text:
Indian Removal Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Indian Relocation Act of 1956.
The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and in the Trail of Tears.
Part of a series on
Genocide
Issues
Cultural genocide
Democide
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic relations
Ethnocide
Genocide
Genocidal rape
Utilitarian genocide
Double genocide
Holocaust uniqueness debate
Rwandan genocide
Genocide of indigenous peoples
European colonization of the Americas
Dzungar genocide, 1750s
Manifest Destiny
Indian Removal, 1830s
California Genocide, 1848–1873
Circassian genocide, 1860s
Selk'nam genocide, 1890s–1900s
Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904–1907
Greek genocide, 1914–1923
Assyrian genocide, 1914–1925
Armenian Genocide, 1915–1923
Libyan Genocide, 1923–1932
Soviet genocide
Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union
Soviet famine of 1932–33
Holodomor, 1931–1933
Kazakhstan, 1930–1933
Mass Deportations during World War II
Kalmyks, 1943
Chechens and Ingush, 1944
Crimean Tatars, 1944
Nazi Holocaust and genocide (1941–1945)
Final Solution
Porajmos
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs
Serbian genocide
Cold War
Indonesian genocide (1965–1966)
1971 Bangladesh genocide (1971)
Burundian genocides (1972 & 1993)
East Timorese genocide (1974–1999)
Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
Guatemalan genocide (1981–1983)
Kurdish genocide (1986–1989)
Isaaq genocide (1988–1989)
Contemporary genocide
Rwandan genocide (1994)
Bosnian genocide (1992–1995)
Srebrenica massacre (1995)
Darfur genocide (2003–)
Genocides by ISIS (2014–)
Yazidi genocide
Shia genocide
Christian genocide
Central African genocide
Related topics
Genocides in history
Khmer Rouge Killing Fields
Hutu Power
Holodomor genocide question
Extermination camp
Effects of genocide on youth
List by death toll
Mass killings under Communist regimes
Anti-communist mass killings
Mass killings compilation
Category
v
t
e
The Indian Removal Act was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands.[1][2][3][4][5] The Act was signed by Jackson and it was enforced under his administration and that of Martin Van Buren.[6]
The act enjoyed strong support from the White people of the South, but there was a large amount of resistance from the Indian tribes, the Whig Party, and whites in the northeast, especially New England. The Cherokee worked together as an independent nation to stop this relocation. However, the Cherokee were unsuccessful in their attempt to keep their land and were eventually forcibly removed by the United States government in a march to the west that later became known as the Trail of Tears.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Support and opposition
3 Vote
4 Implementation
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
President Andrew Jackson called for an American Indian Removal Act in his 1829 State of the Union address.
In the early 1800s, the United States government began a systematic effort to remove American Indian tribes from the southeast.[7] The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and original Cherokee Nations[8] had been established as autonomous nations in the southeastern United States.
This acculturation was originally proposed by George Washington and was well under way among the Cherokee and Choctaw by the turn of the 19th century.[9] In an effort to assimilate with American culture, Indians were encouraged to "convert to Christianity; learn to speak and read English; and adopt European-style economic practices such as the individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances, the ownership of African slaves)."[10] Thomas Jefferson's policy echoed Washington's proposition: respect the Indians' rights to their homelands, and allow the Five Tribes to remain east of the Mississippi provided that they adopt behavior and cultural practices that are compatible with those of other Americans. Jefferson encouraged practicing an agriculture-based society. However, Andrew Jackson sought to renew a policy of political and military action for the removal of the Indians from these lands and worked toward enacting a law for Indian removal.[11][12] In his 1829 State of the Union address, Jackson called for removal.[13]
The Indian Removal Act was put in place to give to the southern states the land that Indians had settled on. The act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 between Georgia and the federal government concerning such an event. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised Georgia that it would extinguish Indian title within the state's borders by purchase 'as soon as such purchase could be made upon reasonable terms'".[14] As time passed, southern states began to speed up the process by posing the argument that the deal between Georgia and the federal government had no contract and that southern states could pass the law themselves. This scheme forced the national government to pass the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to divide the United States territory west of the Mississippi into districts for tribes to replace the land from which they were removed.
In the 1823 case of Johnson v. M'Intosh, the United States Supreme Court handed down a decision stating that Indians could occupy and control lands within the United States but could not hold title to those lands.[15] Jackson viewed the union as a federation of highly esteemed states, as was common before the American Civil War. He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were foreign nations. Thus, the creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of state sovereignty under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or they were subject to the laws of existing states of the Union. Jackson urged Indians to assimilate and obey state laws. Further, he believed that he could only accommodate the desire for Indian self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement west of the Mississippi River on federal lands.[16][17]
Support and opposition[edit]
Congressional debates concerning Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, April 1830
The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, especially in Georgia, which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crisis.[18] Besides the Five Civilized Tribes, additional people affected included the Wyandot, the Kickapoo, the Potowatomi, the Shawnee, and the Lenape.[citation needed]
The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this time favored its passage, but there was also significant opposition. Many Christian missionaries protested it, most notably missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts. In Congress, New Jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen and Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett spoke out against the legislation. The Removal Act passed only after bitter debate in Congress.[19]
Jackson viewed the demise of Indian tribal nations as inevitable, pointing to the advancement of settled life and demise of tribal nations in the American northeast. He called his northern critics hypocrites, given the North's history. Indian tribes had become nearly extinct, Indian hunting grounds had been replaced with family farms, and state law had replaced tribal law. If the Indians of the south were to survive and their culture be maintained, they faced powerful historical forces that could only be postponed. He dismissed romantic portrayals of lost Indian culture as a sentimental longing for a simpler time in the past, stating that "progress requires moving forward."[20]
Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress has never for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the earth.… But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another.… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?[21][22][23]
According to historian H. W. Brands, Jackson sincerely believed that his population transfer was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Indians from "utter annihilation". Brands writes that, given the "racist realities of the time, Jackson was almost certainly correct in contending that for the Cherokees to remain in Georgia risked their extinction". Jackson portrayed his paternalism and federal support as a generous act of mercy.[20]
Vote[edit]
Andrew Jackson's December 1830 message to Congress, justifying the relocation of southeastern American Indian tribes allowed by the Indian Removal Act
On April 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19.[24] On May 26, 1830, the House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 101 to 97.[25] On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson.
Implementation[edit]
Main article: Indian removal
The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the West in an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears," a forced resettlement of the Indian population.[26][27][28][29] The first removal treaty signed was the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830, in which Choctaws in Mississippi ceded land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West. The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.
The Seminoles and other tribes did not leave peacefully, as they resisted the removal along with fugitive slaves. The Second Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the government allowing them to remain in the south Florida swamplands. Only a small number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war.[30]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Indian Removal Act
See also[edit]
Worcester v. Georgia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The U.S. Senate passed the bill on April 24, 1830 (28–19), the U.S. House passed it on May 26, 1830 (102–97); Prucha, Francis Paul, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, Volume I, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 206.
Jump up ^ The Congressional Record; May 26, 1830; House vote No. 149; Government Tracker online; retrieved October 2015
Jump up ^ "Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents of American History". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ The act has been referred to as a genocide.
Jump up ^ The "Indian Problem". 10:51-11:17: National Museum of the American Indian. March 3, 2015. Event occurs at 12:21. Retrieved April 16, 2018. When you move a people from one place to another, when you displace people, when you wrench people from their homelands... wasn't that genocide? We don't make the case that there was genocide. We know there was. Yet here we are.
Jump up ^ Lewey, Guenter (September 1, 2004). "Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?". Commentary. Retrieved March 8, 2017. Also available in reprint from the History News Network.
Jump up ^ "Indian Removal". PBS Africans in America: Judgment Day. WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999.
Jump up ^ These tribes were referred to as the "Five Civilized Tribes" by Colonial settlers.
Jump up ^ Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"". Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-8203-2731-X.
Jump up ^ "Trail of Tears". History.com. A+E Networks. 2009.
Jump up ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1803). "President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory". Retrieved 2012-07-14.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Andrew. "President Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal Act". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Jackson calls for Indian removal – North Carolina Digital History". www.learnnc.org. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ethan. "An Administrative Trail of Tears: Indian Removal". The American Journal of Legal History. 50 (1): 50–55.
Jump up ^ "Indial Removal 1814–1858". Public Broadcasting System. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Jump up ^ Brands, H.W. (2006). Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. Anchor. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-4000-3072-9.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Woodrow (1898). Division and Reunion 1829–1889. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 35–38.
Jump up ^ "Indian Removal Act". A&E Television Networks. 2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Howe pp. 348–52.
^ Jump up to: a b Brands; (2006); pp. 489–93
Jump up ^ Brands; (2006); p. 490
Jump up ^ "Statements from the Debate on Indian Removal". Columbia University. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Steven Mintz, ed. (1995). Native American Voices: A History and Anthology. 2. Brandywine Press. pp. 115–16.
Jump up ^ "To Order Engrossment and Third Reading of S. 102". GovTrack. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
Jump up ^ "To Pass S. 102. (P. 729)". GovTrack. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-21. The bill passed 101–97, with 11 not voting
Jump up ^ Robert E. Greenwood PhD (2007). Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government. Outskirts Press. p. 97.
Jump up ^ Rajiv Molhotra (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth. The Challenge of Eurocentrism. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 180, 184, 189, 199.
Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon (2008). Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism. Ohio University Press. pp. 15,141,254. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Ben Kiernan (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 328, 330.
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (2006). Give me liberty. Norton.
Further reading[edit]
Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. (2007) ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7
External links[edit]
Indian Removal Act and related resources, at the Library of Congress
1830 State of the Union on Indian Removal; Text at 100 Milestone Documents
show
v
t
e
Indian Removal
Battles and military incidents
(chronologically)
Battle of Burnt Corn (1813)
Fort Mims Massacre (1813)
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
Battle of Negro Fort (1816)
Battle of Fowltown (1817)
Scott Massacre (1817)
Attack at Fort Hughes (1817)
Battle of Ocheesee (1817–1818)
Seminole Wars
Policies and laws
Removal Act
Georgia Land Lotteries
Manifest destiny
Worcester v. Georgia
Removals (chronologically)
Indian removals in Indiana
Choctaw Trail of Tears (1831–1833)
Trail of Tears (1831–1838)
Cherokee removal (1836–1839)
Potawatomi Trail of Death (1838)
Sandy Lake Tragedy (1850)
Nome Cult Trail (1863)
Long Walk of the Navajo (1864)
Burt Lake burn-out (1900)
American politicians
and military officials
John C. Calhoun
Lewis Cass
James Gadsden
George Rockingham Gilmer
Andrew Jackson
Thomas Jefferson
James Monroe
Winfield Scott
John Tipton
David Wallace
People who helped Indians
or documented removals
Robert C. Ambrister
George Arbuthnot
Benjamin Hawkins
Edward Nicolls
Benjamin Marie Petit
George Winter
Land cession treaties
(chronologically)
Fort Stanwix (1st) (1768)
Fort Stanwix (2nd) (1784)
Fort McIntosh (1785)
Buffalo Creek (1st) (1788)
New York (1st) (1790)
New York (2nd) (1796)
Forbes Purchase (1804–1811)
Fort Jackson (1814)
Creek Agency (1818)
Doak's Stand (1820)
Indian Springs (1821)
Prairie du Chien (1st) (1825)
Prairie du Chien (2nd) (1829)
Prairie du Chien (3rd) (1829)
Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)
Prairie du Chien (4th) (1831)
Cusseta (1832)
Payne's Landing (1832)
Pontotoc Creek (1832)
New Echota (1835)
Buffalo Creek (2nd) (1838)
La Pointe (1st) (1842)
Buffalo Creek (3rd) (1842)
La Pointe (2nd) (1854)
Buffalo Creek (4th) (1857)
Landbases
Former reservations
in Oklahoma
Indian Territory
Indian barrier state (proposed)
Indian Reserve (1763)
Unassigned Lands
Related topics
Aboriginal title
in the Thirteen Colonies
Land claims settlements
Reservation politics
Reservation diminishment
Reservation checkerboarding
show
v
t
e
Rights of Native Americans in the United States
Case law
Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858)
Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879)
Ex parte Crow Dog (1883)
Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896)
Talton v. Mayes (1896)
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)
United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941)
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955)
Williams v. Lee (1959)
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960)
Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968)
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973)
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974)
Bryan v. Itasca County (1976)
United States v. Antelope (1977)
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982)
Solem v. Bartlett (1984)
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985)
South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986)
Hodel v. Irving (1987)
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989)
Duro v. Reina (1990)
South Dakota v. Bourland (1993)
Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997)
Idaho v. United States (2001)
United States v. Lara (2004)
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005)
Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009)
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013)
Legislation
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
American Indian Religious Freedom Act
Burke Act
Civilization Act
Curtis Act
Dawes Act
Diminishment
Indian Arts and Crafts Act
Indian Child Welfare Act
Indian Citizenship Act
Indian Civil Rights Act
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
Indian Removal Act
Indian Reorganization Act
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Nationality Act
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Native American Languages Act
Nonintercourse Act
Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
Related
Aboriginal title
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Cherokee Commission
Dawes Rolls
Eagle feather law
Eagle-bone whistle
Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
Legal status of Hawaii
Hunting license
In the Courts of the Conqueror
National Indian Gaming Commission
Native American gaming
Native American Rights Fund
Public Law 280
Recognition of sacred sites
State recognized tribes
Treaty rights
Tribal sovereignty
Federally recognized tribes
Self-determination
show
v
t
e
Aboriginal title in the United States
Statutes
Colonial era
Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions (1629 New Netherland)
Royal Proclamation of 1763 (British North America)
Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
United States
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
Nonintercourse Act (1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
Removal Act (1830)
Dawes Act (1887)
Diminishment
Curtis Act of 1898
Reorganization Act (1934)
Indian Claims Commission Act (1946)
Indian Land Claims Settlements (1978–2006)
Indian Claims Limitations Act (1982)
Precedents
Marshall Court
Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Taney Court
Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858)
1890—1950
Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896)
United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941)
Warren Court
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955)
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960)
Burger Court
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974)
Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (1979)
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985)
South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe (1986)
Rehnquist Court
Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997)
Idaho v. United States (2001)
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005)
By state
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Indiana
Louisiana
Maine
Michigan
New Mexico
New York
Oklahoma
Rhode Island
Vermont
Compare
Indigenous land rights
Aboriginal title
in Australia
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
List of federally recognized tribes
Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
Legal status of Hawaii
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 7846131-5
LCCN: n2002110897
VIAF: 178758884
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Removal_Act&oldid=846655095"
Categories:
1830 in law
1830 in the United States
19th-century colonization of the Americas
American Old West
Aboriginal title in the United States
Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
Presidency of Andrew Jackson
Ethnic cleansing in the United States
Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States
Indian Territory
Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
United States federal Native American legislation
Trail of Tears
Native American history of Florida
Muscogee
Seminole people
Legal history of Florida
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
中文
15 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 June 2018, at 03:27 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_relations
mw-redirect
Ethnic relations

values:
/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate
mw-redirect
Holocaust uniqueness debate

values:
/wiki/Manifest_Destiny
mw-redirect
Manifest Destiny

values:
/wiki/Indian_Removal
mw-redirect
Indian Removal

values:
/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles
mw-redirect
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles

values:
/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs
mw-redirect
Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs

values:
/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs
mw-redirect
World War II persecution of Serbs

values:
/wiki/Indonesian_genocide
mw-redirect
Indonesian genocide

values:
/wiki/East_Timorese_genocide
mw-redirect
East Timorese genocide

values:
/wiki/Yazidi_genocide
mw-redirect
Yazidi genocide

values:
/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL
mw-redirect
Genocide of Christians by ISIL

values:
/wiki/Central_African_genocide
mw-redirect
Central African genocide

values: List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Choctaw_Nation
mw-redirect
Choctaw Nation

values:
/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)
mw-redirect
Cherokee Nation (19th century)

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/U.S._Senate
mw-redirect
U.S. Senate

values:
/wiki/H.W._Brands
mw-redirect
H.W. Brands

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Fort_Mims_Massacre
mw-redirect
Fort Mims Massacre

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Negro_Fort
mw-redirect
Battle of Negro Fort

values: List of historical Indian reservations in the United States

values: Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Standing_Bear_v._Crook
mw-redirect
Standing Bear v. Crook

values: United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.

values: McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission

values: South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.

values: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975

values: United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians

values: Recognition of Native American sacred sites in the United States

values: State recognized tribes in the United States

values: Template:Aboriginal title in the United States

values: Template talk:Aboriginal title in the United States

values: Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783

values: Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (page does not exist)

values: Category:Indigenous land rights in Hawaii

values: Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton

values: Category:Native American tribes in Michigan

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7846131-5

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/178758884

values: Category:19th-century colonization of the Americas

values: Category:Aboriginal title in the United States

values: Category:Ethnic cleansing in the United States

values: Category:Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States

values: Category:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:United States federal Native American legislation

values: Category:Native American history of Florida

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: قانون إزالة الهنود – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: قانون جابه‌جایی سرخ‌پوستان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 인디언 이주법 – Korean

values: Undang-Undang Pemindahan Indian – Indonesian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Indián-kitelepítési Határozat – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: インディアン移住法 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Закон о переселении индейцев – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Закон о пресељењу Индијанаца – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Zakon o preseljenju Indijanaca – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: รัฐบัญญัติว่าด้วยการโยกย้ายถิ่นฐานของชาวอเมริกันอินเดียน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: 印第安人迁移法案 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indian_Removal_Act rootpage-Indian_Removal_Act skin-vector action-view


text:
Anthem (novella)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Anthem
Cover of the first edition
Author
Ayn Rand
Language
English
Genre
Science fiction
Publisher
Cassell (first)
Pamphleteers (revised)
Publication date
1938 (first)
1946 (revised)
OCLC
32132103
Anthem is a dystopian fiction novella by Ayn Rand, written in 1937 and first published in 1938 in the United Kingdom. The story takes place at an unspecified future date when mankind has entered another Dark Age. Technological advancement is now carefully planned and the concept of individuality has been eliminated. A young man known as Equality 7-2521 rebels by doing secret scientific research. When his activity is discovered, he flees into the wilderness with the girl he loves. Together they plan to establish a new society based on rediscovered individualism.
Rand originally conceived of the story as a play, then decided to write for magazine publication. At her agent's suggestion, she submitted it to book publishers. The novella was first published by Cassell in England. It was published in the United States only after Rand's next novel, The Fountainhead, became a best seller. Rand revised the text for the US edition, which was published in 1946.
Contents
1 Plot
2 History
2.1 Development
2.2 Publication history
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Awards and nominations
4 Legacy
4.1 Adaptations
4.2 Influence
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
7.1 Works cited
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Equality 7-2521, a 21-year-old man writing by candlelight in a tunnel under the earth, tells the story of his life up to that point. He exclusively uses plural pronouns ("we", "our", "they") to refer to himself and others. He was raised like all children in his society, away from his parents in collective homes. He believes he has a "curse" that makes him learn quickly and ask many questions. He excels at the Science of Things and dreams of becoming a Scholar, but when the Council of Vocations assigns his Life Mandate, he is assigned to be a Street Sweeper.
Equality 7-2521 accepts his street sweeping assignment as penance for his Transgression of Preference in secretly desiring to be a Scholar. He works with Union 5-3992 and International 4-8818, who is Equality's only friend (which is another Transgression of Preference). Despite International's protests that any exploration unauthorized by a Council is forbidden, Equality explores a tunnel and finds metal tracks. Equality believes the tunnel is from the Unmentionable Times of the distant past. He begins sneaking away from his community to use the tunnel as a laboratory for scientific experiments. He is using stolen paper to write his journal.
While cleaning a road at the edge of the City, Equality meets Liberty 5-3000, a 17-year-old Peasant girl who works in the fields. He commits another transgression by thinking constantly of her, instead of waiting to be assigned a woman at the annual Time of Mating. She has dark eyes and golden hair, and he names her "The Golden One". When he speaks to her, he discovers that she also thinks of him. He reveals his secret name for her, and Liberty tells Equality she has named him "The Unconquered".
Continuing his scientific work, Equality rediscovers electricity. In the ruins of the tunnel, he finds a glass box with wires that gives off light when he passes electricity through it. He decides to take his discovery to the World Council of Scholars; he thinks such a great gift to mankind will outweigh his transgressions and lead to him being made a Scholar. However, one night his absence from the Home of the Street Sweepers is noticed. He is whipped and held in the Palace of Corrective Detention. The night before the World Council of Scholars is set to meet, he easily escapes; there are no guards because no one has ever attempted escape before. The next day he presents his work to the World Council of Scholars. Horrified that he has done unauthorized research, they assail him as a "wretch" and a "gutter cleaner" and say he must be punished. They want to destroy his discovery so it will not disrupt the plans of the World Council and the Department of Candles. Equality seizes the box, cursing the council before fleeing into the forest that lies outside the City.
In the forest, Equality sees himself as damned for having left his fellow men, but he enjoys his freedom. No one will pursue him into this forbidden place. He only misses the Golden One. On his second day of living in the forest, the Golden One appears; she followed him into the forest. They live together in the forest and try to express their love for one another, but they lack the words to speak of love as individuals.
They find a house from the Unmentionable Times in the mountains and decide to live in it. While reading books from the house's library, Equality discovers the word "I" and tells the Golden One about it. Having rediscovered individuality, they give themselves new names from the books: Equality becomes "Prometheus" and Liberty becomes "Gaea". Gaea is pregnant with Prometheus' child. Prometheus wonders how men in the past could have given up their individuality; he plans a future in which they will regain it.
History[edit]
Development[edit]
Ayn Rand initially conceived Anthem as a play when she was a teenager living in Soviet Russia.[1] After migrating to the United States, Rand didn't think of writing Anthem, but reconsidered after reading a short story in The Saturday Evening Post set in the future.[note 1] Seeing that mainstream magazines would publish speculative fiction, she decided to try submitting Anthem to them. She wrote the story in the summer of 1937, while taking a break from research she was doing for her next novel, The Fountainhead.[2]
Rand's working title was Ego. Leonard Peikoff explains the meaning behind this title: "[Rand] is (implicitly) upholding the central principles of her philosophy and of her heroes: reason, values, volition, individualism." Thinking that the original title was too blunt, unemotional, and would give away too much of the theme, Rand changed the title to Anthem. "The present novel, in Miss Rand's mind, was from the outset an ode to man's ego. It was not difficult, therefore, to change the working title: to move from 'ego' to 'ode' or 'anthem', leaving the object celebrated by the ode to be discovered by the reader."[3]
There are similarities between Anthem and the 1921 novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin, another author who had lived in communist Russia. These include:
A novel taking the form of a secret diary or journal.
People are identified by codes instead of names.
Children separated from their parents and brought up by the State.
Individualism disposed of in favor of collective will.
A male protagonist who discovers individuality through his relationship with a female character.
A forest as a 'free' place outside the dystopian city.
The protagonist discovers a link to the past, when people were free, in a tunnel under the Earth.
There are also a number of differences between the two stories. For example, the society of We is in no scientific or technological decay, featuring X-rays, airplanes, microphones, and so on. In contrast, the people of Anthem believe that the world is flat and the sun revolves around it, and that bleeding people is a decent form of medicine. The similarities have led to speculation about whether Rand's story was directly influenced by Zamyatin's.[4][5] However, there is little evidence that Rand was influenced by or even read Zamyatin's work, and she never mentioned it in discussions of her life in Russia.[4][6]
Publication history[edit]
Anthem was reprinted in the June 1953 issue of the pulp magazine Famous Fantastic Mysteries.
Initially, Rand planned on publishing Anthem as a magazine story or serial, but her agent encouraged her to publish it as a book. She submitted it simultaneously to Macmillan Publishers in America and Cassell in England. Both had handled her previous novel, We the Living.[7] Cassell agreed to publish Anthem, but Macmillan declined it. According to Peikoff, "[Macmillan's] comment was: the author does not understand socialism."[8] Another American publisher also turned it down, and Rand's agent was unable to sell it as a magazine serial. Cassell published it in England in 1938.[9]
After the success of The Fountainhead, a revised edition of Anthem was published in the US in 1946 by Pamphleteers, Inc., a small libertarian-oriented publishing house owned by Rand's friends Leonard Read and William C. Mullendore.[10] The original English edition (Cassell 1938) entered the public domain in the United States in 1966, due to the failure to renew its copyright after 28 years as then required by US copyright law. A 50th Anniversary Edition was published in 1995, including an appendix which reproduces the Cassell edition with Rand's handwritten editorial changes.
Since its publication in 1946, the revised version of Anthem has sold more than 3.5 million copies.[11]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The original UK edition received mostly positive reviews; several praised Rand's imagination and her support of individualism. In The Sunday Times, reviewer Dilys Powell complimented its "simplicity and sincerity". Anti-communist journalist Malcolm Muggeridge gave a mixed review in The Daily Telegraph, saying it had appeal, but its dystopia was not believable.[12] A short review by Maurice Richardson in The Observer said it was "highly unconvincing, in spite of some extremely eloquent writing".[13]
Reviewing the 1953 American edition for a genre audience, Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas were unsympathetic. Saying that "Rand implies that a sinister conspiracy of purveyors of brotherhood has prevented its American publication until now", they ironically concluded, "One can only regret that the conspiracy finally broke down."[14]
Awards and nominations[edit]
The Libertarian Futurist Society awarded Anthem its Hall of Fame Award in 1987.[15] In 2014, Anthem was nominated for a Retrospective Hugo Award for "Best Novella".[16]
Legacy[edit]
Adaptations[edit]
Following the release of Anthem in the United States, Rand explored opportunities for having it adapted to other media. She had discussions about potential film, opera, and ballet adaptations, but these projects were never realized.[17] In 1950, a radio adaptation was done for The Freedom Story, a weekly radio program produced by Spiritual Mobilization, a Christian libertarian group.[18]
In 1991, Michael Paxton wrote, directed, and co-produced a stage adaptation of Anthem, which appeared at the Lex Theater in Hollywood.[19]
In 2011, Anthem was adapted into a graphic novel by Charles Santino, with artwork by Joe Staton.[20] In the same year it was released as an unabridged audiobook by ABN, the narration by Jason McCoy described as 'stirring and evocative'.[21]
The book was adapted into a stage play in 2013 by Jeff Britting, the department manager of the Ayn Rand Archives at the Ayn Rand Institute. First performed in Denver, it opened Off-Broadway in September 2013 at the Jerome Robbins Theater. The New York Times review stated, "For a play that celebrates the individual, Anthem sure doesn’t trust its audience. Instead of illustrating ideas, this sporadically interesting show too often delivers exposition, desperate to overexplain rather than risk a moment of misunderstanding."[22]
The novella inspired a spoof rock musical, premiering Off-Broadway at the Lynn Redgrave Theatre in May 2014. The cast included Randy Jones of The Village People, Jason Gotay, Jenna Leigh Green, Remy Zaken, and Ashley Kate Adams.[23] The review in The New York Times criticized the acting of the leads, but called the show "exuberant" and better than a straight adaptation.[24]
Influence[edit]
The work has inspired many musical pieces, including full-length albums. According to Enzo Stuarti, Pat Boone composed the music and his friend Frank Lovejoy wrote the lyrics of the song "Prelude", featured in the album Stuarti Arrives at Carnegie Hall. The song begins with a line right out of Anthem. In another point of the song it reads: "...I guard my treasures: my thought, my will, my land, and my freedom. And the greatest of these is freedom." In Anthem, it reads: "...I guard my treasures: my thought, my will, my land, my freedom. And the greatest of these is freedom." A memo to Rand dated May 4, 1964, mentions the unauthorized adaptation, but there is no indication that she took any legal action.[25]
Robert Silverberg's 1971 novel A Time of Changes also depicts a society where I is a forbidden word and where the protagonist rebels against this prohibition. In a 2009 preface to a reprint edition of his novel, Silverberg said he had read Anthem in 1953, but had long forgotten it when he wrote A Time of Changes. He was surprised to see the similarities when he rediscovered Rand's story, but said overall the two books are very different.[26]
Anthem is also credited by Neil Peart for influencing Rush's "2112" with strong parallels to the plot, structure, and theme of Anthem. Peart has said that although he had read Anthem, he was not consciously thinking of the story when he wrote the song; however when the similarities were pointed out, he realized that there must have been some unconscious influence, and gave credit to "the genius of Ayn Rand" in the liner notes. The band also released a song called "Anthem" on their Fly by Night album, and their Canadian record label (co-founded by Rush manager Ray Danniels) is Anthem Records.
See also[edit]
Linguistic relativity
We (1982 film)
The Glass Fortress (film)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The story Rand read was probably "By the Waters of Babylon" by Stephen Vincent Benét, which was published as "The Place of the Gods" in the July 31, 1937 issue of the Post.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peikoff, Leonard, "Introduction" in Rand 1995, p. viii
Jump up ^ Peikoff, Leonard. "Introduction". In Rand 1995, p. ix
Jump up ^ Peikoff, Leonard. "Introduction". In Rand 1995, p. vi
^ Jump up to: a b Saint-Andre 2003
Jump up ^ Gimpelevich 1997
Jump up ^ Milgram, Shosana. "Anthem in the Context of Related Literary Works". In Mayhew 2005, pp. 136–141
Jump up ^ Heller 2009, p. 104; Burns 2009, p. 50
Jump up ^ Peikoff, Leonard. "Introduction". In Rand 1995, p. x
Jump up ^ Heller 2009, p. 104
Jump up ^ Heller 2009, p. 198; Burns 2009, p. 102
Jump up ^ Ralston, Richard E. "Publishing Anthem". In Mayhew 2005, pp. 24–27
Jump up ^ Berliner, Michael S. "Reviews of Anthem". In Mayhew 2005, pp. 55–57
Jump up ^ Richardson, Maurice (June 26, 1938). "New Novels: A Knot in the Old School Tie". The Observer – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Recommended Reading". The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. October 1953. p. 72.
Jump up ^ "Prometheus Awards". Libertarian Futurist Society. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1939 Retro-Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Britting, Jeff. "Adapting Anthem: Projects that Were and Might Have Been". In Mayhew 2005, pp. 61–63, 65
Jump up ^ Britting, Jeff. "Adapting Anthem: Projects that Were and Might Have Been". In Mayhew 2005, p. 64
Jump up ^ "Anthem (Stage Play version)". michaelpaxton.com. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Randle, Robert. "Anthem: A Graphic Novel". New York Journal of Books. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Audiobook Review - Anthem by Ayn Rand (narrated by Jason McCoy)", Booklover Book Reviews
Jump up ^ Jarorowski, Ken (October 8, 2013). "The Me Generation Would Struggle Here". p. C6.
Jump up ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (April 4, 2014). "At Long Last, We're Getting An Ayn Rand Musical". io9. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Webster, Andy (May 29, 2014). "Songs, Jokes and Twirls? Just Don't Tell Ayn Rand". p. C3.
Jump up ^ Britting, Jeff. "Adapting Anthem: Projects that Were and Might Have Been". In Mayhew 2005, pp. 66–67
Jump up ^ Silverberg 2009, pp. 10–12
Works cited[edit]
Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532487-7. OCLC 313665028.
Gimpelevich, Zina (1997). "'We' and 'I' in Zamyatin's We and Rand's Anthem". Germano-Slavica. 10 (1): 13–23.
Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30321-5. OCLC 40359365.
Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4513-1. OCLC 319595162.
Gladstein, Mimi Reisel & Sciabarra, Chris Matthew, eds. (1999). Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon series. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01830-5. OCLC 38885754.
Heller, Anne C. (2009). Ayn Rand and the World She Made. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51399-9. OCLC 229027437.
Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2005). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-1030-6. OCLC 255289400.
Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). Ayn Rand: First Descriptive Bibliography. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. ISBN 0-9610494-8-0. OCLC 23216055.
Merrill, Ronald E. (1991). The Ideas of Ayn Rand. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9157-1. OCLC 23254190.
Rand, Ayn (1995) [1938]. Anthem. Introduction and appendix by Leonard Peikoff (50th anniversary ed.). New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94015-4. OCLC 317624468.
Rand, Ayn (2000). Boeckmann, Tore, ed. The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers. New York: Plume. ISBN 0-452-28154-7. OCLC 934792412.
Saint-Andre, Peter (Spring 2003). "Zamyatin and Rand". Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 4 (2): 285–304.
Silverberg, Robert (2009) [1971]. "Preface". A Time of Changes. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 978-0-7653-2231-9. OCLC 836855251.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Anthem
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthem (novella).
Anthem at Project Gutenberg
Anthem at Google Books
Page images of 1953 edition from HathiTrust
Anthem study guide from CliffsNotes
Anthem public domain audiobook at LibriVox
hide
v
t
e
Ayn Rand
Bibliography
Novels
We the Living (1936)
Anthem (1938)
The Fountainhead (1943)
Atlas Shrugged (1957)
Ideal (2015)
Non-fiction books
For the New Intellectual (1961)
Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1979)
The Art of Fiction (2000)
Essay collections
The Virtue of Selfishness (1964)
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966)
The Romantic Manifesto (1969)
The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution (1971)
Philosophy: Who Needs It (1982)
Screenplays
Red Pawn (1932)
Love Letters (1945)
You Came Along (1945)
The Fountainhead (1949)
Theatrical plays
Night of January 16th (1934)
Ideal (1934)
The Unconquered (1940)
Other
The Early Ayn Rand (1984)
Letters of Ayn Rand (1995)
Journals of Ayn Rand (1997)
Objectivist periodicals
Philosophy
Objectivism
Objectivism and libertarianism
Objectivism and homosexuality
Objectivism's rejection of the primitive
Randian hero
Influence
The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies
Objectivist movement
List of people influenced by Ayn Rand
Objectivist Party
Biographical depictions
Ayn Rand and the World She Made
Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life
Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical
The Ayn Rand Cult
Goddess of the Market
Judgment Day
The Passion of Ayn Rand (book)
The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)
Who Is Ayn Rand?
Film adaptations
The Night of January 16th (1941)
We the Living (1942)
The Fountainhead (1949)
Gawaahi (1989)
Atlas Shrugged (film series): Part I (2011), Part II (2012), Part III (2014)
Theatrical adaptations
The Unconquered (1940)
The Fountainhead (2014)
Characters
List of Atlas Shrugged characters
John Galt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthem_(novella)&oldid=861384553"
Categories:
1938 American novels
1938 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
American novellas
Cassell (publisher) books
Dystopian novels
English-language books
American novels adapted into plays
Novels by Ayn Rand
Philosophical novels
Prometheus Award-winning works
Russian-American novels
Russian novellas
Hidden categories:
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Articles with LibriVox links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Español
Esperanto
Français
日本語
Norsk
Shqip
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 September 2018, at 01:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

attrs: class title

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: href title

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32132103

values:
/wiki/Dystopian_fiction
mw-redirect
Dystopian fiction

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)
mw-redirect
Gaia (mythology)

values:
/wiki/Soviet_Russia
mw-redirect
Soviet Russia

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Magazine cover showing a shirtless man holding a bundle of lightning bolts.

values:
/wiki/US_copyright_law
mw-redirect
US copyright law

values:
/wiki/Retrospective_Hugo_Award
mw-redirect
Retrospective Hugo Award

values: Spiritual Mobilization (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Jerome_Robbins_Theater
mw-redirect
Jerome Robbins Theater

values:
/wiki/The_Glass_Fortress_(film)
mw-redirect
The Glass Fortress (film)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lfs.org/awards.shtml

values:
/wiki/The_Hugo_Awards
mw-redirect
The Hugo Awards

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/313665028

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40359365

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/319595162

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38885754

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/229027437

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/255289400

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23216055

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23254190

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/317624468

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/934792412

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/836855251

values: Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism

values: Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology

values: Objectivism's rejection of the primitive

values: Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:American science fiction novels

values: Category:American novels adapted into plays

values: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Anthem_(novella)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem
Anthem – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Гімн (повість) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Anthem_novella rootpage-Anthem_novella skin-vector action-view