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List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions
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Wimbledon Ladies’ Singles Champions
Location
London
United Kingdom
Venue
AELTC
Governing body
AELTC / LTA
Created
1884 (established)
Open Era: 1968
(51 editions)
Surface
Grass (1884–Present)
Prize money
£ 2,000,000 (2016)
Trophy
Venus Rosewater Dish
Website
aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html
Most titles
Amateur era
7: Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(challenge round)
8: Helen Wills Moody
(regular)
Open era
9: Martina Navratilova
Most consecutive titles
Amateur era
3: Lottie Dod
Suzanne Lenglen
(challenge round)
4: Helen Wills Moody
(regular)
Open era
6: Martina Navratilova
Current champion
Angelique Kerber
(1st singles title)
The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts[a][b][1] at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom.[2] The Ladies' Singles was started in 1884.[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Champions
2.1 Amateur Era
2.2 Open Era
3 Statistics
3.1 Multiple champions
3.2 Championships by country
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July (though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017), and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]
The Ladies' Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1886 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-three sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games-all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in two-game advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best-of-12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first two sets, played at eight games-all until 1978 and at six games-all since 1979.[5][6][7]
The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish", or simply the "Rosewater Dish". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology.[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2012, the Ladies' Singles winner received prize money of £1,150,000.[10]
These records include the Amateur Era only, Dorothea Lambert Chambers (1903–1904, 1906, 1910–1911, 1913–1914) holds the record for most titles, with seven, and Lottie Dod (1891–1893) and Suzanne Lenglen (1919–1921) holds the record for most consecutive wins in the Ladies' Singles during the challenge round era, with three victories each. The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Helen Wills Moody (1927–1930), with four straight wins, and Moody holds the record for most victories in this era with eight (1927–1930, 1932–1933, 1935, 1938).[4]
These records only include the Open Era, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Martina Navratilova (1978–1979, 1982–1987, 1990) holds the record for most victories with nine. Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six (1982–1987).[4]
This event has been won without the loss of a set, during the Open Era of Tennis, by the following players: Billie Jean King in 1968, 1972, 1973 and 1975, Margaret Court in 1970, Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980, Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981, Martina Navratilova in 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1990, Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996, Jana Novotná in 1998, Lindsay Davenport in 1999, Venus Williams in 2000, 2007 and 2008, Serena Williams in 2002, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2016, Maria Sharapova in 2004, Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013.
Champions[edit]
Regular competition
All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡
Defending champion, Challenge round winner †
All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊
Amateur Era[edit]
Lottie Dod was a five-time champion and is the youngest ever winner of the ladies' singles championships (15 years and 285 days).
Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a five-time champion and is the oldest ladies’ singles champion (37 year and 282 days).
Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a seven-time champion between 1903 and 1914.
Suzanne Lenglen was a six-time champion.
Helen Wills Moody was an eight-time champion between 1927 and 1938.
Maureen Connolly competed in 1952, 1953 and 1954 and won the title on all three occasions.
Althea Gibson won the title in 1957, the first tennis player of colour to do so, and successfully defended her title in 1958.
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]
1884 BRI[e] Maud Watson BRI Lillian Watson 6–8, 6–3, 6–3
1885 BRI Maud Watson BRI Blanche Bingley 6–1, 7–5
1886 BRI Blanche Bingley ‡ BRI Maud Watson 6–3, 6–3
1887 BRI Lottie Dod ‡ BRI Blanche Bingley 6–2, 6–0
1888 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–3, 6–3
1889 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Lena Rice 4–6, 8–6, 6–4
1890 BRI Lena Rice ◊ BRI May Jacks 6–4, 6–1
1891 BRI Lottie Dod ◊ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–2, 6–1
1892 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–1, 6–1
1893 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–8, 6–1, 6–4
1894 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Edith Austin 6–1, 6–1
1895 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Helen Jackson 7–5, 8–6
1896 BRI Charlotte Cooper † BRI Alice Pickering 6–2, 6–3
1897 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 5–7, 7–5, 6–2
1898 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Louisa Martin 6–4, 6–4
1899 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 6–2, 6–3
1900 BRI Blanche Hillyard † BRI Charlotte Cooper 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
1901 BRI Charlotte Sterry ‡ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–2, 6–2
1902 BRI Muriel Robb ‡ BRI Charlotte Sterry 7–5, 6–1
1903 BRI Dorothea Douglass ◊ BRI Ethel Larcombe 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1904 BRI Dorothea Douglass † BRI Charlotte Sterry 6–0, 6–3
1905 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Douglass 6–3, 6–4
1906 BRI Dorothea Douglass ‡ USA May Sutton 6–3, 9–7
1907 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6–1, 6–4
1908 BRI Charlotte Sterry ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6–4, 6–4
1909 BRI Dora Boothby ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6–4, 4–6, 8–6
1910 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ‡ BRI Dora Boothby 6–2, 6–2
1911 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Dora Boothby 6–0, 6–0
1912 BRI Ethel Larcombe ◊ BRI Charlotte Sterry 6–3, 6–1
1913 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ◊ BRI Winifred McNair 6–0, 6–4
1914 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Ethel Larcombe 7–5, 6–4
1915 No competition (due to World War I)
1916
1917
1918
1919 FRA Suzanne Lenglen ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10–8, 4–6, 9–7
1920 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6–3, 6–0
1921 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † USA Elizabeth Ryan 6–2, 6–0
1922 FRA Suzanne Lenglen USA Molla Mallory 6–2, 6–0
1923 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Kitty McKane 6–2, 6–2
1924 GBR Kitty McKane USA Helen Wills 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
1925 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Joan Fry 6–2, 6–0
1926 GBR Kitty Godfree ESP Lilí Álvarez 6–2, 4–6, 6–3
1927 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6–2, 6–4
1928 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6–2, 6–3
1929 USA Helen Wills USA Helen Jacobs 6–1, 6–2
1930 USA Helen Moody USA Elizabeth Ryan 6–2, 6–2
1931 GER Cilly Aussem GER Hilde Krahwinkel 6–2, 7–5
1932 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6–3, 6–1
1933 USA Helen Moody GBR Dorothy Round 6–4, 6–8, 6–3
1934 GBR Dorothy Round USA Helen Jacobs 6–2, 5–7, 6–3
1935 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6–3, 3–6, 7–5
1936 USA Helen Jacobs DEN Hilde Sperling 6–2, 4–6, 7–5
1937 GBR Dorothy Round POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
1938 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6–4, 6–0
1939 USA Alice Marble GBR Kay Stammers 6–2, 6–0
1940 No competition (due to World War II)
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 6–2, 6–4
1947 USA Margaret Osborne USA Doris Hart 6–2, 6–4
1948 USA Louise Brough USA Doris Hart 6–3, 8–6
1949 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 10–8, 1–6, 10–8
1950 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 6–1, 3–6, 6–1
1951 USA Doris Hart USA Shirley Fry 6–1, 6–0
1952 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 7–5, 6–3
1953 USA Maureen Connolly USA Doris Hart 8–6, 7–5
1954 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 6–2, 7–5
1955 USA Louise Brough USA Beverly Fleitz 7–5, 8–6
1956 USA Shirley Fry GBR Angela Buxton 6–3, 6–1
1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Darlene Hard 6–3, 6–2
1958 USA Althea Gibson GBR Angela Mortimer 8–6, 6–2
1959 BRA Maria Bueno USA Darlene Hard 6–4, 6–3
1960 BRA Maria Bueno RSA Sandra Reynolds 8–6, 6–0
1961 GBR Angela Mortimer GBR Christine Truman 4–6, 6–4, 7–5
1962 USA Karen Susman TCH Věra Suková 6–4, 6–4
1963 AUS Margaret Smith USA Billie Jean Moffitt 6–3, 6–4
1964 BRA Maria Bueno AUS Margaret Smith 6–4, 7–9, 6–3
1965 AUS Margaret Smith BRA Maria Bueno 6–4, 7–5
1966 USA Billie Jean King BRA Maria Bueno 6–3, 3–6, 6–1
1967 USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Jones 6–3, 6–4
Open Era[edit]
Billie Jean King is a six-time champion overall and a four-time champion in the open era.
Martina Navratilova is a nine-time singles champion, an all-time Grand Slam record in the Open Era for women (Margaret Court won the Australian 11 times). She won six consecutive titles from 1982 to 1987.
Steffi Graf is a seven-time champion over a nine-year period from 1988 to 1996.
Serena Williams is a seven-time champion.
Venus Williams is a five-time champion.
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]
1968 USA Billie Jean King AUS Judy Tegart 9–7, 7–5
1969 GBR Ann Jones USA Billie Jean King 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
1970 AUS Margaret Court USA Billie Jean King 14–12, 11–9
1971 AUS Evonne Goolagong AUS Margaret Court 6–4, 6–1
1972 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong 6–3, 6–3
1973 USA Billie Jean King USA Chris Evert 6–0, 7–5
1974 USA Chris Evert URS Olga Morozova 6–0, 6–4
1975 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6–0, 6–1
1976 USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6–3, 4–6, 8–6
1977 GBR Virginia Wade NED Betty Stöve 4–6, 6–3, 6–1
1978 USA Martina Navratilova[i][11] USA Chris Evert 2–6, 6–4, 7–5
1979 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6–4, 6–4
1980 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6–1, 7–6(7–4)
1981 USA Chris Evert Lloyd TCH[h] Hana Mandlíková 6–2, 6–2
1982 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6–1, 3–6, 6–2
1983 USA Martina Navratilova USA Andrea Jaeger 6–0, 6–3
1984 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 7–6(7–5), 6–2
1985 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
1986 USA Martina Navratilova TCH Hana Mandlíková 7–6(7–1), 6–3
1987 USA Martina Navratilova FRG[j] Steffi Graf 7–5, 6–3
1988 FRG[j] Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 5–7, 6–2, 6–1
1989 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 6–2, 6–7(1–7), 6–1
1990 USA Martina Navratilova USA Zina Garrison 6–4, 6–1
1991 GER Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6–4, 3–6, 8–6
1992 GER Steffi Graf YUG Monica Seles 6–2, 6–1
1993 GER Steffi Graf CZE Jana Novotná 7–6(8–6), 1–6, 6–4
1994 ESP Conchita Martínez USA Martina Navratilova 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
1995 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 4–6, 6–1, 7–5
1996 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–3, 7–5
1997 SUI Martina Hingis CZE Jana Novotná 2–6, 6–3, 6–3
1998 CZE Jana Novotná FRA Nathalie Tauziat 6–4, 7–6(7–2)
1999 USA Lindsay Davenport GER Steffi Graf 6–4, 7–5
2000 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 6–3, 7–6(7–3)
2001 USA Venus Williams BEL Justine Henin 6–1, 3–6, 6–0
2002 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7–6(7–4), 6–3
2003 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
2004 RUS Maria Sharapova USA Serena Williams 6–1, 6–4
2005 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 4–6, 7–6(7–4), 9–7
2006 FRA Amélie Mauresmo BEL Justine Henin 2–6, 6–3, 6–4
2007 USA Venus Williams FRA Marion Bartoli 6–4, 6–1
2008 USA Venus Williams USA Serena Williams 7–5, 6–4
2009 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7–6(7–3), 6–2
2010 USA Serena Williams RUS Vera Zvonareva 6–3, 6–2
2011 CZE Petra Kvitová RUS Maria Sharapova 6–3, 6–4
2012 USA Serena Williams POL Agnieszka Radwańska 6–1, 5–7, 6–2
2013 FRA Marion Bartoli GER Sabine Lisicki 6–1, 6–4
2014 CZE Petra Kvitová CAN Eugenie Bouchard 6–3, 6–0
2015 USA Serena Williams ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 6–4, 6–4
2016 USA Serena Williams GER Angelique Kerber 7–5, 6–3
2017 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza USA Venus Williams 7–5, 6–0
2018 GER Angelique Kerber USA Serena Williams 6–3, 6–3
Statistics[edit]
Multiple champions[edit]
Title defended in the challenge round
Player
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
Years
Martina Navratilova (USA)[i] 0 9 9 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990
Helen Wills Moody (USA) 8 0 8 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1938
Dorothea Lambert Chambers (UK) 7 0 7 1903, 1904, 1906, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914
Steffi Graf (GER) 0 7 7 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996
Serena Williams (USA) 0 7 7 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016
Blanche Bingley (UK) 6 0 6 1886, 1889, 1894, 1897, 1899, 1900
Suzanne Lenglen (FRA) 6 0 6 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925
Billie Jean King (USA) 2 4 6 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975
Charlotte Cooper Sterry (UK) 5 0 5 1895, 1896, 1898, 1901, 1908
Lottie Dod (UK) 5 0 5 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893
Venus Williams (USA) 0 5 5 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008
Louise Brough Clapp (USA) 4 0 4 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955
Maureen Connolly (USA) 3 0 3 1952, 1953, 1954
Maria Bueno (BRA) 3 0 3 1959, 1960, 1964
Margaret Court (AUS) 2 1 3 1963, 1965, 1970
Chris Evert (USA) 0 3 3 1974, 1976, 1981
Althea Gibson (USA) 2 0 2 1957, 1958
Dorothy Round (UK) 2 0 2 1934, 1937
Kitty McKane Godfree (UK) 2 0 2 1924, 1926
May Sutton Bundy (USA) 2 0 2 1905, 1907
Maud Watson (UK) 2 0 2 1884, 1885
Evonne Goolagong Cawley (AUS) 0 2 2 1971, 1980
Petra Kvitová (CZE) 0 2 2 2011, 2014
Championships by country[edit]
The Ladies' Singles plate (right) with the Gentlemen's Singles trophy (left).
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title
United States (USA) 28 29 57 1905 2016
United Kingdom (UK) 34 2 36 1884 1977
Germany (GER)[j] 1 8 9 1931 2018
France (FRA) 6 2 8 1919 2013
Australia (AUS) 2 3 5 1963 1980
Brazil (BRA) 3 0 3 1959 1964
Czech Republic (CZE) 0 3 3 1998 2014
Spain (ESP) 0 2 2 1994 2017
Switzerland (SUI) 0 1 1 1997 1997
Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2004 2004
See also[edit]
Wimbledon Open other competitions
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's doubles champions
List of Wimbledon ladies' doubles champions
List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions
Grand Slam women's singles
List of Australian Open women's singles champions
List of French Open women's singles champions
List of US Open women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
Notes[edit]
a Since 2009, Centre Court features a retractable roof, allowing indoor and night-time play.[12]
b Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs.[3]
c John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981, because of his on-court behaviour during the championships.[13][14]
d Each year is linked to an article about that particular year's draws, but pre-1922 they did not have draws due to the challenge round system. In 1922 till the present they do have draws, but the years of 1925–1939 do not have draw pages with links, so it is linked to the year's articles instead.
e "British Isles" (BRI) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), distinct from "Great Britain" (GBR) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present).[4][15]
f The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I.[4]
g The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]
h Czechoslovakia (TCH, 1918–1992) split into the Czech Republic (CZE, 1992–present) and Slovakia (SVK, 1992–present).
i Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia, but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States. She became a US citizen in 1981.[16]
j FRG is West Germany, but after unification became just Germany (GER) after 1990.
References[edit]
General
"Ladies' Singles Finals". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
"Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
Specific
Jump up ^ "FAQ - Grass Courts" (PDF). wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tournament profile - Wimbledon". atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Wimbledon - History: History". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Ladies' Singles Finals". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barrett, John (1986). 100 Wimbledon Championships: A Celebration. Collins Willow. ISBN 978-0-00-218220-1.
Jump up ^ Roberts, John (1998-08-05). "Tennis: Fast, fan friendly - but full of faults". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Breaking with tradition". The Age. The Age Company Ltd. 2004-01-25. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon - History: The trophies". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes: The All England Lawn Tennis Club". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
Jump up ^ "2011 Prize Money" (PDF). wimbledon.org. All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Ladies' Singles Finals 1884-2017". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Harman, Neil (2009-04-22). "No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court, Wimbledon, gets a roof". The Times. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Jolly snub for McEnroe; he's refused All-England". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. 1981-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ Zenilman, Avi (2009-06-24). "Back Issues: McEnroe vs. Thatcher". The New Yorker. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ "History - Rolls of Honour: Country abbreviations". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (11 March 2008). "'Ashamed' Navratilove regains Czech nationality". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
External links[edit]
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Pre Open Era Wimbledon ladies' singles champions
(1884) Maud Watson
(1885) Maud Watson
(1886) Blanche Bingley
(1887) Lottie Dod
(1888) Lottie Dod
(1889) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1890) Lena Rice
(1891) Lottie Dod
(1892) Lottie Dod
(1893) Lottie Dod
(1894) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1895) Charlotte Cooper
(1896) Charlotte Cooper
(1897) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1898) Charlotte Cooper
(1899) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1900) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1901) Charlotte Sterry
(1902) Muriel Robb
(1903) Dorothea Douglass
(1904) Dorothea Douglass
(1905) May Sutton
(1906) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1907) May Sutton
(1908) Charlotte Sterry
(1909) Dora Boothby
(1910) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1912) Dorethea Lambert Chambers
(1913) Ethel Thomson Larcombe
(1914) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1915) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1915-18) No competition (due to World War I)
(1919) Suzanne Lenglen
(1920) Suzanne Lenglen
(1921) Suzanne Lenglen
(1922) Suzanne Lenglen
(1923) Suzanne Lenglen
(1924) Kathleen McKane
(1925) Suzanne Lenglen
(1926) Kathleen McKane Godfree
(1927) Helen Wills
(1928) Helen Wills
(1929) Helen Wills
(1930) Helen Wills Moody
(1931) Cilly Aussem
(1932) Helen Wills Moody
(1933) Helen Wills Moody
(1934) Dorothy Round
(1935) Helen Wills Moody
(1936) Helen Jacobs
(1937) Dorothy Round
(1938) Helen Wills Moody
(1939) Alice Marble
(1940–45) No competition (due to World War II)
(1946) Pauline Addie
(1947) Margaret Osborne
(1948) Louise Brough
(1949) Louise Brough
(1950) Louise Brough
(1951) Doris Hart
(1952) Maureen Connolly
(1953) Maureen Connolly
(1954) Maureen Connolly
(1955) Louise Brough
(1956) Shirley Fry
(1957) Althea Gibson
(1958) Althea Gibson
(1959) Maria Bueno
(1960) Maria Bueno
(1961) Angela Mortimer
(1962) Karen Hantze Susman
(1963) Margaret Smith
(1964) Maria Bueno
(1965) Margaret Smith
(1966) Billie Jean King
(1967) Billie Jean King
show
v
t
e
Wimbledon (Open era) ladies' singles champions
(1968) Billie Jean King
(1969) Ann Haydon-Jones
(1970) Margaret Court
(1971) Evonne Goolagong
(1972) Billie Jean King
(1973) Billie Jean King
(1974) Chris Evert
(1975) Billie Jean King
(1976) Chris Evert
(1977) Virginia Wade
(1978) Martina Navratilova
(1979) Martina Navratilova
(1980) Evonne Goolagong
(1981) Chris Evert
(1982) Martina Navratilova
(1983) Martina Navratilova
(1984) Martina Navratilova
(1985) Martina Navratilova
(1986) Martina Navratilova
(1987) Martina Navratilova
(1988) Steffi Graf
(1989) Steffi Graf
(1990) Martina Navratilova
(1991) Steffi Graf
(1992) Steffi Graf
(1993) Steffi Graf
(1994) Conchita Martínez
(1995) Steffi Graf
(1996) Steffi Graf
(1997) Martina Hingis
(1998) Jana Novotná
(1999) Lindsay Davenport
(2000) Venus Williams
(2001) Venus Williams
(2002) Serena Williams
(2003) Serena Williams
(2004) Maria Sharapova
(2005) Venus Williams
(2006) Amélie Mauresmo
(2007) Venus Williams
(2008) Venus Williams
(2009) Serena Williams
(2010) Serena Williams
(2011) Petra Kvitová
(2012) Serena Williams
(2013) Marion Bartoli
(2014) Petra Kvitová
(2015) Serena Williams
(2016) Serena Williams
(2017) Garbiñe Muguruza
(2018) Angelique Kerber
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&oldid=850241275"
Categories:
Lists of Wimbledon champions
Women's tennis in the United Kingdom
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text:
2018 Players Championship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the golf tournament. For the curling tournament, see 2018 Players' Championship.
2018 Players Championship
Tournament information
Dates
May 10–13, 2018
Location
Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
Course(s)
TPC Sawgrass,
Stadium Course
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
Statistics
Par
72
Length
7,189 yards (6,574 m)
Field
144 players, 80 after first cut
71 after second cut
Cut
143 (−1)
Prize fund
$10.5 million
Winner's share
$1.89 million
Champion
Webb Simpson
270 (−18)
← 2017
2019 →
TPC Sawgrass
Location in the United States
TPC Sawgrass
Location in Florida
The 2018 Players Championship was held from May 10–13 at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. It was the 45th edition, and the 37th edition held at the Stadium Course at TPC Sawgrass. The tournament was won by Webb Simpson.[1]
Contents
1 Venue
1.1 Course layout
2 Field
2.1 Nationalities in the field
2.2 Past champions in the field
2.2.1 Made the cut
2.2.2 Missed the cut
3 Round summaries
3.1 First round
3.2 Second round
3.3 Third round
3.4 Final round
3.4.1 Scorecard
4 References
5 External links
Venue[edit]
Main article: TPC at Sawgrass
Course layout[edit]
The 2018 Players Championship
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
Yards
76.4 / 155
423
532
177
384
471
393
451
237
583
3,651
424
558
302
181
481
470
523
137
462
3,538
7,189
Par
4
5
3
4
4
4
4
3
5
36
4
5
4
3
4
4
5
3
4
36
72
Field[edit]
The field consists of 144 players meeting the following criteria.[2] Each player is listed according to the first category by which he qualified with additional categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses.
1. Winners of PGA Tour events since last Players
Ryan Armour, Daniel Berger (2,9), Patrick Cantlay (2,9), Austin Cook, Jason Day (2,4,5,7,8,9), Bryson DeChambeau (2,9), Jason Dufner (2,4,8), Brice Garnett, Billy Horschel (2), Dustin Johnson (2,4,7,9,13), Kim Si-woo (2,5,9), Kevin Kisner (2,9), Patton Kizzire (2,13), Satoshi Kodaira (9), Brooks Koepka (2,4,9), Andrew Landry (13), Marc Leishman (2,8,9), Hideki Matsuyama (2,7,9), Rory McIlroy (2,4,6,8,9), Phil Mickelson (2,4,7,9,13), Grayson Murray (2), Pat Perez (2,9), Scott Piercy (2), Ted Potter Jr., Ian Poulter (2,9), Jon Rahm (2,9,13), Patrick Reed (2,4,9,13), Justin Rose (2,4,9,13), Xander Schauffele (2,6,9), Jordan Spieth (2,4,6,9), Kyle Stanley (2,9), Brendan Steele (2,9), Henrik Stenson (2,4,9), Chris Stroud (2), Justin Thomas (2,4,9,13), Jhonattan Vegas (2), Bubba Watson (2,4,9,13), Gary Woodland (2,9)
Paul Casey (2,9) did not play due to injury.[3]
2. Top 125 from previous season's FedEx Cup points list
An Byeong-hun, Blayne Barber, Ryan Blaum, Jonas Blixt, Dominic Bozzelli, Keegan Bradley, Scott Brown, Wesley Bryan, Rafael Cabrera-Bello (9), Chad Campbell, Bud Cauley, Kevin Chappell (9), Stewart Cink, Harris English, Derek Fathauer, Tony Finau (9,13), Martin Flores, Rickie Fowler (5,9), Sergio García (4,9), Robert Garrigus, Brian Gay, Lucas Glover, Branden Grace (9), Cody Gribble, Emiliano Grillo, Bill Haas, Adam Hadwin (9), James Hahn, Brian Harman (9), Russell Henley (9), J. J. Henry, Charley Hoffman (9), J. B. Holmes, Charles Howell III, Mackenzie Hughes, John Huh, Zach Johnson (4), Kang Sung-hoon, Michael Kim, Kim Meen-whee, Chris Kirk, Russell Knox (7), Jason Kokrak, Kelly Kraft, Matt Kuchar (9), Anirban Lahiri, Martin Laird, Danny Lee, David Lingmerth (8), Luke List, Jamie Lovemark, Ben Martin, William McGirt (8), Francesco Molinari (9), Ryan Moore, Kevin Na, Geoff Ogilvy, Sean O'Hair, Louis Oosthuizen (9), Rod Pampling, Pan Cheng-tsung, D. A. Points, Chez Reavie, Patrick Rodgers, Rory Sabbatini, Ollie Schniederjans, Charl Schwartzel, Adam Scott (7), Webb Simpson (9), Cameron Smith (9), Brandt Snedeker, J. J. Spaun, Scott Stallings, Robert Streb, Kevin Streelman, Steve Stricker, Hudson Swafford, Nick Taylor, Vaughn Taylor, Kevin Tway, Tyrone van Aswegen, Harold Varner III, Jimmy Walker (4), Nick Watney, Richy Werenski
Graham DeLaet, Luke Donald, Brandon Hagy, Jim Herman, Morgan Hoffmann, and Camilo Villegas did not play.
Noh Seung-yul was unable to compete due to a military obligation in South Korea.
3. Top 125 (medical)
Ryan Palmer, Michael Thompson
4. Major champions from the past five years
Martin Kaymer (5), Danny Willett
5. Players Championship winners from the past five years
Tiger Woods
6. The Tour Championship winners from the past three years
7. World Golf Championship winners from the past three years
Shane Lowry
8. Memorial Tournament and Arnold Palmer Invitational winners from the past three years
9. Top 50 from the Official World Golf Ranking
Kiradech Aphibarnrat, Ross Fisher, Matthew Fitzpatrick, Tommy Fleetwood, Tyrrell Hatton, Alexander Lévy, Li Haotong, Alex Norén
10. Senior Players champion from prior year
Scott McCarron
11. Web.com Tour money leader from prior season
Chesson Hadley (12)
12. Money leader during the Web.com Tour Finals
13. Top 10 current year FedEx Cup points leaders
14. Remaining positions and alternates filled through current year FedEx Cup standings
Brandon Harkins, Tom Hoge, Beau Hossler, Keith Mitchell, Trey Mullinax
Nationalities in the field[edit]
North America (99)
South America (2)
Europe (21)
Oceania (7)
Asia (10)
Africa (5)
Canada (3) Argentina (1) England (7) Australia (6) China (1) South Africa (5)
United States (96) Venezuela (1) Northern Ireland (1) New Zealand (1) India (1)
Scotland (2) Japan (2)
Ireland (1) South Korea (4)
France (1) Taiwan (1)
Germany (1) Thailand (1)
Italy (1)
Spain (3)
Sweden (4)
Past champions in the field[edit]
Made the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year(s) won
R1
R2
R3
R4
Total
To par
Place
Jason Day Australia 2016 69 67 71 68 275 −13 T5
Tiger Woods United States 2001, 2013 72 71 65 69 277 −11 T11
Adam Scott Australia 2004 69 68 72 68 277 −11 T11
Matt Kuchar United States 2012 66 71 71 70 278 −10 T17
Henrik Stenson Sweden 2009 68 70 71 70 279 −9 T23
Kim Si-woo South Korea 2017 67 72 74 72 285 −3 T63
Sergio García Spain 2008 68 69 75 76 288 E 70
Source:[4]
Missed the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year won
R1
R2
Total
To par
Rickie Fowler United States 2015 74 71 145 +1
Martin Kaymer Germany 2014 71 74 145 +1
Phil Mickelson United States 2007 79 73 152 +8
Source:[4]
Round summaries[edit]
First round[edit]
Thursday, May 10, 2018
Kim Si-woo shot 67 (−5), the lowest first round score by a defending champion since the event moved to Florida; six players were a shot better at 66.
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
T1 Patrick Cantlay United States 66 −6
Chesson Hadley United States
Dustin Johnson United States
Matt Kuchar United States
Alex Norén Sweden
Webb Simpson United States
T7 Kim Si-woo South Korea 67 −5
Andrew Landry United States
Keith Mitchell United States
Rory Sabbatini South Africa
Steve Stricker United States
Jhonattan Vegas Venezuela
Source:[4]
Second round[edit]
Friday, May 11, 2018
Webb Simpson tied the course record with a round of 63 (−9) to open up a five-shot lead. Simpson had six consecutive birdies on holes 11–16 which also tied a tournament record. He was 11-under on his round until his tee shot found the water on the par-3 17th and made double bogey. His score of 129 (−15) after 36 holes tied Jason Day (2016) for the tournament record, while his five-shot lead set a new record.[5]
For the second consecutive year, at least eighty players made the 36-hole cut, which invoked a 54-hole cut.
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Webb Simpson United States 66-63=129 −15
T2 Patrick Cantlay United States 66-68=134 −10
Danny Lee New Zealand 68-66=134
Charl Schwartzel South Africa 68-66=134
T5 Chesson Hadley United States 66-69=135 −9
Charles Howell III United States 68-67=135
Alex Norén Sweden 66-69=135
T8 Jason Day Australia 69-67=136 −8
Xander Schauffele United States 68-68=136
Steve Stricker United States 67-69=136
Source:[4]
Third round[edit]
Saturday, May 12, 2018
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Webb Simpson United States 66-63-68=197 −19
2 Danny Lee New Zealand 68-66-70=204 −12
3 Dustin Johnson United States 66-71-69=206 −10
T4 Jason Day Australia 69-67-71=207 −9
Jason Dufner United States 72-69-66=207
Xander Schauffele United States 68-68-71=207
Charl Schwartzel South Africa 68-66-73=207
Jimmy Walker United States 69-68-70=207
T9 Patrick Cantlay United States 66-68-74=208 −8
Tommy Fleetwood England 69-71-68=208
Matt Kuchar United States 66-71-71=208
Ian Poulter England 70-69-69=208
Jordan Spieth United States 75-68-65=208
Harold Varner III United States 71-67-70=208
Tiger Woods United States 72-71-65=208
Source:[4]
Final round[edit]
Sunday, May 13, 2018
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
Money ($)
1 Webb Simpson United States 66-63-68-73=270 −18 1,980,000
T2 Xander Schauffele United States 68-68-71-67=274 −14 821,333
Charl Schwartzel South Africa 68-66-73-67=274
Jimmy Walker United States 69-68-70-67=274
T5 Jason Day Australia 69-67-71-68=275 −13 418,000
Jason Dufner United States 72-69-66-68=275
T7 Keegan Bradley United States 69-69-72-66=276 −12 331,375
Tommy Fleetwood England 69-71-68-68=276
Danny Lee New Zealand 68-66-70-72=276
Harold Varner III United States 71-67-70-68=276
Source:[4]
Scorecard[edit]
Final round
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Par 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 3 4
Simpson −19 −19 −19 −19 −19 −19 −20 −19 −19 −18 −19 −19 −19 −19 −19 −20 −20 −18
Schauffele −9 −10 −10 −11 −11 −11 −10 −10 −11 −11 −12 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −14
Schwartzel −9 −10 −9 −9 −9 −9 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10 −11 −12 −12 −12 −13 −13 −14
Walker −9 −10 −10 −10 −10 −11 −11 −11 −11 −11 −12 −13 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14
Day −9 −10 −10 −11 −11 −11 −11 −11 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13
Dufner −10 −11 −11 −11 −11 −12 −13 −12 −13 −13 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −13
Lee −12 −13 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −13 −13 −13 −13 −12 −12 −12
Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
Eagle Birdie Bogey Double bogey
Source:[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Murray, Ewan (March 13, 2018). "Webb Simpson wins Players Championship as Woods' charge stalls". The Guardian. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2015–16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations" (PDF). October 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Beall, Joel (May 9, 2018). "Players Championship 2018: Paul Casey withdraws with back injury". Golf Digest. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Players Championship: Leaderboard". ESPN. May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Simpson ties course record with 9-under 63". PGA Tour. May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Coordinates: 30°11′53″N 81°23′38″W / 30.198°N 81.394°W / 30.198; -81.394
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Players_Championship&oldid=852438472"
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Shake a Tail Feather
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Shake Ya Tailfeather.
"Shake a Tail Feather"
Single by The Five Du-Tones
Released
1963
Format
Single
Recorded
1963
Genre
Soul
Length
2:24
Label
One-DERFUL!
Songwriter(s)
Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, Andre Williams
"Shake a Tail Feather" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre Williams) is a song originally recorded in 1963 by the Chicago-based group The Five Du-Tones.[1] (This version was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film Hairspray). A 1967 version by James & Bobby Purify reached #25 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2]
Cover versions[edit]
"Shake a Tail Feather" has been covered by many other artists over the years. Ray Charles covered and performed the song during his scenes in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers in a version that included calls for various 1960s dances, such as the Twist, the Monkey, The Fly, The Swim, The Frug and the Mashed Potato, The Boogaloo to be performed by a crowd gathered outside Ray's Music Exchange.
The song was covered by The Cheetah Girls for the 2005 Walt Disney Pictures film, Chicken Little.
The Kingsmen included the song on their 1966 The Kingsmen Up And Away album.
The Monkees performed the song in 1968 on the band's television special, 33 1⁄3 Revolutions Per Monkee.
Hanson included the song in a medley with "Gimme Some Lovin'" on their 1998 release, Live from Albertane.
Japanese garage punk band Teengenerate recorded the song for their 1994 10" vinyl release "Audio Recording".
In 2012, one of the songwriters, Andre Williams included the song on his 2012 Alive album, Life.
In November 2013 The Overtones recorded the song for their album Saturday Night at the Movies.
Other artists who have recorded the song include Ike & Tina Turner (as re-created in the film What's Love Got to Do with It),[3][4] Mitch Ryder, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Tommy James and the Shondells, and The Romantics.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ allmusic ((( The Five Du-Tones > Overview )))
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1992). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 5th Edition. Billboard Books. p. 373.
Jump up ^ "Ike and Tina Turner shake your tail feather". YouTube. 2008-01-06. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
Jump up ^ Mike Hale (2011-09-18). "Cigars? Cigarettes? Catty Rivalries?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-02-12. Later the actress Karen LeBlanc does a pretty fair Tina Turner imitation on “Shake a Tail Feather” and “I Want to Be Made Over.”
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The Best of Tommy James and The Shondells
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"I Think We're Alone Now"
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Cover Songs
"California Sun"
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Categories:
Songs written by Andre Williams
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The Five Du-Tones songs
James & Bobby Purify songs
Ray Charles songs
The Blues Brothers songs
Tina Turner songs
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Telephone number
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the integer sequence, see Telephone number (mathematics).
A Swiss rotary telephone dial from the 1970s, showing the telephone's number (94 29 68) along with various local emergency services.
A telephone number is a sequence of digits assigned to a fixed-line telephone subscriber station connected to a telephone line or to a wireless electronic telephony device, such as a radio telephone or a mobile telephone, or to other devices for data transmission via the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other private networks.
A telephone number serves as an address for switching telephone calls using a system of destination code routing.[1] Telephone numbers are entered or dialed by a calling party on the originating telephone set, which transmits the sequence of digits in the process of signaling to a telephone exchange. The exchange completes the call either to another locally connected subscriber or via the PSTN to the called party. Telephone numbers are assigned within the framework of a national or regional telephone numbering plan to subscribers by telephone service operators, which may be commercial entities, state-controlled administrations, or other telecommunication industry associations.
Telephone numbers were first used in 1879 in Lowell, Massachusetts, when they replaced the request for subscriber names by callers connecting to the switchboard operator.[2] Over the course of telephone history, telephone numbers had various lengths and formats, and even included most letters of the alphabet in leading positions when telephone exchange names were in common use until the 1960s.
Telephone numbers are often dialed in conjunction with other signaling code sequences, such as vertical service codes, to invoke special telephone service features.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and methodology
2 U.S. history
2.1 Alphanumeric telephone numbers
3 United Kingdom
4 Intercepted number
5 Special feature codes
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Concept and methodology[edit]
The elements of a telephone number
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When telephone numbers were first used they were very short, from one to three digits, and were communicated orally to a switchboard operator when initiating a call. As telephone systems have grown and interconnected to encompass worldwide communication, telephone numbers have become longer. In addition to telephones, they have been used to access other devices, such as computer modems, pagers, and fax machines. With landlines, modems and pagers falling out of use in favor of all-digital always-connected broadband Internet and mobile phones, telephone numbers are now often used by data-only cellular devices, such as some tablet computers, digital televisions, video game controllers, and mobile hotspots, on which it is not even possible to make or accept a call.
The number contains the information necessary to identify uniquely the intended endpoint for the telephone call. Each such endpoint must have a unique number within the public switched telephone network. Most countries use fixed length numbers (for normal lines at least) and therefore the number of endpoints determines the necessary length of the telephone number. It is also possible for each subscriber to have a set of shorter numbers for the endpoints most often used. These "shorthand" or "speed calling" numbers are automatically translated to unique telephone numbers before the call can be connected. Some special services have their own short numbers (e.g., 1-1-9, 9-1-1,1-0-0, 1-0-1, 1-0-2, 0-0-0, 9-9-9, 1-1-1, and 1-1-2 being the Emergency Services numbers for China, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan and Sri Lanka; Canada and the United States; Israel (Police); Israel (Paramedic); Israel (Fire); Australia; the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Poland, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Macao, Bahrain, Qatar, Bangladesh, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, Zimbabwe, Trinidad, Tobago; New Zealand; Kuwait and the European Union, respectively.)
The dialing plan in some areas permits dialing numbers in the local calling area without using area code or city code prefixes. For example, a telephone number in North America consists of a three-digit area code, a three-digit central office code, and four digits for the line number. If the area has no area code overlays, seven-digit dialing may be permissible for calls within the area, but some areas have implemented mandatory ten-digit dialing.
Other special phone numbers are used for high-capacity numbers with several telephone circuits, typically a request line to a radio station where dozens or even hundreds of callers may be trying to call in at once, such as for a contest. For each large metro area, all of these lines will share the same prefix (such as 404-741-xxxx in Atlanta and 305-550-xxxx in Miami), the last digits typically corresponding to the station's frequency, callsign, or moniker.
In the international telephone network, the format of telephone numbers is standardized by ITU-T recommendation E.164. This code specifies that the entire number should be 15 digits or shorter, and begin with a country prefix. For most countries, this is followed by an area code or city code and the subscriber number, which might consist of the code for a particular telephone exchange. ITU-T recommendation E.123 describes how to represent an international telephone number in writing or print, starting with a plus sign ("+") and the country code. When calling an international number from a landline phone, the + must be replaced with the international call prefix chosen by the country the call is being made from. Many mobile phones allow the + to be entered directly, by pressing and holding the "0" for GSM phones, or sometimes "*" for CDMA phones.
The format and allocation of local phone numbers are controlled by each nation's respective government, either directly or by sponsored organizations (such as NANPA in the US or CNAC in Canada). In the United States, each state's public service commission regulates, as does the Federal Communications Commission. In Canada, which shares the same country code with the U.S. (due to Bell Canada's previous ownership by the U.S.-based Bell System), regulation is mainly through the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.
Local number portability (LNP) allows a subscriber to request moving an existing telephone number to another telephone service provider. Number portability usually has geographic limitations, such as an existing local phone company only being able to port to a competitor within the same rate centre. Mobile carriers may have much larger market areas, and can assign or accept numbers from any area within the region.
Within most North American rate centres, local wireline calls are free, while calls to all but a few nearby rate centres are considered long distance and incur a per-minute toll. In a few large US cities, as well as most points outside North America, local calls are not flat-rated or "free" by default.
U.S. history[edit]
See also: North American Numbering Plan
In the late 1870s, the Bell interests started utilizing their patent with a rental scheme, in which they would rent their instruments to individual users who would contract with other suppliers to connect them; for example from home to office to factory. Western Union and the Bell company both soon realized that a subscription service would be more profitable, with the invention of the telephone switchboard or central office. Such an office was staffed by an operator who connected the calls by personal names. Some have argued that use of the telephone altered the physical layout of American cities. [5]
The latter part of 1879 and the early part of 1880 saw the first use of telephone numbers at Lowell, Massachusetts. During an epidemic of measles, the physician, Dr. Moses Greeley Parker, feared that Lowell's four telephone operators might all succumb to sickness and bring about paralysis of telephone service. He recommended the use of numbers for calling Lowell's more than 200 subscribers so that substitute operators might be more easily trained in such an emergency.[2] Parker was convinced of the telephone's potential, began buying stock, and by 1883 he was one of the largest individual stockholders in both the American Telephone Company and the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company.
Even after the assignment of numbers, operators still connected most calls into the early 20th century: "Hello, Central. Get me Underwood-342." Connecting through operators or "Central" was the norm until mechanical direct-dialing of numbers became more common in the 1920s.
In rural areas with magneto crank telephones connected to party lines, the local phone number consisted of the line number plus the ringing pattern of the subscriber. To dial a number such as "3R122" meant making a request to the operator the third party line (if making a call off your own local one), followed by turning the telephone's crank once, a short pause, then twice and twice again.[6] Also common was a code of long and short rings, so one party's call might be signaled by two longs and another's by two longs followed by a short.[7] It was not uncommon to have over a dozen ring cadences (and subscribers) on one line.
In the most areas of North America, telephone numbers in metropolitan communities consisted of a combination of digits and letters, starting in the 1920s until the 1960s. Letters were translated to dialed digits, a mapping that was displayed directly on the telephone dial. Each of the digits 2 to 9, and sometimes 0, corresponded to a group of typically three letters. The leading two or three letters of a telephone number indicated the exchange name, for example, EDgewood and IVanhoe, and were followed by 5 or 4 digits. The limitations that these system presented in terms of usable names that were easy to distinguish and spell, and the need for a comprehensive numbering plan that enabled direct-distance dialing, led to the introduction of all-number dialing in the 1960s.
The use of numbers starting in 555- (KLondike-5) to represent fictional numbers in U.S. movies, television, and literature originated in this period. The "555" prefix was reserved for telephone company use and was only consistently used for directory assistance (information), being "555-1212" for the local area. An attempt to dial a 555 number from a movie in the real world will always result in an error message when dialed from a phone in the United States. This reduces the likelihood of nuisance calls. Also, QUincy(5-5555) was used, because there was no Q available. Phone numbers were traditionally tied down to a single location; because exchanges were "hard-wired", the first three digits of any number were tied to the geographic location of the exchange.
Alphanumeric telephone numbers[edit]
Main article: Telephone exchange names
Face of a 1939 rotary dial showing a 2L-4N style alphanumeric telephone number LAkewood-2697.
2008 photo shows a hairdressing shop in Toronto with an exterior sign showing the shop's telephone number in the old two-letters plus five-digits format.
Until the early 1960s, many local telephone companies, as well as the North American Numbering Plan of 1947, prescribed telephone number formats that included the name of the central office to which each telephone was connected. Traditionally, these names were often the names of towns, villages, other locally significant names, but larger communities that required more than one central office, may have used other names for each central office, such as Main, East, West, Central. Names were convenient to use and reduced errors when telephone numbers were exchanged verbally between subscribers and operators. When subscribers could dial themselves, the initial letters of the names were converted to digits as displayed on the rotary dial. Thus, telephone numbers contained one, two, or even three letters followed by up to five numerals. Such numbering plans are called 2L-4N, or simply 2-4, for example, as shown in the photo of a telephone dial of 1939 (right). In this example, LAkewood 2697, indicates that a subscriber dialed the letters L and A, then the digits 2, 6, 9, and 7 to reach this telephone in Lakewood, NJ (USA).
In December 1930, New York City became the first city in the United States to adopt the two-letter, five-number format (2L-5N), which became the standard after World War II, when the Bell System administration designed the North American Numbering Plan to prepare the United States and Canada for Direct Distance Dialing (DDD), and began to convert all central offices to this format. This process was complete by the early 1960s.
United Kingdom[edit]
This article appears to contradict the article Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
In the UK, letters were assigned to numbers in a similar fashion to North America, except that the letter O was allocated to the digit 0 (zero); digit 6 had only M and N. The letter Q was later added to the zero position on British dials, in anticipation of direct international dialing to Paris, which commenced in 1963. This was necessary because French dials already had Q on the zero position, and there were exchange names in the Paris region which contained the letter Q.
Most of the United Kingdom had no lettered telephone dials until the introduction of Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) in 1958. Until then, only the director areas (Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Manchester) and the adjacent non-director areas had the lettered dials; the director exchanges used the three-letter, four-number format. With the introduction of trunk dialing, the need for all callers to be able to dial numbers with letters in them led to the much more widespread use of lettered dials. The need for dials with letters ceased with the conversion to all-digit numbering in 1968.
Intercepted number[edit]
In the middle 20th century in North America when a call could not be completed, for example because the phone number was not assigned, had been disconnected, or was experiencing technical difficulties, the call was routed to an intercept operator who informed the caller. In the 1970s this service was converted to Automatic Intercept Systems which automatically choose and present an appropriate intercept message. Disconnected numbers are reassigned to new users after the rate of calls to them declines.
Outside of North America operator intercept was rare, and in most cases calls to unassigned or disconnected numbers would result in a recorded message or number-unobtainable tone being returned to the caller.
Special feature codes[edit]
Modern telephone keypad contains "*" and "#"
Telephone numbers are sometimes prefixed with special services, such as vertical service codes, that contain signaling events other than numbers, most notably the star (*) and the number sign (#).[3] Vertical service codes enable or disable special telephony services either on a per-call basis, or for the station or telephone line until changed.[4] The use of the number sign is most frequently used as a marker signal to indicate the end of digit sequences or the end of other procedures; as a terminator it avoids operational delays when waiting for expiration of automatic time-out periods.
In popular culture[edit]
Australian films and television shows do not employ any recurring format for fictional telephone numbers; any number quoted in such media may be used by a real subscriber. The 555 code is used in the Balmain area of Sydney and the suburbs of Melbourne. Although in many areas being a prefix of 55 plus the thousand digit of 5 (e.g. 55 5XXX), would be valid, the numbering system was changed so that 555 became 9555 in Sydney and Melbourne, and in the country, there are 2 new digits ahead of the 55.[8]
However, elsewhere, as in the United States, fictitious telephone numbers are often used in films and on television to avoid disturbances by calls from viewers. For example, The United States 555 (KLondike-5) exchange code was never assigned (with limited exceptions such as 555-1212 for directory assistance). Therefore, American films and TV shows have used 555-xxxx numbers, in order to prevent a number used in such a work from being called.[8]
The film Bruce Almighty (2003) originally featured a number that did not have the 555 prefix. In the cinematic release, God (Morgan Freeman) leaves 776-2323 on a pager for Bruce Nolan (Jim Carrey) to call if he needed God's help. The DVD changes this to a 555 number. According to Universal Studios, which produced the movie, the number it used was picked because it did not exist in Buffalo, New York, where the movie was set. However, the number did exist in other cities, resulting in customers' having that number receiving random calls from people asking for God. While some played along with the gag, others found the calls aggravating.[9][10]
The number in the Glenn Miller Orchestra's hit song "Pennsylvania 6-5000" (1940) is the number of the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York City. The number is now written as 1-212-736-5000. According to the hotel's website, PEnnsylvania 6-5000 is New York's oldest continually assigned telephone number and possibly the oldest continuously-assigned number in the world.[11][12]
Tommy Tutone's hit song "867-5309/Jenny" (1981) led to many unwanted calls by the public to telephone subscribers who actually were assigned that number.[13]
See also[edit]
Telephone numbers for sale in Hong Kong. The prices are higher for desirable numbers.
Category:Telephone numbers by country
Geographic number
List of country calling codes
National conventions for writing telephone numbers
Number translation service
Phonewords
vanity number
Short code
Zenith number
Caller ID
Automatic number identification (ANI)
Automatic number announcement circuit (ANAC)
Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS)
Carrier access code (CAC)/Carrier identification code (CIC)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ AT&T, Notes on Distance Dialing (1968), Section II, p.1
^ Jump up to: a b Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. Harper & Row, 1967, ISBN 0-06-010540-2: p. 74 , citing "Events in Telephone History".
^ Jump up to: a b Bellcore SR-2275 Bellcore Notes on the Network, Issue 3, Section 3 page 15. (December 1997)
^ Jump up to: a b NANPA definition of vertical service codes
Jump up ^ Fischer, Claude S. America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Web.
Jump up ^ PhoneNumberGuy.
Jump up ^ International Correspondence Schools (1916). Subscribers' Station Equipment. International Library of Technology. Internal Textbook Company. p. 20. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Cuccia, Mark. "CODE 555 AND THE MOVIES". Telecom Heritage (27). Australian Telephone Collectors Society Inc. Archived from the original on 13 June 2004.
Jump up ^ Vries, Lloyd (27 May 2003). "'Almighty' Phone Mess". CBS News.
Jump up ^ 'Bruce Almighty' delivers wrong number. People Online. Retrieved on 2009-05-04.
Jump up ^ Carlson Jen (2 July 2014). "The Oldest Phone Number In NYC" Archived 6 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Gothamist.
Jump up ^ "Old New York: Historical Attractions". Hotel Pennsylvania. 23 January 2014. New York.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (9 July 2014). "867-5309 / Jenny". Snopes.com.
External links[edit]
ITU-T Recommendation E.123: Notation for national and international telephone numbers, e-mail addresses and Web addresses
RFC 3966 The tel: URI for telephone numbers
History of UK dialing codes, with lists of codes and more links
World Telephone Numbering Guide which can be used to look up telephone numbering information
ITU National Numbering Plans which links to the numbering plans of individual countries.
Cybertelecom :: VoIP :: Numbers Detailing FCC policy regarding legacy NANP telephone numbers and interconnected VoIP services
ATIS, Industry Numbering Committee
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