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Heisman curse
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The Heisman curse is a term coined to reference a two-part assertion of a negative future for the winning player of the Heisman Trophy. The "curse" supposes that any college football player who wins the Heisman plays on a team that will likely lose its subsequent bowl game. The trend of post-award failure has garnered the attention of the mainstream media.[1] Talk of a curse in relation to bowl results was particularly prevalent from 2003 to 2008, when six Heisman Trophy winners compiled a cumulative 1–5 bowl game record, and five of those six led number one ranked teams into the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) National Championship Game as favorites (Heisman Trophy winners, including Reggie Bush, who gave back his Heisman Trophy, are 4–8 overall in the BCS National Championship Game and College Football Playoff National Championship, although prior to 2009 they were 1–6). Additionally, the Heisman curse asserts that in most cases a Heisman winner will have either a poor career in the National Football League (NFL), or in fact not even see such a football career at all. Although many Heisman winners have not enjoyed success at the professional level, including players like Matt Leinart, Andre Ware, Jason White, Rashaan Salaam, Eric Crouch, Ty Detmer, Troy Smith and Gino Torretta, proponents of the "curse" rarely cite highly successful players such as Barry Sanders, Charles Woodson, Eddie George, Tim Brown, Bo Jackson, Marcus Allen, Earl Campbell, and Tony Dorsett among the notables.
Insofar as there is a "curse" of underperforming Heisman winners, it seems to affect quarterbacks disproportionately. Although certain Heisman winners have gone on to win Super Bowl championships (such as Roger Staubach and Jim Plunkett), comparatively few have had successful NFL careers. Conversely, running backs seem generally to have fared better in the professional ranks, and wide receivers have had mixed results. The only primarily defensive Heisman winner, Charles Woodson, had a successful NFL career and final collegiate bowl game appearance.
The "curse" does not imply that only Heisman winners have failed careers, only the irony behind college football's best underperforming after the award is given.[2] However, while there are numerous counts of players who underperformed after winning the award, an equal number of players have gone on to see great success,[3] evidence that the "curse" is more of an amusement than a reality.
While there is no statistical or empirical evidence that suggests Heisman winners underperform compared to other high-profile collegiate players, some[who?] try to explain the perception of the curse by reference to trends regarding voter selections. Some see the trend going back decades to other players, but it has most famously been observed since the 1990s. The accepted logical explanation for the discrepancy between success and failure of Heisman winners is that the people who pick the Heisman are sportswriters and former Heisman winners. This might mean that they vote for a winner based on reputation, without seeing him or really studying him, basically a qualitative approach. On the other hand, the people who pick players for the NFL are talent evaluators. They study tape, interview players and put them through workouts where their strengths and weaknesses can be quantified.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Heisman Trophy winner's bowl game results
2 Heisman winner's professional history
2.1 1980s
2.2 1990s
2.3 2000s
2.4 2010s
3 See also
4 References
Heisman Trophy winner's bowl game results[edit]
Year
Player
Team
Bowl Game
Opponent
Bowl Game Result
1935 Jay Berwanger Chicago Maroons No Bowl - -
1936 Larry Kelley #12 Yale Bulldogs No Bowl - -
1937 Clint Frank #12 Yale Bulldogs No Bowl - -
1938 Davey O'Brien #1 TCU Horned Frogs 1939 Sugar Bowl #6 Carnegie Tech W, 15-7
1939 Nile Kinnick #9 Iowa Hawkeyes No Bowl - -
1940 Tom Harmon #3 Michigan Wolverines No Bowl - -
1941 Bruce Smith #1 Minnesota Golden Gophers No Bowl - -
1942 Frank Sinkwich #2 Georgia Bulldogs 1943 Rose Bowl #13 UCLA Bruins W, 9-0
1943 Angelo Bertelli #1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish No Bowl - -
1944 Les Horvath #2 Ohio State Buckeyes No Bowl - -
1945 Doc Blanchard #1 Army Cadets No Bowl - -
1946 Glenn Davis #2 Army Cadets No Bowl - -
1947 Johnny Lujack #1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish No Bowl - -
1948 Doak Walker #10 SMU Mustangs 1949 Cotton Bowl Classic #9 Oregon Ducks W, 21-13
1949 Leon Hart #1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish No Bowl - -
1950 Vic Janowicz #14 Ohio State Buckeyes No Bowl - -
1951 Dick Kazmaier #6 Princeton Tigers No Bowl - -
1952 Billy Vessels #4 Oklahoma Sooners No Bowl - -
1953 Johnny Lattner #2 Notre Dame Fighting Irish No Bowl - -
1954 Alan Ameche #9 Wisconsin Badgers No Bowl - -
1955 Howard Cassady #5 Ohio State Buckeyes No Bowl - -
1956 Paul Hornung Notre Dame Fighting Irish No Bowl - -
1957 John David Crow #9 Texas A&M Aggies 1957 Gator Bowl #13 Tennessee Volunteers L, 0-3
1958 Pete Dawkins #3 Army Cadets No Bowl - -
1959 Billy Cannon #3 LSU Tigers 1960 Sugar Bowl #2 Ole Miss Rebels L, 0-21
1960 Joe Bellino #4 Navy Midshipmen 1961 Orange Bowl #5 Missouri Tigers L, 14-21
1961 Ernie Davis #14 Syracuse Orangemen 1961 Liberty Bowl Miami Hurricanes W, 15-14
1962 Terry Baker Oregon State 1962 Liberty Bowl Villanova Wildcats W, 6-0
1963 Roger Staubach #2 Navy Midshipmen 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic #1 Texas Longhorns L, 6-28
1964 John Huarte #3 Notre Dame Fighting Irish No Bowl - -
1965 Mike Garrett #10 USC Trojans No Bowl - -
1966 Steve Spurrier Florida Gators 1967 Orange Bowl #8 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets W, 27-12
1967 Gary Beban UCLA Bruins No Bowl - -
1968 O.J. Simpson #2 USC Trojans 1969 Rose Bowl #1 Ohio State Buckeyes L, 16-27
1969 Steve Owens Oklahoma Sooners No Bowl - -
1970 Jim Plunkett #12 Stanford Indians 1971 Rose Bowl #2 Ohio State Buckeyes W, 27-17
1971 Pat Sullivan #5 Auburn Tigers 1972 Sugar Bowl #3 Oklahoma Sooners L, 22-40
1972 Johnny Rodgers #9 Nebraska Cornhuskers 1973 Orange Bowl #12 Notre Dame Fighting Irish W, 40-6
1973 John Cappelletti #6 Penn State Nittany Lions 1974 Orange Bowl #13 LSU Tigers W, 16-9
1974 Archie Griffin #3 Ohio State Buckeyes 1975 Rose Bowl #5 USC Trojans L, 17-18
1975 Archie Griffin #1 Ohio State Buckeyes 1976 Rose Bowl #11 UCLA Bruins L, 10-23
1976 Tony Dorsett #1 Pittsburgh Panthers 1977 Sugar Bowl #5 Georgia Bulldogs W, 27-3
1977 Earl Campbell #1 Texas Longhorns 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic #5 Notre Dame Fighting Irish L, 10-38
1978 Billy Sims #4 Oklahoma Sooners 1979 Orange Bowl #6 Nebraska Cornhuskers W, 31-24
1979 Charles White #3 USC Trojans 1980 Rose Bowl #1 Ohio State Buckeyes W, 17-16
1980 George Rogers #18 South Carolina Gamecocks 1980 Gator Bowl #3 Pittsburgh Panthers L, 9-37
1981 Marcus Allen #8 USC Trojans 1982 Fiesta Bowl #7 Penn State Nittany Lions L, 10-26
1982 Herschel Walker #1 Georgia Bulldogs 1983 Sugar Bowl #2 Penn State Nittany Lions L, 23-27
1983 Mike Rozier #1 Nebraska Cornhuskers 1984 Orange Bowl #5 Miami Hurricanes L, 30-31
1984 Doug Flutie #8 Boston College Eagles 1985 Cotton Bowl Classic Houston Cougars W, 45-28
1985 Bo Jackson #16 Auburn Tigers 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic #11 Texas A&M Aggies L, 16-36
1986 Vinny Testaverde #1 Miami Hurricanes 1987 Fiesta Bowl #2 Penn State Nittany Lions L, 10-14
1987 Tim Brown #12 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic #13 Texas A&M Aggies L, 10-35
1988 Barry Sanders #12 Oklahoma State 1988 Holiday Bowl #15 Wyoming Cowboys W, 62-14
1989 Andre Ware #13 Houston Cougars No Bowl - NCAA Probation - -
1990 Ty Detmer #13 BYU Cougars 1990 Holiday Bowl Texas A&M Aggies L, 14-65
1991 Desmond Howard #4 Michigan Wolverines 1992 Rose Bowl #2 Washington Huskies L, 14-34
1992 Gino Torretta #1 Miami Hurricanes 1993 Sugar Bowl (National Championship Game) #2 Alabama Crimson Tide L, 13-34
1993 Charlie Ward #1 Florida State Seminoles 1994 Orange Bowl (National Championship Game) #2 Nebraska Cornhuskers W, 18-16
1994 Rashaan Salaam #4 Colorado Buffaloes 1995 Fiesta Bowl Notre Dame Fighting Irish W, 41-24
1995 Eddie George #4 Ohio State Buckeyes 1996 Florida Citrus Bowl #5 Tennessee Volunteers L, 14-20
1996 Danny Wuerffel #3 Florida Gators 1997 Sugar Bowl (National Championship Game) #1 Florida State Seminoles W, 52-20
1997 Charles Woodson #1 Michigan Wolverines 1998 Rose Bowl #8 Washington State Cougars W, 21-16
1998 Ricky Williams #20 Texas Longhorns 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic #25 Mississippi State Bulldogs W, 38-11
1999 Ron Dayne #4 Wisconsin Badgers 2000 Rose Bowl #22 Stanford Cardinal W, 17-9
2000 Chris Weinke #2 Florida State Seminoles 2001 Orange Bowl (National Championship Game) #1 Oklahoma Sooners L, 2-13
2001 Eric Crouch #2 Nebraska Cornhuskers 2002 Rose Bowl (National Championship Game) #1 Miami Hurricanes L, 14-37
2002 Carson Palmer #5 USC Trojans 2003 Orange Bowl #3 Iowa Hawkeyes W, 38-17
2003 Jason White #1 Oklahoma Sooners 2004 Sugar Bowl (National Championship Game) #2 LSU Tigers L, 14-21
2004 Matt Leinart #1 USC Trojans 2005 Orange Bowl (National Championship Game) #2 Oklahoma Sooners W‡, 55-19
2005 Reggie Bush #1 USC Trojans 2006 Rose Bowl (National Championship Game) #2 Texas Longhorns L, 38-41
2006 Troy Smith #1 Ohio State Buckeyes 2007 BCS National Championship Game #2 Florida Gators L, 14-41
2007 Tim Tebow #9 Florida Gators 2008 Capital One Bowl Michigan Wolverines L, 35-41
2008 Sam Bradford #1 Oklahoma Sooners 2009 BCS National Championship Game #2 Florida Gators L, 14-24
2009 Mark Ingram #1 Alabama Crimson Tide 2010 BCS National Championship Game #2 Texas Longhorns W, 37-21
2010 Cam Newton #1 Auburn Tigers 2011 BCS National Championship Game #2 Oregon Ducks W, 22-19
2011 Robert Griffin III #12 Baylor Bears 2011 Alamo Bowl Washington Huskies W, 67-56
2012 Johnny Manziel #10 Texas A&M Aggies 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic #12 Oklahoma Sooners W, 41-13
2013 Jameis Winston #1 Florida State Seminoles 2014 BCS National Championship Game #2 Auburn Tigers W, 34-31
2014 Marcus Mariota #3 Oregon Ducks 2015 Rose Bowl
2015 College Football Playoff National Championship #2 Florida State Seminoles
#4 Ohio State Buckeyes W, 59-20
L, 20-42
2015 Derrick Henry #2 Alabama Crimson Tide 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)
2016 College Football Playoff National Championship #3 Michigan State Spartans
#1 Clemson Tigers W, 38-0
W, 45-40
2016 Lamar Jackson #8 Louisville Cardinals 2016 Citrus Bowl #13 LSU Tigers L, 9-29
2017 Baker Mayfield #2 Oklahoma Sooners 2018 Rose Bowl #3 Georgia Bulldogs L, 48-54
Rankings are from the AP Poll upon entering bowl games
‡—USC's 2005 Orange Bowl win was later vacated.[5]
Heisman winner's professional history[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
1980s[edit]
Andre Ware (1989) - After three years at the University of Houston, Ware declared for the 1990 Draft, skipping his senior year with the Cougars. Taken seventh by the Lions in the first round, he was expected to be a franchise quarterback for the team. Instead, over four seasons he was active in only 14 games, starting 6 of them and marking a career with the Lions with a total 51.6% pass completion rate.[6] He was signed by the LA Raiders and Jacksonville Jaguars for the 1994 and 1995 seasons respectively, but was inactive and did not play for either team.[7] Ware went on to play in the CFL with the BC Lions in 1996 and the Argonauts in 1997. An eventual attempt to return to the NFL was made in 1999 when he was signed by Oakland, but ended up playing in NFL Europe with the Berlin Thunder. He is now an occasional announcer with ESPN as well as the radio color analyst for the Houston Texans, and considered by some to be the biggest Heisman bust in NFL history.[8]
1990s[edit]
Gino Torretta (1992) - A California native, Torretta attended the University of Miami, leading two championship teams,[9] including one to a co-national championship in 1991. Despite his success, his actual numbers were not impressive, including a career pass completion of only 56%.[10] He was taken with the 192nd overall pick, late in the seventh round by the Vikings.[11] He didn't see a single down with Minnesota in 1993, and though the Lions picked up his contract in 1994, he played as only a seldom-used backup quarterback. The 49ers signed him to their roster in 1995 after he was released by Detroit,[12] though he continued to find use only in a backup role. Torretta was transferred to play with the Rhein Fire, was again cut, and picked up by Seattle. He retired in 1998 after once more not being played, this time by the Colts. The only game that he played during his five-year career came with Seattle, in a match against the Oakland Raiders[13] As of October 2, 2011, Torretta is serving as Head, Marketing Team for Gabelli Asset Management Inc.[14] and has as regular broadcast show from 10am to noon on Sportsradio 560 WQAM.
Charlie Ward (1993) - Playing both football and basketball at Florida State, Ward excelled and was awarded the Heisman. He stated publicly that he wouldn't enter the NFL if not selected as a first-round pick in the 1994 NFL Draft,[15] a position that he felt he deserved. By declaring this, no team felt it wise to even consider him for the NFL,[16] as he had already been picked as a first-round, 26th overall choice by the New York Knicks in the NBA's 1994 Draft.[17] The feeling was that Ward was trying to leverage one sport against another.
Rashaan Salaam (1994) - Salaam was expected to have an enormous impact in the NFL at the running back position, having put up impressive numbers at UC Boulder. His career got off to a rocky start with a lengthy contract holdout[18] after having been selected by the Bears with the 21st pick in the first round of the draft. Despite impressive total rushing yards in his rookie season, fumbles and injury led to him being cut in 1998.[19] After one completely inactive season, Salaam was picked up in 1999 by three separate teams; Oakland, Cleveland and the Green Bay Packers. Despite being on the roster of three teams, he only played in two games during the season, both of which came while he was with the Browns. Admitted habitual marijuana use[20] kept other teams from showing interest. In 2001, Salaam played in the XFL for the Memphis Maniax, and though he was the leading rusher for the team, injuries prevented him from putting up bigger numbers. The Lions chose not to sign him after he tried out for the team when the XFL folded after their inaugural year. The 49ers signed him[21] in May for the 2003 season, but cut him in August before the start of the season.[22] Signed by the Toronto Argonauts in 2004,[23] he was later suspended and cut due to continuing problems with marijuana use,[24] ending his originally promising career anticlimactically in the CFL.
Charles Woodson (1997) - The University of Michigan cornerback was selected by the Oakland Raiders with the fourth pick of the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, and subsequently became the AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year. Woodson has been an eight-time Pro Bowl selection with the Oakland Raiders and Green Bay Packers (most recently in 2011) and was the 2009 AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year. In 2013, in his sixteenth season as a starter, Woodson joined a three-way tie for the NFL record for most defensive TDs. In 2014, he became the first player in NFL history to record 50 interceptions and 20 sacks[25] and became only the 11th player in NFL history to record at least 60 interceptions.[26] He was chosen for his ninth Pro Bowl in his final (18th) season in the NFL and will be eligible for election to the Pro Football Hall of Fame beginning in 2020.
Ron Dayne (1999) - The University of Wisconsin running back earned a Heisman trophy with numerous records, including the NCAA record for career rushing yards (6,397),[27] a record which still stands. Taken high in the 2000 NFL Draft at the 11th pick by the Giants, he would go on to play as "Thunder and Lightning" with Tiki Barber all the way through Super Bowl XXXV (34-7 loss to the Ravens). He would never recapture this success, with difficulty losing weight possibly being the reason for his falling further down the depth chart.[28] After being released by the Giants, he was picked up by Denver for the 2005 season where he briefly appeared to be on a comeback to former glory.[29] However, he was cut on September 3, 2006 after only one season, though his contract was immediately picked up by the Texans.[30] He started eight games for the Texans, but while he continues to be officially listed as a free agent, he has not played in the NFL since the 2007 season. He is considered to be one of the worst draft picks in Giants history[31]
2000s[edit]
Chris Weinke (2000) - After an unconventional six-year stint in minor league baseball, Weinke joined the Seminoles at the quarterback position.[32] He took the team to the National Championship game in 2000, the same year that he won the Heisman. He was drafted with a deep overall 106th pick in round four by the Carolina Panthers[33] He spent four non-consecutive playing seasons with the Panthers (2001–2006). After a dreadful 2001 season in which he started only one winning game,[34] his duties were relegated almost entirely as a backup quarterback for Jake Delhomme. After having only two winning starts over four seasons, the Heisman winner was released in 2007,[35] then signed by the San Francisco 49ers due to a series of injuries to their starting quarterbacks.[36] He started only one game with the team, a 20-7 loss to the Browns. The 49ers did not return him to the roster in 2008. Weinke is now the director of the IMG Madden Football Academy.
Eric Crouch (2001) - The 2001 Heisman Trophy winner played quarterback for the University of Nebraska, winning awards and great recognition for running a highly successful option offense, completing a respectable 105 of 189 passes. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams late in the third round with the 95th overall pick.[37][38] Despite having won the Heisman as a college quarterback, he was considered too small to play under center and his athleticism better suited to play the wideout position. A hard tackle in a 2002 preseason game sidelined him before he played in any professional game with the NFL. He announced his official retirement from football before seeing a single play.[39] He is mockingly credited as having had a "stellar" three-week career. He eventually came out of retirement to sign with Kansas City in 2005, only to be sent to play the safety position in NFL Europe with the Hamburg Sea Devils.[40] A brief stint as primarily a third- or fourth-string backup quarterback in the Heisman-friendly CFL began in 2006 and ended with a debilitating 2007 injury leading to his being released by the Toronto Argonauts. He would not return to the league. Drafted in 2008 by Team Texas of the All-American Football League, his contract was released when the league postponed its inaugural season. He made a 2011 debut with the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League,[41] competing for the position with Troy Smith, another Heisman winner. He is currently best known as a distributor of playground equipment.[42]
Carson Palmer (2002)- Played 15 seasons in the NFL with Cincinnati, Oakland, and Arizona. 3 time Pro Bowler (2005-6, 2015) and led the NFL in touchdowns in 2005. Retired after the 2017 season, he finished his career with 92 wins, 46,247 passing yards and 294 touchdowns, all records for Heisman winning quarterbacks.
Jason White (2003) - Having played the quarterback position at the University of Oklahoma, White was considered an outstanding college athlete despite losing both the 2004 and 2005 BCS championship games. However, he was not courted by any team or taken at any position in the 2005 NFL Draft, with many experts citing durability issues and "marginal" physical skills.[43] As an undrafted free agent, he eventually signed with the Tennessee Titans in 2005 as a member of the practice squad.[44] Citing weak knees, he retired before the start of the season, never having touched the ball or seen a single down during his professional career. He now owns an "The Athlete's Foot" franchise and "A Store Divided", which sells Oklahoma and Oklahoma State merchandise.[45]
Matt Leinart (2004) - Leinart was generally seen to have enormous potential as a quarterback coming out of USC, being selected by the Arizona Cardinals with the tenth pick in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft.[46] However, during four seasons with the Cardinals, he completed only 340 of 595 pass attempts over 17 starts,[47] including a marginal rookie year with a 4-7 record. He suffered a shoulder injury at the end of the 2006 season and broke his left clavicle (collarbone) against the St. Louis Rams in 2007, a season-ending injury.[48] He never returned to even inconsistent play, showing weakly in training camps and preseason games, being replaced by veteran backup Kurt Warner, who would hold on to the position.[49] Leinart was later cut from Arizona's roster on September 4, 2010 and has been used only as a backup quarterback with the Houston Texans since the 2010 season.[50] Leinart has since been released after try outs with multiple teams.
Reggie Bush (2005-rescinded) - Bush has been inconsistent[51] ever since being drafted by the Saints in 2006. Plagued by injury, and the rescinding of his Heisman trophy due to multiple rules infractions by USC, the much-hyped running back is statistically one of the worst in the NFL.[52] He was traded to the Dolphins[53] in late July 2011, leaving New Orleans with an average of only 4.0 yards per carry. After 2 solid seasons in Miami, he played for the Detroit Lions, San Francisco 49ers and Buffalo Bills. In 2016, he became the first player to have 10 or more carries in a season and finish with negative yardage (12 carries for -3 yards).[54] He retired on December 16, 2017.[55]
Troy Smith (2006) - Impressive playing statistics[56] led to a Heisman win, but a definitive 41-14 loss in 2007 championship game significantly dropped his worth in the eyes of NFL recruiters. He was eventually taken by the Ravens with the 174th overall position, last pick of the fifth round and only as a compensatory selection. His first professional start was in a Week 16 loss to the Seahawks at the end of the 2007 season.[57] He finished the season with one win, and was expected to be the starter in 2008, but became ill with Lemierre's syndrome, a very rare disease - only 161 cases reported in the last century. During three seasons with Baltimore, Smith started only two games, and was only active for 14.[58] He was cut from the team on September 4, 2010[59] but picked up by San Francisco four days later.[60] Following the 2010 season in which he put up only a 50.3% pass completion, he was not re-signed by the 49ers. He recently played for the Omaha Nighthawks,[61] competing for the quarterback position rather ironically with Eric Crouch, another Heisman winner. He was recently signed by the Montreal Alouettes of the CFL.
Tim Tebow (2007) - First sophomore to win the Heisman and a runner-up as a junior and senior, Tebow was heralded by many as one of the greatest college football players of all time, after contributing to Florida's 2006 National Championship as a freshman and then leading his team to another one as a junior. After being drafted in the first round by the Denver Broncos, a team he brought to the NFL playoffs, he was subsequently traded to the New York Jets and then released, briefly picked up by the New England Patriots and then cut prior to the start of the 2013 season. He is currently pursuing a career in baseball instead.
Sam Bradford (2008) - Was drafted with the number one pick overall by the St Louis Rams, but his professional career has been severely hampered by injuries. Was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles prior to the 2015 season. Was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in 2016. After leading the Vikings to a season opening win in 2017, it was revealed that Bradford was diagnosed with wear and tear on his knee after two previous ACL surgeries. He missed the rest of the season.
Mark Ingram (2009) - Was drafted in the first round by the New Orleans Saints. In 2014, he rushed for 964 yards and 9 touchdowns, earning a Pro Bowl bid. Had another Pro Bowl selection in 2017 after he finished the regular season with career-highs of 1,124 rushing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, 58 receptions, and 416 receiving yards.
2010s[edit]
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Cam Newton (2010) - Was drafted with the number one pick overall by the Carolina Panthers. Won offensive rookie of the year in his first season after he became the first rookie quarterback to throw for 4,000 yards in a season. He also ran for 14 touchdowns, more in a single season than any quarterback in NFL history. In 2015, Newton became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for at least 30 touchdowns and rush for 10 in the same season (35 passing, 10 rushing). He also became the only quarterback ever to have 300 yards passing, 5 touchdown passes, and over 100 yards rushing in the same game. Won the 2015 MVP award and led the Panthers to Super Bowl 50, which they lost to the Denver Broncos. Has passed for 25,074 yards and 174 touchdowns while rushing for 4,320 and 54 touchdowns.
Robert Griffin III (2011) - Was drafted with the number two pick overall by the Washington Redskins after a blockbuster trade. Won rookie of the year in his first season, but his career has been disrupted significantly by injury. In 2015, the team named Kirk Cousins as the starter and would not confirm if Griffin III would be the second string or third string. On March 7, 2016, Griffin III was released by the team, becoming a free agent. He played the following year with the Cleveland Browns, though has not played since.
Johnny Manziel (2012) - Was drafted twenty-second overall by the Cleveland Browns in the 2014 draft, despite off-field controversy in his last college season, including an arrest in 2012. In 2015, Manziel checked into an alcohol rehabilitation center. In 2016, he was involved in an alleged domestic violence incident, which is currently being investigated. The Browns released him in March 2016.
Jameis Winston (2013)- Was drafted with the number one overall pick by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 2015 NFL Draft. Finished his rookie season by settting franchise rookie records in pass attempts, pass completions, passing yards, and passing touchdowns and went to the Pro Bowl. Missed 3 games in 2017 due to a sprained AC Joint. Has passed for 11,636 and 69 touchdowns.
Marcus Mariota (2014) - Was drafted with the number two pick overall by the Tennessee Titans in the 2015 NFL draft. Started the season with milestones; throwing a record of 4 touchdowns in the first half, and well as being the first rookie to receive a perfect passer rating of 158.3 in his first game as a career starter. However, missed 4 non-consecutive games during the season due to separate injuries. During the 2016 season, he was named AFC Offensive Player of the Month for November after passing for 1,124 yards with 11 touchdowns and just two interceptions. However, during a Christmas Eve loss to Jacksonville, he fractured his right fibula, underwent surgery, and was out for the final game of the season as the Titans missed the playoffs at 9-7. However, he finished the 2016 season with a career-high 3,426 passing yards with 26 touchdowns and nine interceptions. In 2017, he missed one game with a strained MCL, but led the Titans to a wild card berth with a 9-7 record. As the 5th seed, they beat the Kansas City Chiefs 22-21 after being down 18 points at halftime. They would lose to the New England Patriots 35-14 the following week. In his career, he has thrown for 9,476 yards and 58 touchdowns.
Derrick Henry (2015)- Henry was drafted by the Titans with the 45th overall pick in the 2016 NFL Draft, creating an all-Heisman backfield with quarterback Marcus Mariota. He began his rookie season as a backup running back to veteran DeMarco Murray. Finished his rookie season with 110 carries for 490 rushing yards and five touchdowns in 15 games and two starts, also caught 13 passes for 137 receiving yards. In 2017, in a game against the Indianapolis Colts, Henry ran for a career-high 131-yards on 19 carries and ran for a 72-yard touchdown late in the fourth quarter of the 36–22 victory. After DeMarco Murray tore his MCL in week 16, Henry got the start in the regular season finale against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Needed a win to reach the playoffs, Henry rushed for 51 yards on 28 carries, but had a 66-yard touchdown reception as the Titans defeated the Jaguars 15-10. The win, coupled with a Baltimore Ravens loss, secured the #5 seed in the playoffs for the Titans, where they scored a come from behind win in Kansas City, 22-21, before losing to the New England Patriots 35-14 in the divisional round. In Henry’s career, he has rushed for 1,234 yards and 10 touchdowns, adding 24 catches for 273 yards and a touchdown.
See also[edit]
List of Heisman Trophy winners
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "NFL Draft 2011: Worst New York Giants draft picks since 1990 - ESPN New York". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ [3] Archived November 23, 1999, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "2001 NFL Draft - Live Coverage". Football.about.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boxscore finder: all games started at QB by Chris Weinke". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Former Heisman winner released by Carolina - NFL - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "49ers join Panthers as only teams to start four QBs this season - NFL - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bleacher Report". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Finding Eric Crouch: Heisman hero, pro washout, businessman". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dan Patrick:Checking in with Eric Crouch". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eric Crouch: Destined for Greatness?". Oursportscentral.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.pigskinu.com/justsayin/2011/06/eric-crouch-joins-omaha-nighthawks/[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ [4] Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Bleacher Report". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Former Sooner Jason White looks back". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120425013856/http://www.sportscasualblog.com/2010/09/where-are-they-now-jason-white.html. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "ESPN.com - 2006 NFL Draft". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Arizona Cardinals: Matt Leinart". Azcardinals.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Leinart out indefinitely with fractured left collarbone - NFL - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Tom Highway. "The Kurt Warner/Matt Leinart "Sham" of a QB Competition: Part II". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Houston Texans agree to one-year deal with QB Matt Leinart - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reggie Bush". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Ari Horing. "Reggie Bush: Statistically One of the Worst Running Backs in the NFL". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reggie Bush traded to Miami Dolphins (updated)". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bills RB Reggie Bush sets embarrassing record". SI.com. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ "RB Reggie Bush officially retires". SI.com. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Troy Smith". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Baltimore Ravens vs. Seattle Seahawks - Recap - December 23, 2007 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Troy Smith". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ [5] Archived October 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Troy Smith picked up by San Francisco 49ers". cleveland.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Omaha.com". Omaha.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
[show]
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2005: vacated *
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2007: Tebow
2008: Bradford
2009: Ingram Jr.
2010: Newton
2011: Griffin III
2012: Manziel
2013: Winston
2014: Mariota
2015: Henry
2016: L. Jackson
2017: Mayfield
*Note: The 2005 Heisman Trophy was originally awarded to Reggie Bush, but Bush forfeited the award in 2010. The Heisman Trust subsequently decided to leave the 2005 award vacated.
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Cello Suites (Bach)
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Cello Suites
BWV 1007 to 1012
by J. S. Bach
Title page of Anna Magdalena Bach's manuscript: Suites á Violoncello Solo senza Basso
Composed
between 1717 (1717) and 1723 (1723)
Instrumental
Cello solo
"Cello Suites" redirects here. For Benjamin Britten's three suites, see Cello suites (Britten).
The six Cello Suites, BWV 1007 to 1012, are suites for unaccompanied cello by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are some of the most frequently performed and recognizable solo compositions ever written for cello. Bach most likely composed them during the period 1717–23, when he served as Kapellmeister in Köthen. The title given on the cover of the Anna Magdalena Bach manuscript was Suites à Violoncello Solo senza Basso (Suites for cello solo without bass).
These suites for unaccompanied cello are remarkable in that they achieve the effect of implied three- to four-voice contrapuntal and polyphonic music in a single musical line.[1] As usual in a Baroque musical suite, each movement is based around a baroque dance type;[2] the cello suites are structured in six movements each: prelude, allemande, courante, sarabande, two minuets or two bourrées or two gavottes, and a final gigue.[3] The Bach cello suites are considered to be among the most profound of all classical music works.[4][5][6] Wilfrid Mellers described them in 1980 as "Monophonic music wherein a man has created a dance of God."[7][2]
Due to the works' technical demands, étude-like nature, and difficulty in interpretation because of the non-annotated nature of the surviving copies, the cello suites were little known and rarely publicly performed until they were revived and recorded by Pablo Casals in the early 20th century. They have since been performed and recorded by many renowned cellists, have also been transcribed for numerous other instruments, and are considered some of Bach's greatest musical achievements.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Manuscript
2.1 Arrangements
3 Structure
3.1 Suite No. 1 in G major, BWV 1007
3.2 Suite No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1008
3.3 Suite No. 3 in C major, BWV 1009
3.4 Suite No. 4 in E♭ major, BWV 1010
3.5 Suite No. 5 in C minor, BWV 1011
3.6 Suite No. 6 in D major, BWV 1012
4 Refuted speculations about Anna Magdalena Bach
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The first page from the manuscript by Anna Magdalena Bach of Suite No. 1 in G major, BWV 1007
An exact chronology of the suites (regarding both the order in which the suites were composed and whether they were composed before or after the solo violin sonatas) cannot be completely established. However, scholars generally believe that—based on a comparative analysis of the styles of the sets of works—the cello suites arose first, effectively dating the suites earlier than 1720, the year on the title page of Bach's autograph of the violin sonatas.
The suites were not widely known before the 1900s, and for a long time it was generally thought that the pieces were intended to be studies; in addition, some of the suites were written for four strings, and some for five.[8] However, after discovering Grützmacher's edition in a thrift shop in Barcelona, Spain, at age 13, Catalan cellist Pablo Casals began studying them. Although he later performed the works publicly, it was not until 1936, when he was 60 years old, that he agreed to record the pieces, beginning with Suites Nos. 1 and 2, at Abbey Road Studios in London. By 1939, Casals became the first to record all six suites. Their popularity soared soon after, and Casals' original recording is still widely available and respected today.[9]
The suites have since been performed and recorded by many renowned cellists including Mstislav Rostropovich, Paul Tortelier, and Yo-Yo Ma. Yo-Yo Ma won the 1985 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance for his album Six Unaccompanied Cello Suites.
Manuscript[edit]
Unlike Bach's solo violin sonatas, no autograph manuscript survives, thus ruling out the possibility of producing an urtext performing edition. However, analysis of secondary sources, including a hand-written copy by Bach's second wife, Anna Magdalena, has produced presumably authentic editions, although critically deficient in the placement of slurs and other articulation, and devoid of such basic performance markings as bowings and dynamics. As a result, the texts present performers with numerous problems of interpretation.[10]
German cellist Michael Bach has stated that the manuscript of the suites by Anna Magdalena Bach is accurate. The unexpected positioning of the slurs corresponds closely to the harmonic development, and the details of his analysis confirm this.[11]
Violoncello da spalla
Recent research has suggested that the suites were not necessarily written for the familiar cello played between the legs (da gamba), but an instrument played rather like a violin, on the shoulder (da spalla). Variations in the terminology used to refer to musical instruments during this period have led to modern confusion, and the discussion continues regarding the instrument "that Bach intended", or even if a particular instrument was indeed intended. Sigiswald Kuijken and Ryo Terakado have both recorded the complete suites on this "new" instrument, known today as a violoncello or viola da spalla;[12] reproductions of the instrument have been made by luthier Dmitry Badiarov.[13]
Arrangements[edit]
Bach transcribed at least one of the suites, Suite No. 5 in C Minor, for lute. An autograph manuscript of this version exists as BWV 995.[14]
Using the Bach edition prepared by cellist Johann Friedrich Dotzauer and published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1826, Robert Schumann wrote arrangements with piano accompaniment for all six Bach cello suites.[15] Schumann's publisher accepted his arrangements of the Bach violin sonatas in 1854, but rejected his Bach cello-suite arrangements.[16] His only cello-suite arrangement surviving is the one for Suite No. 3, discovered in 1981 by musicologist Joachim Draheim in an 1863 transcription by cellist Julius Goltermann.[15][16] It is believed that Schumann's widow Clara Schumann, along with violinist Joseph Joachim, destroyed his Bach cello-arrangement manuscripts sometime after 1860, when Joachim declared them substandard.[15][16] Writing in 2011, Fanfare reviewer James A. Altena agreed with that critique, calling the surviving Bach-Schumann cello/piano arrangement "a musical duckbilled platypus, an extreme oddity of sustained interest only to 19th-century musicologists".[15]
In 1923, Leopold Godowsky composed piano transcriptions of Suites Nos. 2, 3, and 5, in full counterpoint for solo piano, subtitling them "very freely transcribed and adapted for piano".[17]
The cello suites have been transcribed for numerous solo instruments, including the violin, viola, double bass, viola da gamba, mandolin, piano, marimba, classical guitar, recorder, flute, electric bass, horn, saxophone, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, euphonium, tuba, ukulele, and charango. They have been transcribed and arranged for orchestra as well.
Structure[edit]
The suites are in six movements each, and have the following structure and order of movements.
Prelude
Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Galanteries: two minuets in each of Suite Nos. 1 and 2; two bourrées in each of Suite Nos. 3 and 4; two gavottes in each of Suite Nos. 5 and 6
Gigue
Scholars believe that Bach intended the works to be considered as a systematically conceived cycle, rather than an arbitrary series of pieces. Compared to Bach's other suite collections, the cello suites are the most consistent in order of their movements. In addition, to achieve a symmetrical design and go beyond the traditional layout, Bach inserted intermezzo or galanterie movements in the form of pairs between the sarabande and the gigue.
Only five movements in the entire set of suites are completely non-chordal, meaning that they consist only of a single melodic line. These are the second minuet of Suite No. 1, the second minuet of Suite No. 2, the second bourrée of Suite No. 3, the gigue of Suite No. 4, and the sarabande of Suite No. 5. The second gavotte of Suite No. 5 has but one unison chord (the same note played on two strings at the same time), but only in the original scordatura version of the suite; in the standard tuning version it is completely free of chords.
Suite No. 1 in G major, BWV 1007[edit]
The prelude, mainly consisting of arpeggiated chords, is probably the best known movement from the entire set of suites and is regularly heard on television and in films.
Cello Suite No. 1 (BWV 1007)
1 – Prelude (performed by J. Michel)
1 – Prelude (performed by P. Casals)
2 – Allemande (performed by J. Michel)
2 – Allemande (performed by P. Casals)
3 – Courante (performed by J. Michel)
3 – Courante (performed by P. Casals)
4 – Sarabande (performed by J. Michel)
4 – Sarabande (performed by P. Casals)
5 – Minuets (performed by J. Michel)
5 – Minuets (performed by P. Casals)
6 – Gigue (performed by J. Michel)
6 – Gigue (performed by P. Casals)
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Suite No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1008[edit]
The Prelude consists of two parts, the first of which has a strong recurring theme that is immediately introduced in the beginning. The second part is a scale-based cadenza movement that leads to the final, powerful chords. The subsequent allemande contains short cadenzas that stray away from this otherwise very strict dance form. The first minuet contains demanding chord shiftings and string crossings.
Cello Suite No. 2 (BWV 1008)
Gigue (performed by P. Mélet)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Suite No. 3 in C major, BWV 1009[edit]
The Prelude of this suite consists of an A–B–A–C form, with A being a scale-based movement that eventually dissolves into an energetic arpeggio part; and B, a section of demanding chords. It then returns to the scale theme, and ends with a powerful and surprising chord movement.
The allemande is the only movement in the suites that has an up-beat consisting of three semiquavers instead of just one, which is the standard form.
The second bourrée, though in C minor, has a two-flat (or G minor) key signature. This notation, common in pre-Classical music, is sometimes known as a partial key signature. The first and second bourrée of the third suite are sometimes used as solo material for other bass instruments such as the tuba, euphonium, trombone and bassoon.
Cello Suite No. 3 (BWV 1009)
1 – Prelude
2 – Allemande
3 – Courante
4 – Sarabande
5 – Bourees
6 – Gigue
All performed by John Michel
Suite No. 4 in E♭ major, BWV 1010[edit]
Suite No. 4 is one of the most technically demanding of the suites, as E♭ is an uncomfortable key on the cello and requires many extended left hand positions. The prelude primarily consists of a difficult flowing quaver movement that leaves room for a cadenza before returning to its original theme.
The very peaceful sarabande is quite obscure about the stressed second beat, which is the basic characteristic of the 3
4 dance, since, in this particular sarabande, almost every first beat contains a chord, whereas the second beat most often does not.
Suite No. 5 in C minor, BWV 1011[edit]
Suite No. 5 was originally written in scordatura with the A-string tuned down to G, but nowadays a version for standard tuning is included in almost every edition of the suites along with the original version. Some chords must be simplified when playing with standard tuning, but some melodic lines become easier as well.
The Prelude is written in an A–B form, and is a French overture. It begins with a slow, emotional movement that explores the deep range of the cello. After that comes a fast and very demanding single-line fugue that leads to the powerful end.
This suite is most famous for its intimate sarabande, which is the second of only four movements in all six suites that doesn't contain any chords. Mstislav Rostropovich describes it as the essence of Bach's genius; Paul Tortelier views it as an extension of silence. Yo-Yo Ma played this movement on September 11, 2002 at the site of the World Trade Center, while the first of the names of the dead were read in remembrance on the first anniversary of the attack. The fifth suite is also exceptional as its courante and gigue are in the French style, rather than the Italian form of the other five suites.
An autograph manuscript of Bach's lute version of this suite exists as BWV 995.[14]
Cello Suite No. 5 (BWV 1011) – Prelude
Performed on a viola by Elias Goldstein
Suite No. 6 in D major, BWV 1012[edit]
Open strings of the viola pomposo.
It is widely believed that Suite No. 6 was composed specifically for a five-stringed violoncello piccolo, a smaller cello, roughly the size of a 7⁄8 normal cello that has a fifth upper string tuned to E, a perfect fifth above the otherwise top string. However, some say there is no substantial evidence to support this claim: whilst three of the sources inform the player that it is written for an instrument à cinq cordes, only Anna Magdalena Bach's manuscript indicates the tunings of the strings, and the other sources do not mention any intended instrument at all.
Other possible instruments for the suite include a cello da spalla, a version of the violoncello piccolo played on the shoulder like a viola, as well as a viola with a fifth string tuned to E, called a viola pomposa. As the range required in this piece is very large, the suite was probably intended for a larger instrument, although it is conceivable that Bach—who was fond of the viola—may have performed the work himself on an arm-held violoncello piccolo. However, it is equally likely that beyond hinting the number of strings, Bach did not intend any specific instrument at all as the construction of instruments in the early 18th century was highly variable.
Cellists playing this suite on a modern four-string cello encounter difficulties as they are forced to use very high positions to reach many of the notes. Performers specialising in early music and using authentic instruments generally use the five-string cello for this suite. The approach of Watson Forbes, in his transcription of this suite for viola, was to transpose the entire suite to G major, avoiding "a tone colour which is not very suitable for this type of music" and making most of the original chords playable on a four-stringed instrument.[18]
This suite is written in much more free form than the others, containing more cadenza-like movements and virtuosic passages. It is also the only one of the suites that is partly notated in the alto and soprano clefs (modern editions use tenor and treble clefs), which are not needed for the others since they never go above the note G4 (G above middle C).
Mstislav Rostropovich called Suite No. 6 "a symphony for solo cello" and characterised its D major tonality as evoking joy and triumph.
Refuted speculations about Anna Magdalena Bach[edit]
Professor Martin Jarvis of Charles Darwin University School of Music, in Darwin, Australia, speculated in 2006 that Anna Magdalena may have been the composer of several musical pieces attributed to her husband.[19] Jarvis proposes that Anna Magdalena wrote the six Cello Suites, and was involved with the composition of the aria from the Goldberg Variations (BWV 988). Musicologists, critics, and performers, however, pointing to the thinness of evidence of this proposition, and the extant evidence that supports Johann Sebastian Bach's authorship, remain skeptical of the claim.[19][20]
The claims have been roundly dismissed by German musicologist and Bach expert Christoph Wolff, who in 2014 said,
I am sick and tired of this stupid thesis. When I served as director of the Leipzig Bach Archive from 2001 to 2013, I and my colleagues there extensively refuted the basic premises of the thesis, on grounds of documents, manuscript sources, and musical grounds. There is not a shred of evidence, but Jarvis doesn’t give up despite the fact that several years ago, at a Bach conference in Oxford, a room full of serious Bach scholars gave him an embarrassing showdown.[21]
Writing in The Guardian in 2014, cellist Steven Isserlis said, "I’m afraid that his theory is pure rubbish," and continued, "How can anybody take this shoddy material seriously?"[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wittstruck, Anna. "Dancing with J.S. Bach and a Cello – Bach and the Cello". Stanford University. Stanford.edu. 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wittstruck, Anna. "Dancing with J.S. Bach and a Cello – Introduction". Stanford University. Stanford.edu. 2012.
Jump up ^ de Acha, Rafael. "Review: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750): Six suites for unaccompanied cello, Carmine Miranda (cello), CENTAUR CRC3263/4". MusicWeb International. 2012.
Jump up ^ Dalkin, Gary S. "J.S. Bach: Cello Suites. Heinrich Schiff. EMI Double Fforte CZS 5741792". MusicWeb International. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Peter Stumpf, cello". Philadelphia Chamber Music Society. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Proms 2015. Prom 68: Bach – Six Cello Suites. BBC. 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Mellers, Wilfrid. Bach and the Dance of God. Faber and Faber, 1980. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (November 30, 2009). "Bewitched by Bach, Bewildered by His Masterpiece". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Blair. "J.S. Bach: Six Suites for Solo Cello – Pablo Casals". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ... Casals still seems to be the standard against which other performances are measured, and these recordings are indispensable to any serious collector.
Jump up ^ Bromberger, Eric. Program Notes: The University of Chicago Presents | Performance Hall | Logan Center. October 15, 2013, 7:30 PM. Jean-Guihen Queyras, cello. October 2013. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Finckh, Eckhard. "Kritischer Blick auf Cello-Suiten" (in German). Nürtinger Zeitung (de). 8 May 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Kuijken, Sigiswald. "Sigiswald Kuijken over de 'violoncello da spalla'" Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine. (in Dutch). PreludeKlassiekeMuziek.nl. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Badiarov, Dmitry. "J.S. Bach – Violoncello da Spalla Suites". The Violin Blog of Dmitry Badiarov – violin-maker. 29 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b BWV995 at JSBach.org. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Altena, James A. Review of 'Schumann: Chamber Music Vol 2 - Cello And Piano / Ensemble Villa Musica'. Fanfare. 2011. Reprinted at ArkivMusic.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SCHUMANN BACH SUITE ACCOMPANIMENTS, Summarized by Tim Finholt (Summarized from a preface by Joachim Draheim, Karlsruhe, Spring 1985.)". In: Tutti Celli (International Cello Society Newsletter). September/October 1996.
Jump up ^ Siblin, Eric. The Cello Suites: J. S. Bach, Pablo Casals, and the Search for a Baroque Masterpiece. Grove/Atlantic, 2011. p. 215.
Jump up ^ Bach, J.S. (composer) and Watson Forbes (transcriber and editor). Six Suites for Viola (Originally for Cello). J. & W. Chester Ltd., 1951. Preface.
^ Jump up to: a b Dutter, Barbie and Roya Nikkhah. "Bach works were written by his second wife, claims academic". The Telegraph. 23 April 2006.
Jump up ^ Ross, Alex. "The Search for Mrs. Bach". The New Yorker. October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cavanaugh, Tim. "Bogus Bach Theory Gets Media Singing". National Review. October 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Isserlis, Stephen. "Suite scandal: why Bach's wife cannot take credit for his cello masterwork". The Guardian. 29 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cello suites by Johann Sebastian Bach.
Cello Suites: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Anna Magdalena's manuscript
MIDI Sequences
Musical scores and MIDI files at the Mutopia Project
The Cello Suites of Bach: History – Analysis – Detailed Interpretation – Program Notes – Audio – Video – Comprehensive analysis and notes on interpretation by cellist Georg Mertens
Audio, commentary, analysis, and history from Stanford University
[hide]
v
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Chamber music and Orchestral works by, and Transcriptions after, Johann Sebastian Bach
Solo
Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006 (Partita No. 1, No. 2, No. 3)
Cello Suites, BWV 1007–1012
Partita for Solo Flute, BWV 1013
Ensemble
Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord, BWV 1014–1019
Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027–1029
Flute Sonatas: in B minor, BWV 1030, in E♭ major, BWV 1031 (doubtful), in A major, BWV 1032, in C major, BWV 1033 (doubtful), in E minor, BWV 1034, in E major, BWV 1035
Sonata for two flutes and continuo, BWV 1039
Canonic Trio Sonata, BWV 1040
Concertos
Violin Concerto in A minor, BWV 1041
Violin Concerto in E major, BWV 1042
Concerto for Two Violins, BWV 1043
Triple Concerto, BWV 1044
Sinfonia for violin and orchestra, BWV 1045
Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051 (No. 5)
Keyboard concertos, BWV 1052–1065
Suites
Orchestral Suites, BWV 1066–1069
Orchestral Suite in G minor, BWV 1070 (doubtful)
Fugal
The Musical Offering, BWV 1079
The Art of Fugue, BWV 1080 (discography)
Adaptations
Air on the G String
"Alphabet"
"Ave Maria"
Bach-Busoni Editions
"Everything's Gonna Be Alright"
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
"Lady Lynda"
"They"
Albums
Bach's Greatest Hits
Back to Bach
Jazz Sebastian Bach
Switched-On Bach
Switched-On Bach II
List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Authority control
BNF: cb139093949 (data)
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