text:
Acid phosphatase
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Acid phosphatase
Acid phosphatase tetramer, Human prostate gland
Identifiers
EC number
3.1.3.2
CAS number
9001-77-8
Databases
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IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
ExPASy
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KEGG entry
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metabolic pathway
PRIAM
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Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2, acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphomonoesterase, glycerophosphatase, acid monophosphatase, acid phosphohydrolase, acid phosphomonoester hydrolase, uteroferrin, acid nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase, orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)) is a phosphatase, a type of enzyme, used to free attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules during digestion. It can be further classified as a phosphomonoesterase. Acid phosphatase is stored in lysosomes and functions when these fuse with endosomes, which are acidified while they function; therefore, it has an acid pH optimum.[1] This enzyme is present in many animal and plant species.[2]
Different forms of acid phosphatase are found in different organs, and their serum levels are used to evaluate the success of the surgical treatment of prostate cancer.[1] In the past, they were also used to diagnose this type of cancer.
It's also used as a cytogenetic marker to distinguish the two different lineages of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia(ALL) : B-ALL ( a leukemia of B Lymphocytes ) is Acid-Phosphatase negative , T-ALL ( originating instead from T Lymphocytes ) is acid-phosphatase positive .
Reference ranges for blood tests, showing acid phosphatase in red at left.
Acid phosphatase catalyzes the following reaction at an optimal acidic pH (below 7):
Orthophosphoric monoester + H2O → alcohol + H3PO4
Phosphatase enzymes are also used by soil microorganisms to access organically bound phosphate nutrients. An assay on the rates of activity of these enzymes may be used to ascertain biological demand for phosphates in the soil.
Some plant roots, especially cluster roots, exude carboxylates that perform acid phosphatase activity, helping to mobilise phosphorus in nutrient-deficient soils.
Certain bacteria like Nocardia, can degrade this enzyme and utilize it as a carbon source.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bone acid phosphatase
2 Genes
3 See also
3.1 Internal links
4 References
5 External links
Bone acid phosphatase[edit]
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase may be used as a biochemical marker of osteoclast function during the process of bone resorption.[3]
Genes[edit]
The following genes encode the polypeptide components for various acid phosphatase isoenzymes.
ACP1
ACP2
ACPP (ACP3), Prostatic acid phosphatase
ACP5, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
ACP6
ACPT, Testicular acid phosphatase
Tissue acid phosphatase, or Lysosomal acid phosphatase
See also[edit]
Internal links[edit]
Alkaline phosphatase
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Henneberry MO, Engel G, Grayhack JT (October 1979). "Acid phosphatase". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 6 (3): 629–41. PMID 388794.
Jump up ^ Bull H, Murray PG, Thomas D, Fraser AM, Nelson PN (April 2002). "Acid phosphatases". Molecular Pathology. 55 (2): 65–72. doi:10.1136/mp.55.2.65. PMC 1187150  . PMID 11950951.
Jump up ^ Minkin C (May 1982). "Bone acid phosphatase: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a marker of osteoclast function". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3): 285–90. doi:10.1007/BF02411252. PMID 6809291.
External links[edit]
Acid phosphatase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
EC 3.1.3.2
[show]
v
t
e
Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1)
3.1.1: Carboxylic
ester hydrolases
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase
Butyrylcholinesterase
Pectinesterase
6-phosphogluconolactonase
PAF acetylhydrolase
Lipase
Bile salt-dependent
Gastric/Lingual
Pancreatic
Lysosomal
Hormone-sensitive
Endothelial
Hepatic
Lipoprotein
Monoacylglycerol
Diacylglycerol
Phospholipase
A1
A2
B
3.1.2: Thioesterase
Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase
3.1.3: Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase
ALPI
ALPL
ALPP
Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases
Nucleotidase
Glucose 6-phosphatase
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Calcineurin
Protein phosphatase
PP2A
OCRL
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
PTEN
Phytase
Inositol-phosphate phosphatase
IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPA3
Protein phosphatase: Protein tyrosine phosphatase
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase
Dual-specificity phosphatase
3.1.4:
Phosphodiesterase
Autotaxin
Phospholipase
C
D
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
1
PDE1
PDE2
PDE3
PDE4A/PDE4B
PDE5
Lecithinase (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin)
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
3.1.6: Sulfatase
arylsulfatase
Arylsulfatase A
Arylsulfatase B
Arylsulfatase E
Steroid sulfatase
Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
Iduronate-2-sulfatase
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase
Nuclease (includes
deoxyribonuclease
and ribonuclease)
3.1.11-16:
Exonuclease
Exodeoxyribonuclease
RecBCD
Exoribonuclease
Oligonucleotidase
3.1.21-31:
Endonuclease
Endodeoxyribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease I
Deoxyribonuclease II
Deoxyribonuclease IV
Restriction enzyme
UvrABC endonuclease
Endoribonuclease
RNase III
RNase H
1
2A
2B
2C
RNase P
RNase A
1
2
3
4/5
RNase T1
RNA-induced silencing complex
either deoxy- or ribo-
Aspergillus nuclease S1
Micrococcal nuclease
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Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
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Enzyme promiscuity
Catalytically perfect enzyme
Coenzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
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Enzyme inhibitor
Classification
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Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
Molecular and Cellular Biology portal
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Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film) and Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (Grey's Anatomy)
"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
Picture sleeve of 1984 release by Epic Records (34-04703)
Single by Elmo & Patsy
from the album Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer
B-side
"Christmas" (Elmo 'n' Patsy; Oink; Soundwaves)
"Percy, The Puny Poinsettia" (Epic)
Released
1979 (Elmo 'n' Patsy)
1982 (Oink; Soundwaves)
1984 (Epic)
Format
7-inch
Recorded
1978
Genre
Christmas, country, novelty, pop
Length
3:30 (Elmo 'n' Patsy; Oink; Soundwaves)
3:26 (Epic)
Label
Elmo 'n' Patsy 2984
Oink 2984
Soundwaves 4658
Epic 34-04703
Songwriter(s)
Randy Brooks
Producer(s)
Gary Potterton
"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" is a novelty Christmas song. Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Releases
3 Covers
4 Parodies
5 Popularity
6 Television
7 Music video
8 Chart performance
9 References
10 External links
Synopsis[edit]
In the lyrics, a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family when, while off her medication and drunk on spiked eggnog, she staggers outside into a snowstorm against the pleas of everyone in the room. She is found the next day, trampled; Santa Claus and his reindeer are determined to be the culprit when "incriminating Claus marks" are found on Grandma's back. The second and third verses describe the Christmas gathering where "all the family's dressed in black" and the family wonders if all the Christmas gifts they bought for her should be returned (the consensus is a firm yes). Christmas dinner otherwise goes on as normal, with a centerpiece of roast goose, figgy pudding for dessert, and "blue and silver candles" to match Grandma's hairpiece; the newly widowed Grandpa seems completely unfazed by his wife's demise and spends the holiday "watching football, drinking beer and playing cards with Cousin Mel" (who, while not stated as such in the lyrics, is an attractive and much younger woman in the music video and animated film). The upshot is a warning to the listener to be aware, because "a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves" should have never received a driver's license.
In the music video, in which Elmo plays both Grandma and Grandpa while Patsy plays Cousin Mel, Grandma survives the attack and makes a triumphant return through the chimney.
Releases[edit]
According to Brooks, he played the song while sitting in with Elmo and Patsy at the Hyatt Lake Tahoe in December 1978, and after the show they had him make a cassette of the song for them to learn. A year later, they were selling 45s of the song from the stage, with Elmo himself appearing in drag on the album cover as "Grandma".
The song was originally self-released in San Francisco by the Shropshires in 1979 on their own record label (on "Elmo 'n' Patsy" #2984), with the B-side titled "Christmas". Initial copies appeared on a cream-colored label, with a sketch of a pig clearly visible, at left. Once initial copies had sold out, later-pressed #2984 cream-colored 45 label copies retained the same pig sketch, but decided to both move the sketch, and add the word "Oink", to the top of the 45's label. Meanwhile, the duo's names were moved to the bottom of the label, below the song title. By the early 1980s, the song was becoming a seasonal hit, first on country stations and then on Top 40 stations. Oink Records, still based in Windsor, California, continued distribution of the 45 rpm record in the western U.S., with "Nationwide Sound Distributors" (NSD) of Nashville, Tennessee pressing and distributing the song on its Soundwaves Records in the eastern U.S., peaking at #92 on the country singles charts. In 1982, the duo both re-recorded and re-released the song as a single, again as Oink #2984. But this time, Oink chose to handle all nationwide product distribution themselves, ending the old NSD-Soundwaves agreement. Re-recorded Oink #2984 45 copies appeared on a white label, not a cream-colored label, however. That is the easiest way (aside from listening to the 45 itself) to differentiate between the original, 1979 Oink #2984 recording and its now-much-more familiar, 1982 re-recording. An entire LP, named after their hit song, was also recorded in 1982, and was initially released as Oink #8223. In 1984, with the song now a big hit nationally, CBS Records was interested in re-issuing both the 1982 Oink 45 re-recording, and the 1982 Oink LP. Soon after, Epic Records acquired the rights to both, from Elmo and Patsy. The Epic #04703 45 opted to replace the Oink 45's B-side, "Christmas", with a track from the LP, ("Percy, the Puny Poinsettia"). Epic's 1984 re-release of the 1982 Oink LP was a straight re-issue, on Epic #39931. By the end of 1984, it was reported that sales of "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" were, by record label: Oink: 50,000 45s sold; Soundwaves: 175,000 45s sold; Epic: 150,000 45s sold and 90,000 LPs sold. The Epic Records version charted at #64 on the country charts in 1998 and #48 in 1999.
The original version was released in the United Kingdom on Stiff Records (BUY 99) in 1980. It did not chart.
Other releases by the original artist(s) would follow:
Following the Shropshires' divorce, Elmo re-recorded it solo in 1992 and again in 2000.
SonyBMG released Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer by Dr. Elmo in 2002.
Madacy Records released a Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer gift tin (CD/DVD/Xmas stocking) by Dr. Elmo in 2007.
Time Life Records released Dr. Elmo's Bluegrass Christmas in 2010, which featured a bluegrass instrumental of "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer."
A sequel, "Grandpa's Gonna Sue the Pants Off of Santa", was released by Elmo Shropshire on his album, Dr. Elmo's Twisted Christmas (1992). Grandpa gets lawyers to fight Santa in court.
Covers[edit]
The song has been recorded by other acts.
The first wide release of the song was in Canada in 1982 by The Irish Rovers, released on the album, It Was a Night Like This. Their signature version, produced by Jack Richardson, rose to #20 on the RPM charts within a week of its release.[1] The single became a seasonal hit, first on country stations, then on Top 40 stations, and today remains a 'seasonal holiday anthem'.[2] The song was also released on the Rovers' 1999 album Songs of Christmas.
It has also been covered by Family Force 5 (in the song, the word "beer" was edited out and replaced with root beer), and in 1996 by Poe.
It was also covered by Less Than Jake on their album Goodbye Blue and White.
A rock cover version is on the album We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year.
Country a cappella band Home Free covered it on their 2014 Christmas album Full of Cheer.
Reel Big Fish covered the song on their 2014 EP Happy Skalidays.
Ray Stevens covered "Grandma" on Clyde Records, 2016.
Composer Brooks also has a version on the 2014 self-released Randy Brooks' Greatest Hit.
Danish comedy band Linie 3 released a cover version of the song in 1984, with a slight change to the original lyrics and in Danish.
Parodies[edit]
Z100 Portland Morning Zoo made a New Kids on the Block-bashing parody of the song for Christmas 1989, entitled "New Kids Got Run Over by a Reindeer".
A parody "Grandpa Got Run Over by a Beer Truck" was released by Da Yoopers in 1993. Radio personality Bob Rivers recorded his own topical parody titled "Osama Got Run Over by a Reindeer" on the 2002 White Trash Christmas album.
Cledus T. Judd in 1996 released a parody called "Grandpa Got Run Over by a John Deere" as a sequel to "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" and as well did a cover of the song in 2002.
Stan Boreson sings a Norwegian-American version, "Lena Got Run Over by a Reindeer" on his Christmas album, Stan Boreson Fractures Christmas.
Others include "Grandma Got Molested at the Airport" by Donny Aldridge, also sung by Dick Mango; and "Grandma Got Dismembered by a Chainsaw".
Popularity[edit]
Edison Media Research and Pinnacle Media Worldwide independently survey radio listeners on which Christmas songs they like and dislike. In both surveys, results of which were reported in 2007, the only song that reached the top of both liked and disliked lists was "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer."[3] Its "loved" ratings in the Edison and Pinnacle polls were relatively high—47 and 32 percent, respectively—but so were the "hate" or "dislike" ratings—17 and 22 percent.
A major Washington, D.C. radio station, WASH (97.1 FM), dropped the song from its playlist. "It was too polarizing," says Bill Hess, program director. "It wasn't strong, except with a few people, and it had a lot of negatives."[3] The song also gained notoriety at Davenport, Iowa radio station WLLR in 1985 when a disc jockey played the song 27 times back-to-back during the morning show before station management was able to stop him. The disc jockey, who was suspended, was reportedly depressed and upset that a co-worker had left employment at the station to work out-of-state.[4]
Shropshire claims it is "a beloved holiday favorite." The video of the song was "a holiday staple on MTV for many seasons." It has been "incorporated into talking toys and a musical greeting card." "My royalties are four or five times what they were" 20 years ago, claims Elmo, who performs the song with his bluegrass group year-round. "A lot of younger people say it's not really Christmas until they hear it."[3]
Television[edit]
The 2000 animated television program Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer portrays the events depicted in the song, though made for children; the cartoon is toned down a bit, so that Grandma survives. Moreover, Santa is actually innocent of the crime, which was instead masterminded by scheming relative Cousin Mel, who is mentioned briefly in the song but made into a gold-digging villainness in the special. Elmo Shropshire narrates the special and voices Grandpa. The special is a staple of Cartoon Network's holiday programming and airs every holiday season on The CW (The special originally aired on the WB Network every holiday season until the 2006 merge with UPN to form The CW, where it continues to air today).
In the 2015 episode of the tv show Scorpion, titled, 'Dam Breakthrough', three of the main characters sing part of this song, while inhaling helium.
Music video[edit]
The promotional music video for Elmo & Patsy's "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" was released in the mid-1980s, and aired on MTV for at least 18 years. The video could also be seen on VH1, CMT, TNN, GAC, and VH1 Classic during the holiday season, as well as being on Spike's official website and YouTube. Elmo Shropshire played Grandpa and Grandma while Patsy played Cousin Mel.
While the family matriarch was run over by Santa Claus's reindeer, she has survived the accident (unlike in the actual song) and thus reappears toward the end of the video, alive and very much well, but somewhat fazed by the trampling. While being escorted inside the house by two policemen, she finally speaks the cautionary last line of the last verse as though commenting on Santa's driving: "They should NEVER give a license/To a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves".
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Singles (Billboard)[5] 92
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[6] 12
Chart (1997–1998)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Singles & Tracks (Billboard)[5] 64
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 87
Chart (1999–2000)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Singles & Tracks (Billboard)[5] 48
References[edit]
Lisi, Michael (December 10, 2000). "The novelty never wears off for some clever songs written for the season". The Daily Gazette. p. G01. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ RPM Album Charts (Dec 1982). "Adult Contemporary - Volume 37, No. 19, December 25, 1982". Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ Anningston, Brett (Feb 25, 2010). "After four decades, group still loves to entertain". Times & Transcript.
^ Jump up to: a b c Farhi, Paul (December 14, 2007). "All I Want for Christmas Is Not To Hear That Song". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ United Press International, "Dj`s Record Effort Pulls Him Off Air," Chicago Tribune, December 19, 1985. Accessed 12-23-2017. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944–2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2011). Top Pop Singles 1955–2010. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 0-89820-188-8.
External links[edit]
2012 Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer #1 on the billboard charts - 1st time in 27 years.
2009/2010 Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer promotion on TV and radio on YouTube
2001 The Balladeers, It Was A Night Like This
Dr. Elmo/Grandma Official WebSite
Grannies Learn to Love 'Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer' Monica Garske AOL NEWS
2010 article by Phyllis Stark
Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer Songfacts
2012 Novelty reindeer song still has legs
2013 Singer’s persistence turns reindeer song into bestseller
2013 Dr. Elmo on Comcast/Yahoo Sports Network
A Remix of the original song "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer." Produced and performed by Dr. Elmo, Written by Randy Brooks, re-mixed by Frank Martin. on YouTube
2016 Interview with Randy Brooks and his famous song on YouTube
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandma_Got_Run_Over_by_a_Reindeer&oldid=829758997"
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White Cliffs of Dover
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the geographical feature. For other uses, see White Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation) and Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 51°08′N 1°22′E / 51.14°N 1.37°E / 51.14; 1.37
The White Cliffs of Dover
The White Cliffs of Dover are cliffs that form part of the English coastline facing the Strait of Dover and France. The cliffs are part of the North Downs formation. The cliff face, which reaches up to 350 feet (110 m), owes its striking appearance to its composition of chalk accented by streaks of black flint. The cliffs stretch along the coastline for eight miles (13 km), spreading east and west from the town of Dover in the county of Kent, an ancient and still important English port.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location and history
2 Geology
3 Ecology
4 Attractions
4.1 Dover castle
4.2 Samphire Hoe Country Park
4.3 Dover Museum
4.4 South Foreland Lighthouse
5 In song and literature
6 See also
7 Gallery
8 References
9 External links
Location and history[edit]
Strait of Dover
The location and extent of the White Cliffs of Dover.
The cliffs are located along the coastline of England between approximately 51°06′N 1°14′E / 51.100°N 1.233°E / 51.100; 1.233 and 51°12′N 1°24′E / 51.200°N 1.400°E / 51.200; 1.400.It marks the point where Great Britain most closely approaches continental Europe and on a clear day the cliffs are easily visible from the French coast. The chalk cliffs of the Alabaster Coast of Normandy, France, are part of the same geological system as Dover's cliffs.
The cliffs have great symbolic value in Britain because they face towards continental Europe across the narrowest part of the English Channel, where invasions have historically threatened and against which the cliffs form a symbolic guard. The National Trust calls the cliffs "an icon of Britain", with "the white chalk face a symbol of home and war time defence."[2] Because crossing at Dover was the primary route to the continent before the advent of air travel, the white line of cliffs also formed the first or last sight of Britain for travellers. In World War II, thousands of allied troops on the little ships in the Dunkirk evacuation saw the welcoming sight of the cliffs.[3] During the summer of 1940, reporters gathered at Shakespeare Cliff to watch aerial dogfights between German and British aircraft during the Battle of Britain.[4]l
The White Cliffs are at one end of the Kent Downs designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[5] In 1999 a sustainable National Trust visitor centre was built in the area. The Gateway building was designed by van Heyningen and Haward Architects and houses a restaurant, an information centre on the work of the National Trust, and details of local archaeology, history and landscape.[6]
Geology[edit]
The white cliffs of Dover seen across the channel from Cap Gris Nez, France. The layers of flint embedded in the chalk match on both sides, showing that in prehistoric times a land connection existed between England and France
Around seventy million years ago Great Britain and much of Europe was submerged under a great sea. The sea bottom was made of a white mud formed from fragments of coccoliths, the skeletons of tiny algae which floated in the surface waters of the sea and then sank to the bottom during the Cretaceous period and together with the remains of bottom-living creatures, formed muddy sediments. It is thought that the sediments were deposited very slowly, probably only half a millimetre a year, equivalent to about 180 coccoliths piled one on top of another. Still, up to 500 metres of sediments were deposited in some areas.[7] Through the weight of overlying sediments, the deposits eventually became consolidated into chalk.[8]
Cliffs, showing multiple layers of flint
Later earth movements related to the formation of the Alps raised these former sea-floor deposits above sea level and until the end of the last glacial period the British Isles were part of continental Europe, linked by the unbroken Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea. The two land masses remained connected until between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago when at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the anticline destroying the ridge that connected Britain to Europe, although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels.[9] At the end of the last glacial period around 10,000 years ago, rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection.[10]
Evidence of erosion along the cliff top
The above photo of the face of the cliffs shows horizontal bands of dark-coloured flint in the chalk deposits of the cliffs. The flint is composed of the remains of sea sponges and siliceous planktonic micro-organisms which hardened into the microscopic quartz crystals which constitute flint. The quartz silica also filled cavities left by dead marine creatures which are now found as flint fossils, especially the internal moulds of Micraster echinoids. Several different ocean floor species such as brachiopods, bivalves, crinoids, sponges and others, as well as shark teeth can also be found in the chalk deposits.[11]
In some areas layers of a soft, grey chalk known as a hardground complex can be seen. Hardgrounds are thought to reflect disruptions in the steady accumulation of sediment during which times sedimentation ceased and/or the loose surface sediments were stripped away by currents or slumping, exposing the older hardened chalk sediment. A single hardground may have been exhumed 16 or more times before the sediments were compacted and hardened (lithified) to form chalk.[12]
The cliff face continues to weather at an average rate of 1 centimetre (0.4 in) per year, although occasionally large pieces will fall. This occurred in 2001, when a large chunk of the edge, as large as a football pitch, fell into the Channel.[13] A further large section collapsed into the Channel on 15 March 2012.[14] Visitors are, therefore, urged to remain well away from the cliff edge.
Ecology[edit]
Exmoor ponies in their native habitat
The chalk grassland environment on the land surface above the cliffs provides an excellent environment for many species of wild flowers, butterflies and birds and has been designated a Special Area of Conservation and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Rangers and volunteers work to clear invasive plants that threaten to invade the native flora. A grazing programme involving Exmoor ponies has been established to help to clear out the faster-growing invasive plants, allowing smaller, less robust native plants to survive. [15] These hardy ponies have been managed by organisations such as the National Trust, Natural England, and County Wildlife Trusts to maintain vegetation on nature reserves. [16]
Horseshoe Vetch, the sole food for the Adonis blue butterfly
Chalk Hill Blue, male
Chalk Hill Blue, female
Among the wildflowers on the cliffs there is a surprising variety of orchids, the most nationally rare being the Early Spider Orchid with yellow-green to brownish green petals and a flower that looks like the body of a large spider. Similar in appearance but from a different family is the Oxtongue Broomrape with yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers. The cliffs are home to 90 percent of the UKs population of Oxtongue broomrape, an unusual plant in that it lives on the roots of a host plant. Viper's-bugloss, a showy plant in vivid shades of blue and purple with red stamens, also grows along the cliffs.[17] In King Lear Shakespeare mentions an edible plant, rock samphire, that grows on the cliffs and was once collected by gatherers hanging down on ropes: Half-way down Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade! (Act IV, Scene VI). This refers to the dangers involved in collecting rock samphire on sea cliffs.
The abundance of wildflowers provides a home for around 30 different species of butterflies. A rare butterfly, the Adonis blue, can be seen in spring and again in the fall. Males have vibrant blue wings which are lined with a white margin, whereas the females are a rich chocolate brown. This species needs the plant Horseshoe Vetch and a certain kind of red ant to survive. It overwinters as a green and yellow-striped caterpillar, a coloring which camouflages it while it feeds on vetch. When it is ready to pupate, it searches for ants to 'milk' its sugary secretions. In April-May and July-August the caterpillar forms into a chrysalis in a small crevice and it is then buried by the ants in chambers connected to their nest. The ants then care for it for around three weeks, protecting it from predators until it is ready to emerge as a butterfly.[18] Similar in appearance but more abundant is the Chalk Hill Blue. It is a specialist to chalk grassland and can be seen in July and August.[19][20] Threatened species include the Silver Spotted Skipper and Straw Belle Moth. The well known Red Admiral can be seen from February through November. The Marbled white, black and white with a white wing border, can be seen from June to August.
Peregrine off White Cliffs, Dover
The cliffs are popular for many migratory birds, being the first landing point for species flying inland from the English Channel. After a 120 year absence, in 2009 it was reported that ravens had returned to the cliffs. Similar in appearance but smaller, the jackdaw is abundant. The rarest of birds that live along the cliff is the peregrine falcon. They can reach a hunting dive of 200mph, the fastest animal in the world. In recent decline and endangered, the skylark also makes its home on the cliffs.[21] The cliffs are also home to the fulmar which resemble gulls and colonies of black-legged kittiwake a species of gulls. Although the well known wartime song "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover" mentions bluebirds flying over the cliffs of Dover, bluebirds are an American species that do not make their home in Europe. However, bluebird is an old country name for swallows and house martins which do make an annual migration to the continent, with many crossing the channel at least twice a year and spending the summer in the vicinity of Dover.
Attractions[edit]
White Cliffs below Dover Castle
Samphire Hoe
Dover castle[edit]
Dover Castle is a medieval castle founded in the 11th century and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history.[22][23] It is the largest castle in England.[24]
Samphire Hoe Country Park[edit]
Samphire Hoe Country Park is a nature reserve situated on a new piece of land created by the earth excavated during the construction of the Channel Tunnel. It covers a 30-hectare site at the foot Shakespeare Cliff, between Dover and Folkestone. There is an education shelter with a classroom and exhibition area. Staff and volunteers are available to answer questions and provide information about the wildlife in the reserve. The building's design incorporates eco-construction criteria.
Dover Museum[edit]
Dover Museum was founded in 1836. Shelled from France in 1942 during the Second World War, the Museum lost much of its collections, including nearly all of its natural history collections. Much of the surviving material was left neglected in caves and other stores until 1946. In 1948 a 'temporary' museum was opened and in 1991 a new museum building of three stories (built behind the Museum's original Victorian facade) was opened. In 1999, a new gallery on the Museum's second floor centred on the Dover Bronze Age Boat was opened.[25]
South Foreland Lighthouse[edit]
South Foreland lighthouse
South Foreland Lighthouse is a Victorian era lighthouse on the South Foreland in St. Margaret's Bay, which was once used to warn ships approaching the nearby Goodwin Sands. Goodwin Sands is a 10-mile (16 km) long sandbank at the southern end of the North Sea lying 6 miles (10 km) off the Deal coast. The area consists of a layer of approximately 25 m (82 ft) depth of fine sand resting on a chalk platform belonging to the same geological feature that incorporates the White Cliffs of Dover. More than 2,000 ships are believed to have been wrecked upon the Goodwin Sands because they lie close to the major shipping lanes through the Straits of Dover. It went out of service in 1988 and is currently owned by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty.
In song and literature[edit]
Vera Lynn, known as "The Forces Sweetheart" for her 1942 wartime classic "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover", celebrated her 100th birthday in 2017. That year she led a campaign for donations to buy 700,000 sqm of land atop Dover's cliffs when it was feared that they may be sold to developers. The campaign met its target after only three weeks. The National Trust, which owns the surrounding areas, plans to return the land to a natural state of chalk grassland and preserve existing military structures from World War II.[26]
In 1867, English poet Matthew Arnold wrote the poem Dover Beach eptimising the beauty of the Kent coast.
The sea is calm tonight,
The tide is full, the moon lies fair
Upon the straits:- on the French coast, the light
Gleams, and is gone: the cliffs of England stand,
Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.[27]
The most famous reference in English literature to the White Cliffs is in Shakespeare's King Lear, Act IV, Scene I. Edgar persuades the blinded Earl of Gloucester that he is at the edge of a cliff in Dover. Gloucester says "There is cliff, whose high and bending head looks fearfully in the confined deep: Bring me to the very brim of it." Edgar fools the Gloucester into thinking he is at the cliff edge and describes the scene: "Here's the place! - stand still - how fearful/ And dizzy 'tis, to cast one's eye so low [...] half way down/Hangs one that gathers samphire: dreadful trade!/Methinks he seems no bigger than his head."[28]
Samphire is a wild edible plant that grew on the cliffs and was gathered by hanging from ropes over the cliff's edge at that time. "Shakespeare Cliff" was named after the reference.
The White Cliffs have long been a landmark for sailors. It is noted as such in the sea shanty Spanish Ladies:[29]
"The first land we sighted was called the Dodman,
Next Rame Head off Plymouth, off Portsmouth the Wight;
We sailed by Beachy, by Fairlight and Dover,
And then we bore up for the South Foreland light."
On a Piece of Chalk was a lecture by Thomas Henry Huxley presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1868 and published later that year.[30] The piece reconstructs the geological history of Great Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense".[31]
See also[edit]
Albion, a name for Britain possibly derived from the colour of the cliffs
Beachy Head
Seven Sisters, Sussex
Shakespeare Cliff Halt railway station
South Downs
Møns Klint
Kap Arkona
Seaford Head Nature Reserve
Gallery[edit]
Shakespeare Cliff, Dover ~ 1905
Lighthouse in Dover
White Cliffs of Dover footpath
Folkestone and Dover from the International Space Station. Note the White Cliffs, and the tracks of ferries.
Landslide near Dover Harbour
Vintage photo taken by Walter Mittelholzer, Swiss photographer and aviator ~ 1894 - 1937
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "White cliffs of Dover to be bought by National Trust". BBC. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The White Cliffs of Dover". The National Trust. 1 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Wijs-Reed, Jocelyn (2012). I've Walked My Own Talk. Partridge Publishing. p. 212.
Jump up ^ Sperber, A. M. (1998). Murrow, His Life and Times. Fordham University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-8232-1881-3.
Jump up ^ Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, The White Cliffs Countryside Partnership, retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Susan Dawson, Visitor Centre, White Cliffs of Dover van Heyningen & Haward Architects, Architects' Journal, 27 May 1999 (subscription required).
Jump up ^ "White Cliffs of Dover Discover The White Cliffs". The Dover Museum.
Jump up ^ The Royal Institution (December 5, 2012). "Helen Czerski - Coccolithophores and Calcium". YouTube. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Professor Bryony Coles. "The Doggerland project". University of Exeter. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Harris, C.S. "Chalk facts". Geology Shop.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Roy. "Discovering Fossils - Introducing the Paleontology of Great Britiani". Discovering Fossils. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Roy. "Discovering Fossils - Introducing the Paleontology of Great Britiani". Discovering Fossils. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Beard, Matthew (1 February 2001). "White cliffs of Dover go crashing into the Channel". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - White Cliffs of Dover suffer large collapse". BBC News. 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Trust at The White Cliffs of Dover". Kent Life. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Map of UK Conservation Grazing Schemes". Grazing Animals Project. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
• "Wildlife Conservation of Local Downland and Heathland". Sussex Pony Grazing and Conservation Trust. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
• "Grazing Exmoor ponies to protect County Durham flowers". BBC News. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Top Wildlife". The National Trust. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Butterfly Conservation. Adonis Blue https://butterfly-conservation.org/679-1313/adonis-blue.html. Retrieved November 10, 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Brereton, Tom M.; Warren, Martin S.; Roy, David B.; Stewart, Katherine (2007-07-20). "The changing status of the Chalkhill Blue butterfly Polyommatus coridon in the UK: the impacts of conservation policies and environmental factors". Journal of Insect Conservation. 12 (6): 629–638. doi:10.1007/s10841-007-9099-0. ISSN 1366-638X.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Top Wildlife". The National Trust. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Top Wildlife". The National Trust. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Nigel (1984). A Guide to Norman Sites in Britain. Granada. p. 44. ISBN 0-586-08445-2.
Jump up ^ Broughton, Bradford B. (1988). Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry. Greenwood Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-313-25347-1.
Jump up ^ Cathcart King, David J. (1983). Catellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands. Volume I: Anglesey–Montgomery. Kraus International Publications. p. 230.
Jump up ^ Press Releases Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Dame Vera Lynn white cliffs of Dover campaign hits £1m". BBC News. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "White Cliffs of Dover Discover The White Cliffs". The Dover Museum.
Jump up ^ "White Cliffs of Dover Discover The White Cliffs". The Dover Museum.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Roy (1986). The Oxford Book of Sea Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214159-7.
Jump up ^ Wolfle, Dael (12 May 1967). "Huxley's Classic of Explanation". Science. 156 (3776): 815–816. JSTOR 1722013.
Jump up ^ Krulwich, Robert. "Thinking Too Much About Chalk". NPR. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Cliffs of Dover.
Dover Museum information on the cliffs
White Cliffs of Dover website
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values: Greatness Brickworks (page does not exist)

values: Halling to Trottiscliffe Escarpment (page does not exist)

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Rusthall Common

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