text:
Hydrazoic acid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hydrazoic acid
Names
IUPAC name
Hydrogen azide
Identifiers
CAS Number
7782-79-8 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:29449 Y
ChemSpider
22937 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.059
PubChem CID
24530
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/HN3/c1-3-2/h1H Y
Key: JUINSXZKUKVTMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/HN3/c1-3-2/h1H
Key: JUINSXZKUKVTMD-UHFFFAOYAO
SMILES[show]
[N-]=[N+]=[N@H]
Properties
Chemical formula
HN3
Molar mass 43.03 g/mol
Appearance colorless, highly volatile liquid
Density 1.09 g/cm3
Melting point −80 °C (−112 °F; 193 K)
Boiling point 37 °C (99 °F; 310 K)
Solubility in water
highly soluble
Solubility soluble in alkali, alcohol, ether
Acidity (pKa) 4.6 [1]
Structure
Molecular shape
approximately linear
Hazards
Main hazards Highly toxic, explosive, reactive
R-phrases (outdated) R3, R27/28
S-phrases (outdated) S33, S36/37, S38
NFPA 704
0
4
3
Related compounds
Other cations
Sodium azide
Related nitrogen hydrides
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Hydrazoic acid, also known as hydrogen azide or azoimide,[2] is a compound with the chemical formula HN3.[3] It is a colorless, volatile, and explosive liquid at room temperature and pressure. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, and is therefore a pnictogen hydride. It was first isolated in 1890 by Theodor Curtius.[4] The acid has few applications, but its conjugate base, the azide ion, is useful in specialized processes.
Hydrazoic acid is soluble in water. Undiluted hydrazoic acid is dangerously explosive[5] with a standard enthalpy of formation ΔfHo (l, 298K) = +264 kJmol−1).[6] When dilute, the gas and aqueous solutions (<10%) can be safely handled.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Reactions
3 Toxicity
4 Applications
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
The acid is usually formed by acidification of an azide salt like sodium azide. Normally solutions of sodium azide in water contain trace quantities of hydrazoic acid in equilibrium with the azide salt, but introduction of a stronger acid can convert the primary species in solution to hydrazoic acid. The pure acid may be subsequently obtained by fractional distillation as an extremely explosive colorless liquid with an unpleasant smell.
NaN3 + HCl → HN3 + NaCl
Its aqueous solution can also be prepared by treatment of barium azide solution with dilute sulfuric acid, filtering the insoluble barium sulfate.[7]
It was originally prepared by the reaction of aqueous hydrazine with nitrous acid.
N2H5+ + HNO2 → HN3 + H+ + 2 H2O
Other oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, NOCl, NCl3 or nitric acid, can also be used.[8]
Reactions[edit]
In its properties hydrazoic acid shows some analogy to the halogen acids, since it forms poorly soluble (in water) lead, silver and mercury(I) salts. The metallic salts all crystallize in the anhydrous form and decompose on heating, leaving a residue of the pure metal. It is a weak acid (pKa = 4.75.[6]) Its heavy metal salts are explosive and readily interact with the alkyl iodides. Azides of heavier alkali metals (excluding lithium) or alkaline earth metals are not explosive, but decompose in a more controlled way upon heating, releasing spectroscopically-pure N
2 gas.[9] Solutions of hydrazoic acid dissolve many metals (e.g. zinc, iron) with liberation of hydrogen and formation of salts, which are called azides (formerly also called azoimides or hydrazoates).
Dissolution in the strongest acids produces explosive salts containing the H
2N=N=N+
ion, for example:[9]
HN=N=N + HSbCl
6 → [H
2N=N=N]+
[SbCl
6]−
The ion H
2N=N=N+
is isoelectronic to diazomethane.
The decomposition of hydrazoic acid, triggered by shock, friction, spark, etc. goes as follows:
2HN
3 → H
2 + 3N
2
Toxicity[edit]
Hydrazoic acid is volatile and highly toxic. It has a pungent smell and its vapor can cause violent headaches. The compound acts as a non-cumulative poison.
Applications[edit]
2-Furonitrile, a pharmaceutical intermediate and potential artificial sweetening agent has been prepared in good yield by treating furfural with a mixture of hydrazoic acid (HN3) and perchloric acid in the presence of magnesium perchlorate in the benzene solution at 35 °C.[10][11]
The all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL) mixes gaseous hydrazoic acid with chlorine to produce excited nitrogen chloride, which is then used to cause iodine to lase; this avoids the liquid chemistry requirements of COIL lasers.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Azoimide". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Dictionary of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds. Chapman & Hall.
Jump up ^ Curtius, Theodor (1890). "Ueber Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure (Azoimid) N3H" [On hydrazoic acid (azoimide) N3H]. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 23 (2): 3023–3033. doi:10.1002/cber.189002302232.
Jump up ^ Furman, David; Dubnikova, Faina; van Duin, Adri C. T.; Zeiri, Yehuda; Kosloff, Ronnie (2016-03-10). "Reactive Force Field for Liquid Hydrazoic Acid with Applications to Detonation Chemistry". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 120 (9): 4744–4752. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10812. ISSN 1932-7447.
^ Jump up to: a b Catherine E. Housecroft; Alan G. Sharpe (2008). "Chapter 15: The group 15 elements". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
Jump up ^ L . F. Audrieth, C. F. Gibbs Hydrogen Azide in Aqueous and Ethereal Solution" Inorganic Syntheses 1939, vol. 1, pp. 71-79.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 432. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Egon Wiberg; Nils Wiberg; Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001). "The Nitrogen Group". Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 625. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
Jump up ^ P. A. Pavlov; Kul'nevich, V. G. (1986). "Synthesis of 5-substituted furannitriles and their reaction with hydrazine". Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii. 2: 181–186.
Jump up ^ B. Bandgar; Makone, S. (2006). "Organic reactions in water. Transformation of aldehydes to nitriles using NBS under mild conditions". Synthetic Communications. 36 (10): 1347–1352. doi:10.1080/00397910500522009.
External links[edit]
OSHA: Hydrazoic Acid
Authority control
GND: 4183290-5
[show]
v
t
e
Binary compounds of hydrogen
Alkali metal hydrides
LiH
NaH
KH
RbH
CsH

Lithium hydride, LiH
ionic metal hydride

Beryllium hydride
Left (gas phase): BeH2
covalent metal hydride
Right: (BeH2)n (solid phase)
polymeric metal hydride

Borane and diborane
Left: BH3 (special conditions), covalent metalloid hydride
Right: B2H6 (standard conditions), dimeric metalloid hydride

Methane, CH4
covalent nonmetal hydride

Ammonia, NH3
covalent nonmetal hydride

Water, H2O
covalent nonmetal hydride

Hydrogen fluoride, HF
covalent nonmetal hydride
Alkaline earth hydrides
Monohydrides
BeH
MgH
CaH
SrH
BaH
BeH2
MgH2
CaH2
SrH2
BaH2
Group 13 hydrides
Boranes
BH3
B2H6
B2H2
B2H4
Alanes
AlH3
Al2H6
Gallanes
GaH3
Ga2H6
Indiganes
InH3
In2H6
Thallanes
TlH3
Tl2H6
B2H2
B2H4
B4H10
B5H9
B5H11
B6H10
B6H12
B10H14
B18H22
Group 14 hydrides
Linear alkanes
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
more...
Linear alkenes
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
more...
Linear alkynes
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C9H16
C10H18
more...
Silanes
SiH4
Si2H6
Si3H8
Si4H10
Si5H12
Si6H14
Si7H16
Si8H18
Si9H20
Si10H22
more...
Silenes
Si2H4
Silynes
Si2H2
Germanes
GeH4
Ge2H6
Ge3H8
Ge4H10
Ge5H12
Stannanes
SnH4
Sn2H6
Plumbanes
PbH4
CH
CH2
CH3
C2H
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkenes
Annulenes
Many more
Pnictogen hydrides
Azanes
NH3
N2H4
N3H5
N4H6
N5H7
N6H8
N7H9
N8H10
N9H11
N10H12
more...
Azenes
N2H2
N3H3
N4H4
Phosphanes
PH3
P2H4
P3H5
P4H6
P5H7
P6H8
P7H9
P8H10
P9H11
P10H12
more...
Phosphenes
P2H2
P3H3
P4H4
Arsanes
AsH3
As2H4
Stibanes
SbH3
Bismuthanes
BiH3
HN3
NH
radical
Hydrogen chalcogenides
Polyoxidanes
H2O
H2O2
H2O3
H2O4
H2O5
H2O6
H2O7
H2O8
H2O9
H2O10
more...
Polysulfanes
H2S
H2S2
H2S3
H2S4
H2S5
H2S6
H2S7
H2S8
H2S9
H2S10
more...
Selanes
H2Se
H2Se2
Tellanes
H2Te
H2Te2
Polanes
PoH2
HO
HO2
HO3
H2O+–O–
H2S=S
(HS)2S+–S–
HS
HDO
D2O
T2O
Hydrogen halides
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
HAt
Transition metal hydrides
ScH2
YH2
YH3
TiH2
ZrH2
HfH2
VH
VH2
NbH
NbH2
TaH
CrH
CrH2
CrHx
NiH
PdHx (x < 1)
FeH
FeH2
FeH5
CuH
ZnH2
CdH2
HgH2
Lanthanide hydrides
LaH2
LaH3
CeH2
CeH3
PrH2
PrH3
NdH2
NdH3
SmH2
SmH3
EuH2
GdH2
GdH3
TbH2
TbH3
DyH2
DyH3
HoH2
HoH3
ErH2
ErH3
TmH2
TmH3
YbH2
YbH2.5
LuH2
LuH3
Actinide hydrides
AcH2
ThH2
Th4H15
PaH3
UH3
NpH2
NpH3
PuH2
PuH3
AmH2
AmH3
CmH2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrazoic_acid&oldid=810365461"
Categories:
Acids
Azides
Nitrogen hydrides
Explosive chemicals
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Articles without KEGG source
Articles without UNII source
ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata
Chembox having DSD data
Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
تۆرکجه
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latviešu
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Тоҷикӣ
文言
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 20:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values: Structure, bonding and dimensions of the hydrogen azide molecule

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values:
/wiki/File:Hydrazoic_acid.svg
image
Hydrazoic acid

values:
/wiki/File:Hydrogen-azide-3D-vdW.png
image
Hydrazoic acid

value: th

values: background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;

values: chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)

values:
/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard
mw-redirect
ECHA InfoCard

values: font-size: 105%; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;

values: word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

values: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; word-break: break-all; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values: Simplified molecular-input line-entry system

values: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame2

values:
/wiki/Worker_safety_and_health
mw-redirect
Worker safety and health

values: Per CLP Regulation, outdated per 1 June 2017. Replaced by GHS data

values: R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition

values: R27/28: Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed

values: S33: Take precautionary measures against static discharges

values: S36/37: Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves

values: S38: In case of insufficient ventilation wear suitable respiratory equipment

values: Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water

values: Health code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g., VX gas

values: Reactivity code 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g., fluorine

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;

values: width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;

values: width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;

values: width:100%; background:transparent; margin:0 auto; width:82px; font-family:sans-serif background:; float:left; font-size:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; position:relative; height:80px; width:80px; padding:1px;

values: margin:0 auto; text-align:left; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;

values: background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent;

values: width:40%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-right:1px solid transparent;

values: width:60%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-left:1px solid transparent;

values:
/wiki/Alkyl_iodide
mw-redirect
Alkyl iodide

values:
/wiki/Nitrogen_chloride
mw-redirect
Nitrogen chloride

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.189002302232

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.5b10812

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-7447

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4183290-5

values:
/wiki/Alkali_metal_hydride
mw-redirect
Alkali metal hydride

values:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Alkaline_earth_hydride
mw-redirect
Alkaline earth hydride

values: Strontium monohydride (page does not exist)

values: Barium monohydride (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Group_15_hydride
mw-redirect
Group 15 hydride

values:
/wiki/Group_16_hydride
mw-redirect
Group 16 hydride

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_tetroxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen tetroxide

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_pentoxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen pentoxide

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_hexoxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen hexoxide

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_heptoxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen heptoxide

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_octoxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen octoxide

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_nonoxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen nonoxide

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_decoxide
mw-redirect
Hydrogen decoxide

values: Hydrogen tetrasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen pentasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen hexasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen heptasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen octasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen nonasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen decasulfide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen diselenide (page does not exist)

values: Hydrogen ditelluride (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Group_17_hydride
mw-redirect
Group 17 hydride

values:
/wiki/Iron_dihydride
mw-redirect
Iron dihydride

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: هیدرازوئیک اسید – Persian

values: Ազիդաջրածնական թթու – Armenian

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoimid
Azoimid – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values: Азотистоводородная кислота – Russian

values: Азоимид – Tajik

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hydrazoic_acid rootpage-Hydrazoic_acid skin-vector action-view


text:
Gremlins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Gremlin (disambiguation).
Gremlins
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed by
Joe Dante
Produced by
Michael Finnell
Written by
Chris Columbus
Starring
Zach Galligan
Phoebe Cates
Hoyt Axton
Polly Holliday
Frances Lee McCain
Music by
Jerry Goldsmith
Cinematography
John Hora
Edited by
Tina Hirsch
Production
company
Amblin Entertainment
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
June 8, 1984 (1984-06-08)
Running time
106 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$11 million
Box office
$153.1 million
Gremlins is a 1984 American comedy horror film directed by Joe Dante and released by Warner Bros. The film is about a young man who receives a strange creature called a mogwai as a pet, which then spawns other creatures who transform into small, destructive, evil monsters. This story was continued with a sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, released in 1990. Unlike the lighter sequel, Gremlins opts for more black comedy, balanced against a Christmastime setting. Both films were the center of large merchandising campaigns.
Steven Spielberg was the film's executive producer, with the film being produced by Michael Finnell and written by Chris Columbus, drawing on legends of gremlins going back to World War II. The film stars Zach Galligan and Phoebe Cates, with Howie Mandel providing the voice of Gizmo, the main mogwai character.
Gremlins was a commercial success and received positive reviews from critics. However, the film was also heavily criticized for some of its more violent sequences. In response to this and to similar complaints about Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) alter its rating system, which it did within two months of the film's release.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voices
2.2 Cameos
3 Production
3.1 Background
3.2 Development
3.3 Casting
3.4 Special effects
3.5 Music
3.6 Rating
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
4.1.1 Allegations of racism
4.2 Box office
4.3 Accolades
4.4 Home media
5 Merchandising
5.1 Video games
5.1.1 Action-oriented video games
5.1.2 Gremlins: The Adventure
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Randall Peltzer, a struggling inventor, visits a Chinatown antique store in the hope of finding a Christmas present for his son Billy. In the store, Randall encounters a small, furry creature called a mogwai (Cantonese: 魔怪, "monster"). The owner, Mr. Wing, refuses to sell the creature to Randall. However, his grandson secretly sells the mogwai to Randall, warning him to remember three important rules that must never be broken – do not expose the mogwai to bright lights or sunlight which will kill it, do not let it get wet, and never feed it after midnight.
Randall returns home to Kingston Falls where he gives the mogwai to Billy as a pet. Billy works in the local bank, where he fears his dog Barney will be captured and killed by the elderly Mrs. Deagle. Randall names the mogwai “Gizmo” and Billy makes sure to treat him well. When Billy’s friend Pete spills a glass of water over Gizmo, five more mogwai spawn from his back, a more troublemaking sort led by the aggressive Stripe. Billy shows one of the mogwai to his former science teacher Mr. Hanson, spawning another mogwai, on whom Hanson experiments. Back at home, Stripe’s gang tricks Billy into feeding them after midnight by chewing out the power cord to his bedside clock. They make cocoons, as does Hanson’s mogwai. Shortly after, the cocoons hatch and they emerge as mischievous, reptilian monsters that torture Gizmo and try to murder Billy’s mother, while Hanson is killed by his gremlin.
All of the Gremlins are killed except Stripe, who escapes to a local YMCA and jumps into a swimming pool, spawning an army of gremlins who wreak chaos around Kingston Falls. Billy tries to warn the police, but they don’t believe him. Many people are injured or outright killed by the gremlins' rampage, including Mrs. Deagle, who is launched out of her house on a stair lift that has been sabotaged by the creatures. At the local bar, the gremlins have fun until the barmaid Kate Beringer, Billy’s girlfriend, flashes them with a camera and escapes into the bank with Billy and Gizmo. While hiding, she reveals her father died in a chimney while dressed as Santa Claus. Billy and Kate discover the town has fallen silent and the Gremlins are watching Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in the local theater. They set off an explosion, killing all the Gremlins except Stripe.
Billy chases Stripe into a Montgomery Ward store, where Stripe climbs into a water fountain and tries to spawn more gremlins. Gizmo arrives in a toy car and opens a skylight, exposing Stripe to sunlight and melting him. In the aftermath of the rampage, Mr. Wing arrives to collect Gizmo, scolding the Peltzers for their carelessness, thinking the Western world is not ready but comments that Billy might some day be ready to care for Gizmo properly. Gizmo likewise believes so, having become attached to Billy. Mr. Wing departs with Gizmo in tow.
Cast[edit]
Zach Galligan as Billy Peltzer
Phoebe Cates as Kate Beringer
Hoyt Axton as Randall "Rand" Peltzer
Frances Lee McCain as Lynn Peltzer
Corey Feldman as Pete Fountaine
Keye Luke as Mr. Wing (credited as "Grandfather", Mr. Wing's name is revealed in the 2nd film)
John Louie as Mr. Wing's grandson
Dick Miller as Murray Futterman
Jackie Joseph as Sheila Futterman
Polly Holliday as Mrs. Ruby Deagle
Judge Reinhold as Gerald Hopkins
Edward Andrews as Mr. Roland Corben
Glynn Turman as Mr. Roy Hanson
Belinda Balaski as Mrs. Joe Harris
Scott Brady as Sheriff Frank Reilly
Jonathan Banks as Deputy Brent Frye
Harry Carey, Jr. as Mr. Anderson
Kenny Davis as Dorry
Nicky Katt and Tracy Wells as Schoolchildren
Mushroom as Barney
Voices[edit]
Frank Welker as Stripe
Howie Mandel as Gizmo
Don Steele as Rockin' Ricky Rialto
Marvin Miller as Robby the Robot (uncredited)
Mogwai and Gremlin vocal effects provided by Michael Winslow, Bob Bergen, Fred Newman, Peter Cullen, Mark Dodson, Bob Holt, and Michael Sheehan.
Cameos[edit]
Steven Spielberg as Man riding Recumbent bicycle
Jim McKrell as TV News Reporter
Jerry Goldsmith as Man in Phone Booth
William Schallert as Father Bartlett
Chuck Jones as Mr. Jones, Billy's drawing mentor
Kenneth Tobey as Smoking Gas Station Attendant
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
Gremlins was produced at a time when combining horror and comedy was becoming increasingly popular. According to Professor Noël Carroll, Ghostbusters, released the same weekend as Gremlins, and the comic strip The Far Side also followed this trend. Carroll argued that there was now a new genre emphasizing sudden shifts between humorous and horrific scenes, drawing laughs with plot elements that have been traditionally used to scare.[1]
The notion of gremlins was first conceived during World War II when mechanical failures in aircraft were jokingly blamed on the small monsters. The term "gremlins" also entered popular culture as children's author Roald Dahl published a book called The Gremlins in 1943, based on the mischievous creatures.[2] Walt Disney considered making a film of it. A Bugs Bunny cartoon of the era, Falling Hare, has him battling a gremlin on an airplane. Joe Dante had read The Gremlins and said that the book was of some influence on his film. In 1983, Dante publicly distanced his work from earlier films, explaining, "Our gremlins are somewhat different—they're sort of green and they have big mouths and they smile a lot and they do incredibly, really nasty things to people and enjoy it all the while".[3][4]
Development[edit]
Chris Columbus conceived of the idea for Gremlins and wrote the initial draft as a spec script.
The story of Gremlins was conceived by Chris Columbus. As Columbus explained, his inspiration came from his loft, when at night "what sounded like a platoon of mice would come out and to hear them skittering around in the blackness was really creepy".[5] He then wrote the original screenplay as a spec script to show potential employers that he had writing abilities. The story was not actually intended to be filmed until Steven Spielberg took an interest in turning it into a film.[4] As Spielberg explained, "It's one of the most original things I've come across in many years, which is why I bought it."[3]
After deciding to executive produce the film, Spielberg chose Dante as his director because of his experience with horror-comedy; Dante had previously directed The Howling (1981); however, in the time between The Howling and the offer to film Gremlins, he had experienced a lull in his career.[4] The film's producer was Michael Finnell, who had also worked on The Howling with Dante. Spielberg took the project to Warner Bros. and co-produced it through his own company, Amblin Entertainment.
The film's script went through a few drafts before a shooting script was finalized. The first version was much darker than the final film. Various scenes were cut, including one which portrayed Billy's mother dying in her struggle with the gremlins, with her head thrown down the stairs when Billy arrives. Dante later explained the scene made the film darker than the filmmakers wanted. There was also a scene where the gremlins ate Billy's dog and a scene where the gremlins attacked a McDonald's, eating customers instead of burgers. Also, instead of Stripe being a mogwai who becomes a gremlin, there was originally no mogwai named Stripe; rather, Gizmo was supposed to transform into Stripe the gremlin. Spielberg overruled this plot element as he felt Gizmo was cute and that audiences would want him to be present throughout the film.[4]
A famous urban legend is referenced in the film,[6] in which Kate reveals in a speech that her father died at Christmas when he dressed as Santa Claus and broke his neck while climbing down the family's chimney. After the film was completed, the speech proved to be controversial, and studio executives insisted upon its removal, because they felt it was too ambiguous as to whether it was supposed to be funny or sad. Dante stubbornly refused to take the scene out, saying it represented the film as a whole, which had a combination of horrific and comedic elements. Spielberg did not like the scene but, despite his creative control, he viewed Gremlins as Dante's project and allowed him to leave it in.[4] A parody of this scene is featured in Gremlins 2: The New Batch.
Casting[edit]
Zach Galligan was a relatively unknown actor when cast as the lead character Billy.
Phoebe Cates was cast as Kate, Billy's girlfriend, despite concerns that she was known for playing more risqué parts, such as Linda Barrett in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982). Spielberg urged the casting of the relatively unknown Zach Galligan as Billy because he saw chemistry between Galligan and Cates during auditions. Galligan later compared himself to Billy, saying he was a "geeky kid", and that being in the film "was really kind of a dream" given "what I get to do, what my character gets to do, blow up movie theatres", adding that he "got to work with great people".[7] Spielberg commented when Galligan was testing with Cates that "he's in love with her already" and that was how Galligan won the part.[8]
In contrast to Galligan, many of the supporting actors and actresses were better known. Veteran actor Glynn Turman portrayed the high school science teacher whose study of a newborn Mogwai leads to his death after it forms a cocoon and emerges as a vicious gremlin. Dick Miller, who was a regular in Dante's films, was another experienced actor on the set, playing a World War II veteran who first refers to the creatures as gremlins. Rand was played by Hoyt Axton, who was always the filmmakers' preferred choice for the role even though it was widely contested by other actors.[4] Axton's experience included acting as the father in The Black Stallion (1979), and he was also a country music singer-songwriter. After an introductory scene to Gremlins was cut, Axton's voice earned him the added role of the narrator to establish some context. Mr. Wing was played by Keye Luke, a renowned film actor, whose film career spanned half a century. Although in reality he was around 80 at the time of filming, and his character was very elderly, Luke's youthful appearance had to be covered by make-up.[4]
Corey Feldman, who up to that time had primarily been in commercials, played Pete Fountaine, establishing his early credentials as a child actor. Polly Holliday, an actress best known for her role in Alice, played Mrs. Deagle. Dante considered the casting fortunate, as she was well-known and he considered her to be talented. Two other well-known actors, Fast Times' Judge Reinhold and character actor Edward Andrews, received roles that were significantly reduced after the film was edited; they played Billy's superiors at the bank.[4]
Special effects[edit]
Comedian Howie Mandel provided the voice for Gizmo.
Some of the performances were shot on the backlot of Universal Studios in California (Mrs. Deagle's house was one such set as well as the opening street scenes in Chinatown, which were filmed on the Warner Bros. Studios backlot). This required fake snow; Dante also felt it was an atmosphere that would make the special effects more convincing. As the special effects relied mainly on puppetry (an earlier attempt to use monkeys was abandoned because the test monkey panicked when made to wear a gremlin head),[9] the actors worked alongside some of the puppets. Nevertheless, after the actors finished their work for good, a great deal of effort was spent finishing the effects. Numerous small rubber puppets, some of which were mechanical, were used to portray Gizmo and the gremlins. They were designed by Chris Walas. There was more than one Gizmo puppet, and occasionally Galligan, when carrying one, would set him down off camera, and when Gizmo appeared again sitting on a surface it was actually a different puppet wired to the surface. These puppets had many limitations. The Gizmo puppets were particularly frustrating because they were smaller and thus broke down more. Consequently, to satisfy the crew, a scene was included in which the gremlins hang Gizmo on a wall and throw darts at him. This was included on a list that the crew created known to them as the "Horrible Things to do to Gizmo" list.[4]
A few marionettes were also used. Other effects required large mogwai faces and ears to be produced for close-ups, as the puppets were less capable of conveying emotion. Consequently, large props simulating food were needed for the close-ups in the scene in which the mogwai feast after midnight. An enlarged Gizmo puppet was also needed for the scene in which he multiplies. The new mogwai, who popped out of Gizmo's body as small, furry balls which then started to grow, were balloons and expanded as such. Walas had also created the exploding gremlin in the microwave by means of a balloon that was allowed to burst.[4]
Howie Mandel provided the voice for Gizmo, and prolific voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice for Stripe. It was Welker who suggested Mandel perform in Gremlins. The puppets' lines were mostly invented by the voice actors, based on cues from the physical actions of the puppets, which were filmed before the voice work. When developing the voice for Gizmo, Mandel explained, "[Gizmo was] cute and naive, so, you know, I got in touch with that... I couldn't envision going any other way or do something different with it".[10] The majority of the other gremlins' voices were performed by Michael Winslow and Peter Cullen, while the remaining voices were done by Bob Bergen, Kevin Michael Richardson, Fred Newman, Mark Dodson, Bob Holt, and Michael Sheehan.
Music[edit]
The film's score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, who won a Saturn Award for Best Music for his efforts. The main score was composed with the objective of conveying "the mischievous humor and mounting suspense of Gremlins".[5] Goldsmith also wrote Gizmo's song, which was hummed by a child actress and acquaintance of Goldsmith's, rather than Mandel himself.[4] Goldsmith also appears in the film (as does Steven Spielberg), in the scene where Rand calls home from the salesman's convention.
The soundtrack album was released by Geffen Records as a specially priced mini-album on LP and cassette (Goldsmith's music comprised all of side two) and reissued on compact disc in 1993 only in Germany.
Gremlins...Mega Madness – Michael Sembello (3:50)
Make It Shine – Quarterflash (4:10)
Out/Out – Peter Gabriel (7:00)
The Gift (4:51)
Gizmo (4:09)
Mrs. Deagle (2:50)
The Gremlin Rag (4:03)
"Gremlins...Mega Madness" was also released as a single, with "The Gremlin Rag" as its B-side.
In 2011, Film Score Monthly issued a two-disc release of the soundtrack, with the complete score on disc one and the original soundtrack album on disc two (representing the latter's first North American CD issue); this was the label's final Jerry Goldsmith album.
DISC ONE: The Film Score
Fanfare in C (Max Steiner) / The Shop / The Little One 4:30
Late for Work 1:46
Mrs. Deagle / That Dog 2:22
The Gift 1:45
First Aid 2:17
Spilt Water 3:02
A New One 1:10
The Lab / Old Times 2:35
The Injection 2:56
Snack Time / The Wrong Time 1:49
The Box 1:24
First Aid 1:39
Disconnected / Hurry Home 1:03
Kitchen Fight 4:06
Dirty Linen 0:43
The Pool 1:07
The Plow / Special Delivery 1:16
High Flyer 2:22
Too Many Gremlins 2:06
No Santa Claus 3:27
After Theatre 1:39
Theatre Escape / Stripe Is Loose / Toy Dept. / No Gizmo 4:36
The Fountain / Stripe's Death 5:42
Goodbye, Billy 2:56
End Title / The Gremlin Rag 4:10
Blues 2:17
Mrs. Deagle [film version] 1:27
God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen [traditional, arr. Alexander Courage] 1:12
After Theatre [with "Silent Night"] 1:36
After Theatre [without "Silent Night"] 1:36
Rabbit Rampage [Milt Franklyn] 0:47
The Gremlin Rag [full version] 3:35
Gizmo's New Song 0:35
Gizmo's Trumpet 0:30
Tracks 26–34 are listed as bonus tracks.
DISC TWO: 1984 Soundtrack Album
Gremlins...Mega Madness – Michael Sembello 3:52
Make It Shine – Quarterflash 4:11
Out/Out – Peter Gabriel 7:02
The Gift 4:58
Gizmo 4:14
Mrs. Deagle 2:54
The Gremlin Rag 4:13
Rating[edit]
Along with Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, also rated PG, Gremlins was one of two films in 1984 to influence the MPAA to create the PG-13 rating, with Red Dawn being the first film released in theaters that was given the new rating in August 1984.[11] The scene in which a gremlin explodes in the microwave was particularly influential to the idea that some films too light to be rated R are still too mature to be rated PG. The change to the rating system was not insignificant; the rating PG-13 turned out to be appealing to many film patrons, as it implied some excitement without being too explicit.[11]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Film critics' reviews of Gremlins were mostly positive. Roger Ebert approved of the film, declaring it to not only be "fun", but also a "sly series of send-ups", effectively parodying many elemental film storylines. In his opinion, Gremlins did this partly through depictions of mysterious worlds (the shop in Chinatown) and tyrannical elderly women (Mrs. Deagle). Ebert also believed the rule in which a mogwai cannot eat after midnight was inspired by fairy tales, and that the final scenes parody classic horror films. He connected Kate's speech about her father with "the great tradition of 1950s sick jokes".[12] Conversely, Leonard Maltin disapproved of the film, and his view was made clear in remarks he made on the television show Entertainment Tonight. He called the film "icky" and "gross".[13] He later wrote that despite being set in a "picture-postcard town" and blending the feel of It's a Wonderful Life (a clip of which appears in Gremlins) with that of The Blob, the film is "negated by too-vivid violence and mayhem"; giving the film two out of four stars.[14] Maltin later made a cameo appearance in Gremlins 2, repeating his criticisms of the original on film, as an in-joke, before being throttled by the creatures; he later gave the second film a more positive rating, three out of four stars.
While some critics criticized the film's depictions of violence and greed—such as death scenes, Kate's speech, and the gremlins' gluttony—for lacking comic value, scholar Charlotte Miller instead interpreted these as a satire of "some characteristics of Western civilization", suggesting that Westerners may take too much satisfaction from violence. Gremlins can also be interpreted as a statement against technology, in that some characters, such as Billy's father, are overly dependent on it. In contrast, Mr. Wing is shown to have a strong distaste for television.[15] Kirkpatrick Sale also interpreted Gremlins as an anti-technology film in his book Rebels Against the Future.[16] Another scholar suggested that the film is meant to express a number of observations of society by having the gremlin characters shift in what they are meant to represent. At different times, they are depicted as teenagers, the wealthy establishment, or fans of Disney films.[17]
Another scholar drew a connection between the microwave scene and urban legends about pets dying in microwave ovens. He described the portrayal of this urban legend in the film as successful, but that meant it seemed terrible.[18] This is indeed a scene that is thought of as being one of the film's most violent depictions; with even Roger Ebert expressing some fear in his review that the film might encourage children to try similar things with their pets.[12]
Gremlins has been criticized for more than its depictions of violence. One BBC critic wrote in 2000 that "The plot is thin and the pacing is askew". However, that critic also complimented the dark humour contrasted against the ideal Christmas setting.[19] In 2002, another critic wrote that in hindsight, Gremlins has "corny special effects" and that the film will tend to appeal to children more so than to adults; he also said the acting was dull.[20]
Despite the initial mixed criticism, Gremlins has continued to receive critical praise over the years. It currently holds an 85% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes,[21] and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1984.[22][23][24]
Allegations of racism[edit]
Since its release, some people have criticized Gremlins as being culturally insensitive. Jonathan Rosenbaum argued that the film presents gremlins as African Americans.[17] In Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies, Patricia Turner writes that the gremlins "reflect negative African-American stereotypes" in their dress and behavior. They are shown "devouring fried chicken with their hands", listening to black music, breakdancing, and wearing sunglasses after dark and newsboy caps, a style common among African American males in the 1980s.[25]
Box office[edit]
Director Joe Dante acknowledged some parents were upset after taking their children to see Gremlins in theaters.
Financially, Gremlins was a success. Produced on an $11 million budget, it was more expensive than Spielberg had originally intended but still relatively cheap for its time.[4] The trailer introduced the film to audiences by briefly explaining that Billy receives a strange creature as a Christmas present, by going over the three rules, and then coming out with the fact that the creatures transform into terrible monsters. This trailer showed little of either the mogwai or the gremlins.[26] In contrast to this, other advertisements concentrated on Gizmo, overlooked the gremlins, and made the film look similar to Spielberg's earlier family film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982).[11]
Gremlins was released into North American theaters on June 8, 1984, the same day as Ivan Reitman's Ghostbusters. Gremlins ranked second, with $12.5 million in its first weekend, $1.1 million less than Ghostbusters. By the end of its American screenings on November 29, it had grossed $148,168,459 domestically. This made it the fourth highest-grossing film of the year, behind Beverly Hills Cop, Ghostbusters, and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.[27] In August 1984, it opened in Argentina and Spain, and in October it premiered in West Germany. Screenings began in Mexico, Australia, and much of the rest of Europe in December.[28] Since Gremlins had an international audience, different versions of the film were made to overcome cultural barriers. Mandel learned to speak his few intelligible lines, such as "Bright light!", in various languages, including German. Regional music and humor were also incorporated into foreign-language versions. Dante credited this work as being one of the factors which helped to make Gremlins a worldwide success.[4] However, many critics questioned the summer release date of the film in America, as the film takes place during the Christmas holiday season, causing them to comment that it should have had a Christmas release date instead.
In addition to this, there were also complaints from audiences about the violence depicted in the film. These complaints were particularly present in people who had brought their children to see the film, many of whom walked out of the theater before the film had ended. Dante admitted to reporters later that "the idea of taking a 4-year-old to see Gremlins, thinking it's going to be a cuddly, funny animal movie and then seeing that it turns into a horror picture, I think people were upset... They felt like they had been sold something family friendly and it wasn't entirely family friendly".[11]
The film became available to audiences again when it was brought back to theaters on August 30, 1985. This additional release brought its gross up to $153,083,102.[27]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Goldene Leinwand March 27, 1985 Goldene Leinwand Joe Dante Won [29]
Saturn Awards June 9, 1985 Best Horror Film Gremlins Won [30][31]
Best Director Joe Dante Won
Best Supporting Actor Dick Miller Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Polly Holliday Won
Best Younger Actor Corey Feldman Nominated
Best Writing Chris Columbus Nominated
Best Music Jerry Goldsmith Won
Best Special Effects Chris Walas Won
Best Make-Up Greg LaCava Nominated
Young Artist Awards December 2, 1984 Best Family Motion Picture - Adventure Gremlins Won [32]
Best Young Supporting Actor Corey Feldman Nominated
Home media[edit]
Gremlins was released on VHS, CED Videodisc, and Beta in 1985, and made $79,500,000 in video rental stores.[33] The film was released on DVD in 1997 in a bare bones presentation. It included both full screen and widescreen versions and the film's trailer. It was repackaged in 1999 with the same disc, but a different cover. On August 20, 2002, a "special edition" DVD was released, which featured cast and filmmakers' commentary and deleted scenes. A 25th anniversary Blu-ray edition was released on December 1, 2009.
Merchandising[edit]
Figurine based on the Stripe character.
With its commercial themes, particularly the perceived cuteness of the character Gizmo, Gremlins became the center of considerable merchandising. Due to this, it became part of a rising trend in film, which had received a boost from Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[4] Manufacturers including LJN produced versions of Gizmo as dolls or stuffed animals. (The latter of which became a popular high demand toy during the holiday season of 1984.) Both Gizmo and the gremlins were mass-produced as action figures, and Topps printed trading cards based upon the film.[34] A product placement deal with fast food chain Hardee's also led to a series of five book-and-cassette/45 records adaptations of the film's story. Starting in the early 2000s, companies such as Jun Planning and the National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced all-new Gremlins toys and collectibles. In 2017 Trick or Treat Studios began producing official Gremlins life-size puppets of Stripe and Gizmo[35].
The film was also the basis for a novel of the same name by George Gipe, published by Avon Books in June 1984. The novel offered an origin for mogwai and gremlins as a prologue. Supposedly, mogwai were created as gentle, contemplative creatures by a scientist on an alien world. However, it was discovered that their physiology was unstable. The end result was that only 1 in 10,000 mogwai would retain their sweet, loving demeanor. The rest would change into creatures that the novel referred to as "mischievous". The minority mogwai (the 1 in 10,000) are all but immortal by human standards, though Gizmo explains to Stripe that if he were to undergo the transformation himself, he would become like the others, "short lived and violent." This origin is unique to the novel but is referred to in the novelization of Gremlins 2 by David Bischoff. No definitive origin for mogwai or gremlins is given in either Gremlins film.
In addition to this, Gremlins brand breakfast cereal was produced by Ralston concurrent to and for a few years after the first film was released in 1984. The front of the cereal box featured Gizmo, and inside were decals of the malevolent gremlins, including Stripe.[36]
Video games[edit]
Action-oriented video games[edit]
See also: Gremlins (video game)
Several officially licensed video games based on the film have been produced. One of the first was Gremlins, released by Atari, Inc. for their 2600 console.
Atari, Inc. released a completely different[37] (and more technically advanced) game- also called Gremlins- for the Atari 5200 console and the Apple II, Commodore 64, and IBM PC computers. Although the Atari 5200 version went to manufacturing in 1984, the turmoil surrounding Jack Tramiel's takeover of Atari's consumer business resulted in it not being released until 1986.[37]
In the 2000s, more games were released; Gremlins: Unleashed! was released on Game Boy Color in 2001. The game was about Gizmo trying to catch Stripe and thirty other gremlins, while the gremlins also try to turn Gizmo into a gremlin. Both Gizmo and Stripe are playable characters in the game.[38]
A Gremlins Team Pack was released for Lego Dimensions on November 18, 2016. The pack includes minifigures of Gizmo and Stripe, a constructible polaroid camera and RC car, and grants access to an Adventure World and Battle Arena based on the film. Howie Mandel and Frank Welker reprise their respective roles as Gizmo and Stripe, while Phoebe Cates, Hoyt Axton and Frances Lee McCain reprise as non-playable characters Kate Beringer, Randall Peltzer and Lynn Peltzer respectively.[39][40]
Gremlins: The Adventure[edit]
At the time of the film's release, an interactive fiction game based on scenes from the film, entitled Gremlins: The Adventure (1985), was released for various home computers, including the Acorn Electron, the BBC Micro, the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum. The game was written by Brian Howarth for Adventure Soft and was text-based, with full-color illustrations on some formats.
Legacy[edit]
The film not only spawned the sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, and an advertisement for British Telecom,[41] but is believed to have been the inspiration for several unrelated films about small monsters. These include Critters,[42] Ghoulies,[18] Troll,[43] Hobgoblins[44] and Munchies.[45]
In music, the Scottish post-rock band Mogwai are named after the film's creatures: as for the reason for the band chose this as their name, their guitarist, Stuart Braithwaite, has stated that "it has no significant meaning and we always intended on getting a better one, but like a lot of other things we never got round to it".[46] Welsh singer and songwriter Rod Thomas performs under the name Bright Light Bright Light, which is a direct quote from the film.[47]
In January 2013, Vulture reported that Warner Bros. was negotiating with Amblin Entertainment to reboot the Gremlins franchise.[48] Seth Grahame-Smith was tapped to produce, alongside David Katzenberg.[49] In January 2015, Grahame-Smith stated that the project has been put on hold.[50] In November 2015, Zach Galligan confirmed that the third film will be a sequel and not a reboot.[51]
In a December 2016 interview with Bleeding Cool, Galligan again spoke about a third film saying that "Warner Bros. definitely wants it, Chris Columbus wants to do it because he’d like to undo the Gremlins 2 thing as he wasn’t thrilled with it, and Spielberg wants to." He claimed Gremlins 3 is being written by Carl Ellsworth.[52] In an interview with /Film in 2017, a script was written by Chris Columbus. His script explored the idea that has been on the fan's mind for a long time: "if all the gremlins come from getting Gizmo wet and feeding his mogwai offspring after midnight, should Gizmo be eliminated?" He described his script as "twisted and dark".[53]
In 2017, gremlins were featured in the animated film The Lego Batman Movie, with director Chris McKay explaining he loved the characters. The gremlins were among numerous villains from outside of the Batman franchise playing a role in the film, with many of the added antagonists owned by Warner Bros.[54]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1980s portal
Warner Bros. Classics & Great Gremlins Adventure (a.k.a. Gremlins Invasion), two defunct amusement rides themed after the film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carroll, Noël (Spring 1999). "Horror and Humor". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism: Aesthetics and Popular Culture. 57 (2): 145.
Jump up ^ Bilstein 2001, p. 318.
^ Jump up to: a b Dante, Joe, Spielberg, Steven (2002). Gremlins: Behind the Scenes (DVD). Warner Home Video.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dante, Joe (2002). Steven Spielberg presents Gremlins Special edition audio commentary (DVD). Warner Home Video.
^ Jump up to: a b Columbus, Chris (2002). Steven Spielberg presents Gremlins: Behind the Scenes (DVD). Warner Home Video.
Jump up ^ "Santa Claustrophobia". Urban Legends Reference Pages. October 23, 1999.
Jump up ^ Galligan, Zach, Dante, Joe (2002). Steven Spielberg presents Gremlins Special edition audio commentary (DVD). Warner Home Video.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Jack (4 December 2017). "How we made Gremlins". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gremlins Reunion: First Look At The Empire Photoshoot". Empire. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Mandel, Howie, Dante, Joe (2002). Steven Spielberg presents Gremlins Special edition audio commentary (DVD). Warner Home Video.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Anthony Breznican, "PG-13 remade Hollywood ratings system", The Associated Press, August 24, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Roger (June 8, 1984). "Gremlins". Rogerebert.com.
Jump up ^ Grant, Edmond (October 1990). "Gremlins 2". Films in Review. 41 (10): 485–487.
Jump up ^ Maltin 2001, p. 557.
Jump up ^ Miller, Charlotte (April 1985). "Using Gremlins to Teach Theme". The English Journal. 74 (4): 69.
Jump up ^ Sale, p. 240.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenbaum, Jonathan (Autumn 1988). "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". Film Quarterly. 42 (1): 37.
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle, Charles Clay (January 1988). "The Avenging Voice from the Depths". Western Folklore. 47 (1): 21.
Jump up ^ Haflidason, Almar (2000). "Gremlins (1984)". Film Reviews. BBC. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
Jump up ^ Blake French, "Gremlins Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine.", Filmcritic.com, 2002. URL accessed May 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Gremlins Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Films of 1984". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 10 Best Movies of 1984". Film.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1984". IMDb.com. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Turner 1994, pp. 151–52.
Jump up ^ Steven Spielberg presents Gremlins Special edition: Theatrical Trailers (DVD). Warner Home Video. 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gremlins". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Release dates for Gremlins" IMDb.com, URL accessed May 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Gremlins - Kleine Monster". Goldene Leinwand. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Gremlins' leads Saturn Award nominations". Reno Gazette-Journal. February 22, 1985.
Jump up ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sixth Annual Youth in Film Awards 1983-1984". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Business Data for Gremlins" IMDb.com, URL accessed May 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ Gremlins Action Figure: Gizmo by NECA, Amazon.com, URL accessed April 30, 2006; Gremlins Action Figure: Poker Player by NECA, Amazon.com, URL accessed April 30, 2006; Gremlins Movie Photo Trading Cards Box -36 Count by Topps," Amazon.com. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ http://animatronichalloween.com/gremlin-halloween-props-coming-in-august-2017/
Jump up ^ "Topher's Breakfast Cereal Character Guide". Retrieved August 8, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "AtariProtos.com - All Your Protos Are Belong To Us!". atariprotos.com.
Jump up ^ "Gremlins: Unleashed". gamefaqs.com.
Jump up ^ "LEGO Dimensions Expansions Trailer: Harry Potter, Goonies, Gremlins & more". Slashfilm.com. 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
Jump up ^ "LEGO Dimensions Adds Fantastic Beasts, Adventue Time, Gremlins, Sonic & ET". Cosmic Book News. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
Jump up ^ "It's Dragon v Gremlins in BT ad". The Guardian. Guardian.co.uk. April 30, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maltin 2001, p. 298.
Jump up ^ Maltin 2001, p. 1141.
Jump up ^ Gibner, Jason. "Hobgoblins". Allmovie. RhythmOne. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Toole, Lawrence (January 16, 1987). "NY CLIPS Nell says no to fashion king and Warren's spoon is hot". The Globe and Mail. p. D.6.
Jump up ^ "Mogwai Band FAQ". Mogwai.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cragg, Michael (June 30, 2011). "New music: Bright Light Bright Light – Disco Moment". The Guardian. Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brodesser-Akner, Claude (January 16, 2013). "Warner Bros. Looking to Breed Gremlins Again". Vulture. New York Media LLC. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (May 13, 2013). "Exclusive: 'Gremlins' Reboot Has Seth Grahame-Smith Snacking After Midnight!". Bloody Disgusting!. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maidy, Alex (January 16, 2015). "Seth Grahame-Smith says the Gremlins reboot is in a holding pattern". JoBlo. JoBlo Media, Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brew, Simon (November 27, 2015). "Gremlins 3 won't be a remake or reboot". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing, Ltd. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Squires, John (December 27, 2016). "Zach Galligan Offers 'Gremlins 3' Update; "Warner Bros. Definitely Wants It"". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fred Topel (August 15, 2017). "Exclusive: 'Gremlins 3' Has a "Twisted and Dark" Screenplay Says Writer Chris Columbus". /Film. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Loughrey, Clarisse (February 14, 2017). "The LEGO Batman Movie nearly included some very different villains". The Independent. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Bilstein, Roger E. (2001). Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6685-5.
Maltin, Leonard (2001). Leonard Maltin's 2002 Movie & Video Guide. A Signet Book.
Sale, Kirkpatrick. Rebels Against the Future. Quartet Books.
Turner, Patricia A. (1994). Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-46784-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gremlins (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gremlins
Gremlins on IMDb
Gremlins at the TCM Movie Database
Gremlins at AllMovie
Gremlins at Box Office Mojo
Gremlins at Rotten Tomatoes
Gremlins in the Mix – Article on Gremlins and genre-blending
[show]
v
t
e
Gremlins
Films
Gremlins (1984)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Video games
Gremlins (1984)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Related
Warner Bros. Classics & Great Gremlins Adventure
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Joe Dante
The Movie Orgy (1968)
Hollywood Boulevard (1976)
Piranha (1978)
The Howling (1981)
Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983)
Gremlins (1984)
Explorers (1985)
Innerspace (1987)
Amazon Women on the Moon (1987)
The 'Burbs (1989)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Matinee (1993)
Runaway Daughters (1994)
The Second Civil War (1997)
The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy (1998)
Small Soldiers (1998)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)
Trapped Ashes (2006)
The Hole (2009)
Burying the Ex (2014)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Horror Film
Blacula (1972)
The Exorcist (1973)
Young Frankenstein (1974/75)
Burnt Offerings (1976)
The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1977)
The Wicker Man (1978)
Dracula (1979)
The Howling (1980)
An American Werewolf in London (1981)
Poltergeist (1982)
The Dead Zone (1983)
Gremlins (1984)
Fright Night (1985)
The Fly (1986)
The Lost Boys (1987)
Beetlejuice (1988)
Arachnophobia (1989/90)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Army of Darkness (1993)
Interview with the Vampire (1994)
From Dusk till Dawn (1995)
Scream (1996)
The Devil's Advocate (1997)
Apt Pupil (1998)
The Sixth Sense (1999)
Final Destination (2000)
The Others (2001)
The Ring (2002)
28 Days Later (2003)
Shaun of the Dead (2004)
The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005)
The Descent (2006)
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
Drag Me to Hell (2009)
Let Me In (2010)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011)
The Cabin in the Woods (2012)
The Conjuring (2013)
Dracula Untold (2014)
Crimson Peak (2015)
Don't Breathe (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gremlins&oldid=834196943"
Categories:
1984 films
English-language films
1984 horror films
1980s comedy horror films
1980s monster movies
Amblin Entertainment films
American Christmas films
American comedy horror films
American films
American monster movies
Christmas horror films
Dark fantasy films
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films directed by Joe Dante
Films featuring puppetry
Films shot in Los Angeles
Gremlins franchise
Screenplays by Chris Columbus
Warner Bros. films
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Deutsch
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Euskara
Français
Galego
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
21 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 12:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Gremlin_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Gremlin (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan class style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Christmas_film
mw-redirect
Christmas film

values: Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

values: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)

values:
/wiki/Harry_Carey,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Harry Carey, Jr.

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Universal_Studios
mw-redirect
Universal Studios

values:
/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios
mw-redirect
Warner Bros. Studios

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
/wiki/Trailer_(film)
mw-redirect
Trailer (film)

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress

values:
/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards
mw-redirect
Young Artist Awards

values:
/wiki/6th_Young_Artist_Awards
mw-redirect
6th Young Artist Awards

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
width: 99%;

values:
/wiki/CED_Videodisc
mw-redirect
CED Videodisc

values:
/wiki/Video_rental_store
mw-redirect
Video rental store

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc
mw-redirect
Blu-ray Disc

values:
/wiki/Stuffed_animal
mw-redirect
Stuffed animal

values:
/wiki/Holiday_season
mw-redirect
Holiday season

values: National Entertainment Collectibles Association

values: Edit section: Action-oriented video games

values:
/wiki/Gremlins_(Atari_2600)
mw-redirect
Gremlins (Atari 2600)

values:
/wiki/Home_computers
mw-redirect
Home computers

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Warner Bros. Classics & Great Gremlins Adventure

values:
/wiki/Urban_Legends_Reference_Pages
mw-redirect
Urban Legends Reference Pages

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.filmsite.org/1984.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087363/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v20918

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Saturn Award for Best Horror Film

values: Template talk:Saturn Award for Best Horror Film

values: Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)

values: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Gremlins
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Gremlins&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: جريملينز – Arabic

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Emiliano-Romagnolo
eml
eml
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: Գրեմլիններ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גרמלינס – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlinii
Gremlinii – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Гремлины – Russian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlini
Gremlini – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlins
Gremlins – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Гремліни (фільм) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gremlins rootpage-Gremlins skin-vector action-view


text:
B.R.M.C. (album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
B.R.M.C.
Studio album by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
Released
April 3, 2001
Recorded
2000
Genre
Garage rock
neo-psychedelia
psychedelic rock[1]
noise rock
shoegazing
Length
57:08
Label
Virgin
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club chronology
B.R.M.C.
(2001) Take Them On, On Your Own
(2003)
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 72/100[2]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [3]
Alternative Press 4/5[4]
Blender [5]
The Guardian [6]
NME 8/10[7]
Pitchfork 8.2/10[8]
Q [9]
Rolling Stone [10]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [11]
Under the Radar 9/10[12]
B.R.M.C. is the self-titled debut studio album by American rock band Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, released on Virgin Records on April 3, 2001. This debut made an immediate impact through the music world,[citation needed] making them part of the garage rock revival that spawned in the early 2000s.
The first 35 seconds of "Love Burns" incorporates a section of the song "TV Loop (Deep Down)", later released on the "Whatever Happened to My Rock and Roll (Punk Song)" double-7-inch single and on the Screaming Gun EP.
"Spread Your Love" was used in 2003 Vin Diesel film A Man Apart and features in the TV show Skins. It has also been used in a series of commercials for Ketel One vodka as well as The Cosmopolitan hotel in Las Vegas. The NME rated the song as the 27th best song of 2002.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written and composed by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club.
"Love Burns" – 4:05
"Red Eyes and Tears" – 4:00
"Whatever Happened to My Rock 'n' Roll (Punk Song)" – 4:38
"Awake" – 6:12
"White Palms" – 4:55
"As Sure as the Sun" – 7:27 (5:52 on some releases)
"Rifles" – 5:30 (7:02 on some releases)
"Too Real" – 4:55
"Spread Your Love" – 3:45
"Head Up High" – 5:35
"Salvation" – 6:06
Japanese edition bonus tracks
"Screaming Gun" – 3:14
"At My Door" – 4:45
"Down Here" – 3:33
EU edition bonus tracks (2008 reissue)
"At My Door" - 3:33
"Screaming Gun" – 3:14
"Tonight's With You" – 5:53
"Loaded Gun" – 6:08
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Josh (March 1, 2010). "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club Kick Off World Tour". Spin. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reviews for Black Rebel Motorcycle Club by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club". Metacritic. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Bryan. "B.R.M.C. – Black Rebel Motorcycle Club". AllMusic. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club: B.R.M.C.". Alternative Press (155): 72. June 2001.
Jump up ^ Wright, Rickey (June–July 2001). "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club". Blender (1): 105. Archived from the original on August 20, 2004. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petridis, Alexis (January 11, 2002). "Back in black". The Guardian. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Beaumont, Mark (January 19, 2002). "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club : BRMC". NME. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Klein, Morgan. "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club: BRMC". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club: B.R.M.C.". Q (186): 103. January 2002.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Matt (April 26, 2001). "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club". Rolling Stone (867). Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Eliscu, Jenny (2004). "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. p. 78. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Redfern, Mark (December 1, 2001). "Black Rebel Motorcycle Club: B.R.M.C (Virgin Records)". Under the Radar (1). Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
hide
v
t
e
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
Peter Hayes
Robert Levon Been
Leah Shapiro
Nick Jago
Studio albums
B.R.M.C.
Take Them On, On Your Own
Howl
Baby 81
Beat the Devil's Tattoo
Specter at the Feast
Wrong Creatures
Live albums
Live
Live in Paris
EPs
Howl Sessions EP
American X: Baby 81 Sessions EP
Other
The Effects of 333
Related
Discography
This 2000s indie rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B.R.M.C._(album)&oldid=836429154"
Categories:
2001 debut albums
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club albums
Virgin Records albums
2000s indie rock album stubs
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Italiano
Polski
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 19:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: span

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Extended_Play
mw-redirect
Extended Play

values:
/wiki/Skins_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Skins (TV series)

values: Template talk:Black Rebel Motorcycle Club

values:
Black_Rebel_Motorcycle_Club
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Peter_Hayes
*_Robert_Levon_Been
*_Leah_Shapiro

*_Nick_Jago

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Black_Rebel_Motorcycle_Club_Live
mw-redirect
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club Live

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Black Rebel Motorcycle Club albums

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/B.R.M.C._(album)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club (album) – French

values: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club (album) – Italian

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.R.M.C.
B.R.M.C. – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.R.M.C.
B.R.M.C. – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-B_R_M_C_album rootpage-B_R_M_C_album skin-vector action-view


text:
Rich Uncle Pennybags
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Rich Uncle Pennybags, as depicted on the cover of the first edition of the Parker Brothers game that gave the character a name
Rich Uncle Pennybags is the mascot of the game Monopoly. He is depicted as a portly old man with a moustache who wears a morning suit with bowtie and top hat. In large parts of the world he is known, additionally or exclusively, as the Monopoly Man, or Mr. Monopoly.[citation needed] He also appears in the related games Advance to Boardwalk, Free Parking, Don't Go to Jail, Monopoly City, Monopoly Junior, and Monopoly Deal.
The character first appeared on Chance and Community Chest cards in U.S. editions of Monopoly in 1936. The identity of the designer of the character, artist Dan Fox, was unknown until 2013, when a former Parker Brothers executive, Philip Orbanes, was contacted by one of Fox's grandchildren.[1]
History[edit]
The unnamed character made his first appearance outside of Monopoly within the Parker Brothers' game Dig, released in 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II. The character did not receive a name until 1946 when the game Rich Uncle was published by Parker Brothers. His likeness appeared on that game's box lid, game instructions, and currency.[citation needed]
According to Orbanes, Rich Uncle Pennybags of the American version of the board game Monopoly is modeled after American Progressive Era businessman J. P. Morgan.[2]
A more contemporary depiction of Pennybags on the box of Monopoly
Between 1985 and 2008, the character appeared in the second "O" in the word Monopoly as part of the game's logo. More recently, the character is depicted over the word "Monopoly", drawn in a 3-D style, and extending his right hand. The character, however, no longer appears uniformly on every Monopoly game box.[3][4]
In 1988, Orbanes published the first edition of his book The Monopoly Companion. In the book, all of the characters that appear on the Monopoly board or within the decks of cards received a name. Uncle Pennybags' full name was given as Milburn Pennybags, the character "In Jail" is named "Jake, the Jailbird", and the police officer on Go to Jail is named "Officer Mallory".[5]
In 1999, Rich Uncle Pennybags was renamed Mr. Monopoly. During the same year, a Monopoly Jr. CD-ROM game was released within cereal boxes as part of a General Mills promotion. This game introduced Mr. Monopoly's niece and nephew, Sandy and Andy.[citation needed]
According to the book, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How It Got That Way and The Monopoly Companion, Mr. Monopoly has a second nephew named Randy, although the Monopoly Companion mistakenly refers to Sandy as a boy. Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How It Got That Way also states that Mr. Monopoly has a wife named Madge.[5][6] He is named as the sixth richest fictional character in the 2006 Forbes Fictional 15 list on its website and the ninth richest in 2011.[7]
A number of people report remembering the character as having a monocle. This has never been the case, and is an example of collective false memories. A theory is that the misconception results from confusion with Planters' mascot Mr. Peanut.[8]
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ Association of Game and Puzzle Collectors Quarterly www.AGPC.ORG summer 2013 Vol.15 No. 2. Page 18. Meet Dan Fox-- The Artist Who Created "Mr. Monopoly" by Philip E.Orbanes
Jump up ^ Turpin, Zachary. "Interview: Phil Orbanes, Monopoly Expert (Part Two)". Book of Odds. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hasbro Toy Shop page for Monopoly. The mascot character appears only on the Standard Edition set.
Jump up ^ USAopoly page for Monopoly. The mascot character appears on only about half of the editions shown.
^ Jump up to: a b Orbanes, Philip (September 1999). The Monopoly Companion: The Player's Guide : The Game from A to Z, Winning Tips, Trivia. Adams Media Corporation. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-1-58062-175-5. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ Vanderkam, Laura (March 21, 2007). "Just Visiting". American.com. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "The Forbes Fictional 15 - #6 Mr. Monopoly". Forbes. 2006-11-20. Archived from the original on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "23 New Mandela Effect Examples To Get You Thinking". BuzzFyre. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
General
Orbanes, Philip E. (2006). Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81489-7.
Orbanes, Philip E. (2004). The Game Makers: The Story of Parker Brothers (First ed.). Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-59139-269-1.
Orbanes, Philip (1988). The Monopoly Companion (First ed.). Bob Adams, Inc. ISBN 1-55850-950-X.
External links[edit]
Mr. Monopoly
Dig at BoardGameGeek
Rich Uncle at BoardGameGeek
show
v
t
e
Monopoly
History
History of Monopoly
Chance and Community Chest cards
Game designers
and early publishers
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Magie
Scott Nearing
Charles Darrow
Related games
Anti-Monopoly
The Landlord's Game
Easy Money
Finance
Hasbro Monopoly
and licensees
Monopoly
Parker Brothers
Milton Bradley
Hasbro
Waddingtons
Winning Moves
Get Out of Jail Free card
Rich Uncle Pennybags
Monopoly money
Modern variants
Licensed and localized editions
My Monopoly
Monopoly: The Mega Edition
Monopoly City
Spin-off games
Board/dice games
Monopoly Junior
Advance to Boardwalk
Don't Go to Jail (Monopoly Express)
Card games
Free Parking
Waterworks
Monopoly: The Card Game
Express Monopoly
Monopoly Deal
Monopoly on television
1990 game show
Monopoly Millionaires' Club
Family Game Night
Monopoly metaphors
and idioms
"Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200."
"Get Out of Jail Free card"
"Monopoly money"
See also
Ralph Anspach
McDonald's Monopoly
Late for the Sky
Pinball game
Monopoly Tycoon
Monopoly Party
Video games
London Monopoly locations
Monopoly City Streets
The Mad Magazine Game
Monopoly Millionaires' Club
show
v
t
e
Forbes Fictional 15
show
2002
Santa Claus
Richie Rich
Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks
Scrooge McDuck
Thurston Howell III
Willy Wonka
Bruce Wayne
Lex Luthor
J. R. Ewing
Auric Goldfinger
C. Montgomery Burns
Charles Foster Kane
Cruella de Vil
Gordon Gekko
Jay Gatsby
show
2005
Santa Claus
Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks
Richie Rich
Lex Luthor
C. Montgomery Burns
Scrooge McDuck
Jed Clampett
Bruce Wayne
Thurston Howell III
Willy Wonka
Arthur Bach
Ebenezer Scrooge
Lara Croft
Cruella de Vil
Lucius Malfoy
show
2006
Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks
C. Montgomery Burns
Scrooge McDuck
Richie Rich
Jed Clampett
Mr. Monopoly
Bruce Wayne
Tony Stark
Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria
Thurston Howell III
Willy Wonka
Lucius Malfoy
Tony Montana
Lara Croft
Mario
show
2007
Scrooge McDuck
Ming the Merciless
Richie Rich
Mom
Jed Clampett
C. Montgomery Burns
Carter Pewterschmidt
Bruce Wayne
Thurston Howell III
Tony Stark
Fake Steve Jobs
Gomez Addams
Willy Wonka
Lucius Malfoy
Princess Peach
show
2008
Uncle Sam
Scrooge McDuck
Richie Rich
Gordon Gekko
Jabba the Hutt
Ebenezer Scrooge
Tony Stark
Thurston Howell III
Bruce Wayne
Adrian Veidt
Jed Clampett
Artemis Fowl II
C. Montgomery Burns
Lara Croft
Mr. Monopoly
show
2010
Carlisle Cullen
Scrooge McDuck
Richie Rich
Tony Stark
Jed Clampett
Adrian Veidt
Bruce Wayne
Tooth fairy
Thurston Howell III
Sir Topham Hatt
Artemis Fowl II
C. Montgomery Burns
Chuck Bass
Jay Gatsby
Lucille Bluth
show
2011
Scrooge McDuck
Carlisle Cullen
Artemis Fowl II
Richie Rich
Jed Clampett
Tony Stark
Smaug
Bruce Wayne
Mr. Monopoly
Arthur Bach
Jo Bennett
C. Montgomery Burns
Chuck Bass
Gordon Gekko
Jeffrey Lebowski
show
2012
Smaug
Flintheart Glomgold
Carlisle Cullen
Jed Clampett
Tony Stark
Richie Rich
Charles Foster Kane
Bruce Wayne
Forrest Gump
Mr. Monopoly
Lisbeth Salander
Tywin Lannister
C. Montgomery Burns
Robert Crawley
Jo Bennett
show
2013
Scrooge McDuck
Smaug
Carlisle Cullen
Tony Stark
Charles Foster Kane
Bruce Wayne
Richie Rich
Christian Grey
Tywin Lannister
C. Montgomery Burns
Walden Schmidt
Lara Croft
Mr. Monopoly
Mary Crawley
Jay Gatsby
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rich_Uncle_Pennybags&oldid=853896951"
Categories:
Advertising characters
Monopoly (game)
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2009
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Português
Српски / srpski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 17:22 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Morning_suit
mw-redirect
Morning suit

values: /wiki/Bowtie mw-redirect Bowtie

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Chance_cards
mw-redirect
Chance cards

values:
/wiki/Community_Chest_cards
mw-redirect
Community Chest cards

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.usaopoly.com/games?terms=1

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2009)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Elizabeth_Magie
mw-redirect
Elizabeth Magie

values: List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly

values: Monopoly Millionaires' Club (U.S. game show)

values:
/wiki/Monopoly_Party
mw-redirect
Monopoly Party

values:
/wiki/Monopoly_City_Streets
mw-redirect
Monopoly City Streets

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Forbes Fictional 15 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Oliver_%22Daddy%22_Warbucks
mw-redirect
Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Jed_Clampett
mw-redirect
Jed Clampett

values:
/wiki/Arthur_Bach
mw-redirect
Arthur Bach

values:
/wiki/Lucius_Malfoy
mw-redirect
Lucius Malfoy

values: Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mom_(Futurama)
mw-redirect
Mom (Futurama)

values:
/wiki/Carter_Pewterschmidt
mw-redirect
Carter Pewterschmidt

values:
/wiki/Fake_Steve_Jobs
mw-redirect
Fake Steve Jobs

values:
/wiki/Carlisle_Cullen
mw-redirect
Carlisle Cullen

values:
/wiki/Lucille_Bluth
mw-redirect
Lucille Bluth

values:
/wiki/Jeffrey_Lebowski
mw-redirect
Jeffrey Lebowski

values:
/wiki/Christian_Grey
mw-redirect
Christian Grey

values:
/wiki/Mary_Crawley
mw-redirect
Mary Crawley

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2009

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Богати ујка Пенибегс – Serbian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rich_Uncle_Pennybags rootpage-Rich_Uncle_Pennybags skin-vector action-view