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Indian Cricket League
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Indian Cricket League
Sport
Cricket
Founded
2007
Ceased
2009
Divisions
9
No. of teams
9 city teams, 4 international teams
Country
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
World XI
Last
champion(s)
Lahore Badshahs, 2008
The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was a private cricket league funded by Zee Entertainment Enterprises that operated between 2007 and 2009 in India. Its two seasons included tournaments between four international teams (World XI, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and nine domestic teams notionally located in major Indian cities as well as the champions Lahore Badshahs who were based in Lahore, Pakistan and Dhaka Warriors based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The matches were played in the Twenty20 format. There was also a planned domestic 50-over tournament, but this did not eventuate. While its establishment pre-dated the Indian Premier League, the ICL folded in 2009. Aside from commercial factors, the ICL lacked the support of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and International Cricket Council.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 League structure
2.1 ICL World Teams
2.2 ICL Domestic Teams
3 Tournaments
3.1 First season
3.2 Second season
4 Reasons for creation
4.1 The "Inverted Pyramid" cricket structure
4.2 Zee Telefilms desire to create sports content
5 Support for the league
6 Controversy
6.1 BCCI Response
6.1.1 ICL takes BCCI to court
7 Pressure on Players from Other National Organisations
8 The Downfall of the ICL
8.1 Transparency Issues
9 The end of ICL
10 Broadcasting of ICL
10.1 Broadcasting Ban
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
The second season, which added Ahmedabad as a venue, commenced in the last quarter of 2008, with the Lahore Badshahs from Pakistan winning. Many international cricketers played in it like Imran Nazir, Abdur Razzaq, Shane Bond, Inzamam ul haq and Moin Khan was coach of Lahore Badshahs.
League structure[edit]
Each team was coached by a former international cricketer and comprised four international, two Indian and eight budding domestic players. Essel Group also planned to set up cricket academies all over the country. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) was assured that it was free to draw from ICL's talent pool. The league became active in November 2007 with matches in the Twenty20 format.
Former international cricketers including Anjingsora Risora, Tony Greig, Dean Jones and Kiran More were hired as board members of the Indian Cricket League.[1] The board positions will be paid positions.[2]
Nine teams of private clubs :
Mumbai Champs
Chennai Superstars
Chandigarh Lions
Hyderabad Heroes
Royal Bengal Tigers (Kolkata)
Delhi Giants
Ahmedabad Rockets
Lahore Badshahs
Dhaka Warriors
Each team had a paid mentor, media manager, psychologist and physiotherapist
There was a US$1 million prize for the winning club team
An Ombudsman is available to look into grievances of players
ICL World Teams[edit]
World XI
John Emburey – Coach,
Chris Cairns – Captain
Ian Harve,
Jimmy Maher,
Johan van der Wath,
Lou Vincent (Wicketkeeper),
Marvan Atapattu,
Matthew Elliot,
Michael Kasprowicz,
Russel Arnold
India
Steve Rixon – Coach
Rajagopal Satish – Captain
Abbas Ali,
Abhishek Jhunjhunwala,
Abu Nacheem,
Ali Murtaza,
Ambati Rayudu,
Ganapathi Vignesh,
Ibrahim Khaleel (Wicketkeeper),
Love Ablish,
Ravi Raj Patil,
Rohan Gavaskar,
Stuart Binny,
Syed Mohammed,
Thiru Kumaran,
TP Sudhindra,
Sarbjit Singh,
Sumit Kumar(Wicketkeeper),
Tejinder Pal Singh,
V. Sarvanan
A.Ansuman
Pakistan
Moin Khan – Coach
Inzamam-ul-Haq – Captain
Azhar Mahmood
Taufeeq Umar
Imran Farhat
Rana Naved-ul-Hasan
Abdul Razzaq
Naved Latif
Humayun Farhat
Shahid Nazir
Hasan Raza
Mohammad Sami
Imran Nazir
Riaz Afridi
Shabbir Ahmed
Bangladesh
Balwinder Sandhu – Coach
Habibul Bashar – Captain
Aftab Ahmed
Alok Kapali
Dhiman Ghosh
Farhad Reza
Manjural Islam
Golam Mabud
Mahbubul Karim
Mohammad Rafique
Mohammad Sharif
Mosharraf Hossain
Shahriar Nafees
Tapash Baisya
ICL Domestic Teams[edit]
Main articles: Chandigarh Lions, Chennai Superstars, Delhi Giants, Hyderabad Heroes, Kolkata Tigers, Mumbai Champs, Ahmedabad Rockets, Lahore Badshahs, and Dhaka Warriors
Tournaments[edit]
First season[edit]
Main articles: ICL 20-20 Indian Championship 2007/08, ICL 50s 2007/08, ICL 20s Grand Championship 2007/08, and ICL 20s World Series 2007/08
Second season[edit]
Main articles: ICL 20-20 Indian Championship 2008/09 and ICL 20s World Series 2008/09
Reasons for creation[edit]
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Several factors have played a role in formulation of a cricket league and which may run in parallel to the current official Indian cricket control body, BCCI.
The "Inverted Pyramid" cricket structure[edit]
There is wide disparity between the facilities enjoyed by the national team and the regional ones. This makes the regional players far from finished products when they are called to represent their country, preventing a huge country like India from having adequate reserve strength in the national squad when key players are injured or retire. Also, the regional cricket boards depend on the BCCI for hand-outs of funds for infrastructure and grassroots development. The players who are entrenched at the top have strong backing from sports management firms and also can afford the best in personal trainers, physiotherapists and technical consultants, which are well beyond the scope of the average player.
Zee Telefilms desire to create sports content[edit]
The Essel group has expressed a keen desire to help India develop cricketing talent, as well as provide lucrative sports programming for Zee Telefilms, which lost out on the rights to broadcast all BCCI-sanctioned cricket matches in India until 2011.
Essel Group had originally launched Zee Sports earlier with the anticipation of securing at least some of the BCCI telecast rights in 2006. This was followed by Zee acquiring 50 percent in TEN Sports in November 2006 for Rs. 2.57 billion. This gave the company a few international cricket rights – West Indies, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
Cricket played in India generates Rs. 10 billion in advertising and subscription revenue and Subhash Chandra has been acutely aware of his company missing out on this lucrative cricket pie.
During his battle with BCCI and ESPN Star Sports for the five-year telecast rights in August–September 2004 in the Bombay High Court, Chandra was present every day for the hearings. Despite Zee bidding the highest at $307 million, BCCI and its then president Jagmohan Dalmiya denied him the rights.
The pain of denial has been with Chandra since 2000 when the ICC World Cup rights were sold to NewsCorp's Global Cricket Corporation (GCC) for $550 million despite Zee bidding the highest at $650 million citing Zee's insufficient sports marketing experience.
In August 2005, Zee again emerged as a forerunner with a pitch of over $340 million while ESPN Star Sports, the other principal contender, is believed to have offered around $325 million. BCCI took the stance that Zee was not qualified as a specialist broadcaster and refused to consider Zee's proposal. The matter expectedly went to court and Doordarshan emerged the beneficiary.
Chandra then tried the political route too and supported Sharad Pawar's candidature as BCCI president against Dalmiya. Pawar emerged victorious but not Chandra. In the last round of bidding in February, last year, it was Nimbus who bagged BCCI's telecast rights till 2011 for $613 million with Zee trailing at $513 million.
Since there was a Zee-Nimbus alliance before the bidding, media pundits thought Nimbus' bid was a Zee front. But Nimbus chose to go its own way and launched its own sports network – NEO Sports. In 2012, Star Sports bought broadcasting rights for international and domestic matches in India for more than $550 million.
Support for the league[edit]
The ICL received some support from unexpected quarters. There was a fear that lack of access to infrastructure, like the premier cricket stadiums, would limit the success of the operation of the league, but support from various government bodies boosted the league. Camps were held at Mayajaal in Chennai, a private resort with adequate cricket facilities.[3] The then head of Indian Railways Lalu Prasad Yadav showed his backing by opening all the cricket stadiums controlled by the Indian Railways to the league. Describing the ICL as a "good initiative", Prasad issued a statement saying that the BCCI and ICL should each come up with a cricket team and play against each other to show who's the best.[4] The state government of West Bengal also agreed to rent its cricket grounds, notably Eden Gardens, to the league.[5] In Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation provided its Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium for matches.
Controversy[edit]
BCCI Response[edit]
The BCCI refused to recognise the ICL as a cricket league, and criticised Kiran More and Kapil Dev for joining the ICL.[6] Kapil Dev's association with ICL was seen by the establishment as a conflict of interest as he was also the chairman of National Cricket Academy, a BCCI owned cricket facility.[7] On 21 August 2007 Kapil Dev was sacked from his NCA post.[8] Subhash Chandra had earlier stated that the ICL will go ahead regardless of the BCCI's stance. The International Cricket Council gave a statement through its chief executive, Malcolm Speed, that the ICC would not recognize the ICL unless the BCCI chooses to recognise it. The ICC looks at the ICL as an issue to be sorted out by the BCCI. On 25 July 2012 Kapil Dev informed BCCI that he had resigned from the ICL.[9]
Faced with the threat of young players joining the ICL, the BCCI jacked up prize money for winners, runners-up and losing semi-finalists across all tournaments. An average domestic cricketer can hope to make around Rs 35,000 per match day from the season of 2007–08: more than double the Rs 16,000 they got in 2005–06. The BCCI has also planned to do away with honorary selectors, who will be paid professionals from September 2008 onwards.[10]
The BCCI started its own international Twenty20 league. The official league, which launched in April 2008, is called the Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket. The league model is based on the franchise model of the National Football League and Major League Baseball in the US.[11]
ICL takes BCCI to court[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In August 2007, the ICL filed a petition against the BCCI in the Delhi High Court accusing the BCCI of threatening and intimidating them and other state organisations, and asked the court to stop BCCI from interfering with its attempts to sign up players for its tournaments. It also petitioned that the BCCI stop trying to "out-hire" cricket stadiums in India that are owned by the state governments, in anti-competitive attempts to stop the ICL from using them to play matches.
On 27 August 2007, the Delhi High Court ruled in favour of the ICL. In its ruling, the Delhi High Court said that players should not suffer in the battle between corporate giants. The court has issued notices to all corporate sponsors, the state cricket associations & the BCCI against terminating valid contracts of players joining the ICL.[12]
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC) of India had asked its Director-General of Investigation to do an initial investigation into the BCCI's action against players who had joined the ICL. The investigation was based on media reports of the BCCI giving an open statement that it will ban players who join ICL. It was also reported in the media that all state associations, under direction from the BCCI, have cancelled contracts with players.[13]
Pressure on Players from Other National Organisations[edit]
In considering rejoining the ICL former England wicketkeeper Paul Nixon was said to have put his career in jeopardy because any player that signs up with the ICL, which does not have official status from the International Cricket Council, risks losing their registration.[14]
The addition of a new team from Dhaka in Bangladesh, consisting largely of Bangladesh internationals caused more controversy as the cricket board of that country banned the players for 10 years for joining the 'rebel' ICL.[15] Faced with the departure of so many players the board appealed to other Bangladeshi players to reject the new ICL team, stay loyal to the board and embrace the opportunity to play for their country.[16]
The Downfall of the ICL[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The future of ICL became uncertain when BCCI banned ICL players from playing international matches. Since then many ICL players have returned to their national team including famous players like Shane Bond (now retired) and Abdul Razzaq.
BCCI after seeing the success of ICL wanted to start their own league called "IPL". So, BCCI didn't miss any chance to stop the league by banning players and stadiums associated with ICL.
Shortly before the conclusion of the inaugural tournament, the ICL announced its plans for expansion, which include a fifty over tournament in February 2008, and the expansion of the ICL Indian Championship to eight teams for the second tournament, due to be held in September and October 2008.[17]
A similar initiative has been launched in United States by the PayAutoMata group but details have yet to emerge.[18]
In October 2008, the promoters of the ICL, Zee and its parent company Essel Sports Pvt. Ltd, had applied for trademark registration of T20 under Class 28 of the Trade Mark Rules, 2002.[19] [20]
Transparency Issues[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Independent analysts have had difficulty gauging the financial viability of the ICL due to the lack of transparency of the league's operations. Terms of contracts are hidden and advertising revenue from match telecasts – considered to be a major contributor to revenues – have never been disclosed. Because they are unsanctioned by the ICC, the teams do not have access to the best facilities across the whole country or access to the best players, limiting their ability to generate high gate revenues. This lack of transparency leads to questions regarding the overall viability of the ICL's business model.[citation needed]
indian premier league 2018
The end of ICL[edit]
The ICL has now come to an end after all its players dropped out. This was because of the offer of amnesty given by BCCI to players choosing to leave the ICL.
Broadcasting of ICL[edit]
Since the ICL was conducted by Zee Telefilms, the ICL was broadcast in most domains on the Zee network.[21]
Broadcaster
Regional Broadcast Rights
Zee Sports
Global Rights, India—Hindi, Bangladesh & US
Ten Sports
India—English, Bangladesh, Pakistan & Middle East
BTV
Bangladesh
ATN Bangla
Bangladesh
Gateway
North Africa
Telkom-Malaysia
Malaysia
Astro TVIQ
Malaysia
Fox Sports
Australia
Zee Music
UK
Zee Smile
Asia[citation needed]
Zee TV
Africa
Caribbean Media Corporation
Caribbean
Broadcasting Ban[edit]
In November 2008, the Bangladeshi government set a ban on the broadcasting of live matches of the ICL on the private held Diganta TV channel in the country. This would extend to the ICL World Series featuring the country's national team.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cricinfo staff (14 May 2007). "Zee Sports denies signing of stars". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
Jump up ^ Khanna, Roma (14 May 2007). "BCCI's own now have a new job". CricketNext. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
Jump up ^ Vasu, Anand (22 August 2007). "ICL to hold camp at Mayajaal in Chennai". cricinfo.com. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
Jump up ^ Cricket on Times of India | Live Cricket Score, Cricket News, India Cricket. Cricket.indiatimes.com (1 January 1970). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (23 August 2007). "State minister allows ICL use of Eden Gardens". cricinfo.com. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (13 June 2007). "BCCI shoots down ICL". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
Jump up ^ Shanbhag, Sudhakar (13 June 2007). "BCCI Not To Recognise Zee-Promoted Indian Cricket League". Worldcuplatest.com. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (21 August 2007). "Kapil sacked as NCA Chairman". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Kapil Dev resigns from ICL, returns to BCCI". Wisden India. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (21 June 2007). "BCCI hikes domestic match fees". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
Jump up ^ Jamie Alter (13 September 2007). "International Twenty20 league launched". Cricinfo.com. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Delhi HC orders companies to let players join ICL". Reuters. 27 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cricket row under MRTPC scanner".
Jump up ^ Hoult, Nick (1 October 2008). "Paul Nixon may put county career in jeopardy by rejoining 'rebel' Indian Cricket League". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh vow to ban ICL rebels". BBC News. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Dhaka tries to stop more cricketers from joining ICL. Sify.com (16 September 2008). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.
Jump up ^ Indian Cricket League Announce Plans For 2008
Jump up ^ "Indian Cricket League invades the Americas". http://www.mmdnewswire.com/the-indian-cricket-league-invades-the-americas-2626.html. 4 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-04. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ All about T20 cricket: Zee promoted ICL planning to patent T20 as its brand. Thecricketingleague.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.indiancricketleague.in/news/inner-news.aspx?xfile=data/news/2008/October/news_20081007_20.xml
Jump up ^ Bangladesh govt bans ICL coverage. Hindustan Times (1 November 2008). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.
External links[edit]
The Official Site of the Indian Cricket League -
Diktat ideas for BCCI to crush ICL
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text:
Leah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For alternate uses, see Leah (disambiguation).
Dante's Vision of Rachel and Leah – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1855
Leah[a] is described in the Hebrew Bible as the daughter of Laban. She and her younger sister Rachel became the two concurrent wives of Hebrew patriarch Jacob. She had six sons, whose descendants became some of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. She also had a daughter, Dinah.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal history
1.1 Appearance
1.2 Marriage to Jacob
1.3 Motherhood
1.4 Rivalry with Rachel
1.5 Death and burial
1.6 Family tree
2 Medieval Christian symbolism
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Personal history[edit]
Appearance[edit]
The Torah introduces Leah by describing her with the phrase, "Leah had tender eyes" (Hebrew: ועיני לאה רכות) (Genesis 29:17). It is argued as to whether the adjective "tender" (רכות) should be taken to mean "delicate and soft" or "weary".[4]
The commentary of Rashi cites a Rabbinic interpretation of how Leah's eyes became weak. According to this story, Leah was destined to marry Jacob's older twin brother, Esau. In the Rabbinic mind, the two brothers are polar opposites; Jacob being a God-fearing scholar and Esau being a hunter who also indulges in idolatry and adultery. But people were saying, "Laban has two daughters and his sister, Rebekah, has two sons. The older daughter (Leah) will marry the older son (Esau), and the younger daughter (Rachel) will marry the younger son (Jacob)."[5] Hearing this, Leah spent most of her time weeping and praying to God to change her destined mate. Thus the Torah describes her eyes as "soft" from weeping. God hearkens to Leah's tears and prayers and allows her to marry Jacob even before Rachel does.
Marriage to Jacob[edit]
Leah becomes Jacob's wife through a deception on the part of her father, Laban. In the Biblical account, Jacob is dispatched to the hometown of Laban—the brother of his mother Rebekah—to avoid being killed by his brother Esau, and to find a wife. Out by the well, he encounters Laban's younger daughter Rachel tending her father's sheep, and decides to marry her. Laban is willing to give Rachel's hand to Jacob as long as he works seven years for her.
On the wedding night, however, Laban switches Leah for Rachel. Later Laban claims that it is uncustomary to give the younger daughter away in marriage before the older one (Genesis 29:16-30). Laban offers to give Rachel to Jacob in marriage in return for another seven years of work (Genesis 29:27). Jacob accepts the offer and marries Rachel after the week-long celebration of his marriage to Leah.
Michelangelo's Leah at the tomb of Pope Julius II at San Pietro in Vincoli.
Motherhood[edit]
Leah is the mother of six of Jacob's sons, including his first four (Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah), and later two more (Issachar and Zebulun), and a daughter (Dinah). According to the scriptures, God saw that Leah was "unloved" and opened her womb as consolation.
Seeing that she is unable to conceive, Rachel offers her handmaid Bilhah to Jacob, and names and raises the two sons (Dan and Naphtali) that Bilhah bears. Leah responds by offering her handmaid Zilpah to Jacob, and names and raises the two sons (Gad and Asher) that Zilpah bears. According to some commentaries, Bilhah and Zilpah are actually half-sisters of Leah and Rachel.[6]
One day, Leah's firstborn son Reuben returns from the field with mandrakes for his mother. Leah has not conceived for a while, and this plant, whose roots resemble the human body, is thought to be an aid to fertility.[7] Frustrated that she is not able to conceive at all, Rachel offers to trade her night with their husband in return for the mandrakes. Leah agrees, and that night she sleeps with Jacob and conceives Issachar. Afterwards she gives birth to Zebulun and to a daughter, Dinah. After that, God remembers Rachel and gives her two sons, Joseph and Benjamin.
Rivalry with Rachel[edit]
On a homiletical level, the classic Chassidic texts explain the sisters' rivalry as more than marital jealousy. Each woman desired to grow spiritually in her avodat Hashem (service of God), and therefore sought closeness to the tzadik (Jacob) who is God's personal emissary in this world. By marrying Jacob and bearing his sons, who would be raised in the tzadik's home and continue his mission into the next generation (indeed, all 12 sons became tzadikim in their own right and formed the foundation of the Nation of Israel), they would develop an even closer relationship to God. Therefore, Leah and Rachel each wanted to have as many of those sons as possible, going so far as to offer their handmaids as proxies to Jacob so they could have a share in the upbringing of their handmaids' sons, too.[8]
Each woman also continually questioned whether she was doing enough in her personal efforts toward increased spirituality, and would use the other's example to spur herself on. Rachel envied Leah's tearful prayers, by which she merited to marry the tzadik and bear six of his twelve sons.[6][8] The Talmud (Megillah 13b) says that Rachel revealed to Leah the secret signs which she and Jacob had devised to identify the veiled bride, because they both suspected Laban would pull such a trick.[9]
Death and burial[edit]
Leah died some time before Jacob (according to Genesis 49:31). She is thought to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron alongside Jacob. This cave also houses the graves of Abraham and Sarah, and Isaac and Rebekah.[10]
Tomb of Leah, 1911.
Family tree[edit]
Terah
Sarah[11] Abraham Hagar Haran
Nahor
Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah
Ishmaelites 7 sons[12] Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter
Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites
Esau Jacob Rachel
Bilhah
Edomites Zilpah
Leah
1. Reuben
2. Simeon
3. Levi
4. Judah
9. Issachar
10. Zebulun
Dinah (daughter) 7. Gad
8. Asher 5. Dan
6. Naphtali 11. Joseph
12. Benjamin

According to this tree, Leah's husband Jacob is her first cousin (through their mutual grandfather Bethuel). They are also second cousins once removed (Jacob's great-grandfather through Abraham, Terah, is Leah's great-great grandfather through Nahor); and again second cousins once removed (Jacob's great-grandfather through Sarah, Terah, is Leah's great-great-grandfather through Nahor). Finally, they are second cousins twice removed (Jacob's great-grandfather through Abraham, Terah, is Leah's great-great-great-grandfather through Milcah); and again second cousins twice removed (Jacob's great-grandfather through Sarah, Terah, is Leah's great-great-great-grandfather through Milcah).
Medieval Christian symbolism[edit]
In medieval Christian symbolism, Rachel was taken as a symbol of the contemplative (monastic) Christian life, and Leah as a symbol of the active (non-monastic) life.[13] Dante Alighieri's Purgatorio includes a dream of Rachel and Leah, which inspired illustrations by Dante Gabriel Rossetti and others:
"... in my dream, I seemed to see a woman
both young and fair; along a plain she gathered
flowers, and even as she sang, she said:
Whoever asks my name, know that I'm Leah,
and I apply my lovely hands to fashion
a garland of the flowers I have gathered."[14]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ (Hebrew: לֵאָה, Modern Lēʼa, Tiberian Lēʼā, ISO 259-3 Leˀa; Syriac: ܠܝܐ La'ya; from 𒀖 littu Akkadian for "cow"[1][2][3])
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meyers, Carol L.; Craven, Toni; Kraemer, Ross Shepard, eds. (2001), Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, p. 108, ISBN 9780802849625
Jump up ^ Hepner, Gershon (2010), Legal Friction: Law, Narrative, and Identity Politics in Biblical Israel, Bern: Peter Lang, p. 422, ISBN 9780820474625
Jump up ^ "ab [COW]", The electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, OCLC 163207721
Jump up ^ Bivin, David, "Leah's Tender Eyes," at jerusalemperspective.com Archived 2007-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "What's in A Name," Vayetzei (Genesis 28:10-32:3) at aish.com
^ Jump up to: a b Ginzberg, Louis (1909) The Legends of the Jews, Volume I, Chapter VI: Jacob, at sacred-texts.com
Jump up ^ Mandrake Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine. in the American Bible Society Online Bible Dictionary, 1865, Broadway, New York, NY 10023-7505 at www.bibles.com
^ Jump up to: a b Feinhandler, Yisrael Pesach, Beloved Companions, Vayetze - III, "Jealousy Can Be a Tool for Spiritual Growth," at shemayisrael.com
Jump up ^ Wagensberg, Abba (2006), "Between The Lines," in Toras Aish, Volume XIV, No. 11, © 2006 Rabbi A. Wagensberg & aish.com
Jump up ^ Richman, Chaim (1995), "Focus on Hebron," © 1995 Light to the Nations, Rabbi Chaim Richman - All Rights Reserved, Reprinted from The Restoration newsletter, July, 1995 (Tammuz/Av, 5755) at lttn.org
Jump up ^ Genesis 20:12: Sarah was the half–sister of Abraham.
Jump up ^ Genesis 22:21-22: Uz, Buz, Kemuel, Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, and Jidlaph
Jump up ^ Dorothy L. Sayers, Purgatory (translation of Dante's Purgatorio), notes on Canto XXVII.
Jump up ^ Dante's Purgatorio, Canto XXVII, lines 97–102, Mandelbaum translation.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of Leah at Wiktionary
Media related to Leah at Wikimedia Commons
show
v
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e
Children of Jacob by wife in order of birth
Leah
Reuben (1)
Simeon (2)
Levi (3)
Judah (4)
Issachar (9)
Zebulun (10)
Dinah (11)
Rachel
Joseph (12)
Benjamin (13)
Bilhah (Rachel's servant)
Dan (5)
Naphtali (6)
Zilpah (Leah's servant)
Gad (7)
Asher (8)
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LCCN: n86093833
VIAF: 18705243
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Robert Conrad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Robert Conrad, see Robert Conrad (disambiguation).
Robert Conrad
Conrad in 1965
Born
Conrad Robert Falk
(1935-03-01) March 1, 1935 (age 82)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1957–2002
Spouse(s)
Joan Kenlay (February 23, 1952–1977; divorced); 5 children
LaVelda Ione Fann (March 28, 1983–2010; divorced); 3 children
Robert Conrad Falk (born Conrad Robert Falk; March 1, 1935) is an American film and television actor, singer, and stuntman. He may be best known for his role in the 1965–69 television series The Wild Wild West, playing the sophisticated Secret Service agent James T. West. He portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep (later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron). He was a recording artist of pop/rock songs in the early 1960s as Bob Conrad before he began his acting career. He has hosted a weekly two-hour national radio show (The PM Show with Robert Conrad) on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Selected filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Conrad was born Conrad Robert Falk in Chicago, Illinois. His father, born Leonard Henry Falkowski (born November 3, 1918), was then 16 years old; Leonard was of Polish ancestry.[2][verification needed] His mother, Alice Jacqueline Hartman (born May 15, 1919, daughter of Conrad and Hazel Hartman), was 15 years old when she gave birth, and named her son after her own father.[3] She would go on to become first publicity director of Mercury Records, known as Jackie Smith. She would marry several times, including once to Chicago radio personality Eddie Hubbard in 1948.[4] Eddie Hubbard and Jackie Smith reportedly had a child together (born circa 1949)[5] before splitting up in 1958.[6][7][8]
Career[edit]
This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Conrad was signed to Warner Bros. as an actor.[when?] He later released several recordings with Warner Bros on a variety of LPs, EPs, and SPs 33-1/3 and 45 rpm records during the late 1950s and early 1960s.[9] He had a minor Billboard hit song in "Bye Bye Baby" which reached #113.[10] In 1959, he played Billy the Kid in the episode "Amnesty" of Colt .45.[11]
In 1958, he appeared in the second season of the James Garner series Maverick (episode: "Yellow River"). Before The Wild Wild West, Conrad played Tom Lopaka on Hawaiian Eye. The show was a hit from 1959-63, both in the U.S. and overseas. In Mexico, he signed a recording contract with the Orfeon label, where he released two albums, with a few singles sung in Spanish. He played "Eric Dean" in Palm Springs Weekend (1963). In 1964, he went to Spain and filmed La Nueva Cenicienta.
Robert Conrad with co-star Connie Stevens on Hawaiian Eye, 1961
In 1965, he garnered fame with his starring role in The Wild Wild West (airing on CBS for four seasons until its cancellation in 1969). He later starred in such roles as prosecuting attorney Paul Ryan in the short-lived 1971 NBC series, The D.A., and as American spy Jake Webster in Assignment Vienna. He starred in a third-season episode of Mannix, called "The Playground"; and as a murderous fitness franchise promoter in an episode of Columbo ("An Exercise in Fatality").[12] He guest-starred as a killer for hire on an episode of Mission: Impossible.
He found ratings success again from 1976-78 as legendary tough-guy World War II fighter ace Pappy Boyington in Baa Baa Black Sheep, retitled for its second season and in later syndication as Black Sheep Squadron. The show's success led Conrad to win a People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Actor and a Golden Globe nomination for his performance.[13] In 1978, he starred in the short-lived TV series The Duke, as Duke Ramsey, a boxer turned private eye. In 1980, he played a paraplegic coach in Coach of the Year.[14]
In the late 1970s, he served as the captain of the NBC team for six editions of Battle of the Network Stars. He played a modern-day variation of James West in the short-lived series A Man Called Sloane in 1979, which was around the same time that he reprised the role of West in a pair of made-for-TV films which reunited him with his West co-star, Ross Martin. He also starred in the 1978 TV miniseries Centennial, based on the novel by James Michener.[15]
Conrad was widely identified in the late 1970s for his television commercials for Eveready batteries, particularly his placing of the battery on his shoulder and prompting the viewer to challenge its long-lasting power: "Come on, I dare ya". The commercial was frequently parodied on American television comedies such as Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show and The Carol Burnett Show. In 1984, along with Red West from the Black Sheep series, Conrad starred in Hard Knox, playing Marine Aviator Joe Knox, whose career was ending due to minor medical issues.
That same year (1984), he was awarded a star on the Walk of Western Stars in Newhall, California.[16] In 1986, he was a special guest referee for the main event at Wrestlemania 2 featuring Hulk Hogan vs King Kong Bundy inside a steel cage.[17]
In 2006, Conrad recorded audio introductions for every episode of the first season of The Wild Wild West for its North American DVD release on June 6. The DVD set also included one of Conrad's Eveready battery commercials; in his introduction, Conrad stated he was flattered to be parodied by Carson. He was inducted into the Stuntman's Hall of Fame[18] for his work on The Wild, Wild West series, and notably is the only actor to claim this honor.[19]
He appeared in the documentary film, Pappy Boyington Field, where he recounted his personal insights about the legendary Marine Corps aviator whom he portrayed in the television series.
Personal life[edit]
Conrad and his first wife, Joan, were married for 25 years until an amicable divorce. The couple had five children. His second marriage, to LaVelda Ione Fann, produced three children.[20] Conrad and Fann divorced in 2010.
Conrad was joined on some television shows by his sons, Shane and Christian, and his daughter, Nancy. Another daughter, Joan, became a television producer. In a 2008 interview, Conrad described the late Chicago Outfit "made man" and burglar, Michael Spilotro, as his "best friend".[21] Spilotro's slaying was featured in the movie Casino.
Conrad was involved with a volunteer organization in Bear Valley known as Bear Valley Search and Rescue, which later formed the basis for High Mountain Rangers.[22]
On March 31, 2003, while on Highway 4 in the California Sierra foothills near his Alpine County home, Conrad drove his Jaguar over the center median and slammed head-on into a Subaru driven by 26-year-old Kevin Burnett. Both men suffered serious injuries.[23] Tried on felony charges, Conrad pleaded no contest,[24] and he was convicted of drunk driving.
He was sentenced to six months of house confinement, alcohol counseling, and five years probation.[24] A civil suit filed by Kevin Burnett against Conrad was settled the following year for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, Burnett died at age 28 from perforated ulcers, which his family attributed to his difficult recovery from the crash.[25][26] Conrad himself suffered severe nerve injuries from the crash, which left his right side partially paralyzed.[27]
Selected filmography[edit]
Palm Springs Weekend (1963)
Young Dillinger (1965)
The Bandits (1967) (co-wrote and co-directed)
Weekend of Terror (1970)
Live a Little, Steal a Lot (1975)
Smash-Up on Interstate 5 (1976)
Sudden Death (1977)
The Lady in Red (1979)
Coach of the Year (1980)
Wrong Is Right (1982)
The Fifth Missile (1986)
Anything to Survive (1990)
Samurai Cowboy (1993)
Jingle All the Way (1996)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The PM Show with Robert Conrad, crntalk.com; accessed January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cook County Genealogy Certificate #6053005 (registration required)
Jump up ^ Cook Country Genealogy Certificate #6016090 (registration required)
Jump up ^ Marriage between Eddie Hubbard and Jackie Smith. 1948-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Billboard. Google Books. 1949-05-28. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Eddie Hubbard and wife Jackie split up. Google Books. October 20, 1958. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ *1940 CENSUS PROFILE:
*Conrad Robert Falk
*Age: 5
*Estimated Birth Year: abt 1935
*Gender: Male
*Race: White
*Birthplace: Illinois
*Marital Status: Single
*Relation to Head of House: Stepson
*Home in 1940: Chicago, Cook, Illinois
*Street: Ada Street
*House Number: 8957
*Inferred Residence in 1935: Chicago, Cook, Illinois
*Residence in 1935: Same Place
*Sheet Number: 1B
*Household members:
*Name: George Smith (26)
*Name: Jacqueline Smith (20)
*Name: Conrad Falk (5)
*Birth Date: 1 Mar[ch] 1935
*Birth Location: Cook County, IL
*File Number: 6008106
*Archive Collection Name: Cook County Genealogy Records (Births)
*Archive repository location: Chicago, IL
*Archive repository name: Cook County Clerk
*Source Citation: Year: 1940; Census Place: Chicago, Cook, Illinois; Roll: T627_959; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 103-1267.
Jump up ^ Source Information: Ancestry.com. 1940 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012. Original data: United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1940. T627, 4,643 rolls.
Jump up ^ "Shadoe Steele's Interview with Actor Robert Conrad". nctc.net. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. Top Pop Singles, 12th ed.
Jump up ^ "Colt .45". ctva.biz. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "An Exercise in Fatality", imdb.com; accessed April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Robert Conrad biography". Tcm.com. 1935-03-01. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ Coach of the Year on IMDb
Jump up ^ Centennial full credits", imdb.com; accessed April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Downtown Newhall Walk of Western Stars". Scvhistory.com. 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Wrestlemania 2: Caged Heat". Slam! Sports. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Stuntmen's Hall of Fame (listed as Bob Conrad)". Stuntmen.org. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Shadoe Steele's Interview with Actor Robert Conrad". Nctc.net. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ Hutchings, David (March 28, 1988). "Tough Guy Robert Conrad, with His Offspring in Tow, Heads for the Hills and High Mountain Rangers". Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "One on One with Robert Conrad". TonyMedley.com. August 17, 1957. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Winslow, Harriet (June 18, 1995). "Robert Conrad involved with Bear Valley Search and Rescue". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Actor Robert Conrad to be tried on felony DUI charges". November 20, 2003. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robert Conrad sentenced for DUI accident". MSNBC.com. Associated Press. November 24, 2004. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Newsbank info re 2003 car crash". Nl.newsbank.com. August 19, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""Man injured in Conrad accident dies from perforated ulcers at 28"". News.google.com. 2005-08-09. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Robert Conrad Takes Wrong Turn". CBSnews.com. April 15, 2003. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Conrad.
Robert Conrad on IMDb
Robert Conrad interview video at the Archive of American Television
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Corpus delicti
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a legal term. For the Gothic rock band, see Corpus Delicti (band).
Corpus delicti (Latin: "body of the crime"; plural: corpora delicti) is a term from Western jurisprudence referring to the principle that a crime must be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime.
For example, a person cannot be tried for larceny unless it can be proven that property has been stolen. Likewise, in order for a person to be tried for arson it must be proven that a criminal act resulted in the burning of a property. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines "corpus delicti" as: "the fact of a crime having been actually committed".
In the Anglo-American legal system, the concept has its outgrowth in several principles. Many jurisdictions hold as a legal rule that a defendant's out-of-court confession, alone, is insufficient evidence to prove the defendant's guilt beyond reasonable doubt.[1] A corollary to this rule is that an accused cannot be convicted solely upon the testimony of an accomplice. Some jurisdictions also hold that without first showing independent corroboration that a crime happened, the prosecution may not introduce evidence of the defendant's statement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Murder investigation
2 Specific offences
3 Misinterpretation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Murder investigation[edit]
Corpus delicti is one of the most important concepts in a murder investigation. When a person disappears and cannot be contacted, many police agencies initiate a missing person case. If, during the course of the investigation, detectives believe that he/she has been murdered, then a "body" of evidentiary items, including physical, demonstrative and testimonial evidence, must be obtained to establish that the missing individual has indeed been murdered before a suspect can be charged with homicide.[2] The best and easiest evidence establishment in these cases is the physical body of the deceased. However, in the event that a physical body is not present or has not yet been discovered, it is possible to prove a crime took place if sufficient circumstantial evidence is presented to prove the matter beyond a reasonable doubt.[3] For example, the presence at a missing person's home of spilled human blood, identifiable as that person's, in sufficient quantity to indicate exsanguination, demonstrates—even in the absence of a corpse—that the possibility that no crime has occurred, and the missing person is merely missing, is not reasonably credible.
Specific offences[edit]
In general, all corpus delicti requires at a minimum:
The occurrence of the specific injury; and
some intentional, knowing act as the source of the injury.
For example:
Homicide: 1) An individual has died 2) as a result of action (or inaction) by another person.
Larceny: 1) Property is missing 2) because it was stolen.
In essence corpus delicti of crimes refers to evidence that a violation of law occurred, no literal 'body' is needed.
Rights are of two kinds, namely "of the person" (jura personarum) and "to control external objects" (jura rerum).
Wrongs are also of two kinds and they are either public or private. Public wrongs are called crimes or public offenses whereas private wrongs are called torts and either involve the breach of a duty of care, a wrongful trespass against the person or property of another, and breaches of agreement or contract. This difference forms the distinction between criminal law (regarding crime) and civil law (regarding torts).
For a more in-depth explanation, see Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries, Book 1 beginning about page 52.
Misinterpretation[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)
Evidence in the case of British serial killer John George Haigh indicated that he decided to destroy the bodies of his victims with acid because he had the mistaken belief that, in the absence of a corpse, murder could not be proven because there was no corpus delicti. Haigh had misinterpreted the Latin word corpus as a literal body rather than a figurative one. This had previously been the case, under Lord Hale’s Rule of “no body, no crime”, but in the twentieth century, the law expanded to allow prosecution for murder solely on circumstantial evidence.
See also[edit]
Corroboration in Scots law
Element (criminal law)
Murder conviction without a body
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 497 n.14, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963 (citing to corpus delicti rule and stating: "For the history and development of the corroboration requirement, see 7 Wigmore, Evidence [3d ed. 1940], §§ 2070–2071; Note, Proof of the Corpus Delicti Aliunde the Defendant's Confession, 103 U. of Pa. L. Rev. 638–649 [1955]. For the present scope and application of the rule, see 2 Underhill, Criminal Evidence [5th ed. 1956], §§ 402–403. For a comprehensive collection of cases, see Annot., 45 A. L. R.2d 1316 [1956].")
Jump up ^ Press, Margaret. A Scream on the Water: A True Story of Murder in Salem.
Jump up ^ B. Berg, Criminal Investigation, McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2007
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of corpus delicti at Wiktionary
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