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Real-time operating system
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A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays. Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter increments of time. A real time system is a time bound system which has well defined fixed time constraints. Processing must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. They either are event driven or time sharing. Event driven systems switch between tasks based on their priorities while time sharing systems switch the task based on clock interrupts.
A key characteristic of an RTOS is the level of its consistency concerning the amount of time it takes to accept and complete an application's task; the variability is jitter.[1] A hard real-time operating system has less jitter than a soft real-time operating system. The chief design goal is not high throughput, but rather a guarantee of a soft or hard performance category. An RTOS that can usually or generally meet a deadline is a soft real-time OS, but if it can meet a deadline deterministically it is a hard real-time OS.[2]
An RTOS has an advanced algorithm for scheduling. Scheduler flexibility enables a wider, computer-system orchestration of process priorities, but a real-time OS is more frequently dedicated to a narrow set of applications. Key factors in a real-time OS are minimal interrupt latency and minimal thread switching latency; a real-time OS is valued more for how quickly or how predictably it can respond than for the amount of work it can perform in a given period of time.[3]
See the comparison of real-time operating systems for a comprehensive list. Also, see the list of operating systems for all types of operating systems.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design philosophies
2 Scheduling
2.1 Algorithms
3 Intertask communication and resource sharing
3.1 Temporarily masking/disabling interrupts
3.2 Binary semaphores
3.3 Message passing
4 Interrupt handlers and the scheduler
5 Memory allocation
6 See also
7 References
Design philosophies[edit]
The most common designs are
Event-driven – switches tasks only when an event of higher priority needs servicing; called preemptive priority, or priority scheduling.
Time-sharing – switches tasks on a regular clocked interrupt, and on events; called round robin.
Time sharing designs switch tasks more often than strictly needed, but give smoother multitasking, giving the illusion that a process or user has sole use of a machine.
Early CPU designs needed many cycles to switch tasks during which the CPU could do nothing else useful. For example, with a 20 MHz 68000 processor (typical of the late 1980s), task switch times are roughly 20 microseconds. (In contrast, a 100 MHz ARM CPU (from 2008) switches in less than 3 microseconds.)[4][5] Because of this, early OSes tried to minimize wasting CPU time by avoiding unnecessary task switching.
Scheduling[edit]
In typical designs, a task has three states:
Running (executing on the CPU);
Ready (ready to be executed);
Blocked (waiting for an event, I/O for example).
Most tasks are blocked or ready most of the time because generally only one task can run at a time per CPU. The number of items in the ready queue can vary greatly, depending on the number of tasks the system needs to perform and the type of scheduler that the system uses. On simpler non-preemptive but still multitasking systems, a task has to give up its time on the CPU to other tasks, which can cause the ready queue to have a greater number of overall tasks in the ready to be executed state (resource starvation).
Usually the data structure of the ready list in the scheduler is designed to minimize the worst-case length of time spent in the scheduler's critical section, during which preemption is inhibited, and, in some cases, all interrupts are disabled. But the choice of data structure depends also on the maximum number of tasks that can be on the ready list.
If there are never more than a few tasks on the ready list, then a doubly linked list of ready tasks is likely optimal. If the ready list usually contains only a few tasks but occasionally contains more, then the list should be sorted by priority. That way, finding the highest priority task to run does not require iterating through the entire list. Inserting a task then requires walking the ready list until reaching either the end of the list, or a task of lower priority than that of the task being inserted.
Care must be taken not to inhibit preemption during this search. Longer critical sections should be divided into small pieces. If an interrupt occurs that makes a high priority task ready during the insertion of a low priority task, that high priority task can be inserted and run immediately before the low priority task is inserted.
The critical response time, sometimes called the flyback time, is the time it takes to queue a new ready task and restore the state of the highest priority task to running. In a well-designed RTOS, readying a new task will take 3 to 20 instructions per ready-queue entry, and restoration of the highest-priority ready task will take 5 to 30 instructions.
In more advanced systems, real-time tasks share computing resources with many non-real-time tasks, and the ready list can be arbitrarily long. In such systems, a scheduler ready list implemented as a linked list would be inadequate.
Algorithms[edit]
Some commonly used RTOS scheduling algorithms are:
Cooperative scheduling
Preemptive scheduling
Rate-monotonic scheduling
Round-robin scheduling
Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling, an implementation of preemptive time slicing
Fixed-Priority Scheduling with Deferred Preemption
Fixed-Priority Non-preemptive Scheduling
Critical section preemptive scheduling
Static time scheduling
Earliest Deadline First approach
Stochastic digraphs with multi-threaded graph traversal
Intertask communication and resource sharing[edit]
A multitasking operating system like Unix is poor at real-time tasks. The scheduler gives the highest priority to jobs with the lowest demand on the computer, so there is no way to ensure that a time-critical job will have access to enough resources. Multitasking systems must manage sharing data and hardware resources among multiple tasks. It is usually unsafe for two tasks to access the same specific data or hardware resource simultaneously.[6] There are three common approaches to resolve this problem:
Temporarily masking/disabling interrupts[edit]
General-purpose operating systems usually do not allow user programs to mask (disable) interrupts, because the user program could control the CPU for as long as it wishes. Some modern CPUs don't allow user mode code to disable interrupts as such control is considered a key operating system resource. Many embedded systems and RTOSs, however, allow the application itself to run in kernel mode for greater system call efficiency and also to permit the application to have greater control of the operating environment without requiring OS intervention.
On single-processor systems, an application running in kernel mode and masking interrupts is the lowest overhead method to prevent simultaneous access to a shared resource. While interrupts are masked and the current task does not make a blocking OS call, the current task has exclusive use of the CPU since no other task or interrupt can take control, so the critical section is protected. When the task exits its critical section, it must unmask interrupts; pending interrupts, if any, will then execute. Temporarily masking interrupts should only be done when the longest path through the critical section is shorter than the desired maximum interrupt latency. Typically this method of protection is used only when the critical section is just a few instructions and contains no loops. This method is ideal for protecting hardware bit-mapped registers when the bits are controlled by different tasks.
Binary semaphores[edit]
When the shared resource must be reserved without blocking all other tasks (such as waiting for Flash memory to be written), it is better to use mechanisms also available on general-purpose operating systems, such as semaphores and OS-supervised interprocess messaging. Such mechanisms involve system calls, and usually invoke the OS's dispatcher code on exit, so they typically take hundreds of CPU instructions to execute, while masking interrupts may take as few as one instruction on some processors.
A binary semaphore is either locked or unlocked. When it is locked, tasks must wait for the semaphore to unlock. A binary semaphore is therefore equivalent to a mutex. Typically a task will set a timeout on its wait for a semaphore. There are several well-known problems with semaphore based designs such as priority inversion and deadlocks.
In priority inversion a high priority task waits because a low priority task has a semaphore, but the lower priority task is not given CPU time to finish its work. A typical solution is to have the task that owns a semaphore run at, or 'inherit,' the priority of the highest waiting task. But this simple approach fails when there are multiple levels of waiting: task A waits for a binary semaphore locked by task B, which waits for a binary semaphore locked by task C. Handling multiple levels of inheritance without introducing instability in cycles is complex and problematic.
In a deadlock, two or more tasks lock semaphores without timeouts and then wait forever for the other task's semaphore, creating a cyclic dependency. The simplest deadlock scenario occurs when two tasks alternately lock two semaphores, but in the opposite order. Deadlock is prevented by careful design or by having floored semaphores, which pass control of a semaphore to the higher priority task on defined conditions.
Message passing[edit]
The other approach to resource sharing is for tasks to send messages in an organized message passing scheme. In this paradigm, the resource is managed directly by only one task. When another task wants to interrogate or manipulate the resource, it sends a message to the managing task. Although their real-time behavior is less crisp than semaphore systems, simple message-based systems avoid most protocol deadlock hazards, and are generally better-behaved than semaphore systems. However, problems like those of semaphores are possible. Priority inversion can occur when a task is working on a low-priority message and ignores a higher-priority message (or a message originating indirectly from a high priority task) in its incoming message queue. Protocol deadlocks can occur when two or more tasks wait for each other to send response messages.
Interrupt handlers and the scheduler[edit]
Since an interrupt handler blocks the highest priority task from running, and since real time operating systems are designed to keep thread latency to a minimum, interrupt handlers are typically kept as short as possible. The interrupt handler defers all interaction with the hardware if possible; typically all that is necessary is to acknowledge or disable the interrupt (so that it won't occur again when the interrupt handler returns) and notify a task that work needs to be done. This can be done by unblocking a driver task through releasing a semaphore, setting a flag or sending a message. A scheduler often provides the ability to unblock a task from interrupt handler context.
An OS maintains catalogues of objects it manages such as threads, mutexes, memory, and so on. Updates to this catalogue must be strictly controlled. For this reason it can be problematic when an interrupt handler calls an OS function while the application is in the act of also doing so. The OS function called from an interrupt handler could find the object database to be in an inconsistent state because of the application's update. There are two major approaches to deal with this problem: the unified architecture and the segmented architecture. RTOSs implementing the unified architecture solve the problem by simply disabling interrupts while the internal catalogue is updated. The downside of this is that interrupt latency increases, potentially losing interrupts. The segmented architecture does not make direct OS calls but delegates the OS related work to a separate handler. This handler runs at a higher priority than any thread but lower than the interrupt handlers. The advantage of this architecture is that it adds very few cycles to interrupt latency. As a result, OSes which implement the segmented architecture are more predictable and can deal with higher interrupt rates compared to the unified architecture.[citation needed]
Similarly the System Management Mode on x86 compatible Hardware can take very much time before it returns control to the operating system. It is generally wrong to write real-time software for x86 Hardware.[citation needed]
Memory allocation[edit]
Memory allocation is more critical in a real-time operating system than in other operating systems.
First, for stability there cannot be memory leaks (memory that is allocated, then unused but never freed). The device should work indefinitely, without ever needing a reboot. For this reason, dynamic memory allocation is frowned upon. Whenever possible, all required memory allocation is specified statically at compile time.
Another reason to avoid dynamic memory allocation is memory fragmentation. With frequent allocation and releasing of small chunks of memory, a situation may occur when the memory is divided into several sections, in which case the RTOS cannot allocate a large continuous block of memory, although there is enough free memory. Secondly, speed of allocation is important. A standard memory allocation scheme scans a linked list of indeterminate length to find a suitable free memory block,[7] which is unacceptable in an RTOS since memory allocation has to occur within a certain amount of time.
Because mechanical disks have much longer and more unpredictable response times, swapping to disk files is not used for the same reasons as RAM allocation discussed above.
The simple fixed-size-blocks algorithm works quite well for simple embedded systems because of its low overhead.
See also[edit]
The Wikibook Embedded Systems has a page on the topic of: Real-Time Operating Systems
Adaptive Partition Scheduler
Comparison of real-time operating systems
DO-178B
Earliest deadline first scheduling
Interruptible operating system
Least slack time scheduling
POSIX
Rate-monotonic scheduling
RDOS (disambiguation)
ROS (disambiguation)
SCADA
Synchronous programming language
Time-triggered system
Time-utility function
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Response Time and Jitter".
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew (2008). Modern Operating Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-13-600663-3.
Jump up ^ "RTOS Concepts".
Jump up ^ "Context switching time". Segger Microcontroller Systems. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
Jump up ^ "RTOS performance comparison on emb4fun.de". Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ Phraner, Ralph A. (Fall 1984). "The Future of Unix on the IBM PC". BYTE. pp. 59–64.
Jump up ^ CS 241, University of Illinois
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American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
AFSCME
Full name
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
Founded
1932 (1932)
Members
1,337,126 (2014)[1]
Affiliation
AFL–CIO
Key people
Lee Saunders (president)
Office location
1625 L St., NW
Washington, D.C. 20003
Country
United States
Website
afscme.org
The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) is the largest trade union of public employees in the United States.[2] It represents 1.3 million[1] public sector employees and retirees, including health care workers, corrections officers, sanitation workers, police officers, firefighters,[3] and childcare providers.[4][5] Founded in Madison, Wisconsin in 1932, AFSCME is part of the AFL-CIO, one of the two main labor federations in the United States. AFSCME has had four presidents since its founding.
The union is known for its involvement in political campaigns, almost exclusively with the Democratic Party.[6] AFSCME was one of the first groups to take advantage of the 2010 Citizens United decision, which allowed unions and corporations to directly finance ads that expressly call for the election or defeat of a candidate.[7][8] Major political issues for AFSCME include single-payer health care, protecting pension benefits, raising the minimum wage, preventing the privatization of government jobs, and extending unemployment benefits.[5]
According to their website, AFSCME organizes for social and economic rights of their protectorates in the workplace and through political action and legislative advocacy. It is divided into approximately 3,400 local unions in 46 U.S. states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Arnold Zander presidency (1936–1964)
1.2 Jerry Wurf presidency (1964–1981)
1.3 Gerald McEntee presidency (1981–2012)
2 Leadership and operations
3 Union organizing campaigns
4 Political activity
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Membership (US records; ×1000)[10]
Finances (US records; ×$1000)[10]
Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements
AFSCME, originally called the Wisconsin State Employees Association (WSEA), was founded in Madison, Wisconsin in 1932 to represent approximately 50 Wisconsin civil service employees. The union was launched amid fears of politically based firings, the possible elimination of the civil service and a return to patronage jobs. Arnold Zander, Wisconsin's state personnel administrator, emerged as the leader of the union. Soon after its formation, WSEA was granted an American Federation of Labor charter as Federal Labor Union 18213.[11]
One of its first projects was to protect civil service jobs in Wisconsin after a newly elected Democratic legislature revealed its intention to eliminate Republicans from the civil service. The group succeeded, with assistance from the American Federation of Labor (AFL).[12]
AFSCME's history is documented through its archives at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit, Michigan.[13]
Arnold Zander presidency (1936–1964)[edit]
In 1934, after meetings with AFL President William Green, Zander formed the American Federation of Government Employees, which was a national union formed to organize state and local government workers not represented by existing federal organizations.[11]
In the 1930s, AFSCME was primarily a union for white-collar civil service workers, including librarians, social workers and clerical staff. These workers were legally without the right to collectively bargain, let alone strike—rights which Zander did not support.[12]
AFSCME seal
The union grew slowly over the next several decades, gradually changing from an association formed to protect civil service systems to a union interested in collective bargaining.
In August 1936, AFSCME had 119 locals with just under 4,000 members, expanding to 9,737 by the end of 1936. By 1940, AFSCME had nearly 30,000 members. AFSCME innovated the revival of police unionism in the late 1930s, organizing police officers and employees at correctional facilities.[11]
Jerry Wurf presidency (1964–1981)[edit]
In 1964, Jerry Wurf defeated Zander as the union's international president. AFSCME was racially integrated in the 1960s under Wurf and began to grow more quickly.[14] Under Wurf, who initiated the most aggressive unionizing campaign in the organization's history, AFSCME broke from earlier patterns of civil service reform and initiated a more militant form of unionization designed to achieve parity with private sector workers.[11] During Wurf's tenure, AFSCME became known as a pioneer in aggressively recruiting women and blacks.[2]
In 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated while in Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by the African-American sanitation workers' union, AFSCME Local 1733.[15]
By 1969, AFSCME was unionizing 1,000 new workers each day. The organization saw its greatest period of growth in the 1970s. In 1973, AFSCME concluded a three-year organizing campaign of 75,000 Pennsylvania employees. It was the largest organizing campaign in U.S. labor history.[11] During Wurf's presidency, AFSCME's membership grew from 200,000 to approximately one million. The union eclipsed the one-million-member mark in 1978.[2]
AFSCME set up its first political action committee in 1971.[16] AFSCME supported George McGovern's 1972 presidential bid as well as Jimmy Carter's successful presidential bid in 1976.[11]
Gerald McEntee presidency (1981–2012)[edit]
Gerald McEntee was elected president of AFSCME following Wurf's death in 1981. AFSCME continued to grow in the 1980s, unionizing university employees and nursing home staff and merging with other unions.[11] In 1982, the union voted to endorse the passage of federal, state, and local legislation to extend civil rights to gay and lesbian citizens.[17] In 1992, AFSCME was the first national union to back Bill Clinton in his presidential bid.[2] AFSCME led an effort to oppose Clinton's signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In the late 1990s, AFSCME expanded its membership into Puerto Rico and Panama. The union was an early supporter of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.[16]
In 2011, McEntee announced his intention to retire from the union, declining to run for another term as president in 2012.[18] McEntee was paid a gross salary of $1,020,751 in 2012, his last year on the job.[19] McEntee's use of $325,000 in union money to charter private jets in 2010 and 2011 became an issue in the campaign to succeed him.[20][21]
Leadership and operations[edit]
According to AFSCME, the union has approximately 3,400 local unions and 58 councils and affiliates in 46 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Every local union writes its own constitution, designs its own structure, elects its own officers and sets its own dues. The Washington, D.C.-based AFSCME headquarters coordinates the union's actions on national political and policy issues. AFSCME holds a biennial International Convention at which basic union policies are decided.[22]
Every four years, AFSCME elects a union president, secretary-treasurer and 35 regional vice presidents. The current president of AFSCME is Lee Saunders.[23] Saunders defeated Danny Donohue with 54% of the votes in a June 2012 election[24] and was re-elected without opposition in July 2016.
Union organizing campaigns[edit]
Members marching in solidarity with Occupy Wall Street in New York, October 2011
AFSCME members by the US Capitol, 2013
Starting in the 2000s, AFSCME began campaigns to organize home-based family child care providers.[25] In 2005, when former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich signed an executive order that allowed home child care providers to collectively bargain with the state, the move launched a turf war,[26] with the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) battling AFSCME for the exclusive right to organize the workers. SEIU filed charges with the AFL-CIO against AFSCME, resulting in SEIU winning the right to unionize Illinois's home healthcare workers, and resulting in AFSCME dropping its bid to do so.[27][28]
AFSCME represents 8,300 custodians, food workers, gardeners, and other campus service workers in the University of California system.[29] In 2007, AFSCME resolved a two-year dispute with the University of California that raised pay for the system's lowest paid workers.[16]
Political activity[edit]
Since the late 1960s, AFSCME has become one of the most politicized unions in the AFL-CIO. Since 1972, AFSCME has been a primary force within the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, playing a major role in setting the legislative agenda and in choosing Democratic presidential candidates.[11] In the 1990s, AFSCME was the top U.S. donor to Bill Clinton.[2]
AFSCME members with then-Senator Barack Obama, 2008
According to the Center for Responsive Politics, AFSCME is the United States' third largest organizational contributor to political campaigns, having donated more than US$90 million since 1990.[30] The organization contributes almost exclusively to Democratic Party campaigns; since 1990 the ratio of Democratic to Republican contributions by the AFSCME has exceeded 99:1.[31] In addition to combating privatization of public sector jobs, key political objectives for the group include raising the minimum wage and opposing the substitution of vacation time for overtime pay due workers.[30] In June 2008, AFSCME, along with MoveOn.org, spent over US$500,000 on a television advertisement critical of the presumed Republican presidential nominee John McCain.[32]
Until the 2010 Citizens United decision, funding for political campaigns came from voluntary contributions to a political action committee called AFSCME PEOPLE ("Public Employees Organized to Promote Legislative Equality").[33] With the loosening of restrictions by this Supreme Court case, AFSCME has widened its political funding base through the use of member dues.[34] AFSCME is not required to publicly disclose the identity of its donors, or the size of their contributions.[5]
AFSCME was the biggest outside spender in the 2010 midterm elections, spending a total of $87.5 million in support of Democratic Party candidates.[35] AFSCME led the failed 2012 recall effort against Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker.[36]
In 2014, AFSCME cut ties with the United Negro College Fund (UNCF) after UNCF accepted a $25 million contribution from Charles and David Koch. Starting in 2003, AFSCME had supported UNCF with annual donations of $50,000–60,000.[37][38]
In 2012, AFSCME, SEIU, and the American Federation of Teachers agreed on a politics-only alliance for the 2012 national election campaign.[39] In 2016, AFSCME and SEIU announced an extension of that agreement, leading to speculation about a possible future merger.[39][40]
References[edit]
Organized labour portal
^ Jump up to: a b US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-289. Report submitted March 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lewis, Charles (August 9, 2000). "Cloud of corruption around Democrats' union patron". Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brooklyn Park Firefighters Go Union" AFSCME Council 5 website; February 19, 2014
Jump up ^ Gold, Matea (September 10, 2014). "Scott Walker targeted in fall union offensive". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees (AFSCME)". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Center for Public Policy. June 27, 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Steven Greenhouse, "Afscme Chief to Step Down After 30 Years", New York Times, 3 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center. September 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Khimm, Suzy (June 7, 2010). "Politics → Dark Money The Citizens United Effect". Mother Jones. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "About AFSCME". AFSCME. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-289. (Search)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Arnesen, Eric (2007). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9780415968263.
^ Jump up to: a b Goulden, Joseph C. (1982). Jerry Wurf: Labor's Last Angry Man (1 ed.). New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11291-2.
Jump up ^ "Walter P. Reuther Library". Wayne State University. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Struggles of the Working Poor". Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign (1 ed.). New York [u.a.]: Norton. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-393-04339-6. After Wurf's election as president in 1964, an insurgent group—which included Catholics, Jews, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans—took over. AFSCME integrated its staff, no longer organized white and black workers separately, and began to build a solid core of organizers.
Jump up ^ Kirk, John (2014). Martin Luther King Jr.: Profiles in Power. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 9781317876502.
^ Jump up to: a b c Weir, Robert (2013). Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 33. ISBN 9781598847192.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Gerald (2009). Laboring for Rights: Unions and Sexual Diversity Across Nations. Temple University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9781439901175.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Steven. "AFSCME Chief to Step Down After 30 Years" New York Times November 3, 2011
Jump up ^ Geraghty, Jim (February 11, 2014). "America's Richest 2 Percent: Union Presidents". National Review. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Stangler, Cole (June 11, 2012). "AFSCME Union President Spent $325,000 On Chartered Jets: Report". Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Maher, Kris (June 8, 2012). "Charter Flights Shadow Union Election". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "About AFSCME". AFSCME. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Steven (June 22, 2012). "New Union Leader Vows Tougher Fight for Rights". New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Status Quo Wins Vote In Nation's Largest Public Workers Union" International Business Times June 22, 2012
Jump up ^ Reese, Ellen (2011). They Say Cutback, We Say Fight Back!: Welfare Activism in an Era of Retrenchment. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 145. ISBN 9781610447485.
Jump up ^ Meyerson, Harold. "Labor War in Illinois: The AFL-CIO's two largest unions duke it out and SEIU comes out on top." The American Prospect March 29, 2005 (web only)
Jump up ^ Moberg, David (April 25, 2005). "Union Blues Lift in Chicago". The Nation. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Rose, Barbara (April 8, 2005). "Union for child-care workers". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Larry (February 27, 2014). "Strike averted with contract settlement at UC". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Center for Responsive Politics retrieved 25 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Top Organization Contributors". OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Swamp: John McCain vs. baby in anti-war ad". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
Jump up ^ AFSCME PEOPLE website
Jump up ^ Mullins, Brody; McKinnon, John (October 22, 2010). "Campaign's Big Spender". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Mullins, Brody; McKinnon, John (October 22, 2010). "Campaign's Big Spender". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Gold, Matea (September 10, 2014). "Scott Walker targeted in fall union offensive". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Weigel, David (July 10, 2014). "Union Cuts Ties to United Negro College Fund Over Kochs Donations". Slate. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Sean (July 10, 2014). "Major union cuts ties with United Negro College Fund over Koch connection". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b PAI (August 1, 2016). "Labor News > Two massive unions, SEIU and AFSCME, announce partnership, potential merger". People’s World. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Steven and Schriber, Noam. 2 Big Labor Unions Share Efforts to Gain Power and Scale, The New York Times, May 5, 2016
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Dama Dam Mast Qalandar
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"Dama Dam Mast Qalandar"
Song by Runa laila
Genre
Qawwali
Composer(s)
Ashiq Hussain
Lyricist(s)
Amir Khusrow, adapted by Bulleh Shah
Dama Dam Mast Qalandar (Sindhi: دما دم مست قلندر) is a spiritual song written in the honour of the most revered Sufi saint of Sindh, Shahbaz Qalandar of Sehwan Sharif. The original poem was initially written by Amir Khusrow, then further modified by Bulleh Shah. The modern melody was composed by Pakistani composer Master Ashiq Hussain,[1] and was widely popularized by many Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers such as Noor Jehan, Runa Laila, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, the Sabri Brothers, Reshma, Komal Rizvi, and Junoon. The song has also been performed by Indian artists like Hans Raj Hans, the Wadali brothers and Mika Singh. In 2016, Sami Yusuf performed a rendition of the song in his album 'Barakah'.
It is said[who?] that this qawwali was adapted from the original prayer by Amir Khusrow, and was then modified completely by Bulleh Shah. Bulleh Shah gave an entirely different colour to the qawwali, adding verses in praises of Shahbaz Qalandar and giving it a large tint of Sindhi culture. The poem includes a reference to the town of Sehwan, which is home to the Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.[2] The word "Lal" can refer to Jhulelal as a young man, or the red dress of Shahbaz Qalandar.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/1100498
Jump up ^ Jhulay Lal's cradle of tolerance, ZAHIDA REHMAN JATT, Dawn, Jun 03, 2015
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Dama Dam Mast Qalandar
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Marand
Sehwan Sharif

This song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Categories:
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Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness
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Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness
Developer(s)
Chunsoft
Publisher(s)
Nintendo
The Pokémon Company
Director(s)
Seiichiro Nagahata
Hironori Ishigami
Artist(s)
Fuyuhiko Koizumi
Writer(s)
Shin-ichiro Tomie
Emiko Tanaka
Composer(s)
Arata Iiyoshi
Hideki Sakamoto
Keisuke Ito
Ryoma Nakamura
Kenichi Saito
Series
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon
Platform(s)
Nintendo DS
Release
JP: September 13, 2007
NA: April 20, 2008
AU: June 19, 2008
EU: July 4, 2008
Genre(s)
Roguelike
Mode(s)
Single player
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time[a] and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness[b] are a matched pair of Pokémon games for the Nintendo DS. The two games were released in Japan on September 13, 2007, and were released in North America on April 20, 2008.[1] They were released in Europe on July 4, 2008.[2] A third version, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky[c], was released in 2009.
As a sequel to Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team, new features include the addition of Generation IV Pokémon, improved Wi-Fi functionality, and more touch-screen options. 491 of the 493 Pokémon are featured, as Shaymin and Arceus were not officially released at the time of the game's launch. A 21-minute TV special based on the game starring Kurumi Mamiya aired in Japan on September 9, 2007 as a content of the program relating Pokémon, "Pokémon Sunday" produced by TV Tokyo Corporation. It was later dubbed in English in 2008.
In terms of gameplay and premise, the Explorers installments are largely similar with their Rescue Team predecessors; where a human-turned-Pokémon joins an Exploration Society and explores shifting dungeons, fighting hostile Pokémon through turn-based combat. In terms of critical review, it was criticized for repetitive gameplay and similarity, while receiving praise for its storyline and Wi-Fi functionality. As of 2010, the three games had accumulated worldwide sales in excess of 5.9 million copies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Playable Pokémon
1.2 Basic gameplay
1.3 New features
1.4 Version exclusives
2 Plot
2.1 First Days in the Team
2.2 Time Gear Search
2.3 Escape the Future
2.4 The Hunt for the Hidden Land
2.5 The Saviors of Time
2.6 After Story
3 Reception
4 Anime tie in
5 Enhanced version
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Playable Pokémon[edit]
As with the previous games, the player takes on the role of a human who has been turned into a Pokémon, whose type is determined by a personality test.[3] A partner Pokémon is also selected who will henceforth be referred to as "the partner". Unlike Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team, the gender does not restrict the available selection of Pokémon for either the player or the partner, though both player and partner may not be of the same type. The test sets the player as one of the many natures in the mainstream games, and two Pokémon will be set to that nature, one for male, one for female.
The player may be Bulbasaur, Charmander, Squirtle, Pikachu, Meowth, Chikorita, Cyndaquil, Totodile, Treecko, Torchic, Mudkip, Skitty, Turtwig, Chimchar, Piplup and Munchlax; a total of 16 Pokémon to choose from. Once chosen, the partner may be any of the above Pokémon, with the exception of Pokémon of the same type of the player, Meowth, Skitty and Munchlax. Eevee, Machop, Cubone and Psyduck were removed as starter Pokémon, though Eevee was again made available in the game's remake. Riolu was debated for a player Pokémon in Explorers of Time and Darkness, but the idea was eventually dropped, and Riolu was selected for the Explorers of Sky list.
Basic gameplay[edit]
The basic gameplay is unchanged from Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team - players may use shops in Treasure Town (equivalent of Pokémon Square in previous games) to link moves, save money, buy items, store items, and train in special "maze" levels (although the Pokémon running almost all of these shops have changed). Players enter dungeons to complete missions, and during exploration they encounter hostile Pokémon. During the story portion, if either the player or his/her partner is defeated by running out of health, the team will be removed from the dungeon and lose all their money and half (or more) of their items. However, after beating the main story (and graduating) the team will only be removed if the team leader faints.
Like previous installments, players may send out an SOS if they are defeated.
New features[edit]
New to this series is the option to temporarily send a team member to aid a friend who is in need - this allows a team to have more than four members. Defeated teams awaiting rescue may also engage in a "standby adventure" mode in which players may revisit previous dungeons to raise funds and collect items, but without the ability to level up.
Among new items introduced are treasure boxes, which require money to be opened and may contain rare items. Rare items, however, may only affect certain Pokémon. They can also be used to trade for rarer and more valuable items using a new shop. New items are also introduced to account for new evolution methods which do not translate well from the main series to Mystery Dungeon (such as Probopass, Magnezone, Leafeon, or Glaceon). Pokémon eggs have been introduced to Mystery Dungeon, where the newly hatched Pokémon will join the player's team. Finally, "Friend Areas" from Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team have been eliminated in favour of a more streamlined team management process.
The Wonder Mail has also changed, the reason for this being that many players were using Wonder Mail to cheat in Blue and Red Rescue Team.
Version exclusives[edit]
As with all Pokémon games, some Pokémon are exclusive to one version, although they may be unlocked on the other through the exchange of Wonder Mail codes. The Pokémon that are exclusive to Explorers of Time are Celebi, Combee, Lucario, Pachirisu, and Riolu, while the Pokémon exclusive to Explorers of Darkness are Burmy, Buneary, Lopunny, Mewtwo, and Rotom. Despite this, Celebi and Mewtwo are currently impossible to recruit except on their respective games. Also, some items are much rarer in one version than in another.
Plot[edit]
First Days in the Team[edit]
The story begins with the player having been washed ashore by a storm. Meanwhile, his partner is nervous about joining the Wigglytuff Guild, as local "Dungeons" (these are the levels in the game) have been revealed and are open to exploration. After teaming up to recover the partner's Relic Fragment from some thieves, the player, who has lost all memory, except his name and the fact that they used to be human, agrees to form an exploration team in order to piece together who he is. The first proper mission that the team go on is to Drenched Bluff, to recover a Spoink's missing pearl. Upon finishing, the hero and partner receive a large reward, a large percentage of which is promptly taken by Chatot as collateral for guild training.
The player discovers not too long after that he has the ability to see things in the past and future through contact with people or things. This leads to the player rescuing an Azurill from Drowzee, a wanted criminal. Some time after, the partner tells the player the story of the Time Gears, the artifacts that all Pokémon are to avoid lest time stand still. When a Time Gear is stolen, time in that area is frozen. Despite this, it is soon revealed that a mysterious thief is stealing the Time Gears, causing time to stop in various areas.
The player and partner get quite excited when Chatot gives them an exploration mission, to explore an "unexplored cave" called Waterfall Cave. Before this, Chimecho provides a new feature to the exploration team, allowing them to recruit new members. After Waterfall Cave, the player, after piecing together several visions, finds out that the guildmaster, Wigglytuff, had previously explored this cave but forgot about it prior to telling them to explore it.
Time Gear Search[edit]
A short time later, the whole guild mounts an expedition to Fogbound Lake. Meanwhile, the player's team draws the ire of team Skull, a band of thugs who take it upon themselves to make their lives miserable. Upon arrival, the player recalls the place as being familiar, but cannot explain as to why. The guild encounters Uxie and discovers the location of a Time Gear, but are allowed to return home with their memories intact, on the condition that they not reveal it to anybody else. The guild meets a famous explorer named Dusknoir, who explains that the player's ability to see through time is called the Dimensional Scream. Not long after, Azurill and his brother Marill (whom the player meets earlier when saving Azurill from Drowzee) come to the guild, showing them a ransom note for an item (a Water Float) that they had been looking for. They then go to the Amp Plains and fight Luxray and the Luxio tribe, but get saved by Dusknoir and chase off Team Skull, who took the Water Float in order to get revenge on the team. Dusknoir offers his help in uncovering the secret behind the player's transformation and also offers his assistance in the hunt for Grovyle, who is stealing the Time Gears. Soon, the Time Gear at Fogbound Lake is stolen, and the whole guild splits up to look for Time Gears. The player's team eventually discover an underground lake, which is home to Mesprit and another Time Gear. However Grovyle appears and steals the Time Gear after Mesprit mistakes the team as the thieves. Somewhere in the story, the player and the partner also activate a dojo in which they can train in.
Dusknoir determines that the third lake guardian Azelf, the being of willpower, is likely to be guarding another Time Gear. Dusknoir further explains that as Uxie and Mesprit were encountered in lakes, Azelf is also likely to be found in a lake area. The team arrives at the lake in the middle of Crystal Cave, where they find Azelf about to be defeated by Grovyle. However, just as Grovyle is about to steal the Time Gear, Azelf activates a fail-safe trap, which prevents it from doing so. Grovyle then escapes, but with Dusknoir in pursuit.
Back in town, Dusknoir reveals that he and Grovyle are from the future, and that Grovyle fled to the past to prevent from being captured, and intends to steal the Time Gears so as to cause the Planet's Paralysis, an event turning the Pokémon world into a dark, dismal region filled with scared and corrupted Pokémon. Everyone comes up with a plan to capture Grovyle, by luring him in with the Time Gear that still remains, but Dusknoir adds that he and the Lake Trio alone must battle Grovyle for capture. A few days later a report comes in, indicating that Grovyle has been captured, and that Dusknoir plans to take Grovyle back to the future to face justice. The Time Gears have been returned to their rightful places, and Dusknoir has opened a Dimensional Hole to take Grovyle back to the future. Dusknoir bids farewell to the villagers, but suddenly grabs the player and partner, and drags them with him into the portal.
Escape the Future[edit]
The player and partner awaken, finding themselves in a prison. After escaping a near execution with Grovyle, they (now in the future) discover their world has become paralyzed, despite the Time Gears being placed back in their respective spots. The two traverse through several dungeons until they catch up to Grovyle, having to rescue him from a rogue Spiritomb. After coming to compromise, Grovyle offers to share what he knows with the two heroes.
They learn that the paralysis was caused by time breaking down before the theft of the Gears because of Temporal Tower, which gives structure to time itself. When the tower collapsed, its head occupant, Dialga the Time Dragon, survived the collapse but became corrupted due to the flow of darkness that possessed and twisted the minds of countless Pokémon. Now living as a tyrannical being known as Primal Dialga, it has sworn to preserve the dark future so as to maintain its fearsome form. It is also established that Grovyle has pure motives for collecting Time Gears, so as to prevent the planet's paralysis in Temporal Tower. This story contradicts Dusknoir's fallacies, and Grovyle exposes Dusknoir as a villainous agent sent to the partner's world to capture him. Unsure but determined, the player's team searches for a way back to the past. However, they are being pursued by Dusknoir and his Sableye minions. The group eventually manage to find a shiny Celebi, who is a (close) friend of Grovyle, and finally arrive at the Passage of Time. Dusknoir ambushes the group, but Grovyle expresses hope for success- when he traveled back to the past initially, he was joined by a human companion on his mission. That partner was lost during their time travel, though Grovyle believes that even if he dies, the partner will be able to fulfill his mission for him. Dusknoir asks Grovyle to divulge the name of his friend, revealing that the partner in question is actually the player. Dusknoir reveals he has known about this for a long while: he was scouting all over the past world, collecting all of its history and information in order to find the two. He came across the player's exploration duo at one point, and eventually discovered one of them had the Dimensional Scream. After revealing their ability and name, Dusknoir carried out a plan which had the player itself betray Grovyle unknowingly and blackened Grovyle's reputation further. This plan worked out smoothly because the player could not recognize their foe when they saw him. Not defeated by the grim circumstances, the partner urges Celebi to transport them ahead of Dusknoir and into the Passage. With little interference from Primal Dialga, they succeed, and Celebi escapes.
The Hunt for the Hidden Land[edit]
Arriving back to the present, the group decides to stay at the partner's old home, due to Grovyle's presence potentially landing them in trouble. They plan their next move, which is to take the Time Gears. Grovyle tells the team that the player was his partner before the player turned into a Pokémon, explaining the strange voice heard near the Time Gear locations, the random visions, and the lack of Screams in the future due to no Time Gears there. They soon discover through reconnaissance that time has still stopped in places where Time Gears are present, despite them being returned. It appears that the only way to restore time is to take the Time Gears to Temporal Tower. This is easier said than done, though; the Tower is located in the Hidden Land, and no one knows where the Hidden Land is. They eventually decide to reveal their return to the guild, so they can convince the guild to help them, and receive the lake guardians' Time Gears- they are, fortunately, met with friendly cooperation from all parties. They talk with Torkoal, the town elder, who tells them that to get to the Hidden Land, they need an item with an inscription on it, which is on the partner's Relic Fragment. Wigglytuff and Chatot have also seen this pattern, in Brine Cave. Inside Brine Cave's Depths, Chatot (and Team Skull, who tried to get to the Hidden Land simply to get the fame) is injured protecting the team from a Kabutops and two Omastar. The team manages to defeat the bandits, driving them off. Wigglytuff comes with the rest of the guild with Grovyle in tow, having collected the five Time Gears needed to stop the collapse of Temporal Tower. Leaving Chatot in the Guild's care, the team and Grovyle forge ahead.
The Saviors of Time[edit]
In Brine Cave, the team discovers a rock wall pointing out to sea, on which is a wall pattern similar to the one found on the Relic Fragment. When the Relic Fragment is presented, a light shines out towards the sea. Just then, a Lapras arrives. Lapras ferries the team and Grovyle to the Hidden Land. Arriving at the Hidden Land, Lapras tells them that in order to reach the Temporal Tower, they must take the Rainbow Stoneship, located inside an old ruin. Finding the ruin, they find a temple where, at the top, they find the Relic Fragment pattern. The team discovers that the temple itself is the Rainbow Stoneship, and in order for the ship to operate, the Relic Fragment must be slotted in one of the indentations. But before the partner can do so, they are captured by Dusknoir and the Sableye entourage. The team is able to defeat Dusknoir and the Sableye in battle, but while the partner goes to activate the Rainbow Stoneship, Dusknoir warns that should they succeed in their quest, the Pokémon of the future, including the player and Grovyle, will be erased from existence, from being from a future that will no longer exist. Grovyle admits that this is the case, but that their sacrifice is worth the trouble if it means that the future can be saved. The player accepts this fate, even though the player knows that the partner will not take it as easily as the player or Grovyle.
Meanwhile, the partner succeeds in activating the Rainbow Stoneship, by putting their Relic Fragment in it, but Dusknoir manages to recover and attack the player before either the player or Grovyle is on board. Just as Dusknoir tries to finish off the player, Grovyle intervenes, taking the blow. Dusknoir angrily decides to slay Grovyle first, but in a move of desperation, Grovyle pushes Dusknoir towards the Dimensional Hole, hoping that in his own defense of the player, Grovyle will ensure the success of the mission. Dropping the Time Gears, Grovyle pushes Dusknoir and himself through the Dimensional Hole, transporting them into the future, but not without giving his last goodbye. The partner recovers the Time Gears, and the team proceed on the Rainbow Stoneship, with the player keeping silent to the partner about his/her fate. With a heavy heart, the team head towards Temporal Tower to take on their final mission.
The team is able to defeat Primal Dialga, and head home, but on the way back, the player begins to feel the effects of being slowly erased from existence. The player says goodbye to the partner and, in the only open dialogue spoken by the player character, conveys his/her last wish, to "tell everyone about what happened, so nothing like this will ever happen again", as the player fades out of existence. After the credits, Dialga feels the partner's sorrow all the way from Temporal Tower. Deeply moved by the partner's devotion and grief, Dialga intervenes and restores the player to the timeline, as thanks for bringing time back in control. The player reappears at the beach, where the partner is crying in front of Bidoof. The partner runs over to embrace their best friend, overjoyed that they are alive.
After Story[edit]
After the main credits, the player and partner are told by Chatot at the next briefing that they may take an exam to graduate from the guild. Wigglytuff comments that they must search for a treasure in Mystifying Forest, but may have to defeat a "grandmaster of all things bad". The player goes to Mystifying Forest, where they fall into a trap. The cover to the trap closes and the "grandmaster of all things bad" sneaks in and circles around them. Bidoof lifts the lid of the cave, revealing that it is just the guild, with Wigglytuff as the "grandmaster of all things bad" and the others as back-up, though they all attempt (poorly) to convince the player otherwise. The player and partner defeat them, allowing them to continue forward to find a treasure chest containing a Perfect Apple. They continue further with Teddiursa and Ursaring to Luminous Spring, where Teddiursa evolves into Ursaring. The partner goes forward to evolve, but is told that neither the partner nor the player can evolve due to a distortion in space that they create.
After returning to the guild, the player and the partner graduate- the player's team moves their own base of operations to Sharpedo Bluff. Afterward the player must rescue Scizor from a Froslass to get the Secret Rank. They are slowly given more dungeons to explore, including a new training dungeon known as the Final Maze. Eventually, the player is told by Sunflora about a dungeon known as the Surrounded Sea. The player's team goes to the dungeon and finds an egg that hatches into a baby Manaphy. They must feed it with Blue Gummis, but it eventually falls sick after being away from the ocean for so long.
The player's team goes to Miracle Sea to acquire the cure-all Phione Dew. After fending off a Gyarados, the Phione give a Phione Dew to the player and Manaphy is cured. However, at Chatot's insistence, Manaphy is put in the care of a Walrein and returns to the ocean. After a few more days, Team Charm comes to the guild. It is revealed here that Wigglytuff was once a member of Team Charm. Lopunny, the leader of Team Charm, asks Wigglytuff for a key shaped like an Unown they found in previous travels, saying that they think they found where it should go. Wigglytuff goes into his quarters, rummages around for the key, and returns with the key. Team Charm thanks Wigglytuff and begins to head out. The partner asks Lopunny if the player's team can come along. This provokes the entire guild to ask if they could come. Team Charm agrees and heads out to open the door to Aegis Cave.
Inside, they come across a room with a stone tablet in the middle bearing the inscription "ROCK (in Unown letters) Close your eyes and submit your proof." The guild and Team Charm proceed into the dungeon with the player's team following. Upon completing Aegis Rock Cave, the player's team will come back to the stone tablet room. The player's team finds Team Charm inspecting the stone tablet. After a brief conversation, Team Charm proceeds. If the player has picked up Unown Stones R, O, C, and K dropped by the corresponding Unoun in the dungeon, the player should interact with the stone tablet in the middle of the room and close their eyes. Following this, the stone tablet disappears and reveals a staircase, which a Regirock is waiting to battle in. This process is repeated with ICE and STEEL with Regice and Registeel as bosses respectively.
The player's team catches up with Team Charm, who took advantage of the player sorting out what to expect but were unalble to beat Registeel. In the final section of the dungeon, The statues in the room come alive, revealing 4 Bronzong, 4 Hitmonlee and a [Regigigas]] which are defeated with the help of Team Charm. After the battle is completed, Regigigas faints and a massive stone tablet appears, intstructing the player to let his aura flow into the ground. The player does so and Regigigas gets up and tremors begin. The player's team and Team Charm flee the dungeon. Medicham notices a cave that appeared. Team Charm theorizes that Aegis Cave was just a distraction for where the actual treasure was, but concedes the glory to the player's team as a thank you and heads off to find another treasure. Over the course of a few days, the player has dreams in which Cresselia tells the player that the player does not belong in this world, and that the distortion of space the player and partner have made will send the world into ruin unless they disappear.
Finally, one day the Azurill they assisted a while back has a nightmare that he cannot awake from, so the team locates the old criminal Drowzee, who is able to send the player and partner into Azurill's nightmare. At the end of this dream (a dungeon in itself known as The Nightmare) the player sees Cresselia, who attempts to destroy them. Cresselia is interrupted by Drowzee and disappears. Back in the guild, the player and partner report their findings to the guild. However, when asked about a way to undo the distortion of space, the partner says that there is no way. The next morning, the partner suggests that they go talk to Lapras for more information. Lapras is able to tell them that Palkia is the ruler of space and that he resides in Spacial Rift. However, Lapras doesn't know where it is.
The player and partner wake up the next morning and see Palkia whisking in and taking them away to Spacial Rift to destroy them. They fall into a chasm and proceed to complete Spacial Rift and defeat Palkia, who suddenly falls into a nightmare. They are asked by an unknown voice if they want to enter Palkia's nightmare and end up consenting. In Palkia's nightmare, Cresselia appears and proceeds to destroy them. However, when Palkia grows suspicious of Cresselia's ascertations of the team's intent, another Cresselia appears and they then find out the Cresselia in their dreams was actually Darkrai. Darkrai flees from the room and tells the partner and player they must come to defeat him. They must venture with Cresselia to defeat Darkrai, who was behind the transformation of Primal Dialga, the player's transformation into a Pokémon, and the break in the space-time continuum. After defeating Darkrai, they may recruit Palkia, which allows the player and partner to evolve. Also, after some events in the post-story-mode, Manaphy returns and asks to join your exploration team. If this option is accepted, Manaphy leads to player to a new dungeon called the Marine Resort after a few days.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 59 of 100[4][5]
Review scores
Publication
Score
GameSpy (Darkness)[6]
Nintendo Power 75 of 100[7]
As of September 30, 2008, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness combined to sell 4.12 million copies worldwide, according to Nintendo. The reviews for the game were average to positive. The games were scored as 59 out of 100 by Metacritic's review.[4][5] GameSpy gave the games a 4/5 star rating.[6] Both Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness have received a rating of 7.5 from Nintendo Power.[7] The game is usually criticized on its repetitive game play, but heavily praised for its mature, heartwarming story. The story has been acclaimed as one of the best in the series, further inclining on how Mystery Dungeon continues to be a more favored spin-off of the original Pokémon games.
Combined worldwide sales for Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness passed 4.5 million copies on March 31, 2009.[8]
Anime tie in[edit]
A special episode of the Pokémon anime, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time & Darkness (Japanese: ポケモン不思議のダンジョン　時の探検隊・闇の探検隊 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Time Expedition & Darkness Expedition), was developed based on the game plot. Unlike previous special episodes, this does not take place in any continuity of the main storyline. It was first broadcast in Japan on September 9, 2007, as part of Pokémon Sunday.
Enhanced version[edit]
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky
Developer(s)
Chunsoft
Publisher(s)
Nintendo
The Pokémon Company
Director(s)
Seiichiro Nagahata
Hironori Ishigami
Artist(s)
Fuyuhiko Koizumi
Series
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon series
Platform(s)
Nintendo DS
Release
JP: April 18, 2009
NA: October 12, 2009
AU: November 12, 2009
EU: November 20, 2009
Genre(s)
Roguelike
Mode(s)
Single player
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky is an enhanced version of Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on April 18, 2009; North America on October 12, 2009; Australia on November 12, 2009;[9] and Europe on November 20, 2009.[10] It has since been re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in North America on June 23, 2016, and in the PAL region on August 18, 2016.
As with its predecessors, the game follows the story of a human who is mysteriously transformed into a Pokémon (determined by a personality test at the game's start-up). Along with the starters from the previous game, five more are included as playable choices; Phanpy, Riolu, Shinx, Eevee, and Vulpix. Some, however, are only available to certain genders; Eevee, Skitty, and Vulpix are always female. Riolu, Phanpy, and Shinx are always male. However, 2 starters, Munchlax and Meowth were removed and can only be played as the partner. Many new gameplay features were incorporated into the game.[citation needed] There were extra dungeons added, the titular event Pokémon Shaymin featured on the box was added, and alternate forms introduced in Pokémon Platinum (except for Rotom) were included.
Explorers of Sky expands on the plot of Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, as well as exploring the background of several characters. New cutscenes were added and some were changed. Five new Special Episodes are unlocked at certain points in the game which add to the overall game (such as Wigglytuff's inspiration to become an explorer, the induction of Bidoof into the guild, the formation of Team Charm, a special mission for guild member Sunflora, and the investigation of Grovyle and Dusknoir who team up after the battle at the Hidden Land, which shows how Primal Dialga was defeated simultaneously in the present and the future and how the future continued to thrive).
1.40 million copies of Explorers of Sky had been sold by March 31, 2010, adding up the total sales of the three games to over 5.90 million copies.[11]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Pokémon Fushigi no Danjon Toki no Tankentai (ポケモン不思議のダンジョン 時の探検隊, lit. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Time Exploration Team)
Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Pokémon Fushigi no Danjon Yami no Tankentai (ポケモン不思議のダンジョン 闇の探検隊, lit. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Darkness Exploration Team)
Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Pokémon Fushigi no Danjon Sora no Tankentai (ポケモン不思議のダンジョン 空の探検隊, lit. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Sky Exploration Team)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Emma Boyes (2008-02-26). "Two new DS Pokémon games coming". Nintendo. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Europe Q2 2008 release list". Nintendo UK.
Jump up ^ "Pokemon Mystery Dungeon :: DS Game Reviews". Kidzworld. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time for DS Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness for DS Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Gerald Villoria (Apr 23, 2008). "GameSpy: Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness - Page 1". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "MetaCritic reviews for Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time, sorted by publisher". Nintendo Power. Retrieved 2017-12-03. The strength of the first "Pokemon Mystery Dungeon" was its in-depth story, and that's true of the second pair of titles as well. [June 2008, p.86]
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Co. Ltd. Financial Results Briefing for the Fiscal Year Ended March 2009 Supplementary Information" (PDF). Nintendo. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
Jump up ^ Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky dated for Australia
Jump up ^ Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky gets European DS and DSi release date
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Co. Ltd. Financial Results Briefing for Fiscal Year Ended March 2010" (PDF). Nintendo. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
External links[edit]
Pokémon portal
Video games portal
2000s portal
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