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Quraysh
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For the chapter in the Qur'an, see Quraysh (sura).
Quraysh
قريش
Qedarite, Adnanite
Nisba
Qurashī
Location
Mecca
Descended from
Fihr ibn Malik
Parent tribe
Kinana
Religion
Islam (after 630)
Polytheism (before 630)
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The Quraysh (Arabic: قريش) were a mercantile Arab tribe that historically inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe. The Quraysh staunchly opposed Muhammad until converting to Islam en masse in 630 CE. Afterward, leadership of the Muslim community traditionally passed to a member of the Quraysh as was the case with the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Origins
2.2 Establishment in Mecca
2.3 Control of Meccan trade
2.4 Conflict with Muhammad
2.5 Islamic leadership
3 Clans
4 Leaders
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
Name[edit]
Sources differ as to the etymology of Quraysh, with one theory holding that it was the diminutive form of qirsh (shark).[1] The 9th-century genealogist Hisham ibn al-Kalbi asserted that there was no eponymous founder of Quraysh;[2] rather, the name stemmed from taqarrush, an Arabic word meaning "a coming together" or "association".[1] The nisba or surname of the Quraysh is Qurashī, though in the early centuries of Islam, most Qurayshi tribesmen were denoted by their specific clan instead of the tribe.[3] Later, particularly after the 13th century, claimants of Qurayshi descent used the Qurashī surname.[3]
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
The Quraysh's progenitor was Fihr ibn Malik, whose full genealogy, according to traditional Arab sources, was the following: Fihr ibn Mālik ibn al-Naḍr ibn Kināna ibn Khuzayma ibn Mudrika ibn Ilyās ibn Muḍar ibn Nizār ibn Maʿadd ibn ʿAdnān.[1] Thus, Fihr belonged to the Kinana tribe and his descent is traced to Adnan, the semi-legendary father of the "northern Arabs".[1] According to the traditional sources, Fihr led the warriors of Kinana and Khuzayma in defense of the Ka'aba, at the time a major pagan sanctuary in Mecca, against tribes from Yemen; however, the sanctuary and the privileges associated with it continued to be in the hands of the Yemeni Khuza'a tribe.[1] The Quraysh gained their name when Qusayy ibn Kilab, a sixth-generation descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen and took control of the Ka'aba.[1][note 1] Prior to this, Fihr's offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives.[1]
Establishment in Mecca[edit]
All medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca.[4] After conquering Mecca, Qusayy assigned quarters to different Qurayshi clans.[1] Those settled around the Ka'aba were known Quraysh al-Biṭāḥ, and included all of the descendants of Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy and others.[1] The clans settled in the outskirts of the sanctuary were known as Quraysh al-Ẓawāhīr.[1] According to historian Ibn Ishaq, Qusayy's younger son, 'Abd Manaf, had grown prominent during his father's lifetime and was chosen by Qusayy to be his successor as the guardian of the Ka'aba.[5] He also gave other responsibilities related to the Ka'aba to his other sons 'Abd al-'Uzza and 'Abd, while ensuring that all decisions by the Quraysh had to be made in the presence of his eldest son 'Abd al-Dar; the latter was also designated ceremonial privileges such as keeper of the Qurayshi war banner and supervisor of water and provisions to the pilgrims visiting the Ka'aba.[5]
According to historian F. E. Peters, Ibn Ishaq's account reveals that Mecca in the time of Qusayy and his immediate offspring was not yet a commercial center; rather, the city's economy was based on pilgrimage to the Ka'aba, and "what pass[ed] for municipal offices [designated by Qusayy] have to do only with military operations and with control of the shrine".[6] During that time, the tribesmen of Quraysh were not traders; instead, they were entrusted with religious services, from which they significantly profited.[7] They also profited from taxes collected from incoming pilgrims. Though Qusayy appeared to be the strongman of Quraysh, he was not officially a king of the tribe, but one of many leading sheikhs (tribal chieftains).[7]
According to historian Gerald R. Hawting, if the traditional sources are to be believed, Qusayy's children, "must have lived in the second half of the fifth century".[8] However, historian W. Montgomery Watt asserts that Qusayy himself likely died in the second half of the 6th century.[3] The issue of succession between Qusayy's natural successor, 'Abd al-Dar, and his chosen successor, 'Abd Manaf, led to the division of Quraysh into two factions; those who backed the 'Abd al-Dar clan, including the clans of Banu Sahm, Banu 'Adi, Banu Makhzum and Banu Jumah, became known as al-Aḥlāf (the Confederates), while those who backed the 'Abd Manaf clan, including the Banu Taym, Banu Asad, Banu Zuhra and Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr, were known as al-Muṭayyabūn (the Perfumed).[3]
Control of Meccan trade[edit]
Toward the end of the 6th century, the Fijar War broke out between the Quraysh and the Kinana on one side and various Qaysi tribes on the other, including the Hawazin, Banu Thaqif, Banu 'Amir and Banu Sulaym.[9] The war broke out when a Kinani tribesman killed an 'Amiri tribesman escorting a Lakhmid caravan to the Hejaz.[9] The attack took place during the holy season when fighting was typically forbidden.[9] The Kinani tribesman's patron was Harb ibn Umayya, a Qurayshi chief.[9] This patron and other chiefs were ambushed by the Hawazin at Nakhla, but were able to escape.[9] In the battles that occurred in the following two years, the Qays were victorious, but in the fourth year, the tide turned in favor of the Quraysh and Kinana.[9] After a few more clashes, peace was reestablished.[9] According to Watt, the actual aim in the Fijar War was control of the trade routes of Najd.[10] Despite particularly tough resistance by the Quraysh's main trade rivals, the Thaqif of Ta'if, and the Banu Nasr clan of Hawazin, the Quraysh ultimately held sway over western Arabian trade.[10] The Quraysh gained control over Ta'if's trade, and many Qurayshi individuals purchased estates in Ta'if, where the climate was cooler.[1]
The sanctuary village of Mecca had become a major Arabian trade hub. According to Watt, by 600 CE, the leaders of Quraysh "were prosperous merchants who had obtained something like a monopoly of the trade between the Indian Ocean and East Africa on the one hand and the Mediterranean on the other".[1] Furthermore, the Quraysh commissioned trade caravans to Yemen in the winter and caravans to Gaza, Bosra, Damascus and al-Arish in the summer.[1][11] The Quraysh established networks with merchants in these Syrian cities.[11] They also formed political or economic alliances with many of the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) tribes in the northern and central Arabian deserts to ensure the safety of their trade caravans.[11] The Quraysh invested their revenues in building their trading ventures, and shared profits with tribal allies to translate financial fortune into significant political power in the Hejaz, i.e. western Arabia.[11] In the words of Fred Donner:
[By the end of the 6th century,] Meccan commerce was flourishing as never before, and the leaders in this trade [the Quraysh] had developed from mere merchants into true financiers. They were no longer interested in "buying cheap and selling dear," but also with organizing money and men to realize their commercial objectives. There was emerging, in short, a class of men with well-developed managerial and organizational skills. It was a development unheralded, and almost unique, in central Arabia.[12]
The Banu Makhzum and Banu Umayya, in particular, acquired vast wealth from trade and held the most influence among the Quraysh in Meccan politics.[11] The Banu Umayya and the Banu Nawfal, another clan descending from 'Abd Manaf that had become wealthy from their commercial enterprise, split from the Muṭayyabūn faction in 605 and engaged in business with the Aḥlāf.[3] Their financial fortunes had enabled them to become a force of their own.[3] The Muṭayyabūn was consequently replaced by the al-Fuḍūl alliance, which consisted of the Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib, descendants of 'Abd Manaf, and the Taym, Asad, Zuhra and al-Harith ibn Fihr clans.[3] The Banu Hashim held the hereditary rights surrounding the pilgrimage to the Ka'aba, though the Banu Umayya were ultimately the strongest Qurayshi clan.[8] According to Watt, "In all the stories of the pre-Islamic period there is admittedly a legendary element, but the main outline of events appears to be roughly correct, even if most of the dating is uncertain."[3]
Conflict with Muhammad[edit]
The polytheistic Quraysh opposed the monotheistic message preached by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, himself a Qurayshi from the Banu Hashim. The tribe harassed members of the nascent Muslim community, and attempted to harm Muhammad, but he was protected by his uncle Abu Talib.[13] To escape persecution, Muhammad and his companions, including the Qurayshi Abu Bakr, immigrated to Medina.[14] Muhammad then confronted a Qurayshi caravan returning from Palestine and defeated the Quraysh at the ensuing Battle of Badr in 624.[15] The Quraysh later besieged the Muslims at Medina in 627, but were defeated in the Battle of the Trench.[16] The Treaty of Hudaybiyya was then signed between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628,[17] but was violated because of a dispute between Bedouin tribes from each camp.[18] In January 630, Muhammad moved to finally settle the conflict with Quraysh and returned with his followers to capture Mecca.[18]
Islamic leadership[edit]
Muhammad entered Mecca victoriously in 630, prompting the rest of Quraysh to embrace Islam.[19] Muhammad sought to consolidate the unity of his expanding Muslim community by "winning over this powerful group [the Quraysh]", according to Donner;[19] to that end, he used several means, including assurances of Qurayshi participation and influence in the nascent Islamic state.[19] Thus, despite their long enmity with Muhammad, the Quraysh were brought in as political and economic partners and became a key component in the Muslim elite;[19] Indeed, many leading Qurayshi tribesmen were installed in key government positions and in Muhammad's policy-making circle.[19] According to Donner, the inclusion of Quraysh "in the ruling elite of the Islamic state was very probably responsible for what appears to be the more carefully organized and systematic approach to statesmanship practiced by Muhammad in the closing years of his life, as the organizational skills of the Quraysh were put to use in the service of Islam."[20]
With Muhammad's death in 632, rivalry emerged between the Quraysh and the two other components of the Muslim elite, the Ansar and the Thaqif, over influence in state matters.[21] The Ansar wanted one of their own to succeed the prophet as caliph, but were persuaded by Umar to agree to Abu Bakr.[3] During the reigns of Abu Bakr (632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644), some of the Ansar were concerned about their political stake.[22] The Quraysh apparently held real power during this period marked by the early Muslim conquests.[23] During the First Muslim Civil War, the Ansar, who backed Caliph Ali of the Banu Hashim against two factions representing rival Qurayshi clans,[23] were defeated.[23] They were subsequently left out of the political elite, while the Thaqif held a measure of influence by dint of their long relationship with the Quraysh.[23]
A hadith holding that the caliph must be from Quraysh became almost universally accepted by the Muslims, with the exception of the Kharijites.[3] Indeed, control of the Islamic state essentially devolved into a struggle between various factions of the Quraysh.[23] In the first civil war, these factions included the Banu Umayya represented by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the Banu Hashim represented by Ali, and other Qurayshi leaders such as al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah.[24] Later, during the Second Muslim Civil War, these same factions again fought for control of the caliphate, with the Umayyads victorious at the war's conclusion in 692/93.[25] In 750, the issue of which Qurayshi clan would hold the reins of power was again raised but this time, the Abbasids, a branch of the Banu Hashim, were victorious and slew much of the Banu Umayya.[25] Afterward, Islamic leadership was contested between certain branches of the Banu Hashim.[25]
Clans[edit]
Clan
Genealogy
Notable members
Banu al-Harith Al-Harith ibn Fihr.[1]
Banu 'Amir 'Amir ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] Suhayl ibn Amr
Banu 'Adi 'Adi ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] Umar ibn Al-Khattab
Banu Taym Taym ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] Abu Bakr Banu Sahm Sahm ibn 'Amr ibn Husays ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] [[Amr ibn Al Aas, Al Aas ibn Wa'il
Banu Jumah Jumah ibn 'Amr ibn Husays ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1]
Banu Makhzum Makhzum ibn Yaqaza ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] Amr ibn Hishām Banu Zuhra Zuhra ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1]
Banu 'Abd al-Dar 'Abd al-Dar ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1]
Banu Abd Shams 'Abd Shams ibn 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] Uthman ibn Affan, Muawiyah ibn Abi Safyan,
Banu Nawfal Nawfal ibn 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1]
Banu Hashim Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1] Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib, the rest of the 12 Imams, Fatimah, Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib, Ja’far ibn Abi Talib, Abdullah ibn Abbas etc.
Banu Mutallib Al-Mutallib ibn 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1]
Banu Asad Asad ibn 'Abd al-Uzza ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.[1]
Leaders[edit]
The leaders of the Quraysh (Arabic: Sadat Quraysh), who formed Mecca's aristocracy upon the appearance of Muhammad, included:
Al-'As ibn Wa'il (Banu Sahm)
Amr ibn Hishām (Banu Makhzum)[26]
Abu Lahab ibn 'Abdul Muttalib (Banu Hashim)
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb (Banu Umayya)
Akhnas ibn Shariq (Banu Zuhrah)[27]
Hakim ibn Hizam (Banu Asad)
Mut‘im ibn ‘Adi (Banu Nawfal)
Mughirah ibn Abd-Allah (Banu Makhzum)
Nabeeha ibn Hujaj (Banu Jumah)
Nazar ibn Harris (Banu Abd ad-Dar)
Suhayl ibn Amr[27]
Umayyah ibn Khalaf (Banu Jumah)[26]
Utba ibn Rabi'ah (Banu Abd-Shams)
Abu Bakr al-Siddiq ibn Abi Quhafah (Banu Taym)
See also[edit]
Quraysh is also the name of the 106th Surah of the Qur'an.
Islam portal
Alaouite dynasty
Awan
Ba 'Alawiyya
Hawk of Quraish
List of expeditions of Muhammad against the Quraysh
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Qusayy's genealogy: Quṣayy ibn Kilāb ibn Murra ibn Kaʿb ibn Luʾayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Watt 1986, p. 434.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Watt 1986, p. 435.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, pp. 14–15.
^ Jump up to: a b Peters 1994, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, pp. 15–16.
^ Jump up to: a b Peters 1994, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Hawting 2000, p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fück 1965, p. 883.
^ Jump up to: a b Fück 1965, p. 884.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Donner 1981, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Donner 1981, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, pp. 51–52.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, pp. 70–71.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Peters 1994, pp. 78-79.
^ Jump up to: a b Peters 1994, p. 81.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Donner 1981, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Donner 1981, pp. 77–78.
Jump up ^ Donner 1981, p. 273.
Jump up ^ Donner 1981, pp. 273–274.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Donner 1981, p. 274.
Jump up ^ Donner 1981, pp. 274–275.
^ Jump up to: a b c Donner 1981, p. 275.
^ Jump up to: a b Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:286
^ Jump up to: a b M Pacuk Archived 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine..
Bibliography[edit]
Donner, Fred M. (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fück, J. W. (1965). "Fidjār". In Lewis, B; Pellat, Ch; Schacht, J. The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, C-G (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 883–884. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Hawting, G. R. (2000) [1986]. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24073-5.
Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03267-X.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1986). "Kuraysh". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 434–435. ISBN 90-04-07819-3.
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Badr
Ḥunayn
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Bakkah
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Safa and Marwah
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Rass
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In Mesopotamia:
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryat Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majma‘ al-Baḥrayn
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Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
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Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Miḥrāb
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
Al-Mash‘ar Al-Ḥarām ("The Sacred Grove")
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubā’ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Ayla
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Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
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Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār an-Nadwa
Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Ta'if
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Plant matter
Baṣal (Onion)
Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
Shaṭ’ (Shoot)
Sūq (Stem)
Zar‘ (Seed)
Fruits
‘Adas (Lentil)
Baql (Herb)
Ḥabb dhul-‘aṣf (Corn of the husk)
Qith-thá’ (Cucumber)
Rummān (Pomegranate)
Tīn (Fig)
Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
Zaytūn (Olive)
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Objects of people or beings
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Noah's Ark
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Throne of Bilqis
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Mentioned idols
(cult images)
'Ansāb
Idols of Israelites:
Baal
The ‘ijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Idols of Noah's people:
Nasr
Suwā‘
Wadd
Yaghūth
Ya‘ūq
Idols of Quraysh:
Al-Lāt
Al-‘Uzzá
Manāt
Jibt and Ṭāghūt
Celestial bodies
Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):
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Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
Nujūm (Stars)
Ash-Shams (The Sun)
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Nahr (River)
Yamm (River or sea)
Sharāb (Drink)
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Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Mabit
Mubahala
Sayl al-‘Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada')
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
‘Umrah al-Qaza
Yawm ad-Dār
Implied
Event of Ghadir Khumm
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
[show]
v
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Historical Arab tribes
These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.
Banu Abbas
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ʿĀd
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Banu Amela
Banu 'Amir
Banu Amr
Anmar
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Azd
Bahila
Banu Bakr
Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat
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Banu Dhubyan
Al Fadl
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Ghatafan
Banu Hakam
Harb
Hakami
Banu Hamdan
Bani Hamida
Banu Hanifa
Al-Haram
Hawazin
Banu Hilal
Jarm
Banu Judham
Juhaynah
Jurhum
Banu Ka'b
Banu Kalb
Banu Kanz
Kahlan
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Kindah
Banu Khutheer
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Madh'hij
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Nukha
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Qays
Qedarite
Quda'a
Quraysh
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Bani Shehr
Banu Shuja
Banu Sulaym
Taghlib
Tanukh
Tayy
Banu Thaqif
Banu Umayya
Banu Uqayl
Banu Zayd
Part of Arab tribes
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text:
What a Friend We Have in Jesus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"What a Friend We Have in Jesus"
Song
Genre
Hymn
Composer(s)
Charles C. Converse (1868)
Lyricist(s)
Joseph M. Scriven (1855)
What a Friend We Have In Jesus
Performed by the Onward Brass Band
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"What a Friend We Have in Jesus" is a Christian hymn originally written by Joseph M. Scriven as a poem in 1855 to comfort his mother who was living in Ireland while he was in Canada. Scriven originally published the poem anonymously, and only received full credit for it in the 1880s.[1] The tune to the hymn was composed by Charles Crozat Converse in 1868. William Bolcom composed a setting of the hymn.
The hymn also has many versions with different lyrics in multiple languages. The Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal notes, "In spite of the fact that this hymn, with its tune, has been criticized as being too much on the order of the sentimental gospel type, its popularity remains strong, and the hymn retains a place in modern hymnals."[2] In some settings, the lyrics have been matched to other tunes such as the Welsh "Calon Lân" (originally wedded to the Welsh poem translated as "A Pure Heart").
Contents
[hide]
1 Renditions
1.1 In Asia
2 In popular culture
3 Published versions
4 References
5 External links
Renditions[edit]
Washington Phillips, as "Jesus Is My Friend" (1928, Columbia Records)[3][4]
Bing Crosby (1951, Beloved Hymns)
Rosemary Clooney (1959, Hymns from the Heart, MGM Records)
Ella Fitzgerald with the Ralph Carmichael Choir (1967, Brighten the Corner)
Aretha Franklin (1972, Amazing Grace)
Alan Price used the tune for his song "Changes" in the 1973 film O Lucky Man!, which was reused in a Volkswagen commercial of the same name with Paula Hamilton in the 1980s.[5]
Glen Campbell (1989, Favorite Hymns)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989) sung at Little Friendship Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia
Ike & Tina Turner (1974, The Gospel According to Ike & Tina)
The John Tesh Project (2000, Pure Hymns)[6]
Amy Grant recorded it as part of the medley "What a Friend We Have in Jesus/Old Rugged Cross/How Great Thou Art" on her 2002 studio album Legacy... Hymns and Faith, and later included on her 2015 compilation album Be Still and Know... Hymns & Faith.
Alan Jackson (2006, Precious Memories)
Brad Paisley (2008, Play)
Ronnie Milsap (2009, Then Sings My Soul)
Monty Alexander (2013, Uplift 2)[7]
In Asia[edit]
In Japan, the hymn's title was originally translated as "Itsukushimi Fukaki" (いつくしみ深き, lit. "Merciful"),[8] which is what it is best known by. In 1910, Daisui Sugitani re-wrote the lyrics in Japanese and changed the title to "Hoshi no Yo" (星の界, lit. "World of Stars"). Another version was written by Ryūkō Kawaji with the title "Hoshi no Sekai" (星の世界, lit. "World of Stars"). It is also known by the title "Tsumitoga o Ninou" (つみとがをにのう, lit. "To Bear Sin"). The hymn is popular at wedding ceremonies in Japan.[9]
In Indonesia, the hymn is known as "Yesus Kawan yang Sejati" and is sung in Indonesian or Batak (the indigenous language of North Sumatra) in Manado, Maluccan, and Protestant churches (around 6% of the population). Statistically, the majority of Indonesians are Muslim (around 76%) but native religion elements have up to 90% of the total population and consequently the hymn is widely known only among musicians, scholars and Indonesia's Christian community. However, prior to when Suharto seized power in 1967, the same music was adopted for a popular patriotic song titled "Ibu Pertiwi".
In Hindi, the hymn is a very important song and is sung as "Yeshu kaisa dost pyara". In Marathi, the hymn has been translated as "Kon Mitra Yeshuwani" By Mary Bessel.The song is common during solemn services (Passion week and burial). In Malayalam, the hymn as "Enthu Nallore sakhi Yesu" is sung to comfort and as an invitation to Christ.[10] This hymn had been translated into Telugu and it is sung during occasions as a song of comfort and solace. It is translated as "Preethi gala mana Yesu" and it is listed in the Andhra Kraisthava Keerthanalu (Andhra Christian hymnals) as hymn No. 407.
In India, the hymn sung in Konkani, "Dulob Jezu", was translated by Felix Paul Noronha of Mangalore.
In popular culture[edit]
A version was sung during World War I with the line "When this bloody war is over" in place of the original title.[9] The tune was used in the 1969 film, Oh! What a Lovely War with the title "When This Lousy War Is Over". The tune was used in Alan Price's song Changes, which was written for the 1973 film O Lucky Man! and later became a hit when used in the 1987 Volkswagen Golf television commercial. The tune was in the labor protest movement due to its wide popularity. "Dump the Bosses Off Your Backs" (words by John Brill) was published in the IWW "Little Red Songbook" and has been recorded by dozens of artists including Utah Phillips, Anne Feeney, and Joe Glazer. A Norwegian version was used in the film Trollhunter.
Published versions[edit]
Rise Up Singing, page 98
The Lutheran Hymnal, hymn #457
References[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
What a Friend We Have in Jesus
Jump up ^ "What a Friend We Have in Jesus". Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Polack, W.G. (1941). Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal. St. Louis: Concordia. p. 323.
Jump up ^ "Washington Phillips discography". wirz.de. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ George Washington Phillips: Jesus Is My Friend at AllMusic. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Volkswagen Golf – Paula Hamilton – 1987 – UK Advert". Retro Commercials. March 13, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pure Hymns overview". Allmusic. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Monty Alexander UPLIFT 2". Jazz Legacy Productions. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Itsukushimi Fukaki song sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "312: What a Friend We Have in Jesus". Retrieved 2008-03-19.
Jump up ^ Christhiya Keerthanangal (Christian Hymns). 2007. Hymn 173.
External links[edit]
Piano score (pdf) at Timeless Truths
Text, MIDI, and piano score for "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" at HymnSite.com
"What a Friend We Have in Jesus" Mp3 and lyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Friend_We_Have_in_Jesus&oldid=803881246"
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text:
Flag of Argentina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the state flag. For a list of Argentine flags, see List of Argentine flags.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Argentina
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
5:8 or 9:14
Adopted
February 27, 1812 (original), 1861 (current version)
Design
A horizontal triband of light blue (top and bottom) and white with the Sun of May centered on the white band.
Designed by
Manuel Belgrano
The flag of Argentina is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured baby blue and white. There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors. The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano, in line with the creation of the Cockade of Argentina, and was first raised at the city of Rosario on February 27, 1812, during the Argentine War of Independence. The National Flag Memorial was later built on the site. The First Triumvirate did not approve the use of the flag, but the Asamblea del Año XIII allowed the use of the flag as a war flag. It was the Congress of Tucumán which finally designated it as the national flag, in 1816. A yellow Sun of May was added to the center in 1818.
The full flag featuring the sun is called the Official Ceremonial Flag (Spanish: Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia). The flag without the sun is considered the Ornamental Flag (Bandera de Ornato). While both versions are equally considered the national flag, the ornamental version must always be hoisted below the Official Ceremony Flag. In vexillological terms, the Official Ceremonial Flag is the civil, state and war flag and ensign, while the Ornamental Flag is an alternative civil flag and ensign. There is controversy of the true colour of the first flag, between scientist and the descendants of Manuel Belgrano between blue and pale blue.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
2.1 Shape and size
2.2 Colors
2.3 Sun of May
3 Influence of the Argentine flag
4 Anthems to the flag
4.1 Aurora (Sunrise)
4.2 Saludo a la bandera (Salutation to the Flag)
4.3 Mi Bandera (My Flag)
5 Pledge to the Flag
5.1 Variant 1
5.2 Variant 2
5.3 Military/police variant
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Manuel Belgrano holding the flag.
The flag of Argentina was created by Manuel Belgrano during the Argentine War of Independence. While in Rosario he noticed that both the royalist and patriotic forces were using the same colors, Spain's yellow and red. After realizing this, Belgrano created the Cockade of Argentina, which was approved by the First Triumvirate on February 18, 1812. Encouraged by this success, he created a flag of the same colors nine days later. It used the colors that were used by the Criollos during the May Revolution in 1810. However, recent research and studies would indicate that the colors were chosen from the Spanish Order of Charles III symbolizing the allegiance to the rightful, and then captive King Ferdinand VII of Spain. Most portraits about the creation or first uses of the flag show the modern design of it, but the flag of Macha, a very early design kept at the House of Freedom in Sucre, Bolivia was instead a vertical triband with two white bands and a light blue one in the middle.[1] The flag was first flown for soldiers to swear allegiance to it on 27 February 1812, on the Batería Libertad (Liberty Battery), by the Paraná River. On that day, Belgrano said the following words:
Soldiers of the Fatherland, we have heretofore had the glory of wearing the national cockade; there (pointing to the Independence battery), on the Independence Battery, where our Government has recently had the honor of bestowing it upon, shall our weapons enlarge their glory. Let us swear to defeat our enemies, internal and external, and South America will become the temple of Independence and Freedom. In testament that you so swear it, say with me: LONG LIVE THE FATHERLAND! (after the oath) "Lord Captain and troops chosen for the first time for the Independence Battery: go, take possession of it and fulfill the oath you have just sworn today.[2]
Belgrano dispatched a letter addressed to the First Triumvirate, informing them of the newly created flag. However, unlike with the cockade, the Triumvirate did not accept the use of the flag: policy at the time was to state that the government was ruling on behalf of King Ferdinand VII of Spain who was captive of Napoleon, whereas the creation of a flag was a clear independentist act. Thus, the triumvirate sent a warning to Belgrano not to fight under the flag, but by the time the reply had arrived, Belgrano had moved to the north, following the previous orders that requested him to strengthen the patriotic position in the Upper Peru after the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the Battle of Huaqui. Meanwhile, the flag was hoisted for the first time in Buenos Aires atop the Church of Saint Nicholas of Bari on August 23, 1812; where nowadays the Obelisk of Buenos Aires is located. Still not knowing about the Triumvirate's refusal, Belgrano raised the flag at San Salvador de Jujuy and had it blessed by the local church on the second anniversary of the May Revolution. Belgrano accepted the orders from the Triumvirate by time they arrived to Salta and ceased using the flag. As soldiers had already made oaths to the new flag, Belgrano said that he was saving it for the circumstance of a great victory.
The priest Juan Ignacio Gorriti blessing the flag.
The First Triumvirate was later replaced by the Second Triumvirate, with a more liberal ideology, who called the Asamblea del Año XIII. Despite being one of its original goals, it did not declare independence, and so did not approve the use of a national flag either; nevertheless, the flag made by Belgrano was authorized to be used as a war flag. The first oath to the newly-approved flag was on February 13, 1813, next to the Salado River, which became known as the "Río Juramento" ("Oath River"). The first battle fought with the approved flag was the Battle of Salta, a decisive patriotic victory that achieved the complete defeat of royalist Pío Tristán.
The flag would be finally declared the national flag by the Congress of Tucumán on July 20, 1816, shortly after the declaration of independence. The proposal was made by the deputy Juan José Paso and the text written by the deputy of Charcas, José Serrano. On February 25, 1818, the Congress (now working at Buenos Aires) included the Sun of May in the war flag, after the proposal of deputy Chorroarín. The sun was copied after the one that the first Argentine coin featured in 1813. It was subsequently decided to keep it as part of the regular flag afterwards, and thus the sun no longer represents war.
The Argentine flag flying for the first time over a coastal battery on the shores of the Paraná, 27 February 1812
José de San Martín was aware of the new flag, but did not employ it during the crossing of the Andes in 1817. Being a joint operation of both Argentine and Chilean forces, he thought that a new flag would be a better idea than using either the Argentine or the Chilean flag. This led to the creation of the Flag of the Andes, used in the crossing. This flag is currently used as a provincial flag by Mendoza province.
On June 8, 1938, president Roberto Ortiz sanctioned national law no. 12,361 declaring June 20 "Flag Day", a national holiday. The date was decided as the anniversary of Belgrano's death in 1820. In 1957 the National Flag Memorial (a 10,000 m2 monumental complex) was inaugurated in Rosario to commemorate the creation of the flag, and the official Flag Day ceremonies have customarily been conducted in its vicinity since then.
In 1978 it was specified, among other measurements, that the Official Ceremony Flag should be 1.4 meters wide and 0.9 meters high, and that the sun must be embroidered.
According to the Decree 10,302/1944 the article 2 stated that the Official Flag of the Nation is the flag with sun, approved by the "Congress of Tucumán", reunited in Buenos Aires on 25 February 1818. The article 3 stated that the flag with the sun in its center is to be used only by the Federal and Provincial Governments; while individuals and institutions use a flag without the sun.[3]
In 1985 the Law 23,208 repealed the article 3 of the Decree 10,302/1944, saying that the Federal and Provincial Governments, as well as individuals have the right to use the Official Flag of the Nation.[4]
The Cross of Burgundy flag of Spain (1536)
Flag used in the Spanish coastal fortifications (1717)
Flag of Spain (1785)
Flag of Belgrano (1812)
Flag of Macha (1816)
Flag used (1818)
Flag used during the Liga Federal (1830)
Flag used (1835)
Flag of the Argentine Confederation (1850)
Flag of Argentina (1861)
Design[edit]
The flag at Plaza de Mayo, in front of the Casa Rosada.
Flag in Buenos Aires.
Flag in Puerto Madryn.
Popular belief attributes the colors to those of the sky, clouds and the sun; some anthems to the flag like "Aurora" or "Salute to the flag" state so as well. However, historians usually disregard this idea, and attribute them to loyalty towards the House of Bourbon.[citation needed]
After the May Revolution, the first times of the Argentine War of Independence, the Triumvirate claimed to be acting on behalf of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII, who was prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte during the Peninsular War. Whether such loyalty was real or a trick to conceal independentism is a topic of dispute. The creation of a new flag with those colors would have been then a way to denote autonomy, while keeping the relations with the captive king alive.[citation needed]
Shape and size[edit]
From 1978, the flag's official proportions are 9:14, and its official size is 0.9 by 1.4 meters. It features three stripes alternating sky blue, white and sky blue. Each stripe is 30 centimeters high.[citation needed] In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May (Spanish: Sol de Mayo), a golden sun. Historian Diego Abad de Santillán claimed that the Sun of May was a representation of the Inca sun god Inti.[5]
Flags with proportions of 1:2 and 2:3 are also in use.[citation needed]
Colors[edit]
The colors are officially defined using the CIE 1976 standard:
Scheme
Sky blue
Yellow
Brown
CIE (L*, a*, b*) 67.27, -6.88, -32.23 74.97, 29.22, 81.58 44.53, 27.16, 22.48
*Black and white are as normal. *Source: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/normas-iram/
The following are given for computer, textile, print and plastic use:
Scheme
Sky blue
Yellow
Brown
RGB
117, 170, 219
#75AADB
252, 191, 73
#FCBF49
132, 53, 17
#843511
Pantone (textile) 16-4132 TC 14-1064 TC 18-1441 TC
Pantone (print) 284 C / 284 U 1235 C / 116 U 483 C / 483 U
Pantone (plastic) Q 300-4-1 Q 030-2-1 Q 120-2-4
Number 75AADB FCBF49 843511
*Source: ibid.
The Spanish word celeste (sky blue) is used to describe the colour of the blue stripes.[citation needed]
Sun of May[edit]
The sun is called the Sun of May because it is a replica of an engraving on the first Argentine coin, approved in 1813, whose value was eight escudos (one Spanish dollar). It has 16 straight and 16 waved sunbeams.[citation needed]
In 1978 the sun color was specified to be golden yellow (amarillo oro), to have an inner diameter of 10 cm, and an outer diameter of 25 cm (the diameter of the sun equals 5⁄6 the height of the white stripe. The sun's face is 2⁄5 of its height). It features 32 rays, alternately wavy and straight, and from 1978 it must be embroidered in the "Official Flag Ceremony".[citation needed]
Influence of the Argentine flag[edit]
The flag of the United Provinces of Central America.
Flag of Peru (1822)
The French privateer Louis-Michel Aury used the Argentine flag as a model for the blue-white-blue flag of the first independent state in Central America, which was created 1818 in Isla de Providencia, an island off the east coast of Nicaragua. This state existed until approximately 1821, before the Gran Colombia took over control of these islands. Somewhat later (1823) this flag was again used as the model for the flag of the United Provinces of Central America,[6][7][8] a confederation of the current Central American states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which existed from 1823 to 1838. After the dissolution of the Union, the five countries became independent, but even today all of these states except Costa Rica use flags of blue-white-blue stripes (the Costa Rican flag has a red stripe superimposed on the white one, added to incorporate all the colors of the French flag). The Argentine flag also inspired the flags of Uruguay and Paraguay.
Current flags of Central and South American countries
Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Paraguay Uruguay
Anthems to the flag[edit]
Aurora (Sunrise)[edit]
Alta en el cielo, un águila guerrera
Audaz se eleva en vuelo triunfal.
Azul un ala del color del cielo,
Azul un ala del color del mar.

Así en el alta aurora irradial.
Punta de flecha el áureo rostro imita.
Y forma estela el purpurado cuello.
El ala es paño, el águila es bandera.

Es la bandera de la patria mía,
del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios.
Es la bandera de la Patria Mía,
del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios.
High in the sky, a warrior eagle
rises audacious in its triumphal flight
One wing is blue, sky-colored;
one wing is blue, sea-colored.

In the high radiant aurora
its golden face resembles the tip of an arrow.
And its purple nape leaves a wake.
The wing is cloth, the eagle is a flag.

It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine
that God gave me, born of the sun.
It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine
that God gave me, born of the sun.
Lyrics by Luigi Illica and Héctor Cipriano Quesada, music by Héctor Panizza, it is sung during flag raising ceremonies.
Saludo a la bandera (Salutation to the Flag)[edit]
Salve, argentina
bandera azul y blanca.
Jirón del cielo
en donde impera el Sol.
Tú, la más noble,
la más gloriosa y santa,
el firmamento su color te dio.

Yo te saludo,
bandera de mi Patria,
sublime enseña
de libertad y honor.
Jurando amarte,
como así defenderte,
mientras palpite mi fiel corazón.
Hail, Argentine
Blue and white flag
Shred of the sky
Where the Sun reigns
You, the Most Noble
The Most Glorious and Holy
The sky gave its color to you

I salute you
Flag of my motherland
Sublime ensign
of freedom and honour
Swearing to love you
as well as to defend you
for as long as my faithful heart beats
Mi Bandera (My Flag)[edit]
Aquí está la bandera idolatrada,
la enseña que Belgrano nos legó,
cuando triste la Patria esclavizada
con valor sus vínculos rompió.

Aquí está la bandera esplendorosa
que al mundo con sus triunfos admiró,
cuando altiva en la lucha y victoriosa
la cima de los Andes escaló.

Aquí está la bandera que un día
en la batalla tremoló triunfal
y, llena de orgullo y bizarría,
a San Lorenzo se dirigió inmortal.

Aquí está, como el cielo refulgente,
ostentando sublime majestad,
después de haber cruzado el Continente,
exclamando a su paso: ¡Libertad!
¡Libertad! ¡Libertad!
Here is the idolized flag,
the flag that Belgrano left to us,
when the sad enslaved Homeland
bravely broke its bonds.

Here is the splendorous flag
that surprised the world with its victory,
when arrogant and victoriously during the battles
the top of the Andes it has climbed.

Here is the flag that one day
triumphantly rose in the middle of the battle
and, full of pride and gallantry,
to San Lorenzo it went immortal.

Here it is, like the shining sky,
showing sublimate majesty
after having crossed the continent
shouting in its way: "Freedom!"
" Freedom! Freedom!"
Pledge to the Flag[edit]
As Flag Day is celebrated on June 20, the following pledge is recited to students nationwide on this day by their respective school principals or grade level advisers. In large towns where students are gathered en masse, the pledge is taken by the local town or city executive, preceded by words of advice and honor to the memory of its creator, Manuel Belgrano, using the following or similar formulas:
Variant 1[edit]
Summons:
Niños/Alumnos, la Bandera blanca y celeste—Dios sea loado—no ha sido atada jamás al carro triunfal de ningún vencedor de la tierra.
Niños/Alumnos, esa Bandera gloriosa representa a la Patria de los Argentinos. Prometáis rendirle vuestro más sincero y respetuoso homenaje, quererla con amor inmenso y formarle, desde la aurora de la vida un culto fervoroso e imborrable en vuestros corazones; preparándoos desde la escuela para practicar a su tiempo, con toda pureza y honestidad, las nobles virtudes inherentes a la ciudadanía, estudiar con empeño la historia de nuestro país y la de sus grandes benefactores a fin de seguir sus huellas luminosas y a fin también de honrar la Bandera y de que no se amortigüe jamás en vuestras almas el delicado y generoso sentimiento de amor a la Patria. En una palabra: ¿prometéis lo que esté en las medidas de vuestras fuerzas que la Bandera Argentina flamee por siempre sobra nuestras murallas y fortalezas, en lo alto de los mástiles de nuestras naves y a la cabeza de nuestras legiones y para que el honor sea su aliento, la gloria su aureola, la justicia su empresa?
Response: ¡Sí, prometo![9]
Summons:
Children/Students, the white and sky-blue flag, God be praised, has never been carried in the triumphal carts of any victors of this Earth.
Children/Students, this glorious Flag represents the Fatherland of the Argentines. I ask you all to promise to produce your most sincere and respectful homage, to love it and form it with immense love, from the dawn of the life a fervent and indelible cult in your hearts; preparing yourselves from the school to practice to its time, with all purity and honesty, the noble virtues inherent in citizenship, studying with determination the history of our country and that of its big benefactors in order to continue its luminous traces and to end also of honoring the Flag and of which there should never get depressed in your souls the delicate and generous love feeling to the Fatherland. In a word: do you promise that what should be in the measurements of your forces that the Flag of Argentina flames forever exceeds our walls and fortitude, on top of the masts of our ships and at the head of our legions and so that the honor should be its breath, the glory its aurora, the justice its company?
Response:"Yes, we promise!"
(either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture, if not all stand at attention)
Versions of this include references to Belgrano and to all who fought for the country during the Argentine War of Independence and other wars that followed.
Variant 2[edit]
Summons:
Niños/Alumnos, esta es la Bandera que creó Manuel Belgrano en los albores de nuestra libertad, simboliza a la República Argentina, nuestra Patria.
Niños/Alumnos, es el símbolo de nuestra libre soberanía, que hace sagrados a los hombres y mujeres y a todos los pueblos del mundo. Convoca el ejercicio de nuestros deberes y nuestros derechos, a respetar las leyes y las instituciones. Es la expresión de nuestra historia forjada con la esperanza y el esfuerzo de millones de hombres y mujeres, los que nacieron en nuestra tierra y los que vinieron a poblarla al amparo de nuestra bandera y nuestra Constitución. Representa nuestra tierra y nuestros mares, nuestros ríos y bosques, nuestros llanos y montañas, el esfuerzo de sus habitantes sus sueños y realizaciones. Simboliza nuestro presente, en el que, día a día, debemos construir la democracia que nos ennoblece, y conquistar el conocimiento que nos libera; y nuestro futuro, el de nuestros hijos y el de las sucesivas generaciones de argentinos.
Niños/Alumnos, ¿prometen defenderla, respetarla y amarla, con fraterna tolerancia y respeto, estudiando con firme voluntad, comprometiéndose a ser ciudadanos libres y justos, aceptando solidariamente en sus diferencias a todos los que pueblan nuestro suelo y transmitiendo, en todos y cada uno de nuestros actos, sus valores permanentes e irrenunciables?
Response: Sí, prometo![10]
Summons:
Children/Students, in the sunrise of our freedom, Manuel Belgrano created this flag, the very symbol of our fatherland, the Republic of Argentina.
Children/Students, it is the symbol of our free sovereignty, which makes it sacred to the men and women and to all the peoples of the world. It was convoked by the exercise of our duties and our rights, to respect the laws and institutions. It is the expression of our history forged with the hope and the efforts of millions of men and women, those who were born in our land and those who came to settle it under our flag and our Constitution. It represents our land and seas, our rivers and forests, our plains and mountains, the efforts of its inhabitants, their dreams and achievements. It symbolizes our present, in which, day to day, we must build democracy that enables us, and conquer the knowledge that frees us; and our future, for our children and the successive generations of Argentines.
Children/Students, therefore, do you promise to defend, respect, and love it, with fraternal tolerance and respect, studying with determination, committing to be free and honest citizens, in solidarity accepting their differences to all who populate in our land and manifest, in each and every one of our actions, these permanent and inalienable values?
Response:"Yes, we promise!"
(either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture, if not all stand at attention)

The Glorious Revielle may be sounded by a military band or a marching band at this point when available, and confetti may be or may not be showered on the students.
In the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic and civil uniformed services the pledge is similar but with a different formula and response of ¡Si, juro! (Yes, we pledge!)
Military/police variant[edit]
Summons:
¿Jurais a la Patria, seguir constantemente su bandera y defenderla hasta perder la vida?
Response: ¡Sí, juro![11]
Summons:
Do you therefore pledge to the Fatherland, constantly follow its flag and defend it even at the cost of your lives?
Response:"Yes, we pledge!"
If in the Argentine Federal Police the words y su Constitution Nacional (and its Constitution) may be inserted.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ La Primera Bandera y su destino (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Spanish: Soldados de la Patria, en este punto hemos tenido la gloria de vestir la escarapela nacional; en aquél (señalando la batería Independencia) nuestras armas aumentarán sus glorias. Juremos vencer a nuestros enemigos interiores y exteriores y la América del Sud será el templo de la Independencia y de la Libertad. En fe de que así lo juráis decid conmigo: ¡Viva la Patria!" "Señor capitán y tropa destinada por la primera vez a la batería Independencia: id, posesionaos de ella y cumplid el juramento que acabáis de hacer. Proclama dirigida por M. Belgrano a su ejército al enarbolar por primera vez la bandera
Jump up ^ Decreto 10.302/44 - Que el Escudo, la Bandera, el Himno y su letra son los símbolos de la soberanía de la Nación
Jump up ^ Ley 23.208 - Determina quiénes tienen derecho a usar la Bandera Oficial de la Nación.
Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán, Diego (1965). Historia Argentina [Argentine history] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: TEA (Tipográfica Editora Argentina). OCLC 9405703. Unknown ID 2900104629702.
Jump up ^ Felipe Pigna (2005). Los mitos de la Historia Argentina 2. Argentina: Grupo Editorial Planeta S.A.I.C. 2005. p. 92. ISBN 950-49-1342-3.
Jump up ^ "Belgrano dejó descendencia en América Central". aimdigital. August 5, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "El origen de las banderas de centroamérica". mdz online. June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.gob.gba.gov.ar/legislacion/legislacion/98-2785.html Decree 2785/98 of the Province of Buenos Aires.
Jump up ^ http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/20dejunio/promesa.html. Student Oath to the Flag as sanctioned by the Ministry of Education of Argentina.
Jump up ^ Rumbos Aeronauticos. "Military/Civil Uniformed Services Pledge to the Flag of Argentina". Retrieved 22 August 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Argentina.
Argentina at Flags of the World
All anthems to the Argentine flag
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Día de la Bandera (in Spanish)
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