text:
2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament
2018 NCAA Tournament Championship Game
National Championship Game
Michigan Wolverines
Villanova Wildcats
(33–7) (35–4)
62 79
Head coach:
John Beilein Head coach:
Jay Wright
AP: 7
Coaches: 7
AP: 2
Coaches: 2
1
2
Total
Michigan 28 34 62
Villanova 37 42 79
Date
April 2, 2018
Arena
Alamodome
Location
San Antonio, Texas
MVP
Donte DiVincenzo, Villanova
Favorite
Villanova by 6.5
Referee(s)
Doug Sirmons, Terry Wymer, Jeffrey Anderson
Attendance
67,831
United States TV coverage
Network
TBS
Announcers
Jim Nantz, Bill Raftery, Grant Hill and Tracy Wolfson
Nielsen Ratings
7.5 (national)
U.S. viewership: 13.334 million
The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship in 2016.
Villanova defeated Michigan, 79–62. Donte DiVincenzo, a reserve player, scored 31 points for Villanova, and was named the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player.
Contents
[hide]
1 Participants
1.1 Michigan
1.2 Villanova
2 Starting lineups
3 Game summary
4 Media coverage
5 See also
6 References
Participants[edit]
Michigan[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team
The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989.[1] Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013.[2] At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament.[2][3] They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional.[4]
Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47.[5] They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating the No. 6 Houston Cougars, 64–63, on a buzzer beater by Jordan Poole.[6] They made it to the Elite Eight by defeating the Texas A&M Aggies, 99–72.[7] Michigan advanced to the Final Four by defeating the Florida State Seminoles, 58–54,[8] and defeated the "Cinderella story" of the tournament, the Loyola-Chicago Ramblers, in the Final Four by a score of 69–57.[1]
Villanova[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team
The Villanova Wildcats won the NCAA Tournament in 2016.[9] In 2017–18, Villanova set the NCAA record for three-point shots in a season and in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.[10] After completing a 30–4 regular season, including winning the 2018 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament, Villanova was ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll[11] and earned the No. 1 seed in the East Regional.[12]
In the first round, Villanova defeated the No. 16 Radford Highlanders, 87–61.[13] Villanova blew out the No. 9 Alabama Crimson Tide by a score of 81–58 in the second round.[14] In the Sweet 16, Villanova beat the West Virginia Mountaineers, 90–78.[15] Villanova won against the No. 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders, 71–59, to make the Final Four.[16] They defeated the Kansas Jayhawks by a score of 95–79 in the Final Four to reach the championship game.[17] In their victory over Kansas, Villanova set an NCAA Tournament Final Four single-game record with 18 three-point shots.[10]
Starting lineups[edit]
[18][19]
Selected in an NBA Draft (number corresponds to draft round)
† = 2018 All-American
Michigan
Position
Villanova
Muhammad-Ali Abdur-Rahkman G Phil Booth
Zavier Simpson G † Jalen Brunson
Isaiah Livers F Eric Paschall
Charles Matthews G G/F Mikal Bridges
Mortiz Wagner F Omari Spellman
Game summary[edit]
TBS
April 2, 2018
8:20 pm CDT
Box score
#3 Michigan Wolverines 62, #1 Villanova Wildcats 79
Scoring by half: 28–37, 34–42
Pts: M. Abdur-Rahkman – 23
Rebs: M. Wagner – 7
Asts: Z. Simpson – 2 Pts: D. DiVincenzo – 31
Rebs: O. Spellman – 11
Asts: D. DiVincenzo – 3
Alamodome – San Antonio
Attendance: 67,831
Referees: Doug Sirmons, Terry Wymer, Jeffrey Anderson
Donte DiVincenzo
The announced attendance for the game was 67,831. During the first half, Moritz Wagner of Michigan scored nine of the team's first 11 points,[20] as Michigan took a 21–14 lead. Villanova went on a 22–7 scoring run to end the half leading Michigan, 37–28.[2] Donte DiVincenzo, who entered the game off of the bench as a reserve player, scored 18 points out of Villanova's first 32. During the second half, DiVincenzo scored 11 consecutive points, putting Villanova 16 points ahead of Michigan. Villanova outscored Michigan by a score of 42–34 in the second half to win the championship by a score of 79–62. Villanova led Michigan in rebounds, 38–27, and limited the Wolverines to three three-point shots.[20]
With the 17 point victory, Villanova won each game in the tournament by double digit margins.[20] DiVincenzo scored a total of 31 points, the most in a national championship game by a player who did not start. DiVincenzo's 31 points led the game, and he was named the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player.[21]
Media coverage[edit]
The National Championship game was broadcast in the United States by TBS.[22] Jim Nantz provided play-by-play, while Bill Raftery and Grant Hill provided color commentary and Tracy Wolfson served as the sideline reporter. The pre-game and post-game shows included analysis by Greg Gumbel, Ernie Johnson Jr., Seth Davis, Clark Kellogg, Kenny Smith, and Charles Barkley.[23] TBS's sister channels, TNT and TruTV, also aired special broadcasts of the game. The game drew an estimated 10.3 Nielsen rating across the three networks, the lowest for a national championship game, but the highest on television for the night of April 2.[24]
ESPN International owns the international broadcast rights for 180 countries. In Canada, the game aired on TSN.[25] Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One.[26]
See also[edit]
2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Tracy, Marc (February 20, 2018). "Michigan Ends Loyola-Chicago's Long, Wild Ride in the Final Four". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, Jill (April 3, 2018). "Villanova dominates Michigan to win national title". CNN. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Michigan jumps to No. 7 in AP, coaches polls; Michigan State falls". Detroit Free Press. March 5, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Michigan 'flattered' with 3-seed, opens vs. No. 14 Montana". Detroitnews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Michigan overcomes draining day to finish Montana in NCAA tournament". Detroit Free Press. March 16, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Skretta, Dave (March 17, 2018). "Jordan Poole's buzzer-beating 3-pointer sends Michigan past Houston, 64–63". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Zwerneman, Brent (March 22, 2018). "Michigan leaves Texas A&M behind in Sweet 16 matchup". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Richard (March 24, 2018). "Michigan-Florida State Elite Eight: Wolverines advance to Final Four in close game". SBNation.com. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Mike (March 31, 2018). "Villanova's 2016 and 2018 NCAA tournament runs are eerily similar". SBNation.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rutherford, Mike (February 4, 2018). "Villanova vs. Michigan preview: Three defining national championship game storylines". SBNation.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Beard, Aaron (March 13, 2017). "Villanova ranked No. 1 in final AP poll of regular season". NBC Sports Philadelphia. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Villanova earns top seed in NCAA Tournament East Region". USA Today. March 11, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Villanova opens March Madness with win over Radford; will face Alabama". Philly. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Geltson, Dan (March 17, 2018). "Villanova Blows Out Alabama to Advance to Sweet 16 in 2018 NCAA Tournament". Nbcphiladelphia.com. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stubbs, Roman (March 24, 2018). "Villanova feels the pressure, then gets cooking to beat West Virginia in Sweet 16". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schonbrun, Zach (March 25, 2018). "Villanova Returns to Final Four With Gritty Win Over Texas Tech". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Villanova routs Kansas in Final Four, will play Michigan in national championship". Yahoo!. November 7, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017-18 Villanova Wildcats Starting Lineups". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017-18 Michigan Wolverines Starting Lineups". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schonbrun, Zach (April 2, 2018). "Juggernaut Villanova Crushes Michigan for N.C.A.A. Championship". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Winfield, Kristian (February 4, 2018). "NCAA tournament 2018: Donte Divincenzo wins Most Outstanding Player". SBNation.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced". NCAA. February 7, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bona, Marc. "How did TBS do in its Villanova-Michigan game coverage?". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Report: UM-Villanova game a ratings disaster". Detroitnews.com. April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Negron, Anna (May 4, 2013). "ESPN Heads to Men's Final Four with Live Programming from San Antonio". ESPN MediaZone. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Potter, Chris (March 11, 2018). "Presents Exclusive Multiplatform Audio Coverage of the 2018 NCAA® Men's Basketball Tournament". Westwood One. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
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[show]
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Villanova Wildcats men's basketball 2017–18 NCAA champions
1 Jalen Brunson
2 Collin Gillespie
4 Eric Paschall
5 Phil Booth
10 Donte DiVincenzo (MOP)
14 Omari Spellman
25 Mikal Bridges
Head coach
Jay Wright
Assistant Coaches
Ashley Howard
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Championship_Game&oldid=841578739"
Categories:
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text:
History of the Panama Canal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Miraflores Locks in 2004
The idea of the Panama canal dates back to 1513, when Vasco Núñez de Balboa first crossed the isthmus. The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal, a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The earliest European colonists recognized this potential, and several proposals for a canal were made.[1]
By the late nineteenth century, technological advances and commercial pressure allowed construction to begin in earnest. Noted canal engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps led an initial attempt by France to build a sea-level canal. Beset by cost overruns due to the severe underestimation of the difficulties in excavating the rugged Panama land, heavy personnel losses in Panama due to tropical diseases, and political corruption in France surrounding the financing of the massive project, the project succeeded in only partially completing the canal.
Interest in a U.S.-led canal effort picked up as soon as France abandoned the project. Initially, the Panama site was politically unfavorable in the U.S. for a variety of reasons, including the taint of the failed French efforts and the Colombian government's unfriendly attitude towards the U.S. continuing the project. The U.S. first sought to construct a completely new canal through Nicaragua instead.
French engineer and financier Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla played a key role in changing U.S. attitudes. Bunau-Varilla had a large stake in the failed French canal company, and stood to make money on his investment only if the Panama Canal was completed. Extensive lobbying of U.S. lawmakers coupled with his support of a nascent independence movement among the Panamanian people led to a simultaneous revolution in Panama and the negotiation of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty which secured both independence for Panama and the right for the U.S. to lead a renewed effort to construct the canal. Colombia's response to the Panamanian independence movement was tempered by U.S. military presence; the move is often cited as a classic example of the era of gunboat diplomacy.
U.S. success hinged on two factors. First was converting the original French sea-level plan to a more realistic lock-controlled canal. The second was controlling disease which decimated workers and management alike under the original French attempt. Initial chief engineer John Frank Stevens built much of the infrastructure necessary for later construction; slow progress on the canal itself led to his replacement by George Washington Goethals. Goethals oversaw the bulk of the excavation of the canal, including appointing Major David du Bose Gaillard to oversee the most daunting project, the Culebra Cut through the roughest terrain on the route. Almost as important as the engineering advances was the healthcare advances made during the construction, led by William C. Gorgas, an expert in controlling tropical diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. Gorgas was one of the first to recognize the role of mosquitoes in the spread of these diseases, and by focusing on controlling the mosquitoes greatly improved worker conditions.
On 7 January 1914 the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley became the first to make the traverse, and on 1 April 1914 the construction was officially completed with the hand-over of the project from the construction company to the Canal Zone government. The outbreak of World War I caused the cancellation of any official "grand opening" celebration, and the canal officially opened to commercial traffic on 15 August 1914 with the transit of the SS Ancon.
During World War II, the canal proved a vital part of the U.S. military strategy, allowing ships to transfer easily between the Atlantic and Pacific. Politically, the Canal remained a territory of the United States until 1977, when the Torrijos–Carter Treaties began the process of transferring territorial control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama, a process completed on 31 December 1999.
The Panama Canal continues to be a viable commercial venture and a vital link in world shipping, and continues to be periodically updated and maintained. The Panama Canal expansion project started construction in 2007 and began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger Post-Panamax and New Panamax ships, which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks could accommodate.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 French project
1.1 Conception
1.2 Construction
1.3 New Panama Canal Company
1.4 Results
2 Nicaraguan canal
3 United States
3.1 Takeover
3.2 Workforce
3.3 Living conditions
3.4 US construction
3.5 Culebra Cut
3.6 Dams
3.7 Locks
3.8 Opening
3.9 Summary
4 Third-lane plans
5 Transfer to Panama
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Contemporary magazines
10 External links
French project[edit]
1888 German map of a projected Panama Canal (above) and an alternate Nicaragua route (below)
The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century. In 1819, the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it.
Although the project stalled for some time, a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875. They indicated that the two most-favorable routes were across Panama (then part of Colombia) and Nicaragua, with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option. The Nicaraguan route was surveyed.
Conception[edit]
Part de Fondateur of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama, issued 29. November 1880
After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal, France thought that an apparently-similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty. In 1876 an international company, La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique, was created to undertake its construction; two years later, it obtained a concession from the Colombian government (since Panama was a Colombian province) to dig a canal across the isthmus.
Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction, headed the project. His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project.
However, despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer. The Suez Canal, essentially a ditch dug through a flat, sandy desert, presented few challenges. Although Central America's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama, it is still 110 meters (360.9 ft) above sea level at its lowest crossing point. The sea-level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock, rather than Suez' sand.
Less-obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal, particularly the Chagres (which flows strongly during the rainy season). Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal, a sea-level canal would require the river's diversion.
The most serious problem was tropical disease, particularly malaria and yellow fever, whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time. The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them, but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes (carriers of the diseases).
The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise. In May 1879, an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris. Of its 136 delegates, only 42 were engineers; the others were speculators, politicians and friends of de Lesseps.
He was convinced that a sea-level canal, dug through the mountainous spine of Central America, could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal. The engineering congress estimated the project's cost at $214 million; on February 14, 1880, an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million. De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice, with no apparent justification: on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million. The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years (the Suez Canal required ten).
The proposed sea-level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters (29.5 ft), a bottom width of 22 meters (72.2 ft) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters (90.2 ft); the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m3 (157,000,000 cu yd). A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River, with channels to drain water away from the canal. However, the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved.
Construction[edit]
The Culebra Cut in 1885
Construction of the canal began on January 1, 1881, with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22.[1] A large labor force was assembled, numbering about 40,000 in 1888 (nine-tenths of whom were afro-Caribbean workers from the West Indies). Although the project attracted good, well-paid French engineers, retaining them was difficult due to disease. The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000, of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens.[3]
By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea-level canal was impractical, and an elevated canal with locks was preferable; de Lesseps resisted, and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887. By this time increasing mortality rates, as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides, indicated that the project was in serious trouble. Work continued under the new plan until May 15, 1889, when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended. After eight years the canal was about two-fifths completed, and about $234.8 million had been spent.
Construction of the canal
The company's collapse was a scandal in France, and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair. One hundred and four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption, and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893.[2]
New Panama Canal Company[edit]
It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project. A new concession was obtained from Colombia, and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal. To comply with the terms of the contract, work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project. They eventually settled on a plan for a two-level, lock-based canal.
The new effort never gained traction, mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless. The most men employed on the new project was 3,600 (in 1896), primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition. The company had already begun looking for a buyer, with an asking price of $109 million.
In the US, a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route. In November 1901, the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million. The recommendation became law on June 28, 1902, and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price.[3]
Results[edit]
Although the French effort was, to a large extent, doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties, it was not entirely futile. The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m3 (78,146,960 cu yd) of material, of which 14,255,890 m3 (18,646,000 cu yd) was taken from the Culebra Cut. The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa, and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side (known as the French canal) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún.
Detailed surveys and studies (particularly those carried out by the new canal company) and machinery, including railroad equipment and vehicles, aided the later American effort. The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters (17 ft), from 64 to 59 metres (210 to 194 ft). An estimated 22,713,396 m3 (29,708,000 cu yd) of excavation, valued at about $25.4 million, and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans.[citation needed]
Nicaraguan canal[edit]
Main article: Nicaragua Canal
The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would-be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans. In 1887, a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua. Two years later, the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua. The company lost money in the panic of 1893, and its work in Nicaragua ceased. In 1897 and 1899, the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times.
Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project, increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project. A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
See also: Panama–Colombia separation and Gunboat diplomacy
Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country. This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15, 1898. Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal, Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location. The purchase of the French-held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28, 1902 Spooner Act. Since Panama was then part of Colombia, Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights. In early 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty.
Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their fight for independence. Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903, and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference. The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for $10 million in accordance with the November 18, 1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
Takeover[edit]
1923 elevation map of the canal, showing the region's topography
The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4, 1904, when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony.[citation needed] The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) during construction.
The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration. The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order. The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment. There were no facilities in place for a large workforce, and the infrastructure was crumbling.
Cataloguing assets was a large job; it took many weeks to card-index available equipment. About 2,150 buildings had been acquired,[4] many of which were uninhabitable; housing was an early problem, and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay. However, much equipment (such as locomotives, dredges and other floating equipment) was still serviceable.
General George Washington Goethals
Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction, red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC. He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay, and Wallace resigned in 1905. He was replaced by John Frank Stevens, who arrived on July 26, 1905. Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway, improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón, renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing. He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction. Stevens' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later. He improved drilling and dirt-removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency, revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal.
No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea-level one; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case. In late 1905, President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time. Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea-level canal, Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan; Stevens' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred. In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal's progress, the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president.
Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial. Bids for the canal's construction were opened in January 1907, and Knoxville, Tennessee-based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder. Stevens disliked Oliver, and vehemently opposed his choice. Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor, he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work[4] and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer (under Stevens' direction) in February 1907. Stevens, frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement, resigned and was replaced by Goethals.[5]
Workforce[edit]
The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal. High-level engineering jobs, clerical positions, skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans, with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor. These jobs were initially filled by Europeans, primarily from Spain, Italy and Greece, many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe. The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies, and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal.[6]
Living conditions[edit]
Main article: Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal
The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons; as a result, alcohol abuse was a great problem. The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year.
A program of improvements was implemented. Clubhouses were built, managed by the YMCA, with billiard, assembly and reading rooms, bowling alleys, darkrooms for camera clubs, gymnastic equipment, ice cream parlors, soda fountains and a circulating library. Member dues were ten dollars a year, with the remaining upkeep (about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses) paid by the ICC. The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games; a competitive league soon developed. Semimonthly Saturday-night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli, which had a spacious ballroom.
These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone; alcohol abuse fell, with saloon business declining by 60 percent.[citation needed] The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly.
US construction[edit]
Culebra Cut in 1907
The work done thus far was preparation, rather than construction. By the time Goethals took over, the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest.
Goethals divided the project into three divisions: Atlantic, Central and Pacific. The Atlantic Division, under Major William L. Sibert, was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay, the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km (3.5 mi) approach channel, and the Gatun Dam. The Pacific Division (under Sydney B. Williamson, the only civilian division head) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal, including a 4.8 km (3.0 mi) breakwater in Panama Bay, the approach channel, and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams. The Central Division, under Major David du Bose Gaillard, was responsible for everything in between. It had arguably the project's greatest challenge: excavating the Culebra Cut (known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000), which involved cutting 8 miles (13 km) through the continental divide down to 12 meters (40 ft) above sea level.
By August 1907, 765,000 m³ (1,000,000 cubic yards) per month was being excavated; this set a record for the rainy season; soon afterwards this doubled, before increasing again. At the peak of production, 2,300,000 m³ (3,000,000 cubic yards) were being excavated per month (the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 3½ months).[citation needed]
Culebra Cut[edit]
Main article: Culebra Cut
1923 diagram illustrating the elevations through which the canal cuts across the isthmus
One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide, which originally rose to 110 metres (360.9 ft) above sea level at its highest point. The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project.
Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers. Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal's Central Division, which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam, and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut (as it was then known) excavated.
The scale of the work was massive. Six thousand men worked in the cut, drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t (60,000,000 lb) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock (which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day). Landslides were frequent, due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock's underlying iron strata. Although the scale of the job and the frequent, unpredictable slides generated chaos, Gaillard provided quiet, clear-sighted leadership.
On May 20, 1913, Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom. The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres (193.6 ft) over a relatively narrow width; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres (39.4 ft) above sea level over a greater width, and had excavated over 76,000,000 m3 (99,000,000 cu yd) of material. About 23,000,000 m3 (30,000,000 cu yd) of this material in addition to the planned excavation, in the form of landslides. Dry excavation ended on September 10, 1913; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m3 (2,000,000 cu yd) of earth, but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded.
Dams[edit]
Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal: Gatun and Miraflores Lakes. Four dams were constructed to create them. Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake, and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut (essentially an arm of Lake Gatun). The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River, creating Gatun Lake.
The Miraflores dams are an 825-metre (2,707 ft) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150-metre (492 ft) concrete spillway dam east of the locks. The concrete dam has eight floodgates, similar to those on the Gatun spillway. The earthen, 430-metre (1,411 ft) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock. Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level. The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam. This earthen dam, 640 metres (2,100 ft) thick at the base and 2,300 metres (7,546 ft) long along the top, was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened.[citation needed]
Locks[edit]
Pedro Miguel Locks under construction during the early 1910s, looking north, showing the center wall and intakes
Main article: Panama Canal locks
Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24, 1909. The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake, requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m3 (4,970,212 cu yd) of material (mostly rock). The locks were made of 1,564,400 m3 (2,046,158 cu yd) of concrete, with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock-construction sites.
The Pacific-side locks were finished first: the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911, and Miraflores in May 1913. The seagoing tugboat Gatun, an Atlantic-entrance tug used to haul barges, traversed the Gatun locks on September 26, 1913. The trip was successful, although the valves were controlled manually; the central control board was not yet ready.
Opening[edit]
On October 10, 1913, the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington. On January 7, 1914, the Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction.
As construction wound down, the canal team began to disperse. Thousands of workers were laid off, and entire towns were disassembled or demolished. Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas, who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines, became surgeon general of the Army. On April 1, 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded, and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor; the first governor was George Washington Goethals.
Although a large celebration was planned for the canal's opening, the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair. The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon, piloted by Captain John A. Constantine (the canal's first pilot), made the first official transit on August 15, 1914. With no international dignitaries in attendance, Goethals followed the Ancon's progress by railroad.
Summary[edit]
International Space Station photo showing (right to left) the Miraflores locks, Miraflores Lake, the Pedro Miguel locks and the Centennial Bridge
The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US. It changed world shipping patterns, removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn. The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles (12,600 km) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco.
Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II, when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet.[7] Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers, particularly Essex class; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them, the lampposts along the canal had to be removed.
The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million, including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company. Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time, it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal's width. An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications.
Missouri traverses the Panama Canal en route to the United States in October 1945
A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project; at the peak of construction, there were 40,000 workers. According to hospital records, 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era.[citation needed]
A total of 182,610,550 m3 (238,845,582 cu yd) of material was excavated in the American effort, including the approach channels at the canal ends. Adding the work by the French, the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m3 (268,000,000 cu yd) (over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project).[citation needed]
Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period, Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening. However, William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time. Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt's secretary of war and twice as president. He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens' replacement. Taft became president in 1909, when the canal was half finished, and was in office for most of the remainder of the work. However, Goethals later wrote: "The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt".[citation needed]
The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal's administration building in Balboa:[citation needed]
It is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, and spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement; and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.
David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5, 1913, at age 54. Promoted to colonel only a month earlier, Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed. The Culebra Cut (as it was originally known) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27, 1915, in his honor. A plaque commemorating Gaillard's work stood over the cut for many years; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building, near a memorial to Goethals.
Third-lane plans[edit]
As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s, the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans. The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks, and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing.[8][9]
These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1, 1936, authorizing a study of improving the canal's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels. A special engineering section was created on July 3, 1937, to carry out the study. The section reported to Congress on February 24, 1939, recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate. On August 11, Congress authorized the work.
Three new locks were planned, at Gatún, Pedro Miguel and Miraflores, parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels. The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal, with each chamber 1,200 ft (365.76 m) long, 140 ft (42.67 m) wide and 45 ft (13.72 m) deep. They would be 1⁄2 mi (805 m) east of the existing Gatún locks and 1⁄4 mi (402 m) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks.
The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1, 1940, following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24, 1940. The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19, 1941. Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned, and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores.
In 2006, the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (the Panama Canal Authority, or ACP) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals. Following a referendum, work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26, 2016. After a two-year delay, the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships (which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle). The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship, the Chinese-owned Cosco Shipping Panama. The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion.[2]
Transfer to Panama[edit]
Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing
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Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty, September 7, 1977
Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing
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After construction, the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States. On September 7, 1977, US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama. The treaty became effective on October 1, 1979, providing for a 20-year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31, 1999. Since then, the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority (Autoridad de Canal de Panama, or ACP).
The treaty was controversial in the US, and its passage was difficult. The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports, at either end of the canal, which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong-based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa. According to US Republicans, the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military.[10] However, the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing.[11] Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces.[12]
Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos shake hands moments after the signing of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.
Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer, Panama has exercised good stewardship.[13] According to ACP figures, canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 (the first year under Panamanian control) to $1.4 billion in 2006.[citation needed] Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006. The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005. Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours, about the same as during the late 1990s. Canal expenses have increased less than revenue, from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006. On October 22, 2006, Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal.
Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt, who served from 2002 to 2005, said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been "outstanding". "The international shipping community is quite pleased", Watt added.[14]
See also[edit]
Corozal "Silver" Cemetery – a cemetery near Panama City dedicated to workers on the Panama Canal.
Latin America–United States relations
Notes[edit]
^ The French Failure, from CZ Brats
^ DuVal, Miles P. (1947) And the Mountains Will Move: The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal. Stanford University Press.
^ Robert H. Zieger. "Builders and Dreamers." Reviews in American History 38, no. 3 (2010): 513–519.
^ For an excellent book on these early years see: Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
^ On the Panama Scandal, speech by Jean Jaurès, 1893 (at Marxists.org Internet Archive)
^ The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914, David McCullough, Simon & Schuster, 1978 (a comprehensive history of the building of the canal)
^ The Panama Canal, what it is, what it means, J. Barrett, 1913
^ The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective, Walter LaFeber, Oxford, 1990 (a survey of U.S. diplomatic, legal, political, economic, and military involvement with the canal)
^ The Panama Canal, Frederic J. Haskin
^ Enlarging the Panama Canal, Alden P. Armagnac, CZ Brats
^ Enlarging the Panama Canal for Bigger Battleships, notes from CZ Brats
^ Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal 1903–1979, John Major, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (a comprehensive history of U.S. policy, from Teddy Roosevelt to Jimmy Carter)
^ China company grabs power over Panama Canal, Rowan Scarborough, The Washington Times (at The Conservative Caucus)
^ Transfer heavy on symbolism, light on change, Steve Nettleton, CNN Interactive
^ At Last, Terrorist Threat to Panama Canal is Recognized, at The Conservative Caucus
^ Huge Panama Canal Is Carved Out of the Jungle, from Engineering News-Record
^ A History of the Panama Canal, from the Panama Canal Authority
^ The Case Of The Traveling Plaque, about the plaque dedicated to Colonel David du Bose Gaillard
^ Panama delivers a lesson to isolationists by Andrés Oppenheimer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smith, Lydia. "Panama Canal 100th Anniversary". International Business Times. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Associated Press (2016-06-26). "Panama Canal Opens $5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
Jump up ^ The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914, David McCullough, Simon & Schuster, 1978 (a comprehensive history of the building of the canal)
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=M6JAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2598&lpg=PA2598&dq=2148+buildings+panama+canal&source=bl&ots=dFkpYoqYC_&sig=_KnYM4ss4TsR3guH8eH1wZHerY8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1DQtVcS_C8WtyATiwoHACQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=2148%20buildings%20panama%20canal&f=false
Further reading[edit]
Collin, Richard H. Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbean: The Panama Canal, the Monroe Doctrine, & the Latin American Context (Louisiana State U. Press, 1990), 520pp
Greene, Julie. (2009). The Canal Builders: Making America's Empire at the Panama Canal. New York: The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-201-8
Lafeber, Walter. The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (3rd ed. 1990), the standard scholarly account of diplomacy
Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers, OCLC 138568
Mellander, Gustavo A., Mellander, Nelly, "Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years." Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. (1999)
McCullough, David. (1977). The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22563-4
Parker, Matthew. (2008).Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time--The Building of the Panama Canal. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385515344
Williams, Mary Wilhelmine. Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy, 1815–1915 (1916) online
Contemporary magazines[edit]
Lyle, Jr., Eugene P. (November 1905). "The Real Conditions at Panama". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XI: 6858–6892. Retrieved 2009-07-10. Includes c. 1905 construction photos.
Thorp, William (March 1904). "The Control of the Approach to the Panama Canal". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. VII: 4594–4599. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Vose, Edward Neville (August 1912). "How Panama Will Alter Trade: The Shift Of Routes Of Ocean Traffic". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 418–433. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
External links[edit]
National Archives of Japan: Report of the Foreign Resident, photos (1913)
1904 Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama (the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty)
Open Collections Program: Contagion, Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal, 1904–1914
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text:
Magic (Pilot song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Magic"
Single by Pilot
from the album From the Album of the Same Name
B-side
"Just Let Me Be"
Released
20 September 1974
Recorded
1974
Genre
Pop rock, power pop, glam rock[1]
Length
3:06 (Album version)
2:22 (Single edit version)
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
William Lyall, David Paton
Producer(s)
Alan Parsons
Pilot singles chronology
"Just a Smile"
(1974) "Magic"
(1974) "January"
(1975)
"Just a Smile"
(1974) "Magic"
(1975) "January"
(1975)
"Magic" is a popular 1974 song by Scottish pop rock band Pilot, and was the first hit single for the group. It was written by band members Billy Lyall and David Paton for their debut album, From the Album of the Same Name.
It charted most successfully in Canada, where it reached No. 1, topping the RPM national singles chart on 19 July 1975,[2] and received a gold certification.[3] It climbed as far as No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart and reached No. 5 during the summer of 1975 in the US on the Billboard Hot 100.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Other versions
2.1 Selena Gomez version
2.2 Commercial performance
2.2.1 Chart performance
2.2.2 Music video
2.2.3 Charts
3 References
4 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974–75)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[4] 12
Canadian RPM Top Singles[5] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 6
UK 11
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[7] 5
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[8] 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Rank
Australia[4] 61
Canada[9] 16
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[10] 31
Other versions[edit]
"Magic" was covered by Sally Boyden on her 1976 album The Littlest Australian.[11] The song was sampled by Girl Talk on his 2006 release Night Ripper on the track "Summer Smoke". The song is also heavily sampled in a song titled "It's Magic" by rap artist J.R. Writer. It was then sampled again by rapper Flo Rida in 2009. The alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies has been known to sometimes close live shows by playing the song as part of a medley.[12] It has also been covered by Patrick Juvet.[13]
Selena Gomez version[edit]
"Magic"
Single by Selena Gomez
from the album Wizards of Waverly Place
Released
21 July 2009
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2009
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:49
Label
Walt Disney
Songwriter(s)
William Lyall, David Paton
Producer(s)
Ted Bruner
Trey Vittetoe
Selena Gomez singles chronology
"Tell Me Something I Don't Know"
(2008) "Magic"
(2009) "Falling Down"
(2009)
"Tell Me Something I Don't Know"
(2008) "Magic"
(2009) "Falling Down"
(2009)
Music video
"Magic" on YouTube
Selena Gomez covered "Magic" for the soundtrack of the Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place, was released as a single on 21 July 2009; it was marked with an asterisk (*) as "Magic*" due to two other songs on the album having identical names. (the other two performed by Meagan Martin and Honor Society). The song was featured in the television film Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie.
Commercial performance[edit]
The song has sold over 563,000 copies in the United States as of May 2017.[14]
Chart performance[edit]
Gomez's version peaked at No. 61 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, at No. 80 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, at No. 5 on the Norwegian Singles Chart and at No. 90 on the UK Singles Chart. It has sold 563,000 copies in the United States.[15]
Music video[edit]
The music video premiered on Disney Channel on 24 July 2009. The video was directed by Roman Perez.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Brazil (ABPD)[16] 47
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[17] 80
Norway (VG-lista)[18] 5
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[19] 72
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[20] 90
US Billboard Hot 100[21] 61
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Glam Rock singles of all time". Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Gold Platinum Database". Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
Jump up ^ "RPM - Library and Archives Canada - RPM - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Magic". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ [Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002]
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top Singles - 1975". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 24, No. 14, December 27, 1975". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1975/Top 100 Songs of 1975". musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ The Littlest Australian by Sally Boyden : Reviews and Ratings. Rate Your Music.
Jump up ^ Barenaked Ladies performing musical montage, starting with Oh, Oh, Oh It's Magic. YouTube (8 August 2010).
Jump up ^ Patrick JUVET – MAGIC. YouTube (17 April 2010).
Jump up ^ Gary Trust (May 14, 2017). "Ask Billboard: Selena Gomez's Career Album & Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (14 May 2017). "Ask Billboard: Selena Gomez's Career Album & Song Sales". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Selena Gomez – Magic". VG-lista. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Listen to What the Man Said" by Wings Canadian RPM number-one single
19 July 1975 (1 week) Succeeded by
"The Hustle" by Van McCoy
[show]
v
t
e
Pilot
David Paton
Billy Lyall
Ian Bairnson
Stuart Tosh
Studio albums
From the Album of the Same Name
Singles
"Magic"
"January"
Related articles
Bay City Rollers
Alan Parsons
[show]
v
t
e
Selena Gomez
Discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
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Studio albums
Stars Dance
Revival
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For You
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"Come & Get It"
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"Good for You"
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"Hands to Myself"
"Kill Em with Kindness"
"It Ain't Me"
"Bad Liar"
"Fetish"
"Wolves"
Featured singles
"I Want You to Know"
"We Don't Talk Anymore"
"Hands"
"Trust Nobody"
Promotional singles
"Tell Me Something I Don't Know"
"Magic"
"Whoa Oh!" (remix)
"Send It On"
"Shake It Up"
"Me & the Rhythm"
Other charted songs
"One and the Same"
"Birthday"
"Stars Dance"
"Sober"
"Me & My Girls"
Other songs
"Like a Champion"
"Forget Forever"
"Revival"
"Only You"
Concert tours
Stars Dance Tour
Revival Tour
Related articles
Selena Gomez & the Scene
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_(Pilot_song)&oldid=815404119"
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