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iPhone 4
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iPhone 4
iPhone 4 in Black
Developer
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Foxconn (UMTS/GSM model)
Pegatron (CDMA model)[1]
Slogan
"This changes everything. Again."
Generation
4th
Model
A1332 (GSM model)
A1349 (CDMA model)[2]
First released
GSM model (black): June 24, 2010[a]
CDMA model (black): February 10, 2011[a]
GSM and CDMA models (white): April 28, 2011
Discontinued
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
Predecessor
iPhone 3GS
Successor
iPhone 4S
Related
iPad, iPod Touch (comparison)
Type
Smartphone
Form factor
Slate
Dimensions
115.2 mm (4.54 in) H
58.6 mm (2.31 in) W
9.3 mm (0.37 in) D
Weight
137 g (4.8 oz)
Operating system
Original: iOS 4.0 (GSM model), iOS 4.2.5 (CDMA model)
Last: iOS 7.1.2, released June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)
System on chip
Apple A4[3]
CPU
1 GHz (Underclocked to 800 MHz) single core 32-bit ARM Cortex-A8 "Hummingbird"
GPU
PowerVR SGX535[3]
Memory
512 MB DRAM[4]
Storage
8, 16, or 32 GB flash memory
Battery
3.7 V, 5.3 Wh (1,420 mAh) Lithium-ion battery[5]
Data inputs
Multi-touch touchscreen display
Dual microphone
3-axis gyroscope
3-axis accelerometer
Digital compass
Proximity sensor
Ambient light sensor
Display
3.5 in (89 mm) diagonal 1.5:1 aspect ratio widescreen
LED backlit IPS TFT LCD
960×640 resolution at 326 ppi (0.61 megapixels)
800:1 contrast ratio (typical)
500 cd/m2 max brightness (typical)
Fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating on front and back glass
Rear camera
5 MP back-side illuminated sensor
HD video (720p) at 30 frame/s
1.75 μm size pixels
5× digital zoom
4 element lens
LED flash
Photo and video geotagging
Front camera
0.3 MP VGA (480p) at 30 frame/s

Tap to focus video or still images
Photo and video geotagging
Sound
Single loudspeaker
3.5 mm TRRS, frequency response: 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Connectivity
Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n) (2.4 GHz only)
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
GSM model: quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE
(800, 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz)
Quad-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA
(800, 850, 900, 1,900, 2,100 MHz) (800 MHz is not yet officially supported by Apple)
CDMA model: dual-band CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1,900 MHz)
Development status
Discontinued
Hearing aid compatibility
GSM
3G 850/1,900 MHz M4, T4
2G 850 MHz M3, T3
2G 1,900 MHz M2, T3
CDMA M4, T4
Website
Official website
This article is part of a series on the
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The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Following a number of notable leaks, the iPhone 4 was first unveiled on June 7, 2010, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco,[6] and was released on June 24, 2010, in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. It is the 4th generation of iPhone, succeeding the 3GS and preceding the 4S.
The iPhone 4 introduced a new hardware design to the iPhone family, which Apple's CEO Steve Jobs touted as the thinnest smartphone in the world at the time; it consisted of a stainless steel frame which doubles as an antenna, with internal components situated between aluminosilicate glass.[7] The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple's new high-resolution "Retina Display" with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch while maintaining the same physical size and aspect ratio as its precursors. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple's A4 system-on-chip, along with iOS 4—which notably introduced multitasking functionality and Apple's new FaceTime video chat service. The iPhone 4 was also the first iPhone to include a front-facing camera, and the first to be released in a version for CDMA networks, ending AT&T's period as the exclusive carrier of iPhone products in the United States.
The iPhone 4 received generally positive reception, with critics praising its revamped design and more powerful hardware in comparison to previous models. While it was a market success, with over 600,000 pre-orders within 24 hours, the release of the iPhone 4 was plagued by highly publicized reports that abnormalities in its new antenna design caused the device to lose its cellular signal if held in a certain way. Most human contact with the phone's outer edge would cause a significant decrease in signal strength.
The iPhone 4 spent the longest time as Apple's flagship iPhone model at fifteen months, and had the longest lifespan of any iPhone ever produced, spanning close to four years and available in some developing countries until early 2015. Although the succeeding 4S was announced in September 2011, the 4 continued to be sold as a midrange model until September 2012, and thereafter as the entry-level offering in Apple's lineup until September 2013 with the announcement of the iPhone 5S/iPhone 5C.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Prototypes
1.1.1 Engadget leak
1.1.2 Gizmodo leak
1.1.3 Taoviet leak
1.2 Release
1.3 Discontinuation
2 Hardware
2.1 Display
2.2 Camera
2.3 Connectivity
2.4 Gyroscope and accelerometer
2.5 Processor and memory
2.6 Storage and micro-SIM
3 Design
4 Software
5 Accessories
5.1 Bumper
6 Reception
6.1 Pre-release
6.2 Reviews
6.3 Technical problems
6.3.1 Antenna
7 iPhones in space
8 Timeline of iPhone models
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Further information: History of iPhone
Prototypes[edit]
Before the official unveiling of the iPhone 4 on June 7, 2010, two prototypes were brought to the attention of the media, breaching Apple's normally secretive development process. Many of the speculations regarding technical specifications proved accurate.
Engadget leak[edit]
On January 27, 2010, gadget website Engadget received leaked images of the unreleased iPad.[8] Unbeknownst to the editors and readers these images contained two of the unreleased iPhone 4's.[9] It wasn't until the subsequent Gizmodo release were they aware of the complete contents of the images.[10]
Gizmodo leak[edit]
On April 19, 2010, gadget website Gizmodo reported that they had purchased an iPhone prototype for $5000, and furthermore, had conducted a product teardown of the device. The prototype is reported to have been lost by an Apple employee, Gray Powell, in Redwood City, California.[11] Shortly after Gizmodo published detailed information about the prototype, Apple's legal associates formally requested for the phone to be returned to Apple, and Gizmodo responded with the intent to cooperate.[12]
On April 23, officers from the Rapid Enforcement Allied Computer Team (REACT) task force of the California HTTAP Program raided the home of Jason Chen, the Gizmodo editor responsible for reviewing the prototype, seizing all of his computers and hard drives.[13] The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the raid as violating journalist source protection laws that forbid the seizure of journalist computers as well as the suspicion that Apple had used its influence as a member of the steering committee which is charged with direction and oversight of the California REACT task force to push police into action in a way that would not normally be conducted for this type of incident. Apple had already received the iPhone prototype before the raid when it was returned by Gizmodo.[14] The District Attorney has stated that the investigation has been suspended, and discontinued searching through the Gizmodo editor's belongings as they determine whether the shield laws are applicable, and cautioned that no charges have been issued at this point.[15][16]
Taoviet leak[edit]
Pictures and video of a second prototype were published on a Vietnamese website, Taoviet, on May 12, 2010.[17] It was almost identical to the first, and used an A4 chip manufactured by Apple.[18] The website purchased the prototype for $4,000.[19] DigiTimes reported that the screen resolution of the new phone was 960-by-640, which was confirmed by Apple at the iPhone 4's official announcement.
Release[edit]
The iPhone 4 was available for pre-order on June 15, 2010.[20] Customers attempting to pre-order the iPhone 4 reported problems with the pre-order process on the US and UK online Apple Stores which crashed due to the surge in traffic.[21] The same issue was reported with AT&T and SoftBank, Apple's exclusive partners in the United States and Japan respectively, who suspended advance sales of the iPhone 4 as demand threatened to exceed supply.[22] Retail stores were also unable to complete pre-order transactions due to the servers crashing.[23]
Apple and its partner carriers received 600,000 pre-orders for the iPhone 4 in the first 24 hours, the largest number of pre-orders Apple had received in a single day for any device up to that point.[24] Engadget reported that at 20:30 UTC, all iPhone 4 pre-order suppliers had sold out.[25] 1.7 million iPhone 4s were sold in its first three days of availability.[26]
The iPhone 4 has also been released through Orange in Tunisia and was available in eight cities at the launch.[27] On July 30, 2010, iPhone 4 was made available for sale in Australia, New Zealand and 15 other countries with free bumper cases.[28][29] In South Korea, it was released by KT on September 10. In Israel, it was released, too, on September 24, through Cellcom, Pelephone and Orange. It was launched in Thailand on September 23 by AIS, DTAC and True Move, and in Malaysia on September 26 in Kuala Lumpur, and nationwide on September 27 according to the website of Maxis.
The iPhone 4 was released in South Africa on September 22 on the Vodacom and MTN networks, in very limited quantities.[30] The iPhone 4 was launched in Vietnam on September 30 on VinaPhone and Viettel, at first in 3 major cities: Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh city and Da Nang, and then all over the country by the end of October.[31][32]
The iPhone 4 was launched in India on May 27, 2011 by Aircel and Airtel.[33]
On January 11, 2011, Verizon Wireless announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4 in the United States, ending Apple's exclusivity agreement with AT&T. The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10 and pre orders began on February 3.[34][35][36] The Verizon iPhone includes the 'Personal Hotspot" feature which allows a user to use the iPhone as a wireless hotspot, with up to five devices connecting at one time. The February 3, 2011, presale of the iPhone 4 broke Verizon's first day sales records for a single device.[37]
On June 24, 2010, Apple issued a statement that the white iPhone 4 models were proving more "challenging to manufacture" than expected, and initially pushed the release date back to the second half of July. There was a lot of speculation surrounding the delay of the white iPhone 4. Among the most popular rumors are those concerning the phone's internal camera being adversely affected by light leaking in due to the semi-translucent glass and the white paint. Other sources report that the problem relates to Apple's inability to match the white color of the front face plate with that of the home button.[38][not in citation given] On April 27, 2011, Apple announced that it would be releasing the white iPhone 4 model on April 28, 2011, for both GSM and CDMA.[39] The release of the white iPhone 4 was carried out on April 28.[40][41]
During Apple's official unveiling of the iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S in the US on October 14.[42][43]
Discontinuation[edit]
In September 2013, after the release of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C, Apple stopped selling the iPhone 4 in most of their stores as well as on their website. It was replaced by the 8 GB iPhone 4S.[44][45][46]
Apple's CEO Steve Jobs holding a white iPhone 4. The white iPhone 4 was released in April 2011.
Hardware[edit]
See also: iPhone Hardware
Display[edit]
See also: Retina Display
The display of the iPhone 4 is manufactured by LG under an exclusive contract with Apple. It features an LED backlit TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch (ppi) on a 3.5 in (8.9 cm) (diagonally measured), 960×640 display. Each pixel is 78 micrometers in width. The display has a contrast ratio of 800:1. The screen is marketed by Apple as the "Retina display", based on the assertion that a display of approximately 300 ppi at a distance of 305 millimetres (12 in) from one's eye, or 57 arcseconds per pixel[47] is the maximum amount of detail that the human retina can perceive.[48] With the iPhone expected to be used at a distance of about 12 inches from the eyes, a higher resolution would allegedly have no effect on the image's apparent quality as the maximum potential of the human eye has already been met.
This claim has been disputed. Raymond Soneira, president of DisplayMate Technologies, said in an interview with Wired magazine, that the claims by Jobs are something of an exaggeration: "It is reasonably close to being a perfect display, but Steve pushed it a little too far". Soneira stated that the resolution of the human retina is higher than claimed by Apple, working out to 477 ppi at 12 inches (305 mm) from the eyes, or 36 arcseconds per pixel.[49]
However, Phil Plait, author of Bad Astronomy, whose career includes a collaboration with NASA regarding the camera on the Hubble Space Telescope, responded to the criticism by stating that "if you have [better than 20/20] eyesight, then at one foot away the iPhone 4's pixels are resolved. The picture will look pixellated. If you have average eyesight, the picture will look just fine".[50][51]
Camera[edit]
The iPhone 4 is the first iPhone model to have two cameras. The LED flash for the rear-facing camera (top) and the forward-facing camera (bottom, left of speaker) are not present in older models.
The iPhone 4 features an additional front-facing VGA camera, and a backside-illuminated 5 megapixel rear-facing camera with a 3.85 mm f/2.8 lens[52][1] and an LED flash. The rear-facing camera is capable of recording HD video in 720p at 30 frames per second. Both cameras make use of the tap to focus feature, part of iOS 4, for photo and video recording.[53] The rear-facing camera has a 5× digital zoom. In 2012 Will.i.am obtained a licence from Apple to market his i.am+ camera for the iPhone 4. He said, "This thing turns the eight-megapixel iPhone camera into a 14-megapixel camera. We have our own sensor and a better flash. You dock your phone into our device and it turns your smartphone into a genius-phone. We take over the camera."[54]
Connectivity[edit]
In contrast to Steve Jobs' announcement at WWDC 2010, recent Federal Communications Commission documentation has shown that the iPhone 4 contains a penta-band 3G UMTS antenna, not a quad-band 3G UMTS radio, as advertised by Apple. According to the FCC documentation filed by Apple, the radio inside the iPhone 4 supports 800, 850, 900, 1,900, and 2,100 MHz. The 800 MHz frequency, which is most commonly used in Japanese mobile phones, is not advertised as being supported by Apple.[55] However, the 800 MHz band is a subset of the 850 MHz band, which probably explains why the device is advertised as quad-band.[citation needed] The chip-sets were manufactured by Skyworks Solutions[56] and Infineon for GSM version.
As with most of Apple's mobile products at the time, the iPhone 4 also used the 30 pin dock connector as its only external data port.
The iPhone 4 is the first generation of iPhone to have a second microphone used for noise cancellation. It is located on the top of the unit near the headphone jack; the main microphone is on the bottom left.[57]
Gyroscope and accelerometer[edit]
The iPhone 4 introduces a gyroscopic sensor that detects 3-axis angular acceleration around the X, Y and Z axes, enabling precise calculation of yaw, pitch, and roll. The gyroscope complements the accelerometer, a sensor that has been present since the original iPhone, which detects the device's acceleration, shake, vibration shock, or fall by detecting linear acceleration along one of three axes (X, Y and Z). The combined data from the accelerometer and the gyroscope provides detailed and precise information about the device's 6-axis movement in space. The 3 axes of the gyroscope combined with the 3 axes of the accelerometer enable the device to recognize approximately how far, fast, and in which direction it has moved in space.[58]
Processor and memory[edit]
The iPhone 4 is powered by the Apple A4 chip, which was designed by Intrinsity[59] and, like all prior iPhone models, manufactured by Samsung.[60] This system-on-a-chip is composed of an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU integrated with a PowerVR SGX535 GPU.[61] The Apple A4 is also used in the iPad where it is clocked at its rated speed of 1 GHz. The clock speed in the iPhone 4 has not been disclosed. All prior models of the iPhone have underclocked the CPU, which typically extends battery life and lowers heat dissipation.
The iPhone 4 has 512 MB of DRAM. The additional DRAM supports increased performance and multi-tasking.[62]
Storage and micro-SIM[edit]
An iPhone 4 A1332 with a micro-SIM card removed with a paper clip, showing its compartment sim card
The iPhone 4 uses a micro-SIM card on iPhone 4 devices running on a GSM network, which is positioned in an ejectable tray, located on the right side of the device. On a CDMA network, however, the phone connects to the network using an ESN. All prior models have used regular mini-SIM cards. Depending on the operator, micro-SIM cards may not be available for all networks globally. As a technical workaround it is possible to trim a mini-SIM card with a knife or scissors so that it fits into the micro-SIM tray.[63]
As on prior models, all data is stored in flash memory, 8, 16 or 32 GB, and not on the SIM. Unlike prior generations, the storage capacity is not printed on the back of the unit.
Design[edit]
The iPhone 4 is constructed of glass faces and a metal rim.
The iPhone 4 features a redesigned structure, designed by Jonathan Ive, a design that would later be reused and adapted for the iPhone 4S, 5, 5S and SE. Most notably, the bulges of the back panel as well as the band between the front and back are gone and have been replaced with flattened surfaces. The redesign reflects the utilitarianism and uniformity of existing Apple products, such as the iPad and the iMac. The overall dimensions of the iPhone 4 have been reduced from its predecessor.[64]
It is 115 millimetres (4.5 in) high, 58.6 millimetres (2.31 in) wide, and 9.4 millimetres (0.37 in) deep, compared to the iPhone 3GS, which is 116 millimetres (4.6 in) high, 62 millimetres (2.4 in) wide, and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) deep; making the iPhone 4 24% thinner than its predecessor, the iPhone 3GS. Steve Jobs claimed it to be "the thinnest smartphone on the planet."[64] The reduced size of the device is primarily due to the externally placed antenna.
The iPhone 4 is structured around a stainless steel frame that wraps around the edge of the phone, acting both as the primary structure for the device and as the iPhone 4's antennas. This metal band features two slits on the GSM version of the phone, one at the lower left, and one at the top (and a fake slit along the lower right, to cosmetically mirror the one at the lower left) that divide the band into two antenna sections: the left section of the band serves as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and GPS antenna, and the right and lower sections of the band act as the antenna for GSM and UMTS connectivity.
On the CDMA version of the phone there are four slits in the metal band. Two at the top (on the left and right) and two at the bottom. This divides the metal band into four different segments, which like the GSM version of the phone, serves as different antennas for connectivity. The top portion of the band (divided by the top left and right slits) is for connecting to the CDMA network. The left portion of the metal band is for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and GPS just like the GSM version. The right side is not an antenna, but serves to cosmetically mirror the left side and also to create a similar look to the GSM version of the phone.
The internal components are situated between two panels of aluminosilicate glass, described by Apple as being "chemically strengthened to be 20 times stiffer and 30 times harder than plastic," theoretically allowing it to be more scratch resistant and durable than the prior models.[7]
In fall 2010, pentalobe screws started to replace the Philips screws used in post-repair units in the US and in production units in Japan.[65]
Software[edit]
See also: iOS, iOS 4, iOS 5, iOS 6, and iOS 7
Further information: iOS version history
The iPhone 4 shipped with iOS 4, which was the newest version of Apple's iOS mobile operating system at the time. iOS 4 introduced a multitasking system, allowing apps to remain "suspended" in memory, perform certain operations in the background, and allowing users to switch between apps using an on-screen menu.[66] It also introduced FaceTime, which allows users to perform video calls between other iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and OS X users.
The iPhone 4 supports up to iOS 7, released in September 2013. Due to the relatively aged hardware of the iPhone 4, certain features available on newer iPhone models are not available on the device; as of iOS 7, they include Siri, 3D maps and turn-by-turn navigation, AirDrop, AirPlay mirroring, live camera filters, panorama mode and certain visual effects introduced by iOS 7, such as the blurring of translucent interface elements, the parallax effect on the home screen, and live wallpapers.[67] While still subject to the same limitations, iOS 7.1 did bring some slight performance improvements to the operating system on the iPhone 4. iOS 7, specifically iOS 7.1.2, is the last version of iOS to support the iPhone 4. Unlike the iPhone 4s, the iPhone 4 did not receive the iOS 8 update. [68][69]
Accessories[edit]
Bumper[edit]
An iPhone 4 next to a Bumper.
An iPhone 4 Bumper is a ring of rubber and plastic that surrounds the edge of the iPhone 4, with the purpose of protecting the phone. The inner part is rubber with the external band made of plastic. The Bumper wraps around the edges of the device protecting the edges, and to a lesser extent, the screen. The Bumper does not cover the front or rear of the phone, though it does slightly raise the iPhone off whatever surface it is sitting on.[70]
Additionally, the plastic band houses metallic buttons for the volume controls and sleep/wake button. The six holes in the Bumper enable access to the mute switch, dock connector, headphone jack, speaker, and microphones.[70]
Apple updated the bumper with a wider volume switch hole with the release of iPhone 4 for CDMA network. The updated bumper is also compatible with iPhone 4S, the next generation iPhone that has the identical exterior design and measurements as iPhone 4 CDMA.
Reception[edit]
Pre-release[edit]
Pre-release reception was generally positive.[71] The announcement included information that had not been covered by Gizmodo. Fox News commented that "seeing it in action is far more informative than staring at Gizmodo's photos of a busted test unit".[72] Rhodri Marsden of The Independent said that "aside from the introduction of face-to-face video calling, it's not a staggering feature set," instead focusing on how the device is "more powerful than its predecessor, speedier, easier to use and will make previously laborious tasks seem like a cinch".[73]
CNET reacted to the announcement by explaining how it believes that iMovie for iOS was the "most exciting part of this year's WWDC Keynote". The article noted how the iPhone 4, unlike current cameras, can record HD content and then edit it from the same device, labeling it a "true mobile editing suite".[74]
Reviews[edit]
Reviews of the iPhone 4 have been generally favorable. Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal called the device "the best device in its class".[75] Engadget named it the "best smartphone on the market" in June 2010.[76] CNET gave the iPhone 4 a rating of 8.6 out of 10, one of the highest ratings it has given any smartphone.[77] TechRadar gave the device 4.5/5 stars.[78] Consumer Reports said the signal problem was the reason they did not rate it a "recommended" model, although the other tests ranked it highest among smart phones.[79]
Joshua Topolsky of Engadget described the device's industrial design as being "more detailed and sophisticated" than its predecessor.[76]
Technical problems[edit]
Some users reported a yellow discoloration of the screen that disappeared after several days, which was attributed to the glass lamination glue that was used. It did not have time to dry fully before the unit reached consumers due to the speed of manufacturing.[80] Another issue reported by some users within days of the iPhone 4 release was that during calls the proximity sensor can be insensitive, so that facial contact with the touchscreen can end calls, mute calls, and dial other numbers.[81] Some users reported that, particularly in low-light conditions, photos taken on the iPhone 4 sometimes contained blue or green "splotches." Issues with white balance were also discovered, particularly when using the flash.[82][83]
Antenna[edit]
Shortly after the iPhone 4 was launched, some consumers reported that signal strength of the phone was reduced when touching the lower left edge of the phone, bridging one of the two locations which separates the two antennas, resulting in dropped calls in some areas with lower signal reception.[84][85][86] In response, Apple issued a statement advising that customers should "avoid gripping [the phone] in the lower left corner" when making or receiving a call.[87]
As a consequence of this problem, it was reported on July 2, 2010 that several iPhone 4 users were planning on suing Apple and AT&T for fraud by concealment, negligence, intentional misrepresentation and defective design. The legal challenge was started by a law firm, who set up a website to recruit disenchanted iPhone 4 buyers for a lawsuit against Apple.[88][89] Later that day, Apple issued another statement stating that it had discovered the cause of the "dramatic drop in bars".[90]
Apple explained how the formula it used to calculate the number of bars to display was "wrong". Apple promised to correct the issue and release a software update within a few weeks that would address the "mistake", which had been present since the original iPhone.[90] The New York Times commented that "the failure to detect this longstanding problem earlier is astonishing."[91]
Consumer Reports initially stated that the iPhone 4's signal issues are not "unique, and may not be serious" and it continued to mention that signal loss is a problem that is faced by the entire smartphone industry. It has been such a problem that Apple made a formal apology. The next day, the magazine altered their stance after encountering instances of dropped calls.[92] The magazine rejected Apple's explanation after conducting tests in a controlled environment, and comparing the results against prior generations of iPhone. It sarcastically pointed out that using a piece of tape to cover the lower left antenna gap was one way to fix the problem, but recommended that consumers who "want an iPhone that works well without a masking-tape fix" purchase the iPhone 3GS instead.[79] The magazine also tested the iPhone 4 while it was wearing a Bumper, a frame-like cover sold by Apple that prevents direct contact with the antenna, reporting that it did resolve the problem.[93] CNN repeated Consumer Reports' statement that a small amount of duct tape had proven an effective fix to the iPhone 4's dropped call issue.[94]
On July 16, 2010, at a press conference, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would provide all iPhone 4 owners with a free case to help solve the antenna issue and a refund to those users who had already purchased a Bumper. The free case offer would be valid until September 30, 2010, when Apple would re-evaluate the situation.[95][96] To get a free case, owners were able to apply via an app installed on the phone found in the App Store from July 22, 2010 to September 30, 2010. Jobs also announced that Apple could not produce enough Bumpers for all owners of the phone, but would source a supply and offer a range of cases.[97] Additionally, Jobs cited figures from AppleCare which showed that only 0.55 percent of all iPhone 4 users have complained to the company about the issue, while the number of phones returned to Apple was 1.7 percent – 4.3 percentage points less than the number of iPhone 3GS models that were returned in the first month of the phone's launch.[97]
Consumer Reports noted that the solution was not permanent, though a good first step.[98] However, because Jobs did not specify a time line for fixing the problem, and the offering for a free bumper only being a temporary solution, PC World decided to remove the iPhone 4 from its "Top 10 Cell Phones" chart and reassign it to a pending rating.[99]
AnandTech researched iPhone 4 antenna and identified that its outer construction provides 5–9 dB (6.9–9 times) better sensitivity comparing to common internal antenna design of iPhone 3GS (the phone keeps working connection with signal as low as −120/121 dB comparing to usual −113/115 dB).[100]
Despite the negative media attention regarding the antenna issues, 72% of iPhone 4 users say that they are "very satisfied" with their iPhone 4 according to an August 2010 survey by ChangeWave Research.[101] The iPhone 4 model continued to be sold unchanged up until September 2013.
iPhones in space[edit]
In 2011, two iPhone 4 units equipped with a special application were taken to the International Space Station aboard the Space Shuttle on the STS-135 mission.[102] The devices were used in various experiments, utilizing sensors and a special app.[102]
Timeline of iPhone models[edit]
Sources: Apple press release library[103]

See also[edit]
Apple Inc. portal
Comparison of smartphones
List of iOS devices
Notes[edit]
^ The initial release date of June 24, 2010 applies only to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan.[104]
^ SIM-free iPhone 4s are only available directly from Apple in United States, Canada, France, Germany[105] and the United Kingdom as of the device's initial release.[106]
^ The Advanced Performance Optimization on iOS, part 2 session.
^ 6 percent of iPhone 3GS models were returned within the first month of the phone being on sale.[97]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chen, Yenting (January 13, 2011). "CDMA iPhone to contribute strong sales to Foxconn and Pegatron in 2011". DigiTimes. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Identifying iPhone models – support.apple.com Retrieved September 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "iPhone 4 Teardown". iFixit. p. 2. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lane, Slash (June 17, 2010). "Apple reveals iPhone 4 has 512MB RAM, doubling iPad". AppleInsider. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "iPhone 4 Teardown". iFixit. June 23, 2010. p. 1. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Topolsky, Joshua (7 June 2010). "Steve Jobs live from WWDC 2010". Engadget. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Diaz, Jesus (June 7, 2010). "iPhone 4: The Definitive Guide". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Patel, Nilay (January 27, 2010). "Is this the Apple tablet?". Engadget. Engadget. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patel, Nilay (January 27, 2010). "iPhone-iTablet Size Comparison". Engadget. Engadget. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Topolsky, Joshua (April 18, 2010). "iPhone 4G: proof". Engadget. Engadget. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Golijan, Rosa (April 23, 2010). "The Tale of Apple's Next iPhone". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lam, Brian (April 19, 2010). "A Letter: Apple Wants Its Secret iPhone Back". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sandoval, Greg; McCullagh, Declan (April 26, 2010). "Police seize Gizmodo's computers in iPhone probe". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Matt (April 27, 2010). "OverREACTing: Dissecting the Gizmodo Warrant". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Chen, Brian; Kim Zetter (April 29, 2010). "iPhone Finder Regrets His 'Mistake'". Wired. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
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Jump up ^ arctan  ( 1 / 300 12 ) {\displaystyle \arctan {\big (}{\tfrac {1/300}{12}}{\big )}}
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Jump up ^ Madway, Gabriel (January 21, 2011). "Apple tightens the screw on iPhone 4". San Francisco, California. Reuters. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b Topolsky, Joshua (June 22, 2010). "iPhone 4 review". Engadget. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Lab tests: Why Consumer Reports can't recommend the iPhone 4". Consumer Reports. July 12, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hardawar, Devindra (June 23, 2010). "Apple iPhone 4 problems crop up: screen discoloration, reception issues". MobileBeat. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Singer, Melissa (July 31, 2010). "iPhone 4 fault fails to surface for Sydney fans". The Age. Australia. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Madway, Gabriel; Grenon, Andre (July 1, 2010). "Consumers sue Apple over iPhone antenna problems". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Helft, Miguel (July 2, 2010). "Apple Acknowledges Flaw in iPhone Signal Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Consumer Reports Electronics Blog: iPhone 4's supposed signal woes aren't unique, and may not be serious". Blogs.consumerreports.org. July 2, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Apple offers free iPhone 4 cases". BBC News Online. July 16, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ D. Sutter, John (July 17, 2010). "Bumper and all, Consumer Reports still doesn't recommend iPhone 4". CNN. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Evans, Jonny (June 15, 2010). "Apple confirms SIM-free iPhones are truly unlocked". 9 to 5 Mac. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
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Polyamide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A polyamide is a macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds.[1]
Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids, and sodium poly(aspartate). Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive applications, carpets and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Polymerization chemistry
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Classification[edit]
Polymers of amino acids are known as polypeptides or proteins.
According to the composition of their main chain, synthetic polyamides are classified as follows:
Polyamide family
Main chain
Examples of polyamides
Examples of commercial products
Aliphatic polyamides Aliphatic Nylon PA 6 and PA 66 Zytel from DuPont, Technyl from Solvay, Rilsan and Rilsamid from Arkema, Radipol from Radici Group
Polyphthalamides Semi-aromatic PA 6T = hexamethylenediamine + terephthalic acid Trogamid T from Evonik Industries, Amodel from Solvay
Aramids = aromatic polyamides Aromatic Paraphenylenediamine + terephthalic acid Kevlar and Nomex from DuPont, Teijinconex, Twaron and Technora from Teijin, Kermel from Kermel.
All polyamides are made by the formation of an amide function to link two molecules of monomer together. The monomers can be amides themselves (usually in the form of a cyclic lactam such as caprolactam), α,ω-amino acids or a stoichiometric mixture of a diamine and a diacid. Both these kinds of precursors give a homopolymer. Polyamides are easily copolymerized, and thus many mixtures of monomers are possible which can in turn lead to many copolymers. Additionally many nylon polymers are miscible with one another allowing the creation of blends.
Polymerization chemistry[edit]
Production of polymers requires the repeated joining of two groups to form an amide linkage. In this case this specifically involves amide bonds, and the two groups involved are an amine group, and a terminal carbonyl component of a functional group. These react to produce a carbon-nitrogen bond, creating a singular amide linkage. This process involves the elimination of other atoms previously part of the functional groups. The carbonyl-component may be part of either a carboxylic acid group or the more reactive acyl halide derivative. The amine group and the carboxylic acid group can be on the same monomer, or the polymer can be constituted of two different bifunctional monomers, one with two amine groups, the other with two carboxylic acid or acid chloride groups.
The condensation reaction is used to synthetically produce nylon polymers in industry. Nylons must specifically include an straight chain (aliphatic) monomer. The amide link is produced from an amine group (alternatively known as an amino group), and a carboxylic acid group. The hydroxyl from the carboxylic acid combines with a hydrogen from the amine, and gives rise to water, the elimination byproduct that is the namesake of the reaction.
As an example of condensation reactions, consider that in living organisms, Amino acids are condensed with one another by an enzyme to form amide linkages (known as peptides). The resulting polyamides are known as proteins or polypeptides. In the diagram below, consider the amino-acids as single aliphatic monomers reacting with identical molecules to form a polyamide, focusing on solely the amine and acid groups. Ignore the substituent R groups – under the assumption the difference between the R groups are negligible:
The reaction of two amino acids. Many of these reactions produce long chain proteins
For fully aromatic polyamides or 'aramids' e.g. Kevlar, the more reactive acyl chloride is used as a monomer. The polymerization reaction with the amine group eliminates hydrogen chloride. The acid chloride route can be used as a laboratory synthesis to avoid heating and obtain an almost instantaneous reaction.[3] The aromatic moiety itself does not participate in elimination reaction, but it does increase the rigidity and strength of the resulting material which leads to Kevlar's renowned strength.
In the diagram below, Aramid is made from two different monomers which continuously alternate to form the polymer. Aramid is an aromatic polyamide:
The reaction of 1,4-phenyl-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride to produce Aramid
Polyamides can also be synthesized from dinitriles using acid catalysis via an application of the Ritter reaction. This method is applicable for preparation of nylon 1,6 from adiponitrile, formaldehyde and water.[4] Additionally, polyamides can be synthesized from glycols and dinitriles using this method as well.[5]
Synthesis of Nylon 1,6 from adiponitrile, formaldehyde, and water using sulfuric acid as a catalyst
See also[edit]
Polyamide-imide
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Palmer, R. J. 2001. Polyamides, Plastics. Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science and Technology. doi:10.1002/0471440264.pst251
Jump up ^ Market Study Engineering Plastics, Ceresana, Sep 2013
Jump up ^ "Making nylon: The "nylon rope trick"". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Magat, Eugene E.; Faris, Burt F.; Reith, John E.; Salisbury, L. Frank (1951-03-01). "Acid-catalyzed Reactions of Nitriles. I. The Reaction of Nitriles with Formaldehyde1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (3): 1028–1031. doi:10.1021/ja01147a042. ISSN 0002-7863.
Jump up ^ Lakouraj, Moslem Mansour; Mokhtary, Masoud (2009-02-20). "Synthesis of polyamides from p-Xylylene glycol and dinitriles". Journal of Polymer Research. 16 (6): 681. doi:10.1007/s10965-009-9273-z. ISSN 1022-9760.
Further reading[edit]
Kohan, Melvin I. (1995). Nylon Plastics Handbook. Hanser/Gardner Publications. ISBN 9781569901892
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Supercomputing in Pakistan
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The high-performance computing cluster, PowerEdge R715, at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute.
The high performance supercomputing program started in mid-to-late 1980s in Pakistan.[1] Supercomputing is a recent area of Computer science in which Pakistan has made progress, driven in part by the growth of the information technology age in the country. Developing on the ingenious supercomputer program started in 1980s when the deployment of the Cray supercomputers was initially denied.[2]
The fastest supercomputer currently in use in Pakistan is developed and hosted by the National University of Sciences and Technology at its modeling and simulation research centre. As of November 2012, there are no supercomputers from Pakistan on the Top500 list.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Supercomputing programs
2.1 GIK Institute
2.2 COMSATS
2.3 NUST
2.4 KRL
2.5 KUST
2.6 Riphah International University
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
“ But what about supercomputer exports to India or Pakistan? Will they be used to advance the nations' economies or to speed development of nuclear weapons? ”
— A passage in Fundamentals of International Business, p. 78 discussing U.S. technological export policy.[4]
The initial interests of Pakistan in the research and development of supercomputing began during the early 1980s, at several high-powered institutions of the country. During this time, senior scientists at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) were the first to engage in research on high performance computing, while calculating and determining exact values involving fast-neutron calculations.[5]
According to one scientist involved in the development of the supercomputer, a team of the leading scientists at PAEC developed powerful computerized electronic codes, acquired powerful high performance computers to design this system and came up with the first design that was to be manufactured, as part of the atomic bomb project.[5] However, the most productive and pioneering research was carried out by physicist M.S. Zubairy at the Institute of Physics of Quaid-e-Azam University.[6] Zubairy published two important books on Quantum Computers and high-proformance computing throughout his career that are presently taught worldwide.[7] In 1980s and 1990s, the scientific research and mathematical work on the supercomputers was also carried out by mathematician Dr. Tasneem Shah at the Kahuta Research Laboratories while trying to solve additive problems in Computational mathematics and the Statistical physics using the Monte Carlo method.[8] In 1990s, the Khan Research Laboratories deployed a series of supercomputer systems at its site, becoming nation's one of the first fastest computers at that time.[9] Technological imports in supercomputers were denied to Pakistan, as well as India, due to an arms embargo, as the foreign powers feared that the imports and enhancement to the supercomputing development was a dual use of technology and could be used for developing nuclear weapons in 1990s.
During the Bush administration, in an effort to help US-based companies gain competitive ground in developing information technology-based markets, the U.S. government eased regulations that applied to exporting high-performance computers to Pakistan and four other technologically developing countries. The new regulations allowed these countries to import supercomputer systems that were capable of processing information at a speed of 190,000 million theoretical operations per second (MTOPS); the previous limit had been 85,000 MTOPS.[4]
Supercomputing programs[edit]
GIK Institute[edit]
Main article: Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
The Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI) has nation's notable supercomputer programmes.
This facility has been funded by Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan in 2012.[10] It is a compute intensive platform and comprises following hardware components:[11]
Front Node: Dell R815 with 64 CPU cores, 256GB RAM, 1.8TB Secondary Memory
3 Compute Nodes: Dell R175 each with 32 CPU cores/ compute node (96 in total), 128GB RAM/ compute node (384GB in total), 600GB Secondary Memory/ compute node (1.8TB in total)
NVIDIA Tesla M2090 Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) with 1024 GPU cores: This facility may be used for an emerging paradigm of parallel computing which uses GPUs as computing units
Dell Power Connect 8024F layer-3 manageable switch: Front Node and the Compute Nodes are connected to each other using this switch. It provides an anormous data transfer rate of 10Gbit/s among the connected entities using fibre channels.
Software: To make the hardware layer parallel-computation-capable, Rocks Cluster 6.1 (Emerald Boa) over CentOS has been installed and configured.
COMSATS[edit]
Main article: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
The COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) has been actively involved in research in the areas of parallel computing and computer cluster systems.[12] In 2004, CIIT built a cluster-based supercomputer for research purposes. The project was funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.[12] The Linux-based computing cluster, which was tested and configured for optimization, achieved a performance of 158 GFLOPS. The packaging of the cluster was locally designed.[12]
NUST[edit]
Main articles: ScREC (supercomputer) and National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
The National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad has developed the fastest supercomputing facility in Pakistan till date. The supercomputer, which operates at the university's Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), was inaugurated in September 2012.[13] The supercomputer has parallel computation abilities and has a performance of 132 teraflops per second (i.e. 132 trillion floating point operations per second), making it the fastest graphics processing unit (GPU) parallel computing system currently in operation in Pakistan.[13]
It has multi-core processors and graphics co-processors, with an inter-process communication speed of 40 gigabits per second. According to specifications available of the system, the cluster consists of a "66 NODE supercomputer with 30,992 processor cores, 2 head nodes (16 processor cores), 32 dual quad core computer nodes (256 processor cores) and 32 Nvidia computing processors. Each processor has 960 processor cores (30,720 processor cores), QDR InfiniBand interconnection and 21.6 TB SAN storage."[13]
KRL[edit]
Main article: Kahuta Research Laboratories
In 1990s, the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) became nation's first site and a home of a number of the most high-performance supercomputer and parallel computing systems that were installed at the facility by a team of mathematicians.[2] A parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) division was established which specialized in conducting high performance computations on shock waves in the blast effects from the outer surface to the inner core by using the difficult differential equations of the state of the materials under high pressure.[2]
KUST[edit]
The Kohat University of Science and Technology installed a supercomputer facility with the specifications of Cluster.[14]
Attribute
Value
Cluster Name KUST-Kohat
Number of CPUs 104
CPU Type EM64T
CPU Clock 2.00 GHz
Peak Performance 416 GFLOPS
Organization Kohat University
Location Kohat, N-W.F.P, Pakistan.
Last Updated 2008-01-21
Riphah International University[edit]
On 22 January 2016, Riphah International University based in Islamabad announced that their team of engineers have developed a supercomputer architecture. The system can support CUDA, MPI/LAM, OpenMP, OpenCL and OpenACC programming models. It also can solve larger algorithms, numerical techniques, big data, data mining, bioinformatics and genomics, business intelligence and analytics, climate, and weather and ocean related problems.[15]
See also[edit]
Computer science portal
Pakistan portal
Supercomputing in China
Supercomputing in Europe
Supercomputing in India
Supercomputing in Japan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Prasad, Nitin (2016). Comporary Pakistan: Political System, Military and Changing Scenario. New Delhi, India: VIJ Books India, Pvt Ltd. pp. 200 (Chapt. Science in Pakistan). ISBN 978-93-85505-27-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c From the memoirs of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan (8 September 2014). "Part-X". News International, Part X. News International. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top500 November 2012". Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Fundamentals of International Business. Wessex Publishing. 2008. p. 78. ISBN 978-0979734427.
^ Jump up to: a b Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass the making of the Pakistan atomic bomb. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804784809.
Jump up ^ Rizvi, Aftab A.; Shakil-Ur-Rehman; Zubairy, M.S. (1988). "Binary Logic by Grating Structure". Journal of Modern Optics. 35 (10): 1591–1594. doi:10.1080/09500348814551701. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "M. Suhail Zubairy". Department of Physics and Astronomy. Texas A&M University (TAME). Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Shah, Tasneem M.; Zafar U. Koreshi; Sadaf Siddiq. "Monte Carlo Simulation in Thermal Radiative Transfer: Method Review, Validation and Parameter Sensitivity" (PDF). International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering. Islamabad: International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering. 9 (9): 221–228.
Jump up ^ From the Memoirs of Dr. A.Q. Khan (22 September 2014). "Part XII". News International, Part XII. News International. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Hussain, Masroor Hussain. "Faculty Profile of Dr. Masroor Hussain".
Jump up ^ Webteam, GIKI. "GIKI IT Facilities". The GIKI Webteam. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ishaq, A Faiz M; Khan, Majid Iqbal. "Supercomputing: A Roadmap for the OIC Member States" (PDF). COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Islamabad). Retrieved 7 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fastest supercomputer is out". Daily Times (Pakistan). 19 September 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "KUST-Kohat Cluster". rocksclusters.org. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Riphah team develops supercomputer architecture". The Nation. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
External links[edit]
Supercomputing Research and Education Facility, NUST
Zubairy, M.S. (26–30 March 2007). "Quantum Computers" (PDF). National Center for Physics. p. 72. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
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