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Taco Bell
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Taco Bell
Headquarters of Taco Bell in Irvine, California
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Restaurants
Genre
Fast food restaurant
Founded
March 21, 1962; 55 years ago (1962-03-21)
Downey, California
Headquarters
1 Glen Bell Way,
Irvine, California
Number of locations
7,000 restaurants[1]
Area served
Mainly United States and Canada
Key people
Glen Bell, Founder
Brian Niccol, CEO[2]
Products
Tacos, burritos, and other Tex-Mex cuisine-related fast food
Revenue
$1.988 billion (2015)[1]
Number of employees
175,000+
Parent
Yum! Brands worldwide outside of China
Yum China within China
Website
www.tacobell.com
Taco Bell is an American chain of fast-food restaurants based in Irvine, California. A subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc., they serve a variety of Tex-Mex foods, including tacos, burritos, quesadillas, nachos, other specialty items, and a variety of "value menu" items. Taco Bell serves more than 2 billion customers each year at 7,000 restaurants, more than 80 percent of which are owned and operated by independent franchisees and licensees.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding and growth
1.2 Concepts
1.3 GMO recall
1.4 Dispute with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers
2 Advertising
2.1 Dollar Cravings
2.2 Discontinued menu items
3 Outside the United States
3.1 Australia
3.2 Canada
3.3 Chile
3.4 Cyprus
3.5 Finland
3.6 Greece
3.7 Iceland
3.8 India
3.9 Japan
3.10 Mexico
3.11 Netherlands
3.12 Philippines
3.13 Poland
3.14 Romania
3.15 Russia
3.16 Saudi Arabia
3.17 Singapore
3.18 Spain
3.19 South Korea
3.20 United Arab Emirates
3.21 United Kingdom
3.22 Other countries
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
History
Founding and growth
Taco Bell was founded by Glen Bell, who first opened a hot dog stand called Bell's Drive-In in San Bernardino, California[3] in 1946 when he was 23 years old. In 1950, he opened Bell's Hamburgers and Hot Dogs in San Bernardino's West Side barrio. According to Gustavo Arellano, author of Taco USA: How Mexican Food Conquered America, Bell watched long lines of customers at a Mexican restaurant called the Mitla Cafe, located across the street, which attracted a dedicated customer base for its hard-shelled tacos.[4][5] Bell began eating there regularly, attempting to reverse-engineer the recipe, and eventually won the confidence of the proprietors such that they allowed him to see how the tacos and other foods were prepared.[4][5] In late 1951 or early 1952, he took what he had learned and opened a new stand, this time selling tacos under the name of Taco-Tia.[4][5]
Over the next few years, Bell owned and operated a number of restaurants in southern California including four called El Taco. Bell sold the El Tacos to his partner and built the first Taco Bell in Downey in 1962. In 1962, he sold Taco-Tia. Kermit Becky, a former Los Angeles police officer, bought the first Taco Bell franchise from Glen Bell in 1964,[3] and located it in Torrance. The company grew rapidly, and by 1967, the 100th restaurant opened at 400 South Brookhurst in Anaheim. In 1968, its first franchise location east of the Mississippi River opened in Springfield, Ohio.[6] In 1970, Taco Bell went public with 325 restaurants. In 1978, PepsiCo purchased Taco Bell from Glen Bell.[3] On the night of November 19, 2015, the original Taco Bell building in Downey was moved to the Taco Bell Corporate Headquarters in Irvine, California.[7]
Several locations in the Midwestern United States were converted from Zantigo, a Minneapolis, Minnesota-based Mexican chain which PepsiCo acquired in 1986.[8]
Concepts
A co-branded KFC-Taco Bell in Oscoda, Michigan
In 1991, Taco Bell opened the first Taco Bell Express in San Francisco. This concept is a reduced-size restaurant with a limited menu (primarily items priced under $1), meant to emphasize volume.[9] Taco Bell Express locations operate primarily inside convenience stores, truck stops, shopping malls, and airports.
Taco Bell began co-branding with KFC in 1995 when the first such co-brand opened in Clayton, North Carolina.[10] The chain has since co-branded with Pizza Hut[11] and Long John Silver's as well. Also in 1995, Taco Bell bought Kalamazoo, Michigan-based hamburger chain Hot 'n Now, but sold it off in 1995 due to unprofitability.[12]
In 1997, PepsiCo experimented with a new "fresh grill" concept, opening at least one Border Bell restaurant in Mountain View, California on El Camino Real (SR 82). In addition to a subset of the regular Taco Bell menu, Border Bell offered Mexican-inspired items like those available from Chevys Fresh Mex restaurants (then owned by PepsiCo), such as Chevys signature sweet corn tamalito pudding and a fresh salsa bar. Close to the time that PepsiCo spun off its restaurant business in 1997, the Border Bell in Mountain View was closed and converted to a Taco Bell restaurant which was still open in 2012.
Taco Bell created U.S. Taco Co. in 2014. The menu consists of tacos with American fillings, and will not sell food sold in Taco Bell restaurants such as burritos. It was launched in Huntington Beach, California in August 2014.[13]
In March 2016, Taco Bell introduced private beta testing of an artificial intelligence bot on the messaging platform Slack designed to take orders of select menu items from local Taco Bell locations and have the orders delivered. Taco Bell plans to have a wider roll out of this functionality in the coming months.[14]
In 2016, Taco Bell launched the Taco Bell Catina flagship store located on the Las Vegas strip.[15] This 24-hour restaurant hosts a variety of unique features including alcohol, new menu items, and a DJ. It was announced in August 2017 that the store would begin hosting weddings.[16]
GMO recall
Main article: Starlink corn recall
In September 2000, up to $50 million worth of Taco Bell-branded shells were recalled from supermarkets. The shells contained genetically modified corn that was not approved for human consumption. It was the first-ever recall of genetically modified food (GMO). Corn was not segregated at grain elevators and the miller in Texas did not order that type.[17]
In 2001, Tricon Global Restaurants, 20% owners of Taco Bell at the time, announced a $60 million settlement with the suppliers. They stated that it would go to Taco Bell franchisees and TGR would not take any of it.[18]
Dispute with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers
In March 2005, the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) won a landmark victory in its national boycott of Taco Bell for human rights. Taco Bell agreed to meet all the coalition's demands to improve wages and working conditions for Florida tomato pickers in its supply chain.[19]
After four years of a tenacious and growing boycott, Taco Bell and Yum! Brands agreed to make an agreement called the CIW-Yum agreement with representatives of CIW at Yum! Brands headquarters.[20] The CIW-Yum agreement set several precedents, establishing:
The first direct, ongoing payment by a fast-food industry leader to farmworkers in its supply chain to address substandard farm-labor wages (nearly doubling the percentage of the final retail price that goes to the workers who pick the produce).
The first enforceable Code of Conduct for agricultural suppliers in the fast-food industry (which includes the CIW, a worker-based organization, as part of the investigative body for monitoring worker complaints).
Market incentives for agricultural suppliers willing to respect their workers' human rights, even when those rights are not guaranteed by law;
Full transparency for Taco Bell's tomato purchases in Florida; the agreement commits Taco Bell to buy only from Florida growers who agree to the pass-through and to document and monitor the pass-through, providing complete records of Taco Bell's Florida tomato purchases and growers' wage records to the CIW.[21]
Advertising
Taco Bell's former headquarters in Irvine, California
Taco Bell's new store design as of 2013
In March 2001, Taco Bell announced a promotion to coincide with the re-entry of the Mir space station. They towed a large target out into the Pacific Ocean, announcing that if the target was hit by a falling piece of Mir, every person in the United States would be entitled to a free Taco Bell taco. The company bought a sizable insurance policy for this gamble.[22] No piece of the station struck the target.
In 2004, a local Taco Bell franchisee bought the naming rights to the Boise State Pavilion in Boise, Idaho and renamed the stadium Taco Bell Arena.[23] Also, in 2004, Mountain Dew offered Taco Bell stores the exclusive right to carry Mountain Dew Baja Blast, a tropical-lime-flavored variety of the popular soft drink.[24]
In 2007, Taco Bell offered the "Steal a Base, Steal a Taco" promotion—if any player from either team stole a base in the 2007 World Series the company would give away free tacos to everyone in the United States in a campaign similar to the Mir promotion, albeit with a much higher likelihood of being realized.[25] After Jacoby Ellsbury of the Boston Red Sox stole a base in Game 2, the company paid out this promotion on October 30, 2007. This promotion was used again in the 2008 World Series, when Jason Bartlett of the Tampa Bay Rays stole a base during Game 1 at Tropicana Field, which was paid out on October 28, 2008.[26] The offer returned for the 2012 World Series. A similar offer was made during the 2015 World Series, if a player stole a base, the company would give away free A.M Crunchwraps.[27] This promotion was also used during the 2016 NBA Finals under the slightly modified "Steal A Game, Steal A Taco" name after the Golden State Warriors "stole" a win during Game 4 of the NBA Finals.[28] The promotion was offered again for the 2016 World Series.
Taco Bell sponsors a promotion at home games for both the Portland Trail Blazers and the Cleveland Cavaliers in which everyone in attendance receives a coupon for a free Chalupa if the home team scores 100 points or more.[29][30]
In 2009, Taco Bell introduced a music video style commercial entitled, "It's all about the Roosevelts" composed and produced by Danny de Matos at his studio for Amber Music on behalf of DraftFCB Agency. Featuring Varsity Fanclub's Bobby Edner, the rap music style commercial shows a group of friends gathering change as they drive toward Taco Bell. The commercial represents Taco Bell's first foray into movie theater advertising, featuring the ad during the opening previews of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Public Enemies as well as screens in some movie theater lobbies.[31]
On July 1, 2009, Taco Bell replaced 20-year sponsor McDonald's as the fast-food partner of the NBA. Taco Bell and the NBA agreed on a 4-year deal allowing them to advertise on ABC, TNT and ESPN, and NBA-themed promotions.[32]
On July 21, 2009, Gidget, the Chihuahua featured in Taco Bell ads in the late 1990s, was euthanized after suffering a stroke.[33] She was 15 years old.
2009 commercials for the "Frutista Freeze" frozen drink feature Snowball, an Eleonora Cockatoo noted for his ability to dance to human music.[34]
In an effort to promote its $2 Meal Deals, Taco Bell started a Facebook group in June 2010 to collect signatures on a petition that appeals to the Federal Reserve to produce more two-dollar bills.[35]
A large advertising push by Taco Bell was begun in late February 2011 in response to a consumer protection lawsuit filed against the company by an Alabama law firm. The promotion sought to counter allegations that the company falsely advertised the ratio of ingredients in its beef filling for its tacos. The spots featured employees and franchisees stating that the filling has always been a mixture of 88% beef and various spices and binders and nothing else. The ad followed several full-page print ads in the New York Times and other newspapers that featured the headline "Thank you for suing us."[36] Additionally, the chain added a new social campaign using Twitter and Facebook. The company invested heavily in the campaign, spending more than $3 million (USD) putting out its message—about 20 percent more than the company usually spends on an advertising program. The various campaigns came shortly before the company began its official response to the suit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California and were designed to bring public opinion into their camp. Various analysts stated that the company would have been better off using a grass-root campaign that involved in store advertising and other non-broadcast media.[37] The suit was eventually withdrawn,[38] and the company continued its advertising response by publicly requesting an apology from the suing firm of Beasley Allen. Analyst Laura Ries, of marketing strategy firm Ries & Ries, stated she believed Taco Bell's latest response was a mistake. She commented that reviving memories of a suit that the majority of the public had forgotten after the initial burst of publicity was the wrong strategy from Taco Bell.[39]
In March 2012, Taco Bell teamed up with Frito Lay and created the Doritos Locos Tacos, which is a taco with a Dorito Nacho Cheese flavored taco shell.[40] In early 2012, Taco Bell announced they would be launching a new line of breakfast menu items including a Johnsonville Foods sausage and egg wrap, breakfast burritos, hash browns, Cinnabon Delights, Seattle's Best Coffee, and orange juice.[41] Taco Bell is releasing a Mountain Dew infused drink called Mountain Dew A.M.[42]
On June 6, 2012, Taco Bell announced it would be testing a new "Cantina Menu" with upscale items in their Kentucky and California restaurants. The new menu was created by celebrity chef Lorena Garcia, which will feature black beans, cilantro rice, citrus and herb marinated chicken and cilantro dressing.[43][44][needs update]
The Cool Ranch Doritos taco began being sold in stores March 7, 2013.[45] Shortly before launch, Taco Bell launched a promotion advertising that fans could get the new flavor at its stores a day early if they "just asked" on March 6. However, they neglected to inform the majority of their stores of this leading to numerous complaints on its social media sites and news sites from disappointed consumers who were unable to obtain the new taco.[46][47]
On July 23, 2013, Taco Bell announced they will stop selling kids' meals and toys at all their U.S. restaurants by January 2014. Some outlets will stop selling them as early as July 2013.[48][needs update]
On August 6, 2013, Taco Bell announced it was expanding its test market of waffle tacos to about 100 restaurants in Fresno, California, Omaha, Nebraska and Chattanooga, Tennessee, starting August 8. The waffle taco includes scrambled eggs, sausage and a side of syrup. It was the top selling item during breakfast hours at the five Southern California restaurants where they were tested earlier in 2013.[49] The breakfast menu started on March 27, 2014. Other items include A.M. Crunchwrap, Cinnabon Delights, breakfast burrito, A.M. grilled sausage flatbread melt, hash browns, coffee and orange juice.[50] The ad campaign which began March 27 used twenty-five men who were named Ronald McDonald, a reference to the famous clown of a rival chain.[51] Another commercial advertising the Waffle Taco has the narrator singing "I've been eating Egg McMuffins since 1984. But when I saw Taco Bell made a Waffle Taco, I figured I would get with the times" set to the tune of "Old MacDonald Had a Farm", another shot at the rival hamburger chain.[52]
Previously, Taco Bell's hot sauces were only available in sauce packets at the Taco Bell chain itself. In February 2014, Taco Bell made its hot sauces available for purchase, sold in bottle form at grocery stores.[53]
On April 28, 2014, Taco Bell ridiculed McDonald's for its old muffins in a breakfast campaign devised by Taylor[54] . The advertisement states that the McMuffin belongs in 1984.[52][55][56]
In October 2014, Taco Bell launched Pink Strawberry Starburst Freeze for a limited time.[57] In August 2016, Taco Bell brought back its Pink Strawberry Starburst Freeze.[58]
In October 2015, Taco Bell launched a certified vegetarian menu.[59]
In August 2016, Taco Bell announced it would begin testing a mashup known as Cheetos Burritos at select Taco Bell restaurants[60] On September 19, 2016, Taco Bell launched Airheads Freeze, a drink inspired by the candy Airheads White Mystery, and allow people to guess its flavor on social media.[61]
In September 2016, Taco Bell opened a pop-up in New York City in the SoHo, Manhattan area called the Taco Bell VR Arcade. Taco Bell and VR fans could demo PlayStation VR, games, and food.[62]
On September 15, 2016, Taco Bell introduced the Cheddar Habanero Quesarito, a quesadilla shelled burrito.[63]
In April 2017, Taco bell announced that it will begin testing the Naked Breakfast Taco in Flint, Michigan in mid-April. The breakfast taco, which uses a fried egg as the shell for potato bites, nacho cheese, shredded cheddar, and bacon or sausage crumble.[64][65]
In 2017, the company released the Naked Chicken Chalupa that uses a chalupa shell made from chicken, using a similar idea to the Double Down and later that year the Naked Chicken Chips, which are chicken nuggets shaped like ships with nacho cheese.[66]
In July 2017, Taco Bell announced a partnership with Lyft in which Lyft passengers in Orange County, California can request "Taco Mode" on their way to their destination from 9 PM-2 AM, having a stop at Taco Bell. "Taco Mode", seen as a way Lyft could compete with UberEATS from rival TNC Uber, has received harsh criticism from drivers, most of which work as independent contractors. The program is expected to go nationwide by 2018.[67]
Dollar Cravings
On August 18, 2014, Taco Bell launched a new value menu called Dollar Cravings.[68][69][70][71] Replacing the old Why Pay More menu, Dollar Cravings currently contains eleven food items all priced a United States dollar.[70][71][72][73][74]
Discontinued menu items
In the 1960s, Taco Bell introduced the Chiliburger, later known as the Bell Burger, then the Bell Beefer. This was a loose meat sandwich with taco-seasoned ground beef on a hamburger bun with cheese, lettuce, onions and tomato. The Beefer was removed from the menu in the late-1980s to keep a strictly Tex Mex-inspired line up.[75]
Other discontinued items include: Beefy Crunch Burrito, Seafood Salad; Enchirito (name brought back for a different item); Chicken Fiesta Burrito; Chili Cheese Burrito; Blackjack Taco.[76]
Outside the United States
Australia
Taco Bell first opened in Australia in September 1981, but Taco Bell was ordered to change its name after the owner of a local restaurant successfully sued Taco Bell for misleading conduct.[77] The local restaurant was called "Taco Bell's Casa" and had been operating in Australia since the 1970s. The owner successfully argued that Sydneysiders would confuse the takeaway chain with his restaurant, and this would damage his reputation. Taco Bell later opened in 1997 in Australia with a store in the cinema district on George Street, Sydney and a year later in 1998 within a few KFC stores in the state of New South Wales, but by 2005, the Taco Bell brand was pulled out of the country.[78]
On 13 September 2017, Collins Foods announced that Taco Bell would return to the Australian market, with their first store being situated in the Brisbane suburb of Annerley in Queensland.[79]
Canada
Taco Bell has been present in Canada since 1981 with the first store opening in Windsor, Ontario. For some time it was possible to order draft beer with one's order. Taco Bell offers free soda refills in its stores.
On March 31, 2011, Priszm, owner of Taco Bell (Canada), went into bankruptcy protection in Ontario and British Columbia.[80] On May 6, 2011, Priszm Income Fund was delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange for failure to meet the continued listing requirements.[81] Since then, some Taco Bell restaurants have been closed down including those in Guelph, Hamilton, and Cambridge, Ontario among others.
There are currently Taco Bell locations in 8 of the 10 Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.[82]
Chile
Taco Bell has fourteen stores in Chile, thirteen of which are operated in conjunction (and in the same facilities) with Pizza Hut. All Taco Bell stores are in shopping malls located mainly in Santiago.
Cyprus
Taco Bell in Cyprus
A Taco Bell opened in Cyprus in December 2009 in Limassol at the MY MALL Limassol. Further restaurants are planned to be opened within the next 18 months (probably also in Cyprus' capital Nicosia).[83]
Finland
On June 15, 2017, Finnish restaurant company Restel (fi) announced that it's bringing Taco Bell to Finland. The first outlet is going to open in Helsinki region in fall 2017.[84]
Greece
Greece's first Taco Bell opened in Athens upon the grand opening of the newly constructed Athens Metro Mall on November 30, 2010.[85][86] The restaurant closed in August 2012 and the chain withdrew from the Greek market due to the country's recession.[87]
Iceland
Taco Bell in Iceland is operated as a part of the KFC establishment in Hafnarfjörður, suburb of Reykjavík. It was established in late 2006, after the departure of the U.S. Navy from Naval Air Station Keflavik. A second location opened in the Ártúnshöfði part of Reykjavik in November 2008.[88] The Ártúnshöfði location is now closed and replaced by a new location in the nearby area of Grafarholt (together with KFC).[citation needed]
India
India's first Taco Bell outlet opened at the Mantri Square mall, Bangalore.[89] Another outlet at the Gopalan Mall, Bangalore opened in February 2011.
Japan
Taco Bell once opened shops at Tokyo and Nagoya in the 1980s but withdrew in several years[90] and there were shops only at United States Forces Japan bases.[91] But in 2015, Taco Bell decided to challenge itself again and opened a new shop at the downtown area of Shibuya, Tokyo.[90] It has "Taco rice" and "Shrimp and avocado burrito" as its original menu.[92]
Mexico
Taco Bell has attempted to enter the Mexican market twice. After a highly publicised launch in Mexico City in 1992, all the restaurants were closed two years later. In September 2007, Taco Bell returned to Monterrey, projecting an American image with an Americanized menu that included french fries, but it closed in January 2010 due to low patronage.[93][94][95]
Netherlands
On 4 April 2017, Taco Bell opened its first restaurant in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.[96][97]
Philippines
Grilled taquitos
Double Decker Taco Special
Taco Bell opened its first Philippine branch on October 30, 2004, at the Gateway Mall in Cubao, Quezon City. They now have one on the ground floor and one on the fourth floor in the food court at the Gateway Mall. They have also added another branch at the TriNoma mall in Quezon City.
Poland
The first Polish Taco Bell store was opened in 1993. Following an aggressive campaign of expansion, Taco Bell's efforts soon withered, and the chain withdrew from Poland shortly thereafter.
Romania
The first Taco Bell store will open up in Romania's capital, Bucharest, on 12 October 2017. For the time being, Romania is the only country in Central and Eastern Europe that will have a Taco Bell store.[98]
Russia
In the early 1990s, Pepsico opened several Taco Bell locations inside the Moscow metro system, including Metro Park Kulturi and Metro Komsomolskaya. This experiment lasted only a few years but these locations live on under different ownership and a different name. Notably, they still sell burritos, although they bear little resemblance to Taco Bell burritos.[citation needed]
Saudi Arabia
Taco Bell has two restaurants in Riyadh and one in Khobar.
Singapore
Taco Bell in Singapore existed for a number of years, mostly as combination stores with KFC such as the one that operated at the Funan Digital Life Mall, but in 2008, Taco Bell completely pulled out of Singapore.[99]
Spain
Spain is the most important market for Taco Bell inside Europe. There are 32 Taco Bell branches in Spain.[100] The first Taco Bell in Spain was opened at Naval Station Rota in 2004 and is available only to those authorized to access the naval base.[101] The first Taco Bell for the public was opened in the Islazul Shopping Mall, Madrid, in December 2008.[102] Yum! Brands announced that it would open additional restaurants in Spain in early 2009 as part of a test trial for the European market.[103][104] The second location of Taco Bell in Spain was opened at the La Vaguada Shopping Mall, Madrid (03/2010). Taco Bell announced, at least, 10 new restaurants through Spain.[105]
As of March 2017, there are 32 Taco Bell restaurants in Spain; 13 of them are in Madrid, and the other 19 Taco Bell are distributed through Valencia (5), Málaga (2), Barcelona (2), Zaragoza (2), Alicante (2) and Jerez de la Frontera, Murcia, Cádiz, Granada, Sevilla and Naval Station Rota with 1 restaurant.[100]
South Korea
There are currently two locations in Seoul, in the Itaewon and Hongdae districts, which attract the most foreigners and college students. The two branches opened in the summer of 2010, Itaewon's branch coming first. A Taco Bell had long been a presence at the U.S. Army's Yongsan Garrison, which is off-limits to non-military people, and for a time there was a tongue-in-cheek grassroots campaign by non-Korean, non-military foreigners in Seoul to get another Taco Bell location.[106]
United Arab Emirates
A Taco Bell opened in the United Arab Emirates in November 2008 in Dubai at the Dubai Mall.[107]
Two more locations were opened at Mirdif City Centre and Deira City Centre in 2010.[citation needed] A fourth UAE location was also planned for Bawadi Mall in the city of Al Ain.
As of February 2012, the locations at Dubai Mall, Deira City Centre, and Mirdif City Centre have all closed and Taco Bell has completely pulled out of the UAE market.[citation needed]
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom was the first European country with a Taco Bell. In 1986, a location was opened in London on Coventry Street (between Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus) followed by a second location in Earls Court near the Earl's Court tube station. One other store opened in Uxbridge but all closed in the mid-1990s.[108] In 1994, the university food provider Compass announced plans for outlets on its university and college sites. However, only one store was opened at Birmingham University, which is now closed.[109][110]
After the Birmingham University branch closed, there were only two Taco Bell branches in the UK, at the Strategic Air Command and United States Air Force bases at RAF Mildenhall and RAF Lakenheath. Access is restricted to relevant service personnel.[111]
In the late 2000s, Yum! Brands announced that it was reopening Taco Bell locations in the United Kingdom as part of a large planned expansion into Europe. Yum! is taking advantage of the recent recession which led to increasing sales at other fast food outlets; it also said that there was now a greater awareness of Mexican food in the UK and that it can be successful with improved menu offerings and marketing.[103][104] The first new store opened at the Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex on June 28, 2010.[112] Another store opened in Basildon, Essex on November 29, 2010, and a third in the Manchester Arndale Food Court on November 7, 2011.
On March 1, 2013, it was announced that horse meat had been found in Taco Bell's beef in the UK, hampering the chain's growth in that already-stubborn market.[113]
As of August 2017, there are 17 Taco Bell branches in the United Kingdom, all of which are in England and outside of London.[114]
Other countries
Taco Bell is present in the Dominican Republic, Guam, Aruba, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and on AAFES military bases in Germany, Iraq, Brazil, Guatemala,[115] and El Salvador.[116] Taco Bell relaunched in the Chinese market when a store opened in Pudong, Shanghai in late 2015. In 2017 July, Taco Bell opened an outlet in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[117]
See also
Los Angeles portal
Companies portal
Food portal
Priszm
Taco Bell chihuahua
Enchirito
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b "Yum! Brands, Annual Report 2015" (PDF). yum.com. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell announces Brian Niccol as new CEO effective January 1, 2015" (Press release). Taco Bell. May 20, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Company Information". Taco Bell. August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miranda, Carolina (April 23, 2012). "The California Taco Trail: 'How Mexican Food Conquered America'". NPR. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moskin, Julia (April 30, 2012). "How the Taco Gained in Translation". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wedell, Katie (August 3, 2015). "Local restaurateur remembered as 'Mayor of Main Street'". Springfield News-Sun. Cox Media Group. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times (November 20, 2015). "Adios, Taco Bell: Original store moves from Downey to Irvine in late-night run". latimes.com.
Jump up ^ "PepsiCo to merge Zantigo's, Taco Bell," San Jose Mercury News, October 2, 1986, p. 10C.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell Express makes fast food look slow". Toledo Blade. November 21, 1991. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Co-branding trend has U.S. franchisees seeing double: veteran KFC-Taco Bell franchisee Al Luihn helped pioneer the Yum system's multibranding trend, showing dos and don'ts of ...". Findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Advantages & Disadvantages of Co-Branding Among Franchises". Houston Chronicle. March 4, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-26/business/fi-59033_1_taco-bell
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (April 23, 2014). "Taco Bell to unveil U.S. Taco, a fast-casual taco mash-up concept". The Orange County Register. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Statt, Nick (April 6, 2016). "Taco Bell built a bot that will order Crunchwrap Supremes for you". The Verge. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.foodbeast.com/news/tb-cantina-vegas/
Jump up ^ https://vegas.eater.com/2017/8/7/16105652/taco-bell-cantina-weddings-star
Jump up ^ Fulmer, Melinda (July 3, 2012). "Taco Bell Recalls Shells That Used Bioengineered Corn". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell Rings up $60 Million for StarLink-Contaminated Shells". Naturalproductsinsider.com. June 12, 2001. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Solnit, David (August 1, 2005). "Taco Bell Boycott Victory—A Model of Strategic Organizing : An interview with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers". leftturn. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schlosser, Eric (April 6, 2005). "A Side Order of Human Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Leary, Elly. "Immokalee Workers Take Down Taco Bell". Monthly Review. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Free Tacos for U.S. If Mir Hits Floating Taco Bell Ocean Target – Taco Bell sets 40 by 40 foot target in South Pacific for Mir's Re-Entry" (Press release). Taco Bell. March 19, 2001.
Jump up ^ Rush, Adam (October 26, 2004). "Boise State backs Taco Bell deal; Education: Students, faculty plan to meet today to consider protest related to farmworker treatment". Idaho Press-Tribune. Archived from the original on March 9, 2005.
Jump up ^ Tanner, Steve. "Review: Mountain Dew Baja Blast". BevReview. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rindone, Marisa (October 29, 2007). "Taco Bell's Big Enchilada". Forbes. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell: Steal A Base, Steal A Taco". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell: 'Steal A Base, Steal A Breakfast' Promotion, Free Breakfast For America On November 5". The Inquisitr News. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell is giving away free food today". Business Insider. June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brother, can you spare a chalupa?". OurPDX. November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Kemp By The Fans". The Plain Dealer. June 12, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Taco Bell's breakfast drink = Mountain Dew and orange juice". Fox News Channel. May 29, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Tuttle, Brad (August 18, 2014). "Taco Bell Breathes New Life Into Fast-Food Dollar Menus". Time. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Patton, Leslie (August 15, 2014). "Taco Bell to Introduce Dollar Menu Nationwide". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Lutz, Ashley (August 15, 2014). "Taco Bell Dollar Menu New". Business Insider. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Little, Katie (August 23, 2014). "These restaurant items cost only $1". CNBC. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Allen, Alex. "KFC and Taco Bell might start delivering to your home". Digital Journal. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Velasco, Schuyler (August 21, 2013). "10 fast foods that have disappeared: 3. Bell Beefer". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Swift, James. "A Tribute to Taco Bell". Retrojunk.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Re Taco Bell Pty Limited v Taco Company of Australia Inc [1981] FCA 219; (1981) 60 FLR 60 (22 December 1981)". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Adams, Christopher (November 21, 2013). "Taco Bell back on menu for NZ". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Taco's Out of the Bag" (PDF). September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Peter, Sacha (April 1, 2011). "Priszm Income Fund Declares Bankruptcy". Divestor. [permanent dead link]
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Jump up ^ "Store Locator". Taco Bell. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell News – Taco Bell To Open First Cyprus Store By December". The Franchise Mall. September 13, 2009. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell tulee Suomeen – palkkaa satoja työntekijöitä". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell" (in Greek). Athensmetromall.atcom.gr. 2010. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bouras, Stelios (November 4, 2010). "New mall in recession-hit landscape". Kathimerini. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
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Jump up ^ Nafn. "2nd location in Iceland". Tacobell.is. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell's maiden Indian outlet opening at Mantri Square mall". Imagesfood.com. January 1, 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Matayoshi, Ryugo (April 20, 2015). "タコス屋｢タコベル｣は日本をどう攻める？". Toyo Keizai. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "米人気ファーストフード「タコベル」、日本に再上陸　来月、渋谷に". with news. March 30, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Matayoshi, Ryugo (April 20, 2015). "タコス屋｢タコベル｣は日本をどう攻める？". Toyo Keizai. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Company News; Pepsico Opens A Taco Bell In Mexico City". The New York Times. June 5, 1992. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell makes a run across the border – Food Inc.". MSNBC. October 9, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Quiebra Taco Bell en México" (in Spanish). MSN. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell Nederland" (in Dutch). Taco Bell. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Opnieuw zet Amerikaanse foodketen voet op Nederlandse bodem" (in Dutch). Taco Bell. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.romania-insider.com/taco-bell-first-restaurant-romania-october/
Jump up ^ "Funan DigitaLife Mall". Funan.com.sg. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nuestros Restaurantes". tacobell.es.
Jump up ^ Schonauer, Scott (April 3, 2004). "Taco Bell, KFC Express set to open at Rota". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell se estrena en España en el madrileño Islazul" (in Spanish). Franquiciashoy.es. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Adamy, Janet (November 19, 2008). "Yum Brands Bets on Taco Bell To Win Over Customers Overseas". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Chesters, Laura. "KFC and Taco Bell gain appetite for UK". Property Week. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell abrirá 10 locales en España en 2015". Expansion.
Jump up ^ "We Want Taco Bell- EV Boyz". YouTube. July 29, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Adamy, Janet (November 19, 2008). "Yum Brands Bets on Taco Bell To Win Over Customers Overseas". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Marc; Scholliers, Peter (2003). Eating out in Europe: picnics, gourmet dining, and snacks since the late eighteenth century. Berg Publishers. pp. 306–307. ISBN 1-85973-658-0.
Jump up ^ "Yankee retreat". CatererSearch. July 26, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Compass pilots Taco Bell unit". CatererSearch. September 29, 1994. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Has anyone ever seen a Taco Bell in England?? – Pale Cast of Thought (blog)". June 8, 2004. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Food chain to premiere at Lakeside". Thurrock Gazette. May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Horsemeat scandal: Four new products test positive". BBC News. March 1, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.tacobelluk.co.uk/faqs/
Jump up ^ "Restaurantes". Taco Bell Guatemala. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Taco Bell El Salvador | No solo de pan vive el hombre". Tacobell.com.sv. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Zuhair, Zahara (2017-07-18). "Mexican restaurant chain Taco Bell opens first outlet in Sri Lanka". MirrorBusiness. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
External links
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taco_Bell&oldid=803401312"
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text:
United States Bullion Depository
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 37°53′00″N 85°57′55″W / 37.8832°N 85.96525°W / 37.8832; -85.96525
US Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
The United States Bullion Depository
Show map of Kentucky Show map of the US Show all
Location
Gold Vault Rd. and Bullion Blvd., Fort Knox, Kentucky
Area
42 acres (17 ha)
Built by
Great Lakes Construction Co.
Architect
Louis A. Simon
Architectural style
Classical Revival
NRHP reference #
88000056[1]
Added to NRHP
February 18, 1988
The United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located within the United States Army post of Fort Knox, Kentucky. The vault is used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government. It is estimated to hold roughly 2.3% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Construction and security
3 Gold
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Seal of the U.S. Mint
US Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky, Gold Vault Rd. and Bullion Boulevard Fort Knox
In 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve. As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937.[3] This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, on land transferred from the military. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, in recognition of its significance in the economic history of the United States and its status as a well-known landmark.[4] It is constructed of granite quarried at the North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex.[5]
The first gold shipments were made from January to July 1937. The majority of the United States' gold reserves were gradually shipped to the site, including old bullion and newly made bars made from melted gold coins. Some intact coins were stored. The transfer used 500 rail cars and was sent by registered mail, protected by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, and the U.S. Treasury Department agents.[citation needed] In 1974, a Washington attorney named Peter David Beter circulated a theory that the gold in the Depository had been secretly removed by elites, and that the vaults were empty. A group of reporters was allowed inside in order to refute the theory, which had gained traction thanks to coverage in tabloid newspapers and on the radio. Other than this 1974 event, no member of the public has been allowed inside.[6]
During World War II, the depository held the original U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history. For example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to American soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and when war broke out, was kept in the US for the duration.
During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of different types of synthetic painkillers, a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the US being isolated from the sources of raw opium.[7]
Construction and security[edit]
Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault lined with granite walls and protected by a blast-proof door weighing 20 tons. Members of the Depository staff must dial separate combinations known only to them.[8] Beyond the main vault door, smaller compartments provide further protection.[9] According to a Mosler Safe Company brochure:
The most famous, if not the largest, vault door order came from the Federal government in 1935 for the newly constructed gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Both the vault door and emergency door were 21-inches thick and made of the latest torch- and drill-resistant material. The main vault door weighed 20 tons and the vault casing was 25-inches thick.[10]
The facility is ringed with fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police. The Depository premises are within the site of Fort Knox, a US Army post, allowing the Army to provide additional protection. The Depository is protected by layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, microphones, mine fields, barbed razor wire, electric fences, heavily armed guards, and the Army units based at Fort Knox, including unmarked Apache helicopter gunships of 8/229 Aviation based at Godman Army Airfield, the 19th Engineer Battalion, formerly training battalions of the United States Army Armor School, and the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division, totaling 30,000 soldiers, with associated tanks, armored personnel carriers, attack helicopters, and artillery.
There is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone who has been accidentally locked in.[6]
For security reasons, no visitors are allowed inside the depository grounds. This policy has been enforced ever since the vault opened, with only two exceptions. The first was an inspection by members of the United States Congress and the news media on September 23, 1974 led by then Director of the United States Mint, Mary Brooks.[6] The second was a similar inspection made by the congress members on August 21, 2017, led by Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin.[11]
Gold[edit]
As of April 2016[update], Fort Knox holdings are 4,582 metric tons (147.3 million oz. troy).[12] At the rate of $1,226.60 an ounce[13] it is worth about $180 billion.
The depository also holds monetary gold coins.[citation needed] The 1933 Double Eagle was also a temporary resident after transfer from 7 World Trade Center in July 2001, until its sale in July 2002 for $7.59 million. Sometime in 2004, ten additional allegedly stolen 1933 Double Eagles were transported to Fort Knox for safekeeping.[citation needed]
Not all the gold bars held in the depository are of exactly the same composition. The mint gold bars are nearly pure gold. Bars made from melted gold coins, called "coin bars", are the same composition as the original coins, which is 90% gold. Unlike many .999 fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times for holding-purposes today, the coin alloy for pre-1933 US coins, which were intended for circulation, was a tougher and wear-resistant .900 fine alloy (balance copper) used for all US gold coins since 1837. (See crown gold for further gold coin alloy history.)
The US holds more gold than any other country, with about 8,133 metric tons in total (not just at Fort Knox), or about 2.4 times that of the next leading country, Germany (which in 2014 owned 3,387.1 metric tons).[14]
Popular culture[edit]
The Meade County Bank in Muldraugh resembles the bullion depository's exterior design.[citation needed]
Samsung Knox, an enterprise mobile security solution developed by Samsung Group is named after Fort Knox.[15]
The Depository figures prominently as the focus of the villain's plot in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger. Auric Goldfinger's goal is to break into the Depository and plant an atomic device. Upon exploding, the entire US gold supply will be irradiated for decades to come and the worth of Goldfinger's own personal gold supply will skyrocket, making Goldfinger richer.
See also[edit]
Vaulted gold
Nixon Shock – US President Richard Nixon took the United States off the gold standard, stopping the direct convertibility of United States dollars to gold
West Point Mint – secondary federal bullion depository for gold and silver
Black Friday (1869) – also referred to as the Gold Panic of 1869
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ 4,176 tones / 183,600 tones = 2.3%
Jump up ^ Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). Lords of Finance: The Bankers who Broke the World. London: Penguin Books. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form: U.S. Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky" (PDF). October 20, 1987. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
Jump up ^ David W. Parham and Jim Sumner (November 1979). "North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Gold all there when Ft. Knox opened doors". Numismatic News. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fort Knox: Secrets Revealed". H2 History Channel. 2007.
Jump up ^ Day, Teresa (January 30, 2005). Fun With the Family Kentucky: Hundreds of Ideas for Day Trips with the Kids. Globe Pequot. p. 30. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Treasury - Fact Sheet on the Fort Knox Bullion Depository". Archived from the original on 1 February 2008.
Jump up ^ A History of Mosler. Mosler, Inc., Form 9983-5M-1099. 1999.
Jump up ^ Beam, Adam (August 21, 2017). "After 40 years, Fort Knox opens famed vault to civilians". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Bureau of the Fiscal Service (October 31, 2014). "Status Report of U.S. Treasury-Owned Gold". US Department of the Treasury.
Jump up ^ "Historical Gold Charts and Data - New York Fix". Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 nations stockpiling gold". Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hubert Nguyen (February 25, 2013). "Samsung KNOX Provides Privacy To BYODUsers". UberGizmo. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Media related to United States Bullion Depository at Wikimedia Commons
The United States Bullion Depository Fort Knox, Kentucky, from the U.S. Mint
An article about the Bullion Depository
"Steel and Stone Fortress to Guard Our Gold" Popular Mechanics, December 1935
"How much is gold" Forbes, December 2012
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Bullion_Depository&oldid=807042775"
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National Register of Historic Places in Hardin County, Kentucky
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text:
Nasal bridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nasal bridge is the bony part of the nose, overlying the nasal bones.
The nasal bridge is the upper, bony part of the human nose, which overlies the nasal bones.
Dysmorphology[edit]
Low-rooted nasal bridges are closely associated with epicanthic folds. A lower nasal bridge is more likely to cause an epicanthic fold, and vice versa.[1]
A lower or higher than average nasal bridge can be a sign of various genetic disorders, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. A flat nasal bridge can be a sign of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Fragile X syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome.
An appearance of a widened nasal bridge can be seen with dystopia canthorum, which is a lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes.[2] Dystopia canthorum is associated with Waardenburg syndrome.[3]
See also[edit]
Aquiline nose
Bridge piercing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Montagu, A. (1989) Growing Young N.Y.: McGraw Hill pp. 40
Jump up ^ Genetic Hearing Loss from UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology. DATE: March 17, 2004. RESIDENT PHYSICIAN: Jing Shen. FACULTY PHYSICIAN: Ronald W. Deskin, MD. SERIES EDITORS: Francis B. Quinn, Jr., MD and Matthew W. Ryan, MD.
Jump up ^ Tagra S, Talwar AK, Walia RL, Sidhu P (2006). "Waardenburg syndrome". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 72 (4): 326. PMID 16880590. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.26718.

This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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