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Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
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This article is about the separation of powers specifically in the United States. For the theory of separation of powers, see separation of powers.
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The United States Capitol dome as seen from the Supreme Court Building
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U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about separation of powers and checks and balances of the U.S. Government
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.
Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed]
Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
Contents
[hide]
1 Legislative power
2 Executive power
3 Judicial power
4 Checks and balances
4.1 Executive
4.2 Judicial
5 Equality of the branches
6 Views on separation of powers
7 Judicial independence
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Legislative power[edit]
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. The city of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. The United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice.
Executive power[edit]
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications,[1] in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission ,and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.
Judicial power[edit]
See also: Article I and Article III tribunals and Jurisdiction stripping
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
Checks and balances[edit]
Legislative
Writes and enacts laws
Enacts taxes, authorizes borrowing, and sets the budget
Has sole power to declare war
May start investigations, especially against the executive branch
The Senate considers presidential appointments of judges and executive department heads
The Senate ratifies treaties
The House of Representatives may impeach, and the Senate may remove, executive and judicial officers
Creates federal courts except for the Supreme Court, and sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court
May override presidential vetoes
Executive
May veto laws
Vice president presides over the Senate
Wages war at the direction of Congress (Congress makes the rules for the military)
Makes decrees or declarations (for example, declaring a state of emergency) and promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders
Influences other branches of its agenda with the State of the Union address.
Appoints judges and executive department heads
Has power to grant pardons to convicted persons, except in cases of impeachment
Executes and enforces orders of the court through federal law enforcement.
Judicial
Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case
Determines whether a law is unconstitutional. (The power of judicial review is not expressly granted in the Constitution, but was held by the judiciary to be implicit in the constitutional structure in Marbury v. Madison (1803).)
Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes
Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners
Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence
Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.)
Polices its own members
Executive[edit]
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. The President is not mandated to carry out the orders of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court does not have any enforcement power; the enforcement power lies solely with the executive branch. Thus, the executive branch can place a check on the Supreme Court through refusal to execute the orders of the court. For example, in Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson refused to execute the orders of the Supreme Court.
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis.[2] However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
Judicial[edit]
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
Equality of the branches[edit]
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The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed 12 bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
Grover Cleveland worked to restore power to the Presidency after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto prime minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over 400 bills—twice as many bills as his 21 predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
Several 20th-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the 18th and 19th centuries.
Views on separation of powers[edit]
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
Judicial independence[edit]
Separation of powers has again become a current issue of some controversy concerning debates about judicial independence and political efforts to increase the accountability of judges for the quality of their work, avoiding conflicts of interest, and charges that some judges allegedly disregard procedural rules, statutes, and higher court precedents.
Many legislators hold the view that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches—for example, in the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment by Congress of rules for the conduct of federal courts, and by state legislatures for state courts. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
On the other side of this debate, many judges hold the view that separation of powers means that the Judiciary is independent and untouchable within the judicial sphere. In this view, separation of powers means that the Judiciary alone holds all powers relative to the judicial function and that the Legislative and Executive branches may not interfere in any aspect of the Judicial branch. An example of the second view at the state level is found in the Florida Supreme Court holding that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Constitution of the Roman Republic
Commander-in-Chief
Fourth branch of government
Signing statement
The Imperial Presidency
Unitary executive theory
References[edit]
Davis, Zoe (2001). "Presidential Vetoes, 1989–2000" (PDF). United States Senate.
Dean, John W. (2004). "The U.S. Supreme Court and The Imperial Presidency". Find Law.
Kilman, Johnny H. & Costello, George, eds. (2000). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11.
Kunhardt, Philip B., Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B., III & Kunhardt, Peter W. (1999). The American President. New York: Penguin.
Madison, James (1788). "The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts". Archived from the original on 2004-06-17.
Calabresi, Steven G. (2008). "The Great Divorce: The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 157: 134–137. SSRN 1294671  .
Prakash, Saikrishna Bangalore (2009). "Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of President". Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy. 4: 143–151.
Mount, Stephen J. J. (2003). "Rewriting the Constitution".
Jump up ^ Two, Section 1.[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F.3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
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I've Never Been to Me
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"I've Never Been to Me"
Single by Charlene
from the album
Songs of Love and Charlene (1977)
I've Never Been to Me (1982)
B-side
"It's Really Nice to Be in Love Again" (1977)
"Somewhere in My Life" (1982)
Released
28 July 1977, February 1982
Format
7"
Recorded
1976
Genre
Pop
Length
3:49 (1977)
3:47 (1982)
Label
Prodigal (1977)
Motown (1982)
Songwriter(s)
Ron Miller, Kenneth Hirsch
Producer(s)
Ron Miller, Don Costa,
Berry Gordy
Charlene singles chronology
"Freddie"
(1977) "I've Never Been to Me"
(1977) "Are You Free"
(1978)
"Freddie"
(1977) "I've Never Been to Me"
(1977) "Are You Free"
(1978)
"Hungry"
(1980) Hungry1980
"I've Never Been to Me"
(1982) I've Never Been to Me1982
"Used to Be" (with Stevie Wonder)
(1982) String Module Error: Match not found1982
"I've Never Been to Me" is a ballad, written and composed by Ron Miller and Kenneth Hirsch, which is best known via a recording by American pop singer Charlene. Its original release in 1977 barely registered on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, but its re-release in 1982 hit #3 in the U.S. and earned her a Gold certification in Australia.[1] In addition, the song topped the charts in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom[2] and Ireland.
Contents
1 Content
2 Early versions
3 Revival
4 Chart history
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Other versions
6 English cover versions
7 Subsequent cover versions in languages other than English
7.1 European
7.2 Asian
8 Parodies and references
9 Sampling
10 Live cover performances
11 Appearances / references in other media
12 References
13 External links
Content[edit]
The song is best known as lyrically formatted for a female vocalist and as such is addressed to a desperate wife and mother who would like to trade her prosaic existence for the jet setting lifestyle the song's narrator has led. The narrator alludes to various hedonistic episodes in her life, concluding that while she's "been to paradise," she's ultimately failed to find self-fulfillment expressing this with the line, "I've never been to me." There is also an alternative set of lyrics for the song formatted for a male singer, in which the narrator is an elderly man, destined to die the very next day, begging for a dime for a cup of coffee, addressing a younger man who is "raising hell" the way the old man used to do.
Early versions[edit]
Charlene had recorded "I've Never Been to Me" in 1976 for her debut album, the self-titled Charlene, a Prodigal release (P6 10015S1). Songs of Love (P610018S1) came out six months later in 1977 and was essentially a re-issue of Charlene, having a slightly different track listing but retaining "I've Never Been to Me" without the spoken section. Upon its September 1977 single release, "I've Never Been to Me" became Charlene's third consecutive single to stall in the lowest part of the Hot 100 in Billboard following "It Ain't Easy Coming Down" - from the Charlene album - and "Freddie" from the Songs of Love LP, whose respective Hot 100 peaks had been #97 and #96: the Hot 100 peak of "I've Never Been to Me" in its original release was #97 and while Charlene's precedent two singles had both reached Billboard's Easy Listening chart - "It Ain't Easy Coming Down" at #23, "Freddie" at #40 - "I've Never Been to Me" failed to appear on that chart.
The earliest version of "I've Never Been to Me" to be released was that by Randy Crawford which appeared on her 1976 album release Everything Must Change. Besides Charlene's version, 1977 also saw the release of versions of the song by Nancy Wilson and Walter Jackson: Nancy Wilson's version served as the title track of her June 1977 album release and was the first version of the song to be released as a single reaching #47 on the Billboard's R&B chart, while Walter Jackson's version - featuring the lyric formatted from a male perspective - was featured on his I Want To Come Back As A Song album released in the spring of 1977.
In February 1978 a mid-tempo recording of "I've Never Been to Me" by Mary McGregor was released as the advance single from her In Your Eyes album: this single reached #29 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. A modified version of MacGregor's version was sent out to radio stations with the possibly controversial line in the final chorus: "I spent my life exploring the subtle whoring that costs too much to be free", amended to "I thought my heart would wait but I learned too late that it costs too much to be free." Also in 1978 Marti Caine recorded "I've Never Been to Me" for her album release Behind the Smile from which it was issued as a single, and Mary Roos recorded the German rendering by lyricist Michael Kunze entitled "Doch mich selber kenn ich nicht" (But I do not know myself) for her album Maryland.
Revival[edit]
In 1982 Scott Shannon, a disc jockey at Tampa radio station WRBQ-FM, began playing the "I've Never Been to Me" track off the Charlene album, and response from local listeners was such as to motivate Shannon, a former Motown employee, to alert Motown president Jay Lasker to the track's hit potential. Lasker located Charlene who, discouraged by the poor performance of her 1977 Motown releases and by the label's decision not to release a second album she had recorded, had left the music industry and met and married an Englishman, subsequently accompanying him to his native land and taking a job at a sweet shop in Ilford. Lasker located Charlene and personally telephoned her with the invitation to re-sign with Motown Records to facilitate the re-release of her "I've Never Been To Me" single, which was done in the spring of 1982.
The Billboard Hot 100 dated March 6, 1982, showed "I've Never Been to Me" by Charlene debuting at #84 – already 13 places higher than its 1977 peak in its original release. It subsequently rose as high as #3 on the Hot 100, where it held for four weeks during May and June. The track had even greater impact internationally, attaining #1 status in Australia (six weeks), Canada (four weeks), Ireland (three weeks), and the United Kingdom.[2] "I've Never Been to Me" also afforded Charlene a Top Ten hit in Belgium (Flemish Region) (#7), the Netherlands (#7), New Zealand (#5), and Norway (#5). In 1982, Charlene's "I've Never Been to Me" was also a Top 10 hit on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart (#7) and a minor C&W chart crossover (#60).
When the song was revived in 1982, the version being played on the radio was the take with the monologue (from the Prodigal LP Charlene, P6 10015S1), so this was the one that Motown re-issued, not the Songs of Love single version from 1977 (Prodigal, P610018S1).[3][4] The song was never actually re-recorded by Charlene in 1982.
As Charlene was unable to successfully follow up the success of "I've Never Been to Me" – her only subsequent Hot 100 entry "Used to Be" (a duet with Stevie Wonder) got as high as #46 – she remains a high-profile one-hit wonder. On the 2002 VH1 special 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders, "I've Never Been to Me" was ranked at #75.[5]
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
Australia (KMR)[6] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7] 7
Canada RPM Top Singles[8] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[9] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[10] 7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 5
Norway (VG-lista)[12] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 3
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[15] 7
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[16] 60
US Cash Box Top 100[17] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Rank
Australia [18] 11
Canada [19] 6
Netherlands [20] 56
New Zealand [21] 40
UK [22] 48
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 38
US Cash Box [24] 29
Other versions[edit]
A Spanish language recording of "I've Never Been to Me" entitled "Nunca He Ido A Mi" was recorded by Charlene and was one of two B-side tracks featured on the re-release of "It Ain't Easy Coming Down" - the followup to the 1982 release of "I've Never Been to Me" - in its UK format (in other territories "It Ain't Easy Coming Down" featured only the one B-side "If I Could See Myself").
Charlene re-released the song in the form of a dance remix via download music in 2008.
English cover versions[edit]
The Temptations recorded "I've Never Been to Me" with the male-formatted lyrics on their Reunion album in 1982.
Howard Keel recorded "I've Never Been to Me" with the male-formatted lyrics for his album Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Keel made this song a staple of his live concerts from 1985-2002.
Dutch singer Patricia Paay recorded the song for her 1995 English-language album Time of My Life comprising songs from movies, "I've Never Been to Me" being the opening number in the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert.
Tracy Huang Ying Ying, a famous Taiwanese diva, covered this song in 1978 and she is better known for this song in Singapore, Malaysia and other parts of Asia than the original singer. This version replaces the words "subtle whoring" with "inner feelings."
Neds Atomic Dustbin covered the song for the 1992 compilation Ruby Trax. It was also included on their 1994 album 0.522.
Taiwanese girl group S.H.E included a cover on their 2002 album, Youth Society.
A hi-NRG/eurodance cover of the song by Rainbow Nation featuring Monica Dionne was released as a single through Almighty Records in 2003. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website.[25]
J-pop singer Yuki Koyanagi recorded a Japanese-language cover. It was included on the "Love Knot-Ai No Kizuna" single from 2004. She sang it in English as well.
Japanese musical actress Seiko Niizuma covered the song on her live album "LIVE MOMENTS" in 2013.
Subsequent cover versions in languages other than English[edit]
European[edit]
Czech: "Já Slyšel O Ráji" - I heard about paradise - recorded by Karel Gott for his 1983 album release ...a to mám rád.
Dutch: "Ik moet leren" ("I need to learn") recorded by Garry Hagger (nl) for his 1996 album release Het allermooiste.
Finnish: "En tunne itseäin" ("I do not know myself") recorded by Seija Simola in 1984. It was released as a single, as well as on the compilation Jokamiehen suosikit 10.
German:
"Ich hab' ins Paradies geseh'n (I've peeked into paradise)" 1982 single release for Paola
"Doch mich selber kenn ich nicht" (But I do not know myself - lyric by Michael Kunze) - introduced by Mary Roos on her 1978 album Maryland - remade by Leonard for his 2001 Rhythmus der nacht album.
"De Wind vun Hamborg" (the breeze of Hamburg) a "Plattdüütsch" (Low German) rendering recorded by Ina Müller in 2009 having been a staple of Müller's live act for several years. Müller is herself the lyricist for this rendering radically reinvents the original English song relating the singer's experiences during her travels of Northern Germany and concluding that the most happy times have always been when she felt the breeze of Hamburg blowing, thereby transporting the sentiment of there being no place like home.
Swedish: "Jag har sett himmelen" (I have seen heaven) recorded by Kikki Danielsson for her 1983 album "Singles Bar".[26]
Asian[edit]
Chinese:
Vivian Chow's Cantonese version "孤單的心痛" (lit.The solitary heartache) is a Cantopop love song based on I've Never Been to Me.
三月的玫瑰" (lit. Rose of March), performed by Taiwanese singer, Jin Rei-Yao (金瑞瑤).
Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng recorded versions of this song both in Mandarin and in English
Japanese: There are two different versions of the lyrics in Japanese. One largely follows the original theme, while a newer version has completely different lyrics written by Keiko Aso(麻生圭子) with the title "LOVE IS ALL　～愛を聴かせて～"(Love is All -Let me hear your love-). Japanese female singer Megumi Shiina(椎名恵) recorded it for a TV period drama of the unrequited love between Takeda Shingen's daughter and Oda Nobunaga's son. The latter, positive version is often used as a wedding song in Japan; the chorus line "never been to me" is replaced with "my love is true".
Korean: "As One" (애즈 원), South Korean female duo, Crystal (Dahee Chae 채다희) and Min (Minyoung Lee 이민영). Lyric by Sara Yun (윤사라), and re-arranged by Jaehong Shin (신재홍). Album Day by day, released on November 11, 1999.
Vietnamese: "Thiên Đường Ảo" ("Virtual Heaven") was written and sung by Vân Quỳnh.
Parodies and references[edit]
It was covered by Irish TV puppet Dustin the Turkey (from the children's TV series The Den) with re-worked lyrics on his album Unplucked. This version replaces the title with a claim that Dustin has "never been to Meath."
WLW Radio in Cincinnati (The Gary Burbank Show) played a parody called "Never Been To Xenia" in the 1980s.
Filipino singer-songwriter Ogie Alcasid recorded a cover of the song with the lyrics sung from a second-person point of view.
The Kinsey Sicks performed a parody called "I've Been Through Parasites (Never Had VD)" which appears on their album, I Wanna Be A Republican.
The British comedy series Absolutely Fabulous referenced the song when main character Edina Monsoon was contemplating an extended spiritual retreat, saying that "I've never been to me."
It is humorously mentioned early in the 2015 comedy film Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2.
In 2015, on the Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Fallon performed a lip synched version of the song.
on the South Park episode Christian rock hard, Cartman band parodies the song and changes the title to “I wasn’t born again yesterday”
Sampling[edit]
Australian artist Ben Lee sampled the song for his track "No Room to Bleed," from his album hey you. yes you., which he released in 2002.
Polish producer Lubay featured the 1982 sample for an unreleased tune to be used as a soundtrack in 2006, as it states on his Soundcloud profile [1].
Live cover performances[edit]
It has been covered live by Korean female duo As One in English with the original lyrics, and in Korean with completely rewritten lyrics.
K-pop and J-pop singer Younha sung a cover of the song in English on the Korean TV program "Music Travel Lalala".
Appearances / references in other media[edit]
In 1994, the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert opened with Hugo Weaving lip-synching this song while in drag. The song is also featured in the first act of the stage musical where it is mimed onstage by two Sydney female impersonators at the Imperial Hotel in Erskineville, Australia.
In the sitcom Will & Grace, Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes) comically performed this song during "Just Jack," his first show in the 1998 first-season episode "Between A Rock And Harlin's Place."
The song was referenced by Dan Castallaneta on The Simpsons in the 15th-season episode from 2004, "Catch 'Em If You Can." When Homer is told he has been to space, he replies, "And yet I've never been to me."
In episode five of season three of the series Absolutely Fabulous ("Fear," 1995), Eddie says, "Sweetie, I've been to paradise, but I have never, ever been to me."
The song was sung by Edie Britt, a fictional character portrayed by Nicollette Sheridan on the hit TV show Desperate Housewives, in the season one episode "Move On," from 2005. It was unknown whether Sheridan was allowed to use her own voice in character as of late July 2017.
In the sitcom Black Books, Fran Katzenjammer realizes her date is gay when he requests the song be played at a restaurant inside which they are eating.
In 2006, the song was used in Toffee Pops biscuit commercials in New Zealand.
In 2006, "I've Never Been to Me" was released as one of the songs on SingStar Anthems, one of the popular SingStar video games.
In 2007, the song was used in the movie Shrek the Third.
The Weekend Update segment of the September 25, 2004 episode of Saturday Night Live featured Rachel Dratch portraying Barbara Walters conducting an interview with herself (i.e. Walters): the routine ended with "Barbara" talk-singing the second chorus of "I've Never Been to Me."
In the 2008 UK TV Series, Beautiful People, Simon's teacher, Miss Prentice, delivers the second verse and chorus as a farewell speech when leaving the school, replacing the word 'paradise' in the chorus with the town of Reading, where the show is set.
The selection was used in a montage for Tina Lord on One Life to Live.
This song can be unlocked in Wii Music.
The song was listed as the #3 worst song of all time in Jimmy Guterman's book "The Worst Rock n' Roll Records of All Time: A Fan's Guide to the Stuff You Love to Hate."[27]
A CNN poll listed the song as the #4 worst song of all time.[28]
In 2017, the song was prominently used in the film You Were Never Really Here.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books. Books.google.com. 1982-12-25. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 410. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Charlene - Charlene". Discogs. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charlene - Songs Of Love". Discogs. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "I've Never Been To Me enjoys a new release". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc)|format= requires |url= (help). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Charlene – I've Never Been to Me" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I've Never Been to Me". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Charlene – I've Never Been to Me" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Charlene – I've Never Been to Me". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Charlene – I've Never Been to Me". VG-lista. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charlene: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charlene Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charlene Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charlene Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 6/05/82". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ 40, Stichting Nederlandse Top. "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1982". Top40.nl. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1982 - The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Rees, Dafydd; Lazell, Barry; Jones, Alan (1983). "The Top 100 UK Singles". Chart File Volume 2. London, England: Virgin Books. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-907080-73-1.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1982/Top 100 Songs of 1982". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1982". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Almighty Records.com | Rainbow Nation feat. Monica Dionne | I've Never Been To Me". AlmightyRecords.com. 2010-10-27. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Information at Svensk mediedatabas". Smdb.kb.se. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Jump up ^ Guterman, Jimmy and O'Donnell, Owen. The Worst Rock n' Roll Records Of All Time (Citadel Press, 1991.)
Jump up ^ "Paul Anka wins worst song poll by CNN". UPI.com. 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Catfish: The TV Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Catfish: The TV Show
Genre
Reality
Based on
Catfish
by Henry Joost
Ariel Schulman
Developed by
Ariel Schulman
Nev Schulman
Max Joseph
Starring
Nev Schulman
Max Joseph
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
7
No. of episodes
102 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Andrew Jarecki
Ariel Schulman
Brad Bishop
David Metzler
Henry Joost
Jonathan Karshis
Julie Link Steffens
Marc Smerling
Marshall Eisen
Nev Schulman
Guillermo Bonilla
Nomi Ernst Leidner
Tom Forman
Cinematography
John DeTarsio
Max Joseph
Camera setup
Multiple
Running time
41 to 42 minutes
Production company(s)
Catfish Picture Company
Relativity Media
Distributor
Viacom Media Networks
Release
Original network
MTV
Picture format
1080i (16:9 HDTV)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
November 12, 2012 (2012-11-12) – present (present)
External links
Website
Catfish: The TV Show is an American reality-based documentary television series airing on MTV about the truths and lies of online dating. The series is based on the 2010 film Catfish and is co-hosted by Nev Schulman and Max Joseph. It premiered on November 12, 2012.[1] The show has been renewed for season 7, which premiered on January 3, 2018.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 Spin-offs
5 Series overview
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
"They used to tank cod from Alaska all the way to China. They'd keep them in vats in the ship. By the time the codfish reached China, the flesh was mush and tasteless. So this guy came up with the idea that if you put these cods in these big vats, put some catfish in with them and the catfish will keep the cod agile. And there are those people who are catfish in life. And they keep you on your toes. They keep you guessing, they keep you thinking, they keep you fresh. And I thank God for the catfish because we would be ... boring and dull if we didn't have somebody nipping at our fin." —from Catfish
Why the term "catfish" is used to describe people who portray someone else online
On the Internet, a "catfish" is a person who creates fake personal profiles on social media sites using someone else's pictures and false biographical information to pretend to be someone other than themselves. These "catfish" usually intend to trick an unsuspecting person or more into falling in love with them. The term "catfish" is derived from the title of the previously-mentioned 2010 documentary, in which filmmaker Schulman discovers that the woman with whom he'd been carrying on an online relationship had not been honest in describing herself.
MTV and the Catfish film's producers, Schulman and Joseph, help people who are emotionally entangled with someone they have never met in real life. Each episode is an investigation into whether or not the other participant in the virtual relationship is legitimate or if they are, in fact, a "catfish". Some couples have been communicating for a few months—others, for years.
Nev claims that he has received requests from people asking him for his help in determining whether or not their online-only lover is lying or truthful about their identity. In each episode the hosts help a different individual with a different story, travelling to wherever they live and using background checks and research to uncover the truth. Nev and Max contact the other person to arrange a first-ever meeting between the two virtual lovers, then documents how both people are impacted.[3][4] Schulman said at the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2012 that it's not all about pulling the rug out from under people, explaining:
Whether or not two people are totally lying to each other and it turns out to be a huge disaster, that's only the first part of the story. We then want to know why they are doing it, who they are, what they are feeling, what led them to this place, and why that resonates with thousands of other young people who have the same feelings, who don't have someone to talk to or don't know how to express themselves.
—  Nev Schulman, August 2012 Zap2It article [1]
Production[edit]
The show presents the "hopeful" as the one who initiates contact with Schulman and Joseph in an attempt to discover the true identity of their online romance, or the "catfish". Some of the show's casting calls do solicit stories from hopefuls,[5] and casting director Michael Esposito explained in August 2015 that the show can receive more than a hundred applications a day.[6]
However, a 2013 Hollywood.com report[7] explained that despite the broadcast show being structured as a search by the hopeful for true identity of the catfish, it is usually the catfish who make the first contact with MTV. Producers then proceed to gather information about the deception from the catfish and contact the hopeful afterwards. For legal reasons, all persons involved on the series sign contracts agreeing to appear on camera prior to the episode even entering production. In Season 3's Miranda and Camryn episode, the catfish did change their mind about meeting the hopeful, and only appeared via Skype.
The hosts are given no information about the catfish, and while the catfish has already agreed to appear on the show, they do not know when or how the hosts will be looking for them.
Nev Schulman explained more about the reverse-engineering in an August 2014 interview:
"A lot of the stories that we get come from the catfish side of things. People who feel so terrible [...] that they've been lying to a friend or a lover on the internet for a long time. They want to come clean, but they fear if they simply told the truth, the other person would [...] be very upset that they've been lied to and deceived, and likely discard them. And so they're hopeful that by coming on the show [...] maybe we can facilitate some kind of amicable exchange, that they can be heard, explain themselves in a more objective and non-judgmental way. So [the producers] orchestrate very delicately, and staying out of it as much as possible, a scenario by which [...] the hopeful reaches out to me [...]. And so [Max and I] just pick up from there. [The hopeful has] no idea of course that the other person's already expressed interest in meeting. And the [catfish] doesn't know that we're actually doing it. They just sorta think maybe it could happen. So they don't know when or why or how. So it's tricky, but everything is real. The feelings are real, the relationships are real. We haven't created any scenarios, we don't tell people what to say or do. It's very unpredictable".[8]
Reception[edit]
The film Catfish was criticized and its authenticity questioned. Executive producer Tom Forman stresses that the TV version won't just tell "stories of deception. We've also stumbled into some love stories. We found people who are exactly who they say they are. We are putting those on television, too. We find people who are willing to get past an initial deception and really do make a connection at the end — in person and in real life. That's been really heartwarming. So I think, when we set out, we really don't know how it's going to end: good, bad, or in the middle somewhere".[1]
Spin-offs[edit]
In January 2016, MTV began casting a proposed UK version of the show through online ads that do specifically target the catfish, not the hopeful: "Tired of keeping secrets from your online love? Come clean" and "Are you a secret Catfish? It's time to come clean".[9] The project was cancelled, but Schulman has said he would like to make a pan-European version.[10]
In Latin America there are versions called Catfish Colombia and Catfish Brasil. The latter began on August 31, 2016 on MTV (Brazil)[11] and is hosted by Ciro Sales and Ricardo Gadelha.
Another version called Espias del amor was released in Chile and was broadcast by Chilevision in October 2015 under license from MTV, with Julio Cesar Rodriguez as host.
Series overview[edit]
Main article: List of Catfish episodes
Season
Episodes
Season premiere
Season finale
1 12 November 12, 2012 (2012-11-12) February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25)
2 16 June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25) October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
3 10 May 7, 2014 (2014-05-07) July 9, 2014 (2014-07-09)
4 19 February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25) August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
5 20 February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24) September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
6 20 March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01) August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)
7 20 January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03) 2018 (2018)
See also[edit]
Catfish effect
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (August 3, 2012). "'Catfish: The TV Show': MTV delves into online relationships". Zap2It. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Double Exposure: The New Season Of Catfish Will Have Twice The Twists". MTV News. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Willmore, Alison (August 7, 2012). "MTV Readies a Reality Series Based on 'Catfish' for November". IndieWire. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Catfish: The TV Show". MTV. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Catfish: The TV Show is now casting!". MTV Shows. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ AfterBuzz TV (August 26, 2015). "Catfish: The TV Show Season 4 Episode 21 Review w/ Michael Esposito". YouTube.com.
Jump up ^ Lutes, Alicia (February 12, 2013). "Is 'Catfish' Catfishing America". Hollywood.com. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ TheLipTV2 (August 1, 2014). "CATFISH - TV Show, Scams + More With Nev Schulman". YouTube.com.
Jump up ^ Catfish: The TV Show on Twitter
Jump up ^ Moore, Hannah (2016-10-10). "MTV could make a UK version of Catfish, according to presenter Nev Schulman - BBC Newsbeat". Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Programas: Programas originais da MTV, reality shows, programas de TV | MTV Brasil". MTV Brasil. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
External links[edit]
Official website
Catfish: The TV Show on IMDb
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