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Transpiration stream
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Overview of transpiration.
1-Water is passively transported into the roots and then into the xylem.
2-The forces of cohesion and adhesion cause the water molecules to form a column in the xylem.
3- Water moves from the xylem into the mesophyll cells, evaporates from their surfaces and leaves the plant by diffusion through the stomata.
In plants, the transpiration stream is the uninterrupted stream of water and solutes which is taken up by the roots and transported via the xylem to the leaves where it evaporates into the air/apoplast-interface of the substomatal cavity. It is driven by capillary action and in some plants by root pressure. The main driving factor is the difference in water potential between the soil and the substomatal cavity caused by transpiration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Transpiration
2 Osmosis
3 See also
4 References
Transpiration[edit]
Transpiration can be regulated through stomatal closure or opening. It allows for plants to efficiently transport water up to their highest body organs, regulate the temperature of stem and leaves and it allows for upstream signaling such as the dispersal of an apoplastic alkalinization during local oxidative stress.
Summary of water movement:
Soil
Roots and Root Hair
Xylem
Leaves
Air
Osmosis[edit]
The water passes from the soil to the root by osmosis. The long and thin shape of root hairs maximizes surface area so that more water can enter. There is greater water potential in the soil than in the cytoplasm of the root hair cells. As the cell's surface membrane of the root hair cell is semi-permeable, osmosis can take place; and water passes from the soil to the root hairs. The next stage in the transpiration stream is water passing into the xylem vessels. The water either goes through the cortex cells (between the root cells and the xylem vessels) or it bypasses them – going through their cell walls. After this, the water moves up the xylem vessels to the leaves through diffusion: A pressure change between the top and bottom of the vessel. Diffusion takes place because there is a water potential gradient between water in the xylem vessel and the leaf (as water is transpiring out of the leaf). This means that water diffuses up the leaf. There is also a pressure change between the top and bottom of the xylem vessels, due to water loss from the leaves. This reduces the pressure of water at the top of the vessels. This means water moves up the vessels. The last stage in the transpiration stream is the water moving into the leaves, and then the actual transpiration. First, the water moves into the mesophyll cells from the top of the xylem vessels. Then the water evaporates out of the cells into the spaces between the cells in the leaf. After this, the water leaves the leaf (and the whole plant) by diffusion through stomata.
See also[edit]
Soil plant atmosphere continuum for modelling plant transpiration.
References[edit]
Felle HH, Herrmann A, Hückelhoven R, Kogel K-H (2005) Root-to-shoot signalling: apoplastic alkalinization, a general stress response and defence factor in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Protoplasma 227, 17 - 24.
Salibury F, Ross C (1991) Plant Physiology. Brooks Cole, pp 682, ISBN 0-534-15162-0.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpiration_stream&oldid=848049723"
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Tobias Menzies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tobias Menzies
Menzies at the Outlander premiere in New York
Born
(1974-03-07) 7 March 1974 (age 43)
London, UK
Education
Frensham Heights School
Stratford-upon-Avon College
Alma mater
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1998–present
Tobias Menzies (born 7 March 1974) is an English stage, television and film actor. While working in theatre, he starred in television shows such as Rome (2005–2007) where he played Brutus and Game of Thrones (2013–2016) where he played Edmure Tully. He is probably best known for his dual role as Frank Randall and Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall in Outlander (2014–2017), for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Radio
3.2 Film
3.3 Television
3.4 Theatre
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early years[edit]
Tobias Menzies was born in North London, England, the son of Gillian (née Simpson), a teacher, and Peter Menzies, a BBC radio producer.[1] He has one younger brother, Luke, who is a solicitor.[2]
Menzies attended the Perry Court Rudolf Steiner School in Canterbury, Kent, where he was trained in the Steiner System, which includes movement, singing and musical instrumentation. Next he attended the Frensham Heights School near Farnham in Surrey at the same time as Hattie Morahan and Jim Sturgess. He went on to attend Deborah Moody's Year Out Drama Company in Stratford-Upon-Avon in 1993–94. He studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, from which he graduated in 1998 with a BA degree in Acting.[3]
Career[edit]
Menzies worked with the Spontaneity Shop, a British improv comedy company. He began his TV and film career in some of British television's most popular series, including Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Casualty. He also appeared in A Very Social Secretary directed by Jon Jones, which launched UK Channel 4's spin-off station, More4.
He is best known to international audiences for his starring role as Marcus Junius Brutus, Julius Caesar's friend and later co-assassin, in the award-winning HBO/BBC epic series Rome (2005–07).[4]
Menzies had a major role in The Low Down with Aidan Gillen, and was featured in the 2006 reboot of the James Bond film franchise, Casino Royale, as M's aide, Villiers.
He has worked extensively on the stage, with credits including the young teacher Irwin in Alan Bennett's The History Boys (which Nicholas Hytner directed at the Royal National Theatre), and Michael Blakemore's West End production of Three Sisters for which he was nominated for the Ian Charleson Award. Of his role in The History Boys, one reviewer wrote:
There is a remarkable performance, too, from Tobias Menzies as the slick supply-teacher historian, who believes academic success is merely a matter of tricks and spin. But Menzies also discovers a surprisingly attractive vulnerability in the character I missed the first time around.
—  Charles Spencer, The Telegraph
Menzies played the title role in Rupert Goold's production of Hamlet, at the Royal Theatre, Northampton to an appreciative critical reception:
One of Shakespeare's greatest innovations was to dramatise people's thought processes: the articulation of the mind's search for meaning and identity. This is where Menzies' performance is most thrilling. He shows how language strives to express the self and to pin down the truth. Who am I? What do I think and feel? Menzies' delivery of the "To be or not to be..." speech burns with intelligence. This is one of the finest and most exciting Hamlets I’ve seen. Observe his face: it seems to mature, grow softer, more observant and expressive, and his death becomes a fulfilment as well as a failure
—  John Peter, The Sunday Times
The Independent noted that Menzies, "enjoying his antic disposition ... plays the fool dazzlingly: a stage natural.... He gives it everything, even the fight."
In April 2007 Menzies appeared as William Elliot in ITV's production of Jane Austen's classic, Persuasion, and also played Peter Trifimov in The Cherry Orchard with Joanna Lumley (at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield). The Yorkshire Post said, "The one who burns the brightest is Tobias Menzies as the idealistic perpetual student Trofimov. His performance is breathtaking."
He appeared as Derrick Sington in Channel 4's dramatisation of The Relief of Belsen broadcast 15 October 2007 and then he filmed Forget Me Not, a Quicksilver Films production, in which he starred alongside Genevieve O'Reilly.[5]
He also was the Home Secretary in the long-running television drama Spooks, since December 2009.
Menzies plays Edmure Tully, the heir to House Tully of Riverrun in HBO's Game of Thrones.[6]
In 2012, he appeared in the political satire series The Thick of It during series 4 as Simon Weir, as part of the Goolding Inquiry.
In 2014, Menzies played Maggie Gyllenhaal's bodyguard, Nathaniel Bloom, in the TV mini-series The Honourable Woman.[7] The same year, Menzies also began co-starring in the Starz period TV series, Outlander as two characters: Frank Randall, a 20th-century historian, and Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall, his brutal 18th-century ancestor.[8][9][10]
In 2016 Menzies was cast to play a lead role in AMC's anthology series The Terror to be broadcast in 2018.[11][12]
In August 2017 it was announced that Menzies was cast to play a family doctor in an adaptation of Carmilla, a Gothic novella by Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu.[13]
In 2018 Menzies will appear as Cornwall in a BBC2 adaptation of King Lear starring Anthony Hopkins.[14]
Filmography[edit]
Radio[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 A Nice Little Holiday Tony Richardson BBC Radio 4
2011 Now All Roads Lead to France Narrator BBC Radio 4
2012 John Charrington's Wedding Narrator BBC Radio 4 Extra
2013 Plays inspired by James Lees-Milne diaries:
Sometimes into the Arms of God
The Unending Battle
What England Owes James Lees-Milne BBC Radio 4
2013 Serious Money Zak Zackerman BBC Radio 3
2013 Every Duchess In England Oswald Mosley BBC Radio 4
2014 As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning Narrator BBC Radio 4
2015 Landmarks Narrator BBC Radio 4
2015 Fifteen Minutes Andy Warhol BBC Radio 4
2016 Trapped Narrator BBC Radio 3
2016 Comment Is Free Ben BBC Radio 4
2017 RISINGTIDEFALLINGSTAR Narrator BBC Radio 4
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998 The Audition short film
2000 The Low Down John
2002 The Knowledge David short film
2004 Piccadilly Jim Reg
2004 Finding Neverland Theatre Patron
2005 Pierrepoint Lt. Llewelyn Titled Pierrepoint: The Last Hangman in the US
2006 Casino Royale Villiers M's assistant
2007 Atonement Naval Officer
2009 Jackboots on Whitehall Captain English (voice) Spoof war film using puppets.
2009 The Genius of Christopher Marlowe Mephistophilis Rose Theatre Bankside film[15]
2010 The Duel Von Koren adaptation of an 1891 novella by Anton Chekhov, The Duel
2010 Forget Me Not Will
2011 The Door Man with the Wings of a Swan short film
2011 Hysteria Mr. Squyers
2012 Nora Richard short film
2014 The Birthday Gift David short film
2014 Black Sea Lewis
2014 Off the Page: Groove Is in the Heart Mark short film
London Film Festival 2015 official selection
2016 Una Mark
2016 The Velvet Abstract Narrator short film
2016 Underworld: Blood Wars Marius
2018 Carmilla Family doctor
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998–2000 Casualty Frank Gallagher 11 episodes
2000 Longitude Halleys Secretary
2000 Summer in the Suburbs School Psychologist
2000 Midsomer Murders Jack Dorset
2002 The Escapist Policeman
2002 I Saw You Vince
2002 Ultimate Force Box 500 3 episodes
2002 Foyle's War Stanley Ellis
2005 A Very Social Secretary Keith
2005–2007 Rome Marcus Junius Brutus Main cast, 17 episodes
2007 Persuasion William Elliot
2007 The Relief of Belsen Derrick Sington
2008 Fairy Tales Aidee Episode "The Empress's New Clothes"
2008 Bonekickers Scott Wilson
2009 Kingdom David Morston
2009 Pulling Stephan
2009 Spooks Andrew Lawrence 2 episodes
2010 The Deep Raymond 5 episodes
2010 Any Human Heart Ian Fleming 2 episodes
2011 The Shadow Line Ross McGovern 5 episodes
2012 Eternal Law Richard Pembroke Main cast, 6 episodes
2012 Simon Schama's Shakespeare Henry V miniseries
2012 Secret State Charles Flyte 1 episode
2012 The Thick of It Simon Weir 1 episode
2012 Getting On Dr. Tom Kersley 3 episodes
2013 Black Mirror Liam Monroe Episode "The Waldo Moment"
2013 Doctor Who Lieutenant Stepashin Episode: "Cold War"
2013 Up All Night Narrator (voice) TV Series documentary, episode The Nightclub Toilet
2013 Imagine Narrator (voice) TV Series documentary, episode Edmund De Waal: Make Pots or Die
2013–2016 Game of Thrones Edmure Tully 8 episodes
2014 Silent Witness Greg Walker 2 episodes
2014 Puppy Love Alexander 1 episode
2014 The Honourable Woman Nathaniel Bloom miniseries, 3 episodes
2014–2017 Outlander Frank Randall/Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall Main cast, 23 episodes
2015–present Catastrophe Dr Kenneth Harries 4 episodes
2016 The Night Manager Geoffrey Dromgoole miniseries, 5 episodes
2016 The Circuit Sasha
2017 Star Wars Rebels Tiber Saxon (voice) 2 episodes
2018 The Terror James Fitzjames miniseries, main cast
2018 King Lear Cornwall
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999 The Colonel Bird Deaf Actor Directed by Rupert Goold for The Gate Theatre, London[16]
2000 The Way of the World Witwoud Directed by Matthew Lloyd at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester
2000 Light Directed by Simon McBurney for the Complicite theatre company
2001 Over the Rainbow Donmar Warehouse, London
2001 Platonov Sergei Voynitzev Directed by Jonathan Kent at the Almeida
2002 Arcadia Valentine Coverly Directed by Rupert Goold at the Royal Theatre, Northampton and at the Salisbury Playhouse
2003 Three Sisters Tusenbach Directed by Michael Blakemore at the Playhouse Theatre, London. Filmed by BBC Four and aired in 2004
2003 Serjeant Musgrave's Dance Hurst Directed by Sean Holmes. Oxford Stage Company
2005 Hamlet Hamlet Directed by Rupert Goold at the Royal Theatre, Northampton
2005 The History Boys Irwin Directed by Nicholas Hytner. Touring cast and Royal National Theatre, London
2006 As You Desire Me Directed by Jonathan Kent at the Playhouse Theatre, London[17]
2007 The Cherry Orchard Peter Trofimov Directed by Jonathan Miller at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield
2007 Cloud Nine Harry Bagley/Martin Directed by Thea Sharrock at the Almeida Theatre, London
2007 Get Tested Daniel 24 Hour Play directed by Matt Wilde at the Old Vic, London
2009 King Lear Edgar Directed by Rupert Goold at the Young Vic Theatre, London and at the Liverpool Playhouse
2011 The Children's Hour Dr Joseph Cardin Directed by Ian Rickson at the Comedy Theatre, London (currently known as Harold Pinter Theatre)
2011 Decade Scott Forbes Directed by Rupert Goold for Headlong, London[18]
2012 The Recruiting Officer Captain Plume Directed by Josie Rourke at the Donmar Warehouse, London[19]
2013 Rough Cuts: Searched Directed by Carrie Cracknell at the Royal Court Theatre, London[20]
2013 The Hush Directed by Matthew Herbert at the Shed for the Royal National Theatre, London[21][22]
2015 The Fever Man Directed by Robert Icke at the Almeida (performances at the May Fair Hotel), London[23]
2015 The Iliad Live reading directed by Rupert Goold and Robert Icke at the Almeida, London[24]
2016 Uncle Vanya Dr. Michael Astrov Directed by Robert Icke at the Almeida, London[25]
2016 The Dark Lady and the Tender Churl Live reading of William Shakespeare sonnets, Middle Temple Hall, London[26]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
2003 Ian Charleson Awards Commendation for the best classical stage performance in Britain by actor under age 30 Three Sisters Nominated[27][28]
2015 Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Outlander Nominated[29]
2015 EWwy Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Outlander Won
2016 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Outlander Nominated
2016 Satellite Awards Best Television Ensemble Outlander Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roberts, Alison (16 February 2011). "The man who kisses Keira, nightly". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Ben (19 December 2011). "Eternal Law Interview: Tobias Menzies". One&Other. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Student & Graduate Profiles". RADA. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Noam (16 June 2007). "No place like Rome: Tobias Menzies tells Noam Friedlander why he hails the return of the BBC's lavish and lusty Roman series". Telegraph. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Anthony (6 May 2011). "Forget Me Not (15)". Independent. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones': Red Wedding actor breaks silence on surprise return". ew.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Debnath, Neela (11 July 2013). "Q&A interview with 'Game of Thrones' star Tobias Menzies". Independent. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (8 August 2013). "'Game of Thrones' Alum Nabs Dual Role in Starz's 'Outlander' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (8 August 2013). "Game of Thrones' Tobias Menzies Joins Ron Moore's Outlander". TV Guide. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Merriam, Allie (1 August 2014). "Outlander Star Tobias Menzies Promises Plenty of Bodice-Ripping" (Video interview). PopSugar. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (9 September 2016). "'The Terror': Tobias Menzies To Star In AMC Anthology Series From Scott Free". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "'Outlander' Season 3 Cast: Tobias Menzies Bio". Starz. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Jessica Raine, Tobias Menzies board UK gothic drama 'Carmilla'". ScreenDaily.com. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Outlander's Tobias Menzies breaks down Frank's final moments". Harper's Bazaar. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
Jump up ^ "The Genius And The Rose". 12 August 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Paul (12 April 1999). "Theatre: It's a mad world, my masters". The Independent. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilbey, Ryan (27 July 2007). "The three stages of Kristin". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Fricker, Karen (9 September 2011). "Review: 'Decade'". Variety. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Theatre review: The Recruiting Officer". 23 February 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rough Cuts: Searched". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Theatre review: The Hush". 26 July 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Collins, Katie (16 July 2013). "Matthew Herbert's The Hush: seducing theatre audiences with sound". Wired.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Theatre review: The Fever". 23 January 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Almeida announces huge casting for 'The Iliad'". 13 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Uncle Vanya Cast Announcement". 10 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Dark Lady and the Tender Churl - the Fourth Choir at Middle Temple Hall". 21 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Nicol, Patricia (4 April 2004). "Do put your daughter on the stage". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Paddock, Terri (29 March 2004). "Dillon Wins Ian Charleson Award for Master Builder". WhatsOnStage. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 41st Annual Saturn Awards Nominations 2015". 3 March 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tobias Menzies.
Tobias Menzies on IMDb
"Outlander Interview". ShowbizJunkies. July 2014.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Menzies&oldid=821413588"
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Southern Russia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the general area. For other uses, see South Russia (disambiguation).
General map of Russia, showing Southern Russia in color (the Southern Federal District in blue and the North Caucasian Federal District in red).
General map of Russia, showing the North Caucasus Economic Region in orange.
Southern Russia or the South of Russia (Russian: Юг России, Yug Rossii) is a colloquial term for the southernmost geographic portion of European Russia, generally covering the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District.[1] During World War I, the south had a small Russian population with a majority population of non-Russians: Ukrainians, Cossacks (many stanitsas of the Don, Kuban, and Terek), Muslims, and other non-Russians.[2][3][4][5]
The term does not conform to any official areas of the Russian Federation as designated by the Russian Classification on Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO).
In Soviet historiography, southern Russia also was referred to as "White South" (Russian: Белый Юг, Belyj Yug) in reference to the White Army that fought the Bolsheviks along with the Armed Forces of South Russia and the Volunteer Army. It was never a formal subdivision, neither did it have strict boundaries.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Russian Civil War until the Great Patriotic War
2 General area
2.1 Historically, where is Southern Russia?
2.2 Since the collapse of the Soviet Union
3 Usage
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
7 References
History[edit]
1904 map showing administrative units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire prior to Ukrainian independence 1917-1921.
Independent Ukraine which includes south Russia according to an old postal stamp from 1919 that was reprinted in 2008.
The relative positions of key combatants in Ukraine in March 1919. Southern Russia is heavily dominated by the Whites.
Russian Civil War until the Great Patriotic War[edit]
During the Russian Civil War (1917–1922), a territory called South Russia briefly existed after World War I from 1919–1920, which spanned the southern parts of the Russian Empire and included large portions of Ukraine.
On June 23, 1917, Ukraine was officially recognized as an independent country.[a] By late 1918, independent Ukraine, freed from Russian domination and with Austrian-German support, expanded its recognized borders eastward to include southern Russia: Crimea,[b] Kuban, and the Cossack lands of the Don and Terek. South Russia also contained a very large population of Ukrainians during World War I.
In April 1917, the Kuban Cossacks with Nakazny Ataman proclaimed the Kuban Rada as the supreme administration of the Kuban. On September 24, 1917, the Kuban Rada formed the Kuban legislature, and, after the Bolsheviks or Reds captured power in Petrograd, the Kuban People's Republic was formed on January 28, 1918 with its capital in Yekaterinodar. The Kuban Rada declared its independence on February 16 and sought union with the officially recognized independent Ukrainian Peoples Republic. The Kuban People's Republic included all territory of the former Kuban Oblast.
In April 1918, the Don Army was formed.[c] After failing to oust the Bolsheviks from Petrograd during the Kerensky–Krasnov uprising, Pyotr Krasnov[d] arrived in the south and, in May 1918, became the Don Cossack Host Ataman at Novochercassk. Supported by Germany, he equipped the army that removed the Soviets from the Don region in May–June 1918. By the middle of June, a Don Army was in the field with 40,000 men, 56 guns and 179 machine-guns. Later, in the second half of 1918 with his flanks in the south protected by the Whites[e] and an independent Ukraine which was under substantial Austrian-German support and included the Kuban and the Don Cossacks and the Terek Cossacks lands, Krasnov advanced towards Povorino-Kamyshin-Tsaritsyn, intending to march on Moscow, but was defeated.
Famine in USSR, 1933. Areas of most disastrous famine marked with black. A – grain-consuming regions, B – grain-producing regions. C – former land of Don, Kuban and Terek cossacks, C1 – former land of Ural and Orenburg cossacks. 1. Kola Peninsula, 2. Northern region, 3. Karelia, 4. Komi, 5. Leningrad Oblast, 6. Ivanovo Oblast, 7. Moscow Oblast, 8. Nizhny Novgorod region, 9. Western Oblast, 10. Byelorussia, 11. Central Black Earth Region, 12. Ukraine, 13. Central Volga region, 14. Tataria, 15. Bashkiria, 16. Ural region, 17. Lower Volga region, 18. North Caucasus Krai, 19. Georgia, 20. Azerbaijan, 21. Armenia.[7]
In November 1917, the Don region of southern Russia revolted against Lenin's rule and formed the Volunteer Army on November 17, 1917,[f] in Novocherkassk of many Don Cossacks and Whites under the Tsarist Generals Mikhail Alekseyev, Alexander Lukomsky, Sergey Markov, Anton Denikin, and commanded by Lavr Kornilov; all of whom had fled to the south in 1917. In February 1918, the Reds captured Taganrog. Later, with the Reds capturing Rostov-on-Don, the Volunteer Army, searching for its bluebird from February to April, recruited troops south of Novocherkassk from the Kuban during its Ice March. On April 10, during the Volunteer Army's assault on Ekaterinodar, which was the Reds capital of the recently established North Caucasian Soviet Republic,[g] Kornilov, leader of the Volunteer Army, was killed when an artillery shell destroyed the farmhouse where he had set up headquarters. Denikin succeeded him in command and abandoned the assault withdrawing back northward toward Rostov and eventually to Novochercassk. Arriving on April 24, 1918, from his 900-mile Iassy-Don March, Colonel Mikhail Drozdovsky defeated the Reds at Novocherkassk and joined his forces with the Volunteer Army. Major General Drozdovsky,[h] who marched his elite White Volunteer Army unit, the 3rd Infantry Division, across the whole of Novorossiya to the River Don, defeated Makhno's Anarchist Black Army forces[i] thereby placing the south in the hands of the Whites.
Altogether, these units on January 8, 1919, constituted the Armed Forces of South Russia.
With the end of World War I, independent Ukraine lost support from the Central Powers causing a power vacuum in the former Russian Empire's south.[j] In November 1918, Krasnov lost German support. In January 1919, he acknowledged Denikin as supreme commander of the White Armed Forces of Southern Russia and, subsequently, on February 19, 1919, fled to western Europe in exile.
Also, beginning in December 1917, Felix Dzerzhinsky, head of the Cheka, had very strong support to violently suppress persons opposed to Bolshevism. He instituted the Red Terror and decossackization to exterminate anyone who would counter the Communist Revolution which had placed the Reds or Bolsheviks at the head the government. Whites opposed the Reds and southern Russia fiercely supported the Whites. Additionally, the ruthless brutality and atrocities of the Red Terror caused many Russians in the upper Don as well as Russians in the south to join the Whites, the Blacks, and others in opposition to the Reds.
In early 1919, Anton Denikin, as commander of the Armed Forces of South Russia marched on Moscow. On January 23, 1919 the Volunteer Army under Denikin oversaw the defeat of the 11th Soviet Army and then captured the North Caucasus region. After capturing the Donbass, Tsaritsyn and Kharkov in June, Denikin's forces surrounded Moscow on July 3, 1919 (N.S.). It appeared that his Whites would succeed in ousting the Reds from power. However, Leon Trotsky, as the supreme commander of the Red Army, hastily concluded an agreement for Makhno's anarchist Black Army to head east and attack Denikin's extended lines of supply which forced the Whites to retreat. Denikin's army would be decisively defeated at Orel in October 1919, some 400 km south of Moscow.
In October 1919, the Red Army invaded independent Ukraine splitting the anti bolshevik Ukrainian forces from the Whites in southern Russia.
Depopulation by 1933 due to the Red Terror, the genocide of the Holodomor, and the deportations for the GULAGs.
In February 1920, the South Russian Government was established with Denikin in charge in Novorossiysk. With the Reds victories in the Kuban, the remnants of the Volunteer Army were evacuated on March 26 and 27, 1920, from Novorossiysk to the Crimea and merged with Wrangel's Army. The South Russian Government was dissolved on 30 March in Feodosiya.
The Government of South Russia was established at Sevastopol, Crimea, in April 1920 with General Pyotr Wrangel elected new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army by military council. This was the first attempt at a civilian government for the Whites in the south.[k] It governed Crimea and adjacent territories similar to the former Taurida Governorate. France officially recognized it in August 1920. However, further international support was lacking allowing the Reds to advance. On November 16, 1920, the last remnants of the White forces were evacuated to Constantinople with over 146,000 White supporters evacuated during November 1920.
In December 1922, the Soviet Union was formed, but the south was fiercely anti Bolshevist. As punishment for southern Russia's staunch stand against the Communist forces, the Cheka, not only performed genocide under the Red Terror and the Holodomor against Ukrainians, Tartars, Cossacks, and others, but also deported many to the concentration camps, GULAGs, in the Arctic and in Siberia. This greatly reduced the population of non-Russians and anti Bolshevist Russians in the south by many millions during the Soviet years before World War II.
General area[edit]
The flag of the anarchist Black Army during the Russian Civil War. It says, "Death to all who stand in the way of freedom for working people."
A black flag reportedly used by Arab Mujahideen in the region in 2002 displays the phrase al-jihad fi sabilillah above the takbir and two crossed swords.
Historically, where is Southern Russia?[edit]
There are no strict boundaries for Southern Russia.
Historically, one must remember that the Russian Empire was centered on Ivan the Great's city of Moscow.[l] Also, Russians think of Russia's expansion routes or even Russian security or the invasion routes into Russia. So, a Russian's sense of where are things located within or nearby Russia are from the perspective of taking a train ride from Moscow.[8][9]
Northern Russia (Arkhangelsk, Murmansk): the way to the Arctic[10][11]
Northwestern Russia (St Petersberg, Finland, Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania): eastern shoreline of the Baltic Sea; the invasion route from Sweden via the Baltic Sea[12][13]
Western Russia (Belarus): the invasion route from Poland, France, and Germany[14][15]
Southwestern Russia (western Ukraine): the invasion route from the Balkans and Austria[16][17]
Central Asian Russia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan): from the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to China; the way to India and southwestern Asia[18][19]
Far Eastern Russia (Urals, Siberia, and the Far East): the way to Mongolia, China, and the Pacific Ocean[20][21]
Southern Russia (Ukraine, the Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan): the invasion route from Turkey and Persia in the Near East[22][23]
So, Southern Russia is between the route to the Balkans and the route to central Asia. Southern Russia is along the Black Sea. During the Russian Empire, southern Russia is central and eastern Ukraine, as well as Crimea, the Don and the Sea of Azov. Southern Russia is the Caucasus. Southern Russia is the land of the Cossacks. Southern Russia is along the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Southern Russia is the lower Volga and west of the Volga. Sometimes, even Saratov is southern Russia, but not always. Southern Russia are not only Russians but also Ukrainians, Tartars, Greeks who speak Pontic Greek, Cossacks, the peoples of the Caucasus (many of which are Muslims), Georgians, Armenians, Azeris, and Germans whom Catherine the Great encouraged to settle in Russia as farmers of the black soil.[24][25]
Southern Russia, which was also referred to as "White South" (Russian: Белый Юг, Belyj Yug) during the Russian Civil War because of southern Russia's firm support for the return to Tsarist rule,[6] is sometimes also associated with the word black (Russian: чёрный chyornyj):[26][27]
Black Soil: the soil (Russian: чернозём chernozyom). However, the Russian black soil region extends beyond southern Russia.
Black Sea: the sea (Russian: Чёрное море Chyornoye more).
Black Army: the army of Nestor Makhno, a leader of the anarchist political movement which was popular in southern Russia during the Russian Civil War. Makhno's Black Army was not Islamist.
Black Flag: the standard of an anarchist often seen during the Russian Civil War. Besides, from the 1990's to present, the Arab Mujahideen in the region or the Caucasus Emirate use a black standard for their symbolism as well as their color of choice.
Black Person: the people of the south who often have a swarthy complexion, but not an African race (Russian: чёрный человек chyornyj chelovek). This is a viewpoint from an ethnic Russian who is slavic. Sometimes, ethnic Russians think that this person has a very dark outlook or is a violent "evil person" or is a terrorist as well as a "person dressed in black".[26][27]
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union[edit]
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the area of Southern Russia approximately spans two of the nine federal districts of Russia, which contain a combined 13 federal subjects:
Southern Federal District:
Republic of Adygea
Astrakhan Oblast
Volgograd Oblast
Republic of Kalmykia
Krasnodar Krai
Rostov Oblast
North Caucasian Federal District:
Republic of Dagestan
Republic of Ingushetia
Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Karachay–Cherkess Republic
Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
Stavropol Krai
Chechen Republic
In relation to the official economic regions of Russia, most of Southern Russia is included in the North Caucasus economic region, with the exception of the Astrakhan Oblast, the Republic of Kalmykia and the Volgograd Oblast, which are part of the Volga economic region.
Usage[edit]
References to "Southern Russia" can be found in media or news portals devoted to the area. Newspapers and websites like Rossiyskaya Gazeta and Vedomosti have sections or tags for the area.[28][29]
See also[edit]
Federal districts of Russia
Southern Russian dialects
Subdivisions of Russia
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Russia officially recognized Ukraine's independence on March 3, 1918, after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Jump up ^ In 1954, Crimea was officially added to Ukraine.
Jump up ^ The Don Cossacks had tried to organize an army earlier in 1918, but were unsuccessful. With the Red Terror instituted on the Don Cossacks in the spring 1918, the Don Cossacks gained much more fortitude to raise an army against the notorious Red menace.
Jump up ^ Krasnov was imprisoned and later released provided he did not participate against Bolshevist rule.
Jump up ^ The Reds and the Blacks were not active along his army's supply lines in Southern Russia because of crucial support from the Whites.
Jump up ^ The formation of the Volunteer Army was announced on January 9, 1918.
Jump up ^ Created by merging the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic, the Stavropol Soviet Republic, and the Terek Soviet Republic, the North Caucasian Soviet Republic was a short lived (collapsed in December 1918) Bolshevist attempt to control the south. On August 17, 1918, Ekaterinodar was taken by Denikin's Volunteer Army, and the capital was moved to Pyatigorsk which was captured in December 1918, thus ending an official Reds government in the south.
Jump up ^ He was wounded in October 1918, during a battle near Stavropol. Although initially it was thought that the wound was not serious, he never recovered and died on January 1, 1919, in the vicinity of Rostov-on-Don.
Jump up ^ In addition to support in the Free Territory, anarchists had very strong support from Russians around the coal mines of the Donbass.
Jump up ^ In 1917–1921, Russia was a rump state within the former Russian Empire. The Soviet Union was not formed until later in December 1922.
Jump up ^ Both the impending collapse of independent Ukraine's final civilian government, which occurred in November 1920, and the official recognition by France in August 1920 of South Russia's independence precipitated the establishment of a civilian government for South Russia.
Jump up ^ Under Ivan the Great, Moscow emerged as the most dominate city state among Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, and the Golden Ring in the Zalesye or Opolye.
External links[edit]
Спектр (Spectrum), news portal
ЯСНО (Clearly), news portal
Southru.ino, news portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yevgeny Popov (9 December 2012). "Кто подрывает юг России" [Who Controls Southern Russia?]. Russia-1 (in Russian). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Geifman, Anna (1999). Russia Under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion, 1894-1917. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-995-2.
Jump up ^ Troynitsky 1905
Jump up ^ Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy 1913
Jump up ^ First General Russian Empire Census of 1897
^ Jump up to: a b Ушаков, А. И.; Федюк, В. П. (1997). Белый Юг. Ноябрь 1919 — ноябрь 1920. Москва: АИРО-XX. ISBN 5-88735-045-8.
Jump up ^ Markoff, Dr. Alexandr Pavlovich (1933). professors of the Russian Commercial Institute, eds. "Famine in the USSR" (pdf). Bulletin Economique Russe (in French). 91, Rue Lecourbe, 91; Paris 15e, France: English translation by the Russian Commercial Institute in Paris. 9. Retrieved April 18, 2016. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Frank C. Carlucci, Secretary of Defence, ed. (1988). Soviet Military Power: An Assessment of the Threat. Department of Defense, United States of America. 008-000-00488-9.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defence, ed. (1989). Soviet Military Power: Prospects for Change. Department of Defense, United States of America. 008-000-00538-9.
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1988, pp14-5
Jump up ^ Soviet Military Power 1989, pp14-5
^ Jump up to: a b Osipova, Natalia V. (July 27, 2015). "Muslims in Moscow Work to Break a Stereotype". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bransten, Jeremy (July 20, 2005). "Russia: Muslim Film Festival In Tatarstan Aims To Break Stereotypes". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Юг России" [Southern Russia]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Юг России" [Southern Russia]. Vedomosti (in Russian). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
Первая всеобщая перепись населенiя Россiйской Имперiи. Под редакцiею Н. А. Тройницкаго. — СПб.: Изданiе центральнаго статистическаго комитета министерства внутреннихъ делъ, 1905. (The First Total Census of Russian Empire. A publication of the central statictical bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Editor N. A. Troynitsky.)
РОССИЯ. Полное Географическое Описание Нашего Отечества. Под ред. П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского. — СПб., 1913. (Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy, P. P. (Ed.): RUSSIA. Complete Geographical Description of our Fatherland. — St. Petersburg, 1913. This latter work reproduces most of the results of the census, and is a good deal easier to find in western libraries than the original publication.)
Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и регионам (First General Russian Empire Census of 1897. Population breakdown by mother tongue and regions) (Demoscope.ru) (in Russian)
The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia (1777 territorial units)
Coordinates: 45°24′00″N 43°00′00″E / 45.4000°N 43.0000°E / 45.4000; 43.0000
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1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine
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3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast
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Kay Hanley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kay Hanley
Hanley in 2007
Background information
Birth name
Kathleen Marie Hanley
Born
(1968-09-11) September 11, 1968 (age 49)
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Genres
Rock, folk, pop, acoustic, alternative
Instruments
Vocals, guitar
Years active
1990–present
Labels
Zoë Records
De Guerre
Associated acts
Letters to Cleo, Michael Eisenstein, Veruca Salt, Cheap Trick, American Hi-Fi
Kathleen Marie "Kay" Hanley (born September 11, 1968) is an American musician. She is best known as the vocalist for the alternative rock band Letters to Cleo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Discography
2.1 Letters to Cleo
2.2 Pet Projects
2.3 Solo
2.4 Palmdale
2.5 Soundtracks
2.6 Special appearances
3 Filmography
4 Further reading
5 References
6 External links
Life and career[edit]
Hanley was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. She grew up diagonally across the street from Donnie and Mark Wahlberg. She was a member of Letters To Cleo from 1990 to 2000 (the length of the band's existence, with the exception of the 2008-2009 reunion tour). The band name was conceived by Hanley in reference to a pen pal named Cleo that she had when she was younger. In 1997, she began working on other projects, beginning with a role in the Boston Rock Opera's performance of Jesus Christ Superstar as Mary Magdalene.
In 1999, Hanley made a cameo as herself in the film 10 Things I Hate About You, singing a cover version of Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind" at the movie characters' high school prom, in addition to performing "Come On" with Letters to Cleo during an earlier scene at a club. Towards the end of Letters to Cleo's career, she began performing with her husband and fellow Letters To Cleo member Michael Eisenstein outside of the band. Around the same time, she gave birth to their daughter, Zoe.
Upon the split of Letters to Cleo, Hanley embarked upon a solo career. She performed music for the Kids WB cartoon series, Generation O! along with the rest of Letters to Cleo and provided the singing voice for Rachael Leigh Cook's character Josie in the movie Josie and the Pussycats. In 2002, she released her first solo album, Cherry Marmalade. That same year, she appeared on the Dropkick Murphys/Face to Face split cd, providing guest vocals on the original version of the Dropkick Murphys song "The Dirty Glass".
In 2003, Hanley was approached by Jun Senoue from Sega to co-write and perform on an original song for their upcoming entry in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, entitled Sonic Heroes. The result was the song "Follow Me."
In 2004, Hanley released a follow up to Cherry Marmalade, The Babydoll EP. That same year, she and her husband Michael Eisenstein had their second child, Henry Aaron, the name given in honor of baseball player Hank Aaron and their love for baseball.
In August 2005, Hanley recorded a cover of Iggy Pop's "Lust for Life" for the soundtrack of the Reese Witherspoon film Just Like Heaven. In September 2005, she appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as part of a pre-taped man-on-the-street segment, singing a song about falling in love at Starbucks.
Hanley was quite popular with fans of the New England Patriots thanks to her 8-0 record when singing the National Anthem for them at Gillette Stadium. The streak came to an end when the Patriots lost on January 10, 2010 to the Baltimore Ravens. Hanley is also very involved with the Boston-based charity "Hot Stove, Cool Music," both as performer and spokesperson for the semi-annual event.
She sings the main theme song[1] for My Friends Tigger & Pooh,[2] a half-hour Disney Channel TV show that premiered on Playhouse Disney on May 12, 2007 and "We Are the Care Bears" from Care Bears: Oopsy Does It! and Care Bears to the Rescue.
Hanley and longtime writing partner Michelle Lewis currently compose all original songs for the hit Disney series, Doc McStuffins.[3]
On Thanksgiving Day 2007, Hanley sang a song called "Caring Changes The World" in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on the Care Bears float as self-accompanied with her same-themed electric guitar.
In 2007-08, Hanley toured as a back-up singer with Miley Cyrus for Hannah Montana concerts and events.
Her latest album, Weaponize, was released May 27, 2008.
In 2010, Hanley and Linus of Hollywood released two EPs under the name Palmdale.
In 2011, Hanley provides vocals on the Bowling For Soup track "I've Never Done Anything Like This" on their album Fishin' for Woos.
Hanley co-wrote "Don't Wanna Be Famous" on The Dollyrots' eponymous album.
Discography[edit]
Letters to Cleo[edit]
Main article: Letters to Cleo § Discography
Pet Projects[edit]
The title of this section indicates projects that both Hanley and Eisenstein have taken an active interest in developing, in terms of playing multiple roles, including production as well as composition and/or instrumentation.
Year
Artist
Title
Label
Role
2003 The Gentlemen Blondes Prefer the Gentlemen Sodapop Records Vocals
2007 Murder Capitol of the World St. Jude's Revenge Dot Rat Vocals
2008 Cruiserweight Big Bold Letters Doghouse/Siren Songs Composer, Background Vocals
Solo[edit]
Year
Title
Label
2002 Cherry Marmalade Zoë Records
2003 The Paradise - Boston, MA 5/30/03 (live) Instant Live[4]
2004 The Babydoll EP
The Paradise - Boston, MA 8/26/04 (live)
2006 Kay Hanley / Scamper split single CD De Guerre/Scamper
2008 Weaponize De Guerre
Palmdale[edit]
Year
Title
2010 Get Wasted (EP)
2010 How To Be Mean (EP)
Soundtracks[edit]
Year
Title
Label
1996 The Craft Sony
1999 10 Things I Hate About You Hollywood Records
2001 Music from the Motion Picture Josie and the Pussycats Sony
2003 Sonic Heroes Pioneer/Geneon
2005 Just Like Heaven Sony
Special appearances[edit]
Year
Artist
Title
Label
Role
1995 Mary Karlzen Yelling at Mary Atlantic Records Background Vocals
2002 James Taylor October Road Sony Choir, Chorus
2006 Agnes Chan Forget Yourself Bungalo Records Background Vocals
Peter Gammons Never Slow Down, Never Grow Old Rounder Vocals
2008 Lisa Loeb Camp Lisa Furious Rose Productions Vocal Harmony
2009 Will Dailey Torrent, Vols. 1 & 2 BS Background Vocals
2010 Lindsey Ray Goodbye from California LRay Composer
The Posies Blood/Candy Rykodisc Vocals
2011 Bowling For Soup Fishin' for Woos MRI Vocals, Sounds
Will Dailey Will Dailey & the Rivals Universal Republic Records Composer
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Type
1999 10 Things I Hate About You Herself Cameo
2000 Generation O! Molly O Voice
2001 Josie and the Pussycats Josie McCoy Voice
2007-early 2008 My Friends Tigger and Pooh opening song performer (Season 1)
Performer
2014 Parks and Recreation Herself Cameo
Further reading[edit]
MacNeil, Jason. "Kay Hanley". Allmusic. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ My Friends Tigger and Pooh Theme Song Music Video - Music - My Friends Tigger and Pooh - Playhouse Disney
Jump up ^ Home - My Friends Tigger and Pooh - Playhouse Disney
Jump up ^ "Doc McStuffins". IMDB. imdb.
Jump up ^ CD Universe listing
External links[edit]
Kay Hanley on Twitter
Letters to Cleo website
Kay Hanley's MySpace
Kay Hanley on IMDb
Kay and USA Mike's Lynx
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 162449322
LCCN: no2008140777
ISNI: 0000 0001 1458 0139
SUDOC: 160144949
BNF: cb15034878k (data)
MusicBrainz: b212dfa8-1f85-4a35-87d8-f5309827f00a
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kay_Hanley&oldid=826439852"
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Female rock singers
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Singers from Massachusetts
Zoë Records artists
21st-century women singers
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This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 03:03.
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