text:
Columbian exchange
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the book, see The Columbian Exchange.
New World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Maize (Zea mays) 2. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 3. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 4. Vanilla (Vanilla) 5. Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) 6. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) 7. Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)
Old World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Citrus (Rutaceae); 2. Apple (Malus domestica); 3. Banana (Musa); 4. Mango (Mangifera); 5. Onion (Allium); 6. Coffee (Coffea); 7. Wheat (Triticum spp.); 8. Rice (Oryza sativa)
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named for Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries. It also relates to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. The most significant immediate impact of the Columbian exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people (both free and enslaved) between continents.
The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century.
The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange.[2] It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known.
Contents
1 Origin of the term
2 Influence
2.1 Crops
2.1.1 Tomatoes
2.2 Livestock
2.3 Disease
2.4 Cultural exchanges
2.4.1 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
3 Organism examples
4 Later history
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin of the term[edit]
In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published The Columbian Exchange.[2] He published subsequent volumes within the same decade. His primary focus was mapping the biological and cultural transfers that occurred between the Old and New World. He studied the effects of Columbus' voyages between the two. Specifically, the global diffusion of crops, seeds, and plants from the New World back into the Old. His research made a lasting contribution to the way scholars understand the variety of contemporary ecosystems that arose due to these transfers. [3]
The term has become popular among historians and journalists, such as Charles C. Mann, whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby's original research.[4]
Influence[edit]
Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples such as quinoa and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European introduction.
Crops[edit]
Portuguese trading animals in Japan; detail of Nanban panel (1570–1616)
Several plants native to the Americas have spread around the world, including potato, maize, tomato, and tobacco.[5] Before 1500, potatoes were not grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease.[6] Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe, contributing to about 25% of the population growth in Afro-Eurasia between 1700 and 1900.[7] Many European rulers, including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, encouraged the cultivation of the potato.[8]
Maize and cassava, introduced by the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century,[9] have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa's most important food crops.[10] 16th-century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas, including maize and sweet potatoes, and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia.[11] On a larger scale, the coming of potatoes and maize to the old world "resulted in caloric and nutritional improvements over previously existing staples" throughout the Eurasian landmass[12] as they created more varied and abundant food production.[13]
Tomatoes, which came to Europe from the New World via Spain, were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value (see below). From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and, ultimately, Italian cuisine in general.[14] Coffee (introduced in the Americas circa 1720) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane (introduced from South Asia) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations. Introduced to India by the Portuguese, chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine.[15]
Rice was another crop that became widely cultivated during the Columbian exchange. As the demand in the New World grew, so did the knowledge on how to cultivate it. The two primary species used were oryza glaberrima and oryza sativa; originating from West Africa and Southeast Asia respectively. Slave holders in the New World relied upon the skills of enslaved Africans to further cultivate both species. [16]. North and South Carolina were key places where rice was grown during the slave trade. Enslaved Africans brought their knowledge of water control, milling, winnowing, and other general agrarian practices to the fields. This widespread knowledge amongst enslaved Africans eventually led to rice becoming a staple dietary item in the New World. [17]
Citrus fruits, grapes, and oats were also brought to the Americas from Europe, specifically from the Mediterranean. At first, these crops struggled to adapt to the climate in the new world. However, by the late 19th century they began to grow more consistently. [18]
Tomatoes[edit]
It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted. Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy, only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance. In large part this was due to 16th-century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of "melancholic humours". In 1544, Pietro Andrea Mattioli, a Tuscan physician and botanist, suggested that tomatoes might be edible, but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time. On October 31, 1548, the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence, wrote to the De' Medici's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro "had arrived safely". At this time, the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs, melons, and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists.[19]
In the early years, tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty" and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art. However, in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid, under the patronage of Philip II of Spain, wrote, "it is said [tomatoes] are good for sauces". Besides this account, tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes, but rarely for culinary use. The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century. Today around 32,000 acres (12,950 ha) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy, although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed.[19]
Livestock[edit]
Further information: Plains Indians § The horse
Initially, at least, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route, from Europe to the New World, as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals. Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses.[20] One of the first European exports to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes. The mountain tribes shifted to a nomadic lifestyle, as opposed to agriculture, based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains. The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses, and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth.[21]
Still, the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive. In the Caribbean, the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos, plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence.[22]
Disease[edit]
Further information: Influx of disease in the Caribbean, Virgin soil epidemic, and Cocoliztli epidemics
European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria. Europeans suffered from this disease, but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it. In Africa, resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, which can cause sickle-cell disease.[1]:164 In fact, the resistance of sub-Saharan Africans to malaria in the Southern United States contributed to the development of slavery in those regions.[23]
Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres, the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans, such as smallpox, were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long-distance trade networks. Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people, or were brought by traders from Asia, so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants. While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases, their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity.
By contrast, "Old World" diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers, as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases. Measles caused many deaths. The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans, surpassing any wars[24] and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death.[1]:164 It is estimated that upwards of 80–95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100–150 years following 1492. Many regions in the Americas lost 100%.[1]:165 The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well-documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518.[22] At that point in time, approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola.[22]
Similarly, yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade. Because it was endemic in Africa, many people there had acquired immunity. Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African-descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas, where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century. The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave-based sugar plantation.[22] The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural mosquito predators.[22] The means of yellow fever transmission was unknown until 1881, when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes, now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti.[22]
The history of syphilis has been well-studied, but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate.[25] There are two primary hypotheses: one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s, while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized.[26] These are referred to as the "Columbian" and "pre-Columbian" hypotheses.[26] The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493.[27] The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494/1495 in Naples, Italy, among the army of Charles VIII, during their invasion of Naples.[26][28][29][30]
Cultural exchanges[edit]
One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges. For example, in the article "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800" Pieter Emmer makes the point that "from 1500 onward, a 'clash of cultures' had begun in the Atlantic".[31] This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures. For example, the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands, the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family, the role of women and children in the family system, and the "superiority of free labor".[32] An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America. When these early European colonizers first entered North America, they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved. For these Europeans, they were seeking economic opportunities, therefore, land and resources were important for the success of the mission. When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan. The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas. These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants. As the Europeans viewed fences as "hallmarks of civilization" they set about transforming "the land into something more suitable for themselves".[33] In implementing their practices, the Europeans enslaved, murdered, and exploited indigenous populations. Furthermore, in cases of enslaved peoples (and in particular, enslaved Africans) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property. Thus, the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people. In other subtle ways, which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions. An example of this can be found in the tobacco industry.
Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian exchange. As is discussed in regard to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the tobacco trade increased demand for free labor and spread tobacco worldwide. In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco, the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) noted that "The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies, have taken up the same manner and use of tobacco that the Indians have".[34] As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous peoples, they took with them the cultural practices related to tobacco, and spread them to additional regions. Therefore, demand for tobacco grew in the course of the cultural exchanges and increased contacts among peoples.

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade[edit]
The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade was the transfer of Africans from primarily West Africa to parts of the Americas between the 16th and 19th century.[35] About 10 million slaves arrived in the Americas from Africa. The journey that enslaved Africans took from parts of Africa to America is commonly known as the middle passage. [36]
Enslaved Africans had a significant influence on the emerging African American culture in the New World. The presence of Enslaved Africans not only represented skilled labor but it also gave way to a new population which represented a hybrid of the two cultures. [37] The Birth of African American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective is a book written by Sidney Mintz and Richard Price further detailing the cultural impact of Enslaved Africans in America. Mintz and Price's book helped to publicize how integral the socialization aspects of plantation life were to the structures of black culture.
The treatment of Enslaved Africans during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade became one of the most controversial topics in the history of the New World. Since its abolishment in 1865, it has remained a key subject in politics, pop culture and media.
Organism examples[edit]
See also: New World crops, Agriculture in Mesoamerica, Muisca agriculture, and List of food origins
Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans
Type of organism
Old World to New World
New World to Old World
Domesticated animals
cat (domestic – wild species already present)
cattle
chicken
donkey
goat (the goats of the Old World, genus Capra, are different from the mountain goat of the New World, genus Oreamnos)
guineafowl
honey bee (European honey bee – other wild and domesticated species already present)
horse
rabbit (domestic)
pig
sheep (domestic)
water buffalo
alpaca
guinea pig
llama
Muscovy duck
turkey
Cultivated plants
adzuki bean
almond
apple
apricot
asparagus
baobab
banana (including cooking banana)
barley
basil
beetroot
black-eyed pea
Brassica oleracea-derived vegetables
broccoli
Brussels sprout
cabbage
cauliflower
collard greens
kale
kohlrabi
rapeseed
broad bean
cantaloupe
carrot
celery
chestnut
chickpea
citrus (orange, lemon, etc.)
coffee
common fig
coriander (also known as cilantro)
cucumber
cumin
eggplant (aubergine)
Elaeis (oil palm)
fennel
finger millet
foxtail millet
flax
garlic
ginger
hazelnut
hemp (including cannabis)
kola nut
leek
lentil
lettuce
mango
mangosteen
millet
Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
mung bean
oat
okra
olive
onion
opium
oregano
parsnip
pea
peach
pear
pearl millet
pistachio
pomegranate
proso millet
radish
raspberry
rice
rye
sesame
sorghum
soybean
spinach
sugarcane and sugar beet
tamarind
taro
turmeric
turnip
watermelon
walnut (commercial varieties)
wheat
yam (sometimes misnamed "sweet potato")
acai
Acca sellowiana (feijoa, pineapple guava, Brazilian guava, guavasteen)
Annona reticulata (custard apple)
agave
allspice
amaranth (as grain)
annatto
arracacha
arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea
avocado
black walnut
blueberry (commercial varieties)
Brazil nut
Calathea allouia (leren)
Canna indica (achira)
capsicum (bell pepper and chili pepper)
cashew
cassava (manioc, tapioca, yuca)
chayote
cherimoya
chia
coca leaf
cocoa bean
cotton (long-staple species)
cranberry (large cranberry, or bearberry species)
cucurbita (many squashes and gourds)
butternut squash
pumpkin
zucchini (courgette)
Eryngium foetidum (culantro, Mexican coriander)
guarana
guava (common)
Helianthus (sunflower)
Jerusalem artichoke
jicama
maize (corn)
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)
mashua
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear)
Oxalis tuberosa (New Zealand yam)
papaya
passionfruit
peanut
pecan
Phaseolus vulgaris (beans: pinto, lima, kidney, etc.)
physalis (cape gooseberry)
pineapple
pitaya (dragon fruit)
potato
quinoa
rubber
soursop
stevia
strawberry (commercial varieties)
sugar-apple
sugar maple
sweet potato
tamarillo
tobacco
tomato
tomatillo
ulluco
vanilla
wild rice
yerba mate
yucca
Cultivated fungi
Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms, chestnut mushrooms, portobello mushrooms)
cloud ear fungus
enoki mushroom
oyster mushroom (some varieties)
Rhizopus oligosporus (tempeh)
shiitake mushroom
snow ear fungus
truffle
huitlacoche (corn smut)
oyster mushroom (some varieties)
Infectious diseases
bubonic plague
chickenpox
cholera
diphtheria
influenza
leprosy
malaria
measles
pertussis
scarlet fever
smallpox
typhoid fever
typhus
yaws
yellow fever
Chagas disease
Nonvenereal endemic syphilis
pinta
syphilis (disputed)
Later history[edit]
Further information: Introduced species, Invasive species, and Lists of invasive species
Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes, and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds as tumbleweeds (Salsola spp.) and wild oats (Avena fatua). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion, have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment.
Fungi have also been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease, killing American elms in North American forests and cities, where many had been planted as street trees. Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments.[38][39] A beneficial, although probably unintentional, introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus, the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia.[40]
In addition to these, many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats, earthworms (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels, which arrived on ships.[41] Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds, often negatively impacting or displacing native species. In the New World, populations of feral European cats, pigs, horses and cattle are common, and the Burmese python and green iguana are considered problematic in Florida. In the Old World, Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany, the Caucasus and Japan. Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations.
See also[edit]
Agriculture and agronomy portal
Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
New Spain portal
Alfred W. Crosby
Domestication
Great American Interchange
Glossary of invasion biology terms
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World
List of food plants native to the Americas
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
Transformation of culture
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506.
^ Jump up to: a b Gambino, Megan (October 4, 2011). "Alfred W. Crosby on the Columbian Exchange". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carney, Judith (2001). Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. United States of America: Harvard University Press. pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ de Vorsey, Louis (2001). "The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange". In McIlwraith, Thomas F; Muller, Edward K. North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. Thanks to…Crosby's work, the term 'Columbian exchange' is now widely used…
Jump up ^ Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 88–98.
Jump up ^ "The Impact of the Potato", History Magazine
Jump up ^ Nathan, Nunn; Nancy, Qian (2011). "The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2: 593–650.
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alfred (2003). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 184.
Jump up ^ "Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa" Archived December 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., The Ohio State University
Jump up ^ "Maize Streak Virus-Resistant Transgenic Maize: an African solution to an African Problem", Scitizen, August 7, 2007
Jump up ^ "China's Population: Readings and Maps", Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project
Jump up ^ Nathan, Nunn; Nancy, Qian (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2: 163–88, 167.
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alfred W. (2003). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Praeger. p. 177.
Jump up ^ Riley, Gillian, ed. (2007). "Tomato". The Oxford Companion to Italian Food. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–530. ISBN 978-0-19-860617-8.
Jump up ^ Collingham, Lizzie (2006). "Vindaloo: the Portuguese and the chilli pepper". Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-19-988381-3.
Jump up ^ Carney, Judith A. (2001). "African Rice in the Columbian Exchange". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 377–396. JSTOR 3647168.
Jump up ^ Carney, Judith (2001). Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. United States of America: Harvard University Press. pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ McNeill, J.R. "The Columbian Exchange". NCpedia. State Library of North Carolina. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b A History of the Tomato in Italy Pomodoro!, David Gentilcore (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010).
Jump up ^ Michael Francis, John, ed. (2006). "Columbian Exchange—Livestock". Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 303–308. ISBN 978-1-85109-421-9.
Jump up ^ This transfer reintroduced horses to the Americas, as the species had died out there prior to the development of the modern horse in Eurasia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Palmié, Stephan (2011). The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226645087.
Jump up ^ Esposito, Elena (Summer 2015). "Side Effects of Immunities: the African Slave Trade" (PDF). European University Institute.
Jump up ^ "The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs", Guns, Germs and Steel, PBS Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Kent ME, Romanelli F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Ann Pharmacother. 42 (2): 226–36. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261.
^ Jump up to: a b c Farhi, D; Dupin, N (Sep–Oct 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (5): 533–8. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011. PMID 20797514.
Jump up ^ Smith, Tara C. (December 23, 2015). "Thanks Columbus! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe". Quartz. Retrieved 1 September 2016. The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493.
Jump up ^ Franzen, C (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians—Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–7. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x. PMID 18592279.
Jump up ^ A New Skeleton and an Old Debate About Syphilis; The Atlantic; Cari Romm; February 18, 2016
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (December 27, 2011). "Case Closed? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe". Scientific American. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 45–46
Jump up ^ Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 46
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. loc. 1094 and 1050
Jump up ^ Monardes, Nicholas. "Of the Tabaco and of his Greate Vertues." Frampton, John trans, Wolf, Michael, ed. Taboacco.org. Accessed June 1, 2017 http://archive.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html
Jump up ^ Carney, Judith (2001). Black Rice. Harvard University Press. pp. 2–8.
Jump up ^ Gates, Louis. "100 Amazing Facts About the Negro". PBS. WNET. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Carney, Judith (2001). Black Rice. Harvard University Press. pp. 2–8.
Jump up ^ Simberloff, Daniel (2000). "Introduced Species: The Threat to Biodiversity & What Can Be Done". American Institute of Biological Sciences: Bringing Biology to Informed Decision Making.
Jump up ^ Fernández Pérez, Joaquin and Ignacio González Tascón (eds.) (1991). La agricultura viajera. Barcelona, Spain: Lunwerg Editores, S. A.
Jump up ^ Elusive Lager Yeast Found in Patagonia, Discovery News, August 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Hoddle, M. S. "Quagga & Zebra Mussels". Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside . Retrieved June 29, 2010.
External links[edit]
The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby (2009)
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, et al.
Foods that Changed the World by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine
The Columbian Exchange video, study guide, analysis, and teaching guide
show
v
t
e
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Pre-history
Paleo-Indians
Pre-Columbian era
Classification
Archaeology
Genetics
Mythology/Religion
Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas
List of deities
Native American religion
Mesoamerican mythology
Mesoamerican religion
European
colonization
European colonization
Population history
Columbian exchange
Modern groups
by country
North America
Canada
Costa Rica
Dominica
El Salvador
Greenland
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Related topics
Indigenous American studies
Indigenous languages
Indigenous movements
Indigenous art
Artists
Writers
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
Pre-Columbian North America
Periods
Lithic
Archaic
Formative
Classic
Post-Classic
Archaeological
cultures
Adena
Alachua
Ancient Beringian
Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi)
Baytown
Belle Glade
Buttermilk Creek Complex
Caborn-Welborn
Calf Creek
Caloosahatchee
Clovis
Coles Creek
Comondú
Deptford
Folsom
Fort Ancient
Fort Walton
Fremont
Glacial Kame
Glades
Hohokam
Hopewell
List of Hopewell sites
La Jolla
Las Palmas
Leon-Jefferson
Mississippian
List of Mississippian sites
Mogollon
Monongahela
Old Cordilleran
Oneota
Paleo-Arctic
Paleo-Indians
Patayan
Plano
Plaquemine
Poverty Point
Red Ocher
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
St. Johns
Steed-Kisker
Tchefuncte
Tocobaga
Troyville
Archaeological
sites
Angel Mounds
Anzick Clovis burial
Bandelier National Monument
Blue Spring Shelter
The Bluff Point Stoneworks
Brewster
Cahokia
Candelaria Cave
Casa Grande
Chaco Canyon
Coso Rock Art District
Crystal River Archaeological State Park
Cuarenta Casas
Cueva de la Olla
Eaker
El Fin del Mundo
El Vallecito
Effigy Mounds National Monument
Etowah Indian Mounds
Eva
Folsom Site
Fort Ancient
Fort Center
Fort Juelson
Four Mounds
Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
Glenwood
Grimes Point
Holly Bluff Site
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
Huápoca
Kimball Village
Kincaid Mounds
Kolomoki Mounds
Lake Jackson Mounds
L'Anse aux Meadows
Marksville
Marmes Rockshelter
Meadowcroft Rockshelter
Mesa Verde
Moaning Cavern
Moorehead Circle
Morrison Mounds
Moundville
Mummy Cave
Nodena Site
Ocmulgee National Monument
Old Stone Fort
Orwell Site
Paquime
Parkin Park
Pinson Mounds
Portsmouth Earthworks
Poverty Point
Pueblo Bonito
Recapture Canyon
Rock Eagle
Rock Hawk
Russell Cave National Monument
Salmon Ruins
Serpent Mound
Sierra de San Francisco
Spiro Mounds
SunWatch
Taos Pueblo
Toltec Mounds
Town Creek Indian Mound
Turkey River Mounds
Upward Sun River site
Velda Mound
West Oak Forest Earthlodge
Winterville
Wupatki National Monument
Human
remains
Anzick-1
Arlington Springs Man
Buhl Woman
Kennewick Man
La Brea Woman
Leanderthal Lady
Minnesota Woman
Spirit Cave mummy
Miscellaneous
Aridoamerica
Black drink
Ceremonial pipe
Chunkey
Clovis point
Container Revolution
Eastern Agricultural Complex
Eden point
Effigy mound
Falcon dancer
Folsom point
Green Corn Ceremony
Horned Serpent
Kiva
Medicine wheel
Metallurgy
Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
Mound Builders
N.A.G.P.R.A.
Norse colonization of North America
Oasisamerica
Piasa
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Stickball
Three Sisters agriculture
Thunderbird
Underwater panther
Water glyphs
Related
Genetic history
Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America
Pre-Columbian era
show
v
t
e
Globalization
Journals
Outline
Studies
Aspects
Alter-globalization
Anti-globalization
Counter-hegemonic globalization
Cultural globalization
Deglobalization
Democratic globalization
Economic globalization
Environmental globalization
Financial globalization
Global citizenship
education
Global governance
Global health
History of
archaic
early modern
Military globalization
Political globalization
Trade globalization
Workforce globalization
Issues
Global
Disease
Digital divide
Labor arbitrage
Population
Warming
Water crisis
Other
Brain drain
reverse
Climate change
Climate justice
Development aid
Economic inequality
Endangered languages
Fair trade
Forced migration
Human rights
Illicit financial flows
Invasive species
Investor-state disputes
New international division of labour
North–South divide
Offshoring
Race to the bottom
pollution havens
Transnational crime
McDonaldization
Westernization
American imperialism
British Empire
World war
Theories
Capital accumulation
Dependency
Development
Earth system
Fiscal localism
Modernization
ecological
history of
Primitive accumulation
Social change
World history
World-systems
Notable
scholars
Samir Amin
Arjun Appadurai
K. Anthony Appiah
Daniele Archibugi
Giovanni Arrighi
Ravi Batra
Jean Baudrillard
Zygmunt Bauman
Ulrich Beck
Walden Bello
Jagdish Bhagwati
Robert Brenner
Manuel Castells
Noam Chomsky
Alfred Crosby
Christopher Chase-Dunn
Andre G. Frank
Thomas Friedman
Anthony Giddens
Peter Gowan
Michael Hardt
David Harvey
David Held
Paul Hirst
Michael Hudson
Paul James
Ibn Khaldun
Naomi Klein
Antonio Negri
George Ritzer
Dani Rodrik
Jeffrey Sachs
Saskia Sassen
John R. Saul
Vandana Shiva
Joseph Stiglitz
John Urry
Immanuel Wallerstein
Portal
Category
Biological exchange across Atlantic Ocean
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbian_exchange&oldid=866486130"
Categories:
Age of Discovery
Agricultural revolutions
History of agriculture
History of Europe
History of globalization
History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
History of the Americas
Horticulture and gardening
Introduced species
Invasive species
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spain in the Age of Discovery
History of the Atlantic Ocean
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Webarchive template webcite links
Use mdy dates from November 2014
Articles with short description
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latina
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Tagalog
Українська
中文
19 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 16:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

value: i

values:
/wiki/Rubber_tree
mw-redirect
Rubber tree

values:
/wiki/Communicable_diseases
mw-redirect
Communicable diseases

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created

values: Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

values:
/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease
mw-redirect
Sickle-cell disease

values:
/wiki/Infectious_diseases
mw-redirect
Infectious diseases

values:
/wiki/Acquired_immunity
mw-redirect
Acquired immunity

values: Edit section: Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

values:
/wiki/Finger_millet
mw-redirect
Finger millet

values:
/wiki/Black_walnut
mw-redirect
Black walnut

values:
/wiki/Squash_(plant)
mw-redirect
Squash (plant)

values:
/wiki/Sugar_maple
mw-redirect
Sugar maple

values:
/wiki/Enoki_mushroom
mw-redirect
Enoki mushroom

values:
/wiki/Oyster_mushroom
mw-redirect
Oyster mushroom

values:
/wiki/Shiitake_mushroom
mw-redirect
Shiitake mushroom

values:
/wiki/Snow_ear_fungus
mw-redirect
Snow ear fungus

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of food plants native to the Americas

values: Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories

values:
/wiki/Transformation_of_culture
mw-redirect
Transformation of culture

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.24.2.163

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/25703506

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3647168

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1345%2Faph.1K086

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18212261

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797514

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10096-008-0571-x

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592279

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Alfred_Crosby
mw-redirect
Alfred Crosby

values: Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of Indigenous peoples of North America (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica
mw-redirect
Indigenous peoples of Jamaica

values: List of Indigenous peoples of South America

values: Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: List of indigenous artists of the Americas

values: List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas

values: Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America

values: Motif S.E.C.C. crossincircle HRoe 2008.jpg

values: List of archaeological periods (North America)

values:
;Periods
:_Lithic
:_Archaic
:_Formative
:_Classic
:_Post-Classic

values: S.E.C.C. hero twins 3 HRoe 2007-transparent.png

values: Hopewell Culture National Historical Park

values: Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park

values: Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco

values: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

values: Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Global_digital_divide
mw-redirect
Global digital divide

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: navigation navbox Globalization padding:3px

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values: Category:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Webarchive template webcite links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2014

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Columbian_exchange
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: التبادل الكولومبي – Arabic

values: Колумбов обмен – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: مبادله کلمبی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 콜럼버스의 교환 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: कोलम्बियन विनिमय – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: Колумбовска размена – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: കൊളംബിയൻ കൈമാറ്റം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: コロンブス交換 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Колумбов обмен – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Колумбів обмін – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 哥倫布大交換 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Columbian_exchange rootpage-Columbian_exchange skin-vector action-view


text:
Arkangel (Black Mirror)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"ArkAngel" redirects here. For other uses, see Arkangel (disambiguation).
"Arkangel"
Black Mirror episode
Promotional poster released as part of the "13 Days of Black Mirror"
Episode no.
Series 4
Episode 2
Directed by
Jodie Foster
Written by
Charlie Brooker
Featured music
Original Score by
Mark Isham
Original air date
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)
Running time
52 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Rosemarie DeWitt as Marie Sambrell
Brenna Harding as Sara Sambrell
Nicholas Campbell as Russ Sambrell
Owen Teague as Ryan "Trick"
Angela Vint as Anaesthetist
Jason Weinberg as Surgeon
Aniya Hodge as Sara age 3
Sabryn Rock as Pippa
Jenny Raven as Jasmine
Paul Braunstein as Anthony
Sarah Abbott as Sara age 9
Nicky Torchia as Trick age 12
Mckayla Twiggs as Meryl age 9
Abby Quinn as Meryl
Michelle Giroux as English Teacher
Episode chronology
← Previous
"USS Callister" Next →
"Crocodile"
List of Black Mirror episodes
"Arkangel" is the second episode of the fourth series of anthology series Black Mirror. It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by Jodie Foster. The episode first aired on Netflix, along with the rest of series four, on 29 December 2017.
In the episode, "Arkangel" is the name of an implanted chip technology that allows a parent to track and monitor their children, as well as pixelate images that would cause them distress. Single mother Marie (played by Rosemarie DeWitt) has her young daughter Sara implanted with Arkangel, which while initially effective, becomes a dangerous hindrance, and Marie allows Sara to grow up without the use of Arkangel. As Sara matures into a teenager (played by Brenna Harding), Marie becomes tempted to use Arkangel again.
The episode was the first episode of Black Mirror to be directed by a woman, and the first to have a strong emphasis on family.[1][2] Arkangel was met with mixed reception and was compared to an indie-movie.[3] Some critics praised the episode's concept, but thought the theme of helicopter parenting was emphasised at the expense of other, more potentially interesting aspects.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Analysis
3 Production
3.1 Marketing
4 Reception
4.1 Episode rankings
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Protective single mother Marie Sambrell (Rosemarie DeWitt) gives birth to her daughter Sara. Three years later, Sara goes missing one day at a playground, chasing after a cat. Marie becomes hysterical and calls out for Sara, but she is recovered shortly without incident. Fearing future crises, Marie signs up to participate in a limited-release free trial of Arkangel, a revolutionary tech-integrated child monitoring system. An Arkangel representative administers Sara a neural implant, which enables Marie to monitor her geolocation and medical state in real time via an included tablet computer. The representative also demonstrates an option to view Sara's immediate eyesight, and censor obscenity and other stressful stimuli with pixelization and audio distortion. The Arkangel system proves initially successful, censoring an intimidating neighborhood dog; however, flaws in the system present themselves, such as the obscenity filter preventing Sara from reacting appropriately to her live-in grandfather's stroke.
Years later, after her grandfather's death, Sara has become socially outcast and emotionally immature due to lack of exposure to stressful stimuli. She grows frustrated at being unable to view the contents of a shock site, to have its contents explained to her, or to even illustrate blood on paper. That evening, she pricks her finger with a pencil in an attempt to produce blood, and slaps her mother when she attempts to stop her. Marie has her analyzed by a child psychologist, who concludes that the now-controversial and soon-to-be-banned Arkangel is responsible. Though the implant itself cannot be removed, he convinces Marie to deactivate the obscenity filter and stow the tablet away. Sara goes to school unsupervised for the first time, where her schoolmate Trick exposes her to gore, internet pornography and terrorist beheadings.
At age fifteen, Sara (Brenna Harding), now well-adjusted and popular, secretly attends a party with Trick (Owen Teague) at a nearby lake, telling Marie that she is going to a friend's house. Marie grows concerned after Sara fails to answer phone calls and her schoolmates' parents cannot locate her, and she reactivates the Arkangel tablet in panic to discover Sara and Trick having sex. Some time later, Marie, having grown distrustful of her daughter, uses the Arkangel tablet again and sees Sara persuade Trick to let her try cocaine; identifying him with a reverse image search, she intimidates Trick into breaking up with Sara and cutting her off. After vomiting due to an emergency contraceptive pill snuck into her drink by Marie, Sara discovers the reactivated tablet and confronts Marie in her bedroom. She pries the tablet from Marie's hands, accidentally reactivating the obscenity filter, and beats Marie unconscious with the tablet until it breaks. The filter deactivates moments later and Sara finally sees what she has done.
A dazed Marie reawakens and frantically calls Sara's name down the street, mirroring her reaction to Sara's disappearance twelve years earlier. Meanwhile, having fled the scene, Sara flags down a semi truck for a ride.
Analysis[edit]
One critic compares "Arkangel" to previous Black Mirror episodes "The Entire History of You" and "Be Right Back", as each episode is based on an existing technology, and plausibly demonstrates how the technology could go wrong in the future.[4]
Production[edit]
"Arkangel" was directed by Jodie Foster, making it the first episode of Black Mirror to be directed by a woman.
Whilst series one and two of Black Mirror were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes,[5] and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with a bid of $40 million.[6] The 12 episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each.
This was the first episode of Black Mirror directed by a woman, Jodie Foster.[7] Foster was in control of casting the episode leading to the casting of her friend Rosemarie DeWitt as Marie, as the pair had met through Foster's wife Alexandra Hedison; this was only the second time Foster had worked with a friend as a director, after Mel Gibson in 2011 film The Beaver.[7] According to Brooker, Foster was chosen for the episode because as a former child actor, she would understand what it was like to grow up in the spotlight, as well as how to deal with the child actors during filming.[8][9] Netflix had also recommended Foster to Brooker, since she had previously directed episodes of their series Orange is the New Black and House of Cards; she provided a good amount of "grounded" feedback on the script prior to shooting, according to Brooker.[9] Foster also flew to London to help with the episode's editing alongside Brooker.[9]
Written by Charlie Brooker, the episode is intended to be sympathetic to helicopter parenting;[10] Brooker took inspiration in how he "[felt] reprogrammed" following the birth of his children that made him more protective.[9] Annabel Jones, co-producer for the series, said that the idea of Arkangel came from microchip implants used to identify pets that, at the time of writing, were also being considered for children. Jones said, "We wanted to think what the updated version of that [was] and find a really good idea of how that could go terribly wrong".[11] The original script gave Marie's father only a very minor part, but this was fleshed out by Foster. Foster also influenced other changes in the script, and offered many observations on the technology used and Marie's motivation for her actions after seeing her daughter have sex with Trick.[10]
Filming took place in Toronto over three weeks in November 2016, starting just around the 2016 United States presidential election.[12] Foster states that the filming involved "very long hours" and that the scenes starring children were particularly troublesome.[7] Displaying graphic content was avoided in the episode, with Foster believing it would "distract from what the meaning was". An exception was the scene where Sara attacks her mother.[13] Brooker notes that in this scene, more whacks were filmed than made it into the episode, though enough were needed for the viewer to understand Sara's perspective, and render Marie unconscious.[10] The final shot of the episode, where Marie frantically tries to use the tablet shouting "No!" repeatedly, was filmed the day after the election results were in; DeWitt injected her personal reaction at the results into the scene.[12]
Explaining the actions of her character Marie, DeWitt says in an interview that single mothers "experience betrayal differently"; Foster adds that when Marie realises Sara is lying to her, but does not confront her, it causes a "fissure" and Marie begins "fighting a battle to win control". By attempting to prevent her daughter from leaving her, Marie is victim to a self-fulfilling prophecy as she "engendered the exact result that she most feared".[13]
Marketing[edit]
In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[14] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[15][16] In September 2017, two photos from the fourth season were released, including one from "Arkangel".[17]
Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror".[18] On 6 December, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.[19]
Reception[edit]
Praising Foster's directing and DeWitt's acting, Adam Starkey of Metro writes that the episode is about a "recognisable paranoia" which compensates for the "slightly predictable" execution of the episode.[4] In a positive review for Den of Geek, Louisa Mellor praises the "deft balance" given to the ethical quandary explored by the episode, as well as Foster's "sensitive and emotional US indie-movie style" and how the story is told not with authority, but "with empathy".[20]
Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic opines that despite the episode's excellent premise, it fails due to lack of execution. Gilbert further asserts that the episode's moral is obvious, and the question of what impact adult imagery has on a child is interesting but not explored far enough.[21] In a three star review for The Telegraph, Ed Power has the same criticism that Brooker could "delve further" into the repercussions of children watching violent and pornographic images, calling the episode "archetypal Black Mirror, almost to a fault".[22]
Planned Parenthood has criticised the episode for an inaccurate display of how emergency contraceptive pills work; the episode implies that these pills terminate a pregnancy, whereas in fact they prevent pregnancy before it occurs.[23]
Episode rankings[edit]
"Arkangel" is ranked poorly by critics who rated each of the 19 episodes of Black Mirror by quality:
11th – Corey Atad, Esquire[24]
11th – Aubrey Page, Collider[25]
11th – Matt Donnelly and Tim Molloy, TheWrap[26]
16th – James Hibberd, Entertainment Weekly[27]
17th – Steve Greene, Hanh Nguyen and Liz Shannon Miller, IndieWire[28]
19th – Charles Bramesco, Vulture[29]
Proma Khosla of Mashable reviewed the show's 19 episodes based on tone, ranking "Arkangel" as 10th most pessimistic.[30]
Other critics considered the six episodes of series four in their rankings:
3rd – Paul Tassi, Forbes[31]
3rd (grade: B+) – TVLine[32]
5th – Jack Pooley, WhatCulture[33]
6th – Christopher Hooton, Jacob Stolworthy[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror Season 4 Episode 2: Arkangel Review". Den of Geek. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror's "Arkangel" takes parental surveillance to its darkest, most obvious extreme". Vox. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Chakrabarti, Suchandrika (30 December 2017). "'Struggling mum's attempt to keep daughter safe ends in heartbreak in ArkAngel'". mirror. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Starkey, Adam (29 December 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 spoiler review: Arkangel takes parent paranoia to the disturbing next step". Metro. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra. "'Black Mirror' Lands at Netflix". Variety.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, John (29 March 2016). "Netflix deals Channel 4 knockout blow over Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Liz Shannon (28 December 2017). "'Black Mirror': Jodie Foster on Directing Season 4's 'Arkangel' Like 'A Really Small Indie Movie'". IndieWire. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ling, Thomas (7 December 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 episode guide: Charlie Brooker reveals new plot and episode details". Radio Times. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wolfson, Sam (10 January 2018). "Charlie Brooker Discusses the 'Arkangel' Episode of 'Black Mirror'". Vice. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hibberd, James (29 December 2017). "Black Mirror creator reveals what Jodie Foster changed in 'Arkangel'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Turchiano, Danielle (29 December 2017). "'Black Mirror' Co-Creator Breaks Down Season 4: 'We Want to Be Surprising and Unpredictable'". Variety. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Strauss, Jackie (29 December 2017). "'Black Mirror': How Jodie Foster and Rosemarie DeWitt Made Their Story Personal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Turchiano, Danielle (29 December 2017). "'Black Mirror': Jodie Foster and Rosemarie DeWitt on the 'Dark' Mother/Daughter Dynamic of 'Arkangel'". Variety. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (27 May 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 episode titles and directors revealed". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt (25 August 2017). "'Black Mirror' Season 4: Teaser Trailer, Episode Titles, Directors and Stars Revealed (Video)". TheWrap. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (25 August 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 Netflix trailer teases all six episodes and their titles". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Velocci, Carli (7 September 2017). "New 'Black Mirror' Season 4 Images Tease 'USS Callister's' Retro Goodness (Photos)". TheWrap. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (27 November 2017). "'Black Mirror': All the Season 4 Details". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Peter (6 December 2017). "Netflix Reveals 'Black Mirror' Season 4 Release Date in New Trailer". Decider. New York Post. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Mellor, Louisa (29 December 2017). "Black Mirror season 4: Arkangel review". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Sophie (29 December 2017). "Black Mirror: 'Arkangel' Mines the Horror of Helicopter Parenting". The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Power, Ed (29 December 2017). "Black Mirror, season 4, Arkangel, review: this bleak parental nightmare needs to grow up". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Gaudette, Emily (4 January 2018). "PLANNED PARENTHOOD RESPONDS TO JODIE FOSTER'S INACCURATE 'BLACK MIRROR' ABORTION EPISODE". Newsweek. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Atad, Corey (24 October 2016). "Every Episode of Black Mirror, Ranked". Esquire. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Page, Aubrey (28 October 2016). "Every 'Black Mirror' Episode Ranked From Worst to Best". Collider. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt; Molloy, Tim. "All 13 'Black Mirror' Episodes Ranked, From Good to Mind-Blowing (Photos)". TheWrap. Retrieved 12 March 2018. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (23 October 2016). "'Black Mirror': We Rank All 19 Episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Greene, Steve; Nguyen, Hanh; Miller, Liz Shannon (24 November 2017). "Every 'Black Mirror' Episode Ranked, From Worst to Best". IndieWire. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Bramesco, Charles (21 October 2016). "Every Episode of Black Mirror, Ranked From Worst to Best". Vulture. New York. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Khosla, Proma (5 January 2018). "Every 'Black Mirror' episode ever, ranked by overall dread". Mashable. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Tassi, Paul (31 December 2017). "Ranking 'Black Mirror' Season 4's Episodes From Worst To Best". Forbes. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Black Mirror' Season 4 Episodes, Ranked". TVLine. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Pooley, Jack (30 December 2017). "Black Mirror Season 4: Every Episode Ranked From Worst To Best". WhatCulture. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher; Stolworthy, Jacob (29 December 2017). "Netflix's Black Mirror season four: Every episode ranked". The Independent. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
External links[edit]
"Arkangel" on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Black Mirror
Episodes
Series 1
"The National Anthem"
"Fifteen Million Merits"
"The Entire History of You"
Series 2
"Be Right Back"
"White Bear"
"The Waldo Moment"
Special
"White Christmas"
Series 3
"Nosedive"
"Playtest"
"Shut Up and Dance"
"San Junipero"
"Men Against Fire"
"Hated in the Nation"
Series 4
"USS Callister"
"Arkangel"
"Crocodile"
"Hang the DJ"
"Metalhead"
"Black Museum"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkangel_(Black_Mirror)&oldid=837023057"
Categories:
2017 British television episodes
Black Mirror episodes
Television episodes written by Charlie Brooker
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
EngvarB from January 2018
Use dmy dates from January 2018
Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Bahasa Indonesia
Português
Русский
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 07:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Arkangel_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Arkangel (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: tr

value: span

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-weight: bold; font-size: 110%

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: text-align: left; padding: 5; margin: 0; padding-left: 1em

values: width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive
mw-redirect
Emergency contraceptive

values:
/wiki/Orange_is_the_New_Black
mw-redirect
Orange is the New Black

values: United States presidential election, 2016

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5709250/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2017 British television episodes

values: Category:Television episodes written by Charlie Brooker

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018

values: Category:Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Arkangel_(Black_Mirror)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Аркангел (Чёрное зеркало) – Russian

values: Аркангел – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Arkangel_Black_Mirror rootpage-Arkangel_Black_Mirror skin-vector action-view


text:
Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2018)
Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics
Governing body
FIS
Events
10 (men: 5; women: 5)
Games
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Medalists
Snowboarding is a sport at the Winter Olympic Games. It was first included in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.[1] Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic program between 1992 and 2002, and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event.[2] In 1998, four events, two for men and two for women, were held in two specialities: the giant slalom, a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing; and the half-pipe, in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other.[2] Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding.[3] Rebagliati was briefly stripped of his medal by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after testing positive for marijuana. However, the IOC's decision was reverted following an appeal from the Canadian Olympic Association.[4] For the 2002 Winter Olympics, giant slalom was expanded to add head-to-head racing and was renamed parallel giant slalom.[5] In 2006, a third event, the snowboard cross, was held for the first time. In this event, competitors race against each other down a course with jumps, beams and other obstacles.[6] On July 11, 2011, the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board approved the addition of Ski and Snowboard Slopestyle to the Winter Olympics roster of events, effective in 2014. The decision was announced via press conference from the IOC's meeting in Durban, South Africa. A fifth event, parallel slalom, was added only for 2014. Big air was added for 2018.
Six athletes have won at least two medals. Shaun White of the United States is the only triple gold medalist. Philipp Schoch of Switzerland and Seth Wescott of the United States are the only double gold medalists.[7][8] Karine Ruby of France and Americans Ross Powers and Danny Kass also won two medals.[9] In the men's half-pipe event, American snowboarders have collected six of nine possible medals, achieving a unique medal sweep in 2002.[10] The United States won a total of 24 medals, more than any other nation. The Americans and the Swiss collected ten and seven gold medals respectively. As of the 2014 Winter Olympics, 90 medals (30 of each color) have been awarded since 1998, and have been won by snowboarders from 21 National Olympic Committees.
Contents
[hide]
1 Events
1.1 Men's
1.2 Women's
2 Medal table
3 Number of athletes by nation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Events[edit]
Men's[edit]
Event
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years
(parallel) giant slalom Note 1 • • • • • • 6
half-pipe • • • • • • 6
snowboard cross • • • • 4
slopestyle • • 2
big air • 1
parallel slalom • 1
Total events 2 2 3 3 5 5
Women's[edit]
Event
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years
(parallel) giant slalom Note 1 • • • • • • 6
half-pipe • • • • • • 6
snowboard cross • • • • 4
slopestyle • • 2
big air • 1
parallel slalom • 1
Total events 2 2 3 3 5 5
^ Note 1. Giant slalom in 1998; parallel giant slalom since 2002.
Medal table[edit]
See also: List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics.
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 14 7 10 31
2 Switzerland (SUI) 8 2 3 13
3 France (FRA) 4 4 4 12
4 Canada (CAN) 4 4 3 11
5 Russia (RUS) 2 2 1 5
6 Austria (AUT) 2 1 4 7
7 Czech Republic (CZE) 2 0 1 3
8 Germany (GER) 1 4 2 7
9 Australia (AUS) 1 2 1 4
10 Italy (ITA) 1 1 1 3
11 Netherlands (NED) 1 0 0 1
12 Norway (NOR) 0 3 1 4
Japan (JPN) 0 3 1 4
14 Finland (FIN) 0 2 2 4
15 Slovenia (SLO) 0 1 2 3
16 China (CHN) 0 1 0 1
Slovakia (SVK) 0 1 0 1
South Korea (KOR) 0 1 0 1
Sweden (SWE) 0 1 0 1
20 Great Britain (GBR) 0 0 2 2
21 New Zealand (NZL) 0 0 1 1
Spain (ESP) 0 0 1 1
Total
40
40
40
120
Number of athletes by nation[edit]
Nation
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years
Andorra (AND) 1 1 2
Argentina (ARG) 1 1
Australia (AUS) 1 1 9 8 11 5
Austria (AUT) 11 9 12 13 17 5
Belgium (BEL) 1 1
Brazil (BRA) 1 1 1 3
Bulgaria (BUL) 1 1 2 2 4
Canada (CAN) 12 9 16 18 24 5
China (CHN) 2 5 6 3
Croatia (CRO) 1 1
Czech Republic (CZE) 3 5 5 3
Denmark (DEN) 1 1 2
Finland (FIN) 6 7 5 5 11 5
France (FRA) 13 12 16 17 13 5
Germany (GER) 8 9 11 8 10 5
Great Britain (GBR) 1 4 4 7 4
Greece (GRE) 3 1
Ireland (IRL) 1 1
Italy (ITA) 9 10 16 11 12 5
Japan (JPN) 7 9 12 11 8 5
Kazakhstan (KAZ) 1 1
Netherlands (NED) 1 1 2 2 6 5
New Zealand (NZL) 1 3 5 5 4
Norway (NOR) 7 6 4 9 9 5
Poland (POL) 3 2 6 4 6 5
Russia (RUS) 1 8 6 15 4
Serbia (SRB) 1 1
Slovakia (SVK) 1 1 1 3
Slovenia (SLO) 1 2 4 7 10 5
South Korea (KOR) 1 4 2
Spain (ESP) 2 1 5 4 4 5
Sweden (SWE) 10 11 13 1 2 5
Switzerland (SUI) 12 12 16 16 24 5
Ukraine (UKR) 2 2 2
United States (USA) 14 14 16 18 23 5
Nations
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
22
19
24
27
31
Athletes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
125
118
187
185
243
Year 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18
See also[edit]
List of Olympic venues in snowboarding
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Snowboarding". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Snowboarding History". CBC Sports. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Berkow, Ira (1998-02-09). "Young, Hip Sport Zigzags Into the Olympic Mainstream". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Gross, George (2006-02-21). "Ross Rebagliati: 1998 – Nagano, Japan". Sun Media Corporation. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Wong, Edward (2002-02-05). "Salt Lake City 2002: The 19th Olympic Winter Games; Snowboarding". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Anna (2006-02-17). "Snowboard cross 'here to stay'". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Branch, John (2010-02-18). "White Cements His Status With 2nd Gold". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2006-02-22). "Swiss dominate PGS qualifying; American Jewell in final". ESPN. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ "Factsheet: Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Powers leads U.S. medals sweep in halfpipe". ESPN. 2002-02-11. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Olympic Committee Data
"Snowboarding Medal Results". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.
NBC Olympic Coverage
"Snowboarding Winter Olympics Coverage". NBC. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Snowboarding at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
List of medalists
List of venues
[show]
v
t
e
Sports at the Olympic Games
Summer sports
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Handball
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Rowing
Rugby sevens
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Synchronized swimming
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Beach volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Winter sports
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Curling
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Ice hockey
Luge
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Speed skating
Future sports (2020)
Baseball
Softball
Karate
Skateboarding
Sport climbing
Surfing
Past sports
Basque pelota
Cricket
Croquet
Jeu de paume
Lacrosse
Military patrol
Polo
Rackets
Roque
Rugby union (15-a-side)
Tug of war
Water motorsports
Demonstration sports
American football
Australian football
Bandy
Bowling
Budo
Disabled skiing
Gliding
Glima
Ice stock sport
Korfball
La canne
Pesäpallo
Roller hockey
Savate
Skijoring
Sled dog racing
Speed skiing
Water skiing
Winter pentathlon
Unofficial sports
Angling
Art competitions
Ballooning
Boules
Cannon shooting
Cycle polo
Fire fighting
Gaelic football
Hurling
Kaatsen
Kite flying
Life saving
Longue paume
Motor racing
Motorcycle racing
Pigeon racing
Wushu
See also: Paralympic sports
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=827714123"
Categories:
Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics
Sports at the Winter Olympics
Snowboarding at multi-sport events
Hidden categories:
Articles with obsolete information from February 2018
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Frysk
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Italiano
Lietuvių
Magyar
मराठी
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
中文
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 February 2018, at 08:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: small

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values: text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1em;

values: Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics

values: Snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics

values: List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding

values:
/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing
mw-redirect
Giant slalom skiing

values:
/wiki/Winter_Olympics
mw-redirect
Winter Olympics

values: Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's parallel giant slalom

values:
/wiki/Snowboard_halfpipe
mw-redirect
Snowboard halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's slopestyle

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's slopestyle

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's big air

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's parallel slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Women's giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Women's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's parallel giant slalom

values: Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Women's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Women's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's halfpipe

values: Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's snowboard cross

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's slopestyle

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's slopestyle

values: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's big air

values: Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's parallel slalom

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
background-color:gold; width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
background-color:silver; width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
background-color:#cc9966; width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: alt src title width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: Edit section: Number of athletes by nation

values:
wikitable
text-align: center; font-size: 95%;

values:
/wiki/Sun_Media_Corporation
mw-redirect
Sun Media Corporation

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer
mw-redirect
Canadian Online Explorer

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/5gkLJUdpC

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.olympic.org/olympic-results

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nbcolympics.com/snowboarding

values: commons:Category:Snowboarding at the Olympics

values: Template talk:Olympic Games Snowboarding

values: width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;width:60px;

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;width:60px;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Modern pentathlon at the Summer Olympics

values: Synchronized swimming at the Summer Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics

values: Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics

values: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

values: Basque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics

values: Jeu de paume at the 1908 Summer Olympics

values: Water motorsports at the 1908 Summer Olympics

values: American football at the Summer Olympics

values: Australian football at the 1956 Summer Olympics

values: Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics

values: Sled dog racing at the 1932 Winter Olympics

values: Speed skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics

values: Water skiing at the 1972 Summer Olympics

values: Winter pentathlon at the 1948 Winter Olympics

values: Cannon shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics

values: Fire fighting at the 1900 Summer Olympics

values: Gaelic football at the 1904 Summer Olympics

values: Longue paume at the 1900 Summer Olympics

values: Motor racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics

values: Motorcycle racing at the Summer Olympics

values: Pigeon racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics

values: Category:Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics

values: Category:Snowboarding at multi-sport events

values: Category:Articles with obsolete information from February 2018

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Snowboarding na zimních olympijských hrách – Czech

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Snowboard bei den Olympischen Spielen – German

values: Snowboard en los Juegos Olímpicos – Spanish

values: Snowboarden op de Olympyske Winterspullen – Western Frisian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values: 올림픽 스노보드 – Korean

values: शीतकालीन ओलंपिक में स्नोबोर्डिंग – Hindi

values: Snowboard na Olimpijskim igrama – Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Snieglenčių sportas žiemos olimpinėse žaidynėse – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Hódeszka a téli olimpiai játékokon – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: ऑलिंपिक खेळ स्नोबोर्डिंग – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: Snowboarden op de Olympische Winterspelen – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: オリンピックのスノーボード競技 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Snowboarding na zimowych igrzyskach olimpijskich – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Snowboard nos Jogos Olímpicos – Portuguese

values: Snow-board la Jocurile Olimpice – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Сноуборд на Олимпийских играх – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Snowboard vid olympiska vinterspelen – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: กีฬาสโนว์บอร์ดในโอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Сноубординг на Олімпійських іграх – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 冬季奥林匹克运动会单板滑雪比赛 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics rootpage-Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics skin-vector action-view