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Manual High School (Denver)
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Manual High School
Location
1700 East 28th Avenue, Denver, CO 80205
Coordinates
39°45′24″N 104°58′03″W / 39.75654°N 104.96744°W / 39.75654; -104.96744Coordinates: 39°45′24″N 104°58′03″W / 39.75654°N 104.96744°W / 39.75654; -104.96744
Information
Type
Public
Established
1894
School district
Denver Public Schools
Principal
Renard Simmons (Intrim Principal)[1]
Grades
9–12
Color(s)
Columbia Blue and Red
Athletics conference
Denver
Mascot
Thunderbolts[2]
Information
(720)-423-6441[3]
Website
manual.dpsk12.org
Manual High School is located in the Whittier neighborhood on the east side of Denver, Colorado, United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Demographics
3 Manual today
4 Notable alumni
5 Sources
6 Notes
7 External links
History[edit]
Manual High School is one of the oldest schools in the area. The original building was located near the current one, and opened its doors in 1892. It was an institution deeply woven into the fabric of the community. Manual was also one of the first schools in Denver to educate African-Americans.
Once a model of educational excellence and community, Manual High School fell on hard times after the school district ended bussing for integration. Test scores dropped and gang related violence troubled the school and community. For these reasons, the Denver Public Schools (DPS) administrators made drastic changes to Manual. In 2006, after several failed attempts to fix the problems, Manual High School was closed. When the decision was made public, several hundred students from Manual High School rallied outside the headquarters of Denver Public Schools to protest. Students were disappointed and angry because they couldn't finish the school year.
Students shouted "Hell, no. We won't go" and "Go T-Bolts" as they marched for about an hour in sub-freezing temperatures outside DPS headquarters at 9th and Grant. Some students suggested that the decision to close Manual was motivated by race. In the end, the displaced students were given the option of attending other higher performing schools. The school then reopened in the fall of 2007.
A 2007 article[4] by Katherine Boo in The New Yorker described efforts by then-superintendent of school Michael Bennet to turn Manual back into a high-performance school.
Manual High School was re-opened in the fall of 2007, starting with a freshman class in the 2007-2008 school year, then adding a class of students every year thereafter. In the 2010-2011 school year, Manual was once again a 9-12 grade high school. Dr. Robert Stein, a Manual graduate and top school leader in Colorado, was tapped to lead the new Manual High School in 2007. Stein created a new program for the school modeled after high-performing charter schools where students' performance data is scrutinized and students must follow clear guidelines for behavior. This program was a success for the first three years, and helped Manual to post the third-highest growth in test scores in the city. However, after three years, Stein left the school in 2010.
Joe Sandoval led the school for the 2010-2011 school year, until administrators of DPS could find a principal for the school. For the 2011-2012 school year, the principal selection committee chose Brian Dale, former principal of Bruce Randolph, to lead the school.
Dale was asked to leave Manual High School in 2014, after a dramatic drop in test scores and overspending on the experiential learning program model that was implemented. Don Roy took his place as the interim principal while a new one was selected through an intensive process informed, in part, by the Thought Partner Group, a committee of Manual alumni, community members, parents, and stakeholders. The result of this process was the selection of Nick Dawkins to lead the school starting in the fall of 2015. Dawkins is a native of the community, a DPS graduate, and a high achieving career-DPS educator.
Demographics[edit]
5.6% Caucasian
40.6% African American
53.1% Latino
0.3% Native American
0.3%
In 2014 it was reported that Manual High School had about 500 students, 60 percent of whom were Latino and 30 percent of whom were African-American.
Manual today[edit]
Manual High School graduated its first senior class in 2011 since re-opening from closure in the spring of 2006. With Manual's graduating class of 2011 the school showed renewed preparation for making students college bound. Manual High School has made a commitment to leave no T-Bolt behind and to do "whatever it takes to ensure that students stay in school and are prepared for success in college, career and in life."
Since re-opening, Manual High School has had 6 graduating classes (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016).
Notable alumni[edit]
Manual alumni include the first black mayor of Denver, Wellington Webb; the first black mayor of Seattle, Norman Rice; the first female manager of an American symphony orchestra, Helen Marie Black;[5] boxer, poet, and activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales; current Denver mayor, Michael B. Hancock; writer Ted Conover; folk singer, musician and actor Walt Conley;[6] and National Public Radio correspondent Scott Horsley,[7] Manual has excelled at basketball and baseball, producing players such as Micheal Ray Richardson, Billy Lewis, Daniel Banuelos/Cortez, who went on to play college baseball, and LaVon Williams,[8] who went on to a second career as a celebrated wood carver.
During WWII at least 50 Manual men and one teacher, Richard Orange, gave their lives in service. Unfortunately, no complete and accurate honor roll record was kept of the men who served, but presumably the roll call would include a major fraction of all graduates of the 1930s and 1940s.
Sources[edit]
"Denver School Tries Reinvention as Reform". National Public Radio. 2008-06-20.
Manual High School is reborn - The Denver Post http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_6126075#ixzz1LtrLKj6X
Voices of Manual in the school magazine BOOM: http://www.denverpost.com/voices/ci_11199832
Manual High School failing again despite DPS overhaul efforts. http://www.cpr.org/news/story/manual-high-school-failing-again-despite-dps-overhaul-efforts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.piton.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=SchoolFacts.Summary&School_ID=314
Jump up ^ http://manual.schoolfusion.us/
Jump up ^ http://www.piton.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=SchoolFacts.Summary&School_ID=314
Jump up ^ 2007 article by Katherine Boo, The New Yorker
Jump up ^ Varnell, Jeanne (1999). Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Big Earth Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 1555662145.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Tim. "Walt Conley: The Founding Father of the Denver Folk Scene". washingtonstreetmedia.com. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Scott Horsley
Jump up ^ LaVon Williams
External links[edit]
http://manual.dpsk12.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131543/http://www.ednewscolorado.org/2010/04/09/4210-rob-stein-leaving-denvers-manual-high-school
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_High_School_(Denver)&oldid=851433221"
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Hawaii Five-O
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Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 2)
Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 3)
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Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 6)
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Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 8)
Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 9)
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Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 11)
Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series, season 12)
List of Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series) episodes
Hawaii Five-O (album), 1969, by The Ventures
"Hawaii Five-O", the title track and theme song of the 1968 TV series
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series), reboot of the 1968 TV series
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 1)
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 3)
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 4)
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Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 6)
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Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 8)
List of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) characters
List of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) episodes
See also[edit]
Five-O (disambiguation)
5O (disambiguation)
50 (disambiguation)
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Robber baron (industrialist)
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For other uses, see Robber baron (disambiguation).
"The protectors of our industries". Cartoon showing Cyrus Field, Jay Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Russell Sage, seated on bags of "millions", on large heavy raft being carried by workers.
Let Them Have It All, And Be Done With It! (1882): A satirical cartoon from the German language edition of Puck Magazine, critical of those ostensibly carving up the country for their own benefit.
"Robber baron" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who were accused of using unscrupulous methods to get rich, or expand their wealth, for example Cornelius Vanderbilt taking money from government-subsidized shippers, in order to not compete on their routes.
The term was based on an analogy to the German robber barons, local feudal lords or bandits in Germany who waylaid travellers through their ostensible territory, claiming some tax or fine was owed.
Contents
1 Usage
2 Criticism
2.1 1860s–1920s
2.2 1930s–1970s
3 Recent approaches
4 Philanthropy
5 List of businessmen labelled as robber barons
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Usage[edit]
The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter (robber knights), the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls (unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor) on the primitive roads crossing their lands[1] or larger tolls along the Rhine river — all without adding anything of value, but instead lining their pockets at the cost of the common good (rent seeking).
The metaphor appeared as early as February 9, 1859, when The New York Times used it to characterize the business practices of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor "conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets, and corrupted government. In their greed and power, legend has it, they held sway over a helpless democracy."[2]
The first such usage was against Vanderbilt, for taking money from high-priced, government-subsidized shippers, in order to not compete on their routes. Political cronies had been granted special shipping routes by the state, but told legislators their costs were so high that they needed to charge high prices and still receive extra money from the taxpayers as funding. Vanderbilt's private shipping company began running the same routes, charging a fraction of the price, making a large profit without taxpayer subsidy. The state-funded shippers then began paying Vanderbilt money to not ship on their route. A critic of this tactic drew a political comic depicting Vanderbilt as a feudal robber baron extracting a toll.
Charles R. Geisst says, "in a Darwinist age, Vanderbilt developed a reputation as a plunderer who took no prisoners."[3] Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that "business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were, on the whole, a set of avaricious rascals who habitually cheated and robbed investors and consumers, corrupted government, fought ruthlessly among themselves, and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe."[4]
The term combines the pejorative senses of criminal ("robber") and aristocrat ("barons" having no legitimate role in a republic). Hostile cartoonists might dress the offenders in royal garb to underscore the offense against democracy.[5]
Criticism[edit]
Historian Richard White argues that the builders of the transcontinental railroads have attracted a great deal of attention but the interpretations are contradictory: at first very hostile and then very favorable. At first, White says, they were depicted as:
Robber Barons, standing for a Gilded Age of corruption, monopoly, and rampant individualism. Their corporations were the Octopus, devouring all in its path. In the twentieth century and the twenty-first they became entrepreneurs, necessary business revolutionaries, ruthlessly changing existing practices and demonstrating the protean nature of American capitalism. Their new corporations also transmuted and became manifestations of the "Visible Hand," a managerial rationality that eliminated waste, increased productivity, and brought bourgeois values to replace those of financial buccaneers.[6]
1860s–1920s[edit]
Historian John Tipple has examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865-1914 period. He argues:
The originators of the Robber Baron concept were not the injured, the poor, the faddists, the jealous, or a dispossessed elite, but rather a frustrated group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to believe that the American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a hopeless myth....Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious. Rather than make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change, most critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the "devil-view" of history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced to the machinations of an easily located set of villains - in this case, the big businessmen of America. This assumption was clearly implicit in almost all of the criticism of the period.[7]
1930s–1970s[edit]
American historian Matthew Josephson further popularized the term during the Great Depression in a 1934 book.[8] Josephson alleged that, like the German princes, American big businessmen amassed huge fortunes immorally, unethically, and unjustly. The theme was popular during the 1930s amid public scorn for big business. Historian Steve Fraser says the mood was sharply hostile toward big business:
Biographies of Mellon, Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure, warning that "tories of industry" were a threat to democracy and that parasitism, aristocratic pretension and tyranny have always trailed in the wake of concentrated wealth, whether accumulated dynastically or more impersonally by the faceless corporation. This scholarship, and the cultural persuasion of which it was an expression, drew on a deeply rooted sensibility–partly religious, partly egalitarian and democratic–that stretched back to William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Jackson and Tom Paine.[9]
However a counterattack by academic historians began as the Depression ended. Business historian Allan Nevins challenged this view of American big businessmen by advocating the "Industrial Statesman" thesis. Nevins, in his John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise (2 vols., 1940), took on Josephson. He argued that while Rockefeller may have engaged in some unethical and illegal business practices, this should not overshadow his bringing order to the industrial chaos of the day. Gilded Age capitalists, according to Nevins, sought to impose order and stability on competitive business, and that their work made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century.[10]
In 1958 Bridges reported that, "The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the “robber baron” concept of the American businessman."[11] Richard White, historian of the transcontinental railroads, stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept, which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler. He notes that "Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions."[12]
Recent approaches[edit]
In the popular culture the metaphor continues. In 1975 the student body of Stanford University voted to use "Robber Barons" as the nickname for their sports teams. However, school administrators disallowed it, saying it was disrespectful to the school's founder, Leland Stanford.[13]
In academe, the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "captain of industry" is the better terminology. They state:
In this lesson, you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry. Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial power. Some of the actions of these men, which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire, resulted in poor conditions for workers, but in the end, may also have enabled our present day standard of living.[14]
This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture, as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by Bruce Springsteen, who sang about bankers as "greedy thieves" and "robber barons".[15] During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, the term was used by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in his attacks on Wall Street. He said "We believe in this country; we love this country; and we will be damned if we're going to see a handful of robber barons control the future of this country."[16] The business practices and political power of the billionaires of Silicon Valley has also led to their identification as robber barons.[17][18]
The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian businessmen allied to Vladimir Putin.[19]
Philanthropy[edit]
Rich industrialists in the U.S. have been major factors in philanthropy, funding and often starting many of the nation's universities, museums, hospitals and other private institutions.[20][21] Andrew Carnegie was the spokesman for the "Gospel of Wealth" whereby it was the duty of the rich to use their money for philanthropy. He founded around 3,000 libraries in U.S., his native Britain, and the British Empire, as well as several research and educational centers including Carnegie Institute of Technology.[22] Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s and spent his last 40 years making large-scale national philanthropy systematic especially regarding medicine, education and scientific research. His top advisor Frederick Taylor Gates designed several very large philanthropies that were staffed by experts who designed ways to attack problems systematically rather than let the recipients decide how to deal with the problem.[23]
Albert Shaw, editor of the magazine Review of Reviews in 1893, examined philanthropic activities of millionaires in several major cities. The highest rate was Baltimore where 49% of the millionaires were active givers; New York City ranked last. Cincinnati millionaires favored musical and artistic ventures; Minneapolis millionaires gave to the state university and the public library; Philadelphians often gave to overseas relief, and the education of blacks and Indians. Boston had a weak profile, apart from donations to Harvard and the Massachusetts General Hospital.[24]
List of businessmen labelled as robber barons[edit]
1901 US cartoon from Puck depicting John D. Rockefeller as a powerful monarch.
The people here are listed in Josephson, Robber Barons or in the cited source,
John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur) – New York
Andrew Carnegie (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
William A. Clark (copper) – Butte, Montana[25]
Jay Cooke (finance) – Philadelphia
Charles Crocker (railroads) – California
Daniel Drew (finance) – New York
James Buchanan Duke (tobacco, electric power) – Durham, North Carolina
James Dunsmuir (coal, lumber) - Victoria, BC Canada[26]
Marshall Field (retail) – Chicago[27]
James Fisk (finance) – New York
Henry Morrison Flagler (Standard Oil, railroads) – New York and Florida[28]
Henry Clay Frick (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
John Warne Gates (barbed wire, oil) – Texas[29]
Jay Gould (railroads) – New York[30]
Edward Henry Harriman (railroads) – New York[31]
James J. Hill (fuel, coal, steamboats, railroads) - St Paul, Minnesota
Charles T. Hinde (railroads, water transport, shipping, hotels) – Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, California
Mark Hopkins (railroads) – California
Collis Potter Huntington (railroads) – California
Lars Kovala (land speculator, railroads) – California, Wisconsin, Michigan
Andrew W. Mellon (finance, oil) – Pittsburgh
J. P. Morgan (finance, industrial consolidation) – New York
John Cleveland Osgood (coal mining, iron) – Colorado[32]
Henry B. Plant (railroads) – Florida[33]
William Randolph Hearst (Media mogul) - California[34][35]
John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) – Cleveland, New York
Henry Huttleston Rogers (Standard Oil; copper), New York.[36]
Charles M. Schwab (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
Joseph Seligman (banking) – New York
John D. Spreckels (water transport, railroads, sugar) – California
Leland Stanford (railroads) – California
Cornelius Vanderbilt (water transport, railroads) – New York[37]
Charles Tyson Yerkes (street railroads) – Chicago[38]
See also[edit]
Business magnate
Media proprietor
Burton W. Folsom Jr.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Romance of the New Era". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. LXXXIX (DXXXIV). November 1894. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ T. J. Stiles, "Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?" History Now
Jump up ^ Charles R. Geisst (1997). Wall Street : A History. Oxford UP. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Hal Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." Business History Review 32#1 (1958): 1-13, page 1.
Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller, Populist cartoons: an illustrated history of the third-party movement in the 1890s (2011) p. 13
Jump up ^ Richard White (2011). Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. W. W. Norton. p. 230.
Jump up ^ John Tipple, "The anatomy of prejudice: Origins of the robber baron legend." Business History Review 33#4 (1959): 510-523, quoting pp 510, 521.
Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934.
Jump up ^ Steve Fraser, "The Misunderstood Robber Baron: On Cornelius Vanderbilt: T.J. Stiles's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt," The Nation Nov. 11, 2009
Jump up ^ Allan Nevins, John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise, 2 vols., New York, C. Scribner’s sons, 1940.
Jump up ^ Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." p 1
Jump up ^ Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (2011) pp xxxi, 234, 508
Jump up ^ John R. Thelin, "California and the Colleges," California Historical Quarterly (1977) 56#2 pp 140–63 at p 149.
Jump up ^ "The Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry" EDSITEment! The Best of the humanities on the web."
Jump up ^ Erik Kirschbaum, "Bruce Springsteen: Bankers Are 'Greedy Thieves'" Reuters May 31, 2012
Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders (2015). Outsider in the White House. Verso Books. p. 278.
Jump up ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (17 August 2017). "Silicon Valley Billionaires Are the New Robber Barons". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Motley, Seton (31 July 2017). "Silicon Valley Robber Barons Are Using Government As A Weapon Against Us". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ David O. Whitten, "Russian robber barons: Moscow business, American style." European Journal of Law and Economics 13#3 (2002): 193-201.
Jump up ^ Marilyn L. Taylor; Robert J. Strom; David O. Renz (2014). Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs: Engagement in Philanthropy: Perspectives. Edward Elgar. pp. 1–8.
Jump up ^ "Robber baron". 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ Charles Harvey, et al. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy." Business History 53.3 (2011): 425-450, which is online and has a good bibliography.
Jump up ^ Dwight Burlingame (2004). Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 419.
Jump up ^ Robert H. Bremner, American philanthropy (U of Chicago Press, 1988) p 109; full text of Albert Shaw, "American Millionaires and Their Public Gifts," Review of Reviews (February 1893), pp 48-60 [https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/phall/04.%20Bostonization.pdf is online here
Jump up ^ Charles O'Brien (2013). Death of a Robber Baron. Kensington. p. 289.
Jump up ^ Jepson, Tim (2004-01-01). The Rough Guide to Vancouver. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781843532453.
Jump up ^ Theodore Dreiser; Roark Mulligan, editor. (2010). The Financier: The Critical Edition. U. of Illinois Press. p. 559. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (1986)
Jump up ^ George C. Kohn (2001). The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. Infobase Publishing. p. 152.
Jump up ^ Edward Renehan, Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons (2005)
Jump up ^ Keys, C. M. (January 1906). "The Overlords of Railroad Traffic: The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XIII: 8437–8445. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ "The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West" Redstone, Colorado website, history
Jump up ^ Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. eds. (1993). Encyclopedia of American social history. Scribner. pp. 1064 vol 2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Denning, Michael (1996). The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London, New York: Verso. p. 173. ISBN 9781844674640.
Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver (2012). The Untold History of the United States. New York: Gallery Books. ISBN 9780091949310.
Jump up ^ Martin Naparsteck; Michele Cardulla (2013). Mrs. Mark Twain: The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens, 1845-1904. McFarland. p. 109.
Jump up ^ T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (2010) p 328
Jump up ^ John Franch, Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes (2008)
Further reading[edit]
Beatty, Jack. (2008). Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865-1900 Vintage Books. ISBN 1400032423
Bridges, Hal. (1958) "The Robber Baron Concept in American History" Business History Review (1958) 32#1 pp. 1–13 in JSTOR
Burlingame, D.F. Ed. (2004). Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia (3 vol. ABC Clio).
Cochran, Thomas C. (1949) "The Legend of the Robber Barons." Explorations in Economic History 1#5 (1949) online.
Folsom, Burton W. (1991) The Myth of the Robber Barons: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America
Fraser, Steve. (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316185434
Harvey, Charles, et al. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy." Business History 53.3 (2011): 425-450. online
Jones, Peter d'A. ed. (1968). The Robber Barons Revisited (1968) excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
Marinetto, M. (1999). "The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy" Business History 41#4, 1-20.
Ostrower, F. (1995). Why the wealthy give: The culture of elite philanthropy (Princeton UP).
Ostrower, F. (2002). Trustees of culture: Power, wealth and status on elite arts boards (U of Chicago: Press).
Josephson, Matthew. (1934). The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901
Taylor, Marilyn L.; Robert J. Strom; David O. Renz (2014). Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs: Engagement in Philanthropy: Perspectives. Edward Elgar. pp. 1–8.
Wren, D.A. (1983) "American business philanthropy and higher education in the nineteenth century" Business History Review. 57#3 321-346.
Zinn, Howard. (2005). "Chapter 11: Robber Barons and Rebels" from A People's History of the United States Harper Perennial. ISBN 0060838655
External links[edit]
Look up robber baron in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Full Show: The New Robber Barons. Moyers & Company. December 19, 2014. Interview with historian Steve Fraser
Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry EDSITEment lesson from National Endowment for the Humanities
college-level lectures on Robber Barons
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This Land Is Your Land
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"This Land Is Your Land"
Song by Woody Guthrie
Published
1945
Recorded
1944
Genre
Folk
Songwriter(s)
Woody Guthrie
Woody Guthrie in 1943
"This Land Is Your Land" is one of the United States' most famous folk songs. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940 based on an existing melody, a Carter Family tune called "When the World's on Fire", in critical response to Irving Berlin's "God Bless America." When Guthrie was tired of hearing Kate Smith sing God Bless America on the radio in the late 1930s he sarcastically wrote "God Blessed America for Me" before renaming it "This Land Is Your Land."[1]
In 2002, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Melody
2 Original 1940 lyrics
3 Original 1944 lyrics
4 Confirmation of two other verses
5 Variations
5.1 Versions about other countries
5.2 Other variations
5.3 In film, television, internet, books, and advertising
6 Copyright controversy
7 References
8 External links
Melody[edit]
"This Land is Your Land"
Sample of Woody Guthrie's song, "This Land is Your Land"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Guthrie's melody was very similar to the melody of "Oh, My Loving Brother", a Baptist gospel hymn that had been recorded by the Carter Family as "When the World's On Fire"[3] and had inspired their "Little Darlin', Pal of Mine."[4][5] He used the same melody for the chorus and the verses.
Guthrie's song, however, had a different melodic structure from the hymn or the similar Carter family melodies, and he used only the first half of those melodies in his song. The melodic structure of the presumed model(s) can be described as "ABCD"—a new melodic phrase for each of its four lines. Guthrie's structure, however, is "ABAC." In other words, Guthrie repeats the beginning of the melody (the "A" section) for his third line; the melodic phrase for his fourth line ("This land was made for you and me") is found in neither the hymn nor the Carter family melodies.[citation needed]
Original 1940 lyrics[edit]
Following are the original lyrics[6] as composed on February 23, 1940, in Guthrie's room at the Hanover House hotel at 43rd St. and 6th Ave. (101 West 43rd St.) in New York, showing his strikeouts. The line "This land was made for you and me" does not literally appear in the manuscript at the end of each verse, but is implied by Guthrie's writing of those words at the top of the page and by his subsequent singing of the line with those words.
The original title was "God Blessed America", but it was struck out and replaced by "This Land Was Made For You & Me". It appears therefore that the original 1940 title was "This Land".
This land is your land, this land is my land
From the California to the Staten New York Island,
From the Redwood Forest, to the Gulf stream waters,
God blessed America for me.
[This land was made for you and me.]
As I went walking that ribbon of highway
And saw above me that endless skyway,
And saw below me the golden valley, I said:
God blessed America for me.
[This land was made for you and me.]
I roamed and rambled and followed my footsteps
To the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts,
And all around me, a voice was sounding:
God blessed America for me.
[This land was made for you and me.]
Was a high wall there that tried to stop me
A sign was painted said: Private Property,
But on the back side it didn't say nothing —
God blessed America for me.
[This land was made for you and me.]
When the sun come shining, then I was strolling
In wheat fields waving and dust clouds rolling;
The voice was chanting as the fog was lifting:
God blessed America for me.
[This land was made for you and me.]
One bright sunny morning in the shadow of the steeple
By the Relief Office I saw my people —
As they stood hungry, I stood there wondering if
God blessed America for me.
[This land was made for you and me.]
According to Joe Klein,[6] after Guthrie composed it "he completely forgot about the song, and didn't do anything with it for another five years." (Since there is a March, 1944, recording of the song, Klein should have said "four years".)
Original 1944 lyrics[edit]
This land is your land, this land is my land
From California to the New York Island
From the Redwood Forest to the Gulf Stream waters
This land was made for you and me.
As I was walking that ribbon of highway
I saw above me that endless skyway
I saw below me that golden valley
This land was made for you and me.
I roamed and I rambled and I followed my footsteps
To the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts
While all around me a voice was sounding
This land was made for you and me.
When the sun came shining, and I was strolling
And the wheat fields waving and the dust clouds rolling
A voice was chanting, As the fog was lifting,
This land was made for you and me.
This land is your land, this land is my land
From California to the New York Island
From the Redwood Forest to the Gulf Stream waters
This land was made for you and me.
Note that this version drops the two political verses from the original: Verse four, about private property, and verse six, about hunger.
Confirmation of two other verses[edit]
A March 1944 recording in the possession of the Smithsonian, the earliest known recording of the song, has the "private property" verse included. This version was recorded the same day as 75 other songs. This was confirmed by several archivists for Smithsonian who were interviewed as part of the History Channel program Save Our History – Save our Sounds. The 1944 recording with this fourth verse can be found on Woody Guthrie: This Land is Your Land: The Asch Recordings Volume 1, where it is track 14.
There was a big high wall there that tried to stop me;
Sign was painted, it said private property;
But on the back side it didn't say nothing;
This land was made for you and me.[7]
Woodyguthrie.org has a variant:[8]
As I went walking I saw a sign there
And on the sign it said "No Trespassing."
But on the other side it didn't say nothing,
That side was made for you and me.
It also has a verse:[8]
Nobody living can ever stop me,
As I go walking that freedom highway;
Nobody living can ever make me turn back
This land was made for you and me.
In the squares of the city, In the shadow of a steeple;
By the relief office, I'd seen my people.
As they stood there hungry, I stood there asking,
Is this land made for you and me?
A 1945 pamphlet which omitted the last two verses has caused some question as to whether the original song did in fact contain the full text. The original manuscript confirms both of these verses.[9]
As with other folk songs, it was sung with different words at various times although the motives for this particular change of lyrics may involve the possible political interpretations of the verses. Recordings of Guthrie have him singing the verses with different words.[10][11]
The radical verses are not often performed in schools or official functions. They can be best interpreted as a protest against the vast income inequalities that exist in the United States, and against the sufferings of millions during the Great Depression. America, Guthrie insists, was made—and could still be made—for you and me. This interpretation is consistent with such other Guthrie songs as "Pretty Boy Floyd"[12] and Guthrie's lifelong struggle for social justice.
The song was revived in the 1960s, when several artists of the new folk movement, including Bob Dylan, The Kingston Trio, Trini Lopez, Jay and the Americans, and The New Christy Minstrels all recorded versions, inspired by its political message. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded the song in 1962 for their Moving album. The Seekers recorded the song for their 1965 album, A World of Our Own. It was performed many times by the cyclist choir, accompanied by guitarists and a wash-tub bassist, during the Wandering Wheels historic 1966 U.S. coast-to-coast bicycle trip. At the founding convention of the Canadian social democratic New Democratic Party, a version of the song was sung by the attending delegates. Bruce Springsteen first began performing it live on the River Tour in 1980, and released one such performance of it on Live/1975–85, in which he called it "about one of the most beautiful songs ever written."[13]
The song was performed by Springsteen and Pete Seeger, accompanied by Seeger's grandson, Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, at We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial on January 18, 2009. The song was restored to the original lyrics (including the 'There was a big high wall there' and 'Nobody living can ever stop me' verses) for this performance (as per Pete Seeger's request) with the exception of a change in the end of the 'Relief Office' verse to "As they stood hungry, I stood there whistling, This land was made for you and me." The original lyrics are "As they stood there hungry, I stood there asking, Is this land made for you and me?"[14]
Voice actress and children's entertainer Debi Derryberry recorded a version for her musical album What A Way To Play in 2006.
In 2010, Peter Yarrow and Paul Stookey, the surviving members of Peter, Paul and Mary, requested that the National Organization for Marriage stop using their recording of "This Land is Your Land" at their rallies, stating in a letter that the organization's philosophy was "directly contrary to the advocacy position" held by the group.[15]
Arlo Guthrie tells a story in concerts on occasion, of his mother returning from a dance tour of China, and reporting around the Guthrie family dinner table that at one point in the tour she was serenaded by Chinese children singing the song. Arlo says Woody was incredulous: "The Chinese? Singing "This land is your land, this land is my land? From California to the New York island?"
Variations[edit]
As is the case with many well-known songs, it has been the subject of an enormous number of variations and parodies. They include:
Versions about other countries[edit]
Many variants of the song have been recorded with lyrics adjusted to fit other countries, regions, languages, and ethnic groups. They include:
Canadian: The Canadian folk music group The Travellers popularized their version in 1955.[16] Their modified chorus contains the lyrics,
This land is your land, This land is my land,
From Bonavista, to Vancouver Island
From the Arctic Circle to the Great Lake waters,
This land was made for you and me.[17][18]
Swedish: musician Mikael Wiehe has written a text in Swedish, Det här är ditt land.[19]
British:
The UK anarcho-punk band Zounds rewrote it for their 1981 debut LP, The Curse of Zounds, releasing a remixed CD-single version as a fund-raising benefit in 2001.[20]
Billy Bragg has used a version of the song with UK-specific lyrics in live performances. A version was included on the bonus tracks section of the 2006 re-release of his The Internationale album.[21]
Welsh: A Welsh language version was recorded by nationalist folk singer Dafydd Iwan.[22]
Irish: An Irish rebel song version, often performed with "Let the People Sing", has been recorded by many artists including the Wolfe Tones and Charlie and the Bhoys.[23][24]
International: Belgian singing duo "Hanny and Adri" made a version in 1969 in Esperanto, titled "Jen Nia Mondo," literally "Behold Our World."[25][26]
Turkish: Folk singer Nuri Sesigüzel covered the song with Turkish lyrics.[27]
Australian: Folk singer Shirley Jacobs (1927-2015) recorded a version on her 1975 vinyl album Songs of Love and Freedom.[28][29]
Mexican-American: For the title song of their Esta Tierra Es Tuya album, the Sones de México Ensemble son group, based in Chicago, US, translated the song into Spanish, with the "Sign was painted, it said private property" lyrics slightly modified to refer to the Mexico-United States border.[30][31][32][33]
Other variations[edit]
The song has been recorded by many performers over the years, ranging from American Country legend Glen Campbell, hardcore band Hated Youth, all the way to Turkish performer Nuri Sesigüzel to reggae group The Melodians.
A few other notable recordings are by:
Peter, Paul and Mary - for their album Moving (1963)
Bing Crosby for the album America, I Hear You Singing (1964)
The Seekers - in the album A World of Our Own (1965)
Connie Francis - included in her album Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door (1966)
Tennessee Ernie Ford - recorded for his album America the Beautiful (1970)[34]
Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings - in the album Naturally (2005)
A version called "This badge is your badge", about FC United of Manchester, was written by fan Mickey O'Farrell, and is often sung by fans at the club's matches.[35]
In film, television, internet, books, and advertising[edit]
The song has been sung by characters in many film and television productions, including Bob Roberts (1992), Stepmom (1998), Full House, The Luck of the Irish (a Disney Channel movie), Up in the Air and by Renée Zellweger in the 2010 film My Own Love Song.
It has been parodied many times, including:
A differently worded version of the song was featured in "Disneyland Showtime", a 1970 episode of The Wonderful World of Disney, performed by The Kids of the Kingdom with Jay and Donny Osmond. Here, the lyrics were changed to describe the many attractions and experiences at Disneyland.
In the Home Improvement episode "Too Many Cooks" (1994), Tim refers to Al as "Al 'This Land Is' Borland".[36]
A 1999 episode of Friends when Joey meets a man he believes to be his "hand-twin," resulting in the lyric "This hand is my hand."[37]
The 1999 film Sonnenallee features a version performed by Alexander Hacke, changing the geographical references in the first verse to match those of East Germany, where the film takes place.
The Simpsons episode "Lisa the Treehugger" (2000) with the words changed to "This log is my log, this log is your log" in reference to a runaway giant redwood tree.[38]
The Arthur episode "The Pride of Lakewood" with the words changed to "This school's a great school, this school's a cool school".
The June 27, 2009 episode of A Prairie Home Companion by Arlo Guthrie as "This Song is My Song".[39]
In Season 4, Episode 7 of The Big Bang Theory, the Indian-born Raj Koothrappali recites the first verse of the song out for fear of deportation in an interview with an FBI agent to clarify his relationship with the United States.[40]
It was featured as soundtrack for the 2011 documentary The Ambassador.[41]
In the television series Northern Exposure (episode "Northern Hospitality" Season 5 #16), Holling Vincoeur sings a modified version with references to Canada to his wife, Shelly Vincoeur.
In 2016, Budweiser temporarily rebranded their flagship beer "America", and included the lyrics "...from the redwood forests, to the gulfsteam waters, this land was made for you and me" on their labels.[42]
Lady Gaga sang a few phrases of the song at the beginning of the performance of her halftime show of the 2017 Super Bowl[43][44]
Los Angeles band Chicano Batman sang a cover for an ad for Johnnie Walker featuring both English and Spanish lyrics.[45]
Copyright controversy[edit]
This collection of lyrics was published posthumously by the Electronic Frontier Foundation
On the typescript submitted for copyright of "This Land Is Your Land", Guthrie wrote:
“This song is Copyrighted in U.S., under Seal of Copyright # 154085, for a period of 28 years, and anybody caught singin it without our permission, will be mighty good friends of ourn, cause we don’t give a dern. Publish it. Write it. Sing it. Swing to it. Yodel it. We wrote it, that’s all we wanted to do.”[46] Currently a number of different organizations claim copyright for the song.[47] According to the Carter Family, the melody came from a tune that A.P. Carter had found and recorded with Sarah and Maybelle Carter prior to 1934 and was not original to Guthrie.[48]
In 2004, the website JibJab hosted a parody of the song, with John Kerry and George W. Bush singing altered lyrics to comment on the US 2004 Presidential election,[49][50] resulting in The Richmond Organization, a music publisher that owns the copyright to Guthrie's tune through its Ludlow Music unit, threatening legal action.[51]
JibJab then sued to affirm their parody was Fair Use, with the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) acting for them. As part of their research on the case they found that the song had been first published by Woody Guthrie in 1945, although the copyright was not registered until 1956. This meant that when Ludlow applied to renew the copyright in 1984 they were 11 years too late as the song had been in the public domain since 1973 (28 years from first publication).[52][53][54] The Richmond Organization settled with Jibjab shortly thereafter, agreeing that JibJab were free to distribute their parody. In an interview on NPR Arlo Guthrie said that he thought the parody was hilarious and he thought Woody would have loved it too.[55] Richmond still, however, claims copyright on other versions of the song, such as those appearing in the 1956 and later publications. Legally, such claims only apply to original elements of the song that were not in the public domain version.[56]
The Richmond Organization and Ludlow Music were sued in 2016 over their claims of copyright in a lawsuit led by Randall Newman. In a similar case, Newman previously successfully argued the song "Happy Birthday to You" was public domain.[57]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spitzer, Nick. "The Story Of Woody Guthrie's 'This Land Is Your Land'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
Jump up ^ The National Recording Registry 2002, The National Recording Preservation Board
Jump up ^ The Carter Family – When The World's On Fire on YouTube
Jump up ^ The Carter Family – Little Darling Pal of Mine on YouTube
Jump up ^ Cray, Ed (2004). Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 165. ISBN 0-393-32736-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Klein, Joe, Woody Guthrie: A Life, Dell Publishing, 1980.
Jump up ^ Woodie Guthrie can be heard singing that verse in a July 3, 2000, National Public Radio report by Nick Spitzer.
^ Jump up to: a b ""This Land Is Your Land" by Woody Guthrie".
Jump up ^ Original manuscript republished in Elizabeth Partridge, This Land Was Made for You and Me: The Life & Songs of Woody Guthrie (New York: Viking, 2002), 85. ISBN 0-670-03535-1
Jump up ^ "MP3 of Woody Guthrie singing". Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Woody Guthrie Biography". Woodyguthrie.org. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Guthrie, Woody. "Pretty Boy Floyd". Woody Guthrie.
Jump up ^ Dave on July 21, 2008 (July 21, 2008). "Fretbase, Play Woody Guthrie's This Land is Your Land". Fretbase.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ This Land Is Made For You And Me, in the inaugural concert at the Lincoln Memorial, We Are One, original broadcast by HBO, January 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Perrin, Kathleen (August 27, 2010). "Peter, Paul & Mary's cease-and-desist to NOM: Stop playing "This Land Is Your Land"". Prop 8 Trial Tracker. Courage Campaign. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "NFB- The Travellers: This Land is Your Land". National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on January 29, 2002.
Jump up ^ Martin Avery (2008). Bobby Orr and Me. Martin Avery; Lulu.com. p. 140. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Garden Gnome (January 10, 2009). "This Land is Your Land (Canadian Version)". Canadian Perspective. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Det här är ditt land on YouTube
Jump up ^ Zounds – This Land/Alone on YouTube
Jump up ^ Billy Bragg – This Land Is Your Land (UK Version) on YouTube
Jump up ^ E. Wyn James (2005). "Painting the world green: Dafydd Iwan and the Welsh protest ballad". Cardiff University Special Collections and Archives. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Charlie & the Bhoys – Let the People Sing/This Land on YouTube[dead link]
Jump up ^ Let the people sing on YouTube[dead link]
Jump up ^ jomo jen jia mondo on YouTube
Jump up ^ JoMo – Jen nia mondo (KEF-koncerto) on YouTube
Jump up ^ Nuri Sesigüzel - This Land on YouTube
Jump up ^ Paul the Stockman (January 29, 2011). "Shirley Jacobs "Songs of Love and Freedom" LP 1975". Australian Folk Music and Australian Folk Singers and Musicians. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Iain Gillespie and Debbie Jacobs (January 15, 2016). "Night Train reaches the end of the line". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Renée Montaigne (November 8, 2007). "Mexican Folk in the Heart of Chicago". National Public Radio: Morning Edition. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Juan Díes (2007), Esta Tierra Es Tuya: Production Notes [enclosure with album CD]
Jump up ^ Aaron Cohen (September 18, 2014). "Sones De Mexico's polite sonic insurrection". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A chat with Sones de México’s Juan Diés [sic]". Connect Savannah. September 23, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Under the boadwalk – FC United article" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Too Many Cooks, Home Improvement Archive
Jump up ^ The One in Vegas (2), Friends episode guide, TV.com
Jump up ^ Lisa the Treehugger, The Simpsons Archive
Jump up ^ The Lives of the Cowboys script, A Prairie Home Companion, Saturday, June 27, 2009
Jump up ^ The Big Bang Theory – Episodenguide, 4.07, Besuch vom FBI, German, Wednesday, April 4, 2013
Jump up ^ The Ambassador (2011) - Soundtracks - IMDb, IMDb.com
Jump up ^ Plaugic, Lizzie. "Budweiser has a new name, and that name is America". Theverge.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ CNN, Chloe Melas. "Lady Gaga brings message of inclusion to Super Bowl halftime -- oh, and drones".
Jump up ^ "If you thought Lady Gaga’s halftime show was apolitical, consider the origin of ‘This Land is Your Land’".
Jump up ^ Johnnie Walker presents: ‘This Land is Your Land’ performed by Chicano Batman,
Jump up ^ "Woody Guthrie free culture". Creative Commons. April 5, 2004. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Woody Guthrie Songs Publisher Contact". Woodyguthrie.org. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ The Carter Family: 1927–1934, April 30, 2002, Jsp Records; ASIN: B00005TPB7.
Jump up ^ "The Complete Lyrics of JibJab's "This Land" Parody / Travis' Column: Hot Off the Presses". Hopstudios.com. November 16, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "This Land | Funny Video Animation by JibJab". Sendables.jibjab.com. July 9, 2004. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "A Jibjab showdown". CNN. July 26, 2004. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "This Song Belongs to You and Me | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. August 24, 2004. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Music Publisher Settles Copyright Skirmish Over Guthrie Classic". EFF: Press Room. 2004-08-24. Archived from the original on 2004-08-26. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
Jump up ^ Dean, Katie (August 24, 2004). "JibJab Is Free for You and Me". Wired News. Archived from the original on August 26, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Arlo Guthrie on "This Land" parody". Boing Boing. August 4, 2004. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "This Song Belongs to You and Me | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. August 24, 2004. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
Jump up ^ Farivar, Cyrus (18 June 2016). "Lawyers who yanked "Happy Birthday" into public domain now sue over "This Land"". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
This Land Is Your Land
Library of Congress download
Free scores by This Land Is Your Land at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
The Bound for Glory exhibit at the Museum of Musical Instruments includes images of Guthrie
1972 published version
lyrics as copyrighted in 1956
Lyrics
an early manuscript at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)
An example of an advertisement featuring the parody of 'This Land is Your Land' on YouTube
Woody Guthrie's copyright notice at City of Sound
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