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Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia
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For the policy page about citing Wikipedia within Wikipedia articles, please see WP:CIRCULAR.
For the citation-generation tool to create a citation from any article, please see Special:CiteThisPage
Caution is advised when using Wikipedia as a source. In many academic institutions, references to Wikipedia, along with most encyclopedias, are unacceptable for research papers. See also Reliability of Wikipedia. This does not mean that Wikipedia material should be used without citation: plagiarism of Wikipedia material is also academically unacceptable.
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It details processes or procedures of some aspect or aspects of Wikipedia's norms and practices. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community.
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We advise special caution when using Wikipedia as a source for research projects. Normal academic usage of Wikipedia and other encyclopedias is for getting the general facts of a problem and to gather keywords, references and bibliographical pointers, but not as a source in itself. Remember that Wikipedia is a wiki. Anyone in the world can edit an article, deleting accurate information or adding false information, which the reader may not recognize. Thus, you probably shouldn't be citing Wikipedia. This is good advice for all tertiary sources such as encyclopedias, which are designed to introduce readers to a topic, not to be the final point of reference. Wikipedia, like other encyclopedias, provides overviews of a topic and indicates sources of more extensive information. See researching with Wikipedia and academic use of Wikipedia for more information.
If you do decide to cite Wikipedia, remember that its articles are constantly changing: cite exact time, date, and the article version you are using. Page history and toolbox features "cite this article" and "permanent link" are very useful for finding that information.
If you decide to quote or paraphrase Wikipedia text (despite all the warnings above applying to the information in Wikipedia), then you must cite Wikipedia appropriately; otherwise you plagiarise, which is against academic norms and may subject you to censure. Such failure also violates Wikipedia's CC-BY-SA copyright license, which is a violation of copyright law.
Contents
[hide]
1 Problems with citing Wikipedia
1.1 Examples of alternatives to citing Wikipedia
2 Examples of how to cite Wikipedia
2.1 APA style
2.2 MLA style
2.3 MHRA style
2.4 Chicago style
2.5 CBE/CSE Style
2.6 Turabian style
2.6.1 Notes
2.6.2 Bibliography
2.6.3 Parenthetical reference
2.6.4 Reference list
2.7 Legal citation styles
2.8 BibTeX entry
2.9 AMA style
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Problems with citing Wikipedia
As with any source, especially one of unknown authorship, you should be wary and independently verify the accuracy of Wikipedia information if possible. For many purposes, but particularly in academe, Wikipedia may not be an acceptable source;[1] indeed, some professors and teachers may reject Wikipedia-sourced material completely.[2] This is especially true when it is used without corroboration. Most educators and professionals do not consider it appropriate to use tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as a sole source for any information—citing an encyclopedia as an important reference in footnotes or bibliographies may result in censure or a failing grade. However, much of the content on Wikipedia is itself referenced, so an alternative is to cite the reliable source rather than the article itself.
A wiki is an unusual medium, and as such doesn't conform well to the usual book-citation formats. Wiki is not paper, so you will need to use an electronic-citation format instead. The exact format will depend upon the citation guide that you are following, but here are a few general principles to consider:
A special citation tool is available to assist you. On the left of every article, there is a "Cite this page" link. Clicking it will bring you to a listing of relevant information, as well as automatically generated citations in several styles. Note that it is still your responsibility to ensure the citation meets all requirements.
You should not cite any particular author or authors for a Wikipedia article, in general. Wikipedia is collaboratively written. However, if you do need to find the list of authors of a particular article, you can check the Page history. Authors are listed only by IP address or chosen user name; you normally cannot verify and often cannot even guess at their identities.
Your citation should normally list both the article title and Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, much as you would for an article in a paper publication. Every article should be a separate citation.
Most citation styles will likely require the full article URL. You can click "Permanent link" in the toolbox at the left of this page. This lets the URL include a unique identifier such that you can tie your reference back to the exact version of the article you are referencing. It may or may not be desirable to adopt this approach, depending upon the context of your reference. This lets you show what you saw and ignore any changes made after you accessed the page. If greater brevity is desired, you can use the regular URL, or optionally just the site URL (e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/ for an English article), because an article URL can be inferred from an article title.
The citation style may request the full date and time of the article revision you are using. If you use the permanent link feature, this may not be necessary. However, the date and time of the last revision can be found at the bottom of every page (above the copyright notice).
Examples of alternatives to citing Wikipedia
Some Wikipedia articles (list) have been published in peer reviewed academic literature. In that case, it is possible to cite the published article. e.g.:
Cerebellum → Wright, Marion; Skaggs, William; Årup Nielsen, Finn (2016). "The Cerebellum". WikiJournal of Medicine. 3 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2016.001.
Circular permutation in proteins → Bliven, Spencer; Prlić, Andreas; Wodak, Shoshana (29 March 2012). "Circular Permutation in Proteins". PLoS Computational Biology. 8 (3): e1002445. Bibcode:2012PLSCB...8E2445B. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002445. PMID 22496628.
Examples of how to cite Wikipedia
Wikipedia has a tool to generate citations for particular articles. For the cite tool, see Special:Cite, or follow the "Cite this page" link in the toolbox on the left of the page in the article you wish to cite.
The following examples assume you are citing the Wikipedia article on Plagiarism, using the version that was submitted on July 22, 2004, at 10:55 UTC, and that you retrieved the article on August 10, 2004, except as otherwise noted.
APA style
Citation in APA style, as recommended by the American Psychological Association: [3]
Plagiarism. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 10, 2004, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism[4]
Note that in APA 5th Edition style, the following rules apply for the reference:
For reference books, which includes encyclopedias, dictionaries, and glossaries, the book title is preceded by the word In. It is not italicized, but the book title following it is.
The book title appears in sentence case. You capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
The URL must go to the exact page that you reference.
No punctuation follows the URL.
The term or article title appears in the author position. Use sentence case for multiple-word terms or titles, where you capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
The proper in-text citation is ("Plagiarism," 2004) for a paraphrased passage or ("Plagiarism," 2004, para. #) if you directly quote the material. Note that para. # represents the paragraph number in the page where the information appears. If there are multiple headings on the page, it is also acceptable to place the subheading and then a paragraph number within that heading.
For example, proper in-text citation for a direct quote of fewer than 40 words is:
"Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (this could be his or her words, products or ideas) for personal advantage, without proper acknowledgment of the original work" ("Plagiarism," 2004, "Definition," para. 1).
If the quoted material is more than 40 words, use the block quote format instead.
As another example, the proper in-text citation for a paraphrased passage is:
Plagiarism is stealing the works of others ("Plagiarism," 2004).
APA Style requires that you provide a separate reference entry for each term you are citing in your paper because 1) you must provide a URL for each term that goes directly to the term, and 2) you must provide the publication date for each term separately. However, if you are discussing the "online encyclopedia" itself, not a term in the encyclopedia, you might need to reference the site itself. The proper citation of Wikipedia, the site, as referenced in APA 5th Edition Style is:
Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. (2004, July 22). FL: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2004, from https://www.wikipedia.org
The in-text citation formation would be (Wikipedia, 2004).
MLA style
Citation in MLA style, as recommended by the Modern Language Association, 8th edition:
"Plagiarism." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2004, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350
The eighth edition published in 2016 calls for urls to omit “http://” or “https://”.
Note that MLA style calls for both the date of publication (or its latest update) and the date on which the information was retrieved.
Be sure to double check the exact syntax your institution requires.
For citation of Wikipedia as a site, use:
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2004.
MHRA style
Citation in MHRA style, as recommended by the Modern Humanities Research Association:
Wikipedia contributors, 'Plagiarism', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC, <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350> [accessed 10 August 2004]
Chicago style
Citation in Chicago style:
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, s.v. "Plagiarism," (accessed August 10, 2004), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350
Note that the Chicago Manual of Style states that "Well-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are normally cited in notes rather than bibliographies."
CBE/CSE Style
Citation in CBE/CSE style, as recommended by the Council of Science Editors:
Wikipedia contributors. Plagiarism [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2004 Jul 22, 10:55 UTC [cited 2004 Aug 10]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350.
Turabian style
The following are examples of how to cite Wikipedia articles according to A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th edition, by Kate L. Turabian (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0226816265 (cloth), ISBN 0226816273 (paper).
Note on Turabian style: Please understand that Turabian does not have rules that cover anything like Wikipedia. These examples are based on "reading between the lines" and assimilating rules from various not-so-similar cases that Turabian does cover. If the party to which you are submitting your paper is particularly strict, you might want to find out if they have their own adaptation of Turabian that would apply in this case. Alternately, you could always consult with the party before the deadline to make sure it's acceptable.
Notes
1"Plagiarism," in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia; (Wikimedia Foundation Inc., updated 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC) [encyclopedia on-line]; available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism; Internet; retrieved 10 August 2004.
2Wikipedia contributors, "Marketing."Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing (Accessed August 10, 2004)
Bibliography
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Updated 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC. Encyclopedia on-line. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered Species. Internet. Retrieved 10 August 2004.
(According to Turabian 6th edition, ¶9.8, for entries in the bibliography, "the first line of each entry is flush left, and any run over lines are indented five spaces". This presentation does not follow that rule.)
Parenthetical reference
("Plagiarism," Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia)
or
(Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, s.v. "Plagiarism")
Reference list
Plagiarism. 22 July 2003, 10:55 UTC. In Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Encyclopedia on-line. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism. Internet. Retrieved 10 August 2004.
(Indenting is like that of the bibliography.)
Legal citation styles
The Harvard Journal of Law & Technology has adopted the following format for citations to articles in Wikipedia:
[Signal] Wikipedia, [article], https://en.wikipedia/wiki/[article] [(optional other parenthetical)] (as of [date], [time] GMT).
Here is an example:
See Wikipedia, Bluebook, https://en.wikipedia/wiki/Bluebook (describing history and application of the Bluebook) (as of Mar. 21, 2006, 20:50 GMT).
This format reflects Rule 18.2 of the 18th and 19th edition of the Bluebook, but uses "as of" rather than "last updated"/"last visited" in the date parenthetical. This change allows specification of the exact version of the article to which the author is referring.
The date and time used should correspond exactly to the latest version listed in the article's Wikipedia history page that states the proposition for which you are citing it. Use of GMT conforms to the timestamp format used in those history entries (e.g., use 24-hour notation to avoid AM/PM).
BibTeX entry
 @misc{ wiki:###, author = "{Wikipedia contributors}", title = "Plagiarism --- {W}ikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia", year = "2004", url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350", note = "[Online; accessed 22-July-2004]" }
The additional curly brackets are necessary to prevent the values from being interpreted depending on the style. In BibTeX syntax, author="Wikipedia contributors" indicates an author with the first name "Wikipedia" and the last name "contributors", and may then be formatted as, e.g., "contributors, W.".
Some people like adding a field howpublished="\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350}" which requires \usepackage{url}, but certain BibTeX styles and in particular biblatex will already use the "url" field itself, causing duplicate URLs. The URL field must not contain a \url command (so that bibtex styles can use the URL as link of the article title, and not only a standalone url), and in general the use of LaTeX code within BibTeX should be avoided.
AMA style
Citation in AMA style, as recommended by the American Medical Association: [5]
Wikipedia contributors. Plagiarism. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July 22, 2004, at 10:55 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350. Accessed August 10, 2004.
See also
Mediawiki:citethispage-content – Content of "Special:Cite" pages.
Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source – list of academic works citing Wikipedia as a source.
Reference resources
Help:Find sources – a place that helps access reliable sources.
Wikipedia:Book sources – links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources where you can search for the book by its ISBN identifier .
Wikipedia:Journal sources – links to library searches, online databases, and other venues to locate a journal article by title, or identifier (such as DOI or PMID).
List of academic databases and search engines
List of scientific journals
Wikipedia:Reference desk – where you can ask questions about any worldly topic except Wikipedia itself.
Wikipedia:List of online reference desks.
Disclaimers
Wikipedia:General disclaimer – describes how Wikipedia cannot guarantee the validity of the information found here.
Wikipedia:Patent nonsense – describes how at any given time, a Wikipedia article may contain nonsense.
Wikipedia:Point of view – describes how at any given time, a Wikipedia article may not have a neutral point of view.
Related essays
Wikipedia:Administration – discuses both the human administrative structure of Wikipedia, as well as its non-human components.
Wikipedia:Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia – discusses Wikipedia's success or failure as an encyclopedia, using the standard accepted criteria for all encyclopedias.
Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great – discusses what accounts for Wikipedia's enormous growth and success.
Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great – discusses many drawbacks of Wikipedia.
Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a tertiary source – describes how Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and as such Wikipedia is a tertiary source.
References
Jump up ^ Bould, Dylan M., et al., References that anyone can edit: review of Wikipedia citations in peer reviewed health science literature, 2014, British Medical Journal, 6 March 2014, 348 DOI, online from BMJ
Jump up ^ "Anthropology 333 syllabus from American River College" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-02-07. Do NOT use Wikipedia or other online or print encyclopedias as a source for your paper. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "APA Style Help". APA Style. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ McAdoo, Timothy. "How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style". APA Style. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "AMA Style Guide". University of Washington Health Sciences Libraries. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
External links
"What's Wrong with Wikipedia?". Harvard guide to using sources. 2016. [dead link]
"Citing Wikipedia Articles in Writing or Not?". UCLA Library. 2016.
Jeffrey R. Young (2006). "Wikipedia founder discourages academic use of his creation". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
Using Wikipedia.[dead link] Carleton College
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Shift key
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with the musician, Shift K3Y.
The shift key on a modern English Windows keyboard (above the "Ctrl" key)
The shift key is a modifier key on a keyboard, used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters. There are typically two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the row below the home row. The shift key's name originated from the typewriter, where one had to press and hold the button to shift up the case stamp to change to capital letters; the shift key was first used in the Remington No. 2 Type-Writer of 1878; the No. 1 model was capital-only.[1]
On the US layout and similar keyboard layouts, characters that typically require the use of the shift key include the parentheses, the question mark, the exclamation point, and the colon.
When the caps lock key is engaged, the shift key can be used to type lowercase letters on many operating systems, but not macOS.
Contents
[hide]
1 Labeling
2 Uses on computer keyboards
3 Windows specific
4 See also
5 References
Labeling[edit]
Keyboard of a German mechanical typewriter (early 20th century), with shift keys labelled “Umschalter” (“switch”)
Keyboard symbol for “Level 2 Select” (i.e. “Shift”)
The keyboard symbol for the Shift key (which is called Level 2 Select key in the international standard series ISO/IEC 9995) is given in ISO/IEC 9995-7 as symbol 1, and in ISO 7000 “Graphical symbols for use on equipment” as a directional variant of the symbol ISO-7000-251. In Unicode 6.1, the character approximating this symbol best is U+21E7 upwards white arrow (⇧). This symbol is commonly used to denote the Shift key on modern keyboards (especially on non-US layouts and on the Apple Keyboard), sometimes in combination with the word “shift” or its translation in the local language. This symbol also is used in texts to denote the shift key.
Uses on computer keyboards[edit]
On computer keyboards, as opposed to typewriter keyboards, the shift key can have many more uses:
It is sometimes used to modify the function keys. Modern Microsoft Windows keyboards typically have only 12 function keys; Shift+F1 must be used to type F13, Shift+F2 for F14, etc.
It can modify various control and alt keys. For example, if Alt-Tab is used to cycle through open windows, Shift-Alt-Tab cycles in the reverse order.
Holding shift while in a word processor will anchor the insertion point, such that moving the pointer and clicking the mouse to a new point will select the range of text in between.
Holding shift while drawing with the mouse in graphics programs generally confines the shape to a straight line, usually vertically or horizontally, or to draw squares and circles using the rectangle and ellipse tools, respectively.
The shift key can also be used to modify the mouse behavior on a computer. For example, holding shift while clicking on a link in a web browser might cause the page to open in a new window, or to be downloaded.
In some web browsers, holding shift while scrolling will scan through previously viewed web pages.
In macOS, holding shift while performing certain actions, such as minimising a window or enabling/disabling Dashboard or Mission Control, makes the animation occur in slow motion. For some animations, holding control will make the animation move just slightly slower, and holding control+shift will result in an extremely slow motion animation.
On some keyboards, if both shift keys are held down simultaneously only some letters can be typed. For example, on the Dell keyboard Model RT7D20 only 16 letters can be typed. This phenomenon is known as "masking" and is a fundamental limitation of the way the keyboard electronics are designed.[2]
Windows specific[edit]
The following is a list of actions involving the shift key for the Microsoft Windows operating system.
Actions
Result
Windows Versions
Press Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc Opens the Windows Task Manager. 3.1+
Hold ⇧ Shift + click Restart Reboots Windows only and not the entire system. 95, 98, ME
Hold ⇧ Shift + insert CD Holding shift while inserting a compact disc in a Microsoft Windows computer will bypass the autorun feature. This ability has been used to circumvent the MediaMax CD-3 CD copy protection system. 95+
Hold ⇧ Shift + click close button In Windows Explorer, closes the current folder and all parent folders. 95+
Press ⇧ Shift+Delete In Windows Explorer, if pressed with objects selected, such as files and folders, this will bypass the recycle bin and delete the selected objects permanently. Alternatively, holding shift and selecting the delete option in the context menu of the selected objects will achieve this. Retrieving deleted objects after this is only possible using recovery software. 95+
Press ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Focuses on the previous object in the objects that are focusable in many Windows applications, such as the previous form control on a form in Internet Explorer. 3.1+
Press ⇧ Shift 5 times Toggles activation of StickyKeys on and off. 95+
Hold the right⇧ Shift for 8 seconds Toggles activation of FilterKeys on and off. 95+
Press both ⇧ Shift keys Inactivates StickyKeys if it is activated. 95+
Press left Alt + left ⇧ Shift + Num Lock Toggles activation of MouseKeys on and off. 95+
Press left Alt + left ⇧ Shift + Print Screen Toggles activation of High Contrast on and off. 95+
Press ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Highlights the last task in the task bar. Continue to cycle through the task bar with the arrow keys, ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (forward), ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ (backwards), or alphanumeric keys (highlights the task that begins with the alphanumeric character that is pressed). Press Space Bar or ↵ Enter to open the task. 95+
Press Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Displays a list of the tasks in the task bar for as long as the Alt is held down. Selects the last task in the list. Continue to cycle through the list by pressing ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹. Release Alt to open the selected task. 3.1+
Press Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Selects the previous tabbed window in any Windows applications is that use the tabbed window control. 3.1+
See also[edit]
AltGr key
Command key
Option key
StickyKeys
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rehr, Darryl, Remington No. 2, 1878, archived from the original on 2009-10-26
Jump up ^ "Keyboard Matrix Help". www.dribin.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
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Shift – Bulgarian
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Shift – Hungarian
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