text:
Gerrymandering in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Gerry-mander" first appeared in this cartoon-map in the Boston Gazette, 26 March 1812.
Gerrymandering in the United States has been practiced since the founding of the country to strengthen the power of particular political interests within legislative bodies. Partisan gerrymandering is commonly used to increase the power of a political party. In some instances, political parties collude to protect incumbents by engaging in bipartisan gerrymandering. After racial minorities were enfranchised, some jurisdictions engaged in racial gerrymandering to weaken the political power of racial minority voters, while others engaged in racial gerrymandering to strengthen the power of minority voters. Throughout the 20th century, courts have grappled with the legality of these types of gerrymandering and have devised different standards for the different types of gerrymandering. Various legal and political remedies have emerged to prevent gerrymandering, including court-ordered redistricting plans, redistricting commissions, and alternative voting systems that do not depend on drawing boundaries for single-member electoral districts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Political
1.1.1 Partisan
1.1.1.1 History
1.1.1.2 Legality
1.1.2 Bipartisan
1.2 Racial
1.2.1 Negative
1.2.2 Affirmative
2 Remedies
2.1 Neutral redistricting criteria
2.2 Redistricting commissions
2.3 Alternative voting systems
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 General
5.2 Interactive simulations
Types[edit]
This article is part of a series on the
United States House
of Representatives
History of the United States
House of Representatives
Members
Current members
(by seniority
by age
non-voting)
Former members
Hill committees
(DCCC
NRCC)
Congressional districts
Speaker of the United States
House of Representatives (list)
Party leaders
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference
Politics and procedure
Committee of the Whole
Closed session (list)
Saxbe fix
Committees (list)
Procedures
Origination Clause
Quorum call
Unanimous consent
Salaries
Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method)
Redistricting
Gerrymandering
Articles of impeachment
Self-executing rule
Rules suspension
General ticket
Plural district
Places
United States Capitol
House office buildings
(Cannon
Ford
Longworth
Rayburn)
v
t
e
Gerrymandering in its most basic form.
Political[edit]
Partisan[edit]
History[edit]
Printed in March 1812, this political cartoon was drawn in reaction to the newly drawn Congressional electoral district of South Essex County drawn by the Massachusetts legislature to favour the Democratic-Republican Party candidates of Governor Elbridge Gerry over the Federalists. The caricature satirizes the bizarre shape of a district in Essex County, Massachusetts as a dragon-like "monster." Federalist newspapers editors and others at the time likened the district shape to a salamander, and the word gerrymander was a blend of that word and Governor Gerry's last name.
Partisan gerrymandering, which refers to redistricting that favors one political party, has a long tradition in the United States that precedes the 1789 election of the First U.S. Congress. In 1788, Patrick Henry and his Anti-Federalist allies were in control of the Virginia House of Delegates. They drew the boundaries of Virginia's 5th congressional district in an unsuccessful attempt to keep James Madison out of the U.S. House of Representatives.[1]
The word gerrymander (originally written "Gerry-mander") was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette (not to be confused with the Boston Gazette) on 26 March 1812. The word was created in reaction to a redrawing of Massachusetts state senate election districts under the then-governor Elbridge Gerry (pronounced /ˈɡɛri/; 1744–1814). In 1812, Governor Gerry signed a bill that redistricted Massachusetts to benefit his Democratic-Republican Party. When mapped, one of the contorted districts to the north of Boston was said to resemble the shape of a salamander.[2] Gerrymander is a portmanteau of the governor's last name and the word salamander. The redistricting was a notable success. In the 1812 election, both the Massachusetts House and governorship were won by Federalists by a comfortable margin (costing Gerry his position), but the senate remained firmly in Democratic-Republican hands.[2]
The coiner of the term "gerrymander" may never be firmly established. Historians widely believe that the Federalist newspaper editors Nathan Hale, and Benjamin and John Russell were the instigators, but the historical record does not have definitive evidence as to who created or uttered the word for the first time.[3] Appearing with the term, and helping to spread and sustain its popularity, was a political cartoon depicting a strange animal with claws, wings and a dragon-like head satirizing the map of the odd-shaped district. This cartoon was most likely drawn by Elkanah Tisdale, an early 19th-century painter, designer, and engraver who was living in Boston at the time.[3] The word gerrymander was reprinted numerous times in Federalist newspapers in Massachusetts, New England, and nationwide during the remainder of 1812.
Gerrymandering soon began to be used to describe not only the original Massachusetts example, but also other cases of district-shape manipulation for partisan gain in other states. The first known use outside the immediate Boston area came in the Newburyport Herald of Massachusetts on 31 March, and the first known use outside Massachusetts came in the Concord Gazette of New Hampshire on 14 April 1812. The first known use outside New England came in the New York Gazette & General Advertiser on 19 May. What may be the first use of the term to describe the redistricting in another state (Maryland) occurred in the Federal Republican (Georgetown, Washington, DC) on 12 October 1812. There are at least 80 known citations of the word from March through December 1812 in American newspapers.[3]
The practice of gerrymandering the borders of new states continued past the Civil War and into the late 19th century. The Republican Party used its control of Congress to secure the admission of more states in territories friendly to their party. A notable example is the admission of Dakota Territory as two states instead of one. By the rules for representation in the Electoral College, each new state carried at least three electoral votes, regardless of its population.
The ability to gerrymander can create strange bedfellows interested in securing re-election; in some states, Republicans have cut deals with opposing black Democratic state legislators to create majority-black districts. By packing black Democratic voters into a single district, they can essentially ensure the election of a black Congressman or re-election of a black state legislator due to the packed concentration of Democratic voters. However, the surrounding districts are more safely Republican in areas like the South, where white conservatives have increasingly shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party in national elections in the last four decades.
In Pennsylvania, the Republican-dominated state legislature used gerrymandering to help defeat Democratic representative Frank Mascara. Mascara was elected to Congress in 1994. In 2002, the Republican Party altered the boundaries of his original district so much that he was pitted against fellow Democratic candidate John Murtha in the election. The shape of Mascara's newly drawn district formed a finger that stopped at his street, encompassing his house, but not the spot where he parked his car. Murtha won the election in the newly formed district.[4]
State legislatures have used gerrymandering along racial or ethnic lines both to decrease and increase minority representation in state governments and congressional delegations. In the state of Ohio, a conversation between Republican officials was recorded that demonstrated that redistricting was being done to aid their political candidates. Furthermore, the discussions assessed race of voters as a factor in redistricting, because African-Americans had backed Democratic candidates. Republicans apparently removed approximately 13,000 African-American voters from the district of Jim Raussen, a Republican candidate for the House of Representatives, in an attempt to tip the scales in what was once a competitive district for Democratic candidates.[5]
International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, who were invited to observe and report on the 2004 national elections, expressed criticism of the U.S. congressional redistricting process and made a recommendation that the procedures be reviewed to ensure genuine competitiveness of Congressional election contests.[6]
From time to time, other names are given the "-mander" suffix to tie a particular effort to a particular politician or group. These include "Jerrymander" (a reference to California Governor Jerry Brown),[7] and "Perrymander" (a reference to Texas Governor Rick Perry).[8][9]
Legality[edit]
U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County, Texas (outlined in red) in 2002, left, and 2004, right. In 2003, the majority of Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state, diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county by parceling its residents out to more Republican districts.
In Davis v. Bandemer (1986), the Supreme Court held that partisan gerrymandering violated the Equal Protection Clause, but the court could not agree on the appropriate constitutional standard against which legal claims of partisan gerrymandering should be evaluated. Writing for a plurality of the Court, Justice White said that partisan gerrymandering occurred when a redistricting plan was enacted with both the intent and the effect of discriminating against an identifiable political group. Justices Powell and Stevens said that partisan gerrymandering should be identified based on multiple factors, such as electoral district shape and adherence to local government boundaries. Justices O'Connor, Burger, and Rehnquist disagreed with the view that partisan gerrymandering claims were justiciable and would have held that such claims should not be recognized by courts.[10]:777–779 Lower courts found it difficult to apply Bandemer, and only in one subsequent case, Party of North Carolina v. Martin (1992),[11] did a lower court strike down a redistricting plan on partisan gerrymandering grounds.[10]:783
The Supreme Court revisited the concept of partisan gerrymandering claims in Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004).[12] The justices divided, and no clear standard against which to evaluate partisan gerrymandering claims emerged. Writing for a plurality, Justice Scalia said that partisan gerrymandering claims were nonjusticiable. A majority of the court would continue to allow partisan gerrymandering claims to be considered justiciable, but those Justices had divergent views on how such claims should be evaluated. Justice Anthony Kennedy, in a concurrence with the plurality, offered that a manageable means to determine when partisan gerrymandering occurred could be developed, and challenged lower courts to find such means.[10]:819–821
In Whitford v. Gill (2016)[13] a District Court used the efficiency gap statistic to evaluate the claim of partisan gerrymander in Wisconsin's legislative districts. In the 2012 election for the state legislature, the efficiency gap was 11.69% to 13% in favor of the Republicans. Republican candidates had 48.6% of the two-party votes for state Representative but won 61% of the 99 districts. The court found that the disparate treatment of Democratic and Republican voters violated the 1st and 14th amendments to the US Constitution.[14] The District Court's ruling was challenged and appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which in June 2017 agreed to hear oral arguments in the case in the 2017-2018 term of court.[15] While previous redistricting cases before the Supreme Court have involved the Equal Protection test, this case also centers on the applicability of the First Amendment freedom of association clause.[16]
Bipartisan[edit]
Bipartisan gerrymandering refers to redistricting that favors the incumbents in both the Democratic and Republican Parties. Bipartisan gerrymandering became a salient practice in the 2000 redistricting process, which created some of the most non-competitive redistricting plans in American history.[10]:828 The Supreme Court held in Gaffney v. Cummings (1973) that bipartisan gerrymanders are constitutionally permissible under the Equal Protection Clause.[10]:828[17]
Racial[edit]
Negative[edit]
"Negative racial gerrymandering" refers to a process in which district lines are drawn to prevent racial minorities from electing their preferred candidates.[18]:26 Between the Reconstruction Era and mid-20th century, white Southern Democrats effectively controlled redistricting throughout the Southern United States. In areas where some African-American and other minorities succeeded in registering, some states created districts that were gerrymandered to reduce the voting impact of minorities. Minorities were effectively deprived of their franchise into the 1960s. With the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and its subsequent amendments, redistricting that had the effect of reducing the political influence of a racial or language minority group was prohibited.
Affirmative[edit]
Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case involving a claim that North Carolina's 12th congressional district (pictured) was affirmatively racially gerrymandered.
While the Equal Protection Clause, along with Section 2 and Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, prohibit jurisdictions from gerrymandering electoral districts to dilute the votes of racial groups, the Supreme Court has held that in some instances, the Equal Protection Clause prevents jurisdictions from drawing district lines to favor racial groups. The Supreme Court first recognized these "affirmative racial gerrymandering" claims in Shaw v. Reno (Shaw I) (1993),[19] holding that plaintiffs "may state a claim by alleging that [redistricting] legislation, though race neutral on its face, rationally cannot be understood as anything other than an effort to separate voters into different districts on the basis of race, and that the separation lacks sufficient justification". The Supreme Court reasoned that these claims were cognizable because relying on race in redistricting "reinforces racial stereotypes and threatens to undermine our system of representative democracy by signaling to elected officials that they represent a particular racial group rather than their constituency as a whole".[19]:649–650[20]:620 Later opinions characterized the type of unconstitutional harm created by racial gerrymandering as an "expressive harm",[10]:862 which law professors Richard Pildes and Richard Neimi have described as a harm "that results from the idea or attitudes expressed through a governmental action."[21]
Subsequent cases further defined the counters of racial gerrymandering claims and how those claims relate to the Voting Rights Act. In United States v. Hays (1996),[22] the Supreme Court held that only those persons who reside in a challenged district may bring a racial gerrymandering claim.[20]:623[22]:743–744 In Miller v. Johnson (1995),[23] the Supreme Court held that a redistricting plan must be subjected to strict scrutiny if the jurisdiction used race as the "predominant factor" in determining how to draw district lines. The court defined "predominance" as meaning that the jurisdiction gave more priority to racial considerations than to traditional redistricting principles such as "compactness, contiguity, [and] respect for political subdivisions or communities defined by actual shared interests."[20]:621[23]:916 In determining whether racial considerations predominated over traditional redistricting principles, courts may consider both direct and circumstantial evidence of the jurisdiction's intent in drawing the district lines, and irregularly-shaped districts constitute strong circumstantial evidence that the jurisdiction relied predominately on race.[10]:869 If a court concludes that racial considerations predominated, then a redistricting plan is considered a "racially gerrymandered" plan and must be subjected to strict scrutiny, meaning that the redistricting plan will be upheld as constitutional only if it is narrowly tailored to advance a compelling state interest. In Bush v. Vera (1996),[24]:983 the Supreme Court in a plurality opinion assumed that compliance with Section 2 or Section 5 of the Act constituted compelling interests, and lower courts have treated these two interests as the only compelling interests that may justify the creation of racially gerrymandered districts.[10]:877
In Hunt v. Cromartie (1999), the Supreme Court approved a racially focused gerrymandering of a congressional district on the grounds that the definition was not pure racial gerrymandering but instead partisan gerrymandering, which is constitutionally permissible. With the increasing racial polarization of parties in the South in the U.S. as conservative whites move from the Democratic to the Republican Party, gerrymandering may become partisan and also achieve goals for ethnic representation.
Various examples of affirmative racial gerrymandering have emerged. When the state legislature considered representation for Arizona's Native American reservations, they thought each needed their own House member, because of historic conflicts between the Hopi and Navajo nations. Since the Hopi reservation is completely surrounded by the Navajo reservation, the legislature created an unusual district configuration for the 2nd congressional district that featured a fine filament along a river course several hundred miles in length to attach the Hopi reservation to the rest of the district; the arrangement lasted until 2013. The California state legislature created a congressional district (2003-2013) that extended over a narrow coastal strip for several miles. It ensured that a common community of interest will be represented, rather than having portions of the coastal areas be split up into districts extending into the interior, with domination by inland concerns.
In the case of League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, the United States Supreme Court upheld on 28 June 2006, most of a Texas congressional map suggested in 2003 by former United States House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, and enacted by the state of Texas.[25] The 7–2 decision allows state legislatures to redraw and gerrymander districts as often as they like (not just after the decennial census). Thus they may work to protect their political parties' standing and number of seats, so long as they do not harm racial and ethnic minority groups. A 5–4 majority declared one Congressional district unconstitutional in the case because of harm to an ethnic minority.
Remedies[edit]
The United States is alone among major countries in that self-interested politicians govern the redistricting process.[10]:820 Various political and legal remedies have been used or proposed to diminish or prevent gerrymandering in the country.
Neutral redistricting criteria[edit]
Various constitutional and statutory provisions may compel a court to strike down a gerrymandered redistricting plan. At the federal level, the Supreme Court has held that if a jurisdiction’s redistricting plan violates the Equal Protection Clause or Voting Rights Act of 1965, a federal court must order the jurisdiction to propose a new redistricting plan that remedies the gerrymandering. If the jurisdiction fails to propose a new redistricting plan, or its proposed redistricting plan continues to violate the law, then the court itself must draw a redistricting plan that cures the violation and use its equitable powers to impose the plan on the jurisdiction.[10]:1058[26]:540
In the Supreme Court case of Karcher v. Daggett (1983),[27] a New Jersey redistricting plan was overturned when it was found to be unconstitutional by violating the constitutional principle of one person, one vote. Despite the state claiming its unequal redistricting was done to preserve minority voting power, the court found no evidence to support this and deemed the redistricting unconstitutional.[28]
At the state level, state courts may order or impose redistricting plans on jurisdictions where redistricting legislation prohibits gerrymandering. For example, in 2010 Florida adopted two state constitutional amendments that prohibit the Florida Legislature from drawing redistricting plans that favor or disfavor any political party or incumbent.[29]
A Tufts University professor has proposed the use of metric geometry to measure gerrymandering for forensic purposes.[30]
A Missouri citizen has proposed that the U.S. Census Dept. add a new page to their website that shows a map that produces an equal population and the most compact geometry for each district. This process eliminates Gerrymandering with geometry based on the GPS co-ordinates of the states population.
Redistricting commissions[edit]
Redistricting methods by state after the 2010 census:
Legislatures control redistricting
Commissions control redistricting
Nonpartisan staff develop the maps, which are then voted on by the state legislature
No redistricting due to having only one congressional district
Rather than allowing more political influence, some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions. The states of Washington,[31] Arizona,[32] and California have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census. Rhode Island[33] and the New Jersey Redistricting Commission have developed ad hoc committees, but developed the past two decennial reapportionments tied to new census data.
The Arizona State Legislature challenged the constitutionality of the use of a non-partisan commission, rather than the legislature, for redistricting. In Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission in 2015, the US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of non-partisan commissions.[34]
Alternative voting systems[edit]
The predominant voting system in the United States is a first-past-the-post system that requires the existence of single-member districts. Various alternative district-based voting systems that do not rely on redistricting, or rely on redistricting minimally, have been proposed that may mitigate against the ability to gerrymander. These systems typically involve a form of at-large elections or multimember districts. Examples of such systems include the single-transferable vote, cumulative voting, and limited voting.[35]
Proportional voting systems, such as those used in all but three European states, would bypass the problem altogether. In these systems, no districts are present, and the party that gets, for example, 30 percent of the votes gets roughly 30 percent of the seats in the legislature. Although it is common for European states to have more than two parties, the American two-party system could be maintained by implementing a sufficiently high election threshold. Proportional voting systems may break the strong constituency link[clarification needed] that is a cornerstone of current American elections.[36]
See also[edit]
Gerrymandering
California redistricting propositions
Proposition 11 (2008)
Proposition 20 (2010)
Electoral geography
Checkerboarding (land)
Gerrymandering (film)
Voter suppression
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Labunski, Richard. James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Griffith, Elmer (1907). The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Co. pp. 72–73. OCLC 45790508.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martis, Kenneth C. (2008). "The Original Gerrymander". Political Geography. 27 (4): 833–839. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.09.003.
Jump up ^ Thomas Lloyd Brunell (2008). Redistricting and Representation: Why Competitive Elections Are Bad for America. Psychology Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780415964524. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Republican Party Politics (Part II)". WCPO. 29 April 2002. Archived from the original on May 20, 2002.
Jump up ^ "XI" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ Thomas B. Hofeller, "The Looming Redistricting Reform; How will the Republican Party Fare?", Politico, 2011.
Jump up ^ David Wasserman (19 August 2011). "'Perrymander': Redistricting Map That Rick Perry Signed Has Texas Hispanics Up in Arms". National Journal. Archived from the original on 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ Mark Gersh (21 September 2011). "Redistricting Journal: Showdown in Texas—reasons and implications for the House, and Hispanic vote". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Issacharoff, Samuel; Karlan, Pamela S.; Pildes, Richard H. (2012). The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process (4th ed.). Foundation Press. ISBN 1-59941-935-1.
Jump up ^ Party of North Carolina v. Martin, 980 F.2d 943 (4th Cir. 1992)
Jump up ^ Vieth v. Jubelirer, 541 U.S. 267 (2004)
Jump up ^ Whitford v Gill decision
Jump up ^ Wines, Michael (Nov 21, 2016). "Judges Find Wisconsin Redistricting Unfairly Favored Republicans". New York Times. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (June 19, 2017). "Justices to Hear Major Challenge to Partisan Gerrymandering". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ {{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/01/31/the-supreme-court-will-examine-partisan-gerrymandering-in-2017-that-could-change-the-voting-map/ | title = The Supreme Court will examine partisan gerrymandering in 2017. That could change the voting map | first = Bernard | last = Grofman | date =January 31, 2017 | accessdate = June 19, 2017 | work = The Washington Post }
Jump up ^ Gaffney v. Cummings, 412 U.S. 735 (1973)
Jump up ^ Whitby, Kenny J. (December 21, 2000). The Color of Representation: Congressional Behavior and Black Interests. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472087029.
^ Jump up to: a b Shaw v. Reno (Shaw I), 509 U.S. 630 (1993)
^ Jump up to: a b c Ebaugh, Nelson (1997). "Refining the Racial Gerrymandering Claim: Bush v. Vera". Tulsa Law Journal. 33 (2). Retrieved December 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pildes, Richard; Niemi, Richard (1993). "Expressive Harms, "Bizarre Districts," and Voting Rights: Evaluation Election-District Appearances after Shaw v. Reno". Michigan Law Review. 92. JSTOR 1289795.
^ Jump up to: a b United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737 (U.S. 1995)
^ Jump up to: a b Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900 (1995).
Jump up ^ Bush v. Vera 517 U.S. 952 (1996).
Jump up ^ "High court upholds most of Texas redistricting map". CNN. Associated Press. 28 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Wise v. Lipscomb, 437 U.S. 535(1978)
Jump up ^ Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U.S. 725 (1983)
Jump up ^ "Karcher v. Daggett – 462 U.S. 725 (1983)". Justia: US Supreme Court Center.
Jump up ^ "Election 2010: Palm Beach County & Florida Voting, Candidates, Endorsements | The Palm Beach Post". Projects.palmbeachpost.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Math Professor Who’s Fighting Gerrymandering With Geometry". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ Washington State Redistricting Commission "Washington State Redistricting Commission". Redistricting.wa.gov. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission "Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission". Azredistricting.org. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ Rhode Island Reapportionment Commission Archived 18 October 2007.
Jump up ^ 576 U.S. ___, June 2015 (link to slip opinion), retrieved 2015-07-05.
Jump up ^ See generally Mulroy, Steven J. (1998). "The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. 33. SSRN 1907880  .
Jump up ^ "Advantages and disadvantages of List PR". www.aceproject.org ACE Project.
External links[edit]
Media related to Gerrymandering in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
General[edit]
Polk, James. "Why your vote for Congress might not matter." CNN. Friday 18 November 2011.
Understanding Congressional Gerrymandering: 'It's Moneyball Applied To Politics'. Interview with Ratf**ked author David Daley. NPR, 15 June 2016.
This is actually what America would look like without gerrymandering, Washington Post
Dickson v. Rucho - SCOTUSBlog profile; Brennan Center for Justice profile - North Carolina redistricting litigation
Gerrymandering: Why Your Vote Doesn't Count, an article from Mother Jones Magazine
Interactive simulations[edit]
Gerryminder – An online redistricting simulation.
Redistricting The Nation uses GIS and web technology to interactively explore redistricting
The Redistricting Game - Where Do You Draw the Lines - a simulation of how redistricting works, developed by USC Game Innovation Lab of the USC School of Cinematic Arts Interactive Media Division.
[hide]
v
t
e
Voting rights in the United States
Constitutional
provisions
Article I
Voter Qualifications Clause
Elections Clause
1st Amendment
14th Amendment
Equal Protection Clause
15th Amendment
17th Amendment
19th Amendment
23rd Amendment
24th Amendment
26th Amendment
Federal laws
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Amendments
List of covered jurisdictions
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
National Voter Registration Act of 1993
Help America Vote Act of 2002
State laws
Voter access
Absentee ballot
Early voting
Postal voting
Provisional ballot
Voter registration in the U.S.
Initiatives and referendums
Recall election
Vote denial
Electoral fraud
Grandfather clause
Literacy test
Poll tax
Voter caging
Voter ID laws
Vote dilution
Gerrymandering
Plurality-at-large voting
One man, one vote
By group
Women
Youth
Felons
Foreigners
Transgender people
District of Columbia residents
Puerto Rico residents
Guam residents
History
Timeline
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
Selma to Montgomery marches
Timeline of women's suffrage
Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913
Silent Sentinels
U.S. suffragists
publications
History of direct democracy
Related
Ballot access
Campaign finance
Citizenship
Disfranchisement
Election
Election law
Elections
Electoral reform
Electoral College
Redistricting
Secret ballot
Suffrage
Voting
Voting system
Voter registration
National Voting Rights Museum
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States&oldid=800333895"
Categories:
African-American history
Legislative districts of the United States
Ethically disputed political practices
Gerrymandering
History of voting rights in the United States
Political corruption in the United States
Political terminology of the United States
United States congressional districts
Voter suppression
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 21:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Electoral_districts
mw-redirect
Electoral districts

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

values: Category:United States House of Representatives

values: Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives

values: Current members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Seniority in the United States House of Representatives

values: List of the oldest living members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

values: List of former members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

values: National Republican Congressional Committee

values: List of United States congressional districts

values: List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives

values: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives

values: Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives

values: Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives

values: Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)

values: Closed session of the United States Congress

values: Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives

values: List of United States House of Representatives committees

values: Procedures of the United States House of Representatives

values: Salaries of members of the United States Congress

values: United States congressional apportionment

values: Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress

values: Template:United States House of Representatives

values: Template talk:United States House of Representatives

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18em;

values:
/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives
mw-redirect
U.S. House of Representatives

values:
/wiki/Salamander_(legendary_creature)
mw-redirect
Salamander (legendary creature)

values:
/wiki/Political_cartoon
mw-redirect
Political cartoon

values:
/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College
mw-redirect
United States Electoral College

values: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

values: United States presidential election, 2004

values:
/wiki/Whitford_v._Gill
mw-redirect
Whitford v. Gill

values: Gaffney v. Cummings (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values: North Carolina's 12th congressional district

values: United States v. Hays (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/California_state_legislature
mw-redirect
California state legislature

values: California's 23rd congressional district

values: League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry

values: Edit section: Neutral redistricting criteria

values:
/wiki/One_person,_one_vote
mw-redirect
One person, one vote

values:
/wiki/Metric_geometry
mw-redirect
Metric geometry

values:
/wiki/United_States_Census,_2010
mw-redirect
United States Census, 2010

values: background-color:#ffe680; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#afe9af; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#e9afdd; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#cccccc; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Standing_committee
mw-redirect
Standing committee

values:
/wiki/US_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
US Supreme Court

values: Edit section: Alternative voting systems

values:
/wiki/Plurality_voting_system
mw-redirect
Plurality voting system

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/45790508

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 541

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 412

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 509

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1289795

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 515

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 517

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 437

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 462

values: Washington State Redistricting Commission

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.redistricting.wa.gov

values: Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.azredistricting.org

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=1907880

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Gerrymandering in the United States

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values:
nofollow
http://www.redistrictingthenation.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.redistrictinggame.org/
external text

values: Template:Voting rights in the United States

values: Template talk:Voting rights in the United States

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965

values: List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

values: Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

values: Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act

values: Initiatives and referendums in the United States

values:
/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Poll tax (United States)

values: Right of foreigners to vote in the United States

values: Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States

values: Timeline of voting rights in the United States

values: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

values: Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States

values:
/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Parade_of_1913
mw-redirect
Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913

values: History of direct democracy in the United States

values:
/wiki/Voting_system
mw-redirect
Voting system

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Legislative districts of the United States

values: Category:Ethically disputed political practices

values: Category:History of voting rights in the United States

values: Category:Political corruption in the United States

values: Category:Political terminology of the United States

values: Category:United States congressional districts

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States rootpage-Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
P.S. I Love You (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
P.S. I Love You
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Richard LaGravenese
Produced by
Wendy Finerman
Broderick Johnson
Andrew Kosove
Molly Smith
Screenplay by
Richard LaGravenese
Steven Rogers
Based on
PS, I Love You
by Cecelia Ahern
Starring
Hilary Swank
Gerard Butler
Lisa Kudrow
Gina Gershon
Jeffrey Dean Morgan
Kathy Bates
Harry Connick Jr.
James Marsters
Music by
John Powell
Cinematography
Terry Stacey
Edited by
David Moritz
Production
company
Alcon Entertainment
Grosvenor Park Productions
2S Films
Distributed by
Summit Entertainment
Release date
December 21, 2007 (2007-12-21)
Running time
125 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
French
Spanish
Budget
$30 million
Box office
$156,835,339
P.S. I Love You is a 2007 American drama film directed by Richard LaGravenese. The screenplay by LaGravenese and Steven Rogers is based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Cecelia Ahern. It stars Hilary Swank, Gerard Butler, Lisa Kudrow, Gina Gershon, James Marsters, Harry Connick Jr. and Jeffrey Dean Morgan. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and Momentum Pictures.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Differences between novel and film adaptation
3 Cast
4 Production
5 Soundtrack
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Cultural influence
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Holly and Gerry are a married couple who live on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. They are deeply in love, but they fight occasionally. By winter that year, Gerry suddenly dies of a brain tumor, and Holly realizes how much he meant to her as well as how insignificant their arguments were.
Deeply distraught, Holly withdraws from her family and friends out of grief until they descend upon her on her 30th birthday. They are determined to prod the young widow to face the future and explore what her life choices should be. As they rally around Holly and help organize her apartment, a cake is delivered, and with it is a message from Gerry. It proves to be the first of several meaningful messages — all ending with "P.S. I Love You" — which he had arranged to have delivered to her after his death.
As the seasons pass, each new message fills her with encouragement and sends her on a new adventure. Holly's mother believes that Gerry's letters are keeping Holly tied to the past. But they are, in fact, pushing her into the future. With Gerry's words as her guide, Holly slowly embarks on a journey of rediscovery.
Gerry arranged for Holly and her friends Denise and Sharon to travel to his homeland of Ireland. They arrive at their destination, a house in the beautiful Irish countryside where they find letters from Gerry for Sharon & Denise, one asking Denise to take Holly to his favorite pub. While there, they meet William, a singer who strongly reminds Holly of her deceased husband. He asks her to stay to see him after his last song ("Galway Girl"), which he dedicates to her. Upon hearing it, she is overcome with emotion and walks out, because it was the song Gerry sang to her shortly after they first met.
During the vacation, while on a fishing trip, they lose the boat's oars, leaving the three women stranded in the middle of a lake. During their wait for help, Sharon announces that she is pregnant and Denise reveals she is getting married. This news causes Holly to relapse emotionally and again withdraw into herself. They are eventually rescued by William, whom Sharon and Denise invite to stay the night because of the pouring rain.
Unable to deny their feelings for each other, they kiss, and William and Holly have sex. They begin a conversation about her deceased husband and Holly asks William to drive her to visit her in-laws. Upon Holly revealing their names, William realizes she is the widow of his childhood best friend. Revealing this to Holly causes her to panic, but William calms her down and starts to tell stories about his and Gerry's childhood. The next day, Holly visits Gerry's parents and while there, she also receives a letter from Gerry reminding her of their first meeting.
Arriving home, Holly again withdraws from family and friends. As she continues to become more and more lost, she is inspired by Gerry after finding one of his suspender clips next to one of her shoes and realizes she has a flair for designing women's shoes; she enrolls in a class that teaches how to actually make the shoes she has designed. A new found self-confidence allows her to emerge from her solitude and embrace her friends' happiness.
While on a walk with her mother, she learns that her mother was the one whom Gerry asked to deliver his letters after his death and receives the last letter. As the film ends with Holly taking her mother on a trip to Ireland, we see that Holly has opened herself up to the journey beginning with the next chapter of her life, and wherever it takes her she has the hope of falling in love again.
Differences between novel and film adaptation[edit]
The major difference between the novel and its film adaptation is that, in the novel, the main characters Holly and Gerry Kennedy are Irish. In the film, only Gerry is Irish, Holly and her family are Irish Americans, and the two live in New York. Also in the novel, Holly has numerous siblings, but in the film she has one. The film adds a character called William, played by Jeffrey Dean Morgan. Another change is that in the books, the letters arrive all in a package together and Holly is expected to open them once a month. In the movie, the letters are delivered by mail. The film remains fairly true to the novel, and all of Gerry's letters are virtually unchanged.
Cast[edit]
Hilary Swank – Holly Reilly-Kennedy
Gerard Butler – Gerry Kennedy
Lisa Kudrow – Denise Hennessey
Gina Gershon – Sharon McCarthy
James Marsters – John McCarthy
Harry Connick, Jr. – Daniel Connelly
Jeffrey Dean Morgan – William Gallagher
Nellie McKay – Ciara Reilly, Holly's sister
Kathy Bates – Patricia Reilly, Holly and Ciara's mother
Anne Kent – Rose Kennedy, Gerry's mother
Brian McGrath – Martin Kennedy, Gerry's father
Production[edit]
In A Conversation with Cecilia Ahern, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, the author of the original novel discusses the Americanization of her story — which was set in Ireland — for the screen and her satisfaction with the plot changes which screenwriter/director Richard LaGravenese had to make in order to fit the book into the screen.
The film was shot on locations in New York City and County Wicklow, Ireland.[1]
Soundtrack[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
P.S. I Love You
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
December 3, 2007[2]
Genre
Pop
Length
56:44
Label
Atlantic
The soundtrack for the film was released on December 3, 2007.
"Love You Till the End" – The Pogues
"Same Mistake" – James Blunt
"More Time" – Needtobreathe
"Carousel" – Laura Izibor
"Fortress" – Hope
"Last Train Home" – Ryan Star
"Rewind" – Paolo Nutini
"My Sweet Song" – Toby Lightman
"No Other Love" – Chuck Prophet
"Everything We Had" – The Academy Is...
"In the Beginning" – The Stills
"If I Ever Leave This World Alive" – Flogging Molly
"P.S. I Love You" – Nellie McKay
"Kisses and Cake" – John Powell
"Trouble" – performed by Greg Dulli and Kerry Brown
The film also includes "Fairytale of New York" performed by The Pogues, "Got Me Like Oh" by Gia Farrell, "No Other Love" by Chuck Prophet, "Mustang Sally" performed by Gerard Butler and "Galway Girl" written and originally released by Steve Earle, performed by Gerard Butler, Nancy Davis, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan. Camera Obscura's "Lloyd, I'm Ready to Be Heartbroken" also plays in the opening credits. None of songs are included on the official soundtrack.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received negative reviews from critics, with most of the criticism being focused on Hilary Swank's performance. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 24% based on 99 reviews.[3] At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 39%, based on 24 reviews.[4]
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said the film "looks squeaky clean and utterly straight and very much removed from the shadow worlds in which Ms. Swank has done her best work. Yet as directed by Richard LaGravenese ... it has a curious morbid quality ... [It] won't win any awards; it isn't the sort of work that flatters a critic's taste. It's preposterous in big and small matters ... and there are several cringe-worthy set pieces, some involving Mr. Butler and a guitar. The film is not a beautiful object or a memorable cultural one, and yet it charms, however awkwardly. Ms. Swank's ardent sincerity and naked emotionalism dovetail nicely with Mr. LaGravenese's melodramatic excesses."[5]
David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "This is a movie that will leave you stunned and stupefied from beginning to end, if you don't head for the exits first. The only good things in it are Lisa Kudrow and Swank's wardrobe. The plot is unbelievable, although a competent script could have fixed that. The direction is flabby and uninspired, the casting is wrongheaded, and the performances run the gamut from uninteresting to insufferable ... the film wants terribly to be Ghost without a potter's wheel, but it just succeeds at being terrible."[6]
John Anderson of Variety also had a negative review: "The question of love after death has been asked frequently enough in the movies, but seldom with the high ick factor found in P.S. I Love You ... this post-life comedy will have the sentimentally challenged weeping openly, while clutching desperately to the pants-legs of boyfriends and husbands who are trying to flee up the aisle. Richard LaGravenese's trip into Lifetime territory may define the guilty pleasure of the genre ... As an exercise in chick-flickery, P.S. I Love You wants to possess the soulfulness of harsh reality and the lilt of romantic fantasy at the same time. In this case, at least, it simply can't be done."[7]
Stephen Whitty of The Oregonian wrote, "On a week when many people just want a good reason to put down their packages and smile for a couple of hours, P.S. I Love You arrives – signed, sealed and delivered just on time."[8]
Irish reviewers were particularly critical of Butler's Irish accent.[9][10][11] Butler later jokingly apologized for his poor effort at an Irish accent.[12]
Box office[edit]
The film opened on 2,454 screens in North America and earned $6,481,221 and ranked #6 on its opening weekend. It eventually grossed $53,695,808 at the North American box office and $91,370,273 in the rest of the world for a total worldwide box office of $156,835,339.[13]
Accolades[edit]
Hilary Swank won the 2008 People's Choice Irish Film and Television Award for Best International Actress.
Cultural influence[edit]
Dialogue between Connick's and Swank's characters inspired Reba McEntire's 2011 single "Somebody's Chelsea".[14]
See also[edit]
The Letter (1997 film) (South Korea)
The Letter (2004 film) (Thai Remake)
2007 in film
Cinema of the United States
List of American films of 2007
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Staff (2007). "P.S. I Love You". Tourism Ireland. Tourism Ireland. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "P.S. I Love You". Retrieved 2013-11-02.
Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster
Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Metacritic CBS
Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis. "P.P.S. Take Tissues to This Weepy About a Romance Tested by Death". The New York Times, 21 December 2007
Jump up ^ David Wiegand. "Review: 'P.S. I Love You' a sappy stinker with star power". San Francisco Chronicle, 21 December 2007
Jump up ^ John Anderson (13 December 2007). "P.S. I Love You". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty. "P.S. I Love You". The Oregonian. Advance Publications. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Róisín Ingle (December 15, 2007). "Author of her own destiny". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2010-10-29.
Jump up ^ Michael Dwyer (December 21, 2007). "PS, I love You". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWZiO7YNoPQ
Jump up ^ "Movies.ie Paul Byrne".
Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Dukes, Billy (19 August 2011). "Reba McEntire, 'Somebody's Chelsea' – Lyrics Uncovered". Taste of Country. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
External links[edit]
P.S. I Love You at AllMovie
P.S. I Love You at Box Office Mojo
P.S. I Love You on IMDb
P.S. I Love You at Metacritic
P.S. I Love You at Rotten Tomatoes
show
v
t
e
Cecelia Ahern
Novels
PS, I Love You (2004)
Where Rainbows End (2004)
If You Could See Me Now (2005)
A Place Called Here (2006)
Thanks for the Memories (2008)
Short fiction
Mrs. Whippy (2006)
Adaptations
P.S. I Love You (2007)
Love, Rosie (2014)
Television
Samantha Who? (2007–2009)
Zwischen Himmel und Hier (2014)
Mein Ganzes Halbes Leben (2014)
show
v
t
e
Films by Richard LaGravenese
Films written
Rude Awakening (1989)
The Fisher King (1991)
The Ref (1994)
A Little Princess (1995)
The Bridges of Madison County (1995)
Unstrung Heroes (1995)
The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996)
The Horse Whisperer (1998)
Beloved (1998)
Conviction (2010)
Water for Elephants (2011)
Behind the Candelabra (2013)
Unbroken (2014)
The Comedian (2016)
Films directed
Living Out Loud (1998)
A Decade Under the Influence (2003)
Paris, je t'aime (2006)
Freedom Writers (2007)
P.S. I Love You (2007)
Beautiful Creatures (2013)
The Last Five Years (2014)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.S._I_Love_You_(film)&oldid=853878322"
Categories:
2007 films
2000s drama films
Alcon Entertainment films
Summit Entertainment films
American romantic drama films
American films
English-language films
Films about widowhood
Films based on Irish novels
Films directed by Richard LaGravenese
Films set in Ireland
Films set in New York City
Warner Bros. films
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in County Wicklow
Films scored by John Powell
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from September 2016
All articles needing additional references
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 14:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

value: li

values:
/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures
mw-redirect
Warner Bros. Pictures

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Differences between novel and film adaptation

values:
/wiki/Harry_Connick,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Harry Connick, Jr.

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

values:
/wiki/Hope_(band)
mw-redirect
Hope (band)

values:
/wiki/John_Powell_(composer)
mw-redirect
John Powell (composer)

values:
/wiki/Lifetime_Television
mw-redirect
Lifetime Television

values:
/wiki/Irish_Film_and_Television_Awards
mw-redirect
Irish Film and Television Awards

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v359645

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0431308/
external text

values: Zwischen Himmel und Hier (page does not exist)

values: Mein Ganzes Halbes Leben (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Films directed by Richard LaGravenese

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/P.S._I_Love_You_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: بي إس أنا أحبك – Arabic

values: P.S. Mən səni sevirəm (film, 2007) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پی‌نوشت: دوستت دارم (فیلم) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Հ.Գ. Ես սիրում եմ քեզ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: נ.ב. אני אוהב אותך – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: П.С. Те сакам (филм) – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: P. S. Я люблю тебя (фильм, 2007) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ป.ล.ผมจะรักคุณตลอดไป (ภาพยนตร์) – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-P_S_I_Love_You_film rootpage-P_S_I_Love_You_film skin-vector action-view