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Clear and present danger
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For other uses, see Clear and present danger (disambiguation).
The concept of "clear and present danger" is a rationale for the limitation of free speech originated in a majority opinion written in 1919 by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Clear and present danger was a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Dennis v. United States
2 Importance
2.1 Brandenburg
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
See also: First Amendment issues related to speech critical of government
Before the 20th century, most free speech issues involved prior restraint. Starting in the early 1900s, the Supreme Court began to consider cases in which persons were punished 'after' speaking or publishing. The primary legal test used in the United States to determine if speech could be criminalized was the bad tendency test.[1] Rooted in English common law, the test permitted speech to be outlawed if it had a tendency to harm public welfare.[1] One of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court addressed punishment after material was published was 1907's Patterson v. Colorado in which the Court used the bad tendency test to uphold contempt charges against a newspaper publisher who accused Colorado judges of acting on behalf of local utility companies.[1][2]
Antiwar protests during World War I gave rise to several important free speech cases related to sedition and inciting violence. In the 1919 case Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court held that an antiwar activist did not have a First Amendment right to advocate draft resistance.[3][4] In his majority opinion, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. introduced the clear and present danger test, which would become an important concept in First Amendment law; but the Schenck decision did not formally adopt the test.[3] Holmes later wrote that he intended the clear and present danger test to refine, not replace, the bad tendency test.[5][6] Although sometimes mentioned in subsequent rulings, the clear and present danger test was never endorsed by the Supreme Court as a test to be used by lower courts when evaluating the constitutionality of legislation that regulated speech.[7][8]
The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that the United States Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.
The Court continued to use the bad tendency test during the early 20th century in cases such as 1919's Abrams v. United States, which upheld the conviction of antiwar activists who passed out leaflets encouraging workers to impede the war effort.[9] In Abrams, Holmes and Justice Brandeis dissented and encouraged the use of the clear and present test, which provided more protection for speech.[10] In 1925's Gitlow v. New York, the Court extended the First Amendment to the states, and upheld the conviction of Gitlow for publishing the "Left Wing Manifesto".[11] Gitlow was decided based on the bad tendency test, but the majority decision acknowledged the validity of the clear and present danger test, yet concluded that its use was limited to Schenck-like situations where the speech was not specifically outlawed by the legislature.[5][12]
Brandeis and Holmes again promoted the clear and present danger test, this time in a concurring opinion in 1927's Whitney v. California decision.[5][13] The majority did not adopt or use the clear and present danger test, but the concurring opinion encouraged the Court to support greater protections for speech, and it suggested that "imminent danger" – a more restrictive wording than "present danger" – should be required before speech can be outlawed.[14] After Whitney, the bad tendency test continued to be used by the Court in cases such 1931's Stromberg v. California, which held that a 1919 California statute banning red flags was unconstitutional.[15]
The clear and present danger test was invoked by the majority in the 1940 Thornhill v. Alabama decision in which a state antipicketing law was invalidated.[7][16] Although the Court referred to the clear and present danger test in a few decisions following Thornhill,[17] the bad tendency test was not explicitly overruled,[7] and the clear and present danger test was not applied in several subsequent free speech cases involving incitement to violence.[18]
Dennis v. United States[edit]
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson reaffirmed the applicability of the doctrine of "clear and present danger" in upholding the 1950 conviction of Communist Party USA leader Eugene Dennis.
In May 1950, one month before the appeals court heard oral arguments in the Dennis v. United States case, the Supreme Court ruled on free speech issues in American Communications Association v. Douds. In that case, the Court considered the clear and present danger test, but rejected it as too mechanical and instead introduced a balancing test.[19] The federal appeals court heard oral arguments in the CPUSA case on June 21–23, 1950. Judge Learned Hand considered the clear and present danger test, but his opinion adopted a balancing approach similar to that suggested in American Communications Association v. Douds.[5][20]
The defendants appealed the Second Circuit's decision to the Supreme Court in Dennis v. United States. The 6–2 decision was issued on June 4, 1951, and upheld Hand's decision. Chief Justice Fred Vinson's opinion stated that the First Amendment does not require that the government must wait "until the putsch is about to be executed, the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited" before it interrupts seditious plots.[21] In his opinion, Vinson endorsed the balancing approach used by Judge Hand:[22][23]
Chief Judge Learned Hand ... interpreted the [clear and present danger] phrase as follows: 'In each case, [courts] must ask whether the gravity of the "evil", discounted by its improbability, justifies such invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger.' We adopt this statement of the rule. As articulated by Chief Judge Hand, it is as succinct and inclusive as any other we might devise at this time. It takes into consideration those factors which we deem relevant, and relates their significances. More we cannot expect from words.
Importance[edit]
Following Schenck v. United States, "clear and present danger" became both a public metaphor for First Amendment speech[24][25] and a standard test in cases before the Court where a United States law limits a citizen's First Amendment rights; the law is deemed to be constitutional if it can be shown that the language it prohibits poses a "clear and present danger". However, the "clear and present danger" criterion of the Schenck decision was replaced in 1969 by Brandenburg v. Ohio,[26] and the test refined to determining whether the speech would provoke an "imminent lawless action".
The vast majority[who?] of legal scholars have concluded that in writing the Schenck opinion, Justice Holmes never meant to replace the "bad tendency" test which had been established in the 1868 English case R. v. Hicklin and incorporated into American jurisprudence in the 1904 Supreme Court case U.S. ex rel. Turner v. Williams[citation needed]. This is demonstrated by the use of the word "tendency" in Schenck itself, a paragraph in Schenck explaining that the success of speech in causing the actual harm was not a prerequisite for conviction, and use of the bad-tendency test in the simultaneous Frohwerk v. United States and Debs v. United States decisions (both of which cite Schenck without using the words "clear and present danger").
However, a subsequent essay by Zechariah Chafee titled “Freedom of Speech in War Time” argued despite context that Holmes had intended to substitute clear and present danger for the bad-tendency standard a more protective standard of free speech.[27] Bad tendency was a far more ambiguous standard where speech could be punished even in the absence of identifiable danger, and as such was strongly opposed by the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union and other libertarians of the time.
Having read Chafee's article, Holmes decided to retroactively reinterpret what he had meant by "clear and present danger" and accepted Chafee's characterization of the new test in his dissent in Abrams v. United States just six months after Schenck.[28] Schenck, Frohwerk, and Debs all resulted in unanimous decisions, while Abrams did not.
Brandenburg[edit]
For two decades after the Dennis decision, free speech issues related to advocacy of violence were decided using balancing tests such as the one initially articulated in Dennis.[29] In 1969, the court established stronger protections for speech in the landmark case Brandenburg v. Ohio, which held that "the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action".[30][31] Brandenburg is now the standard applied by the Court to free speech issues related to advocacy of violence.[32]
See also[edit]
Shouting fire in a crowded theater
Imminent lawless action
Threatening the President of the United States
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (1917)
Dennis v. United States
Korematsu v. United States
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rabban, pp 132–134, 190–199.
Jump up ^ Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 (1907).
Before 1907, most free speech issues addressed prior restraint rather than punishment after speaking.
^ Jump up to: a b Killian, p 1093.
Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dunlap, William V., "National Security and Freedom of Speech", in Finkelman (vol 1), pp 1072–1074.
Jump up ^ Rabban, pp 285–286.
^ Jump up to: a b c Killian, pp 1096, 1100.
Currie, David P., The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888-1986, Volume 2, University of Chicago Press, 1994, p 269, ISBN 9780226131122.
Konvitz, Milton Ridvad, Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Transaction Publishers, 2003, p 304, ISBN 9780765809544.
Eastland, p 47.
Jump up ^ The Court adopted the imminent lawless action test in 1969's Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), which some commentators view as a modified version of the clear and present danger test.
Jump up ^ Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
The bad tendency test was also used in Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919); Debs v. United States, 249 U.S. 211 (1919); and Schaefer v. United States, 251 U.S. 466 (1920).
See Rabban, David, "Clear and Present Danger Test", in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, p 183, 2005, ISBN 9780195176612 .
Jump up ^ Killian, p. 1094.
Rabban, p 346.
Redish, p 102.
Jump up ^ Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925).
Jump up ^ Redish, p 102.
Kemper, p 653.
Jump up ^ Whitney v. California 274 U.S. 357 (1927).
Jump up ^ Redish pp 102–104.
Killian, p 1095.
Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931).
Killian, p 1096.
Another case from that era that used the bad tendency test was Fiske v. Kansas, 274 U.S. 380 (1927).
Jump up ^ Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
Jump up ^ Including Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940): "When clear and present danger of riot, disorder, interference with traffic upon the public streets, or other immediate threat to public safety, peace, or order appears, the power of the State to prevent or punish is obvious.… we think that, in the absence of a statute narrowly drawn to define and punish specific conduct as constituting a clear and present danger to a substantial interest of the State, the petitioner's communication, considered in the light of the constitutional guarantees, raised no such clear and present menace to public peace and order as to render him liable to conviction of the common law offense in question."
And Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252 (1941): "And, very recently [in Thornhill] we have also suggested that 'clear and present danger' is an appropriate guide in determining the constitutionality of restrictions upon expression … What finally emerges from the 'clear and present danger' cases is a working principle that the substantive evil must be extremely serious, and the degree of imminence extremely high, before utterances can be punished."
Jump up ^ Antieu, Chester James, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1998, p 219, ISBN 9781575884431. Antieu names Feiner v. New York, 340 U.S. 315 (1951); Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire 315 U.S. 568 (1942); and Kovacs v. Cooper, 335 U.S. 77 (1949).
Jump up ^ Eastland, p 47.
Killian, p 1101.
American Communications Association v. Douds 339 U.S. 382 (1950).
Jump up ^ Eastland, pp 96, 112–113.
Sabin, p 79.
O'Brien, pp 7–8.
Belknap (1994), p 222.
Walker, p 187.
Belknap, Michal, The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p 109, ISBN 9781576072011.
Kemper, p 655.
Jump up ^ Belknap (1994), p 223. Vinson quoted by Belknap.
Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States - 341 U.S. 494 (1951) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Killian, p 1100.
Kemper, pp 654–655.
Jump up ^ Derrick, Geoffrey J. (2007). "Why the Judiciary Should Protect First Amendment Political Speech During Wartime: The Case for Deliberative Democracy". Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal. 2 (1). ISSN 1718-8482. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22.
Jump up ^ Tsai, Robert L. (2004). "Fire, Metaphor, and Constitutional Myth-Making". Georgetown Law Journal. 93: 181–239. ISSN 0016-8092.
Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
Jump up ^ Chafee, Zechariah (1919). "Freedom of Speech in Wartime". Harvard Law Review. 32 (8): 932–973. doi:10.2307/1327107.
Jump up ^ Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
Jump up ^ Including cases such as Konigsberg v. State Bar of California, 366 U.S. 36 (1961).
Killian, pp 1101–1103.
Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
Jump up ^ Redish pp 104–106.
Killian, pp 1109–1110.
Jump up ^ E.g. in cases such as Hess v. Indiana, 414 U.S. 105 (1973).
Redish, p 105.
Kemper, p 653.
References[edit]
Finkelman, Paul (Editor), Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties (two volumes), CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0415943420
Kemper, Mark, "Freedom of Speech", in Finkelman, Vol 1, p 653–655.
Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George; Thomas, Kenneth R., The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Library of Congress, Government Printing Office, 2005, ISBN 978-0160723797
Rabban, David, Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0521655378
Redish, Martin H., The Logic of Persecution: Free Expression and the McCarthy Era, Stanford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0804755931
Further reading[edit]
Chester James Antieau, "The Rule of Clear and Present Danger: Scope of Its Applicability," Michigan Law Review, vol. 48, no. 6 (April 1950), pp. 811–840. In JSTOR
Louis B. Boudin, "'Seditious Doctrines' and the 'Clear and Present Danger' Rule: Part I," Virginia Law Review, vol. 38, no. 2 (Feb. 1952), pp. 143–186. In JSTOR
Louis B. Boudin, "'Seditious Doctrines' and the 'Clear and Present Danger' Rule: Part II," Virginia Law Review, vol. 38, no. 3 (April 1952), pp. 315–356. In JSTOR
Mark Kessler, "Legal Discourse and Political Intolerance: The Ideology of Clear and Present Danger," Law & Society Review, vol. 27, no. 3 (1993), pp. 559–598. In JSTOR
Fred D. Ragan, "Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Zechariah Chafee, Jr., and the Clear and Present Danger Test for Free Speech: The First Year, 1919," Journal of American History, vol. 58, no. 1 (1971), pp. 24–45. In JSTOR
Bernard Schwartz, "Holmes versus Hand: Clear and Present Danger or Advocacy of Unlawful Action?" Supreme Court Review," vol. 1994, pp. 209–245. In JSTOR
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England national football team manager
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Gareth Southgate, the current England national football team manager
The role of an England national football team manager was first established in 1946 with the appointment of Walter Winterbottom.[1][2] Before this, the England team was selected by the "International Selection Committee",[2] a process in which the Football Association (FA) would select coaches and trainers from the league to prepare the side for single games, but where all decisions ultimately remained under the control of the committee.[3] A 1–0 defeat by Switzerland prompted FA secretary Stanley Rous to raise Winterbottom from "National Director of coaching" to "Manager".[1][4]
Eighteen men have occupied the post since its inception; four of those were in short-term caretaker manager roles: Joe Mercer (seven games in charge), Howard Wilkinson (two games, a year apart from one another), Peter Taylor (one game) and Stuart Pearce (one game). In comparison, Winterbottom held the position for the longest to date; a tenure of 16 years, comprising four World Cups and a total of 139 matches. Alf Ramsey is the only manager to have won a major tournament, winning the 1966 World Cup with his "Wingless Wonders".[5] No other manager has progressed beyond the semi-finals of a major competition before or since, with only three managers achieving a semi-final appearance: Bobby Robson at the 1990 World Cup, Terry Venables at Euro 1996, and Gareth Southgate at the 2018 World Cup.
Swedish coach Sven-Göran Eriksson became the first foreign manager of the team in January 2001 amid much acrimony;[6][7] he helped the team to three successive quarter-finals in major championships. Italian manager Fabio Capello replaced Steve McClaren in December 2007, after England failed to qualify for Euro 2008. Capello's side endured a lacklustre performance during the 2010 World Cup, but the FA confirmed that he would remain in the role.[8] However, Capello resigned in February 2012, following a disagreement with the FA over their removal of John Terry's captaincy.[9] He was replaced, on a caretaker basis, by Stuart Pearce,[10] before Roy Hodgson was named as Capello's permanent replacement in May 2012.[11] Hodgson's contract finished on 27 June 2016 as England were knocked out of UEFA Euro 2016 by Iceland in the round of 16.[12] Sam Allardyce was announced as his successor a month later,[13] but subsequently left the role after just one competitive match.[14] He was replaced on a caretaker basis by England under-21 coach and former England international defender Gareth Southgate, whose position was made permanent after four matches.[15]
The England manager's job is subject to intense press scrutiny, often including revelations about the incumbent's private life.[16] Due to the high level of expectation of both the public and media the role has been described as "the impossible job"[3][17] or compared in importance in national culture to that of the British Prime Minister.[18][19]
Contents
1 Position
1.1 Role
1.2 Appointment
1.3 National significance
2 History
2.1 Full-time era begins (1946–62)
2.2 World Cup success (1962–74)
2.3 Turbulent times (1974–82)
2.4 Robson and "The Hand of God" (1982–90)
2.5 Controversial times (1990–2002)
2.6 Foreign management (2002–12)
2.7 Return to English appointees (2012–)
3 Media reaction
3.1 Personal attacks
3.2 Issues-based
3.3 Private life
3.4 Campaigns
4 Statistical summary
5 Statistical summary for British Home championships
6 Notes
7 References
Position[edit]
Role[edit]
Former England manager Fabio Capello appointed only one Englishman on his coaching staff.
The England manager's role means he has sole responsibility for all on-the-field elements of the England team. Among other activities, this includes selecting the national team squad, the starting team, captain, tactics, substitutes and penalty-takers. Before 1946, the "Select Committee" (as appointed by the FA) would manage all issues barring the actual match day team selection, formation and tactics which was left to the head coach for the event. However interference was common, and not only from the FA. After the Second World War, with the relaunch of competitive international calendar, the manager's role expanded to take in all elements: from the selection of hotel and training camp venues, through to food and travel arrangements.
The manager is given a free hand in selecting his coaching ("back room") staff. For example, in 2008 Fabio Capello appointed four Italians (Franco Baldini as general manager, Italo Galbiati as assistant coach, Franco Tancredi as goalkeeping coach and Massimo Neri as fitness coach);[20] he then appointed Englishman Stuart Pearce, the England under-21s coach, as an England coach, with Capello stating "From the start I made it clear that I wanted an English coach as part of my coaching team."[21]
The England manager may also involve himself in wider issues beyond the on-the-field team issues. The England manager is expected to advise the FA on how to approach the complex bidding system that surrounds the arrangement of fixtures for a qualifying campaign.[22] On a more tactical level, a host of other details can be influenced; Capello is even believed to have instructed the Wembley Stadium ball boys to return balls at speed when they go out of play.[23]
Appointment[edit]
The process of appointing a new England manager is undertaken by an FA committee, comprising board members and other high-ranking FA officials. For example, the members of the selection panel which appointed Sven-Göran Eriksson in 2001 were: chief executive Adam Crozier, chairman Geoff Thompson, vice-chairman Dave Richards, club chairmen and FA board members David Dein and Peter Ridsdale, and technical director Howard Wilkinson.[24]
National significance[edit]
The England manager's job has been compared in importance to that of the Prime Minister.[18] Passion for football as England's national sport is coupled with patriotism and Wembley Stadium as the "home" of football.[25] The dismissal or appointment of an England manager is front-page news and the subject of intense interest.[26] Large sums are wagered on England winning,[27] and during tournaments the country is festooned in Saint George's flags; during the 2006 World Cup, 27% of English adults bought a flag in one month alone.[28] Shops and offices will be deserted as vast numbers of people watch the game.[29][30]
The England manager's job is made more complex by his dependence on the co-operation of clubs and their managers in releasing players for friendlies, and "club versus country" conflict is said to have happened when permission is refused, given reluctantly, or negotiated.[31] There are also repeated comments that the length of the English season (the top flight plays 38 league matches) is unhelpful for preparing tired players for major tournaments, but the self-interest of the Premier League makes a reduction in the number of games unlikely,[32] particularly in light of the 2008 proposal for Game 39, a match played between Premier League clubs outside the country. This combination of factors, coupled with England's mediocre record in major championships has led to the England manager's job being described as the "impossible job".[3]
History[edit]
Full-time era begins (1946–62)[edit]
Before 1946, the England national football team had been under the leadership of a Football Association (FA) official and a trainer, usually from a London club.[33] Appointed in 1946, initially as chief coach, Walter Winterbottom had been a member of the FA "International Selection Committee". The England squad was selected by an FA committee during his tenure, with Winterbottom's role restricted to selecting the starting team together with the coaching and tactics.[2] In his first game as manager, he led England to a 7–2 victory over Ireland at Windsor Park, Belfast in the 1946–47 British Home Championship.[34] Success in the Home Championship in 1950 resulted in England's qualification to the 1950 World Cup in Brazil. During the tournament, England suffered a shock defeat against the United States,[35] and went out of the tournament with another 1–0 defeat, this time to Spain.[34]
England experienced another surprise upset under Winterbottom's guidance in 1953 when Hungary defeated England 6–3 at Wembley Stadium. Winterbottom said afterwards, "... The press tended to think we would win easily, but I tried to point out that the Hungarians were actually a great side."[36] He guided England to first place in the 1953–54 British Home Championship, which qualified the team for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, but saw his side knocked out in the quarter-finals, going down 4–2 against Uruguay.[34] Three wins and a draw from four matches enabled England's qualification for the 1958 World Cup,[37] only for Winterbottom's side to fail in the group play-off stage, losing 1–0 to the Soviet Union.[38] England lost to Brazil in the quarter-final of the 1962 World Cup in Chile and, under attack from the British press,[39] Winterbottom resigned five months later.[34] He remains the longest serving manager of England.
World Cup success (1962–74)[edit]
Alf Ramsey managed the England team that won the 1966 World Cup.
Alf Ramsey took control of the team in 1962,[40] but unlike Winterbottom, Ramsey had been a club manager, winning the League championship with Ipswich Town.[41] Upon his appointment, he declared England would win the 1966 World Cup.[42] His first match in charge resulted in a 5–2 loss at Parc des Princes against France.[43] England automatically qualified for the 1966 World Cup as hosts and, after a goalless draw in the first match against Uruguay, four consecutive victories saw England through to the final against West Germany. A 4–2 victory, after extra time, won England the World Cup for the only time. As a result of his and England's achievements, Ramsey was awarded a knighthood in 1967. The following year England finished third at Euro 1968 in Rome, but Ramsey reflected "We are world champions. Third place is not our real position."[44]
Automatic qualification for the 1970 World Cup was secured as world champions so Ramsey led England on a pre-tournament tour of South America. The effects of altitude on the team led Ramsey to appoint the first full-time team doctor, Neil Phillips, who helped prepare the squad for the forthcoming tournament in Mexico. England were defeated in the quarter-final by West Germany; with a 2–0 lead with 25 minutes of the match remaining, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton and goalscorer Martin Peters,[45] but West Germany went on to win 3–2 after extra time. Ramsey was heavily criticised in the British press for the substitutions.[46] Losing out to West Germany again, this time in a two-legged qualifying play-off for Euro 1972, Ramsey prepared England for qualification for the 1974 World Cup. Needing a win against Poland, Ramsey's tactical use of substitutions was again called into question as the match ended in a 1–1 draw.[47] England had failed to qualify for the World Cup, and Ramsey was dismissed the following May.[46]
Turbulent times (1974–82)[edit]
Joe Mercer took control of the team on a caretaker basis for seven matches,[48] before the FA appointed Don Revie on a five-year contract. It was a year before Revie's England suffered a defeat but despite this, he changed his starting line-up for every game. His relationship with the FA had broken down and his team-building exercises, including carpet bowls and indoor golf, led to disconsolation in the squad. A 2–0 defeat to the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium turned the press against him; some commentators compared the loss to the 6–3 defeat by Hungary in 1953. Convinced he was to be replaced by Bobby Robson, he announced he was to become manager of the United Arab Emirates team. Selling his story to the Daily Mail, he subsequently resigned on 11 July 1977. Revie was charged with bringing the game into disrepute and was banned by the FA in a "kangaroo court" for ten years. On appeal to the High Court, the ban was overturned but the judge ordered Revie to pay two-thirds of the costs.[49] Brian Clough applied for the position in 1977, but the FA rejected him[50] and Ron Greenwood was appointed, initially as a temporary replacement for Revie, but later in 1977 on a permanent basis. Bobby Moore described him as "the encyclopaedia of football", and he guided England to Euro 1980 without a defeat during qualification.[51][52]
The team exited the tournament at the group stage and Greenwood turned his attention to qualification for the 1982 World Cup in Spain. Defeats in Switzerland and Romania led Greenwood to consider resignation, but a victory over Hungary convinced him to stay.[51] A 2–1 defeat in Oslo, which led to commentator Bjørge Lillelien's famous outburst concluding with "Your boys took a hell of a beating!", meant England required at least a point in their final qualifying game against Hungary. A Paul Mariner goal secured victory and qualification for the team.[53] Wins over France, Czechoslovakia and Kuwait allowed England into the second round group but two 0–0 draws ended in England going out of the tournament, without having lost a game.[52] Greenwood retired immediately after the World Cup and on 7 July 1982, two days after England were knocked out of the 1982 World Cup, Bobby Robson was appointed England manager, selecting former West Bromwich Albion teammate Don Howe as his chief coach.[54]
Robson and "The Hand of God" (1982–90)[edit]
Bobby Robson managed England from 1982 to 1990.
Robson's tenure included 28 qualifying matches, of which only one, against Denmark in 1983, resulted in a defeat.[55] This contributed to England's failure to qualify for Euro 1984,[56] and Robson offered his resignation. It was rejected by the FA chairman, Bert Millichip, and Robson went on to lead the England team to qualify for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico.[57] England were defeated in the quarter-final by Argentina with a brace of goals from Diego Maradona; the infamous "Hand of God" goal, and the "Goal of the Century" he scored five minutes later.[58]
Robson's England dropped only one point in qualifying for Euro 1988, which included an 8–0 win over Turkey.[56] However, this was followed by failure at the tournament itself, held in West Germany, where England were knocked out in the group stage. They finished bottom of their group, succumbing to defeats against the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands and the Soviet Union.[59] Robson was vilified by the British press, and after a draw in a friendly with Saudi Arabia, one newspaper demanded: "In the name of Allah, go".[60] Robson led England without conceding a goal through qualification for the 1990 World Cup.[61]
As in the 1986 World Cup, Robson was denied the service of his captain, Bryan Robson, who suffered an achilles tendon injury which prevented him playing in the latter stages of the tournament.[62] England topped their group, accumulating four points from their three games.[63] However their progress was not without controversy. England changed formation from their traditional 4–4–2 to incorporate a sweeper, with some sources suggesting this was due to player revolt after the 1–1 draw in the first match with the Republic of Ireland.[64] Robson denies this claim in his autobiography.[65] This was followed by victories over Belgium and Cameroon in the knock-out stages, to set up a semi-final with West Germany.[63]
England lost the match on a penalty shoot-out, after the score had been level at 1–1 following extra time.[66] Robson's last public appearance before his death from cancer was at the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match in July 2009, played between veterans from that 1990 semi-final as a tribute to his life and in aid of his cancer charity.[67]
Controversial times (1990–2002)[edit]
Robson had announced before the tournament that he would step down from the post after the finals and Graham Taylor was appointed, having been approached in April 1990 by the FA.[68] Failure to proceed past the group stage of Euro 1992 with a 2–1 defeat against Sweden led to newspaper headlines such as "Swedes 2 Turnips 1" and Taylor's nickname of "Turnip Head".[69] Following defeat to the Netherlands in the penultimate qualifying match for the 1994 World Cup, for only the third time in its history, England had failed to qualify for the World Cup.[70] The qualifying campaign was recorded in a television documentary, and Taylor's remark "Do I not like that" soon after entered popular culture.[71]
Glenn Hoddle managed England from 1996 to 1998.
Failure in the qualification resulted in Taylor resigning, and Terry Venables took over the helm in 1994. As England were hosts for Euro 1996, he did not manage the team in a competitive match for over two years.[72] In January 1996, he announced that he would resign after the tournament as a result of several court cases, but led England to the semi-finals, where they were defeated by Germany on penalties.[73] He was replaced by Glenn Hoddle, whose unorthodox off-the-field approach in bringing in faith healer Eileen Drewery to help the team drew significant criticism.[74] Hoddle suggested she was "more of an agony aunt" but during the 1998 World Cup, the press suggested Drewery had influenced Hoddle in squad selection.[75] England were knocked out of the tournament in the second round, once again on penalties, this time against Argentina.[76] Hoddle's diary portraying his version of events at the World Cup was subsequently published, drawing further criticism.
An interview with Matt Dickinson, a reporter from The Times, suggested that Hoddle had a "controversial belief that the disabled, and others, are being punished for sins in a former life."[77] Hoddle's comments were criticised by several notable politicians, including Sports Minister Tony Banks and Prime Minister Tony Blair.[78] Hoddle stated that he was not prepared to resign and claimed his words were misinterpreted and pointed out his contributions and commitment to organisations helping the disabled.[79] The FA terminated Hoddle's contract soon afterwards,[80] which was welcomed by representatives of disabled groups.[81]
Howard Wilkinson was caretaker manager for two games, before the appointment of Kevin Keegan in February 1999. Initially combining the job with a role at Fulham, Keegan was made full-time coach in May.[82] He led England to qualification for Euro 2000 following success in a two-legged play-off against Scotland. Two 3–2 losses resulted in England leaving the tournament at the group stage. A loss to Germany in the last international match at the old Wembley Stadium in the first 2002 World Cup qualifying match led to Keegan's resignation.[82] Keegan resigned an hour after the team was booed off by England fans; he told the FA officials that he felt "a little short at this level".[83] Wilkinson again returned as caretaker for one more match, followed by Peter Taylor who presided over a friendly loss to Italy.[84]
Foreign management (2002–12)[edit]
Sven-Göran Eriksson, from Sweden, became England's first foreign manager. Eriksson led England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 World Cup.
The FA then took the unprecedented, and widely criticised step of appointing the first non-Englishman as coach, in the form of Swede Sven-Göran Eriksson.[6] Eriksson had a good record in European domestic football, with success in Portugal and Italy, and had led clubs to win the UEFA Cup on two occasions.[85] He led England to qualify for the 2002 World Cup with David Beckham scoring the vital equaliser against Greece, deep into injury time.[86] England were knocked out by Brazil in the quarter-finals and Eriksson came under fire for his "ice-cool" appearance on the touchline failing to inspire his team,[85] senior player Gareth Southgate remarking after the tournament that "we needed Winston Churchill but we got Iain Duncan Smith".[87]
Eriksson led England to qualification for Euro 2004 but once more the team fell at the quarter-final stage, again losing on penalties, this time to Portugal.[88] Losing 1–0 to Northern Ireland in Belfast during the qualification for the 2006 World Cup led to fans chanting "Sack the Swede", frustrated again at the lack of obvious emotion in Eriksson while his coach, Steve McClaren, was much more animated.[85]
In January 2006, the FA announced that Eriksson would stand down after the World Cup. With the team losing in the quarter-final again to Portugal and again on penalties, Eriksson duly left the post in July. The search for Eriksson's replacement was controversial. It became clear that the FA wanted to appoint Luiz Felipe Scolari, but the approach was botched, and Scolari turned down the offer.[89] Ultimately, Eriksson was replaced by the man who had coached the side under him, Steve McClaren.
Qualification for Euro 2008 proved too much, England losing the final qualifier against Croatia 3–2 in November 2007, when a draw would have been enough to take England to the finals.[90] The British press turned on McClaren, former Scottish international Alan Hansen stating that "... what McClaren should be held accountable for is that with a squad of this quality he failed to qualify from what seemed a reasonably straightforward group ...".[91] McClaren was dismissed the day following the defeat to Croatia,[92] and was replaced in December 2007 by Italian Fabio Capello.[93] The defeat to Croatia is remembered in the sports press for the infamous moniker “Wally with the Brolly”. A reference to McLaren’s pitchside prescence under an umbrella in a match played in heavy rain.[94]
Capello led England to qualification for the 2010 World Cup, winning nine of the team's ten qualifying matches.[95] However, the team's performance in the tournament proper was less impressive. Two lacklustre draws in the group stage against the United States and Algeria were followed by an ignominious 4–1 defeat by traditional rivals Germany in the Round of 16. The team's performance was at least partly attributed to selection and tactical errors by Capello[96] and led to calls for his dismissal. However, on 2 July, the FA confirmed that he would remain in the role until 2012,[8] with Capello himself confirming his intention to step down and retire after Euro 2012.[97]
Conflicting reports came out of the FA as to whether the next manager would be English. On 15 August 2010, the FA's Adrian Bevington stated to the BBC that "we should have an English manager after (Euro 2012)",[98] but on 22 September, the FA's Director of Football Development, Trevor Brooking, stated that "We would like to go English (but) we've got to see what English people are available".[99] Two weeks later, Capello's England qualified for Euro 2012 with a 2–2 draw away against Montenegro.[100] In February 2012, Capello resigned following the FA's decision to remove the captaincy of the national side from John Terry, with Englishman Stuart Pearce taking over the role on a caretaker basis.[101]
Return to English appointees (2012–)[edit]
Roy Hodgson, England manager from 2012 to 2016
Following a 3–2 defeat at Wembley Stadium by the Netherlands in March,[102] Pearce was replaced on 1 May 2012 by West Bromwich Albion manager Roy Hodgson on a four-year contract.[11] Despite being based in Kraków in Poland, England's first fixture in Euro 2012 was in Donetsk against France, which ended in a 1–1 draw.[103] Subsequent victories over Sweden and tournament co-hosts Ukraine resulted in a quarter-final match against Italy.[104] The game ended goalless after extra time, sending the game to a penalty shoot-out which Italy won 4–2. Hodgson claimed that England's exit from major tournaments had become a "national obsession".[105] With a 2–0 victory over Poland in October 2013, Hodgson led England to qualification for the 2014 World Cup.[106]
However, in the 2014 World Cup, England lost two consecutive group matches, against Italy and Uruguay, by 2–1 on each occasion. This was the first time England had lost two group matches since the 1950 World Cup (when they lost against the United States and Spain) and the first time England had been eliminated at the group stage since the 1958 World Cup.[107] This was also the first time that England had not won a match at the tournament since 1958, and England's points total of one from three matches was its worst ever in the World Cup.[108]
England qualified for UEFA Euro 2016 in September 2015, following a 6–0 win over San Marino.[109] On 27 June 2016, almost immediately after England were knocked out 2–1 by Iceland in the round of 16, Hodgson resigned as manager.[12]
On 22 July, Sam Allardyce was appointed England manager on a two-year contract.[13] After only 67 days in the job, a video published by The Daily Telegraph showed Allardyce making insulting statements against former manager Roy Hodgson, and explaining how to circumvent regulations of The FA on third party ownership of players. He subsequently left the role as manager of England later that day.[14] Former England international defender and England under-21 coach Gareth Southgate was given the senior role on a caretaker basis for four matches while the FA considered their options. Two wins, including a 3–0 victory over Scotland, and a draw in qualifying matches for the 2018 World Cup and a 2–2 draw with Spain in a friendly followed under Southgate's temporary management, before he was formally appointed to the position full-time on 30 November 2016 on a four-year deal.[15]
Media reaction[edit]
The reaction of the British media to the England national team manager reflects the changing nature of the British media generally.[110] In recent times, managers have been attacked personally, for their personal beliefs, or private lives.
Personal attacks[edit]
The Sun front page, reporting Graham Taylor's resignation
The press had long campaigned for changes in management style and / or replacement of the manager himself, but a watershed was reached under the tenure of Graham Taylor, whose unsuccessful reign led to the manager being pilloried in the tabloids. Most notably, The Sun newspaper reacted to a damaging defeat by Sweden at Euro 1992, by the accompaniment of the headline "Swedes 2 Turnips 1" with a photographic montage of a turnip superimposed on Taylor's head.[111] Taylor was thereafter often referred to in the media as "Graham Turnip" or "Turnip Taylor".[89][112]
Subsequent footballing ignominies were then followed by other depictions of Taylor as a vegetable; England's first game after Euro 92 ended in a 1–0 defeat to Spain, and The Sun pictured Taylor as a "Spanish onion".[113] When he resigned, following the loss of the 1994 World Cup spot to Norway, they reverted to the turnip image, accompanying the front-page headline, "That's yer allotment".[114]
Following Roy Hodgson's appointment, The Sun mocked his rhotacism manner of speech with a "Bwing on the Euwos!" front-page headline.[115] The FA called the headline "unacceptable" and more than 100 people complained to the Press Complaints Commission.[115]
Issues-based[edit]
Glenn Hoddle attracted the media spotlight for two key issues unrelated to on-the-pitch affairs. In the first, his reliance upon purported faith healer Eileen Drewery was questioned.[74] Drewery became part of the official England staff, and players were pressured to see her,[116] even though many of them were sceptical.[117] However, far more opprobrium was caused by Hoddle's comments about disabled people:[118]
“ You and I have been physically given two hands and two legs and half-decent brains. Some people have not been born like that for a reason. The karma is working from another lifetime. I have nothing to hide about that. It is not only people with disabilities. What you sow, you have to reap. ”
Public opinion, based upon the immediate media furore resulted in (according to one BBC poll) 90% of respondents believing Hoddle should not continue as English coach.[119] However, the BBC survey showed that while many considered his comments insensitive to the disabled, others defended his right to express his religious beliefs by claiming that to dismiss him would constitute religious discrimination.[120]
Private life[edit]
Eriksson's private life came under scrutiny, with a number of well-publicised accusations of trysts with women including Ulrika Jonsson,[121] and FA secretary Faria Alam,[122] despite his on-going relationship with Nancy Dell'Olio.[123] Though Eriksson maintained in press conferences that his personal life was a private matter,[124] his relationships with Jonsson in 2002 and Alam in 2004 were subject to tabloid headlines for several weeks.[125]
Campaigns[edit]
The media, both broadsheet and tabloid, have sometimes campaigned for a manager to be dismissed, appointed or retained. Campaigns for managers to be dismissed have been front-page news, with eye-catching headlines including "The final ron-devouz", "In the Name of Allah Go", "Norse Manure", "Blair Gives Hoddle The Red Card" for (respectively) Greenwood, Robson, Taylor and Hoddle.[126]
Eriksson survived several scandals whilst in office, but his tenure was eventually ended when he was one of a series of celebrities targeted by a tabloid 'sting', orchestrated by The Fake Sheikh, Mazher Mahmood.[127] Eriksson's indiscretions revealed by the newspaper "... proved the final straw for the FA", although Eriksson was permitted to stay on in the role until the end of the 2006 World Cup.[128]
These campaigns have also sometimes backfired. Former FA chief executive, Graham Kelly recalled a campaign, orchestrated by The Sun against Bobby Robson, that began in 1984 (six years before his resignation):[126]
“ The Sun was handing over "Robson Out" badges at England games as early as 1984 but the FA's then chief executive, Graham Kelly, recalled that with every press attack, his backing increased. "The irony was that just before the 1990 World Cup, the chairman, Bert Millichip, finally lost patience, let his tongue run away with him, and said that Robson either had to win the World Cup or go, and Bobby reacted by approaching PSV Eindhoven. Had this not happened, he would have served another four years, believe me." ”
Sections of the media have often campaigned for a particular person to be appointed England manager. At various times, but particularly during the tenure of Bobby Robson, the media campaigned for the appointment of Brian Clough. Robson once told FA chairman Bert Millichip "I'm having a rough time and everybody wants Brian – give the job to him. If he's successful, everybody's happy. If he fails, that's the end of the clamour for Brian Clough to be England manager." Robson added, "He would have ruffled a few feathers and disturbed the corridors of power but I think he would have been a good England manager. He had good judgement, knew how to design a team and was a great motivator."[129] Terry Venables was also the subject of a media campaign for dismissal during his time as manager but was then supported by the press to return to the role in 2000.[126]
Steve McClaren received media criticism, and, as failure to qualify for Euro 2008 looked increasingly likely, the headlines became more visceral. In January 2008, football magazine When Saturday Comes described the newspaper coverage of his final month as "relentless and remorseless".[130] Both tabloids and broadsheets published critical pieces, with The Times headlining an editorial "Fail and McClaren has to go".[130]
The media have also parodied this genre of campaigns for recruitment, dismissal or retention of managers. In October 2000, The Sun launched a campaign promoting a donkey as the new England manager.[131]
Statistical summary[edit]
The following table provides a summary of the complete record of each England manager including their progress in both the World Cup and the European Championship.[132]
Statistics correct as of 14 July 2018
Manager
England career
P
W
D
L
Win %
Competitions
Walter Winterbottom
1946–1962 7002139000000000000♠139 7001780000000000000♠78 7001330000000000000♠33 7001280000000000000♠28 07001561000000000000♠56.1 1950 World Cup – group stage
1954 World Cup – quarter-final
1958 World Cup – group play-off
1962 World Cup – quarter-final
Alf Ramsey
1963–1974 7002113000000000000♠113 7001690000000000000♠69 7001270000000000000♠27 7001170000000000000♠17 07001611000000000000♠61.1 1964 European Nations' Cup – failed to qualify
1966 World Cup – champions
Euro 1968 – third place
1970 World Cup – quarter-final
Euro 1972 – failed to qualify
1974 World Cup – failed to qualify
Joe Mercer (caretaker)
1974 7000700000000000000♠7 7000300000000000000♠3 7000300000000000000♠3 7000100000000000000♠1 07001429000000000000♠42.9 —
Don Revie
1974–1977 7001290000000000000♠29 7001140000000000000♠14 7000800000000000000♠8 7000700000000000000♠7 07001483000000000000♠48.3 Euro 1976 – failed to qualify
Ron Greenwood
1977–1982 7001550000000000000♠55 7001330000000000000♠33 7001120000000000000♠12 7001100000000000000♠10 07001600000000000000♠60.0 1978 World Cup – failed to qualify
Euro 1980 – group stage
1982 World Cup – second round
Bobby Robson
1982–1990 7001950000000000000♠95 7001470000000000000♠47 7001300000000000000♠30 7001180000000000000♠18 07001495000000000000♠49.5 Euro 1984 – failed to qualify
1986 World Cup – quarter-final
Euro 1988 – group stage
1990 World Cup – fourth place
Graham Taylor
1990–1993 7001380000000000000♠38 7001180000000000000♠18 7001130000000000000♠13 7000700000000000000♠7 07001474000000000000♠47.4 Euro 1992 – group stage
1994 World Cup – failed to qualify
Terry Venables
1994–1996[note 1] 7001230000000000000♠23 7001110000000000000♠11 7001110000000000000♠11 7000100000000000000♠1 07001478000000000000♠47.8 Euro 1996 – semi-final
Glenn Hoddle
1996–1999 7001280000000000000♠28 7001170000000000000♠17 7000600000000000000♠6 7000500000000000000♠5 07001607000000000000♠60.7 1998 World Cup – second round
Howard Wilkinson (caretaker)
1999, 2000[note 2] 7000200000000000000♠2 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 005000000000000000000♠0.0 —
Kevin Keegan
1999–2000 7001180000000000000♠18 7000700000000000000♠7 7000700000000000000♠7 7000400000000000000♠4 07001389000000000000♠38.9 Euro 2000 – group stage
Peter Taylor (caretaker)
2000[note 3] 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 005000000000000000000♠0.0 —
Sven-Göran Eriksson
2001–2006 7001670000000000000♠67 7001400000000000000♠40 7001170000000000000♠17 7001100000000000000♠10 07001597000000000000♠59.7 2002 World Cup – quarter-final
Euro 2004 – quarter-final
2006 World Cup – quarter-final
Steve McClaren
2006–2007 7001180000000000000♠18 7000900000000000000♠9 7000400000000000000♠4 7000500000000000000♠5 07001500000000000000♠50.0 Euro 2008 – failed to qualify
Fabio Capello
2008–2012 7001420000000000000♠42 7001280000000000000♠28 7000800000000000000♠8 7000600000000000000♠6 07001667000000000000♠66.7 2010 World Cup – second round
Stuart Pearce (caretaker)
2012[note 4] 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 005000000000000000000♠0.0 —
Roy Hodgson
2012–2016 7001560000000000000♠56 7001330000000000000♠33 7001150000000000000♠15 7000800000000000000♠8 07001589000000000000♠58.9 Euro 2012 – quarter-final
2014 World Cup – group stage
Euro 2016 – Round of 16
Sam Allardyce
2016 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7002100000000000000♠100.0 —
Gareth Southgate
2016–[note 5] 7001250000000000000♠25 7001130000000000000♠13 7000700000000000000♠7 7000500000000000000♠5 07001520000000000000♠52.0 2018 World Cup - Fourth Place
Key: P–games played, W–games won, D–games drawn; L–games lost, %–win percentage
Statistical summary for British Home championships[edit]
The following table provides a summary of results for each England manager in the British Home Championship, held annually until the 1983–84 season.[133]
Manager
England career
P
W
S
%
Titles
Notes
Walter Winterbottom
1946–1962 16 7 7 41 1946–47, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1960–61 [note 6]
Alf Ramsey
1963–1974 10 6 2 60 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1972–73 [note 7]
Joe Mercer
1974 1 0 1 0 — —
Don Revie
1974–1977 3 1 0 33 1974–75 —
Ron Greenwood
1977–1982 4 3 0 75 1977–78, 1978–79, 1981–82 [note 8]
Bobby Robson
1982–1990 2 1 0 50 1982–83 [note 9]
Key: P–Number of complete tournaments played,[note 10] W–Number of tournaments won, S–Number of tournaments shared, %–outright win percentage
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Statistics for Terry Venables exclude the abandoned match against the Republic of Ireland on 15 February 1995
Jump up ^ Howard Wilkinson took control of the team on two separate occasions, both times as caretaker-manager
Jump up ^ Peter Taylor managed the team on a one-off basis as caretaker-manager
Jump up ^ Stuart Pearce managed the team on a one-off basis as caretaker-manager
Jump up ^ Gareth Southgate took over as caretaker-manager, for four games, until he was formally appointed full-time on 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Winterbottom resigned before the completion of the 1962–63 British Home Championship
Jump up ^ Ramsey took over midway through the 1962–63 British Home Championship
Jump up ^ The 1980–81 British Home Championship was abandoned due to civil unrest in Northern Ireland
Jump up ^ The last British Home Championship was played in 1984
Jump up ^ Only British Home Championships managed entirely by each manager are included
References[edit]
General
England: The Official F.A History, Niall Edworthy, Virgin Publishers, 1997, ISBN 1-85227-699-1.
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b Nawrat, Chris; Hutchings, Steve (1996). The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football. Hamlyn. p. 71. ISBN 1-85613-341-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c "England Hall of Fame". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 5 March 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The impossible job". BBC News. 5 February 1999. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Football mourns Sir Walter". BBC Sport. 17 February 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Nawrat, Chris; Hutchings, Steve (1996). The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football. Hamlyn. pp. 136–137. ISBN 1-85613-341-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "2001: Swedish 'Iceman' starts England job". BBC News. 12 January 2001. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Anatomy of ... Sven-Goran Eriksson". The Guardian. London. 4 June 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fabio Capello to remain as England manager – FA confirms". The Guardian. London. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Capello quits as England manager". BBC Sport. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fabio Capello wished me well – Stuart Pearce". BBC Sport. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Roy Hodgson appointed England manager by FA". BBC Sport. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Euro 2016: Roy Hodgson resigns after England lose to Iceland". BBC Sport. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sam Allardyce appointed England manager and says: 'It's time to deliver'". The Guardian. London. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sam Allardyce: England manager leaves after one match in charge". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gareth Southgate appointed England manager on four-year contract". BBC Sport. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mystery of Sven-Goran Eriksson and the Italian faith healer". The Times. London. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Majendie, Matt (25 November 2004). "The impossible job". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Steve (22 November 2007). "Next England manager: The contenders". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Capello appointment gets England talking". Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Current England Caretaker manager". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 23 March 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Capello gives Pearce coaching job". BBC Sport. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (3 January 2008). "Fabio Capello targets England fixture schedule". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (6 February 2008). "England 2–1 Switzerland". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, Joe (2004). Sven: The Final Reckoning. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-714069-X. p24
Jump up ^ "Hurst the hero for England in the home of football". FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Lee (22 November 2007). "Who will be the next England manager?". MSN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
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Jump up ^ Conn, David (12 July 2006). "Sour English stereotypes linger amid the flag-waving". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Prynn, Jonathan (25 June 2006). "Storm over World Cup sickies". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Blyth, Alex (6 June 2006). "Employee relations: How to deal with World Cup fever". Personnel Today. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Stone, Simon (8 March 2012). "Sir Trevor Brooking ready for another club versus country battle this summer". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Walter Winterbottom – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 20 September 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Sir Walter: A life in football". BBC Sport. 17 February 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Jones, Ken (20 May 1996). "Beware the example of Hungary". The Independent. London. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel; Jarreta, Sergio Henrique (2 September 2015). "World Cup 1958 qualifying". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Public Art in Ipswich – Sir Alf Ramsey". Ipswich Borough Council. 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Cheese, Caroline (31 July 2006). "World Cup 1966 flashback". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Alf Ramsey – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sportsweek: Replay 8 June 1968". The Independent. London. 6 October 2002. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "1970 – Bracelets and bellyaches". ESPN Soccernet. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Obituary: Sir Alf Ramsey, 1922–1999 – The Life of a Football Legend". The Independent. London. 1 May 1999. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Miller, David (23 November 2007). "This was England's darkest hour". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Joe Mercer – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Corbett, James (25 November 2007). "The king of the damned". The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: Brian Clough". BBC Sport. 20 September 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ron Greenwood". The Times. London. 9 February 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ron Greenwood – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Don Howe". West Bromwich Albion F.C. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Robson – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "England's Euro record". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "The time is now". ESPN Soccernet. 24 May 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
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Jump up ^ "1988 European Championship". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "English football's elder statesman". BBC Sport. 21 August 2000. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "1990 FIFA World Cup Italy Preliminaries". FIFA. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Robbo ready for new challenge". The Football Association. 30 October 2003. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics: Italy 1990". BBC Sport. 12 April 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Fordyce, Tom (16 June 2004). "Sven's toughest test?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Robson. "Zeroes to heroes". Farewell but Not Goodbye. p. 132. ISBN 0-340-84064-1.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Italy 1990". BBC Sport. 27 April 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Football match honours Sir Bobby". BBC News. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Price, Oliver (2 July 2006). "First & last: Graham Taylorsi". The Observer. London. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Taylor awarded OBE". BBC Sport. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Jamie (1 October 2006). "Classic moments – How did it feel ... Holland vs England, World Cup qualifier, 13 October 1993, Rotterdam". The Observer. London. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Baker, Andrew (1 June 1997). "Curse of the Fry-off-the-wall documentary". The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Terry Venables – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (11 August 2006). "Terry Venables profile". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodchild, Sophie (31 January 1999). "Glenn Hoddle: The trouble with Glenn". The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Eileen Drewery: Hod, God and the Squad". BBC News. 1 February 1999. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Hoddle – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Matt (30 January 1999). "Hoddle puts his faith in God and England". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "World Soccer – Blair adds voice to wave of criticism engulfing Hoddle". Sports Illustrated. 1 February 1999. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "More bad karma for Hoddle". BBC Sport. 30 January 1999. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hoddle sacked". BBC News. 3 February 1999. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "A victory for football". BBC News. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kevin Keegan factfile". ESPN Soccernet. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "The FA's frantic fortnight". BBC Sport. 22 October 2000. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Peter Taylor – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sven-Goran Eriksson". Sporting Life. 365 Media Group. 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "England reach World Cup finals". BBC Sport. 6 October 2001. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam (1 July 2006). "Eriksson must seize his chance to show methods in tactical madness". The Independent. London. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sven-Göran Eriksson – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Hattenstone, Simon (28 March 2007). "Why seven-year-old Joe could outmanage McClaren". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Steve McClaren – Managerial career". The Football Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Alan (22 October 2007). "McClaren failed to cash in on England's riches". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "McClaren sacked as England coach". BBC Sport. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Capello named new England manager". BBC Sport. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Ducker, James (8 July 2018). "Croatia looking to famous Wembley win to inspire another victory over England". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Capello to keep England grounded". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gary Neville backs Fabio Capello despite 'tactical errors'". The Guardian. London. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam (9 September 2010). "Pensioner Capello will retire after Euro 2012". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Next manager will be English, says Football Association". BBC Sport. 15 August 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Brooking: Next England boss might not be English". ESPN Soccernet. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Montenegro 2–2 England". BBC Sport. 7 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Capello quits as manager". BBC Sport. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
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Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel (19 June 2012). "Euro 2012: Wayne Rooney drives England past Ukraine into last eight". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Burt, Jason (25 June 2012). "Euro 2012: spot-kick obsession weighing England down, laments Roy Hodgson, after defeat to Italy". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "England's World Cup place Roy Hodgson's proudest moment". BBC Sport. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Cup 2014: England crash out after Costa Rica surprise Italy". The Guardian. London. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "England 0 Costa Rica 0: Winless Three Lions bow out of Brazil 2014 with a whimper". Daily Record. Glasgow. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
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Jump up ^ Fowler, Robbie; Maddock, David (2005). Fowler: My Autobiography. Macmillan. p. 223. ISBN 1-4050-5132-9.
Jump up ^ "Hoddle fulfils destiny". BBC Sport. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
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Jump up ^ "You said Hoddle should go". BBC News. 1 February 1999. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "World press dumbfounded". BBC News. 3 February 1999. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Eriksson 'not quizzed' over Faria". BBC News. 26 July 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Adams, Tim (26 February 2006). "In a league of her own". The Observer. London. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, p. 348.
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Jump up ^ "Eriksson caught in tabloid sting". BBC Sport. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Players lead Clough tribute". BBC Sport. 26 September 2004. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff writers (January 2008). "Putting The Boot In". When Saturday Comes (251): 8.
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Jump up ^ "England's Coaches/Managers by chronological order". England Football Online. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Reyes, Macario; Morrison, Neil (1 October 1999). "British Home Championship Overview". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
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England national football team – managers
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values: مدربو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم – Arabic

values: Sélectionneurs de l'équipe d'Angleterre de football – French

values: Список главных тренеров сборной Англии по футболу – Russian

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