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Listen to Your Heart (Roxette song)
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For the song by Little River Band, see Get Lucky.
"Listen to Your Heart"
Single by Roxette
from the album Look Sharp!
B-side
"(I Could Never) Give You Up"
Released
27 September 1988
Format
7"
12"
CD
Recorded
August 1988
Studio
EMI Studios, Stockholm
Genre
Pop rock
Length
5:28 (album version)
5:14 (Swedish radio edit)
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Per Gessle
Mats Persson
Producer(s)
Clarence Öfwerman
Roxette singles chronology
"Dressed for Success"
(1988) "Listen to Your Heart"
(1988) "Chances"
(1988)
"Dressed for Success"
(1988) "Listen to Your Heart"
(1988) "Chances"
(1988)
Music video
"Listen to Your Heart" on YouTube
"Listen to Your Heart" is a song by the Swedish pop duo Roxette. The song was originally released in September 1988 in Sweden as the second single from their second studio album, Look Sharp! (1988). It went on to become one of the most successful singles of 1989, reaching number one in both the US and Canada. The song was written by Per Gessle and former Gyllene Tider guitarist Mats "M.P." Persson. The song was released in the UK in October 1989 and originally peaked at number 62, but was re-issued in August 1990 as a double A-side with "Dangerous" and reached number six, following the success of their previous single "It Must Have Been Love". In 2005, Belgian trance act DHT released a remixed version of the song, which became a top 10 hit in numerous territories, including France, the Netherlands, the UK and the US.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and style
2 Music video
3 Formats and track listings
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Chart succession
6 Certifications
7 DHT cover (2005)
7.1 Track listings
7.2 Charts
7.2.1 Peak positions
7.2.2 Year-end charts
7.2.3 Certifications
7.2.4 Chart successions
8 Other cover versions
9 Sampling
10 Appearances in other media
11 References
12 External links
Composition and style[edit]
Per Gessle described "Listen to Your Heart" in the liner notes of Roxette's 1995 greatest hits compilation Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! as "The Big Bad Ballad. This is us trying to recreate that overblown American FM-rock sound to the point where it almost becomes absurd. We really wanted to see how far we could take it."[1] Its lyrics were inspired by a close friend of Gessle's, who was in "emotional turmoil, stuck between an old relationship and a new love. A year later, I call him up in the middle of the night after a few too many glasses of champagne, saying 'Hey, you're number one in the States.'"[2]
According to Ultimate Guitar, the track is an alternative rock ballad, with a moderately slow tempo of 86 beats per minute. The verses are made up of three repeating sequences of Bm–G–A and one additional sequence of Bm–G–Em. The first two choruses are composed of two repetitions of a Bm–G–D–A sequence, followed by an extended sequence of D–A–G–D–Bm–G–A–Bm. The bridge consists of E–C♯m–B–A–B–C♯. The final chorus has been modified up by almost two octaves: it consists of two repetitions of D♯m–B–F♯–C♯, followed by an extended sequence of F♯–C♯–B–F♯–D♯m–B–C♯–D♯m–B, with the final three notes being repeated for the outro.[3]
Music video[edit]
Doug Freel directed the song's music video, which was filmed at the Borgholm Castle ruin on the Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland.[4] Freel and the video's production crew believed the ruin to have been created especially for the video. Gessle said: "It took some time to convince them that the place actually was for real."[1]
Three different versions of the song are available: the original album version; a slightly modified version that was included on subsequent greatest hits compilations; and the "US Remix", which is used in the music video. The song has been performed on all of Roxette's concert tours. On the Look Sharp! Live Tour and Join the Joyride! Tour, it was performed in its original, power ballad style, although it has been performed in an acoustic version on all tours since the Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour in 1994.[5]
Formats and track listings[edit]
All music by Per Gessle, except "Listen to Your Heart" by Gessle and Mats Persson; "Half a Woman, Half a Shadow" by Marie Fredriksson and Gessle. All lyrics by Gessle.
EU 7" single (Sweden 1363237 · UK EM108)
EU cassette (UK TCEM108)
"Listen to Your Heart" – 5:12
"(I Could Never) Give You Up" – 3:59
US 7" single (B-50223)
US cassette (4JM-50223)
"Listen to Your Heart" – 5:12
"Half a Woman, Half a Shadow" – 3:33
CD single (UK CDEM108)
"Listen to Your Heart" (Single Mix) – 5:14
"Dressed for Success" (New Radio Mix) – 3:56
"(I Could Never) Give You Up" – 3:58
"Neverending Love" (Live) – 3:31
CD single (1990 UK and Ireland reissue) (UK CDEM149)
"Listen to Your Heart" (Swedish Single Version) – 5:12
"Dangerous" – 3:46
"Listen to Your Heart" (US Mix) – 4:53
"Dangerous" (U.S. Club Edit) – 3:46
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Ballad Hits.[2]
Recorded at EMI Studios in Stockholm, Sweden in August 1988.
Mixed by Alar Suurna, Per Gessle and Clarence Öfwerman at EMI Studios in Stockholm.
Musicians
Marie Fredriksson — lead and background vocals
Per Gessle — background vocals
Per "Pelle" Alsing — drums
Anders Herrlin — programming and engineering
Jonas Isaacson — electric guitar
Clarence Öfwerman — keyboards, programming, production
Alar Suurna — engineering
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1988–90)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[6]
10
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[8]
3
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[9]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[10]
18
Germany (Official German Charts)[11]
7
Ireland (IRMA)[12]
5
Italy (FIMI)[13]
18
Japan International (Oricon)[14]
3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[15]
3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16]
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[17]
11
Poland Airplay (ZPAV)[18]
1
Spain (AFYVE)[19]
17
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[20]
3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[21]
8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22]
6
US Billboard Hot 100[23]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[24]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1989)
Position
Canadian Singles (RPM)[25]
29
Dutch Singles (Top 40)[26]
73
Dutch Singles (Top 100)[27]
75
German Singles (GfK)[28]
45
Italian Singles (FIMI)[29]
86
US Billboard Hot 100[14]
22
US Singles (Cashbox)[14]
19
US Radio Songs (Billboard)[14]
12
US Pop Songs (Billboard)[14]
33
Chart (1990)
Position
Belgian Singles (Ultratop Flanders)[30]
98
Brazilian Singles (ABPD)[14]
40
UK Singles (OCC)[31]
84
Chart succession[edit]
Preceded by
"Miss You Much" by Janet Jackson Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
4 November 1989 Succeeded by
"When I See You Smile" by Bad English
Preceded by
"Sowing the Seeds of Love" by Tears for Fears Canadian "RPM" Singles Chart number-one single
25 November 1989
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Austria (IFPI Austria)[32]
Gold 25,000*
Sweden (GLF)[33]
Gold 25,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
DHT cover (2005)[edit]
"Listen to Your Heart"
Single by DHT featuring Edmée
from the album Listen to Your Heart
Released
November 2004 (US)
August 2005 (UK)
Format
CD single, CD maxi
Genre
Trance, Eurodance (original)
Acoustic, piano rock (unplugged)
Label
Ministry of Sound
Songwriter(s)
Per Gessle
Mats Persson
Producer(s)
Flor Theeuwes, Jeffrey Vissers,
Thunder Deejay
DHT featuring Edmée singles chronology
"Listen to Your Heart"
(2004) "Driver's Seat"
(2005)
"Listen to Your Heart"
(2004) "Driver's Seat"
(2005)
In 2005, Belgian dance group DHT's trance cover of "Listen to Your Heart" became a worldwide club hit after being released as single from the album Listen to Your Heart. Originally released in Belgium in 2003, the various mixes of the song reached U.S. clubs in late 2004. The song was released in the U.S. in November 2004. By June 2005, the song reached number one on Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart and the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number eight in August. The same year, the group also released the "Edmée's unplugged vocal edit", an acoustic ballad version of the song, which also received substantial airplay.
Track listings[edit]
CD single
"Listen to Your Heart" — 4:32
"My Dream" — 3:55
CD maxi
"Listen to Your Heart" (Edmée's unplugged vocal edit) — 4:32
"Listen to Your Heart" (Furious F.EZ radio edit) — 3:50
"Listen to Your Heart" (Uniting Nations remix) — 7:11
"Listen to Your Heart" (Furious F.EZ extended mix) — 4:54
"Listen to Your Heart" (Hixxy remix) — 7:11
"Listen to Your Heart" (Friday Night Posse remix) — 7:29
Digital download
"Listen to Your Heart" — 4:32
Charts[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[34] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[35] 15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[36] 12
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[37] 2
Denmark (Tracklisten)[38] 13
France (SNEP)[39] 7
Germany (Official German Charts)[40] 81
Ireland (IRMA)[41] 12
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[42] 10
Norway (VG-lista)[43] 19
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[44] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[45] 100
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[46] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[47] 8
US Billboard Pop Songs[48] 1
US Billboard Adult Pop Songs[49] 13
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[50] 6
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2005)
Position
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[51] 78
Dutch Top 40[52] 37
French Singles Chart[53] 34
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
U.S.[54] Gold October 5, 2005 500,000
Chart successions[edit]
Preceded by
"One Word" by Kelly Osbourne Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number one single
July 9, 2005 – July 30, 2005 Succeeded by
"Don't Cha" by Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes
Other cover versions[edit]
In 1990, Greek singer Sofia Vossou released a cover called Akou tin kardia (Listen to the heart)
Hong Kong pop singer Shirley Kwan released a Cantonese version of the song called "這是我心裡對白" (English: This is the Monologue of My Heart) in her 1990 album True Love.
"Habla El Corazón", a Spanish version of the song, was released in March 2007 by Mexican artist Yuridia, who covered the track for her second album of the same name. This version peaked at #44 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.[55]
In 2008, Finnish Gothic metal band Reflexion recorded a cover version of the song as a bonus track on their EP Twilight Child, and later released the cover as a bonus track on their 2008 album Dead to the Past, Blind for Tomorrow.
In 2009, Scottish power metal band Ascension recorded a cover and released it as a single.
In 2009, Filipino singer Sarah Geronimo recorded a cover version of the song for her album Music and Me.
In 2010, Lebanese-German singer Fady Maalouf included a cover of the song on his album Into the Light
In 2011, Tommy Johansson of the band ReinXeed covered the song for the compilation Swedish Hitz Goes Metal.
In 2013, Former Celtic Woman member, Chloë Agnew performed a live version with Hamden, Connecticut-based Pop/New Age artist, The 465 CT Transit driver during The Arrivals Ceremony at Newark Liberty International Airport.
This song is also covered by Schnuffel Bunny's counterpart Snuggelina.
In 2015, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) and Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff) covered the song for the 11th episode of sixth and final season of Glee.
Also in 2015, Wakefield, Massachusetts rap star Ben Mader released a cover of the song on his YouTube channel.
In 2017 Electronic Music artists Dash Berlin and Christina Novelli combined to create both a dance and acoustic version.
Also in 2017 Swedish dj INÉZ released a tropical house flavored version of the song..
In 2015, DeAnna Johnson covered this song on The Voice.
Sampling[edit]
In 2009, rapper Juvenile sampled the song for his album Cocky & Confident and renamed it "Listen".
In 2014 Danish electro-pop duo Electric Lady Lab sampled the song on "Hurts".
In 2016 English hip hop artist Lowkey sampled the song on his single "Ahmed".
Appearances in other media[edit]
"Listen to Your Heart" was used by the dissident political party Civic Forum in its television advertisements for the 1989 Czechoslovakian elections, one of the first elections in Eastern Europe that came with collapse of communism.[citation needed]
"Listen to Your Heart" was likewise used in election broadcasts by the then right-wing liberal party Fidesz led by Viktor Orbán for the 1990 Hungarian elections.[56][57]
The song appeared in a 1989 episode of the Brazilian soap opera O Sexo dos Anjos by Globo TV.[58]
The song was used in the Cold Case first season episode "Maternal Instincts" which aired in 2004.
In 2005, the song was featured on the TV show Reunion.
The song can be sung in the 2008 Xbox 360 video game, Lips.
The song was featured in the second episode of the fourth season of The Goldbergs.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! liner notes.". Archived from the original on March 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindström, Sven (2002). The Ballad Hits (CD liner notes). Roxette. Capitol Records. 72435 42798-2 9.
Jump up ^ "Listen To Your Heart by Roxette chords". Ultimate-Guitar.com. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Ballad & Pop Hits - The Complete Video Collection (DVD liner notes). Roxette. EMI. 2003. 7243 4 90946 9 7.
Jump up ^ Thorselius, Robert (May 2003). The Look for Roxette: The Illustrated Worldwide Discography & Price Guide (1st ed.). Sweden: Premium Förlag Publishing. ISBN 978-9197189484.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 6587." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Finnish Singles Charts 1961-1995: Syyskuu 1989 September". Suomen virallinen singlelista. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Listen To Your Heart". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Annuali Single: 1989" (in Italian). Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Songs from the Year 1989". tsort.info. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Roxette search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lista Przebojów Trójki - Polskie Radio Online: Notowanie nr407 - 9 grudnia 1989". Polskie Radio (in Polish). 9 December 1989. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roxette: Artist Chart History" Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roxette – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Roxette. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roxette – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Roxette. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of '89". RPM. RPM Library Archives. 23 December 1989. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "De Single Top 100 1989 Over" (PDF) (in Dutch). Radio 538. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jaahroverzichten 1989" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Annuali Single: 1989" (in Italian). Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1990" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 of 1990 - UK Music Charts". UK Charts. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Roxette – Listen To Your Heart" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 15 November 2016. Enter Roxette in the field Interpret. Enter Listen To Your Heart in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200621 into search.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – DHT feat. Edmée Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie (Retrieved April 7, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – DHT feat. Edmée search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 2005-12-17". Scottish Singles Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – DHT feat. Edmée – Listen to Your Heart". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 2005-12-17" UK Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs & New Music: 1 - 10 Songs | Billboard Music Charts". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs & New Music: 1 - 10 Songs | Billboard Music Charts". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs & New Music: 1 - 10 Songs | Billboard Music Charts". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs & New Music: 1 - 10 Songs | Billboard Music Charts". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
Jump up ^ 2005 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart Ultratop.be (Retrieved August 23, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 2005" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ 2005 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2012-04-04 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved August 23, 2008)
Jump up ^ U.S. certifications riaa.com Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved August 23, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Yuridia - Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Election Broadcast 1990". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Palonen, Emilia (2009). "Political Polarisation and Populism in Contemporary Hungary". Parliamentary Affairs. 62: 323. doi:10.1093/pa/gsn048. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Teledramaturgia.com Archived May 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Roxette
Per Gessle
Marie Fredriksson
Studio albums
Pearls of Passion
Look Sharp!
Joyride
Tourism
Crash! Boom! Bang!
Have a Nice Day
Room Service
Charm School
Travelling
Good Karma
Compilations
Rarities
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
Baladas en español
The Ballad Hits
The Pop Hits
A Collection of Roxette Hits: Their 20 Greatest Songs!
The Rox Box/Roxette 86–06
The Biggest Hits XXX
The RoxBox!: A Collection of Roxette's Greatest Songs
Remix albums
Dance Passion
Live albums
Live: Traveling the World
Videography
Sweden Live
Look Sharp Live
The Videos
Live-Ism
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! – Roxette's Greatest Video Hits
Crash! Boom! Live!
All Videos Ever Made & More!
Ballad & Pop Hits
Concert tours
Rock runt riket Tour
Look Sharp! Live Tour
Join the Joyride! Tour
Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour
Room Service Tour
The Neverending World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Clarence Öfwerman
Christoffer Lundquist
Gyllene Tider
The Lonely Boys
Helena Josefsson
Dea Norberg
Book:Roxette
[show]
v
t
e
Roxette singles
Pearls of Passion
"Neverending Love"
"Goodbye to You"
"Soul Deep"
"I Call Your Name"
Look Sharp!
"Dressed for Success"
"Listen to Your Heart"
"Chances"
"The Look"
"Dangerous"
Joyride
"Joyride"
"Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)"
"The Big L."
"Spending My Time"
"Church of Your Heart"
Tourism
"How Do You Do!"
"Queen of Rain"
"Fingertips '93"
Crash! Boom! Bang!
"Sleeping in My Car"
"Crash! Boom! Bang!"
"Fireworks"
"Run to You"
"Vulnerable"
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
"You Don't Understand Me"
"The Look '95"
"June Afternoon"
"She Doesn't Live Here Anymore"
Baladas en español
"Un día sin ti"
"No sé si es amor"
Have a Nice Day
"Wish I Could Fly"
"Anyone"
"Stars"
"Salvation"
Room Service
"The Centre of the Heart"
"Real Sugar"
"Milk and Toast and Honey"
Charm School
"She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio)"
"Speak to Me"
"Way Out"
Travelling
"It's Possible"
Good Karma
"It Just Happens"
"Some Other Summer"
"Why Don't You Bring Me Flowers?"
Soundtrack
"It Must Have Been Love"
"Almost Unreal"
Other
"A Thing About You"
"Opportunity Nox"
"One Wish"
"Reveal"
"The Sweet Hello, the Sad Goodbye" (Bassflow Remake)
"The Look" (2015 Remake)
Related articles
Singles discography
Book: Roxette
[show]
v
t
e
Yuridia
Solo albums
La Voz de un Ángel (2005)
Habla El Corazón (2006)
Entre Mariposas (2007)
Nada es color de rosa (2009)
Para Mí (2011)
Compilation albums
Yuridia Remixes (2008)
Singles
"Ángel"
"Maldita Primavera"
"Como Yo Nadie Te Ha Amado"
"Habla el Corazón"
Collaborations
"Eclipse Total del Amor"
Related
Discography
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text:
Electrolysis of water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Simple setup for demonstration of electrolysis of water at home
Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.
This technique can be used to make hydrogen fuel (hydrogen gas) and breathable oxygen; though currently most industrial methods make hydrogen fuel from natural gas instead.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Principle
3 Equations
4 Thermodynamics
5 Electrolyte selection
6 Techniques
6.1 Fundamental demonstration
6.2 Hofmann voltameter
6.3 Industrial
6.4 High pressure
6.5 High-temperature
6.6 Alkaline water
6.7 Polymer electrolyte membrane
6.8 Nickel/iron
7 Applications
8 Efficiency
8.1 Industrial output
8.2 Overpotential
8.3 Thermodynamics
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Device invented by Johann Wilhelm Ritter to develop the electrolysis of water
Jan Rudolph Deiman and Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk used, in 1789, an electrostatic machine to make electricity which was discharged on gold electrodes in a Leyden jar with water.[1] In 1800 Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile, and a few weeks later William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used it for the electrolysis of water. When Zénobe Gramme invented the Gramme machine in 1869 electrolysis of water became a cheap method for the production of hydrogen. A method of industrial synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis was developed by Dmitry Lachinov in 1888.[2]
Principle[edit]
A DC electrical power source is connected to two electrodes, or two plates (typically made from some inert metal such as platinum, stainless steel or iridium) which are placed in the water. Hydrogen will appear at the cathode (where electrons enter the water), and oxygen will appear at the anode.[3] Assuming ideal faradaic efficiency, the amount of hydrogen generated is twice the amount of oxygen, and both are proportional to the total electrical charge conducted by the solution.[4] However, in many cells competing side reactions occur, resulting in different products and less than ideal faradaic efficiency.
Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in the form of overpotential to overcome various activation barriers. Without the excess energy the electrolysis of pure water occurs very slowly or not at all. This is in part due to the limited self-ionization of water. Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one millionth that of seawater. Many electrolytic cells may also lack the requisite electrocatalysts. The efficiency of electrolysis is increased through the addition of an electrolyte (such as a salt, an acid or a base) and the use of electrocatalysts.
Currently the electrolytic process is rarely used in industrial applications since hydrogen can currently be produced more affordably from fossil fuels.[5]
Equations[edit]
Diagram showing the overall chemical equation.
In pure water at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, with electrons (e−) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas. The half reaction, balanced with acid, is:
Reduction at cathode: 2 H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)
At the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit:
Oxidation at anode: 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e−
The same half reactions can also be balanced with base as listed below. Not all half reactions must be balanced with acid or base. Many do, like the oxidation or reduction of water listed here. To add half reactions they must both be balanced with either acid or base. The acid-balanced reactions predominate in acidic (low pH) solutions, while the base-balanced reactions predominate in basic (high pH) solutions.
Cathode (reduction): 2 H2O(l) + 2e− → H2(g) + 2 OH−(aq)
Anode (oxidation): 4 OH−(aq) → O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e−
Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen:
Overall reaction: 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
The number of hydrogen molecules produced is thus twice the number of oxygen molecules. Assuming equal temperature and pressure for both gases, the produced hydrogen gas has therefore twice the volume of the produced oxygen gas. The number of electrons pushed through the water is twice the number of generated hydrogen molecules and four times the number of generated oxygen molecules.
Thermodynamics[edit]
Pourbaix diagram for water, including equilibrium regions for water, oxygen and hydrogen at STP. The vertical scale is the electrode potential of a hydrogen or non-interacting electrode relative to an SHE electrode, the horizontal scale is the pH of the electrolyte (otherwise non-interacting). Neglecting overpotential, above the top line the equilibrium condition is oxygen gas, and oxygen will bubble off of the electrode until equilibrium is reached. Likewise, below the bottom line, the equilibrium condition is hydrogen gas, and hydrogen will bubble off of the electrode until equilibrium is reached.
Decomposition of pure water into hydrogen and oxygen at standard temperature and pressure is not favorable in thermodynamic terms.
Anode (oxidation): 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e− Eo = +1.23 V[6]
Cathode (reduction): 2 H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) Eo = 0.00 V
Thus, the standard potential of the water electrolysis cell (Eocell = Eocathode − Eoanode) is −1.23 V at 25 °C at pH 0 ([H+] = 1.0 M). At 25 °C with pH 7 ([H+] = 1.0×10−7 M), the potential is unchanged based on the Nernst equation. The thermodynamic standard cell potential can be obtained from standard-state free energy calculations to find ΔG° and then using the equation: ΔG°= -nFE°(where E° is the cell potential). In practice when an electrochemical cell is "driven" toward completion by applying reasonable potential, it is kinetically controlled. Therefore, activation energy, ion mobility (diffusion) and concentration, wire resistance, surface hindrance including bubble formation (causes electrode area blockage), and entropy, require a greater applied potential to overcome these factors. The amount of increase in potential required is termed the overpotential.
Electrolyte selection[edit]
Hoffman voltameter connected to a direct current power supply
If the above described processes occur in pure water, H+ cations will accumulate at the cathode and OH− anions will accumulate at the anode. This can be verified by adding a pH indicator to the water: the water near the anode is basic while the water near the cathode is acidic. The negative hydroxide ions that approach the anode mostly combine with the positive hydronium ions (H3O+) to form water. The positive hydronium ions that approach the cathode mostly combine with negative hydroxide ions to form water. Relatively few hydronium/hydroxide ions reach the cathode/anode. This can cause a concentration overpotential at both electrodes.
Pure water is a fairly good insulator since it has a low autoionization, Kw = 1.0×10−14 at room temperature and thus pure water conducts current poorly, 0.055 µS·cm−1.[7] Unless a very large potential is applied to cause an increase in the autoionization of water the electrolysis of pure water proceeds very slowly limited by the overall conductivity.
If a water-soluble electrolyte is added, the conductivity of the water rises considerably. The electrolyte disassociates into cations and anions; the anions rush towards the anode and neutralize the buildup of positively charged H+ there; similarly, the cations rush towards the cathode and neutralize the buildup of negatively charged OH− there. This allows the continued flow of electricity.[8]
Care must be taken in choosing an electrolyte, since an anion from the electrolyte is in competition with the hydroxide ions to give up an electron. An electrolyte anion with less standard electrode potential than hydroxide will be oxidized instead of the hydroxide, and no oxygen gas will be produced. A cation with a greater standard electrode potential than a hydrogen ion will be reduced in its stead, and no hydrogen gas will be produced.
The following cations have lower electrode potential than H+ and are therefore suitable for use as electrolyte cations: Li+, Rb+, K+, Cs+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+. Sodium and lithium are frequently used, as they form inexpensive, soluble salts.
If an acid is used as the electrolyte, the cation is H+, and there is no competitor for the H+ created by disassociating water. The most commonly used anion is sulfate (SO2−
4), as it is very difficult to oxidize, with the standard potential for oxidation of this ion to the peroxydisulfate ion being −2.05 volts.
Strong acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and strong bases such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are frequently used as electrolytes due to their strong conducting abilities.
A solid polymer electrolyte can also be used such as Nafion and when applied with a special catalyst on each side of the membrane can efficiently split the water molecule with as little as 1.5 Volts. There are also a number of other solid electrolyte systems that have been trialled and developed with a number of electrolysis systems now available commercially that use solid electrolytes.[9]
Techniques[edit]
Main article: Water splitting
Fundamental demonstration[edit]
Two leads, running from the terminals of a battery, are placed in a cup of water with a quantity of electrolyte to establish conductivity in the solution. Using NaCl (table salt) in an electrolyte solution results in chlorine gas rather than oxygen due to a competing half-reaction. With the correct electrodes and correct electrolyte, such as baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), hydrogen and oxygen gases will stream from the oppositely charged electrodes. Oxygen will collect at the positively charged electrode (anode) and hydrogen will collect at the negatively charged electrode (cathode). Note that hydrogen is positively charged in the H2O molecule, so it ends up at the negative electrode. (And vice versa for oxygen.)
Note that an aqueous solution of water with chloride ions, when electrolysed, will result in either OH− if the concentration of Cl− is low, or in chlorine gas being preferentially discharged if the concentration of Cl− is greater than 25% by mass in the solution.
Match test used to detect the presence of hydrogen gas
Hofmann voltameter[edit]
Main article: Hofmann voltameter
The Hofmann voltameter is often used as a small-scale electrolytic cell. It consists of three joined upright cylinders. The inner cylinder is open at the top to allow the addition of water and the electrolyte. A platinum electrode is placed at the bottom of each of the two side cylinders, connected to the positive and negative terminals of a source of electricity. When current is run through the Hofmann voltameter, gaseous oxygen forms at the anode (positive) and gaseous hydrogen at the cathode (negative). Each gas displaces water and collects at the top of the two outer tubes, where it can be drawn off with a stopcock.
Industrial[edit]
Many industrial electrolysis cells are very similar to Hofmann voltameters, with complex platinum plates or honeycombs as electrodes. Generally the only time hydrogen is intentionally produced from electrolysis is for specific point of use application such as is the case with oxyhydrogen torches or when extremely high purity hydrogen or oxygen is desired. The vast majority of hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbons and as a result contains trace amounts of carbon monoxide among other impurities. The carbon monoxide impurity can be detrimental to various systems including many fuel cells.
High pressure[edit]
Main article: High pressure electrolysis
High pressure electrolysis is the electrolysis of water with a compressed hydrogen output around 120–200 Bar (1740–2900 psi).[10] By pressurising the hydrogen in the electrolyser, the need for an external hydrogen compressor is eliminated; the average energy consumption for internal compression is around 3%.[11]
High-temperature[edit]
Main article: High-temperature electrolysis
High-temperature electrolysis (also HTE or steam electrolysis) is a method currently being investigated for water electrolysis with a heat engine. High temperature electrolysis may be preferable to traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures.[12][13]
Alkaline water[edit]
Main article: Alkaline water electrolysis
Polymer electrolyte membrane[edit]
Main article: Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis
Nickel/iron[edit]
In 2014, researchers announced an electrolysis system made of inexpensive, abundant nickel and iron rather than precious metal catalysts, such as platinum or iridium. The nickel-metal/nickel-oxide structure is more active than pure nickel metal or pure nickel oxide alone. The catalyst significantly lowers the required voltage.[14][15] Also nickel–iron batteries are being investigated for use as combined batteries and electrolysis for hydrogen production. Those "battolysers" could be charged and discharged like conventional batteries, and would produce hydrogen when fully charged.[16]
Applications[edit]
About five percent of hydrogen gas produced worldwide is created by electrolysis. The majority of this hydrogen produced through electrolysis is a side product in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. This is a prime example of a competing side reaction.
2NaCl + 2H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH
The electrolysis of brine, a water/sodium chloride mixture, is only half the electrolysis of water since the chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine rather than water being oxidized to oxygen. Thermodynamically, this would not be expected since the oxidation potential of the chloride ion is less than that of water, but the rate of the chloride reaction is much greater than that of water, causing it to predominate. The hydrogen produced from this process is either burned (converting it back to water), used for the production of specialty chemicals, or various other small-scale applications.
Water electrolysis is also used to generate oxygen for the International Space Station.[17][18]
Hydrogen may later be used in a fuel cell as a storage method of energy and water.[19]
Efficiency[edit]
Industrial output[edit]
Efficiency of modern hydrogen generators is measured by energy consumed per standard volume of hydrogen (MJ/m3), assuming standard temperature and pressure of the H2. The lower the energy used by a generator, the higher would be its efficiency; a 100%-efficient electrolyser would consume 39.4 kilowatt-hours per kilogram (142 MJ/kg) of hydrogen,[20] 12,749 joules per litre (12.75 MJ/m3). Practical electrolysis (using a rotating electrolyser at 15 bar pressure) may consume 50 kilowatt-hours per kilogram (180 MJ/kg), and a further 15 kilowatt-hours (54 MJ) if the hydrogen is compressed for use in hydrogen cars.[21]
Electrolyser vendors provide efficiencies based on enthalpy. To assess the claimed efficiency of an electrolyser it is important to establish how it was defined by the vendor (i.e. what enthalpy value, what current density, etc.).
There are two main technologies available on the market, alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers. Alkaline electrolysers are cheaper in terms of investment (they generally use nickel catalysts), but less efficient; PEM electrolysers, conversely, are more expensive (they generally use expensive platinum-group metal catalysts) but are more efficient and can operate at higher current densities, and can therefore be possibly cheaper if the hydrogen production is large enough.
Reported working efficiencies were for alkaline in 1996 lying in the 50–60% range for the smaller electrolysers and around 65–70% for the larger plants.[22] Theorical efficiency for PEM electrolysers are predicted up to 94%.[23] Ranges in 2014 were 43–67% for the alkaline and 40–67% for the PEM, they should progress in 2030 to 53–70% for the alkaline and 62–74% for the PEM.[20]
Overpotential[edit]
Real water electrolysers require higher voltages for the reaction to proceed. The part that exceeds 1.23 V[24] is called overpotential or overvoltage, and represents any kind of loss and nonideality in the electrochemical process.
For a well designed cell the largest overpotential is the reaction overpotential for the four-electron oxidation of water to oxygen at the anode; electrocatalysts can facilitate this reaction, and platinum alloys are the state of the art for this oxidation. Developing a cheap, effective electrocatalyst for this reaction would be a great advance, and is a topic of current research; there are many approaches, among them a 30-year-old recipe for molybdenum sulfide,[25] graphene quantum dots,[26] carbon nanotubes,[15] perovskite,[27] and nickel/nickel-oxide.[28][29] The simpler two-electron reaction to produce hydrogen at the cathode can be electrocatalyzed with almost no overpotential by platinum, or in theory a hydrogenase enzyme. If other, less effective, materials are used for the cathode (e.g. graphite), large overpotentials will appear.
Thermodynamics[edit]
The electrolysis of water in standard conditions requires a theoretical minimum of 237 kJ of electrical energy input to dissociate each mole of water, which is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of water. It also requires energy to overcome the change in entropy of the reaction. Therefore, the process cannot proceed below 286 kJ per mol if no external heat/energy is added.
Since each mole of water requires two moles of electrons, and given that the Faraday constant F represents the charge of a mole of electrons (96485 C/mol), it follows that the minimum voltage necessary for electrolysis is about 1.23 V.[30] If electrolysis is carried out at high temperature, this voltage reduces. This effectively allows the electrolyser to operate at more than 100% electrical efficiency. In electrochemical systems this means that heat must be supplied to the reactor to sustain the reaction. In this way thermal energy can be used for part of the electrolysis energy requirement.[31] In a similar way the required voltage can be reduced (below 1 V) if fuels (such as carbon, alcohol, biomass) are reacted with water (PEM based electrolyzer in low temperature) or oxygen ions (solid oxide electrolyte based electrolyzer in high temperature). This results in some of the fuel's energy being used to "assist" the electrolysis process and can reduce the overall cost of hydrogen produced.[32]
However, observing the entropy component (and other losses), voltages over 1.48 V are required for the reaction to proceed at practical current densities (the thermoneutral voltage).
In the case of water electrolysis, Gibbs free energy represents the minimum work necessary for the reaction to proceed, and the reaction enthalpy is the amount of energy (both work and heat) that has to be provided so the reaction products are at the same temperature as the reactant (i.e. standard temperature for the values given above). Potentially, an electrolyser operating at 1.48 V would be 100% efficient.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Electrochemistry
Electrochemical engineering
Electrolysis
Hydrogen production
Noryl
Gas cracker
Photocatalytic water splitting
Water purification
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Electrochemical cell
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Levie, R. de (October 1999). "The electrolysis of water". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 476 (1): 92–93. doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00365-4. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Lachinov Dmitry Aleksandrovich Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. at Great Cyrill and Methodius Encyclopedia (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A. (2013-01-01). Chemistry (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 866. ISBN 978-1-13-361109-7.
Jump up ^ Carmo, M; Fritz D; Mergel J; Stolten D (2013). "A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis". Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 38 (12): 4901–4934. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151.
Jump up ^ "Hydrogen Basics — Production". Florida Solar Energy Center. 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
Jump up ^ standard electrode potential (data page)
Jump up ^ Light, Truman S.; Licht, Stuart; Bevilacqua, Anthony C.; Morash, Kenneth R. (2005-01-01). "The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 8 (1): E16–E19. ISSN 1099-0062. doi:10.1149/1.1836121.
Jump up ^ Pauling, Linus (1970) General Chemistry, Section 15-2. San Francisco.
Jump up ^ Badwal, SPS; Giddey S; Munnings C (2012). "Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes". WIRES Energy and Environment. 2 (5): 473–487. doi:10.1002/wene.50.
Jump up ^ 2001-High pressure electrolysis – The key technology for efficient H.2[dead link]
Jump up ^ Ghosh, P.C; Emonts, B; Janßen, H; Mergel, J; Stolten, D (2003). "Ten years of operational experience with a hydrogen-based renewable energy supply system" (PDF). Solar Energy. 75 (6): 469–478. Bibcode:2003SoEn...75..469G. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2003.09.006. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "High temperature electrolysis using SOEC". Hi2h2. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "WELTEMP-Water electrolysis at elevated temperatures". Weltemp.eu. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "A low-cost water splitter that runs on an ordinary AAA battery". KurzweilAI. 22 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gong, Ming; Zhou, Wu; Tsai, Mon-Che; Zhou, Jigang; Guan, Mingyun; Lin, Meng-Chang; Zhang, Bo; Hu, Yongfeng; Wang, Di-Yan; Yang, Jiang; Pennycook, Stephen J.; Hwang, Bing-Joe; Dai, Hongjie (2014). "Nanoscale nickel oxide/nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis". Nature Communications. 5: 4695. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E4695G. PMID 25146255. doi:10.1038/ncomms5695.
Jump up ^ F. M. Mulder et al: Efficient electricity storage with the battolyser, an integrated Ni-Fe-battery and electrolyser. Energy and Environmental Science. 10, 3, 756-764, 2017, doi:10.1039/C6EE02923J
Jump up ^ "Making Space Safer with Electrolysis". ASME. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Breathing Easy on the Space Station". NASA Science. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Solar Hydrogen Fuel Cell Water Heater (Educational Stand)". Scribd.
^ Jump up to: a b Luca Bertuccioli; et al. (7 February 2014). "Development of water electrolysis in the European Union" (PDF). Client Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking.
Jump up ^ Stensvold, Tore (26 January 2016). «Coca-Cola-oppskrift» kan gjøre hydrogen til nytt norsk industrieventyr. Teknisk Ukeblad, .
Jump up ^ Werner Zittel; Reinhold Wurster (8 July 1996). "Chapter 3: Production of Hydrogen. Part 4: Production from electricity by means of electrolysis". HyWeb: Knowledge – Hydrogen in the Energy Sector. Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Bjørnar Kruse; Sondre Grinna; Cato Buch (13 February 2002). "Hydrogen—Status and Possibilities" (PDF). The Bellona Foundation. p. 20. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ 1.23 V is the standard potential; in non-standard conditions it may be different, in particular it decreases with temperature.
Jump up ^ Kibsgaard, Jakob; Jaramillo, Thomas F.; Besenbacher, Flemming (2014). "Building an appropriate active-site motif into a hydrogen-evolution catalyst with thiomolybdate [Mo3S13]2− clusters". Nature Chemistry. 6 (3): 248–253. Bibcode:2014NatCh...6..248K. PMID 24557141. doi:10.1038/nchem.1853.
Jump up ^ Fei, Huilong; Ye, Ruquan; Ye, Gonglan; Gong, Yongji; Peng, Zhiwei; Fan, Xiujun; Samuel, Errol L. G.; Ajayan, Pulickel M.; Tour, James M. (2014). "Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots/Graphene Hybrid Nanoplatelets as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction". ACS Nano. 8 (10): 141001091116007. doi:10.1021/nn504637y.
Jump up ^ Luo, J.; Im, J.-H.; Mayer, M. T.; Schreier, M.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Park, N.-G.; Tilley, S. D.; Fan, H. J.; Gratzel, M. (2014). "Water photolysis at 12.3% efficiency via perovskite photovoltaics and Earth-abundant catalysts". Science. 345 (6204): 1593–1596. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1593L. PMID 25258076. doi:10.1126/science.1258307.
Jump up ^ Shwartz, Mark (22 August 2014). "Stanford scientists develop water splitter that runs on ordinary AAA battery". News.stanford.edu. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Scientists develop a water splitter that runs on an ordinary AAA battery". Technology.org. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hyman D. Gesser (2002). Applied Chemistry. Springer. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-0-306-46700-4. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Badwal, Sukhvinder P.S.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Munnings, Christopher (September 2013). "Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. 2 (5): 473–487. doi:10.1002/wene.50.
Jump up ^ Badwal, Sukhvinder P. S.; Giddey, Sarbjit S.; Munnings, Christopher; Bhatt, Anand I.; Hollenkamp, Anthony F. (24 September 2014). "Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies (open access)". Frontiers in Chemistry. 2. Bibcode:2014FrCh....2...79B. PMC 4174133  . PMID 25309898. doi:10.3389/fchem.2014.00079.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water electrolysis.
"Electrolysis of Water". Experiments on Electrochemistry. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
"Electrolysis of Water". Do Chem 044. Archived from the original on 14 March 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
EERE 2008 – 100 kgH2/day Trade Study
NREL 2006 – Electrolysis technical report
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