text:
Israel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the modern country. For other uses, see Israel (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
State of Israel
מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל (Hebrew)
دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل (Arabic)
Flag
Emblem
Anthem: "Hatikvah" (Hebrew for "The Hope")

Capital
and largest city
Jerusalem (internationally unrecognized)
31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217
Official languages
Hebrew
Arabic
Ethnic groups (2016)
74.7% Jewish
20.8% Arab
4.5% other[1]
Religion (2015)
74.8% Jewish
17.6% Muslim
2.0% Christian
1.6% Druze
4.0% other[2]
Demonym
Israeli
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Reuven Rivlin
• Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
• Knesset Speaker
Yuli-Yoel Edelstein
• Chief Justice
Esther Hayut
Legislature
Knesset
Independence
• Declared
14 May 1948
• Admission to UNO
11 May 1949
Area
• Total
20,770–22,072 km2 (8,019–8,522 sq mi)[a] (150th)
• Water
440 km2 (170 sq mi)
• Water (%)
2.1
Population
• 2017 estimate
8,777,580[3] (97th)
• 2008 census
7,412,200[4]
• Density
395/km2 (1,023.0/sq mi) (34th)
GDP (PPP)
2017[5] estimate
• Total
$315.582 billion (54th)
• Per capita
$36,250 (35th)
GDP (nominal)
2017[5] estimate
• Total
$348.006 billion (34th)
• Per capita
$39,974 (23rd)
Gini (2013)
42.8[6]
medium · 47th
HDI (2015)
0.899[7]
very high · 19th
Currency
New shekel (₪) (ILS)
Time zone
IST (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)
IDT (UTC+3)
Date format
יי-חח-שששש (AM)
dd-mm-yyyy (CE)
Drives on the
right
Calling code
+972
ISO 3166 code
IL
Internet TLD
.il
Website
www.israel.org
^ 20,770 is Israel within the Green Line. 22,072 includes the annexed Golan Heights and East Jerusalem.
This article contains Hebrew and Arabic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip[8] to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.[2][9] Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv,[10] while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally.[note 1][11][12] The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people,[3] of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others.[1]
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age.[13][14] The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE.[15] Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces.[16][17] The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Jewish kingdom in 110 BCE,[18] which came to an end in 63 BCE when Judea became a client state of the Roman Republic.[19] Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction, expulsion of Jewish population[18] and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina.[20] Jewish presence in the Land of Israel has persisted over the centuries. In the 7th century Palestine was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099, followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187. The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt extended its control over the Levant in the 13th century until its defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 19th century, national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionist movement followed by waves of immigration to Ottoman and later British Palestine.
In 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem.[21] The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and rejected by Arab leaders.[22][23][24] The following year, the Jewish Agency declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel."[25] Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states,[26] in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip (still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement).[note 2] It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank.[27][28][29][30] Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2][32] Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been implemented.
In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state.[33] Israel is a representative democracy[34] with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage.[35][36] The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member,[37] with the 34th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.[38] Israel has the highest standard of living in the Middle East,[7] and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[39]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Antiquity
2.3 Classical period
2.4 Middle Ages and modern history
2.5 Zionism and British mandate
2.6 After World War II
2.7 Early years of the State of Israel
2.8 Further conflict and peace process
3 Geography and environment
3.1 Tectonics and seismicity
3.2 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 Major urban areas
4.2 Language
4.3 Religion
4.4 Education
5 Government and politics
5.1 Legal system
5.2 Administrative divisions
5.3 Israeli-occupied territories
5.4 Foreign relations
5.5 International humanitarian efforts
5.6 Military
6 Economy
6.1 Science and technology
6.2 Transportation
6.3 Tourism
6.4 Energy
7 Culture
7.1 Literature
7.2 Music and dance
7.3 Cinema and theatre
7.4 Media
7.5 Museums
7.6 Cuisine
7.7 Sports
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Etymology
The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," the first instance of the name in the record.
Upon independence in 1948, the country formally adopted the name "State of Israel" (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]) after other proposed historical and religious names including Eretz Israel ("the Land of Israel"), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected.[40] In the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term "Israeli" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett.[41]
The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively.[42] The name "Israel" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules', though after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God")[43][44][45][46] in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord.[47] Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years,[48] until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob,[49] led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word "Israel" as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).[50]
The area is also known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. From 1920, the whole region was known as Palestine (under British Mandate)[note 3] until the Israeli Declaration of Independence of 1948.[51] Through the centuries, the territory was known by a variety of other names, including Canaan, Djahy, Samaria, Judea, Yehud, Iudaea, Coele-Syria, Syria Palaestina and Southern Syria.
History
Main article: History of Israel
Prehistory
Further information: Prehistory of the Levant
The oldest evidence of early humans in the territory of modern Israel, dating to 1.5 million years ago, was found in Ubeidiya near the Sea of Galilee.[52] Other notable Paleolithic sites include caves Tabun, Qesem and Manot. The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans found outside Africa are the Skhul and Qafzeh hominins, who lived in the area that is now northern Israel 120,000 years ago.[53] Around 10th millennium BCE, the Natufian culture existed in the area.[54]
Antiquity
Main article: History of ancient Israel and Judah
Further information: Israelites, Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), and Kingdom of Judah
The Large Stone Structure, archaeological site of ancient Jerusalem
The early history of the territory is unclear.[13]:104 Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the narrative in the Torah concerning the patriarchs, The Exodus, and the conquest described in the Book of Joshua, and instead views the narrative as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth.[55] Ancestors of the Israelites may have included ancient Semitic-speaking peoples native to Canaan.[56]:78–9 The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic—and later monotheistic—religion centered on Yahweh.[57][58][59][60][61][62] The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.[63] Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,[64][65] which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;[66] economic interchange was prevalent.[67] Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.[68]
Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE
While it is unclear if there was ever a United Monarchy,[69][13][70][71] there is well accepted archeological evidence referring to "Israel" in the Merneptah Stele which dates to about 1200 BCE;[72][73][74] and the Canaanites are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age.[75][76] There is debate about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power, but historians agree that a Kingdom of Israel existed by ca. 900 BCE[13]:169–195[70][71] and that a Kingdom of Judah existed by ca. 700 BCE.[14] The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[15]
In 586 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded in the Babylonian Chronicles.[16][77] The Babylonian exile ended around 538 BCE under the rule of the Persian Cyrus the Great after he captured Babylon.[78][79] The Second Temple was constructed around 520 BCE.[78] As part of the Persian Empire, the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (Yehud Medinata) with different borders, covering a smaller territory.[80] The population of the province was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom, archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.[13]:308
Classical period
Main article: Second Temple period
Further information: Hasmonean dynasty, Herodian dynasty, and Jewish–Roman wars
Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls written during the Second Temple period
With successive Persian rule, the autonomous province Yehud Medinata was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region.
Masada fortress, location of the final battle in the First Jewish–Roman War
The Roman Empire invaded the region in 63 BCE, first taking control of Syria, and then intervening in the Hasmonean Civil War. The struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian factions in Judea eventually led to the installation of Herod the Great and consolidation of the Herodian kingdom as a vassal Judean state of Rome. With the decline of the Herodian dynasty, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish–Roman wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.[81]
Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center.[82][83] The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem.[84] The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628.
Middle Ages and modern history
Further information: History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages, Muslim conquest of the Levant, and Old Yishuv
Kfar Bar'am, an ancient Jewish village, abandoned some time between the 7th–13th centuries AD.[85]
In 634–641 CE, the region, including Jerusalem, was conquered by the Arabs who had just recently adopted Islam. Control of the region transferred between the Rashidun Caliphs, Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Seljuks, Crusaders, and Ayyubids throughout the next three centuries.[86]
During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue.[87] At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza.[88] According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army.[89][90] However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[91][undue weight? – discuss]
In 1165, Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the "great, holy house."[92] In 1141 the Spanish-Jewish poet Yehuda Halevi issued a call for Jews to migrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem,[93] and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: "From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it."[94] Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier.[95]
The 13th-century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem
In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England,[96] among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens.[97] Nachmanides (Ramban), the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation."[98]
In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt.[99] The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound on the Temple Mount. In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967.[100][101]
Jews at the Western Wall, 1870s
In 1470, Isaac b. Meir Latif arrived from Italy and counted 150 Jewish families in Jerusalem.[102] Thanks to Joseph Saragossi who had arrived in the closing years of the 15th century, Safed and its environs had developed into the largest concentration of Jews in Palestine. With the help of the Sephardic immigration from Spain, the Jewish population had increased to 10,000 by the early 16th century.[103]
In 1516, the region was conquered by the Ottoman Empire; it remained under Turkish rule until the end of the First World War, when Britain defeated the Ottoman forces and set up a military administration across the former Ottoman Syria. In 1920 the territory was divided between Britain and France under the mandate system, and the British-administered area which included modern day Israel was named Mandatory Palestine.[99][104][105]
Zionism and British mandate
Main articles: Zionism, Yishuv, Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, and Mandatory Palestine
Further information: Balfour Declaration and Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
Theodor Herzl, visionary of the Jewish state
Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel",[106] though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute.[107][108] The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system.[107] After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine.[109] During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem.[110] In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine.[111][112][113]
"Therefore I believe that a wonderous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabaeans will rise again. Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews wish to have a State, and they shall have one. We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our own home. The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare will react with beneficent force for the good of humanity."
Theodor Herzl (1896). A Jewish State. Wikisource. [scan]
The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe.[114] Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism,[115] a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish question of the European states, in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time.[116] In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), offering his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he presided over the First Zionist Congress.[117]
The Second Aliyah (1904–14), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually.[114] Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews,[118] although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement.[119] During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish "national home" within the Palestinian Mandate.[120][121]
In 1918, the Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted in the British conquest of Palestine.[122] Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or the Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off.[123] In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians.[124] The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%,[125] and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population.[126]
The Third (1919–23) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924–29) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine.[114] The rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936–39 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760,[127][128] resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.[129] The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine.[114] By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population.[130]
After World War II
Further information: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, 1948 Palestine war, and Israeli Declaration of Independence
After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule.[131] At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British.
UN Map, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"
On 22 July 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing[132] of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.[133][134][135] A total of 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured.[136] The hotel was the site of the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan.[136][137] The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah. It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha (a series of widespread raids, including one on the Jewish Agency, conducted by the British authorities) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era.[136][137] It was characterized as one of the "most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century."[138] In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews.
On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine be created "to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine."[139] In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the General Assembly,[140] the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System."[141] On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 181 (II) recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union.[21] The plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the report of 3 September. The Jewish Agency, which was the recognized representative of the Jewish community, accepted the plan.[23][24] The Arab League and Arab Higher Committee of Palestine rejected it, and indicated that they would reject any other plan of partition.[22][142] On the following day, 1 December 1947, the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a three-day strike, and Arab gangs began attacking Jewish targets.[143] The Jews were initially on the defensive as civil war broke out, but in early April 1948 moved onto the offensive.[144][145] The Arab Palestinian economy collapsed and 250,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled.[146]
David Ben-Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948
On 14 May 1948, the day before the expiration of the British Mandate, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel."[25][147] The only reference in the text of the Declaration to the borders of the new state is the use of the term Eretz-Israel ("Land of Israel").[148] The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War;[149][150] contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war.[151][152] The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea.[153][24][154] According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews.[155] The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed.[156]
Raising of the Ink Flag, marking the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
After a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were established.[157] Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. The United Nations estimated that more than 700,000 Palestinians were expelled by or fled from advancing Israeli forces during the conflict—what would become known in Arabic as the Nakba ("catastrophe").[158]
Early years of the State of Israel
Further information: Arab–Israeli conflict
Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations by majority vote on 11 May 1949.[159] Both Israel and Jordan were genuinely interested in a peace agreement but the British acted as a brake on the Jordanian effort in order to avoid damaging British interests in Egypt.[160] In the early years of the state, the Labor Zionist movement led by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion dominated Israeli politics.[161][162] The Kibbutzim, or collective farming communities, played a pivotal role in establishing the new state.[163]
Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"[164]). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet was disbanded in 1953.[165] The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan. The immigrants came for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology or did it for the promise of a better life in Israel, while others moved to escape persecution or were expelled.[166][167]
An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel during the first three years increased the number of Jews from 700,000 to 1,400,000. By 1958, the population of Israel rose to two million.[168] Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel.[169] Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 people were living in these tent cities.[170] Jews of European background were often treated more favorably than Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries—housing units reserved for the latter were often re-designated for the former, with the result that Jews newly arrived from Arab lands generally ended up staying in transit camps for longer.[171] Tensions that developed between the two groups over such discrimination persist to the present day.[172] During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the austerity period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust.[173]
Play media
U.S. newsreel on the trial of Adolf Eichmann
During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians,[174] mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip,[175] leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized. The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt.[176][177][178][179] Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed].[180][181] The war, known as the Suez Crisis, resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration.[182][183][184][185] In the early 1960s, Israel captured Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel for trial.[186] The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust.[187] Eichmann remains the only person executed in Israel by conviction in an Israeli civilian court.[188]
Territory held by Israel:
before the Six-Day War
after the war
The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982.
Since 1964, Arab countries, concerned over Israeli plans to divert waters of the Jordan River into the coastal plain,[189] had been trying to divert the headwaters to deprive Israel of water resources, provoking tensions between Israel on the one hand, and Syria and Lebanon on the other. Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel, and called for its destruction.[26][190][191] By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces.[192] In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea.[193][194][195] Other Arab states mobilized their forces.[196] Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli and, on 5 June, launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Jordan, Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel. In a Six-Day War, Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank, defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights.[197] Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories.
Following the 1967 war and the "three nos" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967–1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland".[198][199] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks[200][201] against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world,[202] including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon.
On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, that opened the Yom Kippur War. The war ended on 25 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10–35,000 lives in about 20 days.[203] An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign.[204] In July 1976 an airliner was hijacked during its flight from Israel to France by Palestinian guerrillas and landed at Entebbe, Uganda. Israeli commandos carried out an operation in which 102 out of 106 Israeli hostages were successfully rescued.
Further conflict and peace process
Further information: Israeli–Palestinian peace process
See also: One-state solution, Two-state solution, Three-state solution, and Lieberman Plan
The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party.[205] Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state.[206] In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty (1979).[207] In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[208]
On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground.
Israel's 1980 law declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."[12]
Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area.[209] The Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein.[210] The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity.[211] In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally.[212] Israel's population diversity expanded in the 1980s and 1990s. Several waves of Ethiopian Jews immigrated to Israel since the 1980s, while between 1990 and 1994, immigration from the post-Soviet states increased Israel's population by twelve percent.[213]
On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor under construction just outside Baghdad, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel.[214] In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry—the Kahan Commission—would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunisia. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah. The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule,[215] broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence.[216] During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded American calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war.[217][218]
Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.
In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors.[219][220] The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[221] The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism.[222] In 1994, the Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel.[223] Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements[224] and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions.[225] Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks.[226] In November 1995, while leaving a peace rally, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords.[227]
The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre, in which 21 Israelis were killed.
Under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu at the end of the 1990s, Israel withdrew from Hebron,[228] and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority.[229] Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital.[230] Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks. After a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks.[231][232][233][234] Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier,[235] ending the Intifada.[236][237] By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed, mostly in suicide bombings.[238] The Palestinian fatalities, from 2000 to 2008, reached 4,791 killed by Israeli security forces, 44 killed by Israeli civilians, and 609 killed by Palestinians.[239]
In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War.[240][241] On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. At the end of 2008, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The 2008–09 Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire.[242][243] Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order.[244] In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities,[245] Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days.[246] Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014.[247]
Geography and environment
Main articles: Geography of Israel and Wildlife of Israel
Geography of Israel
v
t
e
Golan
Heights
Galilee
Coastal
plain
Judaean
Mountains
Jordan
Valley
Negev
Levantine Sea
(Mediterranean)
Kinneret
Dead
Sea
Gulf
of Eilat
West
Bank
Gaza
Strip
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
Egypt
Satellite images of Israel and neighboring territories during the day (left) and night (right)
Israel is located in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent region. The country is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank to the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest. It lies between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 34° and 36° E.
The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water.[2] However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country.[248] The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi),[249] and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi).[250]
Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli coastal plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to most of the nation's population.[251] East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley. The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.[252] Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques.[253] The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev,[254] which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi).[255] A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean Basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin.[256]
Tectonics and seismicity
Further information: List of earthquakes in the Levant
The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.[257]
The most catastrophic known earthquakes occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average.[258] Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years.[259] While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007[update] the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were "expected to collapse" if exposed to a strong quake.[259] Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace.[258]
Climate
Köppen climate classification map of Israel
Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. Coastal areas, such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev have a semi-arid climate with hot summers, cool winters, and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate. The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have a desert climate with very hot, dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (54.0 °C or 129.2 °F) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan River valley.[260][261]
At the other extreme, mountainous regions can be windy and cold, and areas at elevation of 750 meters or more (same elevation as Jerusalem) will usually receive at least one snowfall each year.[262] From May to September, rain in Israel is rare.[263][264] With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation.[265] Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy, making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita (practically every house uses solar panels for water heating).[266]
Four different phytogeographic regions exist in Israel, due to the country's location between the temperate and tropical zones, bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the desert in the east. For this reason, the flora and fauna of Israel are extremely diverse. There are 2,867 known species of plants found in Israel. Of these, at least 253 species are introduced and nonnative.[267] There are 380 Israeli nature reserves.[268]
Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee
Field of Anemone coronaria, national flower of Israel
Makhtesh Ramon, a type of crater unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula
Snow in Galilee
Flowers of Israel
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Israel and Israelis
In 2017, Israel's population was an estimated 8,680,600 people, of whom 6,484,000 (74.7%) were recorded by the civil government as Jews.[1] 1,808,000 Arabs comprised 20.8% of the population, while non-Arab Christians and people who have no religion listed in the civil registry made up 4.5%.[1] Over the last decade, large numbers of migrant workers from Romania, Thailand, China, Africa, and South America have settled in Israel. Exact figures are unknown, as many of them are living in the country illegally,[269] but estimates run in the region of 203,000.[270] By June 2012, approximately 60,000 African migrants had entered Israel.[271] About 92% of Israelis live in urban areas.[272]
Immigration to Israel in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.
Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship.[273] Retention of Israel's population since 1948 is about even or greater, when compared to other countries with mass immigration.[274] Jewish emigration from Israel (called yerida in Hebrew), primarily to the United States and Canada, is described by demographers as modest,[275] but is often cited by Israeli government ministries as a major threat to Israel's future.[276][277]
Three quarters of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Approximately 77% of Israeli Jews are born in Israel, 16% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 7% are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab world).[278] Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel, including Ashkenazi Jews, constitute approximately 50% of Jewish Israelis. Jews who left or fled Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants, including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews,[279] form most of the rest of the Jewish population.[280][281][282] Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35% and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year, with over 25% of school children now originating from both communities.[283] Around 4% of Israelis (300,000), ethnically defined as "others", are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return.[284][285][286]
The total number of Israeli settlers beyond the Green Line is over 600,000 (≈10% of the Jewish Israeli population).[287] In 2016[update], 399,300 Israelis lived in West Bank settlements,[288] including those that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion bloc. In addition to the West Bank settlements, there were more than 200,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem,[289] and 20,000 in the Golan Heights.[288] Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, known as Gush Katif, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan.[290]
Major urban areas
For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in Israel.
Park Tzameret residential neighborhood in Tel Aviv.
There are four major metropolitan areas: Gush Dan (Tel Aviv metropolitan area; population 3,854,000), Jerusalem metropolitan area (population 1,253,900), Haifa metropolitan area (population 924,400), and Beersheba metropolitan area (population 377,100).[291]
Israel's largest municipality, in population and area, is Jerusalem with 882,652 residents in an area of 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi).[292] Israeli government statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem, which is widely recognized as part of the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation.[293] Tel Aviv and Haifa rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 438,818 and 279,591, respectively.[292]
Israel has 15 cities with populations over 100,000. In all, there are 77 municipalities granted "city" status by the Ministry of Interior. Two more cities are planned: Kasif, a planned city to be built in the Negev, and Harish, originally a small town currently being built into a large city.

v
t
e
Largest cities in Israel
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics[292]
Rank
Name
District
Pop.
Rank
Name
District
Pop.

Jerusalem

Tel Aviv 1 Jerusalem Jerusalem 882,652a 11 Ramat Gan Tel Aviv 153,674
Haifa

Rishon LeZion
2 Tel Aviv Tel Aviv 438,818 12 Rehovot Central 135,726
3 Haifa Haifa 279,591 13 Ashkelon Southern 134,454
4 Rishon LeZion Central 247,323 14 Bat Yam Tel Aviv 128,904
5 Petah Tikva Central 236,169 15 Beit Shemesh Jerusalem 109,762
6 Ashdod Southern 221,591 16 Kfar Saba Central 98,981
7 Netanya Central 210,834 17 Herzliya Tel Aviv 93,116
8 Beersheba Southern 205,810 18 Hadera Haifa 91,707
9 Holon Tel Aviv 190,838 19 Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut Central 90,013
10 Bnei Brak Tel Aviv 188,964 20 Nazareth Northern 75,922
^a This number includes East Jerusalem and West Bank areas. Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.
Language
Main article: Languages of Israel
Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English
Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic.[2] Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken every day by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority, with Hebrew taught in Arab schools.
As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel),[294][295] Russian and Amharic are widely spoken.[296] More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the post-Soviet states between 1990 and 2004.[297] French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis,[298] mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews). English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the establishment of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language,[299][300][301] as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects.[302]
Religion
Main articles: Religion in Israel and Abrahamic religions
Religion in Israel
v
t
e
Jewish · Muslim · Christian · Druze · Other.
Until 1995, figures for Christians also included Others.[303]
Israel comprises a major part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importance to all Abrahamic religions – Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druze and Bahá'í Faith.
The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: a social survey indicates that 49% self-identify as Hiloni (secular), 29% as Masorti (traditional), 13% as Dati (religious) and 9% as Haredi (ultra-Orthodox).[304] Haredi Jews are expected to represent more than 20% of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.[305]
Making up 17.6% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.6% is Druze.[2] The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity.[306] Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.[307] Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel.[308]
The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, Jerusalem.
The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[309] Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safed (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in Lod (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr). A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron. The administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa; the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahá'í community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages. Bahá'í staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy.[310][311][312] A few miles south of the Bahá'í World Centre is Mahmood Mosque affiliated with the reformist Ahmadiyya movement. Kababir, Haifa's mixed neighbourhood of Jews and Ahmadi Arabs is the only one of its kind in the country.[313][314]
Education
Main article: Education in Israel
Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University
Education is highly valued in the Israeli culture and was viewed as a fundamental block of ancient Israelites.[315] Jewish communities in the Levant were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community, not less than the parents was responsible.[316] Many international business leaders such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel's economic development and technological boom.[317][318][319] In 2015, the country ranked third among OECD members (after Canada and Japan) for the percentage of 25–64 year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 49% compared with the OECD average of 35%.[38] In 2012, the country ranked third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population).[320][321]
Israel has a school life expectancy of 16 years and a literacy rate of 97.8%.[2] The State Education Law, passed in 1953, established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction.[322] Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen.[323][324] Schooling is divided into three tiers – primary school (grades 1–6), middle school (grades 7–9), and high school (grades 10–12) – culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate.[325] Israel's Jewish population maintains a relatively high level of educational attainment where just under half of all Israeli Jews (46%) hold post-secondary degrees. This figure has remained stable in their already high levels of educational attainment over recent generations.[326][327] Israeli Jews (among those ages 25 and older) have average of 11.6 years of schooling making them one of the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the world.[328][329] In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage.[330] Maariv described the Christian Arabs sectors as "the most successful in education system",[331] since Christians fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other religion in Israel.[332] Israeli children from Russian-speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high-school level.[333] Although amongst immigrant children born in the Former Soviet Union, the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from European FSU states at 62.6%, and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states.[334] In 2014, 61.5% of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.[335]
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Israel has a tradition of higher education where its quality university education has been largely responsible in spurring the nations modern economic development.[336] Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges.[325][337][338] The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's second-oldest university after the Technion,[339][340] houses the National Library of Israel, the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica.[341] The Technion and the Hebrew University consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by the prestigious ARWU academic ranking.[342] Other major universities in the country include the Weizmann Institute of Science, Tel Aviv University, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa and the Open University of Israel. Ariel University, in the West Bank, is the newest university institution, upgraded from college status, and the first in over thirty years.
Government and politics
Main articles: Politics of Israel and Israeli system of government
See also: Criticism of the Israeli government
President
Reuven Rivlin
Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
The Knesset chamber, home to the Israeli parliament
Israel is a parliamentary democracy with universal suffrage. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister—usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet.[343][344] Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties,[345] with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments. Parliamentary elections are scheduled every four years, but unstable coalitions or a no-confidence vote by the Knesset can dissolve a government earlier. The Basic Laws of Israel function as an uncodified constitution. In 2003, the Knesset began to draft an official constitution based on these laws.[2][346] The president of Israel is head of state, with limited and largely ceremonial duties.[343]
Israel has no official religion,[347][348][349] but the definition of the state as "Jewish and democratic" creates a strong connection with Judaism, as well as a conflict between state law and religious law. Interaction between the political parties keeps the balance between state and religion largely as it existed during the British Mandate.[350]
Legal system
Main articles: Judiciary of Israel and Israeli law
Supreme Court of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem
Israel has a three-tier court system. At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are district courts, serving as both appellate courts and courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities.[351][352] Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court, it has not ratified the Rome Statute, citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality.[353]
Israel's legal system combines three legal traditions: English common law, civil law, and Jewish law.[2] It is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent) and is an adversarial system, where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries.[351] Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts: Jewish, Muslim, Druze, and Christian. The election of judges is carried out by a committee of two Knesset members, three Supreme Court justices, two Israeli Bar members and two ministers (one of which, Israel's justice minister, is the committee's chairman). The committee's members of the Knesset are secretly elected by the Knesset, and one of them is traditionally a member of the opposition, the committee's Supreme Court justices are chosen by tradition from all Supreme Court justices by seniority, the Israeli Bar members are elected by the bar, and the second minister is appointed by the Israeli cabinet. The current justice minister and committee's chairwoman is Ayelet Shaked.[354][355][356] Administration of Israel's courts (both the "General" courts and the Labor Courts) is carried by the Administration of Courts, situated in Jerusalem. Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts: the storage of court files, as well as court decisions, are conducted electronically. Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel.
Administrative divisions
Main article: Districts of Israel
Districts of Israel
North
Haifa
Center
Tel Aviv
Judea
and
Samaria
Jerusalem
South
v
t
e
The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (מחוזות; singular: mahoz) – Center, Haifa, Jerusalem, North, South, and Tel Aviv districts, as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank. All of the Judea and Samaria Area and parts of the Jerusalem and Northern districts are not recognized internationally as part of Israel. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as nafot (נפות; singular: nafa), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions.[357]
District
Capital
Largest city
Population[288]
Jews
Arabs
Total
note
Jerusalem
Jerusalem 7001670000000000000♠67% 7001320000000000000♠32% 1083300 !1,083,300 a
North
Nazareth Illit Nazareth 7001430000000000000♠43% 7001540000000000000♠54% 1401300 !1,401,300
Haifa
Haifa 7001680000000000000♠68% 7001260000000000000♠26% 0996300 !996,300
Center
Ramla Rishon LeZion 7001880000000000000♠88% 7000800000000000000♠8% 2115800 !2,115,800
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv 7001930000000000000♠93% 7000200000000000000♠2% 1388400 !1,388,400
South
Beersheba Ashdod 7001730000000000000♠73% 7001200000000000000♠20% 1244200 !1,244,200
Judea and Samaria
Ariel Modi'in Illit 7001980000000000000♠98% 5000000000000000000♠0% 0399300 !399,300 b
^a Including over 200,000 Jews and 300,000 Arabs in East Jerusalem.[289]
^b Israeli citizens only.
Israeli-occupied territories
Main article: Israeli-occupied territories
Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights
In 1967, as a result of the Six-Day War, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Israel also captured the Sinai Peninsula, but returned it to Egypt as part of the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.[358] Between 1982 and 2000, Israel occupied part of southern Lebanon, in what was known as the Security Belt. Since Israel's capture of these territories, Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them, except Lebanon. Israel has applied civilian law to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship. The West Bank, outside of the Israeli settlements within the territory, has remained under direct military rule, and Palestinians in this area cannot become Israeli citizens. Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters.
The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be "null and void" and continues to view the territories as occupied.[359][360] The International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations, asserted, in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem, are occupied territory.[361] The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians, as Israel views it as its sovereign territory, as well as part of its capital. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which emphasises "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war", and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as "Land for peace".[362][363][364]
According to some observers,[weasel words] Israel has engaged in systematic and widespread violations of human rights in the occupied territories, including the occupation itself[365] and war crimes against civilians.[366][367][368][369] The allegations include violations of international humanitarian law[370] by the United Nations Human Rights Council,[371] with local residents having "limited ability to hold governing authorities accountable for such abuses" by the U.S. State Department,[372] mass arbitrary arrests, torture, unlawful killings, systemic abuses and impunity by Amnesty International and others[373][374][375][376][377][378] and a denial of the right to Palestinian self-determination.[379][380][381][382][383][excessive detail?] In response to such allegations, Prime Minister Netanyahu has defended the country's security forces for protecting the innocent from terrorists[384] and expressed contempt for what he describes as a lack of concern about the human rights violations committed by "criminal killers".[385] Some observers, such as Israeli officials, scholars,[386] United States Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley[387][388] and UN secretary-generals Ban Ki-moon[389] and Kofi Annan,[390] also assert that the UN is disproportionately concerned with Israeli misconduct.[excessive detail?]
Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank
The West Bank was occupied and annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[391] From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel–PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks during the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier.[392] When completed, approximately 13% of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank.[393][394]
The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a "foreign territory". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations.[395][396][397][398][399] Following the 2007 Battle of Gaza, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip,[400] Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian.[400] Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers).[401]
Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of Israel and International recognition of Israel
Diplomatic relations
Diplomatic relations suspended
Former diplomatic relations
No diplomatic relations, but former trade relations
No diplomatic relations
Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world;[402] countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries.[403] Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians.[404] Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries,[405] and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior.[406] Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty[407] but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution.[408] As a result of the 2008–09 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel.[409][410]
The United States and the Soviet Union were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel, having declared recognition roughly simultaneously.[411] Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were broken in 1967, following the Six-Day War, and renewed in October of 1991.[412] The United States regards Israel as its "most reliable partner in the Middle East,"[413] based on "common democratic values, religious affinities, and security interests".[414] The United States has provided $68 billion in military assistance and $32 billion in grants to Israel since 1967, under the Foreign Assistance Act (period beginning 1962),[415] more than any other country for that period until 2003.[415][416][417] The United Kingdom is seen as having a "natural" relationship with Israel on account of the British Mandate for Palestine.[418] Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister Tony Blair's efforts for a two state resolution. By 2007[update], Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors.[419] Israel is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.[420]
Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991,[421] Turkey has cooperated with the Jewish state since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel.[422] Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008–09 Gaza War and Israel's raid of the Gaza flotilla.[423] Relations between Greece and Israel have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli-Turkish relations.[424] The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece's Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base. The joint Cyprus-Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus.[425] Cooperation in the world's longest sub-sea electric power cable, the EuroAsia Interconnector, has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel.[426]
Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then.[427] According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world.[428][429] India is the largest customer of the Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after Russia.[430] Ethiopia is Israel's main ally in Africa due to common political, religious and security interests.[431] Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews live in Israel.
International humanitarian efforts
Israeli foreign aid ranks low among OECD nations, spending less than 0.1% of its GNI on development assistance, as opposed to the recommended 0.7%. The country also ranked 43rd in the 2016 World Giving Index.[432] However, Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world.[433] Israel's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1957, with the establishment of Mashav, the Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation.[434] There are additional Israeli humanitarian and emergency response groups that work with the Israel government, including IsraAid, a joint programme run by 14 Israeli organizations and North American Jewish groups,[435] ZAKA,[436] The Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team (FIRST),[437] Israeli Flying Aid (IFA),[438] Save a Child's Heart (SACH)[439] and Latet.[440]
Between 1985 and 2015, Israel sent 24 delegations of IDF search and rescue unit, the Home Front Command, to 22 countries.[441] In Haiti, immediately following the 2010 earthquake, Israel was the first country to set up a field hospital capable of performing surgical operations.[442] Israel sent over 200 medical doctors and personnel to start treating injured Haitians at the scene.[443] At the conclusion of its humanitarian mission 11 days later,[444] the Israeli delegation had treated more than 1,110 patients, conducted 319 successful surgeries, delivered 16 births and rescued or assisted in the rescue of four individuals.[445][446] Despite radiation concerns, Israel was one of the first countries to send a medical delegation to Japan following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster.[447] Israel dispatched a medical team to the tsunami-stricken city of Kurihara in 2011. A medical clinic run by an IDF team of some 50 members featured pediatric, surgical, maternity and gynecological, and otolaryngology wards, together with an optometry department, a laboratory, a pharmacy and an intensive care unit. After treating 200 patients in two weeks, the departing emergency team donated its equipment to the Japanese.[448]
Military
Main articles: Israel Defense Forces and Israeli security forces
Further information: List of wars involving Israel, List of the Israel Defense Forces operations, and Israel and weapons of mass destruction
The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly the Haganah—that preceded the establishment of the state.[449] The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak.[450] The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.[451][452]
Squad commanders exercise at Eliakim training base in 2012
Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve two years and eight months and women two years.[453] Following mandatory service, Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. Arab citizens of Israel (except the Druze) and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service, although the exemption of yeshiva students has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years.[454][455] An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is Sherut Leumi, or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks.[456] As a result of its conscription program, the IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists.[457]
Iron Dome is the world's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system.
The nation's military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. The Arrow missile is one of the world's few operational anti-ballistic missile systems.[458] The Python air-to-air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history.[459] Israel's Spike missile is one of the most widely exported ATGMs in the world.[460] Israel's Iron Dome anti-missile air defense system gained worldwide acclaim after intercepting hundreds of Qassam, 122 mm Grad and Fajr-5 artillery rockets fire by Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip.[461][462] Since the Yom Kippur War, Israel has developed a network of reconnaissance satellites.[463] The success of the Ofeq program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites.[464]
Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons[465] as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction.[466] Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[467] and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities.[468] The Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles, offering second-strike capability.[469] Since the Gulf War in 1991, when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles, all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room, Merkhav Mugan, impermeable to chemical and biological substances.[470]
Since Israel's establishment, military expenditure constituted a significant portion of the country's gross domestic product, with peak of 30.3% of GDP spent on defense in 1975.[471] In 2016, Israel ranked 5th in the world by defense spending as a percentage of GDP, with 5.6%,[472] and 15th by total military expenditure, with $18 billion.[473] Since 1974, the United States has been a particularly notable contributor of military aid to Israel.[474] Under a memorandum of understanding signed in 2016, the U.S. is expected to provide the country with $3.8 billion per year, or around 20% of Israel's defense budget, from 2018 to 2028.[475] Israel ranked 7th globally for arms exports in 2016.[476] The majority of Israel's arms exports are unreported for security reasons.[477] Israel is consistently rated low in the Global Peace Index, ranking 144th out of 163 nations for peacefulness in 2017.[478]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Israel
The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan
Israel is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia and the Middle East in economic and industrial development.[479][480] Israel's quality university education and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and rapid economic development.[317] In 2010, it joined the OECD.[37][481] The country is ranked 16th in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report[482] and 54th on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index.[483] It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world after the United States,[484] and the third-largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies after the U.S. and China.[485] Israel was also ranked 4th in the world by share of people in high-skilled employment.[486]
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Its building is optimized for computer trading, with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies.[487]
Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Imports to Israel, totaling $57.9 billion in 2016, include raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, and consumer goods.[2] Leading exports include machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, and textiles and apparel; in 2016, Israeli exports reached $51.61 billion.[2]
The Bank of Israel holds $97.22 billion of foreign-exchange reserves.[2] Since the 1970s, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a lender in terms of net external debt (assets vs. liabilities abroad), which in 2015[update] stood at a surplus of $69 billion.[488] Israel has an impressive record for creating profit driven technologies making the country a top choice for many business leaders and high technology industry giants. Intel[489] and Microsoft[490] built their first overseas research and development facilities in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Google, Apple, HP, Cisco Systems, Facebook and Motorola have opened R&D centres in the country. In 2007, American investor Warren Buffett's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company, Iscar, its first acquisition outside the United States, for $4 billion.[491]
Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday (for a five-day workweek), or Friday (for a six-day workweek). In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a "short day", usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:00 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day.[492]
Science and technology
Main articles: Science and technology in Israel and List of Israeli inventions and discoveries
Matam high-tech park in Haifa
Israel's development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley.[493][494] Israel ranks 10th in the Bloomberg Innovation Index,[495] and is 2nd in the world in expenditure on research and development as a percentage of GDP.[496] Israel boasts 140 scientists, technicians, and engineers per 10,000 employees, the highest number in the world (in comparison, the same is 85 for the U.S.).[497][498][499] Israel has produced six Nobel Prize-winning scientists since 2004[500] and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of scientific papers per capita in the world.[501][502][503] Israel has led the world in stem-cell research papers per capita since 2000.[504] Israeli universities are ranked among the top 50 world universities in computer science (Technion and Tel Aviv University), mathematics (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and chemistry (Weizmann Institute of Science).[342]
In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's Space Competitiveness Index.[505] The Israel Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals, and have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites.[506] Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems.[507] Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low Earth orbit.[508] It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.[509]
The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques, and a substantial agricultural modernization, drip irrigation, was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling. The Sorek desalination plant is the largest seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination facility in the world.[510] By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050.[511] As of 2015, more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced.[512] The country hosts an annual Water Technology and Environmental Control Exhibition & Conference (WATEC) that attracts thousands of people from across the world.[513][514] In 2011, Israel's water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years.[515]
The world's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center.[516]
Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology[517] and its solar companies work on projects around the world.[518][519] Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world.[266][520] According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating.[521] The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert.[517][518][519] Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of charging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries.[522][523][524] The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia.[525] However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013.[526]
Transportation
Main article: Transport in Israel
Reception hall at Ben Gurion Airport
Israel has 19,224 kilometres (11,945 mi) of paved roads,[527] and 3 million motor vehicles.[528] The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons is 365, relatively low with respect to developed countries.[528] Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes,[529] operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country. Railways stretch across 1,277 kilometres (793 mi) and are operated solely by government-owned Israel Railways.[530] Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 53 million in 2015; railways are also transporting 7.5 million tons of cargo, per year.[530]
Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv, and Ovda Airport, which serves the southernmost port city of Eilat. There are several small domestic airports as well.[531] Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 15 million passengers in 2015.[532] On the Mediterranean coast, the Port of Haifa is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea.[531] In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries.[531]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Israel
Ein Bokek resort on the shore of the Dead Sea
Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological, other historical and biblical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound.[533] In 2013, a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68% of tourists visiting there.[534][535]
Energy
Main article: Energy in Israel
In 2009, a natural gas reserve, Tamar was found near the coast of Israel. A second natural gas reserve, Leviathan, was discovered in 2010.[536]
Ketura Sun is Israel’s first commercial solar field. Built in early 2011 by the Arava Power Company on Kibbutz Ketura, Ketura Sun covers twenty acres and is expected to produce green energy amounting to 4.95 megawatts. The field consists of 18,500 photovoltaic panels made by Suntech, which will produce about 9 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year.[537] In the next twenty years, the field will spare the production of some 125,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide.[538] The field was inaugurated on June 15, 2011.[539]
On May 22, 2012 Arava Power Company announced that it had reached financial close on an additional 58.5 MW for 8 projects to be built in the Arava and the Negev valued at 780 million NIS or approximately $204 million.[540]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Israel
Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of its population: Jews from diaspora communities around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions back with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs.[541] Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar. Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays, and the official day of rest is Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath.[542] Israel's substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture,[543] music,[544] and cuisine.[545]
Literature
Main article: Israeli literature
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature
Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages, such as English. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the National Library of Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media.[546] In 2015, 85 percent of the 7,843 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew.[547] The Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs, public readings, and appearances by Israeli authors around the country. During the week, Israel's top literary award, the Sapir Prize, is presented.[citation needed]
In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs.[548] Leading Israeli poets have been Yehuda Amichai, Nathan Alterman, Leah Goldberg, and Rachel Bluwstein. Internationally famous contemporary Israeli novelists include Amos Oz, Etgar Keret and David Grossman. The Israeli-Arab satirist Sayed Kashua (who writes in Hebrew) is also internationally known.[citation needed] Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers: Emile Habibi, whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed: The Pessoptimist, and other writings, won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature; and Mahmoud Darwish, considered by many to be "the Palestinian national poet."[549] Darwish was born and raised in northern Israel, but lived his adult life abroad after joining the Palestine Liberation Organization.[citation needed]
Music and dance
Main articles: Music of Israel and Dance in Israel
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta
Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world; Mizrahi and Sephardic music, Hasidic melodies, Greek music, jazz, and pop rock are all part of the music scene.[550][551] Among Israel's world-renowned[552][553] orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year.[554] Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel.[citation needed] Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice.[555][556] Eilat has hosted its own international music festival, the Red Sea Jazz Festival, every summer since 1987.[557] Israel is home to many Palestinian musicians, including an oud group Le Trio Joubran and singer Amal Murkus. The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance has an advanced degree program in Arabic music, headed by oud virtuoso Taiseer Elias.[citation needed]
Celebrated Israeli ballet dancers Valery and Galina Panov, who founded the Ballet Panov, in Ashdod[558]
The nation's canonical folk songs, known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland.[559] The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the kibbutzim and outlying communities. It became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction and of the ability to experience joy amidst austerity. It now plays a significant role in modern Israeli folk dancing and is regularly performed at weddings and other celebrations, and in group dances throughout Israel.[citation needed] Modern dance in Israel is a flourishing field, and several Israeli choreographers such as Ohad Naharin and Barak Marshall and many others, are considered[by whom?] to be among the most versatile and original international creators working today. Famous Israeli companies include the Batsheva Dance Company and the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company.[citation needed]
Cinema and theatre
Main article: Cinema of Israel
Ten Israeli films have been final nominees for Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards since the establishment of Israel. The 2009 movie Ajami was the third consecutive nomination of an Israeli film.[560] Palestinian Israeli filmmakers have made a number of films dealing with the Arab-Israel conflict and the status of Palestinians within Israel, such as Mohammed Bakri's 2002 film Jenin, Jenin and The Syrian Bride.[citation needed]
Continuing the strong theatrical traditions of the Yiddish theatre in Eastern Europe, Israel maintains a vibrant theatre scene. Founded in 1918, Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv is Israel's oldest repertory theater company and national theater.[561]
Media
Main article: Media of Israel
The 2017 Freedom of the Press annual report by Freedom House ranked Israel as the Middle East and North Africa's most free country, and 64th globally.[562] In the 2017 Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders, Israel (including "Israel extraterritorial" since 2013 ranking)[563] was placed 91st of 180 countries, first in the Middle East and North Africa region.[564]
Museums
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Israeli museums.
Shrine of the Book, repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions[565] and houses the Dead Sea Scrolls,[566] along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art.[565] Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information.[567] Beit Hatfutsot ("The Diaspora House"), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world.[568] Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim. Mishkan LeOmanut in kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country.[569]
Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world.[570] Several Israeli museums are devoted to Islamic culture, including the Rockefeller Museum and the L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art, both in Jerusalem. The Rockefeller specializes in archaeological remains from the Ottoman and other periods of Middle East history. It is also the home of the first hominid fossil skull found in Western Asia called Galilee Man.[571] A cast of the skull is on display at the Israel Museum.[572]
Cuisine
Main article: Israeli cuisine
A meal including falafel, hummus, French fries and Israeli salad
Israeli cuisine includes local dishes as well as Jewish cuisine brought to the country by immigrants from the diaspora. Since the establishment of the state in 1948, and particularly since the late 1970s, an Israeli fusion cuisine has developed.[573] Israeli cuisine has adopted, and continues to adapt, elements of the Mizrahi, Sephardi, and Ashkenazi styles of cooking. It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the Levantine, Arab, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines, such as falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar. Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also common in Israel.[citation needed]
Roughly half of the Israeli-Jewish population attests to keeping kosher at home.[574][575] Kosher restaurants, though rare in the 1960s, make up around 25% of the total as of 2015[update], perhaps reflecting the largely secular values of those who dine out.[573] Hotel restaurants are much more likely to serve kosher food.[573] The non-kosher retail market was traditionally sparse, but grew rapidly and considerably following the influx of immigrants from the post-Soviet states during the 1990s.[576] Together with non-kosher fish, rabbits and ostriches, pork—often called "white meat" in Israel[576]—is produced and consumed, though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam.[577]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Israel
Teddy Stadium of Jerusalem
The most popular spectator sports in Israel are association football and basketball.[578] The Israeli Premier League is the country's premier football league, and the Israeli Basketball Premier League is the premier basketball league.[579] Maccabi Haifa, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Beitar Jerusalem are the largest football clubs. Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Tel Aviv have competed in the UEFA Champions League and Hapoel Tel Aviv reached the UEFA Cup quarter-finals. Israel hosted and won the 1964 AFC Asian Cup; in 1970 the Israel national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup, the only time it participated in the World Cup. The 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran, were the last Asian Games in which Israel participated, and was plagued by the Arab countries which refused to compete with Israel. Israel was excluded from the 1978 Asian Games and since then has not competed in Asian sport events.[580] In 1994, UEFA agreed to admit Israel and its soccer teams now compete in Europe.[citation needed] Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. has won the European championship in basketball six times.[581] In 2016, the country was chosen as a host for the EuroBasket 2017.
Boris Gelfand, chess Grandmaster
Chess is a leading sport in Israel and is enjoyed by people of all ages. There are many Israeli grandmasters and Israeli chess players have won a number of youth world championships.[582] Israel stages an annual international championship and hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005. The Ministry of Education and the World Chess Federation agreed upon a project of teaching chess within Israeli schools, and it has been introduced into the curriculum of some schools.[583] The city of Beersheba has become a national chess center, with the game being taught in the city's kindergartens. Owing partly to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world.[584][585] The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the 2008 Chess Olympiad[586] and the bronze, coming in third among 148 teams, at the 2010 Olympiad. Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand won the Chess World Cup 2009[587] and the 2011 Candidates Tournament for the right to challenge the world champion. He only lost the World Chess Championship 2012 to reigning world champion Anand after a speed-chess tie breaker.
Israel has won nine Olympic medals since its first win in 1992, including a gold medal in windsurfing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[588] Israel has won over 100 gold medals in the Paralympic Games and is ranked 20th in the all-time medal count. The 1968 Summer Paralympics were hosted by Israel.[589] The Maccabiah Games, an Olympic-style event for Jewish and Israeli athletes, was inaugurated in the 1930s, and has been held every four years since then. Israeli tennis champion Shahar Pe'er ranked 11th in the world on 31 January 2011.[590] Krav Maga, a martial art developed by Jewish ghetto defenders during the struggle against fascism in Europe, is used by the Israeli security forces and police. Its effectiveness and practical approach to self-defense, have won it widespread admiration and adherence around the world.[591]
See also
Israel portal
Index of Israel-related articles
Outline of Israel
Israel – Wikipedia book
Notes
Jump up ^ The Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament. United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 (20 August 1980; 14–0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem. The United Nations and all member nations refuse to accept the Jerusalem Law (see Kellerman 1993, p. 140) and maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, and Herzliya (see the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel). The U.S. Congress subsequently adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act, which said that the U.S. embassy should be relocated to Jerusalem and that it should be recognized as the capital of Israel. However, the US Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel concluded that the provisions of the act "invade exclusive presidential authorities in the field of foreign affairs and are unconstitutional". Since passage of the act, all presidents serving in office have determined that moving forward with the relocation would be detrimental to U.S. national security concerns and opted to issue waivers suspending any action on this front. The Palestinian Authority sees East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. The city's final status awaits future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (see "Negotiating Jerusalem," Palestine–Israel Journal). See Positions on Jerusalem for more information.
^ Jump up to: a b The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Gaza is still considered to be "occupied" by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators, despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, due to various forms of ongoing military and economic control.[31]
The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see International views on the Israeli-occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel.
For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g., Tibet) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article Military occupation.
Jump up ^ (פלשתינה (א״י in Hebrew (translation: Palestine (Eretz Israel))
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Latest Population Statistics for Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. January 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Israel". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Home page". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Population Census 2008 (PDF) (Report). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Distribution of family income – Gini index". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Human Development Index and its components (Report). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Palestinian Territories". State.gov. 22 April 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Skolnik 2007, pp. 132–232
Jump up ^ "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
Jump up ^ United Nations News Centre (28 October 2009). "Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine, Ban says". UN News Centre. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel". Knesset. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-86912-8.
^ Jump up to: a b The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995 Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734-733, are the earliest published to date."
^ Jump up to: a b Broshi, Maguen (2001). Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 1-84127-201-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE)". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Jon L. Berquist (2007). Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-1-58983-145-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Fibiger Bang; Walter Scheidel (31 January 2013). The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. OUP USA. pp. 184–. ISBN 978-0-19-518831-8.
Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. pp. 223–239. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6.
Jump up ^ Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2005). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine". United Nations. 29 November 1947. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Morris 2008, p. 66: at 1946 "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews.", p. 67: at 1947 "The League's Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression," "without mercy." The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition.", p. 72: at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.""
^ Jump up to: a b Morris 2008, p. 75: "The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv’s settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community."
^ Jump up to: a b c Morris 2008, p. 396: "The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal.", "The Arab war aim, in both stages of the hostilities, was, at a minimum, to abort the emergence of a Jewish state or to destroy it at inception. The Arab states hoped to accomplish this by conquering all or large parts of the territory allotted to the Jews by the United Nations. And some Arab leaders spoke of driving the Jews into the sea and ridding Palestine "of the Zionist plague." The struggle, as the Arabs saw it, was about the fate of Palestine/ the Land of Israel, all of it, not over this or that part of the country. But, in public, official Arab spokesmen often said that the aim of the May 1948 invasion was to "save" Palestine or "save the Palestinians," definitions more agreeable to Western ears."
^ Jump up to: a b "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 May 1948. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert 2005, p. 1
Jump up ^ "The status of Jerusalem" (PDF). The Question of Palestine & the United Nations. United Nations Department of Public Information. East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
Jump up ^ "Analysis: Kadima's big plans". BBC News. 29 March 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Kessner, BC (2 April 2006). "Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons". Homeland Security Today. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy, P. R. (5 June 2002). "The Legacy of Undefined Borders". Tel Aviv Notes. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^
Sanger, Andrew (2011). M.N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; Tim McCormack, eds. "The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2010. Springer Science & Business Media. 13: 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 9789067048118. Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will.
Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on israel for inter alia electricity, currency, telephone networks, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry.
It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.
Scobbie, Iain (2012). Elizabeth Wilmshurst, ed. International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 9780199657759. Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.
Gawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. p. 44. ISBN 9780739166109. While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. ln addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). ln other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.
Jump up ^ See for example:
* Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0520241940. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.
* Anderson, Perry (July–August 2001). "Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem". New Left Review. 10. ...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
* Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393338447. ...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age
* Kretzmer, David (Spring 2012). "The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (885): 207–236. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
* Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012), The Justice of Occupation, The New York Times, Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
* Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780199685424. Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade.
Jump up ^ "Israel". Freedom in the World. Freedom House. 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Augustus Richard Norton (2001). Civil society in the Middle East. 2 (2001). BRILL. p. 193. ISBN 90-04-10469-0.
Jump up ^ Rummel 1997, p. 257. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ..., Cyprus, ..., Israel, ..."
Jump up ^ "Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom". Freedom House. 19 December 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Israel's accession to the OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Education at a Glance: Israel (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world". Haaretz. 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Popular Opinion". The Palestine Post. Jerusalem. 7 December 1947. p. 1. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "On the Move". Time. New York. 31 May 1948. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Levine, Robert A. (7 November 2000). "See Israel as a Jewish Nation-State, More or Less Democratic". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
Jump up ^ William G. Dever, Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005 p.186.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley, 'Israel,' in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J,Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995 p.907.
Jump up ^ R. L. Ottley, The Religion of Israel: A Historical Sketch, Cambridge University Press, 2013 pp.31–2 note 5.
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 381. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "Jacob".
Jump up ^ "And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed." (Genesis, 32:28, 35:10). See also Hosea 12:5.
Jump up ^ Exodus 12:40–41
Jump up ^ Exodus 6:16–20
Jump up ^ Barton & Bowden 2004, p. 126. "The Merneptah Stele ... is arguably the oldest evidence outside the Bible for the existence of Israel as early as the 13th century BCE."
Jump up ^ Noah Rayman (29 September 2014). "Mandatory Palestine: What It Was and Why It Matters". TIME. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Tchernov, Eitan (1988). "The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant". Paléorient. 14 (2): 63–65. doi:10.3406/paleo.1988.4455. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Rincon, Paul (14 October 2015). "Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early'". BBC News. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Bar-Yosef, Ofer (7 December 1998). "The Natuﬁan Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF). Evolutionary Anthropology. 6 (5): 159–177. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Dever, William (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?. Eerdmans. pp. 98–99. ISBN 3-927120-37-5. After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.
Jump up ^ Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-21262-X.
Jump up ^ Tubb, 1998. pp. 13–14
Jump up ^ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
Jump up ^ Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
Jump up ^ Gnuse 1997, pp.28,31[title missing]
Jump up ^ McNutt 1999, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth (2003). "Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I: Archaeology Preserves What Is Remembered and What Is Forgotten in Israel's History". Journal of Biblical Literature. 122 (3): 401–425. doi:10.2307/3268384. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3268384.
Jump up ^ Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ McNutt 1999, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Miller 2012, p. 98.
Jump up ^ McNutt 1999, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Miller 2012, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Miller 2012, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The History of Israel in the Biblical Period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi. The Jewish Study Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199978465.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuhrt, Amiele (1995). The Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-0415167628.
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). "David, King of Judah (Not Israel)". The Bible and Interpretation.
Jump up ^ K. L. Noll, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, A&C Black, 2012, rev.ed. pp.137ff.
Jump up ^ Thomas L. Thompson, Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources, BRILL, 2000 pp. 275–76: 'They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different signification.'
Jump up ^ The personal name "Israel" appears much earlier, in material from Ebla. Hasel, Michael G. (1994-01-01). "Israel in the Merneptah Stela". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (296): 45–61. doi:10.2307/1357179. JSTOR 1357179. ; Bertman, Stephen (2005-07-14). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195183641. and Meindert Dijkstra (2010). "Origins of Israel between history and ideology". In Becking, Bob; Grabbe, Lester. Between Evidence and Ideology Essays on the History of Ancient Israel read at the Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oud Testamentisch Werkgezelschap Lincoln, July 2009. Brill. p. 47. ISBN 9789004187375. As a West Semitic personal name it existed long before it became a tribal or a geographical name. This is not without significance, though is it rarely mentioned. We learn of a maryanu named ysr"il (*Yi¡sr—a"ilu) from Ugarit living in the same period, but the name was already used a thousand years before in Ebla. The word Israel originated as a West Semitic personal name. One of the many names that developed into the name of the ancestor of a clan, of a tribe and finally of a people and a nation.
Jump up ^ Jonathan M Golden,Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction, OUP USA, 2009 pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780664227272.
Jump up ^ See http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html reverse side, line 12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule". Biu.ac.il. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
Jump up ^ Harper's Bible Dictionary, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p.103
Jump up ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0567089984.
Jump up ^ Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-415-08800-8.
Jump up ^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). "Palestine". Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Morçöl 2006, p. 304
Jump up ^ Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, BRILL, 2001, p. 155
Jump up ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
Jump up ^ Allan D. Cooper (2009). The geography of genocide. University Press of America. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7618-4097-8. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Carmel, Alex. The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule. Haifa: Pardes, 2002 (ISBN 965-7171-05-9), pp. 16–17
Jump up ^ Moshe Gil (1992). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. p. 829. ISBN 9780521404372. Retrieved 17 May 2015. Haifa was taken [...] in August 1100 or June 1101, according to Muslim sources which contradict one another. Albert of Aachen does not mention the date in a clear manner either. From what he says, it appears that it was mainly the Jewish inhabitants of the city who defended the fortress of Haifa. In his rather strange Latin style, he mentions that there was a Jewish population in Haifa, and that they fought bravely within the walls of the city. He explains that the Jews there were protected people of the Muslims (the Fatimids). They fought side by side with units of the Fatimid army, striking back at Tancred's army from above the walls of the citadel (... Judaei civis comixtis Sarracenorum turmis) until the Crusaders overcame them and they were forced to abandon the walls. The Muslims and the Jews then managed to escape from the fortress with their lives, while the rest of the population fled the city en masse. Whoever remained was slaughtered, and huge quantities of spoils were taken. [...] [Note #3: Albert of Aachen (Albericus, Albertus Aquensis), Historia Hierosolymitanae Expeditionis, in: RHC (Occ.), IV. p. 523; etc.]
Jump up ^ Irven M. Resnick (1 June 2012). Marks of Distinctions: Christian Perceptions of Jews in the High Middle Ages. CUA Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-8132-1969-1. citizens of the Jewish race, who lived in the city by the favour and consent of the king of Egypt in return for payment of tribute, got on the walls bearing arms and put up a very stubborn defence, until the Christians, weighed down by various blows over the period of two weeks, absolutely despaired and held back their hands from any attack. [...] the Jewish citizens, mixed with Saracen troops, at once fought back manfully,... and counter-attacked. [Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana 7.23, ed. and transl. Susan B. Edgington (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), 516 and 521.]
Jump up ^ Joshua Prawer. The Jews of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. pp. 34–40.
Jump up ^ Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3. Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, 6 Cheshvan, commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount, and another, 9 Cheshvan, commemorating the day he merited to pray at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.
Jump up ^ Abraham P. Bloch (1987). "Sultan Saladin Opens Jerusalem to Jews". One a day: an anthology of Jewish historical anniversaries for every day of the year. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-88125-108-1. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Benzion Dinur (1974). "From Bar Kochba's Revolt to the Turkish Conquest". In David Ben-Gurion. The Jews in their Land. Aldus Books. p. 217. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hindley (28 February 2007). Saladin: hero of Islam. Pen & Sword Military. p. xiii. ISBN 978-1-84415-499-9. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Alex Carmel; Peter Schäfer; Yossi Ben-Artzi (1990). The Jewish settlement in Palestine, 634–1881. L. Reichert. p. 31. ISBN 978-3-88226-479-1. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Jewish Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Moshe Lichtman (September 2006). Eretz Yisrael in the Parshah: The Centrality of the Land of Israel in the Torah. Devora Publishing. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-932687-70-5. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Kramer, Gudrun (2008). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
Jump up ^ M. Sharon (2010). "Al Khalil". Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition. Koninklijke Brill NV.
Jump up ^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, pp. 336–339
Jump up ^ Dan Bahat (1976). Twenty centuries of Jewish life in the Holy Land: the forgotten generations. Israel Economist. p. 48. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Fannie Fern Andrews (February 1976). The Holy Land under mandate. Hyperion Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-88355-304-6. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Covenant of the League of Nations". Article 22. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mandate for Palestine," Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 11, p. 862, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1972
Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1997, p. 1 "Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ..."
^ Jump up to: a b Geoffrey Wigoder, G.G. (ed.). "Return to Zion". The New Encyclopedia of Judaism (via Answers.Com). The Jerusalem Publishing House. Retrieved 8 March 2010. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "An invention called 'the Jewish people'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilbert 2005, p. 2. "Jews sought a new homeland here after their expulsions from Spain (1492) ..."
Jump up ^ Eisen, Yosef (2004). Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present. Targum Press. p. 700. ISBN 1-56871-323-1.
Jump up ^ Morgenstern, Arie (2006). Hastening redemption: Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-530578-4.
Jump up ^ "Jewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine-Israel (1517–2004)". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Barnai, Jacob (1992). The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine. University Alabama Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Immigration to Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 29 March 2012. The source provides information on the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Aliyot in their respective articles. The White Paper leading to Aliyah Bet is discussed "Aliyah During World War II and its Aftermath".
Jump up ^ Kornberg 1993 "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"
Jump up ^ Herzl 1946, p. 11
Jump up ^ "Chapter One". The Jewish Agency for Israel1. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
Jump up ^ Stein 2003, p. 88. "As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews ..."
Jump up ^ Romano 2003, p. 30
Jump up ^ Macintyre, Donald (26 May 2005). "The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history". The Independent. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Yapp, M.E. (1987). The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 290. ISBN 0-582-49380-3.
Jump up ^ Schechtman, Joseph B. (2007). "Jewish Legion". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 304. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Scharfstein 1996, p. 269. "During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements ... In 1920, Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah ("The Defense") was established."
Jump up ^ "League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922". Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 24 July 1922. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Shaw, J. V. W. (January 1991) [1946]. "Chapter VI: Population". A Survey of Palestine. Volume I: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry (Reprint ed.). Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-88728-213-3. OCLC 22345421. Lay summary.
Jump up ^ "Report to the League of Nations on Palestine and Transjordan, 1937". British Government. 1937. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur (2009-07-01). A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307530851. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
Jump up ^ Hughes, M (2009). "The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" (PDF). English Historical Review. CXXIV (507): 314–354. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep002. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Khalidi, Walid (1987). From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-155-6
Jump up ^ "The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948". MidEastWeb. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Fraser 2004, p. 27
Jump up ^ The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First | By Paul J. Smith | M.E. Sharpe, 10 Sep 2007 | pg 27
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Harvey W. Kushner, Sage, 2003 p.181
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica article on the Irgun Zvai Leumi
Jump up ^ The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. William Roger Louis, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 430
^ Jump up to: a b c Clarke, Thurston. By Blood and Fire, G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981
^ Jump up to: a b Bethell, Nicholas (1979). The Palestine Triangle. Andre Deutsch.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Bruce (1999). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press. pp. 48–52.
Jump up ^ "A/RES/106 (S-1)". General Assembly resolution. United Nations. 15 May 1947. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "A/364". Special Committee on Palestine. United Nations. 3 September 1947. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)". United Nations. 20 April 1949. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 40–41
Jump up ^ Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine 1948. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-902210-67-4.
Jump up ^ Morris 2008, p. 77–78.
Jump up ^ Tal, David (2003). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. Routledge. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-7146-5275-7.
Jump up ^ Morris 2008.
Jump up ^ Clifford, Clark, "Counsel to the President: A Memoir", 1991, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Frank (7 August 2012). "The Elephant in the Map Room". Borderlines. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Karsh, Efraim (2002). The Arab–Israeli conflict: The Palestine War 1948. Osprey Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-84176-372-9.
Jump up ^ Ben-Sasson 1985, p. 1058
Jump up ^ Morris 2008, p. 205.
Jump up ^ Rabinovich, Itamar; Reinharz, Jehuda (2007). Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present. Brandeis. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-87451-962-4.
Jump up ^ David Tal (24 June 2004). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. Routledge. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-135-77513-1. some of the Arab armies invaded Palestine in order to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state, Transjordan...
Jump up ^ Morris 2008, p. 187: "A week before the armies marched, Azzam told Kirkbride: "It does not matter how many [ Jews] there are. We will sweep them into the sea." … Ahmed Shukeiry, one of Haj Amin al-Husseini's aides (and, later, the founding chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization), simply described the aim as "the elimination of the Jewish state." … al-Quwwatli told his people: "Our army has entered … we shall win and we shall eradicate Zionism""
Jump up ^ Morris 2008, p. 198: "the Jews felt that the Arabs aimed to reenact the Holocaust and that they faced certain personal and collective slaughter should they lose"
Jump up ^ "PDF copy of Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations: S/745: 15 May 1948". Un.org. 9 September 2002. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Karsh, Efraim (2002). The Arab–Israeli conflict: The Palestine War 1948. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-372-9.
Jump up ^ Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
Jump up ^ "Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting". The United Nations. 11 May 1949. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
Jump up ^ William Roger Louis (1984). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Clarendon Press. p. 579. ISBN 978-0-19-822960-5. The transcript makes it clear that British policy acted as a brake on Jordan." "King Abdullah was personally anxious to come to agreement with Israel", Kirkbride stated, and in fact it was our restraining influence which had so far prevented him from doing so." Knox Helm confirmed that the Israelis hoped to have a settlement with Jordan, and that they now genuinely wished to live peacefully within their frontiers, if only for economic reasons
Jump up ^ Lustick 1988, pp. 37–39
Jump up ^ "Israel (Labor Zionism)". Country Studies. Library of Congress. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Kibbutz & Moshav: History & Overview". Jewish Virtual Library. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Anita Shapira (1992). Land and Power. Stanford University Press. pp. 416, 419.
Jump up ^ Segev, Tom. 1949: The First Israelis. "The First Million". Trans. Arlen N. Weinstein. New York: The Free Press, 1986. Print. p 105-107
Jump up ^ Shulewitz, Malka Hillel (2001). The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4764-7.
Jump up ^ Laskier, Michael "Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime, 1956–70" pages 573–619 from Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 31, Issue # 3, July 1995 page 579.
Jump up ^ "Population, by Religion". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Bard, Mitchell (2003). The Founding of the State of Israel. Greenhaven Press. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Hakohen, Devorah (2003). Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2969-6. ; for ma'abarot population, see p. 269.
Jump up ^ Clive Jones, Emma Murphy, Israel: Challenges to Identity, Democracy, and the State, Routledge 2002 p. 37: "Housing units earmarked for the Oriental Jews were often reallocated to European Jewish immigrants; Consigning Oriental Jews to the privations of ma'aborot (transit camps) for longer periods."
Jump up ^ Segev 2007, pp. 155–157
Jump up ^ Shindler 2002, pp. 49–50
Jump up ^ Kameel B. Nasr (1 December 1996). Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936–1993. McFarland. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-0-7864-3105-2. Fedayeen to attack...almost always against civilians
Jump up ^ Gilbert 2005, p. 58
Jump up ^ Isaac Alteras (1993). Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953–1960. University Press of Florida. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-0-8130-1205-6. the removal of the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran at the entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba. The blockade closed Israel's sea lane to East Africa and the Far East, hindering the development of Israel's southern port of Eilat and its hinterland, the Nege. Another important objective of the Israeli war plan was the elimination of the terrorist bases in the Gaza Strip, from which daily fedayeen incursions into Israel made life unbearable for its southern population. And last but not least, the concentration of the Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula, armed with the newly acquired weapons from the Soviet bloc, prepared for an attack on Israel. Here, Ben-Gurion believed, was a time bomb that had to be defused before it was too late. Reaching the Suez Canal did not figure at all in Israel's war objectives.
Jump up ^ Dominic Joseph Caraccilo (January 2011). Beyond Guns and Steel: A War Termination Strategy. ABC-CLIO. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-313-39149-1. The escalation continued with the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran, and Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956. On October 14, Nasser made clear his intent:"I am not solely fighting against Israel itself. My task is to deliver the Arab world from destruction through Israel's intrigue, which has its roots abroad. Our hatred is very strong. There is no sense in talking about peace with Israel. There is not even the smallest place for negotiations." Less than two weeks later, on October 25, Egypt signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan placing Nasser in command of all three armies. The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, combined with the increased fedayeen attacks and the bellicosity of recent Arab statements, prompted Israel, with the backing of Britain and France, to attack Egypt on October 29, 1956.
Jump up ^ Alan Dowty (20 June 2005). Israel/Palestine. Polity. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0-7456-3202-5. Gamal Abdel Nasser, who declared in one speech that "Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine....There will be no peace on Israel's border because we demand vengeance, and vengeance is Israel's death."...The level of violence against Israelis, soldiers and civilians alike, seemed to be rising inexorably.
Jump up ^ "The Jewish Virtual Library, The Sinai-Suez Campaign: Background & Overview". In 1955, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser began to import arms from the Soviet Bloc to build his arsenal for the confrontation with Israel. In the short-term, however, he employed a new tactic to prosecute Egypt's war with Israel. He announced it on August 31, 1955: Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine....There will be no peace on Israel's border because we demand vengeance, and vengeance is Israel's death. These "heroes" were Arab terrorists, or fedayeen, trained and equipped by Egyptian Intelligence to engage in hostile action on the border and infiltrate Israel to commit acts of sabotage and murder.
Jump up ^ Schoenherr, Steven (15 December 2005). "The Suez Crisis". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorst, Anthony; Johnman, Lewis (1997). The Suez Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11449-3.
Jump up ^ Benny Morris (25 May 2011). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 300, 301. ISBN 978-0-307-78805-4. (p. 300) In exchange (for Israeli withdrawal) the United states had indirectly promised to guarantee Israel's right of passage through the straits (to the Red sea) and its right to self defense if the Egyptian closed them....(p 301) The 1956 war resulted in a significant reduction of...Israeli border tension. Egypt refrained from reactivating the Fedaeen, and...Egypt and Jordan made great effort to curb infiltration
Jump up ^ "National insurance institute of Israel, Hostile Action Casualties" (in Hebrew). list of people who were kiled in hostile action: 53 In 1956, 19 in 1957, 15 in 1958
Jump up ^ "jewish virtual library, Terrorism Against Israel: Number of Fatalities". 53 at 1956, 19 at 1957, 15 at 1958
Jump up ^ "Jewish virtual library, MYTH "Israel's military strike in 1956 was unprovoked."". Israeli Ambassador to the UN Abba Eban explained ... As a result of these actions of Egyptian hostility within Israel, 364 Israelis were wounded and 101 killed. In 1956 alone, as a result of this aspect of Egyptian aggression, 28 Israelis were killed and 127 wounded.
Jump up ^ "Adolf Eichmann". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Cole 2003, p. 27. "... the Eichmann trial, which did so much to raise public awareness of the Holocaust ..."
Jump up ^ Shlomo Shpiro (2006). "No place to hide: Intelligence and civil liberties in Israel". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 19 (44): 629–648. doi:10.1080/09557570601003361.
Jump up ^ "The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East", by Richard B. Parker (1993 Indiana University Press) pp. 38
Jump up ^ Maoz, Moshe (1995). Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-19-828018-7.
Jump up ^ "On This Day 5 Jun". BBC. 5 June 1967. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Segev 2007, p. 178
Jump up ^ Gat, Moshe (2003). Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202. ISBN 0275975142.
Jump up ^ John Quigley, The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi (18 July 2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians, his response to this development was a model of moderation. His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping. The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were, indeed, closed to all Israeli ships
Jump up ^ Segev 2007, p. 289
Jump up ^ Smith 2006, p. 126. "Nasser, the Egyptian president, decided to mass troops in the Sinai ... casus belli by Israel."
Jump up ^ Bennet, James (13 March 2005). "The Interregnum". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The Palestinian National Covenant- July 1968". Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Silke, Andrew (2004). Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures. Routledge. p. 149 (256 pages). ISBN 978-0-7146-8273-0. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Martin (2002). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-415-28116-4. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Edmund; Kifner, John (27 January 2008). "George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces". On This Day. The BBC. 6 October 1973. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Agranat Commission". Knesset. 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 169–170 "In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point ..."
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 171–174
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 186–187
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 186
Jump up ^ Cleveland, William L. (1999). A history of the modern Middle East. Westview Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-8133-3489-9.
Jump up ^ Lustick, Ian (1997). "Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?" (PDF). Middle East Policy. Washington, D.C.: Wiley-Blackwell. V (1): 34–45. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x. ISSN 1061-1924. OCLC 4651987544. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ See for example UN General Assembly resolution 63/30, passed 163 for, 6 against "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly". 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Golan Heights profile". BBC News. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Friedberg, Rachel M. (November 2001). "The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 116 (4): 1373–1408. doi:10.1162/003355301753265606.
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, p. 199
Jump up ^ Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 677. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.
Jump up ^ Stone & Zenner 1994, p. 246. "Toward the end of 1991 ... were the result of internal Palestinian terror."
Jump up ^ Haberman, Clyde (9 December 1991). "After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Mowlana, Gerbner & Schiller 1992, p. 111
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, p. 236
Jump up ^ "From the End of the Cold War to 2001". Boston College. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Oslo Accords, 1993". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – Sept 9- 1993". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Harkavy & Neuman 2001, p. 270. "Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel ..."
Jump up ^ "Sources of Population Growth: Total Israeli Population and Settler Population, 1991–2003". Settlements information. Foundation for Middle East Peace. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Kurtzer, Daniel; Lasensky, Scott (2008). Negotiating Arab-Israeli peace: American leadership in the Middle East. United States Institute of Peace Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-60127-030-6.
Jump up ^ Cleveland, William L. (1999). A history of the modern Middle East. Westview Press. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-8133-3489-9.
Jump up ^ "Israel marks Rabin assassination". BBC News. 12 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Bregman 2002, p. 257
Jump up ^ "The Wye River Memorandum". U.S. Department of State. 23 October 1998. Archived from the original on 24 December 1999. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Gelvin 2005, p. 240
Jump up ^ Gross, Tom (16 January 2014). "The big myth: that he caused the Second Intifada". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Hong, Nicole (23 February 2015). "Jury Finds Palestinian Authority, PLO Liable for Terrorist Attacks in Israel a Decade Ago". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Ain, Stewart (20 December 2000). "PA: Intifada Was Planned". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Samuels, David (1 September 2005). "In a Ruined Country". The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2". USA Today. 29 July 2004. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Harel, Amos; Issacharoff, Avi (1 October 2010). "Years of rage". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ King, Laura (28 September 2004). "Losing Faith in the Intifada". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Diehl, Jackson (27 September 2004). "From Jenin To Fallujah?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Amidror, Yaakov. "Winning Counterinsurgency War: The Israeli Experience" (PDF). Strategic Perspectives. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Pipes, Daniel (14 September 2008). "Must Counterinsurgency Wars Fail?". The Washington Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Frisch, Hillel (12 January 2009). "The Need for a Decisive Israeli Victory Over Hamas". Perspectives Papers on Current Affairs. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Buchris, Ofek (9 March 2006). "The "Defensive Shield" Operation as a Turning Point in Israel's National Security Strategy". Strategy Research Project. United States Army War College. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Krauthammer, Charles (18 June 2004). "Israel's Intifada Victory". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Plocker, Sever (22 June 2008). "2nd Intifada forgotten". Ynetnews. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Ya'alon, Moshe (January 2007). "Lessons from the Palestinian 'War' against Israel" (PDF). Policy Focus. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Hendel, Yoaz (20 September 2010). "Letting the IDF win". Ynetnews. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ; Zvi Shtauber; Yiftah Shapir (2006). The Middle East strategic balance, 2004–2005. Sussex Academic Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84519-108-5. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/victims.html#2000; The Psychology of Strategic Terrorism: Public and Government Responses to Attack, Shepherd, Ben, p. 172
Jump up ^ "Fatalities before Operation "Cast Lead"". B'Tselem. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Security Council Calls for End to Hostilities between Hizbollah, Israel, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1701 (2006)". United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701. 11 August 2006.
Escalation of hostilities in Lebanon and in Israel since Hizbollah's attack on Israel on 12 July 2006
Jump up ^ Harel, Amos (13 July 2006). "Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Koutsoukis, Jason (5 January 2009). "Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Ravid, Barak (18 January 2009). "IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Azoulay, Yuval (1 January 2009). "Two IDF soldiers, civilian lightly hurt as Gaza mortars hit Negev". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Lappin, Yaakov; Lazaroff, Tovah (12 November 2012). "Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Nebehay (20 November 2012). "UN rights boss, Red Cross urge Israel, Hamas to spare civilians". Reuters. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ; al-Mughrabi, Nidal (24 November 2012). "Hamas leader defiant as Israel eases Gaza curbs". Reuters. Retrieved 8 February 2013. ; "Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises". The New York Times. 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Gili (9 January 2012). "Israel Navy to devote majority of missile boats to secure offshore drilling rafts". Haaretz.
Jump up ^ "Area of Districts, Sub-Districts, Natural Regions and Lakes". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Israel (Geography)". Country Studies. Library of Congress. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Coastal Plain". Israel Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Living Dead Sea". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 April 1999. ISBN 0-8264-0406-5. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Makhteshim Country. UNESCO. ISBN 954-642-135-9. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Jacobs 1998, p. 284. "The extraordinary Makhtesh Ramon – the largest natural crater in the world ..." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Makhtesh Ramon". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Rinat, Zafrir (29 May 2008). "More endangered than rain forests?". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ferry M.; Meghraoui M.; Karaki A.A.; Al-Taj M.; Amoush H.; Al-Dhaisat S.; Barjous M. (2008). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 260 (3–4): 394–406. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.260..394F. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049.
^ Jump up to: a b American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance (October 4, 2007). Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco). [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Zafrir Renat, Israel Is Due, and Ill Prepared, for Major Earthquake, Haaretz, 15 January 2010. "On average, a destructive earthquake takes place in Israel once every 80 years, causing serious casualties and damage." [2]
Jump up ^ Watzman, Haim (8 February 1997). "Left for dead". New Scientist. London. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "WMO Region 6: Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Goldreich 2003, p. 85
Jump up ^ "Average Weather for Tel Aviv-Yafo". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Average Weather for Jerusalem". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Sitton, Dov (20 September 2003). "Development of Limited Water Resources- Historical and Technological Aspects". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Grossman, Gershon; Ayalon, Ofira; Baron, Yifaat; Kauffman, Debby. "Solar energy for the production of heat Summary and recommendations of the 4th assembly of the energy forum at SNI". Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Flora of Israel Online". Flora.huji.ac.il. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "National Parks and Nature Reserves, Israel". Israel Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "ISRAEL: Crackdown on illegal migrants and visa violators". IRIN. 14 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Adriana Kemp, "Labour migration and racialisation: labour market mechanisms and labour migration control policies in Israel", Social Identities 10:2, 267–292, 2004
Jump up ^ "Israel rounds up African migrants for deportation". Reuters. 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "THE LAND: Urban Life". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Law of Return". Knesset. Archived from the original on 27 November 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
Jump up ^ DellaPergola, Sergio (2000) [2000]. Still Moving: Recent Jewish Migration in Comparative Perspective, Daniel J. Elazar and Morton Weinfeld eds., ed. 'The Global Context of Migration to Israel'. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 13–60. ISBN 1-56000-428-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ Herman, Pini (1 September 1983). "The Myth of the Israeli Expatriate". Moment Magazine. 8 (8): 62–63.
Jump up ^ Gould, Eric D.; Moav, Omer (2007). "Israel's Brain Drain". Israel Economic Review. Bank of Israel. 5 (1): 1–22. SSRN 2180400  .
Jump up ^ Rettig Gur, Haviv (6 April 2008). "Officials to US to bring Israelis home". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jews, by Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "From Sephardi to Mizrahi and Back Again: Changing Meanings of "Sephardi" in Its Social Environments".
Jump up ^ "The myth of the Mizrahim". The Guardian. London. 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Shields, Jacqueline. "Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Missing Mizrahim".
Jump up ^ Okun, Barbara S.; Khait-Marelly, Orna (2006). "Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Behavior of Adult Multiethnics: Jews in Israel" (PDF). Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ DellaPergola, Sergio (2011). "Jewish Demographic Policies" (PDF). The Jewish People Policy Institute.
Jump up ^ "Israel (people)". Encyclopedia.com. 2007.
Jump up ^ Yoram Ettinger (5 April 2013). "Defying demographic projections". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorenberg, Gershom (26 June 2017). "Settlements: The Real Story". The American Prospect. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Localities and Population, by Population Group, District, Sub-District and Natural Region". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population of Jerusalem, by Age, Religion and Geographical Spreading, 2015" (PDF). Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlements in the Gaza Strip". Settlement Information. Foundation for Middle East Peace. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Localities, Population and Density per Sq. Km., by Metropolitan Area and Selected Localities". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roberts 1990, p. 60 Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
Jump up ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics: The Ethiopian Community in Israel
Jump up ^ "Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews". Reuters. 16 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Bill (17 August 2008). "Israel's welcome for Ethiopian Jews wears thin". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Study: Soviet immigrants outperform Israeli students". Haaretz. 10 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "French radio station RFI makes aliyah". Ynetnews. 5 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Spolsky, Bernard (1999). Round Table on Language and Linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 169–70. ISBN 0-87840-132-6. In 1948, the newly independent state of Israel took over the old British regulations that had set English, Arabic, and Hebrew as official languages for Mandatory Palestine but, as mentioned, dropped English from the list. In spite of this, official language use has maintained a de facto role for English, after Hebrew but before Arabic.
Jump up ^ Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (2004). "Part I: Language and Discourse". In Diskin Ravid, Dorit; Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava. Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 90. ISBN 1-4020-7911-7. English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society. ... It is the language most widely used in commerce, business, formal papers, academia, and public interactions, public signs, road directions, names of buildings, etc. English behaves 'as if' it were the second and official language in Israel.
Jump up ^ Shohamy, Elana (2006). Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. Routledge. pp. 72–73. ISBN 0-415-32864-0. In terms of English, there is no connection between the declared policies and statements and de facto practices. While English is not declared anywhere as an official language, the reality is that it has a very high and unique status in Israel. It is the main language of the academy, commerce, business, and the public space.
Jump up ^ "English programs at Israeli universities and colleges". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Jump up ^ "Population, by Religion". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Starr, Kelsey Jo; Masci, David (8 March 2016). "In Israel, Jews are united by homeland but divided into very different groups". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "At the edge of the abyss". Haaretz. 24 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Bassok, Moti (25 December 2006). "Israel's Christian population numbers 148,000 as of Christmas Eve". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Population Estimates" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics: 27. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel's disputatious Avigdor Lieberman: Can the coalition hold together?". The Economist. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Levine, Lee I. (1999). Jerusalem: its sanctity and centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-8264-1024-5.
Jump up ^ Hebrew Phrasebook. Lonely Planet Publications. 1 November 1999. p. 156. ISBN 0-86442-528-7.
Jump up ^ "The Bahá'í World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community". The Bahá'í International Community. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Teaching the Faith in Israel". Bahá'í Library Online. 23 June 1995. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Kababir and Central Carmel – Multiculturalism on the Carmel". Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Visit Haifa". Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Education in Ancient Israel". American Bible Society. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Moaz, Asher (July 2007). "Religious Education in Israel". Tel Aviv University Law Faculty Papers.
^ Jump up to: a b David Adler (10 March 2014). "Ambitious Israeli students look to top institutions abroad". ICEF. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Karin Kloosterman (30 October 2005). "Bill Gates – Israel is a high tech superpower". Israel21. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gary Shapiro (11 July 2013). "What Are The Secrets Behind Israel's Growing Innovative Edge?". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Israel: IT Workforce". Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World. American University. Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israeli Schools: Religious and Secular Problems". Education Resources Information Center. 10 October 1984. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Kashti, Or; Ilan, Shahar (18 July 2007). "Knesset raises school dropout age to 18". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 26 January 2003. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Shetreet, Ida Ben; Woolf, Laura L. (2010). "Education" (PDF). Publications Department. Ministry of Immigrant Absorption. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Religion and Education Around the World". 13 December 2016. 1615 L. Street NW, Suite 800, Washington DC 20036 USA
(202) 419-4300 | Main
(202) 419-4349 | Fax
(202) 419-4372 | Media Inquiries
Jump up ^ "6. Jewish educational attainment". 13 December 2016. 1615 L. Street NW, Suite 800, Washington DC 20036 USA
(202) 419-4300 | Main
(202) 419-4349 | Fax
(202) 419-4372 | Media Inquiries
Jump up ^ "How Religious Groups Differ in Educational Attainment". 13 December 2016. 1615 L. Street NW, Suite 800, Washington DC 20036 USA
(202) 419-4300 | Main
(202) 419-4349 | Fax
(202) 419-4372 | Media Inquiries
Jump up ^ "Jews at top of class in first-ever global study of religion and education". 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Israeli Matriculation Certificate". United States-Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library. January 1996. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת החינוך)". Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Christians in Israel: Strong in education". ynet. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Konstantinov, Viacheslav (2015). "Patterns of Integration into Israeli Society among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union over the Past Two Decades". Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "עולים מחבר העמים מצליחים יותר בבגרויות". וואלה! חדשות.
Jump up ^ "Students in Grade 12 – Matriculation Examinees and Those Entitled to a Certificate". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Silver, Stefan (May 11, 2017). "Israel's educational tradition drives economic growth". Kehlia News Israel.
Jump up ^ "Higher Education in Israel". Embassy of Israel In India. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Paraszczuk, Joanna (17 July 2012). "Ariel gets university status, despite opposition". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Technion". Technion. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Israel". Monash University. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "History of the Library". National Library of Israel. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Israel". Academic Ranking of World Universities. 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Field Listing — Executive Branch". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 19 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
Jump up ^ In 1996, direct elections for the prime minister were inaugurated, but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one reinstated. See "Israel's election process explained". BBC News. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Electoral System in Israel". The Knesset. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Mazie 2006, p. 34
Jump up ^ Charbit, Denis (2014). "Israel's Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present". In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora. Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-1-137-38115-6. The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel's neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. ... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.
Jump up ^ Sharot, Stephen (2007). "Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict". In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay. The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. London and Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 671–672. ISBN 978-1-4129-1195-5. It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.
Jump up ^ Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005). Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9780773529939. Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, Mesorati (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. ... Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the 'status quo,' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The 'status quo' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. ... On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.
Jump up ^ Englard, Izhak (Winter 1987). "Law and Religion in Israel". The American Journal of Comparative Law. American Society of Comparative Law. 35 (1): 185–208. doi:10.2307/840166. JSTOR 840166. The great political and ideological importance of religion in the state of Israel manifests itself in the manifold legal provisions concerned with religions phenomenon. ... It is not a system of separation between state and religion as practiced in the U.S.A and several other countries of the world. In Israel a number of religious bodies exercise official functions; the religious law is applied in limited areas
^ Jump up to: a b "The Judiciary: The Court System". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 August 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel's high court unique in region". Boston Herald. 9 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Israel and the International Criminal Court". Office of the Legal Adviser to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 30 June 2002. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "The State — Judiciary — The Court System". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "הליך מינוי השופטים בישראל: עובד- אל תיגעו!". Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Suzi Navot (2007). Constitutional Law of Israel. Kluwer Law International. p. 146. ISBN 9789041126511.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to the Tables: Geophysical Characteristics" (doc). Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Bard, Mitchell. "Israel Makes Peace With Egypt". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Resolution 497 (1981)". United Nations. 1981. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "East Jerusalem: UNSC Res. 478". UN. 1980. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall". NBCNews.com. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace". Ynetnews. 16 December 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Syria ready to discuss land for peace". The Jerusalem Post. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula". The Jerusalem Post. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "A/RES/36/147. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories". Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Avalon Project : United Nations Security Council Resolution 605". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "UN condemns Israel's West Bank settlement plans". BBC News. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Rudoren, Jodi; Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2015). "U.N. Report on Gaza Finds Evidence of War Crimes by Israel and by Palestinian Militants". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Human Rights Council establishes Independent, International Commission of Inquiry for the Occupied Palestinian Territory". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Faced with Israeli denial of access to Occupied Palestinian Territory, UN expert resigns". Archived from the original on 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Human Rights Council adopts six resolutions and closes its thirty-first regular session". Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Israel and The Occupied Territories – The Occupied Territories". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Heyer, Julia Amalia. "Kids Behind Bars: Israel's Arbitrary Arrests of Palestinian Minors". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories 2016/2017". Amnesty International. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eight hundred dead Palestinians. But Israel has impunity". The Independent. 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Isfahan, About the Author Ali OmidiDr Ali Omidi is Assistant Professor of International Relations in the University of (11 August 2014). "Why Israel's Impunity Goes Unpunished by International Authorities". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "How impunity defines Israel and victimises Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Barghouti, Marwan (16 April 2017). "Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel's Prisons". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Dorfman, Zach. "George Mitchell wrote 'A Path to Peace' about Israel and Palestine. Is there one?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Outrage over Maimane's visit to Israel". Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The subordination of Palestinian rights must stop". The National. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Palestine-Israel Journal: Settlements and the Palestinian Right to Self-Determination". www.pij.org. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Jeremy R. "The Rejection of Palestinian Self Determination" (PDF). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top US senator clashes with Netanyahu over Israeli rights record". POLITICO. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Allegations of Israeli Human Rights Violations Closely Scrutinized, Says U.S. State Department". Haaretz. 6 May 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilboa, Eytan (2006-10-01). "Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel's Foreign Policy". Israel Affairs. 12 (4): 715–747. doi:10.1080/13533310600890067. ISSN 1353-7121.
Jump up ^ Nikki Haley urges UN to shift its criticism from Israel to Iran, 20th April 2017, Times of Israel
Jump up ^ U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley: ‘The Days of Israel-Bashing Are Over’, 28th March 2017, National Review
Jump up ^ "Ban Ki-moon recognizes bias against Israel in last Security Council speech". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Annan: Solution for refugees in Palestinian state". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 30 June 2009" (PDF). United Nations. June 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Questions and Answers". Israel's Security Fence. The State of Israel. 22 February 2004. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld | West Bank Barrier Route Projections, July 2008". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank". Publications. B'Tselem. December 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Situation Report on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip". Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "The occupied Palestinian territories: Dignity Denied". International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel/Palestine". Human Rights Watch. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 15 September 2009. p. 85.
Jump up ^ "Israel/Occupied Territories: Road to nowhere". Amnesty International. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip". B'Tselem. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Mostafa Kamal (21 July 2012). "Why Doesn't the Muslim World Recognize Israel?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Massive Israel protests hit universities" (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) "According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country"
Jump up ^ "Initial Periodic Report of the State of Israel Concerning the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Israel Ministry of Justice. February 2001: 147 (173 using pdf numbering). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
Jump up ^ הוראות הדין הישראלי (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2004. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Abadi 2004, pp. 37–39, 47
Jump up ^ Abadi 2004, pp. 47–49
Jump up ^ "Qatar, Mauritania cut Israel ties". Al Jazeera English. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Abn, Abi (14 January 2009). "Bolivia rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Israel y anuncia demanda por genocidio en Gaza" (in Spanish). YVKE Mundial Radio. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Recognition of Israel". JSTOR 2193961.
Jump up ^ Yaakov, Saar (18 October 2017). "There Were Times (Hayu Zemanim)" (in Hebrew). Israel Hayom. p. 30. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Israel Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Fact Sheet March 10, 2014". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Israel: Background and Relations with the United States Updated" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "U.S. Government Foreign Grants and Credits by Type and Country: 2000 to 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid". Archived from the original on 2007-12-25.
Jump up ^ "The bilateral relationship". UK in Israel. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Congressional Research Service: Germany's Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy, Jan 19, 2007. (page CRS-2)" (PDF). Retrieved 29 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Eric Maurice (5 March 2015). "EU to Revise Relations with Turbulent Neighbourhood". EUobserver. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Abadi 2004, p. 3. "However, it was not until 1991 that the two countries established full diplomatic relations."
Jump up ^ Abadi 2004, pp. 4–6
Jump up ^ Uzer, Umut (26 March 2013). "Turkish-Israeli Relations: Their Rise and Fall". Middle East Policy. XX (1): 97–110. doi:10.1111/mepo.12007. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Israel woos Greece after rift with Turkey". BBC News. 16 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Turkey, Greece discuss exploration off Cyprus". Haaretz. Associated Press. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Benari, Elad (5 March 2012). "Israel, Cyprus Sign Deal for Underwater Electricity Cable". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Dinesh. "India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era" (PDF). Jerusalem Institute for Western Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Eichner, Itamar (4 March 2009). "From India with love". Ynetnews. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nitin Gadkari to visit Israel tomorrow". World Snap. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "India to hold wide-ranging strategic talks with US, Israel". The Times of India. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Iran and Israel in Africa: A search for allies in a hostile world". The Economist. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ World Giving Index (PDF) (Report). Charities Aid Foundation. October 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (April 28, 2015). "The Downsides of Israel's Missions of Mercy Abroad". Haaretz. Retrieved November 22, 2015. And even when no Israelis are involved, few countries are as fast as Israel in mobilizing entire delegations to rush to the other side of the world. It has been proved time and again in recent years, after the earthquake in Haiti, the typhoon in the Philippines and the quake/tsunami/nuclear disaster in Japan. For a country of Israel's size and resources, without conveniently located aircraft carriers and overseas bases, it is quite an impressive achievement.
Jump up ^ "About MASHAV". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Haim Yacobi, Israel and Africa: A Genealogy of Moral Geography, Routledge, 2015 p.113.
Jump up ^ Ki-moon, Ban (1 December 2016). "Secretary-General's remarks at reception in honour of ZAKA International Rescue Unit [as prepared for delivery]". United Nations. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ueriel Hellman,"Israeli aid effort helps Haitians – and Israel's image", Jewish Telegraphic Agency 19 January 2010
Jump up ^ "Israel's 'superwoman' takes flight to help others – ISRAEL21c". Israel21c.
Jump up ^ "Wolfson cardiac surgeons save lives of more Gazan children". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
Jump up ^ "Earthquake in Haiti – Latet Organization deploys for immediate relief to victims". ReliefWeb.
Jump up ^ "When catastrophe strikes the IDF is there to help". Israel Today. May 20, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Benhorin, Yitzhak (18 January 2010). "Praise for Israeli mission in Haiti: 'Only ones operating'". Ynet. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "International Aid to Haiti: Who's Giving". Cbsnews.com. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Marcy Oster, Israeli delegation leaves Haiti Jewish Telegraphic Agency January 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Heart surgery for Haitian child". Israel21c. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "IDF team returns from Haiti". The canadian Jewish news. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Israeli aid delegation leaves for Japan". Ynetnews. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Kinue Tokudome, 'Promise fulfilled Israelìs Medical Team in Japan,' The Jerusalem Post 18 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "History: 1948". Israel Defense Forces. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Henderson 2003, p. 97
Jump up ^ "The State: Israel Defense Forces (IDF)". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel Defense Forces". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Israel Defense Forces". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Stendel 1997, pp. 191–192
Jump up ^ Shtrasler, Nehemia (16 May 2007). "Cool law, for wrong population". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sherut Leumi (National Service)". Nefesh B'Nefesh. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Military Balance: Israel (PDF) (Report). The Institute for National Security Studies. 26 November 2014. p. 10. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Katz, Yaakov (30 March 2007). "'Arrow can fully protect against Iran'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Israeli Mirage III and Nesher Aces, By Shlomo Aloni, (Osprey 2004), page 60
Jump up ^ Spike Anti-Tank Missile, Israel army-technology.com
Jump up ^ Robert Johnson (19 November 2012). "How Israel Developed Such A Shockingly Effective Rocket Defense System". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Sarah Tory (19 November 2012). "A Missile-Defense System That Actually Works?". Slate. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Zorn, E. L. (8 May 2007). "Israel's Quest for Satellite Intelligence". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Katz, Yaakov (11 June 2007). "Analysis: Eyes in the sky". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (27 July 2004). "Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News". International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks" (PDF). Office of Technology Assessment. August 1993. pp. 65, 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Background Information". 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). United Nations. 27 May 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Ziv, Guy, "To Disclose or Not to Disclose: The Impact of Nuclear Ambiguity on Israeli Security," Israel Studies Forum, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Winter 2007): 76–94
Jump up ^ "Popeye Turbo". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Glossary". Israel Homeowner. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Defence Expenditure in Israel, 1950–2015 (PDF) (Report). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 29 May 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Military expenditure (% of GDP)". World Development Indicators. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Trends in world military expenditure, 2016 (PDF) (Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (22 December 2016). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Lake, Eli (15 September 2016). "The U.S.-Israel Memorandum of Misunderstanding". Bloomberg. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "TOP LIST TIV TABLES". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Israel reveals more than $7 billion in arms sales, but few names By Gili Cohen | 9 January 2014, Haaretz
Jump up ^ "Global Peace Index 2017". Institute for Economics and Peace. 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Chua, Amy (2003). World On Fire. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-0385721868.
Jump up ^ "Northern and Western Asia".
Jump up ^ "List of OECD Member countries — Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Schwab, Klaus (2017). The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Doing Business in Israel". World Bank Group. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bounfour, Ahmed; Edvinsson, Leif (2005). Intellectual Capital for Communities: Nations, Regions, and Cities. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 47 (368 pages). ISBN 0-7506-7773-2.
Jump up ^ Richard Behar (11 May 2016). "Inside Israel's Secret Startup Machine". Forbes. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Israel". Human Capital Report. World Economic Forum. 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Tel Aviv Stock Exchange inaugurates trading in new building, By GLOBES, NIV ELIS, 09/08/2014
Jump up ^ "Israel's International Investment Position (IIP), June 2015" (Press release). Bank of Israel. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Krawitz, Avi (27 February 2007). "Intel to expand Jerusalem R&D". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Israel R&D center: Leadership". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012. Avi returned to Israel in 1991, and established the first Microsoft R&D Center outside the US ...
Jump up ^ "Berkshire Announces Acquisition". New York Times. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Koren, Orah (26 June 2012). "Instead of 4 work days: 6 optional days to be considered half day-outs". The Marker. Retrieved 26 June 2012. (in Hebrew)
Jump up ^ "Israel keen on IT tie-ups". Business Line. Chennai, India. 10 January 2001. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Israel's technology industry: Punching above its weight". The Economist. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Jamrisko, Michelle; Lu, Wei (17 January 2017). "These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Shteinbuk, Eduard (22 July 2011). "R&D and Innovation as a Growth Engine" (PDF). National Research University – Higher School of Economics. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "InvestinIsrael" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Investing in IsraelArchived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Haviv Rettig Gur (9 October 2013). "Tiny Israel a Nobel heavyweight, especially in chemistry". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Heylin, Michael (27 November 2006). "Globalization of Science Rolls On" (PDF). Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society: 29–31. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Evelyn (24 August 2006). "Kicking the global oil habit". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Yarden Skop. "Israel's scientific fall from grace: Study shows drastic decline in publications per capita". Haaretz.
Jump up ^ Stafford, Ned (21 March 2006). "Stem cell density highest in Israel". The Scientist. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Futron Releases 2012 Space Competitiveness Index". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Arieh (9 July 2012). "Israel's domestic satellite industry saved". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 December 2012. The Amos 6 will be IAI's 14th satellite
Jump up ^ Tran, Mark (21 January 2008). "Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Space launch systems – Shavit". Deagel. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
Jump up ^ e-Teacher (9 February 2010). "Learning Hebrew Online – Colonel Ilan Ramon". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Talbot, David (2015). "Megascale Desalination". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Federman, Josef (30 May 2014). "Israel solves water woes with desalination". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kershner, Isabel (2015-05-29). "Aided by the Sea, Israel Overcomes an Old Foe: Drought". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
Jump up ^ "What You Israelis Have Done With Water Tech is Simply Amazing". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ashkelon, Israel". water-technology.net.
Jump up ^ Rabinovitch, Ari (6 December 2011). "Desalination plant could make Israel water exporter". Reuters. Jerusalem.
Jump up ^ Lettice, John (25 January 2008). "Giant solar plants in Negev could power Israel's future". The Register.
^ Jump up to: a b Gradstein, Linda (22 October 2007). "Israel Pushes Solar Energy Technology". NPR.
^ Jump up to: a b Parry, Tom (15 August 2007). "Looking to the sun". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Sandler, Neal (26 March 2008). "At the Zenith of Solar Energy". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Del Chiaro, Bernadette; Telleen-Lawton, Timothy. "Solar Water Heating: How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas" (PDF). Environment California. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Berner, Joachim (January 2008). "Solar, what else?!" (PDF). Sun & Wind Energy. Israel Special. p. 88. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Will Israel's Electric Cars Change the World?". Time. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Electric cars are all the rage in Israel". FT. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Israel to keep electric car recharging fees low". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Baby you can drive my electric car". Jpost. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Electric Car Company Folds After Taking $850 Million From GE And Others". Business Insider. 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Roads, by Length and Area". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "3.09 Million Motor Vehicles in Israel in 2015". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bus Services on Scheduled Routes" (PDF). Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Railway Services". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Transportation in Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. 1 November 2001. ISBN 0-08-043448-7. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statistics". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Burstein, Nathan (14 August 2007). "Tourist visits above pre-war level". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Yifa Yaakov (10 January 2014). "2013 'record year' for tourism, government says". Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Ziv Reinstein (10 January 2014). "2013: Record year for incoming tourism". Ynetnews. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Wainer, David; Ben-David, Calev (22 April 2010). "Israel Billionaire Tshuva Strikes Gas, Fueling Expansion in Energy, Hotels". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ketura Sun Technical Figures". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ketura Sun Environmental Figures". Retrieved 26 June 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Arava Power Company". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Roca, Marc (May 22, 2012), "Arava Closes Funding For $204 Million Israeli Solar Plants", Bloomberg, retrieved June 3, 2012
Jump up ^ "Asian Studies: Israel as a 'Melting Pot'". National Research University Higher School of Economics. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Ran, Ami (25 August 1998). "Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Brinn, David (23 October 2005). "Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian DJs create bridge for peace". ISRAEL21c. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "The International Israeli Table". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Depositing Books to The Jewish National & University Library". Jewish National and University Library. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Statistics for 2015". National Library of Israel. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Palestinian 'national poet' dies". BBC News. 9 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Broughton, Ellingham & Trillo 1999, pp. 365–369
Jump up ^ "Israel". World Music. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ben-Sasson 1985, p. 1095
Jump up ^ Ewbank, Alison J.; Papageorgiou, Fouli T. (1997). Whose Master's Voice?: The Development of Popular Music in Thirteen Cultures. Greenwood Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-313-27772-6.
Jump up ^ Davis, Barry (5 February 2007). "Israel Philharmonic Orchestra celebrates 70th anniversary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (from Israel21c). Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel". Eurovision Song Contest. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "History". Eurovision Song Contest. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "About the Red Sea Jazz Festival". Red Sea Jazz Festival. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, (Cambridge University Press 2011), edited by Judith R. Baskin, Judith Reesa Baskin, page 125
Jump up ^ "Israeli Folk Music". World Music. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Brown, Hannah (2 February 2010). "'Ajami' nominated for Oscar". Jerusalem Post.
Jump up ^ התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה (in Hebrew). Habima National Theatre. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Freedom of the Press 2017 (PDF) (Report). Freedom House. April 2017. p. 26. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Diab, Khaled (11 February 2013). "Preaching – and Practicing – Media Freedom in the Middle East". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "About the Museum". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shrine of the Book". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "About Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Museum Information". Beth Hatefutsoth. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Mishkan LeOmanut". Haaretz. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ahituv, Netta (29 January 2013). "10 of Israel's best museums". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Rast, Walter E. (1992). Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN 9781563380556. "Galilee man" (lowercase "m") in this source is a typo – ref. Solo Man, Peking Man and so forth.
Jump up ^ "The Israel Museum Permanent Exhibitions: Archaeology Wing – The Dawn of Civilization". New York: The Ridgefield Foundation. 1995. Skull (cast) Zuttiyeh Cave Lower Palaeolithic. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yael Raviv, Falafel Nation, University of Nebraska Press, 2015
Jump up ^ Uzi Rebhun, Lilakh Lev Ari, American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity, BRILL, 2010 pp.112–113.
Jump up ^ Julia Bernstein, Food for Thought: Transnational Contested Identities and Food Practices of Russian-Speaking Jewish Migrants in Israel and Germany, Campus Verlag, 2010 pp.227,233–234.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernstein, pp. 231–233.
Jump up ^ "Israel's Pork Problem". Slate. New York. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Torstrick 2004, p. 141
Jump up ^ "Basketball Super League Profile". Winner Basketball Super League. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel Barred from Asian Games". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 26 July 1976. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv – Welcome to EUROLEAGUE BASKETBALL". Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pawn stars shine in new 'national sport'". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chess in Schools in Israel: Progress report". FIDE. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Bekerman, Eitan (4 September 2006). "Chess masters set to blitz Rishon Letzion". Haaretz.
Jump up ^ "World Team Championship in Beer Sheva, Israel". World Chess Federation. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Tzahor, Uri (26 November 2008). "Israel takes silver medal in Chess Olympiad". Ynetnews.
Jump up ^ Shvidler, Eli (15 December 2009). "Israeli grand master Boris Gelfand wins Chess World Cup". Haaretz.
Jump up ^ "Israel". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tel Aviv 1968". International Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Shahar PEER". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Judy (4 May 1998). "Choke! Gouge! Smash!" . TIME. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
Bibliography
Abadi, Jacob (2004). Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7.
Barton, John; Bowden, Julie (2004). The Original Story: God, Israel and the World. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-2900-7.
Ben-Sasson, Hayim (1985). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6.
Bregman, Ahron (2002). A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-67631-9.
Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-635-2.
Cole, Tim (2003). Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92968-7.
Fraser, T. G. (2004). The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. ISBN 9781403913388. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
Gelvin, James L. (2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85289-7.
Gilbert, Martin (2005). The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35900-7.
Goldreich, Yair (2003). The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application. Springer. ISBN 0-306-47445-X.
Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G. (2001). Warfare and the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-24012-0.
Henderson, Robert D'A. (2003). Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (2003 ed.). Brassey's Inc. ISBN 1-57488-550-2.
Herzl, Theodor (1946). The Jewish State. American Zionist Emergency Council. ISBN 0-486-25849-1.
Jacobs, Daniel (1998). Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide (2nd revised ed.). Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-248-9.
Kellerman, Aharon (1993). Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1295-4.
Kornberg, Jacques (1993). Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33203-6.
Lustick, Ian (1988). For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. Council on Foreign Relations Press. ISBN 0-87609-036-6.
Mazie, Steven (2006). Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-1485-9.
McNutt, Paula M. (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 978-0664222659.
Miller, Robert D. (2012) [First published 2005]. Chieftains of the Highland Clans. ISBN 978-1620322086.
Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006). Handbook of Decision Making. CRC Press. ISBN 1-57444-548-0.
Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300145243.
Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. (1992). Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf — A Global Perspective. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1610-3.
Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 84 (1): 44–103. doi:10.2307/2203016. JSTOR 2203016.
Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Israel. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8239-3978-2.
Rosenzweig, Rafael (1997). The Economic Consequences of Zionism. T Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09147-5.
Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0523-5.
Scharfstein, Sol (1996). Understanding Jewish History. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 0-88125-545-9.
Segev, Tom (2007). 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9780805070576.
Shindler, Colin (2002). The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream. I.B.Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-774-X.
Skolnik, Fred (2007). Encyclopedia Judaica. 9 (2nd ed.). Macmillian. ISBN 0-02-865928-7.
Smith, Derek (2006). Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86465-8.
Stein, Leslie (2003). The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-97141-4.
Stendel, Ori (1997). The Arabs in Israel. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-898723-23-0.
Stone, Russell A.; Zenner, Walter P. (1994). Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-1959-2.
Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and Customs of Israel. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32091-8.
External links
Find more aboutIsraelat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Data from Wikidata
Government
Government services and information website
About Israel at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Official website of the Israel Prime Minister's Office
Official website of the Israel Ministry of Tourism
Official website of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
General information
"Israel". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library
Israel at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Key Development Forecasts for Israel from International Futures
Israel at DMOZ
Maps
Wikimedia Atlas of Israel
Geographic data related to Israel at OpenStreetMap
[show]
v
t
e
Israel articles
History
Antiquity
Second Temple period
Old Yishuv
Zionism
Yishuv
Independence
Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Peace process
Timeline
by year
Geography
Borders
Cities
Districts
Lakes
Dead Sea
Sea of Galilee
Land of Israel
National parks and nature reserves
Rivers
Jordan River
Wildlife
Politics
Cabinet
Prime Minister
Elections
Foreign relations
Knesset (parliament)
Parties
Law
Basic Laws
Judiciary
President
System of government
Security
Censorship
Civil defense
Intelligence Community
Aman
Mossad
Shin Bet
Israel Defense Forces
Conscription
Structure
Police
Wars
West Bank barrier
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Companies
Diamond industry
Energy
Science and technology
Taxation
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Tourism
Transport
Water supply and sanitation
Society
Aliyah
Crime
Demographics
People
Education
Healthcare
Human rights
Kibbutz
Languages
Hebrew
Arabic
Religion
Standard of living
Women
Culture
Archaeology
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Literature
Media
Museums
Music
National symbols
Public holidays
Sport
Visual arts
World Heritage Sites
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Middle East
Bahrain
Cyprus
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Northern Cyprus
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Cinema
Conflicts
Cuisine
Dance
Demography
Etiquette
History
timeline
Music
Religion
Irreligion
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea
Sovereign states
Albania
Algeria
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Egypt
France
Greece
Israel
Italy
Lebanon
Libya
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Morocco
Slovenia
Spain
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey
States with limited recognition
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
Dependencies and other territories
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK)
Gibraltar (UK)
[show]
v
t
e
OECD members
Member states
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
[show]
v
t
e
States with limited recognition
Details concerning international recognition and foreign relations provided by the articles linked in parenthesis
UN member states
Partially unrecognised
Armenia
relations
China
relations
Cyprus
relations
Israel
recognition
relations
North Korea
relations
South Korea
relations
Non-UN member
states
Recognised by at least
one UN member
Abkhazia
recognition
relations
Kosovo
recognition
relations
Northern Cyprus
relations
Palestine
recognition
relations
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
recognition
relations
South Ossetia
recognition
relations
Taiwan
relations
Recognised only by
non-UN members
Artsakh
recognition
relations
Transnistria
recognition
relations
Unrecognised
Somaliland
relations
[show]
v
t
e
Zionism and the Land of Israel
Historic region of Israel Independent Israel Modern Israel
History
Prehistory / History of the Levant
History of ancient Israel and Judah
Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism
The Jewish people
Timeline of Jewish history
History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel (leaders)
Modern Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel
History of Israel
Israeli Jews
Culture of Israel
Law of Return
History to 1948
Zionism (history · timeline)
Aliyah
Theodor Herzl
Balfour Declaration
History
UN Partition Plan
Declaration of Independence
Politics
Arab–Israeli conflict · Israeli–Palestinian conflict (Peace process · Disengagement from Gaza
Society and economy
Kibbutzim and Moshavim · Exodus from Arab countries · Development towns · Austerity · Agriculture technology
Green Line
Israeli settlements
Timeline
International law
West Bank
Judea and Samaria Area
Gaza Strip
Geography
Hof Aza Regional Council
East Jerusalem
Positions on Jerusalem
[show]
Places adjacent to Israel
Cyprus Lebanon Syria
Levantine Sea (Mediterranean)
Israel / Palestine
Jordan
Egypt Gulf of Eilat Saudi Arabia
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 146498911
LCCN: n79003285
ISNI: 0000 0004 0372 0767
GND: 4027808-6
SELIBR: 149293
SUDOC: 02638955X
BNF: cb118646298 (data)
NLA: 35237752
NDL: 00564274
NKC: ge129403
BNE: XX451232
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&oldid=812203459"
Categories:
Israel
1948 establishments in Asia
1948 establishments in Israel
Arabic-speaking countries and territories
Countries in Asia
Eastern Mediterranean
Hebrew words and phrases
Levant
Liberal democracies
Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
Member states of the United Nations
Middle Eastern countries
Near Eastern countries
Palestine (region)
Political entities in the Land of Israel
Republics
States and territories established in 1948
Hidden categories:
Articles needing more detailed references
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction
Coordinates on Wikidata
Use dmy dates from September 2015
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles containing Greek-language text
Articles with minor POV problems from May 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015
M w
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2017
All articles needing style editing
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2016
Articles with DMOZ links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Pages with graphs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage
Languages
Acèh
Адыгэбзэ
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Armãneashti
Arpetan
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Авар
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bamanankan
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Chavacano de Zamboanga
ChiShona
ChiTumbuka
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Dolnoserbski
ཇོང་ཁ
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gagauz
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
Gĩkũyũ
ગુજરાતી
𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Hausa
Hawaiʻi
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Igbo
Ilokano
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Коми
Kongo
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Ladino
Лезги
لۊری شومالی
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
Livvinkarjala
La .lojban.
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Мокшень
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Dorerin Naoero
Na Vosa Vakaviti
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norfuk / Pitkern
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oromoo
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
पालि
Pälzisch
پنجابی
Papiamentu
پښتو
Patois
Перем Коми
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Piemontèis
Tok Pisin
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Ποντιακά
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qırımtatarca
Ripoarisch
Română
Romani
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Sesotho sa Leboa
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
SiSwati
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Sranantongo
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Tarandíne
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Tetun
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
ᏣᎳᎩ
ತುಳು
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Удмурт
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Võro
Walon
文言
West-Vlams
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Zeêuws
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 November 2017, at 16:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is extended-confirmed protected

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Israel_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Israel (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Centered blue star within a horizontal triband

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg
image
Flag of Israel

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: Centered menorah surrounded by two olive branches

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg
image
Emblem of Israel

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/File:ISR_orthographic.svg
image
Location of Israel

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups

values:
/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Israel)
mw-redirect
Supreme Court (Israel)

values: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries and territories by population density

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic
mw-redirect
Right- and left-hand traffic

values:
nofollow
http://www.israel.org/
external text

values: list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 1em; font-size:90%;

values:
mbox-text plainlist
vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;

values: background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;

values: font-size: 115%; font-family: Alef, 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', 'David CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', Shofar, 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', Cardo, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', David, FreeSerif, 'Times New Roman', FreeSans, Arial;

values: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

values: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

values: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

values:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

values: List of countries by tertiary education attainment

values:
/wiki/Biblical_Archeology
mw-redirect
Biblical Archeology

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Children_of_Israel
mw-redirect
Children of Israel

values:
/wiki/Jewish_people
mw-redirect
Jewish people

values:
/wiki/Early_humans
mw-redirect
Early humans

values:
/wiki/Early_Israelite_campaigns
mw-redirect
Early Israelite campaigns

values:
/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BCE)
mw-redirect
Siege of Jerusalem (587 BCE)

values:
/wiki/Babylonian_exile
mw-redirect
Babylonian exile

values:
/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Hasmonean Kingdom

values: History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages

values:
/wiki/Albert_of_Aachen
mw-redirect
Albert of Aachen

values: The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (May 2015)

values:
/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi
mw-redirect
Yehuda Halevi

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values: Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

values: Black and white portrait of a long-bearded man.

values: wikisource:A Jewish State (1917 translation)/Conclusion

values: wikisource:Page:A Jewish State 1917.djvu/60

values: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:240px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values:
/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917
mw-redirect
Balfour Declaration of 1917

values:
/wiki/1920_Palestine_riots
mw-redirect
1920 Palestine riots

values: British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)

values: Demographic history of Palestine (region)

values:
/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power
mw-redirect
Hitler's rise to power

values:
/wiki/Palestinian_Arab
mw-redirect
Palestinian Arab

values: Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

values:
/wiki/Holocaust_survivors
mw-redirect
Holocaust survivors

values: United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

values:
/wiki/Jewish_Agency
mw-redirect
Jewish Agency

values: 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine

values: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273

values: Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

values: Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany

values: File:1961-04-13 Tale Of Century - Eichmann Tried For War Crimes.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/392px--1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:392px;height:276px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="73.278004535147" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 392 × 276 (391 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="392" data-height="276" data-bandwidth="391353" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="228" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="198776" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="340" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="314968" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"/></video>

values: List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Israeli_judicial_system
mw-redirect
Israeli judicial system

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffffd0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f7d3aa; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: 1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Labor_Party_(Israel)
mw-redirect
Labor Party (Israel)

values:
/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat
mw-redirect
Anwar El Sadat

values:
/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Egypt_Peace_Treaty
mw-redirect
Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty

values:
/wiki/Israeli_settlements
mw-redirect
Israeli settlements

values:
/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews
mw-redirect
Ethiopian Jews

values: Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition

values: Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron

values:
/wiki/Palestinian_state
mw-redirect
Palestinian state

values: Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001

values:
/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War
mw-redirect
Second Lebanon War

values: List of Israeli attacks on the Gaza strip

values: List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2012

values:
/wiki/Operation_Protective_Edge
mw-redirect
Operation Protective Edge

values: List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:165.6px; top:27.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:115px; top:80px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:62.2px; top:124px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90.8px; top:157px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:132.6px; top:97.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:82px; top:245px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27px; top:73.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:137px; top:60.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:139.2px; top:183.4px

values:
/wiki/Gulf_of_Eilat
mw-redirect
Gulf of Eilat

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:64.4px; top:372.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:117.2px; top:124px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:42.4px; top:185.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134.8px; top:3px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194.2px; top:5.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181px; top:168px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27px; top:278px

values: width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;

values:
/wiki/Hulah_Valley
mw-redirect
Hulah Valley

values:
/wiki/Ramon_Crater
mw-redirect
Ramon Crater

values: National parks and nature reserves of Israel

values:
/wiki/National_symbols_of_Israel
mw-redirect
National symbols of Israel

values: Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel

values: Population statistics for Israeli settlements in the West Bank

values: Population statistics for Israeli Gaza Strip settlements

values:
/wiki/Jerusalem_metropolitan_area
mw-redirect
Jerusalem metropolitan area

values:
/wiki/Planned_city
mw-redirect
Planned city

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float: left;height:2.6em;

values:
/wiki/File:080718_Tel_Aviv_(01).jpg
image
Tel Aviv

values: position:absolute; right:0; top:0; margin:0 5px;

values: box-sizing: border-box; float:right; overflow: hidden; margin: 1px;

values: A large open area with people bounded by old stone walls. To the left is a mosque with large golden dome.

values:
/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
mw-redirect
Mary (mother of Jesus)

values: History of education in ancient Israel and Judah

values:
/wiki/Christian_Arabs
mw-redirect
Christian Arabs

values:
/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union
mw-redirect
Former Soviet Union

values: List of Israeli universities and colleges

values:
/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy
mw-redirect
Parliamentary democracy

values: Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

values:
/wiki/Stare_decisis
mw-redirect
Stare decisis

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:49.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:93px; top:69px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:73.2px; top:113px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:55.6px; top:132.8px

values:
/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_District
mw-redirect
Judea and Samaria District

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110.6px; top:121.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.4px; top:163.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.4px; top:216.4px

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center

values:
/wiki/South_Lebanon_Security_Belt
mw-redirect
South Lebanon Security Belt

values: International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 242

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/U.S._State_Department
mw-redirect
U.S. State Department

values: Statements that may be excessive (April 2017)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion

values: Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank

values: Demographics of the Palestinian territories

values:
/wiki/Palestinian_people
mw-redirect
Palestinian people

values:
/wiki/Palestinian_refugee
mw-redirect
Palestinian refugee

values: Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories

values: List of cities administered by the State of Palestine

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0000ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #80ffff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00ff00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff00ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff8040; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Islamic_Revolution
mw-redirect
Islamic Revolution

values: List of the Israel Defense Forces operations

values: Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)

values: Exemption from military service in Israel

values:
/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellites
mw-redirect
Reconnaissance satellites

values: Timeline of first orbital launches by country

values: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

values:
/wiki/Popeye_Turbo
mw-redirect
Popeye Turbo

values: List of countries by military expenditures

values:
/wiki/Southwest_Asia
mw-redirect
Southwest Asia

values: List of universities and colleges in Israel

values: List of Israeli companies quoted on the Nasdaq

values: List of multinational companies with research and development centres in Israel

values: List of assets owned by Berkshire Hathaway

values: List of Israeli inventions and discoveries

values:
/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index
mw-redirect
Bloomberg Innovation Index

values: List of countries by research and development spending

values:
/wiki/Scientific_papers
mw-redirect
Scientific papers

values:
/wiki/Water_recycling
mw-redirect
Water recycling

values:
/wiki/Sorek_desalination_plant
mw-redirect
Sorek desalination plant

values: A horizontal parabolic dish, with a triangular structure on its top.

values:
/wiki/Negev_Desert
mw-redirect
Negev Desert

values: List of countries by vehicles per capita

values:
/wiki/Jewish_holiday
mw-redirect
Jewish holiday

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

values: The Secret Life of Saeed: The Pessoptimist

values: Several dozen musicians in formal dress, holding their instruments, behind a conductor

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2016)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: List of Israeli submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

values: Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

values:
/wiki/Mohammed_Bakri
mw-redirect
Mohammed Bakri

values:
/wiki/Repertory_theater
mw-redirect
Repertory theater

values:
/wiki/European_art
mw-redirect
European art

values:
/wiki/Beit_Hatfutsot
mw-redirect
Beit Hatfutsot

values:
/wiki/Galilee_Man
mw-redirect
Galilee Man

values:
/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine
mw-redirect
Ashkenazi cuisine

values: Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork

values: FIBA European Champions Cup and EuroLeague records and statistics

values: Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's Mistral One Design

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 478

values:
/wiki/Palestinian_Authority
mw-redirect
Palestinian Authority

values:
/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Palestinian_state
mw-redirect
Proposals for a Palestinian state

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=460

values: Status of territories captured by Israel

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI

values:
nofollow
https://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1988.4455

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3268384

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3268384

values: A more detailed citation is required. (March 2015)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1357179

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1357179

values:
/wiki/KTAV_Publishing_House,_Inc.
mw-redirect
KTAV Publishing House, Inc.

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22345421

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep002

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/iltoc.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://sunnycv.com/steve/20th/suez.html

values:
/wiki/Edmund_Andrews_(reporter)
mw-redirect
Edmund Andrews (reporter)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1924

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4651987544

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of State

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.05.049

values:
/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola
mw-redirect
Sergio DellaPergola

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

values:
/wiki/Moment_Magazine
mw-redirect
Moment Magazine

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=2180400

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/15675691

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.visit-haifa.org/eng/Kababir

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.walla.co.il/item/1232268

values: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F840166

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/840166

values:
nofollow
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5400559/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=478

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1353-7121

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2193961

values:
nofollow
external text
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33808.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
https://euobserver.com/foreign/127874

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111%2Fmepo.12007

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/15453225

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/5149411

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
http://www.aravapower.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hse.ru/en/news/28331917.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/lgd.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7551918.stm

values:
nofollow
http://www.habima.co.il/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://rsf.org/en/ranking

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bh.org.il/about-us.aspx

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.olympic.org/israel

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2203016

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2203016

values:
/wiki/R._J._Rummel
mw-redirect
R. J. Rummel

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gov.il/en

values:
nofollow
https://new.goisrael.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.oecd.org/israel/
external text

values: Structure and internal organization of the Israel Army

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Middle East (orthographic projection).svg

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music
mw-redirect
Middle Eastern music

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea

values: Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:States with limited recognition

values: Template talk:States with limited recognition

values: International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

values: International recognition of the State of Palestine

values: Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

values: International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values: Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values: International recognition of Transnistria

values: Template talk:Zionism and the Land of Israel

values:
/wiki/File:Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg
image
Land of Israel

values: width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top;

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_Levant
mw-redirect
History of the Levant

values: Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism

values: List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel

values: Chronology of the Jewish settlement in the land of Israel in modern times

values:
/wiki/File:Is-map.PNG
image
1949 cease-fire borders of Israel

values:
/wiki/Development_towns
mw-redirect
Development towns

values:
/wiki/File:Israel_location_map.svg
image
Contemporary Israel

values: International law and Israeli settlements

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gaza_Strip
mw-redirect
Geography of the Gaza Strip

attrs: alt src title width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/146498911

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000403720767

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027808-6

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/149293

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/02638955X

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35237752

values: Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories

values: Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean

values: Category:Member states of the United Nations

values: Category:Political entities in the Land of Israel

values: Category:States and territories established in 1948

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)

values: Category:CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2015

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles with minor POV problems from May 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2017

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Israel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Исраил – Adyghe

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-als badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: إسرائيل – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values: ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ – Aramaic

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrael
Irrael – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ГІизраиль – Avaric

values:
https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israil
Israil – Bambara
bm
bm
interlanguage-link-target

values: ইসরায়েল – Bangla

values: Израиль – Bashkir

values: Ізраіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Central Bikol
bcl
bcl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values: ཨི་སི་ར་ཨེལ། – Tibetan

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Chuvash

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Tumbuka
tum
tum
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele
Israele – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Northern Sami
se
se
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: އިސްރާއީލު – Divehi

values:
https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Lower Sorbian
dsb
dsb
interlanguage-link-target

values: ཨིཛ་རཱེལ་ – Dzongkha

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisrael
Iisrael – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ισραήλ – Greek

values: Израиль Мастор – Erzya

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelo
Israelo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Extremaduran
ext
ext
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: اسرائیل – Persian

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosrael
Iosrael – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosrael
Iosrael – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values: 𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌻 – Gothic

values: Изралмудин Орн – Kalmyk

values: Իսրայել – Armenian

values: इज़राइल – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Igbo
ig
ig
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Ossetic

values:
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isreyili
Isreyili – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele
Israele – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: ישראל – Hebrew

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್ – Kannada

values:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

values: ისრაელი – Georgian

values:
https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Kashubian
csb
csb
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Kazakh

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysrael
Ysrael – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isirayeli
Isirayeli – Kinyarwanda
rw
rw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Komi

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values: Асрайыл – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Lezghian

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelis
Izraelis – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrail
Izrail – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiraely
Isiraely – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iharaira
Iharaira – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values: इस्रायल – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisrael
Eisrael – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Moksha

values: အစ္စရေးနိုင်ငံ – Burmese

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteraer
Iteraer – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isireli
Isireli – Fijian
fj
fj
interlanguage-link-target

values: इजरायल – Nepali

values: इजरायल – Newari

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele
Israele – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израиль – Chechen

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrail
Esrail – Norfuk / Pitkern
pih
pih
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values: ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ – Odia

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isroil
Isroil – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਇਜ਼ਰਾਇਲ – Punjabi

values: इस्रैल – Pali

values:
https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Palatine German
pfl
pfl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values: اسرائيل – Pashto

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrel
Izrel – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values: អ៊ីស្រាអែល – Khmer

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Tok Pisin
tpi
tpi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Ισραήλ – Pontic

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Colognian
ksh
ksh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Romani
rmy
rmy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyil
Israyil – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ізраіль – Rusyn

values: Израиль – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Исраил – Sakha

values:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isalaeru
Isalaeru – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele
Israele – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Northern Sotho
nso
nso
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraeli
Izraeli – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli
Israeli – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ඊශ්‍රායලය – Sinhala

values: اسرائيل جي رياست – Sindhi

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israaiil
Israaiil – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Sranan Tongo
srn
srn
interlanguage-link-target

values: Израел – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael
Izrael – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: இசுரேல் – Tamil

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyil
Israyil – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values: Исраил – Tatar

values: ఇజ్రాయిల్ – Telugu

values: ประเทศอิสราเอล – Thai

values: Исроил – Tajik

values: ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್ – Tulu

values: Израиль – Udmurt

values: اسرائیل – Urdu

values: ئىسرائىلىيە – Uyghur

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel
Israel – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israayil
Israayil – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values: इजरायल – Doteli

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Israel rootpage-Israel skin-vector action-view