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Something in the Water (Carrie Underwood song)
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"Something in the Water"
Single by Carrie Underwood
from the album Greatest Hits: Decade #1
Released
September 29, 2014 (2014-09-29)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2014
Genre
Christian[1]
country
Length
3:56
Label
Arista Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Chris DeStefano
Brett James
Carrie Underwood
Producer(s)
Mark Bright
Carrie Underwood singles chronology
"Somethin' Bad"
(2014) "Something in the Water"
(2014) "Little Toy Guns"
(2015)
"Somethin' Bad"
(2014) "Something in the Water"
(2014) "Little Toy Guns"
(2015)
"Something in the Water" is a song by American country music artist Carrie Underwood, from her first greatest hits album, Greatest Hits: Decade #1. The song was released on September 29, 2014, as the album's lead single through Arista Nashville. It was written by Underwood, Chris DeStefano, Brett James, and produced by Mark Bright.[2]
A crossover success, "Something in the Water" reached No. 1 on both the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Hot Christian Songs charts. It is Underwood's 14th career leader on Hot Country Songs and her second in 2014. It topped the former chart for seven weeks and the latter for 26 weeks, and also debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100. It set and broke multiple airplay records on country radio in its first week.
The song won the Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Critical reception
3 Awards and nominations
3.1 Billboard Music Awards
3.2 Country Music Association Awards
3.3 CMT Music Awards
3.4 Grammy Awards
3.5 Music Row Awards
3.6 Inspirational Country Music Awards
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
6 Live performances
7 Track listing
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
9 Release history
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
""Something in the Water" is so inspirational. It's so joyous! I can't help but smile when I hear it. I hope it has the same effect on everyone who listens to it."
—Underwood on the song [2]
The song was written by Underwood along with Chris DeStefano and Brett James, and produced by Underwood's longtime producer Mark Bright. It also has a sample of Amazing Grace at the closing of the song, sung by Underwood.[3]
James told Country Weekly that, when he arrived at Underwood's cabin in Leiper's Fork, Tennessee for a songwriter's session, she and DeStefano already had a track ready, when Underwood suggested "Something in the Water" as a title. They then chose to make the song themed after a person whose life changes after baptism. James said that he found Underwood's demo of the song "emotional", and praised Underwood's singing and songwriting style. He later called it "one of the most perfect writing days I have had in my life".[4]
Critical reception[edit]
"Something in the Water" was met with widespread critical acclaim. Rolling Stone praised the song stating that "Underwood sings in the soaring song showcasing her heavenly high vocal range" and called the song a "spiritual heartstring-tugger".[5] Billboard praised the song with 4 out of 5 stars, stating: "Carrie Underwood offers a message of faith in times of trouble".[6] Music Times praised the song by saying that Underwood "pulls out all of her strongest, boldest notes for the religious anthem" and that the song "builds to some of the greatest heights Underwood has reached to date".[7] All Access Music also praised the song, stating that "It's a welcome – and bold – move for Underwood that flies in the face of Country's recent direction. Her vocals soar and to no one's surprise she powerfully delivers the message".[8] AXS called "Something in the Water" a "mighty offering" while praising Underwood for a "righteously powerful performance." [9]
Website Taste of Country praised Underwood's vocals and the songs's lyrics and production, saying "Mark Bright creates a complex and rich tapestry that swirls between the rare breathes Underwood takes. Her vocal performance is typically stunning and personal" and also predicted the song "to clean up come 2015 awards season".[10] Website Popdust gave the song a rating of 4.5/5, saying, "assembled with an orchestral arrangement and a backing of a harmoniously sanctified choir, this track...is a game changer." The website also praised Underwood bringing faith back into her song.[11]
On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Grammy Awards, Underwood won Best Country Solo Performance for "Something in the Water", marking her seventh career Grammy Award.[12][13]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Billboard Music Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 "Something in the Water" Top Christian Song Won
Country Music Association Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 "Something in the Water" Music Video of the Year Nominated
CMT Music Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 "Something in the Water" Video of the Year Won
Female Video of the Year Won
Grammy Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 "Something in the Water" Best Country Solo Performance Won
Music Row Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 "Something in the Water" Song of the Year Nominated
Inspirational Country Music Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 "Something in the Water" Mainstream Inspirational Song of the Year Won
Inspirational Video of the Year Won
Chart performance[edit]
"Something in the Water" sold over 125,000 copies in its first week, becoming the biggest opening-week sales of any female country artist in 2014 and the singer's highest sales frame since 2009, when "I Told You So", featuring Randy Travis, sold 126,000 copies. It is also Underwood's best debut sales week for a digital song. It debuted at No. 4 on Billboard's Digital Songs chart.[14] The song's massive airplay in its first week prompted it to also debuted at No. 17 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, achieving the highest debut for a solo artist in 2014 and surpassing Underwood's previous record of No. 20 with "So Small" in 2007. Additionally, it set an all-time record by amassing 144 total stations on impact date on Mediabase.[15] The song debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs, becoming the singer's first song to top such a chart, and rose from No. 48 to number two on the Billboard Hot Country Songs in its second week on the chart. It also debuted at No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[16]
In its seventh week on the charts, "Something in the Water" reached No.1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs, becoming Underwood's 14th career leader on the chart and her second in 2014.[17] It became her fastest climbing single on the Hot Country Songs chart. With 14 chart-toppers on such a chart, she expands her record as the female country artist with the most number one hits on the Hot Country Songs chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present), breaking her own Guinness Book record of ten, set in 2010.[18] It has topped the Hot Country Songs for seven weeks, becoming her longest No.1 reign on the chart and the third longest No.1 reign among women in the chart's history.[19] The song has also topped the Hot Christian Songs for 26 consecutive weeks,setting a record for the longest reign on that chart by a woman and also the second longest running number one.[20][21] The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on February 25, 2015.[22] As of April, 2016, the song has sold over 1,100,000 copies in the United States.[23]
The song won Top Christian Song at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards.[24]
Music video[edit]
""We took it in a direction that was probably not what most people would think." "We made it joyful and happy and uplifting."
—Underwood describing the video to Entertainment Tonight [25]
The music video was directed by Raj Kapoor and premiered on November 4, 2014, on Twitter during the 48th Annual CMA Awards. Emmy nominated choreographer Travis Wall choreographed the video.
Underwood performed with dancers from the Shaping Sound dance academy dancing in the background and "required 16 choir members, 12 dancers, three costume changes and a custom-built tank of recycled water to create its dance spectacle."[26]
Live performances[edit]
Underwood performed the song at 2014 CMA Awards and on April 7, 2016 at the fifteenth season finale of American Idol.[27] The song is also performed as the encore of her "Storyteller Tour: Stories in the Round".
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
"Something in the Water" – 3:45
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[28] 29
Canada Country (Billboard)[29] 3
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[30] 88
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[31] 192
US Billboard Hot 100[32] 24
US Christian Airplay (Billboard)[33] 26
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[34] 3
US Hot Christian Songs (Billboard)[35] 1
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[36] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Position
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[37] 84
US Hot Christian Songs (Billboard)[38] 2
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[39] 58
Chart (2015)
Position
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[40] 49
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[41] 36
US Hot Christian Songs (Billboard)[41] 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[42]
Platinum 1,100,000[23]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Leave the Night On" by Sam Hunt
"My Baby's Got a Smile on Her Face" by Craig Wayne Boyd Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one single
November 22–December 6, 2014
January 10–31, 2015 Succeeded by
"Shotgun Rider" by Tim McGraw
"I See You" by Luke Bryan
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label
Ref
Canada September 29, 2014 (2014-09-29) Digital download
Arista Nashville
19
[43]
United Kingdom [44]
United States [45]
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06) Country radio [46]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville (September 29, 2014). "Carrie Underwood Finds Faith in New Single 'Something in the Water'". Rolling Stone. Rollingstone.com. Jann Wenner. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Mansfield, Brian (September 26, 2014). "Carrie Underwood to release 'Greatest Hits,' new single". USA Today. USAToday.com. Gannett Company. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Menyes, Carolyn (September 29, 2014). "Carrie Underwood Finds Jesus in Inspirational New Song 'Something In The Water' [LISTEN]". Music Times. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Conaway, Alanna (1 December 2014). "Story behind the song: Divine inspiration". Country Weekly. 21 (48): 16. ISSN 1074-3235.
Jump up ^ Dunkerlley, Beville (September 29, 2014). "Hear Carrie Underwood's spiritual new single 'Something In The Water'". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "The Best and Worst Singles of the Week -- From Lorde to One Direction". Billboard. October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Finds Jesus in Inspirational New Song 'Something In The Water'". Music Times. 2014-09-29.
Jump up ^ "Country Spotlight Trax". All Access Music Group.
Jump up ^ Villa, Lucas (September 28, 2014). "Listen: Carrie Underwood samples 'Amazing Grace' on 'Something in the Water'". AXS.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood, 'Something in the Water'". Taste of Country. September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott, Jason (28 September 2014). "Carrie Underwood, 'Something In The Water'—Single Review". Popdust.com. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Official Site of Music's Biggest Night". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners Search (Carrie Underwood)". Grammy.com. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200". Billboard. October 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Is Making History with "Something in the Water"!". Sony Music Nashville. October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jessen, Wade (October 9, 2014). "Carrie Underwood's 'Water' Splashes Onto Hot Country Songs, Hot Christian Songs Charts". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Jessen, Wade (November 13, 2014). "Carrie Underwood Climbs to No. 1 on Hot Country Songs Following CMA Awards". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Most country no.1s for a female artist in the US". Guinnessworldrecords.com. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
Jump up ^ Jessen, Wade. "Carrie Underwood Has Her Longest Reign at No. 1 on Hot Country Songs Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Jessen, Wade. "Reba McEntire Returns to Hot Country Songs Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Jessen, Wade. "Carrie Underwood, Jason Aldean & Garth Brooks Scale Country Charts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Carrie Underwood – Something in the water". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ Jump up to: a b Jim Asker. "Carrie Underwood & Blake Shelton Cross to Christian Charts". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Music Awards 2015: See the Full Winners List". Billboard. May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Go Behind the Scenes of Carrie Underwood's Epic 'Something in the Water' Music Video". ET Online. November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Brian (November 4, 2014). "Video: Carrie Underwood to priemere video for 'Something in the Water' exclusively on Twitter Wednesday Night". News OK. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ astefano (7 April 2016). "Carrie Underwood Performs 'Something in the Water' on 'Idol' Finale". The Boot.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Canada Country)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CHART: CLUK Update 11.10.2014 (wk40)". zobbel.de / Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Christian Airplay)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Country Airplay)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Album & Song Chart History - Christian Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Hot Country Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Country Update for December 15, 2014" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 15, 2014. p. 17. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2014: Hot Christian Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2014: Hot Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2015: Country Airplay". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Best of 2015: Hot Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Carrie Underwood – Something in the water". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Something in the Water - Single by Carrie Underwood". iTunes Store (CA). September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Something in the Water - Single by Carrie Underwood". iTunes Store (GB). September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Something in the Water - Single by Carrie Underwood". iTunes Store (US). September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Future Releases for Country Radio Stations". AllAccess Music Group. Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Carrie Underwood songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Some Hearts
"Jesus, Take the Wheel"
"Some Hearts"
"Don't Forget to Remember Me"
"Before He Cheats"
"Wasted"
Carnival Ride
"So Small"
"All-American Girl"
"Last Name"
"Just a Dream"
"I Told You So"
Play On
"Cowboy Casanova"
"Temporary Home"
"Undo It"
"Mama's Song"
Blown Away
"Good Girl"
"Blown Away"
"Two Black Cadillacs"
"See You Again"
Greatest Hits: Decade #1
"Something in the Water"
"Little Toy Guns"
Storyteller
"Smoke Break"
"Heartbeat"
"Church Bells"
"Dirty Laundry"
Featured singles
"Just Stand Up!" (with Artists Stand Up To Cancer)
"Remind Me" (with Brad Paisley)
"Can't Stop Lovin' You" (with Aerosmith)
"Somethin' Bad" (with Miranda Lambert)
"The Fighter" (with Keith Urban)
Other singles
"Inside Your Heaven"
Promotional singles
"I'll Stand by You"
"Praying for Time"
"Home Sweet Home"
"There's a Place for Us"
"Chaser"
Other songs
"Eighteen Inches"
"Ever Ever After"
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Something_in_the_Water_(Carrie_Underwood_song)&oldid=800643582"
Categories:
2014 songs
2014 singles
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Songs written by Chris DeStefano
Songs written by Brett James
Songs written by Carrie Underwood
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Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Canada
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text:
List of Australian Open champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
List of Australian Open champions in tennis: Men's Singles and Doubles, Women's Singles and Doubles, and Mixed Doubles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Open Era champions
1.1 Seniors
1.1.1 Timeline men's singles
1.1.2 Timeline women's singles
1.2 Juniors
2 See also
Open Era champions[edit]
Seniors[edit]
Year
Singles
Doubles
Men
Women
Men
Women
Mixed
1969 Rod Laver Margaret Court Roy Emerson
Rod Laver Margaret Court
Judy Tegart Ann Haydon
Frederick Stolle and
Margaret Court
Marty Riessen
1970 Arthur Ashe Robert Lutz
Stan Smith Event not held
1971 Ken Rosewall John Newcombe
Tony Roche Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Margaret Court
1972 Virginia Wade Owen Davidson
Ken Rosewall Kerry Harris
Helen Gourlay Cawley
1973 John Newcombe Margaret Court Malcolm Anderson
John Newcombe Margaret Court
Virginia Wade
1974 Jimmy Connors Evonne Goolagong Cawley Ross Case
Geoff Masters Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Peggy Michel
1975 John Newcombe John Alexander
Phil Dent
1976 Mark Edmondson John Newcombe
Tony Roche Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Helen Gourlay Cawley
1977Jan Roscoe Tanner Kerry Melville Reid Ray Ruffels
Allan Stone Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat
Helen Gourlay Cawley
1977Dec Vitas Gerulaitis Evonne Goolagong Cawley Arthur Ashe
Tony Roche Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Helen Gourlay Cawley
1978 Guillermo Vilas Chris O'Neil Wojciech Fibak
Kim Warwick Betsy Nagelsen
Renáta Tomanová
1979 Barbara Jordan Peter McNamara
Paul McNamee Judy Chaloner
Diane Evers
1980 Brian Teacher Hana Mandlíková Mark Edmondson
Kim Warwick Betsy Nagelsen
Martina Navratilova
1981 Johan Kriek Martina Navratilova Mark Edmondson
Kim Warwick Kathy Jordan
Anne Smith
1982 Chris Evert John Alexander
John Fitzgerald Martina Navratilova
Pam Shriver
1983 Mats Wilander Martina Navratilova Mark Edmondson
Paul McNamee
1984 Chris Evert Mark Edmondson
Sherwood Stewart
1985 Stefan Edberg Martina Navratilova Paul Annacone
Christo van Rensburg
1986 No tournament
1987 Stefan Edberg Hana Mandlíková Stefan Edberg
Anders Järryd Martina Navratilova
Pam Shriver Zina Garrison
Sherwood Stewart
1988 Mats Wilander Steffi Graf Rick Leach
Jim Pugh Jana Novotná
Jim Pugh
1989 Ivan Lendl
1990 Pieter Aldrich
Danie Visser Jana Novotná
Helena Suková Natasha Zvereva
Jim Pugh
1991 Boris Becker Monica Seles Scott Davis
David Pate Patty Fendick
Mary Joe Fernández Jo Durie
Jeremy Bates
1992 Jim Courier Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde Arantxa Sánchez
Helena Suková Nicole Provis
Mark Woodforde
1993 Danie Visser
Laurie Warder Gigi Fernández
Natasha Zvereva Arantxa Sánchez
Todd Woodbridge
1994 Pete Sampras Steffi Graf Jacco Eltingh
Paul Haarhuis Larisa Savchenko
Andrei Olhovskiy
1995 Andre Agassi Mary Pierce Jared Palmer
Richey Reneberg Jana Novotná
Arantxa Sánchez Natasha Zvereva
Rick Leach
1996 Boris Becker Monica Seles Stefan Edberg
Petr Korda Chanda Rubin
Arantxa Sánchez Larisa Savchenko
Mark Woodforde
1997 Pete Sampras Martina Hingis Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde Martina Hingis
Natasha Zvereva Manon Bollegraf
Rick Leach
1998 Petr Korda Jonas Björkman
Jacco Eltingh Martina Hingis
Mirjana Lučić Venus Williams
Justin Gimelstob
1999 Yevgeny Kafelnikov Jonas Björkman
Patrick Rafter Martina Hingis
Anna Kournikova Mariaan de Swardt
David Adams
2000 Andre Agassi Lindsay Davenport Ellis Ferreira
Rick Leach Lisa Raymond
Rennae Stubbs Rennae Stubbs
Jared Palmer
2001 Jennifer Capriati Jonas Björkman
Todd Woodbridge Serena Williams
Venus Williams Corina Morariu
Ellis Ferreira
2002 Thomas Johansson Mark Knowles
Daniel Nestor Martina Hingis
Anna Kournikova Daniela Hantuchová
Kevin Ullyett
2003 Andre Agassi Serena Williams Michaël Llodra
Fabrice Santoro Serena Williams
Venus Williams Martina Navratilova
Leander Paes
2004 Roger Federer Justine Henin Virginia Ruano Pascual
Paola Suárez Elena Bovina
Nenad Zimonjić
2005 Marat Safin Serena Williams Wayne Black
Kevin Ullyett Svetlana Kuznetsova
Alicia Molik Samantha Stosur
Scott Draper
2006 Roger Federer Amélie Mauresmo Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan Yan Zi
Zheng Jie Martina Hingis
Mahesh Bhupathi
2007 Serena Williams Cara Black
Liezel Huber Elena Likhovtseva
Daniel Nestor
2008 Novak Djokovic Maria Sharapova Jonathan Erlich
Andy Ram Alona Bondarenko
Kateryna Bondarenko Sun Tiantian
Nenad Zimonjić
2009 Rafael Nadal Serena Williams Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan Serena Williams
Venus Williams Sania Mirza
Mahesh Bhupathi
2010 Roger Federer Cara Black
Leander Paes
2011 Novak Djokovic Kim Clijsters Gisela Dulko
Flavia Pennetta Katarina Srebotnik
Daniel Nestor
2012 Victoria Azarenka Leander Paes
Radek Štěpánek Svetlana Kuznetsova
Vera Zvonareva Bethanie Mattek-Sands
Horia Tecău
2013 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan Sara Errani
Roberta Vinci Jarmila Gajdošová
Matthew Ebden
2014 Stan Wawrinka Li Na Łukasz Kubot
Robert Lindstedt Kristina Mladenovic
Daniel Nestor
2015 Novak Djokovic Serena Williams Simone Bolelli
Fabio Fognini Bethanie Mattek-Sands
Lucie Šafářová Martina Hingis
Leander Paes
2016 Angelique Kerber Jamie Murray
Bruno Soares Martina Hingis
Sania Mirza Elena Vesnina
Bruno Soares
2017 Roger Federer Serena Williams Henri Kontinen
John Peers Bethanie Mattek-Sands
Lucie Šafářová Abigail Spears
Juan Sebastián Cabal
2018 Caroline Wozniacki Oliver Marach
Mate Pavić Tímea Babos
Kristina Mladenovic Gabriela Dabrowski
Mate Pavić
Timeline men's singles[edit]
Timeline women's singles[edit]
Juniors[edit]
Year
Singles
Doubles
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
1969 Allan McDonald Lesley Hunt Event not created
(held for the first time in 1981)
1970 John Alexander Evonne Goolagong ‡
1971 Cliff Letcher Pat Coleman
1972 Paul Kronk
1973 Paul McNamee Chris O'Neil ‡
1974 Harry Britain Jennifer Walker
1975 Brad Drewett Sue Barker
1976 Ray Kelly Sue Saliba
1977Jan Ray Kelly Amanda Tobin
1977Dec Brad Drewett Pamela Baily
1978 Pat Serret Elizabeth Little
1979 Greg Whitecross Anne Minter
1980 Craig Miller
1981 Jörgen Windahl David Lewis
Tony Withers Maree Booth
Sharon Hodgkin
1982 Mark Kratzmann Amanda Brown Brendan Burke
Mark Hartnett Annette Gulley
Kim Staunton
1983 Stefan Edberg ‡ Jamie Harty
Des Tyson Bernadette Randall
Kim Staunton
1984 Mark Kratzmann Annabel Croft Mike Baroch
Mark Kratzmann Louise Field
Larisa Savchenko
1985 Shane Barr Jenny Byrne Brett Custer
David Macpherson Jenny Byrne
Janine Thompson
1986 No tournament
1987 Jason Stoltenberg Michelle Jaggard Jason Stoltenberg
Todd Woodbridge ‡ Ann Devries
Nicole Provis
1988 Johan Anderson Jo-Anne Faull Jo-Anne Faull
Rachel McGuillan
1989 Nicklas Kulti Kim Kessaris Johan Anderson
Todd Woodbridge ‡ Andrea Strnadová
Eva Švíglerová
1990 Dirk Dier Magdalena Maleeva Roger Pettersson
Martin Renstrom Rona Mayer
Limor Zaltz
1991 Thomas Enqvist† Nicole Pratt Grant Doyle
Joshua Eagle Karina Habšudová
Barbara Rittner
1992 Grant Doyle Joanne Limmer Grant Doyle
Brad Sceney Lindsay Davenport
Nicole London
1993 James Baily Heike Rusch Lars Rehmann
Christian Tambue Joana Manta
Ludmila Richterová
1994 Ben Ellwood Trudi Musgrave Ben Ellwood
Mark Philippoussis Corina Morariu
Ludmila Varmužová
1995 Nicolas Kiefer Siobhan Drake Luke Bourgeois
Jong-min Lee
1996 Björn Rehnquist Magdalena Grzybowska Daniele Bracciali
Jocelyn Robichaud Michaela Paštiková
Jitka Schönfeldová
1997 Daniel Elsner Mirjana Lučić David Sherwood
James Trotman Mirjana Lučić ‡
Jasmin Wöhr
1998 Julien Jeanpierre Jelena Kostanić Jérôme Haehnel
Julien Jeanpierre Evie Dominikovic
Alicia Molik
1999 Kristian Pless Virginie Razzano Jürgen Melzer
Kristian Pless Eleni Daniilidou
Virginie Razzano
2000 Andy Roddick Anikó Kapros Nicolas Mahut
Tommy Robredo Anikó Kapros
Christina Wheeler
2001 Janko Tipsarević Jelena Janković Ytai Abougzir
Luciano Vitullo Petra Cetkovská
Barbora Strýcová
2002 Clement Morel Barbora Strýcová Ryan Henry
Todd Reid Gisela Dulko ‡
Angelique Widjaja
2003 Marcos Baghdatis† Scott Oudsema
Phillip Simmonds Casey Dellacqua
Adriana Szili
2004 Gaël Monfils Shahar Pe'er Brendan Evans
Scott Oudsema Chan Yung-jan
Sun Shengnan
2005 Donald Young Victoria Azarenka ‡ Sun-Yong Kim
Yi Chu-huan Victoria Azarenka †
Marina Eraković
2006 Alexandre Sidorenko Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova Blazej Koniusz
Grzegorz Panfil Sharon Fichman
Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2007 Brydan Klein Graeme Dyce
Harri Heliövaara Evgeniya Rodina
Arina Rodionova
2008 Bernard Tomic Arantxa Rus Hsieh Cheng-peng
Yang Tsung-hua Ksenia Lykina
Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2009 Yuki Bhambri Ksenia Pervak Francis Alcantara
Hsieh Cheng-peng Christina McHale
Ajla Tomljanović
2010 Tiago Fernandes Karolína Plíšková Justin Eleveld
Jannick Lupescu Jana Čepelová
Chantal Škamlová
2011 Jiří Veselý An-Sophie Mestach Filip Horanský
Jiří Veselý An-Sophie Mestach
Demi Schuurs
2012 Luke Saville Taylor Townsend Liam Broady
Joshua Ward-Hibbert Gabrielle Andrews
Taylor Townsend
2013 Nick Kyrgios Ana Konjuh Jay Andrijic
Bradley Mousley Ana Konjuh
Carol Zhao
2014 Alexander Zverev Elizaveta Kulichkova Lucas Miedler
Bradley Mousley Anhelina Kalinina
Elizaveta Kulichkova
2015 Roman Safiullin Tereza Mihalíková Jake Delaney
Marc Polmans Miriam Kolodziejová
Markéta Vondroušová
2016 Oliver Anderson Vera Lapko Alex De Minaur
Blake Ellis Anna Kalinskaya
Tereza Mihalíková
2017 Zsombor Piros Marta Kostyuk Hsu Yu-hsiou
Zhao Lingxi Bianca Andreescu
Carson Branstine
2018 Sebastian Korda Liang En-shuo Hugo Gaston
Clément Tabur Liang En-shuo
Wang Xinyu
‡ = a player who won both the junior and senior title.
† = a player who won the junior title and reached the senior final.
See also[edit]
List of French Open champions
List of US Open (tennis) champions
List of Wimbledon champions
[show]
v
t
e
Grand Slam tournament champions
Australian Open
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
French Open
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
Wimbledon
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
US Open
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
All tournaments
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Boys' singles
Girls' singles
Boys' doubles
Girls' doubles
Grand Slam overall records
[show]
v
t
e
Australian Open boys' singles champions
1969 Allan McDonald
1970 John Alexander
1971 Cliff Letcher
1972 Paul Kronk
1973 Paul McNamee
1974 Harry Brittain
1975 Brad Drewett
1976 Ray Kelly
1977 (Jan) Brad Drewett
1977 (Dec) Ray Kelly
1978 Pat Serret
1979 Greg Whitecross
1980 Craig Miller
1981 Jörgen Windahl
1982 Mark Kratzmann
1983 Stefan Edberg
1984 Mark Kratzmann
1985 Shane Barr
1987 Jason Stoltenberg
1988 Johan Anderson
1989 Nicklas Kulti
1990 Dirk Dier
1991 Thomas Enqvist
1992 Grant Doyle
1993 James Baily
1994 Ben Ellwood
1995 Nicolas Kiefer
1996 Björn Rehnquist
1997 Daniel Elsner
1998 Julien Jeanpierre
1999 Kristian Pless
2000 Andy Roddick
2001 Janko Tipsarević
2002 Clément Morel
2003 Marcos Baghdatis
2004 Gaël Monfils
2005 Donald Young
2006 Alexandre Sidorenko
2007 Brydan Klein
2008 Bernard Tomic
2009 Yuki Bhambri
2010 Tiago Fernandes
2011 Jiří Veselý
2012 Luke Saville
2013 Nick Kyrgios
2014 Alexander Zverev
2015 Roman Safiullin
2016 Oliver Anderson
2017 Zsombor Piros
2018 Sebastian Korda
[show]
v
t
e
Australian Open girls’ singles champions
1969 Lesley Hunt
1970 Evonne Goolagong
1971 Pat Coleman
1972 Pat Coleman
1973 Chris O’Neil
1974 Jennifer Walker
1975 Sue Barker
1976 Sue Saliba
1977 (Jan) Pamela Baily
1977 (Dec) Amanda Tobin
1978 Elizabeth Little
1979 Anne Minter
1980 Anne Minter
1981 Anne Minter
1982 Amanda Brown
1983 Amanda Brown
1984 Annabel Croft
1985 Jenny Byrne
1987 Michelle Jaggard
1988 Jo-Anne Faull
1989 Kim Kessaris
1990 Magdalena Maleeva
1991 Nicole Pratt
1992 Joanne Limmer
1993 Heike Rusch
1994 Trudi Musgrave
1995 Siobhan Drake-Brockman
1996 Magdalena Grzybowska
1997 Mirjana Lučić
1998 Jelena Kostanić
1999 Virginie Razzano
2000 Anikó Kapros
2001 Jelena Janković
2002 Barbora Strýcová
2003 Barbora Strýcová
2004 Shahar Pe'er
2005 Victoria Azarenka
2006 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2007 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2008 Arantxa Rus
2009 Ksenia Pervak
2010 Karolína Plíšková
2011 An-Sophie Mestach
2012 Taylor Townsend
2013 Ana Konjuh
2014 Elizaveta Kulichkova
2015 Tereza Mihalíková
2016 Vera Lapko
2017 Marta Kostyuk
2018 Liang En-shuo
[show]
v
t
e
Australian Open boys' doubles champions
1969 Neil Higgins / John James
1970 Allan McDonald / Greg Perkins
1971 John Marks / Michael Phillips
1972 Bill Durham / Steve Myers
1973 Terry Saunders / Graham Thoroughgood
1974 David Carter / Trevor Little
1975 Glenn Busby / Warren Maher
1976 Peter McCarthy / Charlie Fancutt
1977 (Jan) Phil Davies / Peter Smylie
1977 (Dec) Ray Kelly / Geoffrey Thams
1978 Michael Fancutt / Bill Gilmour, Jr.
1979 Michael Fancutt / Greg Whitecross
1980 Wally Masur / Craig Miller
1981 David Lewis / Tony Withers
1982 Brendan Burke / Mark Hartnett
1983 Jamie Harty / Des Tyson
1984 Mike Baroch / Mark Kratzmann
1985 Brett Custer / David Macpherson
1987 Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge
1988 Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge
1989 Johan Anderson / Todd Woodbridge
1990 Roger Pettersson / Mårten Renström
1991 Grant Doyle / Joshua Eagle
1992 Grant Doyle / Brad Sceney
1993 Lars Rehmann / Christian Tambue
1994 Ben Ellwood / Mark Philippoussis
1995 Luke Bourgeois / Lee Jong-min
1996 Daniele Bracciali / Jocelyn Robichaud
1997 David Sherwood / James Trotman
1998 Julien Jeanpierre / Jérôme Haehnel
1999 Jürgen Melzer / Kristian Pless
2000 Nicolas Mahut / Tommy Robredo
2001 Ytai Abougzir / Luciano Vitullo
2002 Todd Reid / Ryan Henry
2003 Scott Oudsema / Phillip Simmonds
2004 Brendan Evans / Scott Oudsema
2005 Sun Yong-kim / Yi Chu-huan
2006 Błażej Koniusz / Grzegorz Panfil
2007 Graeme Dyce / Harri Heliövaara
2008 Hsieh Cheng-peng / Yang Tsung-hua
2009 Francis Alcantara / Hsieh Cheng-peng
2010 Justin Eleveld / Jannick Lupescu
2011 Filip Horanský / Jiří Veselý
2012 Liam Broady / Joshua Ward-Hibbert
2013 Jay Andrijic / Bradley Mousley
2014 Bradley Mousley / Lucas Miedler
2015 Jake Delaney / Marc Polmans
2016 Alex de Minaur / Blake Ellis
2017 Hsu Yu-hsiou / Zhao Lingxi
2018 Hugo Gaston / Clément Tabur
[show]
v
t
e
Australian Open girls' doubles champions
1969: Pat Edwards / Evonne Goolagong
1970: Janet Fallis / Janet Young
1971: Pat Edwards / Janice Whyte
1972: Sally Irvine / Pam Whytcross
1973: Jenny Dimond / Dianne Fromholtz
1974: Nerida Gregory / Julia Hanrahan
1975: Diane Evers / Nerida Gregory
1976: Jan Morton / Jan Wilton
1977 (Jan): Keryn Pratt / Amanda Tobin
1977 (Dec): Keryn Pratt / Amanda Tobin
1978: Debbie Freeman / Kathy Mantle
1979: Linda Cassell / Sue Leo
1980: Anne Minter / Miranda Yates
1981: Maree Booth / Sharon Hodgkin
1982: Annette Gulley / Kim Staunton
1983: Bernadette Randall / Kim Staunton
1984: Louise Field / Larisa Savchenko
1985: Jenny Byrne / Janine Thompson
1987: Ann Devries / Nicole Provis
1988: Jo-Anne Faull / Rachel McQuillan
1989: Andrea Strnadová / Eva Švíglerová
1990: Rona Mayer / Limor Zaltz
1991: Karina Habšudová / Barbara Rittner
1992: Lindsay Davenport / Nicole London
1993: Joana Manta / Ludmila Richterová
1994: Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová
1995: Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová
1996: Michaela Paštiková / Jitka Schönfeldová
1997: Mirjana Lučić / Jasmin Wöhr
1998: Evie Dominikovic / Alicia Molik
1999: Eleni Daniilidou / Virginie Razzano
2000: Anikó Kapros / Christina Wheeler
2001: Petra Cetkovská / Barbora Strýcová
2002: Gisela Dulko / Angelique Widjaja
2003: Casey Dellacqua / Adriana Szili
2004: Chan Yung-jan / Sun Shengnan
2005: Victoria Azarenka / Marina Erakovic
2006: Sharon Fichman / Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2007: Yevgeniya Rodina / Arina Rodionova
2008: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova / Ksenia Lykina
2009: Christina McHale / Ajla Tomljanović
2010: Jana Čepelová / Chantal Škamlová
2011: An-Sophie Mestach / Demi Schuurs
2012: Gabrielle Andrews / Taylor Townsend
2013: Ana Konjuh / Carol Zhao
2014: Anhelina Kalinina / Elizaveta Kulichkova
2015: Miriam Kolodziejová / Markéta Vondroušová
2016: Anna Kalinskaya / Tereza Mihalíková
2017: Bianca Andreescu / Carson Branstine
2018: Liang En-shuo / Wang Xinyu
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_Open_champions&oldid=829880591"
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text:
Mary Whiton Calkins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mary Whiton Calkins
Born
(1863-03-30)March 30, 1863
Hartford, Connecticut
Died
February 26, 1930(1930-02-26) (aged 66)
Newton, Massachusetts
Nationality
American
Occupation
Philosopher, psychologist
Mary Whiton Calkins (/ˈkɔːlkɪnz, ˈkæl-/; 30 March 1863 – 26 February 1930[1]) was an American philosopher and psychologist. Calkins was also the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Career in psychology
3 Achievements
3.1 Dream research
3.2 Memory
3.3 Self-psychology
4 Attempts at social justice for women
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Background[edit]
Mary Whiton Calkins was born on March 30, 1863 in Hartford, Connecticut;[2] she was the eldest of five children.[3] Her parents were Wolcott and Charlotte Whiton Calkins; Mary came from a very close-knit family and it is said that her personal life revolved around them.[2] She moved to Newton, Massachusetts in 1880 with her family to live for the rest of her life; this is also where she began her education.[3] Her family moved from New York to Massachusetts because her father, who was a Presbyterian minister, got a new job there.[4] Mary's father took an active role in overseeing his children's education, and when she graduated high school, he had planned her studies so that she was able to enroll in college.[2] In 1882, Calkins entered into Smith College as a sophomore.[3] She studied for the year, but in 1883 with the death of her sister she took the year off from college and studied on her own.[3] While taking time off from school, Calkins received private tutoring lessons in Greek.[2] During this year, she also tutored two of her brothers and studied Greek.[5] She then returned to Smith College in 1884 to graduate with a concentration in classics and philosophy.[3]
Upon graduation, Calkins and her family took an eighteen-month trip to Europe and Calkins was able to explore Leipzig, Italy and Greece. As a major in Classics, Calkins took advantage of the opportunities and spent several months traveling and studying modern Greek and classics.[2] When she returned to Massachusetts, her father set up an interview with the President of Wellesley College, an all women's college, for a tutoring job in the Greek department.[3] She worked as a tutor and eventually as a teacher[2] in the Greek department for three years. A professor in the philosophy department took notice of Calkins' excellent teaching and offered her a position to teach the subject of psychology, which was new to the philosophy department's curriculum.[2] Calkins accepted the offer on the contingency that she would be able to study psychology for one year.[6]
Calkins was born in a time when women were being given more opportunities, such as the opportunity to attend college and teach at those colleges. However, she still faced some opposition and inequality in her career. There were not many options for women looking to earn a degree in psychology. Calkins contemplated psychology programs at the University of Michigan (with John Dewey), Yale (with G.T. Ladd), Clark (with Granville Stanley Hall), and Harvard (with William James).[2] Calkins expressed interest in studying in a laboratory setting, and the only schools with that specification at the time were Clark and Harvard.[2] Likely due to its proximity to her home in Newton, Calkins sought admission to Harvard.[2] Harvard did not permit women to study at their institution. Her father and the president of Wellesley sent letters to Harvard requesting that she be admitted to the school. Though Harvard did not admit Calkins as a student, the school did allow her to sit in on lectures. Calkins decided to take classes at Harvard Annex (predecessor of Radcliffe College), taught by Josiah Royce.[7] Royce influenced Calkins to take regular classes through Harvard, taught by William James, with males as her peers. Harvard president Charles William Eliot was opposed to this idea of a woman learning in the same room as a man.[7] With pressure from James and Royce, along with a petition from Mary's father, Eliot allowed Calkins to study in the regular classes, with the stipulation that she was not to be a registered student.[7]
Career in psychology[edit]
Calkins began her serious study of psychology under William James, shortly after his highly renowned textbook, The Principles of Psychology, was printed in 1890. Calkins highly regards one of her first experiences with James in her autobiography, claiming "what I gained from the written page, and even more from tete-a-tete discussion was, it seems to me as I look back upon it, beyond all else, a vivid sense of the concreteness of psychology and of the immediate reality of 'finite individual minds' with their 'thoughts and feelings'".[8] Although Calkins was very impressed by James' philosophies and he had initiated her into the field of psychology, James was not an experimentalist, and that was more of Calkins' area of interest.[2] However, she claims that ultimately it was James’ doctrines of the transitive feelings of relation, the feelings of and, if, and but, and the concept of consciousness as tending to the “personal form,” which could have been what began her major interest in the self.[9] Following her training under James, Calkins worked alongside Edmund Sanford of Clark University, who later assisted her in setting up the first women's psychology lab at Wellesley College.[7] Sanford trained Calkins on experimental laboratory procedures, as well as helped in the creation and assembly of numerous laboratory instruments for Wellesley's psychological laboratory.[8]
In 1891, Calkins returned to Wellesley as an instructor of psychology in the philosophy department.[2] After the laboratory was established, it quickly gained popularity; Calkins' first laboratory seminar yielded over fifty students.[2] Calkins began to make plans for furthering her education in psychology. Advice from Sanford discouraged her from schools like Johns Hopkins and Clark, suggesting they were not likely to admit women as students, much like her experience at Harvard.[2] Sanford did encourage Calkins to explore programs in Europe, making an inference that Hugo Munsterberg admitted female students to his laboratory in Freiburg, Germany (after seeing a picture of Munsterberg in his lab with a woman).[2] After expressing her desire to work with Munsterberg to James, he revealed that Munsterberg would soon be coming to work at Harvard.[2]
In the three years that Calkins studied under Munsterberg, several of her papers were published, including research she conducted with Sanford on dreams and her first paper on association.[2] During this time, Calkins also studied memory, leading to her invention of the right associates method, now known as the paired-associations technique.[8] Calkins explains in her autobiography that "by showing series of colors paired with numerals, I found that a numeral which has repeatedly appeared in conjunction with a given color was more likely than either a vividly colored numeral or than the numeral last paired with the color, to be remembered, on a reappearance of the given color".[8]
In her autobiography she describes Münsterberg as “a man of deep learning, high originality, and astounding versatility.” Other work with Münsterberg included their dream study. Hugo would begin by training her in the detail of laboratory experiments, giving her a research problem based on records that the two of them had taken of their dreams over several weeks. Over those weeks they would wake themselves with alarm clocks at different hours of the night, recorded their dreams, and then studied them intensely. The conclusion they reached was that dreams were nothing more than reproductions of “the persons, places, and events of recent sense perception.” [9]
Her study on paired associates learning under Munsterberg constituted her doctoral dissertation that was published in 1896. Harvard refused to approve the recommendation of the Department of Philosophy and Psychology to grant Calkins her doctoral degree.[10] Eliot believed strongly that the two sexes should be educated separately and, although he allowed Calkins to be a "guest," he and the rest of the board refused to grant her the degree. Calkins had completed all of the requirements for the Ph.D., including passing exams and completing a dissertation, and all of her Harvard professors had recommended her for the degree. Yet, solely due to her sex, she was denied the honor of a conferred degree.[2] James was astonished and described her performance as "the most brilliant examination for the Ph.D. that we have had at Harvard."[11]
With her supplemental education completed, she returned to Wellesley in 1895 as an associate professor of psychology. Two years after her return she became a professor of psychology and philosophy. This addition allowed her to return to her lectures on the classics and Greek. Her experimental work continued throughout this time.[12] Beginning in 1900, Calkins began to publish a series of papers in which she described psychology as a "science of the self" – this would be a premise to the development of her system of self-psychology.[2]
As it can be seen in her writings, although she was very grateful for the individuals who accepted her, she did not hold resentment against those who did not. For instance, instead of expressing disdain towards the Harvard board for not accepting her application for degree, she conveyed her appreciation toward Harvard for allowing her to partake in the courses, conduct research under her professors, and work with individuals such as James, Sanford and Munsterberg.[13] She also mentions the assistance of figures such as Robert MacDougall and several others who spent years with her as her mechanicians, subjects, counselors, and even friends.[9] In addition, when the episode with the waiter refusing her admission took place, she stated in her autobiography that "he correctly insisted against her admission."[13]
Achievements[edit]
Calkins published four books and over one hundred papers in her career, in both the fields of psychology and philosophy.[14] Calkins' first textbook, An Introduction to Psychology, was published in 1901[2]. The Persistent Problems of Philosophy (1907) and The Good Man and The Good (1918) were two publications in which she expressed her philosophical views.[citation needed] Calkins was interested in memory and later in the concept of the self.[13] She spent many years trying to define the idea of the self, but she concluded that she could in no way define it. She stated that even though the self was indefinable, it was "a totality, a one of many characters... a unique being in the sense that I am I and you are you..."[15]
In 1903, Calkins ranked twelfth in a listing of fifty top-ranked psychologists, an achievement that happened after James McKeen Cattell asked ten psychologists to rank their American colleagues in order merit.[16] In 1905 she was elected president of the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association in 1918. She was the first woman to hold a position in both societies. She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters in 1909 from the University of Columbia and a Doctor of Laws in 1910 from Smith College.[3] She was also the first woman elected to honorary membership on the British Psychological Association.[16] Calkins served as a faculty member at Wellesley College for forty years until she retired in 1929. Calkins died in 1930 after writing four books and over a hundred papers that are evenly divided between the fields of psychology and philosophy.[16] She is best known for her accomplishments within the field of psychology and her struggles to achieve. After being rejected for a degree from Harvard, Calkins continued to work and strive for equality.[3]
Dream research[edit]
When Calkins was tutored by Sanford, she was given the opportunity to conduct a research project that involved studying the contents of Sanford and her dreams recorded during a seven-week period.[16] She recorded 205 dreams and Sanford 170. They woke themselves by the use of alarm clocks at different hours of the night and recorded their dreams at the instant of waking[17] They slept with a note pad right by their bed so as to be able to take note of any dreams as quickly as possible. Each morning, they studied all the records regardless of whether they seemed slight and trivial or significant. They also took account of the different types of dreams and they discovered elements of all various emotions[17] As part of the project, they also considered the relation of the dream to the conscious, waking life, distinguishing the individuals and places in their dream experiences.[17] Calkins explains in her autobiography that the dream "merely reproduces in general the persons and places of recent sense perception and that is it rarely associated with that which is of paramount significance in one's waking experience".[8] Another conclusion of Calkins and Sanford address the loss of identity in dreams as "not a loss but a change or a doubling of self-consciousness ... yet all the time one is conscious that it is oneself who has changed or whose identity is doubled".[8] Calkins' research was cited by Sigmund Freud when he created his conception of the dream.[16] She also claimed that Freudians at the time were “superficially concerned with the ‘manifest content’ of dreams.[9] However, the results recent study done by Montangero and Cavallero (2015) suggest that the consecutive events of the dreams of their participants were rarely plausible, and often seemed to have no relation to one another. This suggests that dreams have little hidden meaning, and supports the findings of Calkin’s original dream study.[18]
Memory[edit]
One of Calkins' experiments under Hugo Munsterberg was concerned with the concept of recency as it pertains to a person's ability to remember something, these experiments involving these ideas took place in 1894 and 1896. Her paired-associates technique showed that recency yields to vividness and both vividness and recency yields to frequency. Her method consisted of showing a series of colors paired with numerals, followed by testing for recall of the numbers when the colors with which they were previously paired are flashed again. The findings of her study revealed that numbers paired with bright colors were retained better than those associated with neutral colors. Yet, the prime factor influencing memory was not color but frequency of exposure. Calkins admitted that even more significant that her results was the technical memorizing method that she used that is known as that of “right associates."[13] The formula where a subject is presented with a stimulus and asked to provide the appropriate response became a standard tool for studying human learning.[11] Although G. E. Muller sharply criticized her method, he refined it and adopted the method calling it Treffermethode and it has been widely used ever since.[19] Edward Titchener paid Calkins the high compliment of including her research in his Student's Manual, and in her autobiography, Calkins refers to a Professor Kline who selected the paired-associates method for his textbook, Psychology By Experiment.[8] The paired-associates technique was also included in psychology textbooks published by Herrnstein and Boring.[20] Although the paired-associates technique is highly recognized as one of Calkins' biggest contributions to psychology, this is not the work that Calkins herself attached very much importance to.[20]
While studying with William James, Mary had actually first suggested attention as a topic for one of her papers, however she said that James had frowned upon that since he was sick of the subject. Association was a random choice for her, which began to be one of her most valuable work in the years to come (Calkins,1930). It is suggested that despite Mary often downplaying the memory implications of her research, her writings “constitute a truly remarkable legacy…represent important, basic, replicable phenomena that are fundamentally important."[21]
Self-psychology[edit]
One of her contributions to psychology was her system of self-psychology. In a time where there were several schools of thoughts, Calkins established the school of the 'self-psychologist.'[16] The main schools of psychology at the time were structuralism and functionalism, which were quite competitive with one another; statements made by one school could expect a strong rebuttal from the other.[20] Self-psychology was influenced by the works of William James and Josiah Royce; more specifically,[16] James' theory of the idea of multiple selves (including the material self, social self, and spiritual self), and Royce's theory that humans define themselves through interpersonal communication were of particular interest to Calkins.[22]
She spent a great deal of time working with the system of self-psychology, critically examining the self from both philosophical and psychological viewpoints. Over the years she spent working on the system, it was widely unpopular, which is why she is less often remembered for her work relating to it. Despite its lack of appreciation, Calkin’s refused to lose interest in the subject, which is described as “the science of conscious selves.” By way of studying self-psychology, she was able to form descriptions of the self, such as the self that remains the same, the self that is changed, the self that is unique, and a few other descriptions. She would go on to discuss self-psychology during the entirety of her career, mentioning it in some of her books, one of which being A First Book in Psychology.[22]
Her reasoning for self-psychology being so unpopular was a notion that “one is so constantly aware of one’s self that one might understandably overlook it when reporting on a sensational experience,” and adding that it led to a lack of reference to the self in introspective studies. She also suggested that the system was not well taken by most, one of which being confusion over the self’s relationship with the soul, which she discusses in her article, “The Case of Self Against Soul” in 1917. She would take to theoretical arguments in order to promote her system, noting it’s organizing role within psychology.[22]
Calkins considered her self-psychology to be a form of introspectionist psychology, involving examining one's own mental experience.[22] Introspectionistic psychology was composed of two schools: impersonalistic, which denied the "self" in its definition of psychology, and personalistic, which defined psychology as the study of conscious, functioning, experiencing selves.[22] Calkins' conviction was that a laboratory was essential for adequate instruction in psychology.[20] Calkins claimed that self-psychology could be experimentally investigated, but did not personally involve herself in laboratory experiments relating to self-psychology.[22] It was Calkins' desire that her school of self-psychology would be a theory on which functionals and structuralists could find common ground.[20]
Calkins' self-psychology did not live without criticism from fellow psychologists of the era. James Angell, a founding father of functionalism, opposed Calkins' neglect of the body as part of the self.[20] Following Calkins' Presidential Address (of the American Psychological Association), where Calkins publicly outlined self-psychology, he claims: "Such as functional psychology as I have been presenting would be entirely reconcilable with Miss Calkins' 'psychology of selves' . . . were it not for her extreme scientific conservatism in refusing to allow the self to have a body. . . The real psychological self, as I understand her, is pure disembodied spirit - an admirable thing of good religious and philosophic ancestry, but surely not the thing before which psychology is under any obligation to know".[20] This was written despite its inaccuracy; Calkins did in fact leave considerable room for the body in her address, taking sensorimotor processes and physiological phenomena into account, however she did not consider the body as an essential "basal fact" of psychology.[20]
Attempts at social justice for women[edit]
Outside of her contributions to the field of psychology, Mary Whiton Calkins was an avid supporter of women's rights.[6] Calkins was a suffragist - active in the fight for women's right to vote,[6] disputing "in a democratic country, governed as this is by the suffrage of its citizens, and given over as this is to the principle and practice of educating women, a distinction based on difference of sex is artificial and illogical".[2] Calkins was a pacifist and a member of the American Civil Liberties Union.[6] While working at Wellesley around the time of World War I, a colleague of Calkins was fired for holding pacificistic views. Calkins offered her resignation, stating she held the same views as her colleague who was terminated, but her resignation from Wellesley was not accepted by the President or board.[6]
Calkins' most notable instance of social justice for women was her rejection of a PhD from Radcliffe, a women's college in association with Harvard. In 1902, Radcliffe offered doctoral degrees to Calkins and three other women who had completed their studies at Harvard, but were not granted Harvard PhDs due to their sex.[2] The three other women accepted the degree, and Munsterberg urged Calkins that she should also accept, claiming a PhD from Radcliffe held the same weight as a PhD from Harvard.[2] Calkins rejected Radcliffe's offer, stating in a letter to the Radcliffe board, "I furthermore think it highly probably that the Radcliffe degree will be regarded as the practical equialent of the Harvard degree . . . and now that the Radcliffe degree is offered, I doubt whether the Harvard degree will ever be open to women".[2] Calkins' rejection spoke volumes to her integrity and character, refusing to justify an unfair distinction between men and women based on sex.
The discrimination she experienced due to her sex was also illustrated in earlier episodes. In her autobiography, Calkins reminisces on a date in which, as a member in the Executive Committee of the American Psychological Association, Munsterberg and his students, including Calkins, were to attend a lunch meeting of the Committee at the Harvard Union. The waiter there, though, protested the group’s entrance stating that “no woman might set foot in the main hall; nor was it possible to admit so many men, balanced solely by one woman, to the ladies’ dining-room.”[13] Although it seems like Calkins had a constant struggle as a female in her field, she expressed in her autobiography her gratitude for the individuals that did not discriminate against her. The “friendly, comradely, and refreshingly matter-of-fact welcome” that she received from the men working in Munsterberg’s laboratory as assistants and students is described in her book with great appreciation. She also expressed her indebtedness to Munsterberg who “swung the Laboratory doors” open to her without hesitation.[13]
Calkins was the first female to complete all the coursework, examinations and research for a doctoral degree and, although it was never officially conferred, she is regarded as the first woman to get her doctoral degree in the field of psychology. In 1891, 12 years after the first psychology laboratory was established by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany, Calkins established the first psychology lab to be founded by a female and also the first lab to be established at a women’s college. The lab was funded by $200, while all other labs[clarification needed] were funded by $800 or more.[2] Calkins had many of the apparatuses constructed at nearby venues. Her lab was in the attic spaces of the fifth floor of College Hall in Wellesley College. With the laboratory to work in, she also taught a course in "Psychology approached from the physiological standpoint".[2] The fifty students who enrolled in this course were instructed in a number of areas of psychology and conducted experiments on such subjects as sensation and association. Her laboratory was situated near the physics laboratory and a fire broke out from the lab that burned down her laboratory along with the other labs. Neither students nor instructors were injured in the fire, but the first female psychology laboratory was destroyed. The laboratory was rebuilt and Eleanor Gamble later succeeded Calkins in running the laboratory.
See also[edit]
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Johnson, Deborah (1999). "Calkins, Mary Whiton". American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Furumoto, Laurel (1980). "Mary Whiton Calkins". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 5: 55–68. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01033.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bumb, Jenn (n.d.). "Mary Whiton Calkins". Women's Intellectual Contribution to the Study of Mind and Society. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Bumb, J. (n.d.). Mary whiton calkins. Retrieved from http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/marycalkins.html
Jump up ^ DiFebo, H. (n.d). Psyography: Mary whiton calkins. Retrieved from http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/marywhitoncalkins.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Christopher Green (Producer). (n.d.). Katharine Milar on the first woman president of the APA, Mary Whiton Calkins. [Audio podcast]. This week in the history of psychology. Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/christo/podcasts/
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mary Whiton Calkins". 4000 years of women in science. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Calkins, Mary Whiton (1930). A History of Psychology in Autobiography. New York, NY: Clark University Press. pp. 31–62.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Calkins, Mary Whiton (1930-01-01). Mary Whiton Calkins. Russell & Russell/Atheneum Publishers. pp. 31–62. doi:10.1037/11401-002. ISBN 084620097X.
Jump up ^ Furumoto, L (1979). "Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) fourteenth president of the American Psychological Association". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 15: 346–356. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197910)15:4<346::aid-jhbs2300150408>3.0.co;2-z.
^ Jump up to: a b Hilgard, E. R. (1987). Psychology in America: A historical survey. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Jump up ^ Onderdonk, v. (1971). In Notable American Women: 1607-1950.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Calkins, M. W. (1930). Mary Whiton Calkins. In C. A. Murchison & E. G. Boring (Eds.), A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 1, pp. 31-62). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
Jump up ^ "American Psychological Association". American Psychological Association. March 2011.
Jump up ^ Calkins 1930
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Furumoto, L. (1990). "Mary Whiton Calkins". In O'Connell, Agnes N.; Russo, Nancy Felipe. Women in psychology : a bio-bibliographic sourcebook (1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0313260919.
^ Jump up to: a b c Calkins, M. W.; Gamble, E. A. McC (1930). "The self-psychology of the psychoanalysts". Psychological Review. 37: 277–304. doi:10.1037/h0071904.
Jump up ^ Montangero, Jacques; Cavallero, Corrado (2015). "What renders dreams more or less narrative? A microstructural study of REM and Stage 2 dreams reported upon morning awakening". International Journal of Dream Research.
Jump up ^ Zusne, L. (1984). Biographical dictionary of psychology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Strunk (1972). "The self-psychology of Mary Whiton Calkins". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 8: 196–203. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197204)8:2<196::aid-jhbs2300080205>3.0.co;2-l.
Jump up ^ Madigan, Stephen; O'Hara, Ruth (1992). "Short-term memory at the turn of the century: Mary Whiton Calkins's memory research". American Psychologist. 47 (2): 170–174. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.2.170.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wentworth, Phyllis A. (1999). "The moral of her story: Exploring the philosophical and religious commitments in Mary Whiton Calkins' self-psychology". History of Psychology. 2 (2): 119–131. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.2.2.119.
References[edit]
Calkins, M. (1930). "Autobiography of Mary Whiton Calkins". In Murchison, Carl. History of Psychology in Autobiography. 1. pp. 31–61. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
DiFebo, H (n.d.). "Mary Whiton Calkins". Psyography. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
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