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Eye of the Tiger
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This article is about the song by Survivor. For other uses, see Eye of the Tiger (disambiguation).
"Eye of the Tiger"
Single by Survivor
from the album Rocky III and Eye of the Tiger
B-side
"Take You on a Saturday"
Released
May 29, 1982
Format
7-inch single
12-inch single (45 rpm)
Recorded
1982
Genre
Hard rock[1]
Length
4:04
Label
EMI
Scotti Brothers
Songwriter(s)
Frankie Sullivan
Jim Peterik
Producer(s)
Frankie Sullivan
Survivor singles chronology
"Summer Nights"
(1982) "Eye of the Tiger"
(1982) "American Heartbeat"
(1982)
"Summer Nights"
(1982) "Eye of the Tiger"
(1982) "American Heartbeat"
(1982)
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
Eye of the Tiger on YouTube
"Eye of the Tiger" is a song by American rock band Survivor. It was released as a single from their third album Eye of the Tiger and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single. The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik and was done so at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use "Another One Bites the Dust", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme.[2] The version of the song that appears in the movie is the demo version of the song. The movie version also contained tiger growls, something that did not appear on the album version. It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals.[3]
It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982. In the United States, it held No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks and was the No. 2 single of 1982, behind Olivia Newton-John's "Physical". The band won a 1982 Grammy Award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group With Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards.[4] In September 1982, it also peaked at No. 1 in the United Kingdom, remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks.[5]
The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name.[6]
It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies. The song had sold over 4.1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015.[7] It was voted VH1's 63rd greatest hard rock song.[1] Combined sales of original vinyl release and digital downloads total over 9 million copies.[7][8][9][10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Accolades
3 Cover versions
3.1 Covers
3.2 Parodies
4 Lawsuits
4.1 Newt Gingrich campaign
4.2 Mike Huckabee's campaign
5 Credits and personnel
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
In an interview with Songfacts, co-writer Jim Peterik, who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan, explained the song's title.
At first, we wondered if calling it "Eye of the Tiger" was too obvious. The initial draft of the song, we started with "It's the eye of the tiger, it's the thrill of the fight, rising up to the spirit of our rival, and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night, and it all comes down to survival." We were going to call the song "Survival". In the rhyme scheme, you can tell we had set up "rival" to rhyme with "survival". At the end of the day, we said, "Are we nuts?" That hook is so strong, and "rival" doesn't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word "tiger". We made the right choice and went with "Eye of the Tiger".[11]
Accolades[edit]
The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song, the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III. It lost to "Up Where We Belong" from An Officer and a Gentleman.
The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, but lost to the Willie Nelson hit "Always on My Mind".
Cover versions[edit]
Covers[edit]
Frank Bruno, a British world Heavyweight champion boxer, covered it in 1995, the year of his championship coronation, reaching number 28 in the British music charts.[12]
American metalcore band Devil You Know covered it in the 2015 album They Bleed Red.[13]
Parodies[edit]
"Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)", by "Weird Al" Yankovic in his 1984 album "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D.
"I Have to Die First", by ApologetiX.
"Eye of the Potato" in Sesame Street
Lawsuits[edit]
Newt Gingrich campaign[edit]
In 2012, Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using "Eye of the Tiger" without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009.[14] The suit was later settled out of court.[15]
The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney, also a Republican candidate for president, stop using "Eye of the Tiger" at his campaign rallies. Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign's playlists.[15]
Mike Huckabee's campaign[edit]
Frankie Sullivan's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago, Illinois, on November 18, 2015, against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee's campaign organization for using "Eye of the Tiger" at a political rally without permission. The rally took place on September 8, 2015, when Kim Davis, a Kentucky county clerk, was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kentucky.[16] In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed, in a confidential, out-of-court settlement with Sullivan's Rude Music, to pay $25,000 in compensation.[17][18]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger.[19]
Dave Bickler – lead vocals
Frankie Sullivan – lead and rhythm guitars, vocals
Jim Peterik – grand piano, electric guitar, vocals
Stephan Ellis – bass
Marc Droubay – drums
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[20] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[21] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[22] 3
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[23] 1
Denmark (IFPI)[24] 8
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[25] 1
France (IFOP)[26] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[27] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[28] 1
Italy (FIMI)[29] 3
Japan (Oricon International Chart)[30] 1
Japan (Oricon Singles Chart)[30] 10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[31] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[32] 6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33] 4
Norway (VG-lista)[34] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[35] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[36] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[37] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[38] 6
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[39] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[40] 27
US Billboard Hot 100[40] 1
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[40] 59
US Billboard Top Tracks[40] 1
US Cash Box[41] 1
Year
Chart
Peak
position
2006 US Billboard Hot Ringtones[40] 9
2007 Ireland (IRMA)[28] 8
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[42] 80
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[43] 47
2008 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[44] 83
2009 Canada (Hot Canadian Digital Singles)[40] 43
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[45] 77
US Billboard Hot Digital Songs[40] 64
2010 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[37] 50
2011 France (SNEP)[46] 62
2012 France (SNEP)[46] 162
2013 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[47] 74
Germany (Official German Charts)[27] 95
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[48] 72
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[43] 65
2015 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[49] 66
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[50] 54
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Rank
Australia (Kent Music Report)[51] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[52] 18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[53] 28
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[54] 2
Italy (FIMI)[29] 23
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[55] 27
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[56] 39
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[57] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[58] 3
US Billboard Hot 100[59] 2
US Cash Box[60] 1
Chart (1983)
Rank
France (IFOP)[61] 11
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[62]
2× Platinum 200,000^
France (SNEP)[63]
Gold 877,300[64]
Italy (FIMI)[65]
Platinum 30,000*
Japan (RIAJ)
244,000[66]
Japan (RIAJ) (Digital)[10]
Gold 100,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[67]
Platinum 1,460,000[8]
United States (RIAA) (Digital)[68]
Platinum 4,100,000[7]
United States (RIAA) (Mastertone)[68]
Gold 500,000^
United States (RIAA) (Physical)[68]
2× Platinum 2,000,000^
Total available sales:
9,511,300
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1980s
List of Top 25 singles for 1982 in Australia
List of best-selling singles
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1982
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1980s
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1982
List of number-one singles of 1982 (Canada)
List of number-one singles of 1982 (Ireland)
List of number-one songs in Norway
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Bryant, Christian (September 9, 2015). "Rock band Survivor has been going after GOP politicians over the years for using their song "Eye of the Tiger" without permission". Newsy. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
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External links[edit]
Music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Survivor
Frankie Sullivan
Billy Ozzello
Walter Tolentino
Ryan Sullivan
Cameron Barton
Jim Peterik
Dave Bickler
Dennis Keith Johnson
Gary Smith
Marc Droubay
Stephan Ellis
Jimi Jamison
Bill Syniar
Mickey Curry
Kyle Woodring
Klem Hayes
Randy Riley
Chris Grove
Gordon Patriarca
Barry Dunaway
Robin McAuley
Michael Young
Mitchell Sigman
Studio albums
Survivor
Premonition
Eye of the Tiger
Caught in the Game
Vital Signs
When Seconds Count
Too Hot to Sleep
Reach
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Ultimate Survivor
The Best of Survivor
Singles
"Eye of the Tiger"
"I Can't Hold Back"
"The Search Is Over"
"Burning Heart"
"How Much Love"
"Man Against the World"
Related articles
The Ides of March
Pride of Lions
Book:Survivor
[show]
v
t
e
Rocky
Films
Rocky (1976)
Rocky II (1979)
Rocky III (1982)
Rocky IV (1985)
Rocky V (1990)
Rocky Balboa (2006)
Creed (2015)
Characters
Rocky Balboa
Adonis Creed
Apollo Creed
Ivan Drago
Tony "Duke" Evers
Mickey Goldmill
Clubber Lang
Adrian Pennino
Paulie Pennino
Music
Rocky
"Gonna Fly Now"
"Eye of the Tiger"
Rocky IV
"Burning Heart"
"Heart's on Fire"
"Living in America"
Rocky V
Rocky Balboa: The Best of Rocky
Rocky the Musical (2012)
Creed
Video games
Rocky Super Action Boxing (1983)
Rocky (1987)
Rocky (2002)
Rocky Legends (2004)
Rocky Balboa (2007)
Real Boxing 2: CREED/ROCKY (2015/16)
Related
Anderson v. Stallone
Rocky Steps
Rocky statue in Žitište
Rocky VI (1986)
Ricky 1 (1988)
Grudge Match (2013)
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Atmosphere of Pluto
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Departure shot of Pluto by New Horizons, showing Pluto's atmosphere backlit by the Sun. The blue color is close to what a human eye would have seen, and is caused by layers of haze in the atmosphere.
The atmosphere of Pluto is the tenuous layer of gases surrounding Pluto. It consists mainly of nitrogen (N2), with minor amounts of methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which are vaporized from their ices on Pluto's surface.[1][2] It contains layered haze, probably consisting of heavier compounds which form from these gases due to high-energy radiation.[3] The atmosphere of Pluto is notable for its strong and not completely clear seasonal changes caused by peculiarities of the orbital and axial rotation of Pluto.[1]
The surface pressure of the atmosphere of Pluto, measured by New Horizons in 2015, is about 1 Pa (10 μbar), roughly 100,000 times less than Earth's atmospheric pressure. The temperature on the surface is 40 to 60 K (−230 to −210 °C),[1] but it quickly grows with altitude due to methane-generated greenhouse effect. Near the altitude 30 km it reaches 110 K (−163 °C), and then slowly decreases.[4]
Pluto is the only trans-Neptunian object with a known atmosphere.[4] Its closest analog is the atmosphere of Triton, although in some aspects it resembles even the atmosphere of Mars.[5][6]
The atmosphere of Pluto has been studied since the 1980s by way of earth-based observation of occultations of stars by Pluto[7][8] and spectroscopy.[9] In 2015, it was studied from a close distance by the spacecraft New Horizons.[2][10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Haze
3 Temperature and thermal structure
4 Pressure
5 Seasonal changes
6 Escape
7 History of study
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Composition[edit]
Blue haze bands in Pluto's atmosphere
(approximately true-color)
The main component of the atmosphere of Pluto is nitrogen. Content of methane, according to measurements by New Horizons, is 0.25%.[2][Note 1] For carbon monoxide, the Earth-based estimates are 0.025–0.15% (2010)[12] and 0.05–0.075% (2015).[13] Under influence of high-energy cosmic radiation, these gases react to form more complex compounds (not volatile at Pluto's surface temperatures[14]), including ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), heavier hydrocarbons and nitriles[3][15][16] and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)[17] (amount of ethylene is about 0.0001%, and amount of acetylene is about 0.0003%).[2] These compounds slowly precipitate on the surface. Probably, they also include tholins, which are responsible for the brown color of Pluto (like some other bodies in the outer solar system).[2][18]
The most volatile compound of the atmosphere of Pluto is nitrogen, the second is carbon monoxide and the third is methane. The indicator of volatility is saturated vapor pressure (sublimation pressure). At temperature 40 K (close to minimum value for surface of Pluto[1]) it is about 10 Pa for nitrogen, 1 Pa for carbon monoxide and 0.001 Pa for methane. It quickly increases with temperature, and at 60 K (close to the maximum value[1]) approaches to 10 000 Pa, 3000 Pa and 10 Pa respectively. For heavier-than-methane hydrocarbons, water, ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, this pressure remains negligibly low (about 10–5 Pa or still lower), which indicates absence of volatility at Pluto's conditions (at least in cold lower atmosphere).[14][19]
Methane and carbon monoxide, due to their lower abundance and volatility, could be expected to demonstrate stronger deviations from pressure equilibrium with surface ices and bigger temporal and spatial variations of concentration. But actually concentration of, at least, methane, does not depends noticeably of height (at least, in the lower 20–30 km), longitude and time.[5][20] But temperature dependence of volatility of methane and nitrogen suggest that concentration of methane will decrease during moving of Pluto further from the Sun.[14][20][21] It is notable that observed concentration of methane is 2 orders of magnitude higher than expected from Raoult's law on the basis of its concentration in surface ice and ratio of sublimation pressures of methane and nitrogen.[5][22] Reasons of this discrepancy are unknown. It can be due to existence of separate patches of relatively clean methane ice, or due to increased content of methane in the uppermost layer of usual mixed ice.[5][21]
Seasonal and orbital changes of insolation results in migration of surface ices: they sublimate in some places and condensate in another. According to some estimates, it gives meter-sized changes of their thickness.[8] This (but also changes in viewing geometry) results in appreciable changes of brightness and color of Pluto.[5]
Methane and carbon monoxide, despite their low abundance, are significant for thermal structure of the atmosphere: methane is a strong heating agent[11] and carbon monoxide is a cooling one (although amount of this cooling is not completely clear).[4][12]
Haze[edit]
Haze with multiple layers in the atmosphere of Pluto. Part of the plain Sputnik Planitia with nearby mountains is seen below. Photo by New Horizons, taken 15 min after the closest approach to Pluto.
Curve of absorption of solar ultraviolet by the atmosphere of Pluto, measured during flight of New Horizons across Pluto's shadow. A distinctive kink, created, probably, by the haze,[2] is present both on the decreasing and increasing branches.
New Horizons discovered in the atmosphere of Pluto a multi-layered haze, which covers the entirety of the dwarf planet and reaches altitude over 200 km. The best images show about 20 layers of the haze. Horizontal extent of the layers is no less than 1000 km; vertical distance between them is about 10 km.[10]
Despite the very low density of the atmosphere, the haze is rather appreciable: it even scatters enough light to allow photographing some details of Pluto's night side.[23] Its normal optical depth is estimated as 0.004[2] or 0.013[10] (thus, it diminishes the intensity of a vertical beam of light by 1 − e − 0.004 ≈ 0.4 % {\displaystyle 1-e^{-0.004}\approx 0.4\%} or 1 − e − 0.013 ≈ 1.3 % {\displaystyle 1-e^{-0.013}\approx 1.3\%} ; for grazing light the effect is much stronger). Scale height of the haze is 45–55 km;[2][10] it approximately coincides with scale height of pressure in the middle atmosphere.[7] On the heights of 100–200 km it diminishes to 30 km.[10]
Size of the haze particles is unclear. Its blue color points to a particle radius near 10 nm, but the ratio of brightnesses at different phase angles indicates a radius exceeding 100 nm. This can be explained by aggregation of small (tens of nm) particles into larger (hundreds of nm) clusters.[10]
Probably, the haze consists of particles of non-volatile compounds, which are synthesized from atmospheric gases under influence of cosmic high-energy radiation.[2][3][24] The layers can be formed due to gravity waves (presence of which is also suggested by observations of occultations),[2] and such waves can be created by wind blowing over Pluto's rough surface.[10]
The haze is the most probable reason of a kink on the curve of light intensity vs. time obtained by New Horizons during the flight across Pluto's shadow (on the image) – below altitude 150 km the atmosphere attenuates light much stronger than above. A similar kink was observed during stellar occultation in 1988. Firstly it was also interpreted as weakening of light by haze.[25] Another possible culprit is temperature inversion, and some researchers favored this explanation.[5] The height of the layer which created the kink relative to surface was impossible to determine at these times due to uncertainty of Pluto's radius. Still, it was possible to calculate its distance from Pluto's center. Subtracting the modern figure for the radius of Pluto, the result is a height of 2±24 km; hence this "haze" is indistinguishable from the surface of Pluto. During later occultations (when the atmosphere of Pluto was already ≥2 times denser) this kink was absent.[4][7][26]
Another evidence of the haze was obtained in 2002 due to a new occultation. The stellar light which managed to reach Earth during the occultation (due to refraction in Pluto's atmosphere), demonstrated an increase of intensity with wavelength.[Note 2][27] This was interpreted as a reliable[5][28] evidence of light scattering by aerosols (similar to the reddening of rising Sun). However, this feature was absent during later eclipses (including 29 June 2015),[5][28] and on 14 July 2015, New Horizons found the haze to be blue.[29]
Possible clouds in Pluto's atmosphere
In the final batch of images received from New Horizons, a number of potential clouds were observed.[30]
Temperature and thermal structure[edit]
Pluto has no or almost no troposphere; observations by New Horizons suggest a thin tropospheric boundary layer consistent with those models[20] which predicted its thickness as ≤1 km.[2] Above it lays a layer with fast increase of temperature with height, the stratosphere. The temperature gradient is estimated to be 2.2,[7] 3–15[11] or 5.5[5] degrees per km. It is a result of greenhouse effect, caused by methane. Mean temperature of the surface is 42±4 K (measured in 2005),[31] and the mean value for all the atmosphere is 90+25
−18 K (2008).[11][12][32]
At height 20–40 km the temperature reaches its maximum (100–110 K; stratopause) and then slowly decreases (about 0.2 K/km;[4] mesosphere).[4][5][7] Causes of this decrease are unclear; it can be related to cooling action of carbon monoxide,[12] hydrogen cyanide or other reasons.[4] Above 200 km temperature reaches approximately 80 K and then remains constant.[4]
Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes. In 1988, 2002 and 2006 it was approximately constant and equal to 100 K (with uncertainty about 10 K), despite twofold increase of the pressure. Dependence on latitude or morning/evening conditions is also absent: temperature is the same above all the surface.[5] It is consistent with theoretical data, which predict fast mixing of the atmosphere.[5] But there are evidence for a small vertical heterogeneities of temperature. They reveal themselves in sharp and brief spikes of brightness during stellar occultations.[26] Amplitude of these heterogeneities is estimated to be 0.5–0.8 K on the scale of a few km. They can be caused by gravity waves or turbulence, which can be related to convection or wind.[26]
Interaction with the atmosphere significantly influences temperature of the surface. Calculations show that the atmosphere, despite very low pressure, can significantly diminish diurnal variations of this temperature.[33] But there still remain temperature variations of about 20 K – partly because of cooling of the surface due to sublimation of ices.[1]
Pressure[edit]
Pressure of the atmosphere of Pluto is very low and strongly time-dependent. Observations of stellar occultations by Pluto show that it increased about 3 times between 1988 and 2015, despite that Pluto is moving away from the Sun since 1989.[34][8][33][35] This is probably caused by Pluto's north pole coming into sunlight in 1987, which intensified evaporation of nitrogen from the northern hemisphere,[26][36][Note 3] whereas its southern pole is still too warm for condensation of nitrogen.[8] Absolute values of surface pressure are difficult to obtain from occultation data, because these data do not usually reach the lowest layers of the atmosphere. So, surface pressure has to be extrapolated, and this is somewhat ambiguous due to not completely clear height dependence of temperature and, consequently, pressure. The radius of Pluto must also be known, but it was poorly constrained before 2015. So, precise values of Pluto's surface pressure were impossible to calculate in previous times. For some occultations since 1988, pressure was calculated for a reference level of 1275 km from the center of Pluto (which later turned out to be 88±4 km from the surface).[4][8][33]
Curves of pressure vs. distance from the center, obtained for occultations of 1988 and 2002,[26] in combination with the now known radius of Pluto (1187±4 km[2]) give values of about 0.4 Pa for 1988 and 1.0 Pa for 2002. Spectral data provided values 0.94 Pa in 2008 and 1.23 Pa in 2012 for the distance from the center 1188 km (1±4 km from the surface).[5] An occultation on 4 May 2013 gave data almost precisely for the surface level (1190 km from the center, or 3±4 km from the surface): 1.13±0.007 Pa.[5] An occultation on 29/30 June 2015, just 2 weeks before New Horizons encounter, provided a surface pressure of 1.3±0.1 Pa.[34]
The first direct and reliable data about the lowermost layers of the atmosphere of Pluto were obtained by New Horizons on 14 July 2015 due to radio-occultation measurements. The surface pressure was estimated to be 1 Pa (1.1±0.1 at entry of the spacecraft behind Pluto and 1.0±0.1 at the exit).[10] This is consistent with occultation data from previous years,[10] although some of the previous calculations based on this data gave about 2 times higher results.[2][37][3]
The scale height of pressure in Pluto's atmosphere varies significantly with height (in other words, the height dependence of the pressure deviates from exponential). This is caused by strong height variations of temperature. For the lowermost layer of the atmosphere the scale height is about 17[20]–19[6] km, and for heights 30–100 km — 50–70 km.[10][7][25]
Seasonal changes[edit]
Due to orbital eccentricity, in the aphelion Pluto receives 2.8 times less heat than in perihelion.[Note 4] It should cause strong changes in its atmosphere, although details of these processes are not clear. Firstly it was thought that in aphelion the atmosphere must largely freeze out and fall on the surface (this is suggested by strong temperature dependence of sublimation pressure of its compounds), but more elaborated models predict that Pluto has a significant atmosphere year-round.[1][8]
Pluto's last passage through its perihelion was on 5 September 1989.[1] As of 2015, it is moving away from the Sun and its overall surface illumination is decreasing. However, the situation is complicated by its big axial tilt (122.5°[38]), which results in long polar days and nights on large parts of its surface. Shortly before the perihelion, on 16 December 1987, Pluto underwent equinox, and its north pole[Note 5] came out of the polar night, which had lasted 124 Earth years.
Data, existing as of 2014, allowed the scientists to build a model of seasonal changes in Pluto's atmosphere. During the previous aphelion (1865) significant quantity of volatile ices were present in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Approximately at the same time, the equinox occurred and the southern hemisphere became tilted towards the Sun. Local ices began to migrate to the northern hemisphere, and around 1900 the southern Hemisphere became largely devoid of ices. After the following equinox (1987), the southern hemisphere turned away from the Sun. Nonetheless, its surface was already substantially heated, and its big thermal inertia (provided by non-volatile water ice) greatly slowed down its cooling. That is why gases, which now intensively evaporate from northern hemisphere, cannot quickly condense in the southern, and keep accumulating in the atmosphere, increasing its pressure. Around 2035–2050, the southern hemisphere will cool enough to permit intensive condensation of the gases, and they will migrate there from the northern hemisphere, where is polar day. It will last till equinox near aphelion (about 2113). The northern hemisphere will not lose its volatile ices completely, and their evaporation will supply the atmosphere even at the aphelion. The overall change of atmospheric pressure in this model is about 4 times; the minimum was reached near 1970–1980, and the maximum will be near 2030. The full temperature range is only several degrees.[8]
Escape[edit]
Atmosphere of Pluto in infrared (New Horizons). The whitish patches are sunlight bouncing off more reflective or smoother areas on Pluto's surface.
Image of Pluto in X-rays by Chandra X-ray Observatory (blue spot). The X-rays are probably created by interaction of the gases surrounding Pluto with solar wind, although details of their origin are not clear.
Early data suggested that Pluto's atmosphere loses 1027–1028 molecules (50–500 kg) of nitrogen per second, an amount corresponding to the loss of a surface layer of volatile ices several hundred meters or several kilometers thick during the lifetime of the Solar System.[1][6][39] However, subsequent data from New Horizons revealed that this figure was overestimated by at least four orders of magnitude; Pluto's atmosphere is currently losing only 1×1023 molecules of nitrogen and 5×1025 molecules of methane every second. This presumes a loss of several centimeters of nitrogen ice and several dozen meters of methane ice during the lifetime of the Solar System.[10]
Molecules with high enough velocity, which escape into outer space, are ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation. As the solar wind encounters the obstacle formed by the ions, it is slowed and diverted, possibly forming a shock wave upstream of Pluto. The ions are "picked up" by the solar wind and carried in its flow past the dwarf planet to form an ion or plasma tail. The Solar Wind around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft made the first measurements of this region of low-energy atmospheric ions shortly after its closest approach on 14 July 2015. Such measurements will enable the SWAP team to determine the rate at which Pluto loses its atmosphere and, in turn, will yield insight into the evolution of the Pluto’s atmosphere and surface.[40]
The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon, the largest of Pluto's moons, may be composed of tholins, organic macromolecules produced from methane, nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred over about 19,000 km (12,000 mi) distance to the orbiting moon.[41]
History of study[edit]
As early as in 1940s, Gerard Kuiper searched evidence for the atmosphere in the spectrum of Pluto,[42] but unsuccessfully.[9] In 1970s, some astronomers considered the hypothesis about thick atmosphere and even oceans of neon: according to some views of those times, all other gases that are abundant in the Solar System would either freeze or escape. However, this hypothesis was based on a heavily overestimated mass of Pluto.[43] No observational data about its atmosphere and chemical composition existed in these days.[9]
First strong, though indirect evidence of the atmosphere appeared in 1976. Infrared photometry on 4-meter Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope revealed on the surface of Pluto methane ice,[44] which must evaporate significantly at Plutonian temperatures.[1]
Existence of the atmosphere of Pluto was proved due to occultations of stars. If the star is occulted by a body without atmosphere, its light disappears sharply, but occultations by Pluto give gradual decrease. This is mainly due to atmospheric refraction (not absorption or scattering).[1][27] First such observations were made 19 August 1985 by Noah Brosch and Haim Mendelson of the Wise Observatory in Israel.[26][45] But quality of the data was rather low due to unfavorable observational conditions (in addition, the detailed description[46] was published only 10 years later).[9] 9 June 1988 existence of the atmosphere was convincingly proved[1] by observations of a new occultation from 8 sites (the best data were obtained by the Kuiper Airborne Observatory). Scale height of the atmosphere was measured, and it gave possibility to calculate ratio of the temperature to mean molecular mass. The temperature and pressure themselves were impossible to calculate in that time due to absence of data about chemical composition of the atmosphere and large uncertainty in radius and mass of Pluto.[25][47][48]
The question about composition was solved in 1992 due to exploring of infrared spectrum of Pluto on 3.8-meter United Kingdom Infrared Telescope.[49][50] The surface of Pluto turned out to be covered mainly by nitrogen ice. Since nitrogen is, in addition, more volatile than methane, this observation implied prevalence of nitrogen also in the atmosphere (although gaseous nitrogen was not seen in the spectrum). Beside this, a small admixture of frozen carbon monoxide was discovered.[8][12][49] The same year observations on 3.0-meter NASA Infrared Telescope Facility revealed first conclusive evidence of gaseous methane.[9][22]
For understanding of the state of the atmosphere, knowing of the surface temperature is critically important. Best its estimates are derived from measurements of thermal emission of Pluto. The first values, calculated in 1987 from observations of IRAS, were about 55–60 K, and next works resulted in 30–40 K.[1][9] In 2006, observations on Submillimeter Array succeeded in separating emission of Pluto and Charon, and average temperature of Pluto's surface was measured to be 42±4 K (−231±4°C). It was approximately 10 K colder than expected; maybe, the difference may be caused caused by cooling from sublimation of nitrogen ice,[31][51] or hydrocarbon particles in the atmosphere (tholins) which absorbs solar energy efficiently, but also emits a great deal of that energy back out into space.[52] The other works revealed that the temperature is strongly different in different regions: from 40 to 55–60 K.[1]
Near 2000, Pluto entered star-rich fields of Milky Way, and will reside there till 2020s. First stellar occultations after 1988 were observed 20 July and 21 August 2002 by teams led by Bruno Sicardy of the Paris Observatory[26] and James L. Elliot of MIT.[27][35] Atmospheric pressure turned out to be about 2 times higher than in 1988. Next occultation was observed 12 June 2006,[7][53] and later they happened more often.[1][4][8][33][54] Processing of this data shows that the pressure continues to increase.[4][8] An occultation of exceptionally bright star, about 10 times brighter than Pluto itself, was observed 29/30 June 2015 – only 2 weeks before the New Horizons encounter.[34][55][56]
On 14 July 2015 the spacecraft New Horizons made first explorations of the atmosphere of Pluto from close distance, including radio occultation measurements and observations of weakening of solar radiation during flight through Pluto's shadow. It provided the first direct measurements of parameters of lower atmosphere. The surface pressure turned out to be 1.0–1.1 Pa.[2][10][37]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Earth-based observations suggested about 0.4–0.6% in 2008[11] and 0.3–0.4% in 2012[5]
Jump up ^ At least, in infrared range — from 0.75 to 2 µm.
Jump up ^ In these sources this pole is called "south" according to nomenclature of that time.
Jump up ^ Square of ratio of distances in aphelion and perihelion: (49.30 au / 29.66 au)2 = 2.76.
Jump up ^ Due to reverse direction of axial rotation of Pluto, naming of its poles is somewhat ambiguous. Since 2009, International Astronomical Union defines north (more precisely, positive) pole of Pluto on basis of direction of the rotation: it is that pole, from whose side Pluto appears to rotate counterclockwise (Archinal et al., 2011). It is oriented to southern side of the solar system.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stern S. A. (2014). "Pluto". In T. Spohn; D. Breuer; T. Johnson. Encyclopedia of the Solar System (3 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 909–924. ISBN 9780124160347.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stern, S. A.; Bagenal, F.; Ennico, K.; et al. (16 October 2015). "The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons" (PDF). Science. 350 (6258): aad1815. arXiv:1510.07704  . Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1815S. doi:10.1126/science.aad1815. PMID 26472913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2015. (Supplements)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hand, E. (October 2015). "Late harvest from Pluto reveals a complex world". Science. 350 (6258): 260–261. Bibcode:2015Sci...350..260H. doi:10.1126/science.350.6258.260. PMID 26472884.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Dias-Oliveira, A.; Sicardy, B.; Lellouch, E.; et al. (September 2015). "Pluto's Atmosphere from Stellar Occultations in 2012 and 2013". The Astrophysical Journal. 11 (1): 53. arXiv:1506.08173  . Bibcode:2015ApJ...811...53D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/53.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lellouch, E.; de Bergh, C.; Sicardy, B.; Forget, F.; Vangvichith, M.; Käufl, H.-U. (January 2015). "Exploring the spatial, temporal, and vertical distribution of methane in Pluto's atmosphere" (PDF). Icarus. 246: 268–278. arXiv:1403.3208  . Bibcode:2015Icar..246..268L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.027.
^ Jump up to: a b c Johnston, William Robert (2006-09-08). "The atmospheres of Pluto and other trans-Neptunian objects". Archived from the original on 2006-10-03. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Elliot, J. L.; Person, M. J.; Gulbis, A. A. S.; et al. (2007). "Changes in Pluto's Atmosphere: 1988-2006". The Astronomical Journal. 134 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2007AJ....134....1E. doi:10.1086/517998.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Olkin, C. B.; Young, L. A.; Borncamp, D.; et al. (January 2015). "Evidence that Pluto's atmosphere does not collapse from occultations including the 2013 May 04 event". Icarus. 246: 220–225. Bibcode:2015Icar..246..220O. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.026.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Yelle, R. V.; Elliot, J. L. (1997). "Atmospheric Structure and Composition: Pluto and Charon". In A. Stern; D. J. Tholen. Pluto and Charon. University of Arizona Press. pp. 347–390. Bibcode:1997plch.book..347Y. ISBN 9780816518401.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Gladstone, G. R.; Stern, S. A.; Ennico, K.; et al. (March 2016). "The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons" (PDF). Science. 351 (6279): aad8866. arXiv:1604.05356  . Bibcode:2016Sci...351.8866G. doi:10.1126/science.aad8866. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2016. (Supplementary Material)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lellouch, E.; Sicardy, B.; de Bergh, C.; Käufl, H.-U.; Kassi, S.; Campargue, A. (2009). "Pluto's lower atmosphere structure and methane abundance from high-resolution spectroscopy and stellar occultations" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 495 (3): L17–L21. arXiv:0901.4882  . Bibcode:2009A&A...495L..17L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911633.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lellouch, E.; de Bergh, C.; Sicardy, B.; Käufl, H. U.; Smette, A. (2011). "High resolution spectroscopy of Pluto's atmosphere: detection of the 2.3 μm CH4 bands and evidence for carbon monoxide" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 530: L4. arXiv:1104.4312  . Bibcode:2011A&A...530L...4L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116954.
Jump up ^ Gurwell, M.; Lellouch, E.; Butler, B.; et al. (November 2015). "Detection of Atmospheric CO on Pluto with ALMA". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #47, #105.06. Bibcode:2015DPS....4710506G.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fray, N.; Schmitt, B. (2009). "Sublimation of ices of astrophysical interest: A bibliographic review". Planetary and Space Science. 57 (14–15): 2053–2080. Bibcode:2009P&SS...57.2053F. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.011.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank, D. P.; Mason, R. E.; Dalle Ore, C. M.; Bernstein, M. P.; Quirico, E.; Mastrapa, R. M.; Emery, J. P.; Owen, T. C. (2006). "Ethane on Pluto and Triton". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #38, #21.03; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 38, p.518. Bibcode:2006DPS....38.2103C.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank, D. P.; Grundy, W. M.; DeMeo, F. E.; et al. (January 2015). "The surface compositions of Pluto and Charon" (PDF). Icarus. 246: 82–92. Bibcode:2015Icar..246...82C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Sokol, Joshua (9 November 2015). "Pluto surprises with ice volcanoes". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Chang, Kenneth (24 July 2015). "Pluto's atmosphere is thinner than expected, but still looks hazy". New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Holler, B. J.; Young, L. A.; Grundy, W. M.; Olkin, C. B.; Cook, J. C. (2014). "Evidence for longitudinal variability of ethane ice on the surface of Pluto" (PDF). Icarus. 243: 104–110. arXiv:1406.1748  . Bibcode:2014Icar..243..104H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zalucha, A. M.; Zhu, X.; Gulbis, A. A. S.; Strobel, D. F.; Elliot, J. L. (2011). "An investigation of Pluto's troposphere using stellar occultation light curves and an atmospheric radiative-conductive-convective model". Icarus. 214 (2): 685–700. Bibcode:2011Icar..214..685Z. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.05.015.
^ Jump up to: a b Trafton, L. M.; Hunten, D. M.; Zahnle, K. J.; McNutt, R. L. Jr. (1997). "Escape Processes at Pluto and Charon". In A. Stern; D. J. Tholen. Pluto and Charon. University of Arizona Press. pp. 475–522. Bibcode:1997plch.book..475T. ISBN 9780816518401.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, L. A.; Elliot, J. L.; Tokunaga, A.; de Bergh, C.; Owen, T. (May 1997). "Detection of Gaseous Methane on Pluto" (PDF). Icarus. 127 (1): 258–262. Bibcode:1997Icar..127..258Y. doi:10.1006/icar.1997.5709. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "PIA19931: Pluto in Twilight". NASA. September 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Alex Parker (2015-09-25). "Pluto at Twilight". blogs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elliot, J. L.; Dunham, E. W.; Bosh, A. S.; et al. (January 1989). "Pluto's atmosphere". Icarus. 77: 148–170. Bibcode:1989Icar...77..148E. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90014-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sicardy B.; Widemann T.; et al. (2003). "Large changes in Pluto's atmosphere as revealed by recent stellar occultations". Nature. 424 (6945): 168–170. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..168S. doi:10.1038/nature01766. PMID 12853950.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elliot, J. L.; Ates, A.; Babcock, B. A.; et al. (10 July 2003). "The recent expansion of Pluto's atmosphere". Nature. 424 (6945): 165–168. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..165E. doi:10.1038/nature01762. PMID 12853949.
^ Jump up to: a b Hartig, K.; Barry, T.; Carriazo, C. Y.; et al. (November 2015). "Constraints on Pluto's Hazes from 2-Color Occultation Lightcurves". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #47, #210.14. Bibcode:2015DPS....4721014H.
Jump up ^ "New Horizons Finds Blue Skies and Water Ice on Pluto". NASA. 2015-10-08.
Jump up ^ Nancy Atkinson (2016). "Latest Results From New Horizons: Clouds on Pluto, Landslides on Charon". Universe Today. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Gurwell, M. A.; Butler, B. J. (2005). "Sub-Arcsecond Scale Imaging of the Pluto/Charon Binary System at 1.4 mm". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #37, id.#55.01; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 37, p.743. Bibcode:2005DPS....37.5501G.
Jump up ^ Lakdawalla E. (2009-03-03). "Methane is a greenhouse gas on Pluto, too". The Planetary Society.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Young, L. A. (2013). "Pluto's Seasons: New Predictions for New Horizons" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 766 (2): 1–6. arXiv:1210.7778  . Bibcode:2013ApJ...766L..22Y. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/766/2/L22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sicardy, B.; Talbot, J.; Meza, E.; et al. (2016). "Pluto's Atmosphere from the 2015 June 29 Ground-based Stellar Occultation at the Time of the New Horizons Flyby". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 819 (2): L38. arXiv:1601.05672  . Bibcode:2016ApJ...819L..38S. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L38.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pluto is undergoing global warming, researchers find". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 9 October 2002. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ Britt R. R. (2003). "Puzzling Seasons and Signs of Wind Found on Pluto". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2003-07-25. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Horizons Reveals Pluto's Atmospheric Pressure Has Sharply Decreased". NASA. 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ Williams D. R. (18 November 2015). "Pluto Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ Singer, Kelsi N.; Stern, S. Alan (August 2015). "On the Provenance of Pluto's Nitrogen (N2)". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 808 (2): L50. arXiv:1506.00913  . Bibcode:2015ApJ...808L..50S. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L50.
Jump up ^ Gipson L. (2015-07-31). "Pluto Wags its Tail: New Horizons Discovers a Cold, Dense Region of Atmospheric Ions Behind Pluto". NASA.
Jump up ^ Bromwich, Jonah Engel; St. Fleur, Nicholas (14 September 2016). "Why Pluto's Moon Charon Wears a Red Cap". New York Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Kuiper, G. P. (1944). "Titan: a Satellite with an Atmosphere". Astrophysical Journal. 100: 378–383. Bibcode:1944ApJ...100..378K. doi:10.1086/144679.
Jump up ^ Hart, M. H. (1974). "A Possible Atmosphere for Pluto". Icarus. 21 (3): 242–247. Bibcode:1974Icar...21..242H. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(74)90039-6.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank, D. P.; Pilcher, C. B.; Morrison, D. (1976). "Pluto: Evidence for methane frost". Science. 194: 835–837. Bibcode:1976Sci...194..835C. doi:10.1126/science.194.4267.835.
Jump up ^ "IAU Circular 4097 — Occultation by Pluto on 1985 August 19". IAU. 26 August 1985. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Brosch, N. (1995). "The 1985 stellar occultation by Pluto". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 276 (2): 551–578. Bibcode:1995MNRAS.276..571B. doi:10.1093/mnras/276.2.571.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, W. B.; Hunten, D. M.; Dieters, S. W.; Hill, K. M.; Watson, R. D. (1988). "Occultation evidence for an atmosphere on Pluto". Nature. 336: 452–454. Bibcode:1988Natur.336..452H. doi:10.1038/336452a0.
Jump up ^ Millis, R. L.; Wasserman, L. H.; Franz, O. G.; et al. (1993). "Pluto's radius and atmosphere: Results from the entire 9 June 1988 occultation data set" (PDF). Icarus. 105: 282–297. Bibcode:1993Icar..105..282M. doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Owen, T. C.; Roush, T. L.; Cruikshank, D. P.; et al. (6 August 1993). "Surface Ices and the Atmospheric Composition of Pluto". Science. 261 (5122): 745–748. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..745O. doi:10.1126/science.261.5122.745. PMID 17757212.
Jump up ^ Croswell K. (1992-06-20). "Nitrogen in Pluto's atmosphere". New Scientist.
Jump up ^ Ker Than (2006-01-03). "Pluto Colder Than Expected". Space.com.
Jump up ^ Mystery of Pluto's Super-Cold Weather Solved. Mike Wall, Space.com. 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Elliot, James L.; Person, M. J.; Gulbis, A. A.; et al. (2006). "The size of Pluto's atmosphere as revealed by the 2006 June 12 occultation". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 38: 541. Bibcode:2006DPS....38.3102E.
Jump up ^ Bosh, A. S.; Person, M. J.; Levine, S. E.; et al. (2015). "The state of Pluto's atmosphere in 2012-2013". Icarus. 246: 237–246. Bibcode:2015Icar..246..237B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.048.
Jump up ^ Resnick, Aaron C.; Barry, T.; Buie, M. W.; et al. (November 2015). "The State of Pluto's Bulk Atmosphere at the Time of the New Horizons Encounter". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #47, #210.15. Bibcode:2015DPS....4721015R.
Jump up ^ Veronico, Nicholas A.; Squires, Kate K. (29 June 2015). "SOFIA in the Right Place at the Right Time for Pluto Observations". SOFIA Science Center. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24.
External links[edit]
Some literature in the Astrophysics Data System
Video (00:17) of Alice occultation (Pluto's atmosphere passes in front of sun) (NASA; New Horizons, 14 July 2015).
"Pluto's Haze". NASA photojournal. 2015-09-10.
"A Full View of Pluto's Stunning Crescent". NASA photojournal. 2015-10-29.
Some of raw images of New Horizons showing sun-lighted atmosphere: 1, 2, 3, 4.
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Bowers
Produced by
Nina Jacobson
Brad Simpson
Screenplay by
Jeff Kinney
David Bowers
Based on
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
by Jeff Kinney
Starring
Jason Drucker
Alicia Silverstone
Tom Everett Scott
Charlie Wright
Owen Asztalos
Narrated by
Jason Drucker
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures[1]
Color Force[1]
TSG Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
Running time
91 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[4]
Box office
$40.1 million[3]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers. It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series, The Long Haul and Old School, and one element based on the eighth book Hard Luck. Despite not being a reboot, the cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles.[5]
It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget, and received negative reviews from critics and fans.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
4 Release
4.1 Critical reaction
4.2 Box office
4.3 Critical response
4.4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands".
Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity. He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where Greg, Rodrick, Frank, and Manny's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology-free.
After arriving at a motel, Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.
Going to sleep, Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings, who playfully crash a trolley into a wall, and storms out of the room in his underwear. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley—which is meant for Greg—into their car, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him. Greg returns to his room, but the next morning, he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo, who chases him again, but he manages to escape from the motel with his family.
The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig, but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again. Back at the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw. However, after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV, they go to get the boys themselves.
Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition. Desperate to be in one of his videos, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost. But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public, causing them to chant at him. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he loves, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.
On the road again, the tarp on the boat—hitched to the car—carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road. The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes. This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster. Greg saw his family hit rock bottom. He encourages them to continue the trip. They found the Beardos. They get into the motel room, where the Beardos occupied, and successfully retrieve their belongings, but not before Greg and Mr. Beardo have a short but intense battle in the motel shower, which ends with Mr. Beardo slipping in the tub.
After encountering some obstacles, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's and get their car fixed, but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way. A Spanish-speaking man, Mr. Luis, who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them, but none of the Heffleys can understand him, except Manny, who speaks in fluent Spanish (thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip) to the man and explains their current situation.
Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is, and the two reunite. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing. He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a new van, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.
In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.
Cast[edit]
Jason Drucker as Greg Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]
Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]
In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."
Release[edit]
The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]
Critical reaction[edit]
On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters, most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick. To further express their outrage, the fans took to social media and started the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick" (a parody of the "#NotMyPresident" trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump), which has spawned countless online memes. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]
Box office[edit]
As of August 12, 2017[update], Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40,077,469 million, against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest ranking film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[3]
In North America, the film was released alongside Everything, Everything and Alien: Covenant, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[11] When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales with £1,444,092.[12]
The film has grossed over $1.7 million through home video sales.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested – and largely unfunny – development."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Home media[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[17][18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rechtshaffen, Michael (May 15, 2017). "'Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Alien: Covenant,' No. 8 in the franchise, is poised to unseat 'Guardians' at the box office". Los Angeles Times. May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diary Of A Wimpy Kid: new film confirmed for 2017".
Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid (1 November 2016). "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek" – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zachary Gordon Talks "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days"". ClevverTV. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid: Dog Days". HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Cavna (3 August 2012). "Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film, 'Dog Days'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Hiramine, Brie. "YIKES: 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley". J-14. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why 'Alien: Covenant' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1M Opening, -34% From 'Prometheus'". Deadline.com. May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekend box office 26th May 2017 - 28th May 2017". www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Diary-of-a-Wimpy-Kid-The-Long-Haul#tab=video-sales
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Release Date, News & Reviews - Releases.com". www.releases.com. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
External links[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul on IMDb
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul at Tomatazos
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