco Products came into force and establishes a list of places where smoking is prohibited. Offenders are liable to a fine of 150 euros or more. The persons responsible for the places where the prohibition applies and who have not put in place the signage will be fined 450 euros.[48]
Georgia: No information is available.
Germany Sales of e-cigarettes are prohibited for people under 18 years of age since transposition deadline for member states of the European Union[49] regarding the Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU) (including non-nicotine-containing cartridges).[50] The use of such is not allowed in restaurants, where they are sold, and other public places.[50]
Gibraltar: Sales of e-cigarettes is legal.[51]
Greece: The marketing of e-cigarettes is banned unless a Ministerial decision authorises them under certain conditions. Sales of e-cigarettes are prohibited for people under 18 years of age (only for nicotine-containing cartridges).[52]
Hungary: The sale of nicotine-containing cartridges is legal as long as they are packaged in volumes of 10ml maximum in bottles and only sold at the official 'Nemzeti Dohánybolt' (National Tobacco Shops). At least 30% of the packaging must indicate the following text, "This product contains nicotine, which causes a strong addiction"[53] The same restrictions apply to the sale of any e-cigarette and refillable tanker liquids as to any other tobacco product, therefore the legal purchasing age is 18 years.[53]
Iceland: [54]
Ireland: Vaping is not covered by the Irish smoking ban.[40][55]
Italy: Sales of e-cigarettes are prohibited for people under 18 years of age (only for nicotine-containing cartridges).[56] In 2013 the minimum age of 16 years for the sale of cartridges containing nicotine was raised to 18 years.[57][58] Whoever now sells cartridges containing nicotine to a person under 18 years of age can be fined 250-€2.000.
Kosovo: No information is available.
Latvia: The sale and use of e-cigarettes are legal.[59]
Liechtenstein: Sales of e-cigarettes to people under 16 years of age is prohibited.[60]
Lithuania: The sale and use of e-cigarettes are legal.[59]
Luxembourg: No information is available.
Macedonia: No information is available.
Malta: Sales and use of e-cigarettes under 18 years of age is prohibited.[61] Since 2010 products and smoking devices which are simulating cigarette or tobacco smoking are included to "tobacco products" as considered in the Tobacco (Smoking Control) Act.[62]
Moldova: No information is available.
Montenegro: No information is available.
Netherlands: Sales of e-liquids with and without is legal.[40]
Norway: The sale and use of e-cigarettes are legal,[40] but nicotine cartridges can only be imported from other EEA member states (e.g. the UK) for private use.[63] Norway does not allow e-cigarette advertising.[64]
A no smoking and no vaping sign in a Gdansk bus.
Poland Since a revision of the tobacco prohibition law in 2016.[65] There has been a large change in the e-cigarette regulation, previously where it was very loose. Currently there is ban on sales to under 18s, prohibition of marketing and sales online and in cigarette machines and a ban in hospitals & all public transport including PKP train stations but not airports. Vapers who brake the laws are liable to a fine of up to 500 zloty (approximately €117.80).[66]
Portugal: The sale of nicotine-containing cartridges is restricted.[40]
Romania The sale and use of e-cigarettes are legal, from 2016 the liquid used in e-cigarettes will have an excise duty [67]
Russia: E-cigarettes are not considered to be a tobacco product in Russia according to the Ministry of Health therefore sales and possessions of such devices are unregulated.[68]
Serbia: No information is available.
Slovakia: No information is available.
Slovenia: No information is available.
Spain: Sales of e-cigarettes to people under 18 years is prohibited.[69] The sale of products that imitate smoking (which also includes e-cigarettes) to minors is illegal. The Ministry of Health also said that the use and sale of e-cigarettes will soon be regulated.[70]
Sweden: Sale of e-cigarettes is legal to sell for anyone, but sales of nicotine e-liquid is illegal to sell to anyone under the age of 18.
Switzerland: The sale of nicotine-free e-cigarettes is legal. The use and importation of e-cigarettes containing nicotine is legal, but they cannot be sold within the country.[71] As of December 2011, the tobacco tax does not apply to e-cigarettes and respective liquids containing nicotine.[72]
Turkey: Regulation of e-cigarettes is inconsistent.[73] Sales are not completely banned [74] and there are plenty of online shops. In May 2013 the Minister of Heath stated that e-cigarettes which contain nicotine are medical devices and thus cannot be imported unless approved by the "Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency".[75] But according to a WHO report as of 2014 e-cigarettes are not regulated as a therapeutic product.[74] However law 4207, which regulates smoking, was amended in June 2013 by article 26 of law 6487 [76] to also apply to items which do not contain tobacco: "Herbal water pipes and all kind of cigarettes which do not contain tobacco but are used in a way to imitate tobacco products shall also be deemed as tobacco product."[77] Vaping is thus forbidden indoors and on public transport, and also therefore forbidden for people under 18 years old. And thus, like tobacco products, personal import by mail or courier is forbidden. Specifically vaping is forbidden on high-speed trains.[78]
Ukraine: No information is available.
United Kingdom: In the United Kingdom, the use, sale and advertising of e-cigarettes are legal and e-cigarettes are not covered by laws restricting smoking in public places.[10] However, businesses may choose to ban e-cigarettes as well. A notable example is Transport for London, banning smoking and vaping as their Conditions of Carriage.[79] Effective 1 October 2015, it is illegal to sell e-cigarettes or e-liquids to minors.[80] In 2014 the government announced legislation would be brought forward to outlaw the purchase of e-cigarettes by people under the age of 18.[10] In October 2014 the UK's Advertising Standards Authority changed the regulations on e-cigarette advertising, allowing the devices to appear in TV ads from 10 November.[81] The first advert to take advantage of the change, promoting KiK e-cigarettes, aired on the day it came into force.[82] In June 2015 the Welsh Government announced that under legislation it planned to pass, in Wales e-cigarettes would be included in existing bans on smoking in workplaces and other public spaces.[83]
United States[edit]
Federal regulation[edit]
Main article: List of vaping bans in the United States
Prior to 8 August 2016,[11] regulations concerning the use of e-cigarettes varied considerably across the United States, although there is more variation regarding laws limiting their use by youth than regarding multi-level regulations, such as banning their use in public places.[84] The FDA classified e-cigarettes as drug delivery devices and subject to regulation under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) before importation and sale in the US.[85] The classification was challenged in court, and overruled in January 2010 by Federal District Court Judge Richard J. Leon, explaining that "the devices should be regulated as tobacco products rather than drug or medical products."[86]
In March 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia stayed the injunction pending an appeal, during which the FDA argued the right to regulate e-cigarettes based on their previous ability to regulate nicotine replacement therapies such as nicotine gum or patches. Further, the agency argued that tobacco legislation enacted the previous year "expressly excludes from the definition of 'tobacco product' any article that is a drug, device or combination product under the FDCA, and provides that such articles shall be subject to regulation under the pre-existing FDCA provisions."[87] On 7 December 2010, the appeals court ruled against the FDA in a 3–0 unanimous decision, ruling the FDA can only regulate e-cigarettes as tobacco products, and thus cannot block their import.[88] The judges ruled that such devices would only be subject to drug legislation if they are marketed for therapeutic use – E-cigarette manufacturers had successfully proven that their products were targeted at smokers and not at those seeking to quit. The District Columbia Circuit appeals court, on 24 January 2011, declined to review the decision en banc, blocking the products from FDA regulation as medical devices.[89]
In April 2014, the FDA proposed new regulations for tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. The regulations require disclosure of ingredients used in e-cigarette liquids, proof of safety of those ingredients, and regulation of the devices used to vaporize and deliver the liquid.[17][90][91][92] The FDA proposed regulation would ban the sale of e-cigarettes with nicotine to any individual under 18 years of age.[93] In August 2014, attorneys general from over two dozen states advised the FDA to enact restrictions on e-cigarettes, including banning flavors.[94] On 10 May 2016, the FDA published their deeming regulations in the federal register, which takes effect on 8 August 2016. Vendors and companies have until two years afterward to prepare paperwork with the FDA to have their product remain on the market. Currently, there are lawsuits and amendments made in the works in Congress to change that provision. The lack of research on the risks and possible benefits has resulted in precautionary policymaking in the US "which often lacks grounding in empirical evidence and results in spatially uneven diffusion of policy".[9]
As of 8 August 2016, the FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.[11] Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users.[12] The FDA rule also bans access to minors.[12] A photo ID is required to buy e-cigarettes,[13] and their sale in all-ages vending machines is not permitted.[12] The FDA in September 2016 has sent warning letters for unlawful underage sales to online retailers and retailers of e-cigarettes.[95]
State regulation[edit]
A no smoking or vaping sign from the US.
Effective 8 August 2016, all US states will follow the same, uniform federal guidelines.[11] With an absence of federal regulations, many states and cities had adopted their own e-cigarette regulations, most commonly to prohibit sales to minors, including Maryland, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin, and Colorado. Other states are considering similar legislation.[96] Several US cities and states have enacted laws that increased the legal age to purchase e-cigarettes to age 21.[97] As of 2014[update], some states in the US permit e-cigarettes to be taxed as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments in the US had extended their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[19]
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed a bill that would regulate the sale of e-cigarettes within the state on grounds that "if adults want to purchase and consume these products with an understanding of the associated health risks, they should be able to do so."[98]
A review of regulations in 40 U.S. states found that how a law defines e-cigarettes is critical, with some definitions allowing e-cigarettes to avoid smoke-free laws, taxation, and restrictions on sales and marketing.[99] Less policies have been created to restrict vaping indoors than with cigarette smoking.[100]
Many local and state jurisdictions have recently begun enacting laws that prohibit e-cigarette usage everywhere that smoking is banned, although some state laws with comprehensive smoke-free laws will still allow for vaping to be permitted in bars and restaurants while prohibiting e-cigarettes in other indoor places.[101] As of August 2016, the United States Navy is considering banning e-cigarettes.[102] A 2017 report stated "As of 2 October 2015, five US states and over 400 counties have implemented some form of restriction of ECIG use indoors. International policies are more varied with certain restrictions for ECIG use in UK airports and trains and reports of complete ECIG bans in indoor public places for Malta, Belgium and Spain".[100]
Other countries[edit]
Australia: The Federal Department of Health and Ageing classifies every form of nicotine, except for replacement therapies and cigarettes, as a form of poison.[103][104] In Australia, there are no laws pertaining to the regulation of e-cigarettes.[105] Although there are a number of laws that are relevant to the regulation of poisons, therapeutic goods, and tobacco control which are applicable to e-cigarettes in certain cases.[105] Australia is developing regulations on e-cigarettes.[106] The sale of e-cigarettes must be registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) before being sold.[107] Importation of e-cigarettes and their related products is illegal unless approved by the TGA.[107] The TPA has said that there were no laws preventing the importation of e-cigarettes bought over the internet for personal use, unless prohibited by state and territory legislation.[108] State laws in Australia's various states are a little bit conflicting. According to the Poisons Standard of 2010, inhaled nicotine is Pharmacy Only, or a Schedule 2 medication when used to help quit smoking.[109][110] In April 2014 a court decision made it illegal to sell or supply e-cigarettes regardless of their appearance or nicotine content (even if zero) in Western Australia.[111] Previously they were banned if they looked like cigarettes. The court ruled that the action they provided in and of itself looks like cigarettes. Precise rules in the other states vary.
Argentina: The sale, importation and manufacturing of electronic cigarettes have been banned by the local regulatory authority. Its use has also been discouraged by the National Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Cessation from lack of enough evidence.[112]
Bahrain: Vaping is not permitted in Bahrain.[113] The importation of e-cigarettes is banned in Bahrain.[114]
Brazil: The sale, importation and advertising of any kind of electronic cigarette is forbidden. The Brazilian health and sanitation federal agency, Anvisa, found the current health safety assessments about e-cigarettes to not be yet satisfactory for commercial approval eligibility.[115]
Canada: E-cigarettes are mostly unregulated.[116] They are technically illegal to sell, as no nicotine-containing e-fluid is approved by Health Canada, but this is generally unenforced and they are commonly available for sale Canada-wide.[8] Vancouver bans use of e-cigarettes in public places where smoking is prohibited. Toronto bans use of e-cigarettes in city work spaces.[117] The governing Liberals recently introduced a provincial legislation in Ontario to regulate electronic cigarette devices.[118] Local vape shops in Ontario currently trying to Fight Bill 45.[119] The city of Red Deer bans electronic cigarette use where smoking is prohibited.[120]
East Timor: E-cigarettes are banned.[121]
Hong Kong: The sale and possession of nicotine-based e-cigarettes classified as a Type I Poison, is governed under the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance. Sale or possession is not authorized and both are considered punishable by a fine of up to HK$100,000 and/or a prison term of 2 years. However, the law does not cover any non-nicotine inhalers.[122]
India: The Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1945 does not provide any clear classification on various usage of nicotine especially in regards to e-cigarettes, Nicotine Gums or Lozenges however is regulated under Chapter IV of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1945.[123] Currently there are no classification declaring nicotine as a drug or under which regulatory authority the use of nicotine falls under. In the state of Punjab However the State Drug controlling Authority have used the Drug and cosmetic Act of 1945 to declare e-cigarettes with nicotine as an unapproved drug.[124] The state of Punjab sentenced a man to 3 years jail term and a fine of Rs.1 Lakh on 7/4/16 by District Court.[125] He had with his possession one cigarlike e-cigarette with eight cartridges.[126]
Israel: In 2013, the Ministry of Health planned to extend existing laws on smoking in public places to e-cigarettes, a year after warning against the product's usage.[127]
Japan: E-cigarettes containing nicotine have been banned since 2010.[128] Non-nicotine e-cigarettes are sold to adults and minors since no regulation exists for non-nicotine e-cigarettes in Japan.[128]
Mexico: The Federal Commission for the Protection Against Sanitary Risks had previously forbidden the selling and promotion of non-tobacco objects that included elements generally associated with tobacco products.[129] The ban was overturned in court on 23 September 2015.[130]
Nepal: Under current cigarette laws, the sale of e-cigarettes is permitted.[131]
New Zealand: Sales of e-cigarettes and liquids that do not contain nicotine is legal. Sales of e-cigarettes are banned for people under 18 years of age. E-cigarette advertising is not allowed.[132] Nicotine vaping products are illegal to sell.[133] Consumers wanting nicotine liquids must import it from overseas for personal use.[134] Legislation of nicotine e-liquid for retail sale is under Ministry of Health consultation for parliamentary consideration.[135][needs update]
Pakistan:The import and sale of e-cigarettes is legal, but Pakistan Medical and Dental council find that the current health safety assessments of e-cigarettes to not yet be satisfactory.[131]
Panama: The importation, distribution and sale of e-cigarettes have been prohibited since June 2009. The Ministry of Health cites the FDA findings as their reasoning for the ban.[136]
Philippines: The sale of e-cigarettes is unregulated, which makes them available to children and adolescents.[137] The Philippine Medical Association has recommended to different city governments to broaden their public places and transportation smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[138]
Singapore: E-cigarettes are currently prohibited under Section 16 (1) of the Tobacco (Control of Advertisements and Sale) Act, which is enforced by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA). This legislation prohibits the importation, distribution, sale or offer for sale of any confectionery or other food product or any toy or other article that is designed to resemble a tobacco product or the packaging of which is designed to resemble the packaging commonly associated with tobacco products. HSA takes a serious view on any person who contravenes the law. Those guilty of the offence are liable to a fine of up to $5,000 upon conviction.[139] According to Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan, e-cigarettes are the industry's attempt to attract new users and were marketed to appeal to younger customers, including women.[140]
South Korea: The sale and use of e-cigarettes is legal, but is heavily taxed. Electric cigarette possession among teenagers remains an issue.[141]
Thailand: E-cigarettes are banned.[121]
United Arab Emirates: The sale and use of e-cigarettes is illegal.[142]
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Educational software
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"Baby computer" redirects here. For the world's first stored-program computer, see Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine.
See also: List of educational software
Educational software is computer software, the primary purpose of which is teaching or self-learning.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1940s – 1970s
1.2 1970s – 1980s
1.3 1990s
2 Types
2.1 Courseware
2.2 Classroom aids
2.3 Assessment software
2.4 Reference software
2.5 Custom platforms
2.6 Corporate training and tertiary education
2.7 Specific educational purposes
2.8 Operating systems
3 Selected reports and academic articles
4 See also
5 References
History
1940s – 1970s
The use of computer hardware and software in education and training dates to the early 1940s, when American researchers developed flight simulators which used analog computers to generate simulated onboard instrument data. One such system was the type19 synthetic radar trainer, built in 1943. From these early attempts in the WWII era through the mid-1970s, educational software was directly tied to the hardware, usually mainframe computers, on which it ran. Pioneering educational computer systems in this era included the PLATO system (1960), developed at the University of Illinois, and TICCIT (1969). In 1963, IBM had established a partnership with Stanford University's Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences (IMSSS), directed by Patrick Suppes, to develop the first comprehensive CAI elementary school curriculum which was implemented on a large scale in schools in both California and Mississippi.[1] In 1967 Computer Curriculum Corporation (CCC, now Pearson Education Technologies[2]) was formed to market to schools the materials developed through the IBM partnership. Early terminals that ran educational systems cost over $10,000, putting them out of reach of most institutions. Some programming languages from this period, particularly BASIC (1963), and LOGO (1967) can also be considered educational, as they were specifically targeted to students and novice computer users. The PLATO IV system, released in 1972, supported many features which later became standard in educational software running on home computers. Its features included bitmap graphics, primitive sound generation, and support for non-keyboard input devices, including the touchscreen.
1970s – 1980s
The arrival of the personal computer, with the Altair 8800 in 1975, changed the field of software in general, with specific implications for educational software. Whereas users prior to 1975 were dependent upon university or government owned mainframe computers with timesharing, users after this shift could create and use software for computers in homes and schools, computers available for less than $2000. By the early 1980s, the availability of personal computers including the Apple II (1977), Commodore PET (1977), Commodore VIC-20 (1980), and Commodore 64 (1982) allowed for the creation of companies and nonprofits which specialized in educational software. Brøderbund and The Learning Company are key companies from this period, and MECC, the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium, a key non-profit software developer. These and other companies designed a range of titles for personal computers, with the bulk of the software initially developed for the Apple II.
1990s
Major developments in educational software in the early and mid-1990s were made possible by advances in computer hardware. Multimedia graphics and sound were increasingly used in educational programs. CD-ROMs became the preferred method for content delivery with several digital encyclopedias released as Multimedia application CD-ROMs. With the spread of the internet in the second half of the 1990s, new methods of educational software delivery appeared. In the history of virtual learning environments, the 1990s were a time of growth for educational software systems, primarily due to the advent of the affordable computer and of the Internet. Today Higher Education institutions use virtual learning environments like Blackboard Inc. to provide greater accessibility to learners.
Types
Courseware
Courseware is a term that combines the words 'course' with 'software'. Its meaning originally was used to describe additional educational material intended as kits for teachers or trainers or as tutorials for students, usually packaged for use with a computer. The term's meaning and usage has expanded and can refer to the entire course and any additional material when used in reference an online or 'computer formatted' classroom. Many companies are using the term to describe the entire "package" consisting of one 'class' or 'course' bundled together with the various lessons, tests, and other material needed. The courseware itself can be in different formats, some are only available online such as html pages, while others can be downloaded in pdf files or other types of document files. Many forms of educational technology are now being blended with the term courseware. Most leading educational companies solicit or include courseware with their training packages.
Classroom aids
See also: Interactive whiteboard
Some educational software is designed for use in school classrooms. Typically such software may be projected onto a large whiteboard at the front of the class and/or run simultaneously on a network of desktop computers in a classroom. This type of software is often called classroom management software. While teachers often choose to use educational software from other categories in their IT suites (e.g. reference works, children’s software), a whole category of educational software has grown up specifically intended to assist classroom teaching. Branding has been less strong in this category than in those oriented towards home users. Software titles are often very specialized and produced by various manufacturers, including many established educational book publishers.
Assessment software
With the impact of environmental damage and the need for institutions to become "paperless",[3] more educational institutions are seeking alternative ways of assessment and testing, which has always traditionally been known to use up vasts amount of paper. Assessment software refers to software with a primary purpose of assessing and testing students in a virtual environment. Assessment software allows students to complete tests and examinations using a computer, usually networked. The software then scores each test transcript and outputs results for each student. Assessment software is available in various delivery methods, the most popular being self-hosted software, online software and hand-held voting systems. Proprietary software and open-source software systems are available. While technically falling into the Courseware category (see above), Skill evaluation lab is an example for Computer-based assessment software with PPA-2 (Plan, Prove, Assess) methodology to create and conduct computer based online examination. Moodle is an example of open-source software with an assessment component that is gaining popularity. Other popular international assessment systems include Assessment Master, QuestionMark, EvaluNet XT and QuestBase.
Reference software
Main article: Reference software
Many publishers of print dictionaries and encyclopedias have been involved in the production of educational reference software since the mid-1990s. They were joined in the reference software market by both startup companies and established software publishers, most notably Microsoft.
The first commercial reference software products were reformulations of existing content into CD-ROM editions, often supplemented with new multimedia content, including compressed video and sound. More recent products made use of internet technologies, to supplement CD-ROM products, then, more recently, to replace them entirely.
Wikipedia and its offspins (such as Wiktionary) marked a new departure in educational reference software. Previously, encyclopedias and dictionaries had compiled their contents on the basis of invited and closed teams of specialists. The Wiki concept has allowed for the development of collaborative reference works through open cooperation incorporating experts and non-experts.
Custom platforms
Some manufacturers regarded normal personal computers as an inappropriate platform for learning software for younger children and produced custom child-friendly pieces of hardware instead. The hardware and software is generally combined into a single product, such as a child laptop-lookalike. The laptop keyboard for younger children follows an alphabetic order and the qwerty order for the older ones. The most well-known example are Leapfrog products. These include imaginatively designed hand-held consoles with a variety of pluggable educational game cartridges and book-like electronic devices into which a variety of electronic books can be loaded. These products are more portable than gener laptop computers, but have a much more limited range of purposes, concentrating on literacy.
Corporate training and tertiary education
Earlier educational software for the important corporate and tertiary education markets was designed to run on a single desktop computer (or an equivalent user device). In the years immediately following 2000, planners decided to switch to server-based applications with a high degree of standardization. This means that educational software runs primarily on servers which may be hundreds or thousands of miles from the actual user. The user only receives tiny pieces of a learning module or test, fed over the internet one by one. The server software decides on what learning material to distribute, collects results and displays progress to teaching staff. Another way of expressing this change is to say that educational software morphed into an online educational service. US Governmental endorsements and approval systems ensured the rapid switch to the new way of managing and distributing learning material.
See also:
Educational technology
SCORM
Virtual learning environment, LMS (learning management system)
Training Management System
Web-based training
Specific educational purposes
Educational software for learning Standard Chinese using Pinyin.
There are highly specific niche markets for educational software, including:
teacher tools and classroom management software
(remote control and monitoring software, filetransfer software, document camera and presenter, free tools,...)
Driving test software
Interactive geometry software
Language learning software
Mind Mapping Software which provides a focal point for discussion, helps make classes more interactive, and assists students with studying, essays and projects.
Notetaking (Comparison of notetaking software)
Software for enabling simulated dissection of human and animal bodies (used in medical and veterinary college courses)[4]
Spelling tutor software
Typing tutors
Reading Instruction
Medical and healthcare educational software
Some operating systems and mobile phones have videogames to teach users how to use the system. A notable example is Microsoft Solitaire, which was developed to familiarize users with the use of graphical user interfaces, especially the mouse and the drag-and-drop technique.
Operating systems
While mainstream operating systems are designed for general usages, and are more or less customized for education only by the application sets added to them, a variety of software manufacturers, especially Linux distributions, have sought to provide integrated platforms for specifically education.
Selected reports and academic articles
Virvou, M., Katsionis, G., & Manos, K. (2005). "Combining Software Games with Education: Evaluation of its Educational Effectiveness." Educational Technology & Society, 8 (2), 54-65.
Seels, B. (1989). The instructional design movement in educational technology. Educational Technology, May, 11-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20080515073002/http://www.coe.uh.edu/courses/cuin6373/idhistory/1960.html
Niemiec, R.P. & Walberg, H.T. (1989). From teaching machines to microcomputers: Some milestones in the history of computer-based instruction. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 21(3), 263-276.
Annetta, L., Minogue, J., Holmes, S., & Cheng, M. (2009). Investigation the impact of video games on high school students’ engagement and learning genetics. Computers and Education, 53, 74-85.
Bainbridge, W. (2007). The scientific research potential of virtual worlds. Science, 317, 27, 471-476.
Barab, S., Scott, B., Siyahhan, S., Goldstone, R., Ingram-Goble, A., Zuiker, S., & Warren, S. (2009).Transformational play as a curricular scaffold: Using videogames to support science education. Journal of Science Education Technology,18, 305-320.
Bourgonjon, J., Valcke, M., Soetaert, R., & Schellens, T., (2010). Student’s perceptions about the use of video games in the classroom. Computers and Education, 54, 1145-1156.
See also
Adaptive learning
Computer-assisted language learning
Educational game
Educational technology
Educational entertainment Edutainment
Instructional technology
References
Jump up ^ Instructional Systems Development
Jump up ^ Pearson Education Technologies launches concert. | North America > United States from AllBusiness.com Archived September 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "ABC News October 7: School Tries to Go Paperless". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ "April Kung, "The Case for Educational Software in the Life Sciences" (2004)" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-06.
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