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Middle age
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Middle age is the period of age beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Young adulthood
3 Middle adulthood
3.1 Physical characteristics
3.2 Cognitive characteristics
3.3 Social and personality characteristics
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Definitions
According to the Oxford English Dictionary middle age is between 45 and 65:[2] "The period between early adulthood and old age, usually considered as the years from about 45 to 65." The US Census lists the category middle age from 45 to 65. Merriam-Webster lists middle age from 45 to 64,[3] while prominent psychologist Erik Erikson saw it starting a little earlier and defines middle adulthood as between 40 and 65. The Collins English Dictionary lists it between the ages of 40 and 60,[4] and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – the standard diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association – used to define middle age as 40 to 60, but as of DSM-IV (1994) revised the definition upwards to 45 to 65.
Young adulthood
Further information: Young adult (psychology)
This time in the lifespan is considered to be the developmental stage of those who are between 18 years old and 40 years old. Recent developmental theories have recognized that development occurs across the entire life of a person as they experience changes cognitively, physically, socially, and in personality.[1][5]
Middle adulthood
This time period in the life of a person can be referred to as middle age. This time span has been defined as the time between ages 45 to 65 years old.[1][2] Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage.[6][7] The body may slow down and the middle aged might become more sensitive to diet, substance abuse, stress, and rest. Chronic health problems can become an issue along with disability or disease. Approximately one centimeter of height may be lost per decade.[6] Emotional responses and retrospection vary from person to person. Experiencing a sense of mortality, sadness, or loss is common at this age.[8]
Those in middle adulthood or middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to the changes in relationships. Changes can be the interacting with growing and grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood,[8] as well as continued career development.
Physical characteristics
Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of aging.[6] This process can be more rapid in women who have osteoporosis. Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. Women between 48 and 55 experience menopause, which ends natural fertility.[9] Menopause can have many side effects, some welcome and some not so welcome. Men may also experience physical changes. Changes can occur to skin and other changes may include decline in physical fitness including a reduction in aerobic performance and a decrease in maximal heart rate. These measurements are generalities and people may exhibit these changes at different rates and times.
The mortality rate can begin to increase from 45 and onwards, mainly due to health problems like heart problems, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes.[8][10] Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into old age.
Cognitive characteristics
Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as the generatitivity-versus-stagnation stage. Persons in middle adulthood or middle age may have some cognitive loss. This loss usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies are developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.[7]
Social and personality characteristics
Marital satisfaction remains but other family relationships can be more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to "advance".[8] Even so, career changes often can occur. Middle adulthood or middle age can be a time when a person re-examines their life by taking stock, and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious. The perception that those in this stage of development or life undergo a "mid-life" crisis is largely false. This period in life is usually satisfying, tranquil. Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period.[1] The relationships in middle adulthood may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.[8]
See also
Youth
Young adult (psychology)
Old age
Aging
Midlife crisis
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "PsycNET - Option to Buy".
^ Jump up to: a b "Middle Age: definition of middle age in Oxford dictionary (American· English) (US)". Oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Definition of MIDDLE AGE".
Jump up ^ Middle age. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 05, 2012.
Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998),
^ Jump up to: a b c "Osteoporosis Tests and Diagnosis".
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon-Salant, Sandra; Frisina, Robert D.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur (3 May 2010). "The Aging Auditory System". Springer Science & Business Media – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stern, Theodore (2016). Massachusetts General Hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry. London: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-29507-9. Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
Jump up ^ Bourgeois, F. John; Gehrig, Paola A.; Veljovich, Daniel S. (1 January 2005). "Obstetrics and Gynecology Recall". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Products - Data Briefs - Number 193 - March 2015".
External links
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Young Adult Stages of human development
Middle age Succeeded by
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Genesis 1:1
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The first chapter of Genesis (B'reshit in Hebrew) written on an egg in the Israel Museum.
Genesis 1:1 is the first verse of the first chapter in the Book of Genesis in the Bible and forms the opening of the Genesis creation narrative.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew text
2 English translation
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Citations
4.2 Bibliography
5 Further reading
Hebrew text[edit]
Genesis 1:1–5
Genesis 1 verses 1–5 sung in Hebrew as a cantillation
Problems playing this file? See media help.
In the Masoretic Text the verse consists of 7 words and 28 letters and is as follows:
Vocalized: בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ
Transliterated: Bereshit bara Elohim et hashamayim ve'et ha'aretz.
The first word is b'reishit, or bereishit (בְּרֵאשִׁית). The definite article (i.e., the Hebrew equivalent of "the") is missing, but implied. The complete word literally means "in [the] beginning [of]". The same construction is found elsewhere in the Hebrew bible, usually dealing with the beginning of a reign.[1]
The second word is the Hebrew verb bara (ברא) ("([he] created/creating"). It is in the masculine form, so that "he" is implied. A peculiarity of this verb is that it is always used with God as its subject,[citation needed] meaning that only God can "bara"; it is the characteristic verb for God's creative activity in Genesis 1. "Bara" is also used in Genesis 2 verses 3 and 4. John Walton claims that the meaning of "bara" is not "create" in the modern sense, but to differentiate/separate and to allocate roles – e.g., in the creation of Adam and Eve, God allocates gender roles to "male and female".[2]
Elohim (אלהים) is the generic word for God, whether the God of Israel or the gods of other nations. It is used throughout Genesis 1, and contrasts with the phrase Elohim YHWH, "God YHWH", introduced in Genesis 2.
Et (אֵת) is a particle used in front of the direct object of a verb; in this case, it indicates that "the heavens and the earth" is what is being created. The word ha preceding shamayim (heavens) and aretz (earth) is the definite article, equivalent to the English word "the".
English translation[edit]
The Opening of Genesis Chapter 1 from a 1620–21 King James Bible in black letter type. The first edition of the KJV was 1611.
Genesis 1:1–2 can be translated into English in at least three ways:
As a statement that the cosmos had an absolute beginning (In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth).
As a statement describing the condition of the world when God began creating (When in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, the earth was untamed and shapeless).
Taking all of Genesis 1:2 as background information (When in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, the earth being untamed and shapeless, God said, Let there be light!).[3]
The idea that God created the universe out of nothing (creatio ex nihilo) has become central to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, but it is not found directly in Genesis, nor in the entire Hebrew Bible, and is not the preferred option.[4][2][5] The Priestly authors of Genesis 1, writing around 500–400 BCE, had been concerned not with the origins of matter (the material which God formed into the habitable cosmos), but with the fixing of destinies. This was still the situation in the early 2nd century CE, although early Christian scholars were beginning to see a tension between the idea of world-formation and the omnipotence of God. By the beginning of the 3rd century this tension was resolved, world-formation was overcome, and creation ex nihilo had become a fundamental tenet of Christian theology.[6]
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Genesis 1:2
Parashat Bereshit
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, pp. 3–31.
^ Jump up to: a b Walton 2006, p. 183.
Jump up ^ Bandstra 1999, pp. 38–39.
Jump up ^ Nebe 2002, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 30.
Jump up ^ May 2004, p. 179.
Bibliography[edit]
Alter, Robert (2004). The Five Books of Moses. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-33393-0.
Bandstra, Barry L. (1999). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). Genesis 1–11: A Handbook on the Hebrew Text. Baylor University Press.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). Creation, Un-Creation, Re-Creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11. T&T Clarke International.
Dumbrell, William J. (2002). The Faith of Isarel: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament. Baker Academic.
Hamilton, Victor P (1990). The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (NICOT). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-2521-4.
Knight, Douglas A (1990). "Cosmology". In Watson E. Mills (General Editor). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-402-6.
May, Gerhard (2004). Creatio ex nihilo. T&T Clarke International.
Nebe, Gottfried (2002). "Creation in Paul's Theology". In Hoffman, Yair; Reventlow, Henning Graf. Creation in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9780567573933.
Walton, John H. (2006). Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN 0-8010-2750-0.
Wenham, Gordon (2003). Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Pentateuch. Exploring the Bible Series. 1. IVP Academic. p. 223.
Further reading[edit]
Curzon, David. Modern poems on the Bible: an anthology. Phila: Jewish Publication Society, 1994.
Full translation of Rashi on Genesis 1:1
"Genesis 1:1." Online Parallel Bible. [1]
Jewish Publication Society. The Torah: The Five Books of Moses (3rd ed). Philadelphia: 1999.
Kselman, John S. “Genesis” in Harper’s Bible Dictionary.
Rosenbaum and Silberman. Pentateuch with Rashi’s Commentary.
The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha
Torat Chaim Chumash. Mossad HaRav Kook. 1986
Urbach, Ephraim E. The Sages: the world and wisdom of the rabbis of the Talmud.
Von Rad, Gerhard. Genesis: A commentary. Phila: The Westminster Press, 1972
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- Book of Genesis Succeeded by
Genesis 1:2
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Roger Dodger (phrase)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The phrase "Roger Dodger" originated during World War II, and was verbally circulated throughout the United States military as a part of a mildly amusing story about a pilot or soldier that added his own flair to radio phraseology. The punch line of this story is, "Roger Dodger, you old codger!" The story was passed along by servicemen in all branches of the military.
Here is one version of the story set in the Pacific Theater of Operations of World War II:
A squadron of Navy aircraft was returning to base after a wildly successful mission. One pilot in particular was feeling especially cocky. After receiving landing instructions, the pilot signed off his radio message with, "Roger Dodger!"
The next transmission was from an irate-sounding naval officer. He bellowed, "In this man's Navy, there will be no flippant remarks on the radio!" He went on to say that he was a U.S. Navy Commander and intended to find the offender to personally reprimand him.
The rambunctious pilot acknowledged by saying, "Roger Dodger, you ol' codger. I'm a Commander too!"[1]
It is easy to see how the story can be adapted to different military branches and duties but still retain the essential ingredients: the successful war hero in the thick of the action and the overbearing officer concerned only with strict adherence to the regulations.
Over several decades, the story faded into folklore, but the phrase "Roger Dodger" retains widespread recognition in the United States even though most people do not know what it really means or its origin. It is generally used in a flippant way, often in seeming mocking of police or military authority.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) officially defines the word "roger" to mean "I have received all of your transmission." For example, a pilot would say "roger" in response to an advisory from Air Traffic Control. "Roger" is not currently the word for the letter "R" in most radio alphabets; "Romeo" is. However, in modern times, pilots must read back (repeat) Air Traffic Control clearances to verify they heard them correctly, but most instructions may be "rogered." The word "roger" is still used in modern aviation radio communication, but the phrase "roger dodger" is not recognized by ICAO.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cardey, C: ICUFR Newsletter, page 3. ICUFR, November 2005
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