text:
List of Prime Ministers of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Narendra Modi is the current (14th) Prime Minister of India, since 26 May 2014.
The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India. In India's parliamentary system, the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure, but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers. Appointed and sworn-in by the President, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament.
Since 1947, India has had fourteen Prime Ministers, fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role. The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party, who was sworn-in on 15 August 1947, when India gained independence from the British. Serving until his death in May 1964, Nehru remains India's longest-serving prime minister. He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri, whose 19-month term also ended in death. Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country's first woman premier. Eleven years later, she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party, whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister. After he resigned in 1979, his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later. Indira Gandhi's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984, when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards. That evening, her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn-in as India's youngest premier, and the third from his family. Thus far, members of Nehru–Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days.[1]
Rajiv's five-year term ended with his former cabinet colleague, V. P. Singh of the Janata Dal, forming the year-long National Front coalition government in 1989. A six-month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed, after which the Congress party returned to power, forming the government under P. V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991. Rao's five-year term was succeeded by four short-lived governments—the Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996, a year each under United Front prime ministers H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral, and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998–99. After Vajpayee was sworn-in for the third time, in 1999, he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government to a full five-year term, the first non-Congressman to do so. Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh, the first Sikh premier, whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014.
The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP-led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India's first non-Congress single party majority government.[2]
Prime Ministers of India (by state of birth)
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Prime Ministers of India
3 See also
4 References
Key[edit]
Colour key for party of the prime ministers
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
designated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[3]
Janata Dal
Janata Party
Janata Party (Secular)
Samajwadi Janata Party
Other key
№: Incumbent number
† Assassinated or died in office
§ Returned to office after a previous term
RES Resigned
NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion
Prime Ministers of India[edit]
№
Name
(birth–death); constituency
Portrait
Prior Office
Party
(Alliance)
Elected constituency
Term of office[4]
Elections
(Lok Sabha)
Ministry
Appointed by
1
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964) Indian freedom fighter Indian National Congress Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh 15 August
1947 27 May
1964[†] 7003613000000000000♠16 years, 286 days — Nehru I Lord Mountbatten
1952 (1st) Nehru II Rajendra Prasad
1957 (2nd) Nehru III
1962 (3rd) Nehru IV
–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998) Union Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha, Gujarat 27 May
1964 9 June
1964 13 days (3rd) (acting) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
2
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1904–1966) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 9 June
1964 11 January
1966[†] 7002581000000000000♠1 year, 216 days (3rd) Shastri
–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha, Gujarat 11 January
1966 24 January
1966 13 days (3rd) (acting)
3
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January
1966 24 March
1977 7003407700000000000♠11 years, 59 days (3rd) I. Gandhi I
Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh 1967 (4th)
Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
1971 (5th) I. Gandhi II V. V. Giri
4
Morarji Desai
(1896–1995) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat, Gujarat 24 March
1977 28 July
1979[RES] 7002856000000000000♠2 years, 126 days 1977 (6th) Desai B. D. Jatti
(acting President)
5
Charan Singh
(1902–1987) Minister of Finance Janata Party (Secular)
with INC Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh 28 July
1979 14 January
1980[RES] 170 days – (6th) C. Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(3)
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress (I) Medak, Andhra Pradesh 14 January
1980[§] 31 October
1984[†] 7003175200000000000♠4 years, 291 days 1980 (7th) I. Gandhi III
6
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944–1991) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress (I) Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 31 October
1984 2 December
1989 7003185800000000000♠5 years, 32 days (7th) R. Gandhi Zail Singh
Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
1984 (8th)
7
V. P. Singh
(1931–2008) Minister of Defence Janata Dal
(National Front) Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh 2 December
1989 10 November
1990[NC] 343 days 1989 (9th) V. P. Singh R. Venkataraman
8
Chandra Shekhar
(1927–2007) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party
with INC Ballia, Uttar Pradesh 10 November
1990 21 June
1991 223 days (9th) Chandra Shekhar
9
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921–2004) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress (I) Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh 21 June
1991 16 May
1996 7003179100000000000♠4 years, 330 days 1991 (10th) Rao
10
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 16 May
1996 1 June
1996[RES] 16 days 1996 (11th) Vajpayee I Shankar Dayal Sharma
11
H. D. Deve Gowda
(born 1933) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal
(United Front) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June
1996 21 April
1997[RES] 324 days (11th) Deve Gowda
12
Inder Kumar Gujral
(1919–2012) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal
(United Front) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April
1997 19 March
1998 332 days (11th) Gujral
(10)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 19 March
1998[§] 22 May
2004 7003225600000000000♠6 years, 64 days 1998 (12th) Vajpayee II K. R. Narayanan
Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
1999 (13th) Vajpayee III
13
Manmohan Singh
(born 1932) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress
(UPA) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May
2004 26 May
2014 7003365600000000000♠10 years, 4 days 2004 (14th) M. Singh I A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
2009 (15th) M. Singh II Pratibha Patil
14
Narendra Modi
(born 1950) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 26 May
2014[5] Incumbent 7003120800000000000♠3 years, 112 days 2014 (16th) Modi Pranab Mukherjee
See also[edit]
Government of India portal
India portal
Prime Minister's Office
List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity
List of Presidents of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "In India, next generation of Gandhi dynasty". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ Diplomat, Ankit Panda, The. "BJP, Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Indian National Congress". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Former Prime Ministers". PM India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26". The Times of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Prime Minister of India
Jawaharlal Nehru
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Indira Gandhi
Morarji Desai
Charan Singh
Rajiv Gandhi
V. P. Singh
Chandra Shekhar
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
Manmohan Singh
Narendra Modi
List
List by longevity
Official residence
PM's Office
[show]
v
t
e
Lists of Prime Ministers
Lists of Prime Ministers by country
Abkhazia
Albania
Algeria
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Canada
Catalonia
Congo
Croatia
Cuba
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Fiji
Finland
France
Ghana
Great Britain
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Jammu and Kashmir
Japan
Jordan
Kampuchea
Kazakhstan
Korea
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Nagorno-Karabakh
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
Newfoundland
New Zealand
Niger
North Korea
Northern Cyprus
Northern Ireland
North Rhine-Westphalia
Norway
Pakistan
Palestine
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Prussia
Qatar
Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Victoria
Republika Srpska
Rhodesia
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Serbia
Serbian Krajina
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
South Vietnam
Soviet Union
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Syria
Tajikistan
Tanganyika
Tanzania
Tatarstan
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Vietnam
Yugoslavia
[show]
v
t
e
Government ministries of India
President (List) • Government of India • Prime Minister (List • Office) • Deputy Prime Minister • Council of Ministers
Current
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
AYUSH
Chemicals and Fertilizers
Civil Aviation
Coal
Commerce and Industry
Communications
Consumer Affairs
Culture
Defence
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Earth Sciences
Electronics and Information Technology
Environment, Forest and Climate Change
External Affiars
Finance
Food Processing Industries
Health and Family Welfare
Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Home Affairs
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
Human Resource Development
Information and Broadcasting
Labour and Employment
Law and Justice
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Mines
Minority Affairs
New and Renewable Energy
North East
Panchayati Raj
Parliamentary Affairs
Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
Petroleum
Power
Railways
Road Transport and Highways
Rural Development
Science and Technology
Shipping
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
Social Justice and Empowerment
Statistics and Programme Implementation
Steel
Textiles
Tourism
Tribal Affairs
Urban Development
Water Resources
Women and Child Development
Defunct
Communications and Information Technology
Overseas Indian Affairs
Surface Transport
Ministers
Home Affairs
Finance
External Affairs
Defence
Railways
Health and Family Welfare
HRD
Information and Broadcasting
Labour and Employment
Parliamentary Affairs
Science and Technology
Tribal Affairs
North Eastern Region
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India&oldid=800728491"
Categories:
Prime Ministers of India
Lists of prime ministers
Lists of political office-holders in India
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from May 2013
Use Indian English from May 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
भोजपुरी
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Português
संस्कृतम्
Simple English
Suomi
தமிழ்
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 09:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_India
mw-redirect
Cabinet of India

values:
/wiki/India%27s_Parliament
mw-redirect
India's Parliament

values:
/wiki/Nehru-Gandhi_dynasty
mw-redirect
Nehru-Gandhi dynasty

values:
/wiki/National_Front_(India)
mw-redirect
National Front (India)

values:
/wiki/United_Front_(India)
mw-redirect
United Front (India)

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#FF9933; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#00BFFF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#2E8B57; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#1F75FE; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#00008B; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#74C365; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/No-confidence_motion
mw-redirect
No-confidence motion

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Indian_freedom_fighters
mw-redirect
Indian freedom fighters

values: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

values:
/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1952
mw-redirect
Indian general election, 1952

values: Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)

values:
/wiki/Morarji_Desai_ministry
mw-redirect
Morarji Desai ministry

values:
/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao_ministry
mw-redirect
P. V. Narasimha Rao ministry

values:
/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Karnataka
mw-redirect
Chief Minister of Karnataka

values: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in WEF ,2009 (cropped).jpg

values:
/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gujarat
mw-redirect
Chief Minister of Gujarat

values:
/wiki/Narendra_Modi_ministry
mw-redirect
Narendra Modi ministry

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg
image
Emblem of India

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Lists of Prime Ministers (page does not exist)

values: Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, London, UK.

values: List of Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda

values: List of Prime Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: List of Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic

values: List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia

values: List of Prime Ministers of Equatorial Guinea

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Ghana
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Ghana

values: List of Prime Ministers of Great Britain

values: List of Prime Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Libya
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Libya

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Republic of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Malta
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Malta

values: List of Prime Ministers of Nagorno-Karabakh

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Antilles

values: List of Prime Ministers of Northern Cyprus

values: List of Prime Ministers of Northern Ireland

values: List of Prime ministers of North Rhine-Westphalia

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Norway
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Norway

values: List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Peru
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Peru

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Philippines

values: List of Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II

values: List of Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria

values: List of Prime Ministers of Republika Srpska

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Russia
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Russia

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Rwanda
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Rwanda

values: List of Prime Ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis

values: List of Prime Ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Samoa
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Samoa

values: List of Prime Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Serbia
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Serbia

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Republic of Serbian Krajina

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands

values: List of Prime Ministers of South Vietnam

values: List of Prime Ministers of the Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Sudan
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Sudan

values: List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Uganda
mw-redirect
List of Prime Ministers of Uganda

values: List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates

values: List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

values: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)

values: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution

values: Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

values: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

values: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

values: Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises

values: Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

values: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)

values: Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)

values: Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

values: Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region

values: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)

values: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

values: Ministry of Science and Technology (India)

values: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

values: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

values: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

values: Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation

values: Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)

values: Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)

values: Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)

values: Minister of Science and Technology (India)

values: Minister of Development of North Eastern Region (India)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Lists of political office-holders in India

values: Category:Use Indian English from May 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: قائمة رؤساء وزراء الهند – Arabic

values: ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰীসকলৰ তালিকা – Assamese

values: ভারতের প্রধানমন্ত্রীদের তালিকা – Bangla

values: भारत के परधानमंत्री लोग के लिस्ट – Bhojpuri

values: Liste der Premierminister Indiens – German

values: فهرست نخست‌وزیران هند – Persian

values: Liste des Premiers ministres de l'Inde – French

values: ભારતના વડાપ્રધાન – Gujarati

values: भारत के प्रधान मंत्रियों की सूची – Hindi

values: Daftar Perdana Menteri India – Indonesian

values: ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಮಂತ್ರಿಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ – Kannada

values: ഇന്ത്യയുടെ പ്രധാനമന്ത്രിമാരുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam

values: भारतका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरुको सूची – Nepali

values: インドの歴代首相 – Japanese

values: Liste over Indias statsministre – Norwegian

values: Lista dels primièrs ministres d'Índia – Occitan

values: ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ମାନଙ୍କର ତାଲିକା – Odia

values: ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ – Punjabi

values: بھارت دے وزیراعظم – Western Punjabi

values: Lista de primeiros-ministros da Índia – Portuguese

values: भारतस्य प्रधानमन्त्रिणः – Sanskrit

values: List of Prime Ministers of India – Simple English

values: Luettelo Intian pääministereistä – Finnish

values: இந்தியப் பிரதம மந்திரிகளின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: فہرست وزرائے اعظم بھارت – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India rootpage-List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Theory X and Theory Y
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mnemonic device for the two theories: a person refusing to work ("X") and a person cheering the opportunity to work ("Y")
Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation and management. They were created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, initially presented at a management conference in 1957,[1] and developed during the 1960s. These two theories describe contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. According to the models, the two opposing sets of general assumptions of how workers are motivated form the basis for two different managerial styles. Theory X stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards, and penalties: in contrast, Theory Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision.
Contents
[hide]
1 Theory X
2 Theory Y
3 Choosing a management style
3.1 Evaluate the workforce
4 McGregor and Maslow's hierarchy
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Theory X[edit]
Theory X is based on pessimistic assumptions regarding the typical worker. This management style supposes that the typical employee has little to no ambition, shies away from work or responsibilities, and is individual-goal oriented. Generally, Theory X style managers believe their employees are less intelligent than the managers are, lazier than the managers are, or work solely for a sustainable income. Due to these assumptions, Theory X concludes the typical workforce operates more efficiently under a "hands-on" approach to management.[2] The 'Theory X' manager believes that all actions should be traced and the responsible individual given a direct reward or a reprimand according to the action's outcomes. This managerial style is more effective when used in a workforce that is not intrinsically motivated to perform.
According to McGregor, there are two opposing approaches to implementing Theory X: the "hard" approach and the "soft" approach. The hard approach depends on close supervision, intimidation, and imminent punishment. This approach can potentially yield a hostile, minimally cooperative work force that could harbor resentment towards management. The soft approach is the literal opposite, characterized by leniency and less strictly regulated rules in hopes for high workplace morale and therefore cooperative employees. Implementing a system that is too soft could result in an entitled, low-output workforce. McGregor believes both ends of the spectrum are too extreme for efficient real world application.[3] Instead, McGregor feels that somewhere between the two approaches would be the most effective implementation of Theory X.
Overall, Theory X generally proves to be most effective in terms of consistency of work. Although managers and supervisors are in almost complete control of the work, this produces a more systematic and uniform product or work flow. Theory X can also benefit a work place that is more suited towards an assembly line or manual labor type of occupation.[4] Utilizing theory X in these types of work conditions allow the employee to specialize in a particular area allowing the company to mass produce more quantity and higher quality work, which in turns brings more profit.
Theory Y[edit]
In contrast, Theory Y managers act on the belief that people in the workforce are internally motivated, enjoy their labor in the company, and work to better themselves without a direct "reward" in return.[5] Theory Y employees are considered to be one of the most valuable assets to the company, and truly drive the internal workings of the corporation.[6] Workers additionally tend to take full responsibility for their work and do not require the need of constant supervision in order to create a quality and higher standard product.[4]
Because of the drastic change compared to the "Theory X" way of directing, "Theory Y" managers gravitate towards relating to the worker on a more personal level, as opposed to a more conductive and teaching based relationship.[5] As a result, Theory Y followers may have a better relationship with their higher-ups, as well as potentially having a healthier atmosphere in the workplace. Managers in this theory tend to use a democratic type of leadership because workers will be working in a way that does not need supervision the most.[4]
In comparison to "Theory X", "Theory Y" adds more of a democratic and free feel in the workforce allowing the employee to design, construct, and publish their works in a timely manner in co-ordinance to their workload and projects. Aydin reports a study undertaken to analyze the different management styles of professors at a Turkish University. This study found that the highly supervised Theory X management affected the research performance of the academics negatively. In general, the study suggests that the professional setting and research-based work that professors perform is best managed using a Theory Y management style.[5]
While "Theory Y" may seem optimal, it does have some drawbacks. While there is a more personal and individualistic feel, this does leave room for error in terms of consistency and uniformity.[3] The workplace lacks unvarying rules and practices, and this can result in an inconsistent product which could potentially be detrimental to the quality standards and strict guidelines of a given company.[2]
Choosing a management style[edit]
For McGregor, Theory X and Y are not opposite ends of the same continuum, but rather two different continua in themselves. In order to achieve the most efficient production, a combination of both theories may be appropriate. This approach is derived from Fred Fiedler's research over various leadership styles known as the contingency theory. This theory is based on 3 dimensions: Leader-member relationship, degree of task structure, and the leader's position power.[7]
Evaluate the workforce[edit]
According to the contingency theory, it is likely that a manager will need to adopt both approaches depending on the evolving circumstances, and internal and external locus of control throughout their workforce.[6]
People with a strong internal locus of control (personality) believe outcomes in their life develop primarily from their own actions and abilities, as a result they are task-oriented and spend little time building relationships among peers (Theory X). People with strong external locus of control believe outside factors are the primary influence on the outcomes in their life, therefore, they are relationship-oriented and focus on building relationships among peers (Theory Y).[8]
For example, when completing a project, an internal locus of control manager may use their rank as a factor to lead a workforce and focus on the group's ability and skills to achieve the best outcome, however, an external locus of control manager will use their relationship formed with a workforce to lead the group and focus on the workforce's morale and self-satisfaction to achieve the best result.
McGregor and Maslow's hierarchy[edit]
McGregor's management theories closely relate to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a model in which motivation is used to achieve higher level needs (social, esteem, and self-actualization) after basic physiological and safety needs are met. Maslow believes that higher level needs can be achieved through sense of achievement, having autonomy, having feelings of self-worth, and realizing one's potential. McGregor agreed with Maslow that self-actualization is the highest level human need that ought to be achieved, this reflects his bias for promoting Theory Y management which emphasizes self-motivation. With the adoption of Theory Y practices, managers can create an environment where workers can achieve their highest needs of esteem and self-actualization. Because of the close supervision Theory X managers adopt, these types of workers tend not to feel autonomous or have self-direction, therefore workers are typically not motivated to achieve higher level needs.
See also[edit]
Theory Z, a later work/organizational motivation theory which is likely a derivative of Theory Y
Scientific management
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGregor, Douglas M. "The Human Side of Enterprise" in Adventure in Thought and Action, Proceedings of the Fifth Anniversary Convocation of the School of Industrial Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 9 April 1957
^ Jump up to: a b Sorenson, Peter (2015). "Theory X and Theory Y". Management. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0078.
^ Jump up to: a b "Theory X and Theory Y". Net MBA. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sager, Kevin (2008). "An exploratory study of the relationships between Theory X/Y assumptions and superior communication style". Management Communication Quarterly. 22: 288–312. doi:10.1177/0893318908323148. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Aydin, Oya Tamtekin (2012). "The Impact of Theory X, Theory Y and Theory Z on Research Performance: An Empirical Study from A Turkish University" (PDF). International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics.
^ Jump up to: a b Avolio, Bruce J (2007). "Promoting More Integrative Strategies for Leadership Theory-building". American Psychologist. 62: 25–33. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.1.25.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Steven; Schriesheim, Chester; Murphy, Charles; Stogdill, Ralph (1974). "Toward a Contingency Theory of Leadership Based upon the Consideration and Initiating Structure Literature". Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 12: 62–82. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(74)90037-3.
Jump up ^ Carlson, N. et al., Psychology: The Science of Behaviour, 4th Canadian ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada, 2007
Sources[edit]
McGregor, D. (1960). The Human Side of Enterprise, New York, McGrawHill.
Patience, H. (1973). Organizational Behavior, Financial Times.
Sahin, F (2012). "The mediating effect of leader-member exchange on the relationship between Theory X and Y management styles and effective commitment: A multilevel analysis". Journal of Management and Organization. 18 (2): 159–174. doi:10.1017/s1833367200000936.
Townsend, Robert C.; Bennis, Warren (2007). Up the Organization: How to Stop the Corporation from Stifling People and Strangling Profits. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0787987756.
External links[edit]
A diagram representing Theory X and Theory Y, Alan Chapman, 2002.
Another diagram representing Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas Mcgregor's Theory X Y, management styles
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_X_and_Theory_Y&oldid=813716778"
Categories:
Organizational behavior
Motivational theories
Project management
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Articles needing additional references from October 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ქართული
Қазақша
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 December 2017, at 21:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Organizational_development
mw-redirect
Organizational development

values: Edit section: Choosing a management style

values: Task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership

values: Edit section: McGregor and Maslow's hierarchy

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Theory_X_and_Theory_Y
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: نظرية إكس ونظرية واي – Arabic

values: Тэорыя X і тэорыя Y – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Теория X и теория Y – Bulgarian

values: თეორია X და თეორია Y – Georgian

values: Х ілімі және Y ілімі – Kazakh

values: Теория X и теория Y – Russian

values: Теорија Х и Y – Serbian

values: Теорія мотивації Дугласа Мак-Грегора – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Theory_X_and_Theory_Y rootpage-Theory_X_and_Theory_Y skin-vector action-view