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James Patterson bibliography
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See James Patterson for information about this author.
This James Patterson Bibliography contains the list of books written and published by James Patterson. The list below separates the books into two main categories: books written for adults and books written for children and teens. Within those two categories, the books are further divided into three subcategories: fiction series, standalone fiction, or standalone nonfiction.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Books written for adults
1.1 Fiction series
1.1.1 Alex Cross series
1.1.2 When the Wind Blows series
1.1.3 Women's Murder Club series
1.1.4 Michael Bennett series
1.1.5 Private series
1.1.6 NYPD Red series
1.2 Standalone fiction
1.3 Bookshots
1.4 Non-fiction
2 Books written for children and teens
2.1 Fiction series
2.1.1 Confessions series
2.1.2 Daniel X series
2.1.3 Maximum Ride series
2.1.4 Middle School series
2.1.5 I Funny
2.1.6 Treasure Hunters
2.1.7 House of Robots
2.1.8 Others
2.1.9 Witch and Wizard series
2.1.10 James Patterson Presents
2.2 Standalone fiction
3 References
Books written for adults[edit]
Fiction series[edit]
Alex Cross series[edit]
Main article: Alex Cross (novel series)
Patterson, James (1993). Along Came a Spider. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69364-6.
Patterson, James (1995). Kiss the Girls (novel). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69370-7.
Patterson, James (1996). Jack and Jill. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69371-4.
Patterson, James (1997). Cat and Mouse. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69329-5.
Patterson, James (1999). Pop Goes the Weasel. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69328-8.
Patterson, James (2000). Roses Are Red. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69325-7.
Patterson, James (2001). Violets Are Blue. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69323-3.
Patterson, James (2002). Four Blind Mice. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69300-4.
Patterson, James (2003). The Big Bad Wolf. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-60290-7.
Patterson, James (2004). London Bridges. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-71059-6.
Patterson, James (2005). Mary, Mary. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-15976-0.
Patterson, James (2006). Cross. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-15979-1.
Patterson, James (2007). Double Cross. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01505-9.
Patterson, James (2008). Cross Country. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01872-2.
Patterson, James (2009). I, Alex Cross. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01878-4.
Patterson, James (2010). Cross Fire. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03617-7.
Patterson, James (2011). Kill Alex Cross. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-19873-8.
Patterson, James (2013). Alex Cross, Run. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-22423-9.
Patterson, James (2013). Cross My Heart. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21090-4.
Patterson, James (2014). Hope to Die. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21096-6.
Patterson, James (2015). Cross Justice. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40704-5.
Patterson, James (2016). Cross the Line. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40709-0.
Patterson, James (2017). Alex Cross vs The People. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-1-780-89515-4.
Others:
Patterson, James; Dilallo, Richard (2009). Alex Cross’s Trial. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-07062-1.
Patterson, James (2012). Merry Christmas, Alex Cross. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21068-3.
Patterson, James (2016). Cross Kill. New York: BookShots. ISBN 978-0-316-31714-6.
When the Wind Blows series[edit]
Patterson, James (1998). When the Wind Blows. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69332-4.
Patterson, James (2003). The Lake House. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-60328-7.
Women's Murder Club series[edit]
Main article: Women's Murder Club (novel series)
Patterson, James (2001). 1st to Die. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-66600-8.
Patterson, James; Gross, Andrew (2002). 2nd Chance. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-69320-2.
Patterson, James; Gross, Andrew (2004). 3rd Degree. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-60357-7.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2005). 4th of July. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-71060-2.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2006). The 5th Horseman. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-15977-7.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2007). The 6th Target. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01479-3.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2008). 7th Heaven. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01770-1.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2009). The 8th Confession. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01876-0.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2010). The 9th Judgment. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03627-6.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2011). 10th Anniversary. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03626-9.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2012). 11th Hour. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09749-9.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2013). 12th of Never. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21082-9.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2014). Unlucky 13. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21129-1.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2015). 14th Deadly Sin. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40702-1.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2016). 15th Affair. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40707-6.
15.5 Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2016). Women's Murder Club: The Trial. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-31715-3.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2017). 16th Seduction. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-27403-6.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2018). 17th Suspect. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-1780895215.
Michael Bennett series[edit]
Main article: Michael Bennett (book series)
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2007). Step on a Crack. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01394-9.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2009). Run for Your Life. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01874-6.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2010). Worst Case. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03622-1.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2011). Tick Tock. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03791-4.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2012). I, Michael Bennett. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09746-8.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2013). Gone. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21098-0.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2014). Burn. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21104-8.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2015). Alert. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40703-8.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2016). Bullseye. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40708-3.
Patterson, James; Born, James O. (2017). Haunted. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-27397-8.
Private series[edit]
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2010). Private. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09615-7.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2011). Private London. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-2815-8.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2012). Private #1 Suspect. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09740-6.
Patterson, James; Sullivan, Mark T. (2012). Private Games. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20682-2.
Patterson, James; Sullivan, Mark T. (2013). Private L.A. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21112-3.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2015). Private Vegas. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21115-4.
Patterson, James; Sullivan, Mark T. (2013). Private Berlin. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21117-8.
Patterson, James; White, Michael (2014). Private Down Under. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-2976-6.
Patterson, James; Sanghi, Ashwin (2014). Private India: City on Fire. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-6081-3.
Patterson, James; Sullivan, Mark T. (2016). Private Paris. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40705-2.
Patterson, James; Fox, Kathryn (2016) [2015 as Private Sydney]. Private: Missing. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-6814-7.
Patterson, James; Sullivan, Mark T. (2016). The Games [also known as Private Rio]. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-29018-0.
NYPD Red series[edit]
Patterson, James; Karp, Marshall (2012). NYPD Red. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-19986-5.
Patterson, James; Karp, Marshall (2014). NYPD Red 2. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21123-9.
Patterson, James; Karp, Marshall (2015). NYPD Red 3. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40699-4.
Patterson, James; Karp, Marshall (2016). NYPD Red 4. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40706-9.
Patterson, James; Karp, Marshall (2018). NYPD Red 5. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-178-089-527-7.
Standalone fiction[edit]
Patterson, James (1976). The Thomas Berryman Number. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-446-60045-8.
Patterson, James (1977). Season of the Machete. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-60047-4.
Patterson, James (1979). See How They Run. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 1-56865-423-5.
Patterson, James (1980). Virgin. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-048820-7.
Patterson, James (1986). Black Market. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61087-2.
Patterson, James (1989). The Midnight Club. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69363-4.
Patterson, James (1996). Hide and Seek. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69386-3.
Patterson, James; De Jonge, Peter (1996). Miracle on the 17th Green. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69331-6.
Patterson, James (2000) [1980 as Virgin]. Cradle and All. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69061-9. [2]
Patterson, James (2000) [1986 as Black Market]. Black Friday. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-60932-3. [2]
Patterson, James (2001). Suzanne’s Diary for Nicholas. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-96944-3.
Patterson, James; De Jonge, Peter (2002). The Beach House. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-96968-0.
Patterson, James; Gross, Andrew (2003). The Jester. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-60205-1.
Patterson, James (2004). Sam’s Letters to Jennifer. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-71057-1.
Patterson, James; Roughan, Howard (2005). Honeymoon. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-71062-8.
Patterson, James; Gross, Andrew (2005). Lifeguard. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-05785-1.
Patterson, James; De Jonge, Peter (2006). Beach Road. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-15978-6.
Patterson, James; Gross, Andrew (2006). Judge and Jury. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01393-5.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2007). The Quickie. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-11736-4.
Patterson, James; Roughan, Howard (2007). You’ve Been Warned. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01450-2.
Patterson, James; Charbonnet, Gabrielle (2008). Sundays at Tiffany’s. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01477-9.
Patterson, James; Roughan, Howard (2009). Sail. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01870-8.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2009). Swimsuit. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01877-7.
Patterson, James; Marklund, Liza (2010). The Postcard Killers. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-08951-7.
Patterson, James; Roughan, Howard (2010). Don’t Blink. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03623-8.
Patterson, James; John, K.A. (2011). Bloody Valentine. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-955675-6.
Patterson, James; McMahon, Neil (2011). Toys. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09736-9.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2011). Now You See Her. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03621-4.
Patterson, James; Karp, Marshall (2011). Kill Me If You Can. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09754-3.
Patterson, James; DiLallo, Richard (2011). The Christmas Wedding. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09739-0.
Patterson, James; Ellis, David (2012). Guilty Wives. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09756-7.
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2012). Zoo. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09744-4.
Patterson, James; Roughan, Howard (2013). Second Honeymoon. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21122-2.
Patterson, James; Ellis, David (2013). Mistress. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21107-9.
Patterson, James; Ellis, David (2014). Invisible. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40534-8.
Patterson, James; Roughan, Howard (2015). Truth or Die. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40701-4.
Patterson, James; Ellis, David (2015). The Murder House. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-41098-4.
Clinton, Bill; Patterson, James (2018). The President Is Missing. New York: Knoph & Little, Brown and Company.
Bookshots[edit]
Patterson, James; Jones, Rees (June 16, 2016). Private Royals. Bookshots. ISBN 9781786530172.
Patterson, James; White, Michael (July 14, 2016). Airport: Code Red. Penguin. ISBN 9781786530370.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (July 5, 2016). The Trial. Bookshots. ISBN 978-0-316-31715-3.
Patterson, James; Stone, Lee (June 2, 2016). Break Point. Bookshots. ISBN 9781786530134.
Non-fiction[edit]
Patterson, James; Kim, Peter (1991). The Day America Told the Truth. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 9780134634807.
Patterson, James; Kim, Peter (1994). The Second American Revolution. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 9780688117306.
Patterson, James; Friedman, Hal (2008). Against Medical Advice. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-02475-4.
Patterson, James; Dugard, Martin (2009). The Murder of King Tut. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03404-3.
Patterson, James; Friedman, Hal (2010). Med Head. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-07617-3.
Patterson, James; Connolly, John; Malloy, Tim (2016). Filthy Rich. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-27405-0.
Books written for children and teens[edit]
Fiction series[edit]
Confessions series[edit]
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2012). Confessions of a Murder Suspect. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20698-3.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2013). Confessions: The Private School Murders. New York; Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20765-2.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2014). Confessions: The Paris Mysteries. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-37084-4.
Patterson, James; Paetro, Maxine (2015). Confessions: The Murder of an Angel. New York; Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-30102-2.
Daniel X series[edit]
Patterson, James; Ledwidge, Michael (2008). The Dangerous Days of Daniel X. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-00292-9.
Patterson, James; Rust, Ned (2009). Watch the Skies. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03618-4.
Patterson, James; Sadler, Adam (2010). Demons and Druids. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03698-6.
Patterson, James; Rust, Ned (2011). Game Over. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10178-3.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2012). Armageddon. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10179-0.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2015). Lights Out. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20745-4.
Maximum Ride series[edit]
Main article: Maximum Ride
Patterson, James (2005). The Angel Experiment. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-15556-4.
Patterson, James (2006). School’s Out—Forever. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-15559-5.
Patterson, James (2007). Saving the World and Other Extreme Sports. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-15560-1.
Patterson, James (2008). The Final Warning. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-00286-8.
Patterson, James (2009). Max. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-00289-9.
Patterson, James (2010). Fang. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03619-1.
Patterson, James (2011). Angel. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03620-7.
Patterson, James (2012). Nevermore. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10184-4.
Patterson, James (2015). Maximum Ride Forever. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20750-8.
Middle School series[edit]
Patterson, James; Tebbets, Christopher (2011). Middle School, the Worst Years of My Life. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10187-5.
Patterson, James; Tebbets, Christopher (2012). Get Me out of Here!. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20671-6.
Patterson, James; Papademetriou, Lisa (2013). My Brother Is a Big, Fat Liar. Illustrated by Neil Swaab. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20754-6.
Patterson, James; Tebbets, Christopher (2013). How I Survived Bullies, Broccoli, and Snake Hill. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-23175-6.
Patterson, James; Bergen, Julia (2014). Ultimate Showdown. Illustrated by Alec Longstreth. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-32211-9.
Patterson, James; Tebbets, Christopher (2014). Save Rafe!. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-32212-6.
Patterson, James; Tebbets, Christopher (2015). Just My Rotten Luck. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-28477-6.
Patterson, James; Tebbets, Christopher (2016). Dog's Best Friend. Illustrated by Jomike Tejido. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-34954-3.
Patterson, James; Chatterton, Martin (2017). Escape to Australia. Illustrated by Daniel Griffo. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-27262-9.
I Funny[edit]
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2012). I Funny. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20693-8.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2013). I Even Funnier: A Middle School Story. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20697-6.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2015). I Totally Funniest: A Middle School Story. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-26161-6.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2015). I Funny TV: A Middle School Story. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-30109-1.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2017). I Funny School of Laughs: A Middle School Story. Illustrated by Laura Park. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
Treasure Hunters[edit]
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris; Shulman, Mark (2013). Treasure Hunters. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20756-0.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2014). Danger Down the Nile. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-37086-8.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2015). Secret of the Forbidden City. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-28480-6.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2016). Peril at the Top of the World. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-34693-1.
House of Robots[edit]
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2014). House of Robots. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-40591-1.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2015). Robots Go Wild!. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-28479-0.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2017). Robot Revolution. Illustrated by Juliana Neufeld. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-34958-1.
Others[edit]
Patterson, James; Tebbetts, Christopher (2015). Public School Superhero. Illustrated by Cory Thomas. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-32214-0.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2016). Jacky Ha-Ha. Illustrated by Kerascoët. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-26249-1.
Patterson, James; Grabenstein, Chris (2016). Word of Mouse. Illustrated by Joe Sutphin. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-34956-7.
Witch and Wizard series[edit]
Patterson, James; Charbonnet, Gabrielle (2009). Witch and Wizard. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03624-5.
Patterson, James; Rust, Ned (2010). The Gift. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03625-2.
Patterson, James; Dembowski, Jill (2011). The Fire. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10190-5.
Patterson, James; Dembowski, Jill (2013). The Kiss. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10191-2.
Patterson, James; Raymond, Emily (2014). The Lost. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20770-6.
James Patterson Presents[edit]
Martin, John; Seegert, Scott (2017). Sci-Fi Junior High. Foreword by James Patterson. New York: Scholastic Children's Books. ISBN 978-1407179933.
Fry, Michael (2017). How to Be a Supervillain. New York: jimmy patterson. ISBN 978-0316318693.
Maniscalco, Kerri (2016). Stalking Jack the Ripper. Presented by James Patterson. New York: jimmy patterson. ISBN 978-0316273497.
Maniscalco, Kerri (2017). Hunting Prince Dracula. Presented by James Patterson. New York: jimmy patterson. ISBN 978-0316514828.
Standalone fiction[edit]
Patterson, James (2004). SantaKid. Illustrated by Michael Garland. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-00061-1.
Patterson, James (2011). Boys Will Be Boys. Guys Read. New York: Walden Pond Press. ISBN 978-0-06-211215-6.
Patterson, James; Raymond, Emily (2014). First Love. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20704-1.
Patterson, James; Papademetriou, Lisa (2014). Homeroom Diaries. Illustrated by Keino. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-20762-1.
Patterson, James; Raymond, Emily; Dembowski, Jill (2016). Humans, Bow Down. Illustrated by Alexander Ovchinnikov. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-34696-2.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "a-z". James Patterson: The official web site.
^ Jump up to: a b Arnold, Martin (May 11, 2000). "MAKING BOOKS; Everything Old Is New Again". Books. The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
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James Patterson
Bibliography
Alex Cross series
Characters
Alex Cross
Kyle Craig
John Sampson
Books
Along Came a Spider
Kiss the Girls
Jack & Jill
Cat and Mouse
Pop Goes the Weasel
Roses Are Red
Violets Are Blue
Four Blind Mice
The Big Bad Wolf
London Bridges
Mary, Mary
Cross
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Lipase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A computer-generated image of a type of pancreatic lipase (PLRP2) from the guinea pig. PDB: 1GPL.
A lipase (/ˈlaɪpeɪs/, /-peɪz/) is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids).[1] Lipases are a subclass of the esterases.
Lipases perform essential roles in digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids (e.g. triglycerides, fats, oils) in most, if not all, living organisms. Genes encoding lipases are even present in certain viruses.[2][3]
Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol backbone of a lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3)(small intestine). For example, human pancreatic lipase (HPL),[4] which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids.
Several other types of lipase activities exist in nature, such as phospholipases [5] and sphingomyelinases,[6] however these are usually treated separately from "conventional" lipases.
Some lipases are expressed and secreted by pathogenic organisms during an infection. In particular, Candida albicans has a large number of different lipases, possibly reflecting broad-lipolytic activity, which may contribute to the persistence and virulence of C. albicans in human tissue.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure and catalytic mechanism
2 Physiological distribution
3 Human lipases
4 Industrial uses
5 Diagnostic use
6 Medical use
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Structure and catalytic mechanism[edit]
Although a diverse array of genetically distinct lipase enzymes are found in nature; and, they represent several types of protein folds and catalytic mechanisms, most of them are built on an alpha/beta hydrolase fold[8][9][10][11] and employ a chymotrypsin-like hydrolysis mechanism using a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile, a histidine base, and an acid residue (usually aspartic acid).[12][13]
Physiological distribution[edit]
Lipases are involved in diverse biological processes which range from routine metabolism of dietary triglycerides to cell signaling[14] and inflammation.[15] Thus, some lipase activities are confined to specific compartments within cells while others work in extracellular spaces.
In the example of lysosomal lipase, the enzyme is confined within an organelle called the lysosome.
Other lipase enzymes, such as pancreatic lipases, are secreted into extracellular spaces where they serve to process dietary lipids into more simple forms that can be more easily absorbed and transported throughout the body.
Fungi and bacteria may secrete lipases to facilitate nutrient absorption from the external medium (or in examples of pathogenic microbes, to promote invasion of a new host).
Certain wasp and bee venoms contain phospholipases that enhance the effects of injury and inflammation delivered by a sting.
As biological membranes are integral to living cells and are largely composed of phospholipids, lipases play important roles in cell biology.
Malassezia globosa, a fungus that is thought to be the cause of human dandruff, uses lipase to break down sebum into oleic acid and increase skin cell production, causing dandruff.[16]
Human lipases[edit]
The main lipases of the human digestive system are pancreatic lipase (PL) and pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2), which are secreted by the pancreas. Humans also have several other related enzymes, including hepatic lipase, endothelial lipase, and lipoprotein lipase. Not all of these lipases function in the gut (see table).
Name Gene Location Description Disorder
bile salt-dependent lipase bsdl pancreas, breast milk aids in the digestion of fats
pancreatic lipase PNLIP digestive juice In order to exhibit optimal enzyme activity in the gut lumen, PL requires another protein, colipase, which is also secreted by the pancreas.[17]
lysosomal lipase LIPA interior space of organelle: lysosome Also referred to as lysosomal acid lipase (LAL or LIPA) or acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) and Wolman disease are both caused by mutations in the gene encoding lysosomal lipase.[18]
hepatic lipase LIPC endothelium Hepatic lipase acts on the remaining lipids carried on lipoproteins in the blood to regenerate LDL (low density lipoprotein). -
lipoprotein lipase LPL or "LIPD" endothelium Lipoprotein lipase functions in the blood to act on triacylglycerides carried on VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) so that cells can take up the freed fatty acids. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene encoding lipoprotein lipase.[19][20]
hormone-sensitive lipase LIPE intracellular - -
gastric lipase LIPF digestive juice Functions in the infant at a near-neutral pH to aid in the digestion of lipids -
endothelial lipase LIPG endothelium - -
pancreatic lipase related protein 2 PNLIPRP2 or "PLRP2" - digestive juice - -
pancreatic lipase related protein 1 PNLIPRP1 or "PLRP1" digestive juice Pancreatic lipase related protein 1 is very similar to PLRP2 and PL by amino acid sequence (all three genes probably arose via gene duplication of a single ancestral pancreatic lipase gene). However, PLRP1 is devoid of detectable lipase activity and its function remains unknown, even though it is conserved in other mammals.[21][22] -
lingual lipase ? saliva Active at gastric pH levels. Optimum pH is about 3.5-6. Secreted by several of the salivary glands (Ebner's glands at the back of the tongue (lingua), the sublingual glands, and the parotid glands) -
Other lipases include LIPH, LIPI, LIPJ, LIPK, LIPM, LIPN, MGLL, DAGLA, DAGLB, and CEL.
There also are a diverse array of phospholipases, but these are not always classified with the other lipases.
Industrial uses[edit]
Lipases serve important roles in human practices as ancient as yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, lipases are also being exploited as cheap and versatile catalysts to degrade lipids in more modern applications. For instance, a biotechnology company has brought recombinant lipase enzymes to market for use in applications such as baking, laundry detergents and even as biocatalysts[23] in alternative energy strategies to convert vegetable oil into fuel.[24][25] High enzyme activity lipase can replace traditional catalyst in processing biodiesel, as this enzyme replaces chemicals in a process which is otherwise highly energy intensive,[26] and can be more environmentally friendly and safe. Industrial application of lipases requires process intensification for continuous processing using tools like continuous flow microreactors at small scale.[27][28] Lipases are generally animal sourced, but can also be sourced microbially.
Diagnostic use[edit]
Blood tests for lipase may be used to help investigate and diagnose acute pancreatitis and other disorders of the pancreas.[29] Measured serum lipase values may vary depending on the method of analysis.
Medical use[edit]
Lipase can also assist in the breakdown of fats into lipids in those undergoing pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). It is a key component in Sollpura (Liprotamase).[30][31]
Additional images[edit]
General formula of a carboxylate ester
Glycerol
See also[edit]
Alpha toxin
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency
Peripheral membrane proteins
Phospholipase A
Phospholipase C
Triglyceride lipase
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Svendsen A (2000). "Lipase protein engineering". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1543 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00239-9. PMID 11150608.
Jump up ^ Afonso C, Tulman E, Lu Z, Oma E, Kutish G, Rock D (1999). "The Genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes Entomologists". J Virol. 73 (1): 533–52. PMC 103860  . PMID 9847359.
Jump up ^ Girod A, Wobus C, Zádori Z, Ried M, Leike K, Tijssen P, Kleinschmidt J, Hallek M (2002). "The VP1 capsid protein of adeno-associated virus type 2 is carrying a phospholipase A2 domain required for virus infectivity". J Gen Virol. 83 (Pt 5): 973–8. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-5-973. PMID 11961250.
Jump up ^ Winkler FK; D'Arcy A; W Hunziker (1990). "Structure of human pancreatic lipase". Nature. 343 (6260): 771–774. doi:10.1038/343771a0. PMID 2106079.
Jump up ^ Diaz, B.L.; J. P. Arm. (2003). "Phospholipase A(2)". Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 69 (2–3): 87–97. doi:10.1016/S0952-3278(03)00069-3. PMID 12895591.
Jump up ^ Goñi F, Alonso A (2002). "Sphingomyelinases: enzymology and membrane activity". FEBS Lett. 531 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03482-8. PMID 12401200.
Jump up ^ Hube B, Stehr F, Bossenz M, Mazur A, Kretschmar M, Schafer W (2000). "Secreted lipases of Candida albicans: cloning, characterisation and expression analysis of a new gene family with at least ten members". Arch. Microbiol. 174 (5): 362–374. doi:10.1007/s002030000218. PMID 11131027.
Jump up ^ Winkler FK; D'Arcy A; W Hunziker (1990). "Structure of human boob pancreatic lipase". Nature. 343 (6260): 771–774. doi:10.1038/343771a0. PMID 2106079.
Jump up ^ Schrag J, Cygler M (1997). "Lipases and alpha/beta hydrolase fold". Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 284: 85–107. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(97)84006-2. ISBN 978-0-12-182185-2. PMID 9379946.
Jump up ^ Egmond, M. R.; C. J. van Bemmel (1997). "Impact of Structural Information on Understanding of Lipolytic Function". Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 284: 119–129. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(97)84008-6. ISBN 978-0-12-182185-2. PMID 9379930.
Jump up ^ Withers-Martinez C; Carriere F; Verger R; Bourgeois D; C Cambillau (1996). "A pancreatic lipase with a phospholipase A1 activity: crystal structure of a chimeric pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 from guinea pig". Structure. 4 (11): 1363–74. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00143-8. PMID 8939760.
Jump up ^ Brady, L.; A. M. Brzozowski; Z. S. Derewenda; E. Dodson; G. Dodson; S. Tolley; J. P. Turkenburg; L. Christiansen; B. Huge-Jensen; L. Norskov; et al. (1990). "A serine protease triad forms the catalytic centre of a triacylglycerol lipase". Nature. 343 (6260): 767–70. doi:10.1038/343767a0. PMID 2304552.
Jump up ^ Lowe ME (1992). "The catalytic site residues and interfacial binding of human pancreatic lipase". J Biol Chem. 267 (24): 17069–73. PMID 1512245.
Jump up ^ Spiegel S; Foster D; R Kolesnick (1996). "Signal transduction through lipid second messengers". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 8 (2): 159–67. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(96)80061-5. PMID 8791422.
Jump up ^ Tjoelker LW; Eberhardt C; Unger J; Trong HL; Zimmerman GA; McIntyre TM; Stafforini DM; Prescott SM; PW Gray (1995). "Plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase is a secreted phospholipase A2 with a catalytic triad". J Biol Chem. 270 (43): 25481–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.43.25481. PMID 7592717.
Jump up ^ Genetic Code of Dandruff Cracked - BBC News
Jump up ^ Lowe ME (2002). "The triglyceride lipases of the pancreas". J Lipid Res. 43 (12): 2007–16. doi:10.1194/jlr.R200012-JLR200. PMID 12454260.
Jump up ^ Omim - Wolman Disease
Jump up ^ Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency - Genetics Home Reference
Jump up ^ Gilbert B, Rouis M, Griglio S, de Lumley L, Laplaud P (2001). "Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency: a new patient homozygote for the preponderant mutation Gly188Glu in the human LPL gene and review of reported mutations: 75 % are clustered in exons 5 and 6". Ann Genet. 44 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1016/S0003-3995(01)01037-1. PMID 11334614.
Jump up ^ Crenon I, Foglizzo E, Kerfelec B, Verine A, Pignol D, Hermoso J, Bonicel J, Chapus C (1998). "Pancreatic lipase-related protein type I: a specialized lipase or an inactive enzyme". Protein Eng. 11 (2): 135–42. doi:10.1093/protein/11.2.135. PMID 9605548.
Jump up ^ De Caro J, Carriere F, Barboni P, Giller T, Verger R, De Caro A (1998). "Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PLRP1) is present in the pancreatic juice of several species". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1387 (1–2): 331–41. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00143-5. PMID 9748646.
Jump up ^ Guo Z, Xu X (2005). "New opportunity for enzymatic modification of fats and oils with industrial potentials". Org Biomol Chem. 3 (14): 2615–9. doi:10.1039/b506763d. PMID 15999195.
Jump up ^ Gupta R, Gupta N, Rathi P (2004). "Bacterial lipases: an overview of production, purification and biochemical properties". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 64 (6): 763–81. doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1568-8. PMID 14966663.
Jump up ^ Ban K, Kaieda M, Matsumoto T, Kondo A, Fukuda H (2001). "Whole cell biocatalyst for biodiesel fuel production utilizing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles". Biochem Eng J. 8 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1016/S1369-703X(00)00133-9. PMID 11356369.
Jump up ^ Harding, K.G; Dennis, J.S; von Blottnitz, H; Harrison, S.T.L (2008). "A life-cycle comparison between inorganic and biological catalysis for the production of biodiesel". Journal of Cleaner Production. 16 (13): 1368–78. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.07.003.
Jump up ^ Bhangale, Atul S; Beers, Kathryn L; Gross, Richard A (2012). "Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization of End-Functionalized Polymers in a Microreactor". Macromolecules. 45 (17): 7000–8. doi:10.1021/ma301178k.
Jump up ^ Kundu, Santanu; Bhangale, Atul S; Wallace, William E; Flynn, Kathleen M; Guttman, Charles M; Gross, Richard A; Beers, Kathryn L (2011). "Continuous Flow Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization in a Microreactor". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (15): 6006–11. doi:10.1021/ja111346c. PMID 21438577.
Jump up ^ "Lipase - TheTest". Lab Tests Online. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Anthera Pharmaceuticals - Sollpura." Anthera Pharmaceuticals - Sollpura. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 July 2015. <http://www.anthera.com/pipeline/science/sollpura.html>.
Jump up ^ Bustanji, Yasser; Al-Masri, Ihab M; Mohammad, Mohammad; Hudaib, Mohammad; Tawaha, Khaled; Tarazi, Hamada; Alkhatib, Hatim S (2010). "Pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgo biloba". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 26 (4): 453–9. doi:10.3109/14756366.2010.525509. PMID 21028941.
25. Gulzar, Bio-degradation of hydrocarbons using different bacterial and fungal species. Published in international conference on biotechnology and neurosciences. CUSAT (cochin university of science and technology), 2004
External links[edit]
Lipase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-90 - Phospholipases A2
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-29 - Outer membrane phospholipase A
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-134 - Cytosolic phospholipase A2 and patatin
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-126 - Bacterial and mammalian phospholipases C
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-88 - α-toxin (a bacterial phospholipase C)
Lipase at Lab Tests Online
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Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1)
3.1.1: Carboxylic
ester hydrolases
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase
Butyrylcholinesterase
Pectinesterase
6-phosphogluconolactonase
PAF acetylhydrolase
Lipase
Bile salt-dependent
Gastric/Lingual
Pancreatic
Lysosomal
Hormone-sensitive
Endothelial
Hepatic
Lipoprotein
Monoacylglycerol
Diacylglycerol
Phospholipase
A1
A2
B
Cutinase
PETase
3.1.2: Thioesterase
Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase
3.1.3: Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase
ALPI
ALPL
ALPP
Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases
Nucleotidase
Glucose 6-phosphatase
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Calcineurin
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PP2A
OCRL
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Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
PTEN
Phytase
Beta-propeller phytase
Inositol-phosphate phosphatase
IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPA3
Protein phosphatase: Protein tyrosine phosphatase
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Dual-specificity phosphatase
3.1.4:
Phosphodiesterase
Autotaxin
Phospholipase
C
D
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
1
PDE1
PDE2
PDE3
PDE4A/PDE4B
PDE5
Lecithinase (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin)
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
3.1.6: Sulfatase
arylsulfatase
Arylsulfatase A
Arylsulfatase B
Arylsulfatase E
Steroid sulfatase
Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
Iduronate-2-sulfatase
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase
Nuclease (includes
deoxyribonuclease
and ribonuclease)
3.1.11-16:
Exonuclease
Exodeoxyribonuclease
RecBCD
Exoribonuclease
Oligonucleotidase
3.1.21-31:
Endonuclease
Endodeoxyribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease I
Deoxyribonuclease II
Deoxyribonuclease IV
Restriction enzyme
UvrABC endonuclease
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RNase III
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1
2A
2B
2C
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1
2
3
4/5
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RNA-induced silencing complex
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Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the United States and the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789.
This article is concerned with the process and procedures used by the modern court. For general discussion of the court's jurisdiction and composition, see Supreme Court of the United States; for discussion of the court's present and historical accommodations, see United States Supreme Court building; for discussion of the history of the court, see History of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terms and sittings
2 The Court's authority to hear cases
2.1 Appellate jurisdiction
2.2 Original jurisdiction
3 Selection of cases
4 Hearing cases
4.1 Filing briefs
4.2 Oral arguments
5 Forming opinions
5.1 The conference: assignment of opinions
5.2 Circulating draft opinions and changing of views
5.2.1 Tied votes and lack of quorum
5.3 Announcement of opinions
6 Reporting and citation of cases
7 See also
8 Footnotes and references
9 External links
Terms and sittings[edit]
A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of approximately two weeks known as "sittings" and "recesses." Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses.
The Court's authority to hear cases[edit]
Appellate jurisdiction[edit]
In nearly all of the cases heard by the Supreme Court, the Court exercises the appellate jurisdiction granted it by Article III of the Constitution. This authority permits the Court to review—and affirm or overturn—decisions made by lower courts and tribunals. Procedures for bringing cases before the Supreme Court have changed significantly over time. Today, cases are brought before the Supreme Court by one of several methods, of which the first two account for the overwhelming majority of cases decided:
By petition for a writ of certiorari, filed by a party to a case that has been decided by one of the United States courts of appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
By petition for writ of certiorari with respect to a decision of one of the territorial or state courts, after all state appeals have been exhausted, where an issue of federal constitutional or statutory law is in question. The writ is usually issued to a state supreme court (including high courts of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa), but is occasionally issued to a state's intermediate appellate court for cases where the state supreme court denied certiorari or review and thereby refused to hear the appeal.
By petition for certiorari before judgment, which permits the Court to expedite a case pending before a United States court of appeals by accepting the case for review before the appellate court has decided it. However, Supreme Court Rule 11 provides that a case may be taken by the Court before judgment in a lower court "only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate determination in this Court."
By appeal from certain decisions of United States district courts in certain cases involving redistricting of congressional or state legislative districts, or when specifically authorized in a particular statute.
By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals, meaning that the Court of Appeals requests the Supreme Court to instruct it on how to decide the case. This procedure was once common but is now rarely invoked; the last certificate accepted for review was in 1981.
By petition for an "extraordinary writ" such as mandamus, prohibition, or habeas corpus. These writs are rarely granted by the Supreme Court though they are more frequently granted by lower courts.
Original jurisdiction[edit]
Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction. The Supreme Court's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution, which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction "in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party." The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251. This statute provides further that, in the case of disputes between two or more states, the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases.
The number of original jurisdiction cases heard by the court is small; generally only one or two such cases are heard per term. Because the nine-member Supreme Court is not well-suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials, original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well-qualified lawyer or lower-court judge to serve as special master, conduct the proceedings, and report recommendations to the Court. The Court then considers whether to accept the special master's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report.
Although jury trials are in theory possible in the Court's original jurisdiction cases, there has not been one since Georgia v. Brailsford in 1794.[1] In 1950, in the case United States v. Louisiana, the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial, but the Court denied the motion, ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law, and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply. If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court, however, a jury would likely be empaneled and would hear the case alongside the justices of the Court.[2]
Selection of cases[edit]
Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 ("The Certiorari Act" in some texts), the majority of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction has been discretionary.[3] Each year, the court receives approximately 9,000–10,000 petitions for certiorari, of which less than 1% (approximately 80–100), are granted plenary review with oral arguments, and an additional 50 to 60 are disposed of without plenary review.[4][5]
The Court strictly enforces its requirements for the preparation and timely filing of certiorari petitions, in order to manage such a massive caseload. This occasionally results in harsh consequences, as Justice Thomas acknowledged in a 2007 opinion: "Just a few months ago, the Clerk, pursuant to this Court’s Rule 13.2, refused to accept a petition for certiorari submitted by Ryan Heath Dickson because it had been filed one day late ... Dickson was executed on April 26, 2007, without any Member of this Court having even seen his petition for certiorari. The rejected certiorari petition was Dickson’s first in this Court, and one can only speculate as to whether denial of that petition would have been a foregone conclusion."[6]
In theory, each Justice's clerks write a brief for the Justice outlining the questions presented, and offering a recommendation as to whether certiorari should be granted; in practice, most Justices (all of the current court, except Justices Alito and Gorsuch) have their clerks participate in the cert pool.[7][8][9]
During the Justices' regular conference, the Justices discuss the petitions, and grant certiorari in less than five percent of the cases filed. (During the 1980s and 1990s, the number of cases accepted and decided each term approached 150 per year; more recently, the number of cases granted has averaged well under 100 annually). Before each conference, the Chief Justice prepares a list of those petitions he believes have sufficient merit to warrant discussion. Any other Justice may also add a case to the "discuss list"; cases not designated for discussion by any Justice are automatically denied review. The Court or a Justice may also decide that a case be "re-listed" for discussion at a later conference; this occurs, for example, where the Court decides to request input from the Solicitor General of the United States on whether a petition should be granted.[10]
The votes of four Justices at Conference (see Rule of four) will suffice to grant certiorari and place the case on the court's calendar. If the Supreme Court grants certiorari (or the certified question or other extraordinary writ), then a briefing schedule is arranged for the parties to submit their briefs in favor of or against a particular form of relief. During this time, an individual or group having an interest in a case but not a party to the case may submit a motion to appear before the court as amicus curiae ("friend of the court"). Except for certain specific categories (such as lawyers for state and local governments) or where all parties to the case consent, it is in the Court's discretion whether such motions are granted.
The grant or denial of certiorari petitions by the Court are usually issued as one-sentence orders without explanation.
Cases that fall within the Court's original jurisdiction are initiated by filing a complaint directly with the Supreme Court, and normally are assigned to a special master appointed by the Court for the taking of evidence and making recommendations, after which the Court may accept briefs and hear oral arguments as in an appellate case.
Hearing cases[edit]
Filing briefs[edit]
Before oral arguments, the parties to a case file legal briefs outlining their arguments. An amicus curiae may also submit a brief in support of a particular outcome in the case if the Court grants it permission. Formal rules govern every aspect of these briefs; Chief Justice William Rehnquist described the rules thus:
The rules direct what information must be included in a brief, describe the size of paper and type of print, and limit the number of pages. Even the colors of the covers of the briefs are specified: the petitioner's brief must have a blue cover and the respondent's must have a red cover. The Court also often receives briefs from amici curiae (friends of the Court) in particular cases, and these must have a green cover. This color-coding comes in very handy when you have a stack of eight or ten briefs in a particular case and can locate the brief you want by its color without having to read the covers of each.[11]
Oral arguments[edit]
Thereafter, if the Court chooses to hold a hearing, each side has thirty minutes to present its case orally. In exceptional and controversial cases, however, the time limit may be extended. In the Court's early years, attorneys might argue a single case for hours or even days; but as the judicial workload increased, the time available for argument has been restricted. The late Chief Justice Rehnquist was noted for his especially strict enforcement of the argument time limits.
To file pleadings or to argue a case, an attorney must be a member of the bar of the Court. (The primary requirement for admission to the Bar is that the attorney must have been admitted to practice in the highest court of a state or territory for at least the past three years.) Justices are allowed to interrupt the attorney speaking in order to ask him or her questions, and particularly since the arrival of Justice Antonin Scalia in 1986, do so often.[12]
The Court began recording Oral Arguments in October 1955.[13] Beginning in October 2010, the Supreme Court began the practice of posting recordings and transcripts of the oral arguments made during the preceding week on Fridays on the Court's website.
In an interview for C-SPAN, former Justice Scalia, speaking for himself, noted that by the time the Justices hear oral arguments, having read the submissions by the parties and amici, it is "very rare, though not unheard of", for the discussion during the oral arguments to change his view of a case in which he has already made up his mind based on the submissions and his research about the case. However, he also made the point that it is "quite common" for him to go into Oral Arguments with his mind not made up yet, as the cases are usually very hard and difficult, and that in those situations a persuasive attorney can make the difference for him.[14]
Forming opinions[edit]
The conference: assignment of opinions[edit]
At the end of a week in which the Court has heard oral arguments, the Justices hold a conference to discuss the cases and vote on any new petitions of certiorari. The Justices discuss the points of law at issue in the cases. No clerks are permitted to be present, which would make it exceedingly difficult for a justice without a firm grasp of the matters at hand to participate.[15] At this conference, each justice—in order from most to least senior—states the basis on which he or she would decide the case, and a preliminary vote is taken.
Former Justice Scalia professed frustration that there is little substantive discussion,[16] while former Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote that this makes the conference more efficient.[17] The votes are tallied, and the responsibility for writing the opinion in the case is assigned to one of the justices; the most senior Justice voting in the majority (but always the Chief Justice if he is in the majority) makes the assignment, and can assign the responsibility to him- or herself.
Circulating draft opinions and changing of views[edit]
The justice writing the opinion for the court will produce and circulate a draft opinion to the other justices. Each justice's law clerks may be involved in this phase. In modern Supreme Court history only a few justices, such as former Justice Antonin Scalia, have regularly written their own first drafts.[18] Once the draft opinion has been reviewed, the remaining Justices may recommend changes to the opinion. Whether these changes are accommodated depends on the legal philosophy of the drafters as well as on how strong a majority the opinion garnered at conference. A justice may instead simply join the opinion at that point without comment.
Votes at conference are preliminary; while opinions are being circulated, it is not unheard of for a justice to change sides. A justice may be swayed by the persuasiveness (or lack thereof) of the opinion or dissent, or as a result of reflection and discussion on the points of law at issue.
The evolution of the justices' views during the circulation of draft opinions can change the outcome of the case; an opinion that begins as a majority opinion can become a dissenting opinion, and vice versa. At the conference for Planned Parenthood v. Casey, Justice Kennedy is said to have initially voted with Chief Justice Rehnquist, but then changed his mind, feeling unable to join Rehnquist's draft opinion.[19] While working for the Justice Department, present-day Chief Justice John Roberts—a former Rehnquist law clerk—wrote an analysis of Wallace v. Jaffree[20] in which he indicated his belief (based on the length and structure) that Rehnquist's dissent had started out as an opinion for the court, but lost its majority; similar speculation is often heard of Justice O'Connor's dissent in Kelo v. New London.[21] Justice Kennedy is known within the Court for changing his mind subsequent to the conference, and Justice Thomas is known for having the tendency to lose a majority.[22] Justices may change sides at any time prior to the handing down of the Court's opinion. Generally, the Court's decision is the opinion which a majority (five or more) of justices have joined. In rare instances, the Court will issue a plurality opinion in which four or fewer Justices agree on one opinion, but the others are so fractured that they cannot agree on a position. In this circumstance, in order to determine what the decision is lawyers and judges will analyze the opinions to determine on which points a majority agrees. An example of a case decided by a plurality opinion is Hamdi v. Rumsfeld.
A justice voting with the majority may write a concurring opinion; this is an opinion where the justice agrees with the majority holding itself, but where he or she wishes to express views on the legal elements of the case that are not encompassed in the majority opinion. Justices who do not agree with the decision made by the majority may also submit dissenting opinions, which may give alternative legal viewpoints. Dissenting opinions carry no legal weight or precedent, but they can set the argument for future cases. John Marshall Harlan's dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson set down for the majority opinion later in Brown v. Board of Education.
After granting a writ of certiorari and accepting a case for review, the justices may decide against further review of the case. For example, the Court may feel the case presented during oral arguments did not present the constitutional issues in a clear-cut way, and that adjudication of these issues is better deferred until a suitable case comes before the court. In this event the writ of certiorari is "dismissed as improvidently granted" (DIG)—saying, in effect that the Court should not have accepted the case. As with the granting or denial of cert, this dismissal is customarily made using a simple per curiam decision without explanation.[23]
Customarily, justices who were not seated at the time oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court do not participate in the formulation of an opinion. Likewise, a justice leaving the Court prior to the handing down of an opinion does not take part in the Court's opinion. Should the composition of the Court materially affect the outcome of a pending case, the justices will likely elect to reschedule the case for rehearing.
Tied votes and lack of quorum[edit]
If not all of the nine justices vote on a case, or the Court has a vacancy, then a tied vote is possible. If this occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but the case is not considered to be binding precedent. The effect is a return to the status quo ante. No opinions (or voting alignments) are issued in such a case, only the one-sentence announcement that "[t]he judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court." Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. is an example of such a case. The court tries to avoid such rulings when possible: After the retirement of Justice O'Connor in 2006 three cases would have ended with a tie. All cases were reargued to allow the newly appointed Samuel Alito to cast a decisive vote.
A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six. If, through recusals or vacancies, fewer than six justices can participate in a case, and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case cannot be heard in the next term, then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case. An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now-rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court; in this situation, the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc, or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges.[24]
Announcement of opinions[edit]
Throughout the term, but mostly during the last months of the term—May, June, and, if necessary, July—the Court announces its opinions. The decision of the Court is subsequently published, first as a slip opinion, and subsequently in the United States Reports. In recent years, opinions have been available on the Supreme Court's website and other legal websites on the morning they are announced. Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom, the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns.[25]
The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author; occasionally, the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam. The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century. This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice, whether in the majority or the minority, issued a separate opinion. The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States.
Reporting and citation of cases[edit]
For more specific details on how cases are cited, see case citation.
Supreme Court decisions are typically cited as in the following example: "Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)." The court citation consists of the names of the opposing parties; the volume number; "U.S." (signifying United States Reports, the official reporter of Supreme Court decisions); the page number on which the decision begins; and the year in which the case was decided. The names of the opposing parties are listed in the format "Petitioner v. Respondent" or "Appellant v. Appellee." The Reporter of Decisions is responsible for publication of the Court's rulings. Two other widely used citation formats exist: the Supreme Court Reporter and the Lawyers' Edition, corresponding to two privately published collections of decisions. Citations to cases in the Supreme Court Reporter would be structured as follows: Snowden v. Hughes, 64 S. Ct. 397 (1944). Citations to cases in the Lawyers' Edition would be as follows: Snowden v. Hughes, 88 L. Ed. 497 (1944). Judicial opinions often use the citation from all three sources (the United States Reports, Supreme Court Reporter, and Lawyers' Edition), as seen here: Martin v. Texas, 200 U.S. 316, 26 S. Ct. 338, 50 L. Ed. 497 (1906). Since the 1930s, prior to publication of the decisions in these reporters, they are available from the United States Law Week (U.S.L.W.). In more recent years, opinions have been available electronically soon after they appeared on commercial sites such as Lexis or Westlaw, on Internet sites such as FindLaw and on the Court's own website.[26]
The Reporter of Decisions is the court official responsible for the publication of the Court's opinions and orders. The current Reporter of Decisions is Christine Luchok Fallon.
Decisions of the Supreme Court are precedents that bind all lower courts, both federal and state. The Supreme Court generally respects its own precedents, but has in some cases overturned them.
See also[edit]
Supreme Court Case Selections Act
Footnotes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford, Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 (1794).
Jump up ^ United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 (1950).
Jump up ^ Scalia, Antonin. "Originalism: The Lesser Evil". University of Cincinnati Law Review. 57: 849, 850. Archived from the original on February 21, 2006; Rehnquist, William H. (September 27, 2001). Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist (Speech). Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato, Mexico.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Lazarus, Edward (June 14, 1998). "Closed Chambers". Booknotes (Interview). Interview with Brian Lamb. C-SPAN.
Jump up ^ "The Justices' Caseload" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States.
Jump up ^ Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 (2007).
Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005). "Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool". Law.com. Regarding the picking of cases, see generally, Rehnquist, William H. (2001). The Supreme Court (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf. pp. 224–238. ISBN 9780375409431.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (September 25, 2008). "A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The 'Cert. Pool'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (May 1, 2017). "Gorsuch, in sign of independence, is out of Supreme Court's clerical pool". New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Thompson, David C.; Wachtell, Melanie F. (2009). "An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures". George Mason University Law Review. 16 (2): 237, 241. SSRN 1377522  .
Jump up ^ Rehnquist, William H. (September 27, 2001). Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist (Speech). Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato, Mexico; cf. "Part VII. Practice and Procedure. Rule 33. Document Preparation: Booklet Format; 8 1/2- by 11-Inch Paper Format". Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States. Supreme Court of the United States. April 19, 2013 – via Legal Information Institute, Cornell University.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Margaret (March 28, 2005). "Supreme Confidence: The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005 – via New America Foundation. In his early years on the Court, Scalia's exuberant questioning was not well received by his colleagues ... In Scalia's first oral argument he asked so many questions that Powell whispered, 'Do you think he knows that the rest of us are here?' The other Justices have since caught up with Scalia. Now all of them—with the exception of Clarence Thomas—are garrulous Linder, Doug. "Justices Brennan & Scalia Debate Creation-Science". On a bench lined with solemn gray figures who often sat as silently as pigeons on a railing, Scalia stood out like a talking parrot.
Jump up ^ "About the Oyez Project". Oyez Project. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Scalia, Antonin (June 19, 2009). "Justice Antonin Scalia" (PDF) (Interview). Interview with Susan Swain. C-SPAN. Retrieved November 6, 2010. [I]t is probably quite rare, although not unheard of, that oral argument will change my mind. But it is quite common that I go in with my mind not made up. I mean a lot of these cases are very close, and you go in on the knife's edge. Persuasive counsel can make the difference. There are things you can do with oral argument that cannot be done in a brief. You can convey the relative importance of your various points.
Jump up ^ Rehnquist, William H. (2001). The Supreme Court (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 253. ISBN 9780375409431.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Edward (2005). Closed Chambers. New York: Penguin. p. 285. ISBN 9780143035275. to call our discussion of a case a conference is really something of a misnomer. It's much more a statement of the views of each of the nine justices.
Jump up ^ Rehnquist, William H. (2001). The Supreme Court (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf. pp. 254–58. ISBN 9780375409431.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Edward (2005). Closed Chambers. New York: Penguin. p. 271. ISBN 9780143035275.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Zimmerman, Carol (March 18, 2004). "Justice Blackmun's Papers Reveal Near Overturn of Roe". Catholic Herald. Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on April 19, 2004.
Jump up ^ Roberts, memo to Fred F. Fielding, June 4, 1985.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Claeys, Eric (June 24, 2005). "Did O'Connor Lose the Majority?". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ See Tushnet, Mark V. (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393058680.
Jump up ^ Savage, David G. (January 2002). "Adarand Didn't Add Up: Lawyers Now Wonder Which Affirmative Action Case Court Will Take". ABA Journal. American Bar Association. 88: 26. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ U.S.C. Title 28, Section 1; U.S.C. Title 28, Section 2109.
Jump up ^ Kessler, Robert. "Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Opinions". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Court Rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website
2010 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website
2013 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website
2013 rule revisions from the U.S. Supreme Court website (with "clerk comments" that clarify what's changing for 2013 and why)
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