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Killswitch Engage
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Killswitch Engage
Killswitch Engage performing in 2014
Background information
Origin
Westfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Genres
Metalcore[1]
Years active
1999–present
Labels
Roadrunner
Ferret
Associated acts
Aftershock
The Empire Shall Fall
All That Remains
Shadows Fall
Overcast
Blood Has Been Shed
Light the Torch
Death Ray Vision
Serpentine Dominion
Times of Grace
Seemless
Website
www.killswitchengage.com
Members
Mike D'Antonio
Adam Dutkiewicz
Joel Stroetzel
Justin Foley
Jesse Leach
Past members
Howard Jones
Tom Gomes
Pete Cortese
Killswitch Engage are an American metalcore band from Westfield, Massachusetts, formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock. Killswitch Engage's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach, guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz, bassist Mike D'Antonio, and drummer Justin Foley. The band has released seven studio albums and two live performance albums. Their latest album, Incarnate, was released on March 11, 2016.[2]
Killswitch Engage rose to fame with its 2004 release The End of Heartache, which peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200, and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2007 for over 500,000 shipments in the United States. The title track, "The End of Heartache", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2005 for Best Metal Performance, and a live DVD titled (Set This) World Ablaze was released in 2005. Killswitch Engage has performed at festivals such as Soundwave Festival, Wacken Open Air, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Ozzfest, Download Festival, Rock on the Range, Rock Am Ring, Mayhem Festival, Monsters of Rock, Pointfest, Knotfest and Heavy MTL. The band has sold over four million records in the U.S. and has been considered notable within the New Wave of American Heavy Metal.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years and debut album (1999–2001)
1.2 Alive or Just Breathing (2001–2004)
1.3 The End of Heartache (2004–2006)
1.4 As Daylight Dies (2006–2007)
1.5 Second self-titled album (2007–2011)
1.6 Jones' departure and Disarm the Descent (2011–2015)
1.7 Incarnate (2015–2017)
1.8 Upcoming studio album (2017–present)
2 Musical style and lyrical themes
3 Members
3.1 Timeline
4 Discography
5 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Early years and debut album (1999–2001)[edit]
Killswitch Engage formed following the disbandment of metalcore bands Overcast and Aftershock in 1999.[4] After Overcast broke up in 1998, bassist Mike D'Antonio jammed with Aftershock guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz. Dutkiewicz, now playing drums, recruited guitarist Joel Stroetzel from Aftershock and vocalist Jesse Leach of the band Nothing Stays Gold (who were signed to a record label owned by Dutkiewicz's brother Tobias, who was also the vocalist in Aftershock) to form a new band, Killswitch Engage.[4] The band's name is derived from an episode of the television series The X-Files entitled "Kill Switch", written by William Gibson, who gave the episode this title after meeting the industrial band Kill Switch...Klick.[5]
In 1999, Killswitch Engage recorded a demo containing four tracks, including "Soilborn", the first song written by the band.[6] The demo was first released at the band's first show, opening for melodic death metal act In Flames, in November 1999.[4][6] They released their self-titled debut album the following year. Although initially the album was not a financial success and did not land on any charts, it attracted the interest of Carl Severson, who worked at Roadrunner Records at the time. Severson handed Killswitch Engage to several Roadrunner representatives. Mike Gitter, a talent agent of the company, contacted D'Antonio, attended several of the band's shows, and offered the band a recording contract with Roadrunner. Realizing that Roadrunner had the resources to promote and distribute Killswitch Engage releases, the band accepted his offer, declining several offers from smaller labels.[7]
Alive or Just Breathing (2001–2004)[edit]
For a brief time in 2000 and 2001, ex-Overcast guitarist Pete Cortese joined Killswitch Engage, but left when he became a father.[7] Killswitch Engage began writing new material for their second album in November 2001. Mixed in January at Backstage Studios by producer Andy Sneap,[8] the album was titled Alive or Just Breathing, after lyrics in the song "Just Barely Breathing". A music video for the single "My Last Serenade" increased the band's exposure, and the album peaked at number 37 on the Top Heatseekers chart.[9]
Following Alive or Just Breathing's release, the album having been written and recorded for two guitarists, the band decided to expand and become a fivesome; Dutkiewicz moved to guitar and former Aftershock drummer Tom Gomes filled in the vacant drummer position. After Leach was married on April 20, 2002 and began touring again he fell into a depression. Leach left the band a few days before the band was meant to play a show and sent the band members an e-mail telling them he had quit. D'Antonio said in an interview that "after three years of hanging out with the dude, and considering him a brother, to just get an email was a little bit harsh."[10]
The band immediately started to search for a replacement vocalist and found Howard Jones of Blood Has Been Shed. Jones disliked the band's sound when he first heard it. He commented, "I was like, 'Meh.' I come from hardcore and dirtier metal, and Killswitch sounded so clean. But the more I listened to it, I realized there's some really good songs here".[11] After hearing about Leach's vocal problems, Jones contacted the band and was accepted as the replacement. Philip Labonte of All That Remains tried out for lead vocals but lost to Jones, who had to quickly memorize seven songs for his debut at the 2002 Hellfest.[11]
The new lineup played on the Road Rage tour in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in 2002 with 36 Crazyfists and Five Pointe O. Touring continued through the New Year's Day, and in 2003 the first song to feature Jones, "When Darkness Falls", appeared on the soundtrack of the 2003 horror film Freddy vs. Jason.[12] Following the 2003 Ozzfest, drummer Gomes left the band because he wished to spend more time with his wife, to pursue his band Something of a Silhouette, and because he was tired of touring.[13] He was replaced by Justin Foley of Blood Has Been Shed, and Foley's first tour with the band was the MTV2 Headbangers Ball in 2003.[14][15]
The End of Heartache (2004–2006)[edit]
The End of Heartache was released on May 11, 2004, and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200 with 38,000 sales in its first week,[16] and it also peaked at number 39 on the Australian Albums Chart.[17] The album went on to sell more than 500,000 copies in the U.S and was certified gold on December 7, 2007.[18] The album received mostly positive reviews, with Jon Caramanica of Rolling Stone calling the album a "stunning collection, retaining much of their signature musical brutality".[19] Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic commented "riffs upon riffs are piled sky-high into each number that follows, it's the unpredictable rhythmic shifts used to build and then relieve internal pressure that fuel the Killswitch Engage power source".[20]
"The End of Heartache" became the main single for the movie Resident Evil: Apocalypse, and in 2005 the song was nominated for Best Metal Performance for the 47th Grammy Awards. In late 2004, The End of Heartache was re-released as a special edition album, with a second disc featuring various live performances, a Japanese bonus track, and a re-recorded version of "Irreversal". During the summer of 2005, the band returned for Ozzfest, and on November 1, 2005, Alive or Just Breathing was re-released as part of Roadrunner Records' 25th anniversary. On November 22, 2005, the live DVD (Set This) World Ablaze was released, which contained a live concert at the Palladium in Worcester, Massachusetts, an hour-long documentary, and all the band's music videos. The DVD was certified gold in the US on April 8, 2006.[18]
As Daylight Dies (2006–2007)[edit]
Killswitch Engage played the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2006, having already played Australian dates without Dutkiewicz, who was suffering from back problems and needed corrective surgery. On May 23, 2006, the song "This Fire Burns" was released on the WWE Wreckless Intent album.[21] The track was intended to be the new theme song for WWE wrestler Randy Orton; however, it was scrapped and later became the theme song for the WWE Judgment Day 2006 pay-per-view. "This Fire Burns" was used as the entrance theme for WWE wrestler CM Punk (along with his stables the Straight Edge Society and The New Nexus) from 2006 until 2011 and was later re-released as "This Fire" on the As Daylight Dies Special Edition.[22]
Recorded in three months, As Daylight Dies was released on November 21, 2006 and peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart with 60,000 sales in its first week. "As Daylight Dies" proved to be one of their biggest albums yet.[23] It also entered the Australian Albums Chart at number 29.[17] Mixed by Dutkiewicz, the album received mostly positive reviews—Thom Jurek of Allmusic called it "a Top Five metal candidate for 2006 for sure".[24] Decibel Magazine contributor Nick Terry said "To call As Daylight Dies addictive would be an understatement. That it outdoes its already impressive enough predecessor could almost go without saying".[25] Cosmo Lee of Stylus Magazine commented "the album is astonishingly badly sequenced", though he praised the album as being "less emotionally heavy-handed, and a lot more fun".[26] As of November 27, 2007, As Daylight Dies has sold more than 500,000 units in the US.[27]
The album's first single, "My Curse", peaked at number 21 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and is featured in the video games Sleeping Dogs, Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, Burnout Dominator and Burnout Paradise and is available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series. "The Arms of Sorrow" peaked at number 31 on the same chart. The band's cover of Dio's "Holy Diver", originally recorded for a Kerrang! compilation album titled High Voltage,[28] peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Rock charts.[29] Early in 2007, the band had to cancel three of its European tour dates with The Haunted due to Dutkiewicz's back problems. He required emergency back surgery and was replaced on the tour by Soilwork guitarist Peter Wichers.[30]
Due to Dutkiewicz's back problems in early 2007, he was replaced by Damageplan and The Mercy Clinic frontman Patrick Lachman during the No Fear Tour.[31] Dutkiewicz recovered and was able to finish the No Fear tour, and the band began filming its video for As Daylight Dies's second single, "The Arms of Sorrow". On August 6, 2007, Dutkiewicz was forced to leave the Warped Tour so he could fully recover from his back surgery and continue daily physical therapy. He was replaced by Killswitch's guitar technician Josh Mihlek for select songs, until his return on August 14, 2007.[32]
Second self-titled album (2007–2011)[edit]
Killswitch Engage entered the studio in October 2008 to start recording their next album with Dutkiewicz and Brendan O'Brien co-producing the album.[33] In mid-February, bassist Mike D'Antonio confirmed in an interview with Metal Hammer that "drums were finished", and that he had "finished up the last few bass fixes". He also stated that Howard [Jones] was in Atlanta finishing vocals, and that "it shouldn't be too much longer now."[34] From March to May, Killswitch Engage was a part of Disturbed's Music as a Weapon IV festival along with Lacuna Coil, Chimaira, Suicide Silence, Bury Your Dead and more. On April 14, the band announced the name of their album as Killswitch Engage, the second time the band has self-titled an album. The album was released on June 30, 2009,[35] debuting at No. 7 on the Billboard 200, marking the band's highest chart position for an album.[36] In July and August, Killswitch Engage took part in Mayhem Festival with headliners Marilyn Manson, Slayer, Bullet for My Valentine and others. In February 2010, Killswitch Engage announced that vocalist Howard Jones would not be performing with Killswitch Engage during their winter tour with The Devil Wears Prada and Dark Tranquillity; during the time, All That Remains vocalist Philip Labonte was substituting for Jones until he could return.[37] At least one source speculated that Jones' hiatus was due to back pain.[38] On March 18, 2010, original vocalist Jesse Leach returned to the band for a series of songs. From then on, Leach and Labonte performed as substitute vocalists for the remainder of the tour.[39]
In 2010, the band contributed the track "My Obsession" to the God of War: Blood & Metal soundtrack.[40] The band was later added as late replacement to 2010's Download Festival in June, after original sub-headliner, Wolfmother could not attend as scheduled.[41] Afterward, Killswitch Engage took a break from the road, and its members pursued other interests. Adam Dutkiewicz formed the band Times of Grace with Leach and released the debut album "The Hymn of a Broken Man" on January 18, 2011.[42] Along with Dutkiewicz and Leach, Times of Grace added Joel Stroetzel to their tour lineup.[43] Justin Foley provided the drum tracking for the band Unearth on their album "Darkness in the Light", released on July 5, 2011. Foley also traveled with the band for their 2011 summer tour.[44] D'Antonio started the hardcore band Death Ray Vision, with Shadows Fall vocalist Brian Fair and former Killswitch Engage guitarist Pete Cortese.
Jones' departure and Disarm the Descent (2011–2015)[edit]
In an interview with FTC, Gun Shy Assassin, Mike D'Antonio had stated that the band was currently in the works for a sixth studio album. D'Antonio stated, "Currently, everyone is individually writing demos for the next Killswitch Engage record. There is no release date yet, but I would assume it will be out early 2012."[45] Adam Dutkiewicz followed that up with a statement on the Killswitch Engage Facebook, saying "YO! Its Adam D! We're about to begin writing our new record. Thanks to all of our fans for waiting so friggin' patiently...now let's turn on the "riff faucet" and RAGE!"[46] On December 1, 2011, Mike D'Antonio posted online that Killswitch Engage should be entering the studio around February/March 2012 to record their sixth album expected around summer 2012. He also stated that the band had eight demos finished for the new record.[47]
On January 4, 2012, the band announced via the band's official website, along with their other official sources, that Howard Jones had left the band after his nine-year membership with them.[48] In the statement, the band did not disclose the reason for this decision out of respect for Jones, but simply thanked him for his nine years with the band and wished him well, as well as thanking the fans for their support as they began the search for a new lead singer;[48][49] Jones later explained he departed the band to manage his type 2 diabetes which was worsened by a hectic touring lifestyle.[50] Soon after the announcement of Jones's departure, rumors began that Phil Labonte of All That Remains would officially take over lead vocals due to his previous history with the band, although Labonte quickly dispelled the rumor.[51] Many vocalists were considered in the search for a new one for the band. The band's search for a new singer concluded in February with the announcement that original lead vocalist Jesse Leach would return to the band, as the band felt that Leach's energy, as well as his overall comfort and command of both the old and new material, made him the clear choice during auditions.[52] Following Leach's return, the band continued to the process of recording their new album and touring. On April 22, 2012, the band performed Leach's first show since 2002 at the New England Metal and Hardcore Fest.
On June 20, 2012, the demo version of a new song titled "This Is Confrontation" was leaked on YouTube. Not long after the song was leaked, the videos were soon deleted. Later, the band took part in Metal Hammer's "Trespass America Festival" headlined by Five Finger Death Punch with additional support from God Forbid, Emmure, Pop Evil, Trivium and Battlecross.[53] The band performed this song live, confirming the song's title "No End in Sight". Not long after the album was confirmed, the song was streamed publicly again. In October 2012, with Jesse back at the helm, Killswitch Engage announced they would be celebrating the ten year anniversary of their seminal album Alive or Just Breathing with a US Tour through November/December 2012, in which the band played the album live in its entirety. Support on the tour came from fellow Massachusetts natives Shadows Fall and Acaro.[54]
The album Disarm the Descent was released April 1, 2013 in the UK. The album debuted at #15 in the UK charts while debuting at #7 in the Billboard top 200[55] April 2 in the US. The first single "In Due Time" was released on February 5, 2013.[56] The album has received critical acclaim from reviewers, and has been labeled as a "true standout" and "nothing short of amazing". It was announced in December 2013 that "In Due Time" was nominated for "Best Metal Performance" at the 2014 Grammy Awards,[57] but lost to "God Is Dead?" by Black Sabbath.[58] A tour in May 2013 was done to promote the new album. With Miss May I, Darkest Hour, The Word Alive and Affiance as support. As I Lay Dying was originally supposed to be on the tour but dropped due to criminal charges from frontman Tim Lambesis. The band also did a co-headliner with fellow Heavy Metal act Lamb of God in the October 2013 with Testament and Huntress as support for both bands. The band did a small headliner on the east coast for Halloween 2014. With All That Remains, Death Ray Vision and City of Homes supporting.
Incarnate (2015–2017)[edit]
Killswitch Engage performing in Budapest in 2016
In an interview with Wikimetal, Jesse Leach announced that the band will start demoing new material "in the coming months".[59]
On February 25, 2015 the band released a 40 second snippet of a new single titled "Loyalty". The track appears on the Catch The Throne: The Mixtape Volume 2 to promote the HBO TV series Game of Thrones. The mixtape also features appearances from various other metal and rap acts such as Anthrax and Snoop Dogg.[60]
On March 30, 2015, Mike D'Antonio stated that the band had completed demoing material for its next studio album.[61]
Killswitch Engage took part in a summer tour in July 2015, opening up for Rise Against with support from letlive.
On December 10, 2015 the band premiered a new song entitled "Strength of the Mind" on Revolver.[62] The band also did a small Christmas 2015 tour on the East Coast with Unearth, Act of Defiance and '68.
On December 16, 2015 it was revealed that the band's upcoming seventh album, released on March 11, 2016, would be titled Incarnate, with a tour being took part in March of that year with Memphis May Fire and 36 Crazyfists as supporters.
On September 27, 2016 Leach revealed on his Instagram page that the band would be releasing a documentary compiled of live footage since 2012.[63]
On November 25, 2016 the band released a Blu-ray/CD called Beyond The Flames: Home Video Vol.2. The Blu-ray contains live performances that were recorded around the world from 2012 to 2016 and an hour long documentary taking place right after the band's (Set This) World Ablaze had left off, as well as music videos, personal band profiles and more, plus a bonus live CD containing live tracks from the band's legendary 2014 Monster Mosh show. The two disc set had a one day exclusive sale in record stores everywhere on Black Friday. The set is now available for online purchase and digital download on the Killswitch Engage store.
Upcoming studio album (2017–present)[edit]
On August 30, 2017, the band announced on their Instagram page that they were in the process of demoing material for their upcoming 8th studio album, expected to be released sometime in 2018.[64]
Musical style and lyrical themes[edit]
"My Last Serenade"
Sample of "My Last Serenade" from Alive or Just Breathing (2002). "My Last Serenade" includes screaming, growls and clean vocals and shows examples of their riffs and sounds from extreme metal and hardcore.
"My Curse"
Sample of "My Curse" from As Daylight Dies (2006). Songs by Killswitch Engage such as "My Curse" has sounds from hardcore such as breakdowns.
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Killswitch Engage primarily play heavy metal and metalcore,[65][66] combining sounds from extreme metal and hardcore.[14] Like some modern metalcore bands, Killswitch Engage vocally combine singing, screaming vocals, and growls in their music.[14]
Killswitch Engage's music mixes "crushing" riffs, double bass drum patterns, power chords, dual-guitar harmonies, often punctuated with pinch harmonic squeals in their music[67] and breakdowns that one can expect from the metalcore genre. Their music is influenced by Gothenburg metal scene, New York hardcore and thrash metal.
In 2009, MTV, while naming "The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time", said that Killswitch Engage have been "called one of the founders of metalcore".[68] Jason D. Taylor of Allmusic said Alive or Just Breathing is "a pure metal album that seemingly has ignored any fashionable trend and instead relies solely on skill and expertise to sculpt some of the meatiest heavy metal since the glory days of Metallica and Slayer."[69]
Both current vocalist Jesse Leach and former vocalist Howard Jones write lyrics that are considered positive.[7] Jesse Leach stated on (Set This) World Ablaze, that the lyrics contain "unity, positivity, [and] love."[7] On the lyrical themes of Killswitch Engage, Ultimate Guitar reviewer Amy Sciarretto notes:
“ Howard Jones has come into his own since 2004's The End of Heartache, and he continues to hit the notes, wax about relationships, faith-issues and other relatable issue (sic) on this second self-titled effort.[70] ”
On Killswitch Engage's 2009 self-titled album, Howard Jones states the change in lyrical themes:
“ I've got enough to draw on to write some stuff that can be dark. Maybe there's still a hint of positivity in it, but there are some songs on there that are not positive at all.[71] ”
Members[edit]
Current[72]
Jesse Leach – lead vocals (1999–2002, 2012–present)
Joel Stroetzel – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2001-present); lead guitar (1999–2002)
Mike D'Antonio – bass (1999–present)
Adam Dutkiewicz – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present); drums (1999–2002)
Justin Foley – drums (2003–present)
Former
Pete Cortese – rhythm guitar (2000–2001)
Howard Jones – lead vocals (2002–2012)
Tom Gomes – drums (2002–2003)
Live
Jordan Mancino – drums (2013)[73]
Timeline[edit]
Discography[edit]
Main article: Killswitch Engage discography
Killswitch Engage (2000)
Alive or Just Breathing (2002)
The End of Heartache (2004)
As Daylight Dies (2006)
Killswitch Engage (2009)
Disarm the Descent (2013)
Incarnate (2016)
Accolades[edit]
Grammy Award
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2005 The End of Heartache Best Metal Performance Nominated
2014 In Due Time Best Metal Performance Nominated
Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2004 Killswitch Engage Best International Act Nominated
2004 The End of Heartache Best Album Won
2007 Killswitch Engage Best International Band Won
2014 Killswitch Engage Best Live Band Won
Boston Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2007 Killswitch Engage Outstanding Metal/Hardcore Band of the Year Won
2007 Killswitch Engage Act of the Year Won
2007 As Daylight Dies Album of the Year (Major) Nominated
2007 Howard Jones National Male Vocalist of the Year Nominated
Loudwire Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2013 Disarm the Descent Metal Album of the Year Nominated
2013 In Due Time Metal Song of the Year Nominated
2013 Killswitch Engage Metal Band of the Year Nominated
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Jump up ^ "Times Of Grace Announces Touring Lineup - Blabbermouth.net". Roadrunnerrecords.com. January 25, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage drummer Justin Foley joins Unearth for UK tour". Nme.com. June 15, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage Writing Material For New Album - Blorge". Gunshyassassin.com. June 29, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YO! Its Adam D! We're about to begin... - Killswitch Engage". Facebook. August 26, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Bassist: 'We Have Eight Demos Finished For The New Record' However the departure of Howard Jones might have delayed any news for the upcoming album". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Howard Jones Leaves Killswitch Engage". Metal Hammer. January 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/killswitchengage/posts/10150457939016581
Jump up ^ "Howard Jones Explains Killswitch Engage Departure". ultimate-guitar.com. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Blabbermouth.Net - All That Remains Singer Will Not Be Joining Killswitch Engage". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Killswitch Engage (February 8, 2012). "Killswitch Engage Announce New Singer: Jesse Leach". facebook.com. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul, Long (April 24, 2012). "Trespass America Touring Fest Breaks Out: FFDP, Killswitch, Trivium, God Forbid, Hit the Road". KNAC. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Tour with Shadows Fall, To Play Alive Or Just Breathing in Full". Metalinjection.net. October 1, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch Killswitch Engage 'In Due Time' Right Here! - Roadrunner Records Uk". Roadrunnerrecords.co.uk. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Phil (January 7, 2013). "Killswitch Engage Are Back!". Roadrunner Records. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Connor Williams (March 30, 2013). "ALBUM REVIEW: DISARM THE DESCENT - KILLSWITCH ENGAGE'". Rock Revolt Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Black Sabbath Wins 'Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance' Grammy Award". Blabbermouth.net. January 26, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage To Start Demoing New Material In Coming Months". Blabbermouth.net. September 24, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage, 'Loyalty' - Exclusive Song Premiere". Loudwire.com. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage Completes Demoing Material For Next Album". Blabbermouth.net. March 30, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage Get All STAR WARS on the Cover of Revolver, Premiere Video (Exclusive)". Nerdist.com. December 10, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BK3EjzOB5Cy/?hl=en
Jump up ^ Robert Pasbani (August 30, 2017). "KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Demoing New Material, Teasing Album For 2018". Metal Injection. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "allmusic ((( The End of Heartache > Review )))". AllMusic. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage". MTV UK. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Killswitch Engage reviews, music, news". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time". MTV. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Jason. "Alive or Just Breathing – Killswitch Engage". Allmusic. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sciarretto, Amy (June 30, 2009). "Killswitch Engage (2009) Review". Ultimate Guitar. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "KILLSWITCH ENGAGE: Interview, Performance Footage From U.K.'s DOWNLOAD Festival Posted Online". Blabbermouth.net. June 12, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/15286/Killswitch-Engage-As-Daylight-Dies/
Jump up ^ Pasbani, Robert (July 31, 2013). "Here's Footage of KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Performing With AS I LAY DYING Drummer Jordan Mancino". Metal Injection. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Killswitch Engage.
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Killswitch Engage
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Justin Foley
Jesse Leach
Tom Gomes
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Studio albums
Killswitch Engage (2000)
Alive or Just Breathing (2002)
The End of Heartache (2004)
As Daylight Dies (2006)
Killswitch Engage (2009)
Disarm the Descent (2013)
Incarnate (2016)
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"My Curse"
"The Arms of Sorrow"
"Holy Diver"
"Starting Over"
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"Always"
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Birthday
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Birthday (disambiguation).
"Birth date", "Birthdate", and "Date of birth" redirect here; see also birth certificate.
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Candles spell out the traditional English birthday greeting
A birthday is an occasion when a person or institution celebrates the anniversary of their birth. Birthdays are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with gifts, cards, a party, or a rite of passage.
Many religions celebrate the birth of their founders with special holidays (e.g. Christmas, Buddha's Birthday).
There is a distinction between birthday and birthdate: The former, other than February 29, occurs each year (e.g. January 15), while the latter is the exact date a person was born (e.g., January 15, 2001).
Contents
[hide]
1 Legal conventions
2 Cultural conventions
3 Traditions
3.1 Name days
3.2 Official birthdays
4 Frequency
5 Time zones and birthminutes
6 Leap day
7 In cultures and religions
7.1 Ancient Persia
7.2 Ancient Rome
7.3 China
7.4 Judaism
7.5 Christianity
7.5.1 Christianity: Early centuries
7.5.2 Christianity: Medieval
7.5.3 Religious: Modern
7.6 Islam
7.7 Hinduism
7.8 Buddhism (Mahayana)
7.9 Sikhism
7.10 North Korea
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Legal conventions
In most legal systems, one becomes designated as an adult on a particular birthday (usually between 12 and 21), and reaching age-specific milestones confers particular rights and responsibilities. At certain ages, one may become eligible to leave full-time education, become subject to military conscription or to enlist in the military, to consent to sexual intercourse, to marry, to marry without parental consent, to vote, to run for elected office, to legally purchase (or consume) alcohol and tobacco products, to purchase lottery tickets, or to obtain a driver's licence. The age of majority is the age when minors cease to legally be considered children and assume control over their persons, actions, and decisions, thereby terminating the legal control and legal responsibilities of their parents or guardians over and for them. Most countries set the age of majority between 18 and 21.
A one-year-old girl playing with her birthday balloons in Bangladesh
Cultural conventions
Many cultures have one or more coming of age birthdays:
Little girl in traditional birthday hat used in Canada and the U.S.
In Canada and the United States, families often mark a girl's 16th birthday with a "sweet sixteen" celebration - often represented in popular culture.
In some Hispanic countries, as well as in Portuguese-speaking Brazil, the quinceañera (Spanish) or festa de quinze anos (Portuguese) celebration traditionally marks a girl's 15th birthday.[1]
In Nepal and India, on a child's first birthday, their head is shaved while being held by a special fire. Removal of the hair is believed to cleanse the child of any evil in past lives, and symbolizes a renewal of the soul.[2] Hindu male children of some castes, like Brahmins, have the 12th or 13th birthday replaced with a grand "thread ceremony". The child takes a blessed thread and wears it, symbolizing his coming of age. This is called the Upanayana.[3]
In the Philippines, a coming-of-age party called a debut is held for girls on their 18th birthday, and for boys on their 21st birthday.
In some Asian countries that follow the zodiac calendar, there is a tradition of celebrating the 60th birthday.
In Korea, many celebrate a traditional ceremony of Baek-il (Feast for the 100th day) and Doljanchi (child's first birthday).
In Japan there is a Coming of Age Day, for all of those who have turned 20 years of age.
In British Commonwealth nations cards from the Royal Family are sent to those celebrating their 100th and 105th birthday and every year thereafter.[4]
In Ghana, on their birthday, children wake up to a special treat called "oto" which is a patty made from mashed sweet potato and eggs fried in palm oil. Later they have a birthday party where they usually eat stew and rice and a dish known as "kelewele", which is fried plantain chunks.[citation needed]
Jewish boys have a bar mitzvah on their 13th birthday. Jewish girls have a bat mitzvah on their 12th birthday, or sometimes on their 13th birthday in Reform and Conservative Judaism. This marks the transition where they become obligated in commandments of which they were previously exempted and are counted as part of the community.[5]
The birthdays of historically significant people, such as national heroes or founders, are often commemorated by an official holiday marking the anniversary of their birth.
Catholic saints are remembered by a liturgical feast on the anniversary of their "birth" into heaven a.k.a. their day of death. The ancient Romans marked the anniversary of a temple dedication or other founding event as a dies natalis, a term still sometimes applied to the anniversary of an institution (such as a university).
A person's golden or grand birthday, also referred to as their "lucky birthday", "champagne birthday", or "star birthday",[citation needed] occurs when they turn the age of their birth day (e.g., when someone born on the 25th of the month turns 25 or when someone born on the ninth turns nine).[6]
An individual's Beddian birthday, named in tribute to firefighter Bobby Beddia,[7] occurs during the year that his or her age matches the last two digits of the year he or she was born.[8]
In many cultures and jurisdictions, if a person's real birthday is not known (for example, if he or she is an orphan), then their birthday may be considered to be January 1.[9] That tradition is followed with horses, their age becoming one, on the first day of the year following their birth and being counted annually after that.
Traditions
Child with Snow White Cake, circa 1910–1940.
Girl's Birthday Party, circa 2011.
In many parts of the world[vague] an individual's birthday is celebrated by a party where a specially made cake, usually decorated with lettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally studded with the same number of lit candles as the age of the individual, or a number candle representing their age. The celebrated individual will usually make a silent wish and attempt to blow out the candles in one breath; if successful, a tradition holds that the wish will be granted. In many cultures, the wish must be kept secret or it won't "come true". Presents are bestowed on the individual by the guests appropriate to her/his age. Other birthday activities may include entertainment (sometimes by a hired professional, i.e. a clown, magician, or musician), and a special toast or speech by the birthday celebrant. The last stanza of Patty Hill's and Mildred Hill's famous song, "Good Morning to You" (unofficially titled "Happy Birthday to You") is typically sung by the guests at some point in the proceedings. In some countries a piñata takes the place of a cake.
Name days
Main article: Name day
In some historically Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries such as Italy, Spain, France, parts of Germany, Poland, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, and throughout Latin America, it is common to have a 'name day'/'Saint's day'. It is celebrated in much the same way as a birthday, but it is held on the official day of a saint with the same Christian name as the birthday person; the difference being that one may look up a person's name day in a calendar, or easily remember common name days (for example, John or Mary); however in pious traditions, the two were often made to concur by giving a newborn the name of a saint celebrated on its birthday, or possibly the name of a feast, for example, Noel or Pascal (French for Christmas and "of Easter"); as another example, Togliatti was given Palmiro as his first name because he was born on Palm Sunday.
Official birthdays
Colored lanterns at the Lotus Lantern Festival in Seoul, South Korea, celebrating the anniversary of the Buddha's birthday
Some notables, particularly monarchs, have an official birthday on a fixed day of the year, which may not necessarily match the day of their birth, but on which celebrations are held. Examples are:
Jesus Christ's traditional birthday is celebrated as Christmas Eve or Christmas Day around the world, on December 24 or 25, respectively. As some Eastern churches use the Julian calendar, December 25 will fall on January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. These dates are traditional and have no connection with the actual birthday date of Jesus, which was an unknown date, likely around September or possibly early October.[10][11]
Similarly, the birthdays of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist are liturgically celebrated on September 8 and June 24, especially in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions (although for those Eastern Orthodox churches using the Julian calendar the corresponding Gregorian dates are September 21 and July 7 respectively). As with Christmas, the dates of these celebrations are traditional and probably have no connection with the actual birthdays of these individuals (and if Jesus was born in September or October, it would seem likely that John the Baptist, who was traditionally regarded to be six months older,[12] was born around March or April).
The Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Fiji, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
The Grand Duke's Official Birthday in Luxembourg is typically celebrated on June 23. This is different from the monarch's actual date of birth, which is on April 16.
Koninginnedag in the Kingdom of the Netherlands was typically celebrated on April 30. Queen Beatrix fixed it at the birthday of her mother, the previous queen, to avoid the winter weather associated with her own birthday in January. The present monarch's birthday is 27 April, and is also celebrated on that day and has replaced the 30th of April celebration of Koninginnedag.
The current Japanese Emperor Akihito's official birthday is December 23, which is a national holiday in Japan, whereas his actual date of birth is on November 12.
The previous Japanese Emperor Showa (Hirohito)'s birthday was April 29. After his death, the holiday was kept as "Showa no Hi", or "Showa Day". This holiday falls close to Golden Week, the week in late April and early May.
Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-Il's birthdays are celebrated in North Korea as a national holiday.
Washington's Birthday, commonly referred to as Presidents' Day, is a federal holiday in the United States that celebrates the birthday of George Washington. President Washington's birthday is observed on the third Monday of February each year. However, his actual birth date was either February 11 (Old Style), or February 22 (New Style).
In India, every year October 2 which marks the Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, is declared as a holiday. All the liquor shops are closed across the country in honour of Gandhi not consuming liquor.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is a federal holiday in the United States marking the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, which is around the time of King's birthday, January 15.
Mawlid is the official birthday of Muhammad and is celebrated on the 12th or 17th day of Rabi' al-awwal by adherents of Sunni and Shia Islam respectively. These are the two most commonly accepted dates of birth of Muhammad.
Frequency
A cake indicating a tenth birthday celebration
According to a public database of births, birthdays in the United States are quite evenly distributed for the most part, but there tend to be more births in September and October.[13] This may be because there is a holiday season nine months before (the human gestation period is about nine months), or because the longest nights of the year also occur in the Northern Hemisphere nine months before. However, it appears the holidays have more of an effect on birth rates than the winter: New Zealand, a Southern Hemisphere country, has the same September and October peak with no corresponding peak in March and April.[14] The least common birthdays tend to fall around public holidays, such as Christmas, New Years Day and fixed-date holidays such as July 4 in the US. This is probably due to hospitals and birthing centres not offering labor inductions and elective Caesarean sections on public holidays.
Based on Harvard University research of birth records in the United States between 1973 and 1999, September 16 is the most common birthday in the United States and December 25 the least common birthday (other than February 29, because of leap years).[15] In 2011, October 5 and 6 were reported as the most frequently occurring birthdays.[16]
In New Zealand, the ten most common birthdays all fall within a thirteen-day period, between September 19 and October 1, corresponding to conception in December. The ten least common birthdays (other than February 29) are December 24–27, January 1–2, February 6, March 22, April 1 and April 25. This is based on all live births registered in New Zealand between 1980 and 2014.[14]
According to a study by the Yale School of Public Health, positive and negative associations with culturally significant dates may influence birth rates. The study shows a 5.3% decrease in spontaneous births and a 16.9% decrease in Caesarean births on Halloween, compared to dates occurring within one week before and one week after the October holiday. In contrast, on Valentine's Day there is a 3.6% increase in spontaneous births and a 12.1% increase in Caesarean births.[17]
Time zones and birthminutes
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A person's birthday and birthminute is usually recorded according to the time zone of the place of birth. Therefore, for example, if one is born on October 20 at 13:13 UTC+11 in Sydney, Australia, this would be recorded as October 19 at 19:13 UTC−7 in Los Angeles. Such a person, if spending his or her birthday in Los Angeles, would celebrate on October 19. Due to the irregularity of the International Date Line, no person would celebrate his or her birthday on the same day everywhere in the world, and a person born between 10:00 and 11:59 UTC would have three possible birthdays at various positions on the globe. (since the earliest time zone used in the world is UTC-12 and the latest is UTC+14).[18][19]
Leap day
In the Gregorian calendar (a common solar calendar), February in a leap year has 29 days instead of the usual 28, so the year lasts 366 days instead of the usual 365.
A person born on February 29 may be called a "leapling" or a "leaper".[20] In common years they usually celebrate their birthdays on February 28. In some situations, March 1 is used as the birthday in a non-leap year since it is the day following February 28.
Technically, a leapling will have fewer birthday anniversaries than their age in years. This phenomenon is exploited when a person claims to be only a quarter of their actual age, by counting their leap-year birthday anniversaries only. In Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance, Frederic the pirate apprentice discovers that he is bound to serve the pirates until his 21st birthday rather than until his 21st year.
For legal purposes, legal birthdays depend on how local laws count time intervals.
In cultures and religions
Ancient Persia
According to Herodotus (5th century BC), of all the days in the year, the one which the Persians celebrate most is their birthday. It was customary to have the board furnished on that day with an ampler supply than common: the richer people eat wholly baked cow, horse, camel, or donkey, while the poorer classes use instead the smaller kinds of cattle.[21][22]
Ancient Rome
The Romans enthusiastically celebrated birthdays with hedonistic parties and generous presents.[23]
China
Chinese birthday traditions reflect the culture's deep-seated focus on longevity and wordplay. From the homophony between 酒 ("rice wine") and 久 (meaning "long" in the sense of time passing), osmanthus and other rice wines are traditional gifts for birthdays in China. Longevity noodles are another traditional food consumed on the day,[24] although western-style birthday cakes are increasingly common among urban Chinese.
Judaism
In Judaism, the perspective on birthday celebrations is disputed by various rabbis, although today it is accepted practice by most of the faithful.[25] In the Hebrew Bible, the one single mention of a celebration being held in commemoration of someone's day of birth is for the Egyptian Pharaoh which is recorded in Genesis 40:20.[26] Rabbi Moshe Feinstein always acknowledged birthdays.[27] The Lubavitcher Rebbe encouraged people to celebrate their birthdays, by gathering friends, making positive resolutions, and through various religious observances.[28] According to Rabbi Yissocher Frand, the anniversary of a person's birth is a special day for that person's prayers to be accepted.[29]
The bar mitzvah of 13-year-old Jewish boys, or bat mitzvah for 12-year-old Jewish girls, is perhaps the only Jewish celebration undertaken in what is often perceived to be in coalition with a birthday. Despite modern celebrations where the secular "birthday" element often overshadows the essence of it as a religious rite, the essence of a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah celebration is entirely religious in origin (i.e. the attainment of religious maturity according to Jewish law), however, and not secular. With or without the birthday celebration, the child nevertheless becomes a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah, and the celebration may be on that day or any date after it.
Christianity
Christianity: Early centuries
Origen in his commentary "On Levites" writes that Christians should not only refrain from celebrating their birthdays, but should look on them with disgust.[30]
Orthodox Christianity in addition to birthdays, also celebrate the name day of a person.
Christianity: Medieval
Ordinary folk celebrated their saint's day (the saint they were named after), but nobility celebrated the anniversary of their birth.[citation needed] The "Squire's Tale", one of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, opens as King Cambuskan proclaims a feast to celebrate his birthday.[31]
Religious: Modern
While almost all Christians accept the practice today, Jehovah's Witnesses and some Sacred Name groups refrain from celebrating birthdays due to the custom's pagan origins, its connections to magic and superstitions. While Christmas is the celebration of Christ's Birth, some religious groups see it as being portrayed in a negative light.[32][33][34]
Islam
Some Muslim especially from Salafi school of thought[35] oppose the celebration of a birthday as a sin, as it is considered an "innovation" of the faith, or bi'dah while other clerics have issued statements saying that the celebration of a birthday is permissible.[36][37]
Some Muslims migrating to the United States adopt the custom of celebrating birthdays, especially for children, but others resist.[38]
There is also a great deal of controversy regarding celebrating Mawlid (the anniversary of the birth of Muhammad). While a section of Islam strongly favours it,[39] others decry such celebrations, terming them as out of the scope of Islam.[40]
Hinduism
Hindus celebrate the birth anniversary day every year when the day that corresponds to lunar month or solar month (Sun Signs Nirayana System – Sourava Mana Masa) of birth and has the same asterism (Star/Nakshatra) as that of the date of birth. That age is reckoned whenever Janma Nakshatra of the same month passes.
Hindus regard death to be more auspicious than birth since the person is liberated from the bondages of material society. Also, traditionally, rituals & prayers for the departed are observed on 5th and 11th day with many relatives gathering.
Buddhism (Mahayana)
Main article: Buddha's birthday
Many monasteries celebrate the anniversary of Buddha's birth, usually in a highly formal, ritualized manner. They treat Buddha's statue as if it was Buddha himself, as if he were alive; bathing, and "feeding" him.[41]
Sikhism
Sikhs celebrate the anniversary of the birth of Guru Nanak.
North Korea
In North Korea, people do not celebrate birthdays on July 8 and December 17 because these were the dates of the deaths of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il, respectively. More than 100,000 North Koreans celebrate displaced birthdays on July 9 or December 18 to avoid these dates. A person born on July 8 before 1994 may change their birthday, with official recognition.[42] Kim Il-sung's birthday, Day of the Sun, is the most important public holiday of the country,[43] and Kim Jong-il's birthday is celebrated as Day of the Shining Star.[44]
See also
Various birthdays are mentioned on the pages devoted to each day of the year, from January 1 to December 31
Birthday paradox
Birthday attack
East Asian age reckoning – a different method of age reckoning to birthdays that is used in some Asian countries
Half-birthday
Death anniversary/Yahrzeit
Unbirthday
Sashtiabdhapoorthi
Birthstones
References
Jump up ^ Quinceañeras – Hispanic Culture. Bellaonline.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Birthday traditions. happy-birthday-wishes.eu
Jump up ^ Sacred Thread Ceremony[dead link]. hinduyuva.org (2006)
Jump up ^ Queen and anniversary messages. Royal.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2013-01-01. Archived February 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rabbi Shraga (2000-01-17) ABC's of Bar/Bat Mitzvah. Aish.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Golden birthday@Everything2.com. Everything2.com (2003-03-01). Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ A Firefighter's Theorem. Newyorker.com. Retrieved on 2014-12-27.
Jump up ^ Beddian Theory. Dustbury.com. Retrieved on 2014-12-27.
Jump up ^ On New Year's Day, wish a 'Happy Birthday' to 202,000 refugees. syracuse.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Cortright, Michael. "The Birth of Jesus Christ". www.cortright.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Articles". www.hwcoc.org.au. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Blank, Wayne. "Bible Study - The Mother Of John". www.keyway.ca. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Anybirthday. Anybirthday. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Most common birthday in New Zealand". Statistics New Zealand. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Common Is Your Birthday?". The New York Times. 2006-12-19.
Jump up ^ Christina Ng (2011-10-05) Oct. 5: America’s Most Common Birthday ABC News
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Michael. (2011-10-10) Halloween, Valentine’s Day Found to Influence Birth Timing. Publichealth.yale.edu. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Current UTC-12". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Current UTC+14". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Hall, C. (February 29, 2008), "Leap Year Babies Hop Through Hoops of Joy, Pain of Novelty Birthday", Detroit Free Press |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ electricpulp.com. "HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks". legacy.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
Jump up ^ Kathryn Argetsinger (1992). "Birthday Rituals: Friends and Patrons in Roman Poetry and Cult". Classical Antiquity. 11 (2): 175–193. doi:10.2307/25010971. JSTOR 25010971.
Jump up ^ Li Xiaoxiang. Origins of Chinese People and Customs (2004) p. 101. Asiapac Books (Singapore). ISBN 9812293841.
Jump up ^ Reb Chaim HaQoton: Happy Birthday! April 17, 2007
Jump up ^ "Birthday in Torah". Just Asked. GatewaysOnline.com. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ Zvi (Far Rockaway) (2010-05-13). "Birthdays". Flatbush Jewish Journal.
Jump up ^ Chabad.org. "The Jewish Birthday".
Jump up ^ Rechel Weingarten (2010-05-13). "Birthday Celebrations". Flatbush Jewish Journal.
Jump up ^ John Bugge (1975) Early Christians,” notes The World Book Encyclopedia, “considered the celebration of anyone’s birth to be a pagan custom.” The ancient Greeks, for instance, believed that each person had a protective spirit that attended the person’s birth and thereafter watched over him. That spirit “had a mystic relation with the god on whose birthday the individual was born,” says the book The Lore of Birthdays. Birthdays also have a long-standing and an intimate link with astrology and the horoscope. 11 Besides rejecting birthday customs on account of pagan and spiritistic roots, God’s servants of old likely rejected them on principle as well. Why? These were humble, modest men and women who did not view their arrival in the world as so important that it should be celebrated. (Micah 6:8; Luke 9:48) Rather, they glorified Jehovah and thanked him for the precious gift of life.—Psalm 8:3, 4; 36:9; Revelation 4:11. Virginitas: an essay in the history of a medieval ideal, Springer ISBN 9024716950, p. 69
Jump up ^ Margaret Hallissy (1995) A Companion to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0313291896, p. 300
Jump up ^ Awake! July 8, 2004, p. 30 "Religions refrain from any celebrations or customs that continue to involve false religious beliefs or activities that violate their principles. For example, their views definitely put birthday celebrations in a bad light."
Jump up ^ The World Book Encyclopedia: Vol. 3, p. 416
Jump up ^ Are Birthday Celebrations Christian?. Thercg.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Nahid Kabir Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity Edinburgh University Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-748-66996-7 page 45
Jump up ^ Birthday parties | IslamToday – English. En.islamtoday.net. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Souhail Karam (2008-08-31). "Birthday parties against Islam says top Saudi cleric". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ Mona H. Faragallah, Walter R. Schumm and Farrell J. Webb (1997). "Acculturation of Arab-American Immigrants: An Exploratory Study". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 28 (3): 182. JSTOR 41603515.
Jump up ^ Imam Jalaluddin al-Suyuti Celebrating Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi. (PDF). Nooremadinah.net. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Salman Mohammed (2011-02-06) Milad un Nabi or Prophet Birthday : Celebrate or Not?. Systemoflife.com Article. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Sarah J. Horton (2007) Living Buddhist statues in early medieval and modern Japan, Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1403964203 p. 24
Jump up ^ Ju Seongha (2011-12-30) 北 김정은 시대 北 12월 17일生 사라진다. news.donga.com
Jump up ^ MacLeod, Calum (26 April 2013). "Korean defectors recall 'Day of the Sun'". USA Today. Contributing: Jueyoung Song, Duck Hwa Hong. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Neville, Tim (15 February 2015). "Happy birthday? North Korea celebrates Kim Jong Il's legacy". CNN. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birthday.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Birthday
Wikidata has the property: date of birth (P569) (see uses)
What's your number?, by Population Action International
What's your number?, by the BBC
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