text:
African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
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The African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child was formed in July 2001, one and half years after the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child came into force.
The members are elected by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union. The criteria for the selection of members are:
Members must be nationals of a State Party to the Children's Charter (i.e. a country that is a signatory);
They must be individuals of high moral standing, integrity, impartiality and competence in matters of the rights and welfare of the child;
Members are nominated by signatory countries and elected by the Assembly of Heads of State of the African Union;
Members are elected for a term of five years and serve voluntarily in their individual capacity. They may not be re-elected.
Meetings[edit]
The Committee of Experts meets twice each year, usually in May and November in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The exact dates depend on other items on the AU agenda around these times. They are empowered to receive and examine the country ("state") reports on the measures they have adopted to implement the provisions of the Children's Charter as well as the progress achieved regarding how the rights are being protected. The final protective function of the Committee of Experts is related to the investigations procedure. They are empowered to resort to any appropriate method of investigation in respect of any issue covered in the Children's Charter.
Committee members[edit]
Dr. Benyam Dawit Mezmur, Ethiopia, Chair Person, Term of office: July 2010-July 2015;
Mrs. Fatima Delladj-Sebaa, Algeria – 1st Vice President, Term of Office: July 2010 – July 2015;
Prof. Julia Sloth-Nielsen, South Africa, 2nd Vice President, Term of Office: January 2011 – January 2016;
Dr. Clement Julius Mashamba, Tanzania – 3rd Vice-President, Term of Office: July 2010 – July 2015;
Justice Alfas Muvavarigwa Chitakunye, Zimbabwe, Rapporteur, Term of Office: July 2010 – July 2015;
Mrs. Sidikou Aissatou Alassane Moulaye, Niger - Term of Office: May 20013 – May 2018;
Mr. Joseph Ndayisenga, Burundi, Term of Office: May 2013- May 2018;
Dr. Azza Ashmawy, Egypte, Term of Office: May 2013 – May 2018;
Mrs. Amal Muhammad El Henqari, Libya, Term of Office: July 2010 – July 2015;
Mrs. Félicité Muhimpundu, Rwanda, Term of Office: July 2010 – July 2015;
Mrs. Suzanne Aho-Assouma, Togo, Term of Office: May 2013 – May 2018
As at October 2008, the elected Committee of Experts were (name, country, position):
Ms. Seynabou Ndiaye Diakhate, Sénégal, Chairperson;
Ms. Marie Chantal Koffi Appoh, Côte d'Ivoire, Vice-Chairperson;
Ms Boipelo Lucia Seitlhamo, Botswana, Rapporteur;
Hon. Justice Martha Koome, Kenya, Member;
Mrs. Mamosebi T. Pholo, Lesotho, Member;
Mr. Moussa Sissoko, Mali, Member;
Mrs. Dawlat Ibrahim Hassan, Egypt, Member;
Mr. Cyprien Adébayo, Benin, Member;
Mrs. Agnès Kabore, Burkino Faso, Member;
Mrs. Andrianirainy Rasamoely, Madagascar, Member;
Mrs. Maryam Uwais, Nigeria, Member
See also[edit]
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Committee_of_Experts_on_the_Rights_and_Welfare_of_the_Child&oldid=662098836"
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Periaqueductal gray
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Periaqueductal gray
Section through superior colliculus showing path of oculomotor nerve. Periaqueductal gray is the gray area just peripheral to the cerebral aqueduct.
Transverse section through mid-brain.
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral aqueduct
Central gray stratum
Interpeduncular space
Sulcus lateralis
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus of tegmentum
Oculomotor nerve, with 8’, its nucleus of origin
Lemniscus (in blue) with a’ the medial lemniscus and a" the lateral lemniscus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Raphé
Temporopontine fibers
Portion of medial lemniscus, which runs to the lentiform nucleus and insula
Cerebrospinal fibers
Frontopontine fibers
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Substantia grisea centralis
MeSH
D010487
NeuroNames
1584
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_973
TA
A14.1.06.321
FMA
83134
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The periaqueductal gray (PAG, also known as the central gray) is the primary control center for descending pain modulation. It has enkephalin-producing cells that suppress pain.
The periaqueductal gray is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, and also contains descending autonomic tracts. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract (so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the PAG, in the mesencephalon or midbrain).
This region has been used as the target for brain-stimulating implants in patients with chronic pain.
Contents
1 Role in analgesia
2 Role in defensive behavior
3 Role in reproductive behavior
4 Role in maternal behavior
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Role in analgesia[edit]
Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons that project to the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. 5-HT (serotonin) released from the raphe nuclei descends to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it forms excitatory connections with the "inhibitory interneurons" located in Laminae II (aka the substantia gelatinosa). When activated, these interneurons release either enkephalin or dynorphin (endogenous opioid neurotransmitters), which bind to mu opioid receptors on the axons of incoming C and A-delta fibers carrying pain signals from nociceptors activated in the periphery. The activation of the mu-opioid receptor inhibits the release of substance P from these incoming first-order neurons and, in turn, inhibits the activation of the second-order neuron that is responsible for transmitting the pain signal up the spinothalamic tract to the ventroposteriolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. The nociceptive signal was inhibited before it was able to reach the cortical areas that interpret the signal as "pain" (such as the anterior cingulate). This is sometimes referred to as the Gate control theory of pain and is supported by the fact that electrical stimulation of the PAG results in immediate and profound analgesia.[1] The periaqueductal gray is also activated by viewing distressing images associated with pain.[2]
Three known kinds of opioid receptors have been identified: mu (μ), kappa (κ) and delta (δ). Synthetic opioid and opioid-derivative drugs activate these receptors (possibly by acting on the PAG directly, where these receptors are densely expressed) to produce analgesia. These drugs include morphine, heroin (diacetylmorphine), pethidine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and similar pain-reducing compounds.
Role in defensive behavior[edit]
Dorsal PAG neurons are activated during various defensive behaviors.[3] Stimulation of the dorsal and lateral aspects of the PAG can provoke defensive responses characterised by freezing immobility, running, jumping, tachycardia, and increases in blood pressure and muscle tonus. In contrast, stimulation of the caudal ventrolateral PAG can result in an immobile, relaxed posture known as quiescence, whereas its inhibition leads to increased locomotor activity.
Lesions of the caudal ventrolateral PAG can greatly reduce conditioned freezing, whereas lesions of the dorsal aspect can reduce innate defensive behavior, virtually "taming" the animal[citation needed].
Role in reproductive behavior[edit]
Neurons of the PAG are excited by endorphins and by opiate analgesics. It also plays a role in female copulatory behavior (see Lordosis behavior) via a pathway from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Role in maternal behavior[edit]
The PAG may be specifically involved in human maternal behavior. The PAG contains a high density of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors, and it has direct connections with the orbitofrontal cortex, which might mediate the role of the PAG in maternal love. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex is activated by pleasant visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. Its response depends on pleasantness rather than on intensity of stimulation. Here, its activity is likely to reflect one aspect of the pleasant emotions associated with motherly love.[4]
Additional images[edit]
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
Transverse section of mid-brain at level of inferior colliculi.
Transverse section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi.
MRI section of human mid-brain showing periaqueductal gray
See also[edit]
Rostral ventromedial medulla
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Basbaum AI, Fields HL (November 1978). "Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis". Ann. Neurol. 4 (5): 451–62. doi:10.1002/ana.410040511. PMID 216303.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Dacher Keltner, Keith Oatley, Jennifer M. Understanding emotions (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9781118147436.
Jump up ^ Deng, H., Xiao, X. & Wang, Z. Periaqueductal Gray Neuronal Activities Underlie Different Aspects of Defensive Behaviors. J. Neurosci. 36, 7580–8 (2016). PMID: 27445137 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4425-15.2016
Jump up ^ Andreas Bartels; Semir Zeki (March 2004). "The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love" (PDF). NeuroImage. 21 (3): 1155–1166. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003. PMID 15006682.
External links[edit]
Stained brain slice images which include the "Periaqueductal gray" at the BrainMaps project
hide
v
t
e
Anatomy of the midbrain
Tectum
(Dorsal)
Surface
Corpora quadrigemina:
Inferior colliculus
Brachium
Superior colliculus
Brachium
Grey matter
Pretectal area
White: Sensory/ascending
Spinotectal tract
Central tegmental tract
White: Motor/descending
Tectospinal tract
Peduncle
(Ventral)
Tegmentum
White: Sensory/ascending
Lemnisci
Medial
Lateral
Ascending MLF
Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Dentatothalamic tract
White: Motor/descending
Rubrospinal tract
Rubro-olivary tract
Descending MLF
Grey: cranial nuclei
GSA
Mesencephalic- GSE
Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus- GVE
Edinger–Westphal nucleus
Grey: other
Periaqueductal gray
Raphe nuclei
dorsal
Ventral tegmental area
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
Pedunculopontine nucleus
Red nucleus
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
Parabrachial area
Interpeduncular nucleus
Midbrain reticular formation
Ventricular system
Cerebral aqueduct
Base
White: Motor/descending
Cerebral crus: Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers
Grey: Substantia nigra
Pars compacta
Pars reticulata
Surface
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Decussation
Interpeduncular fossa
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Bring It Back (Travis Porter song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Bring It Back"
Single by Travis Porter
from the album From Day 1
Released
February 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)
Format
CD single, digital download
Recorded
February 15, 2010
Genre
Hip hop
Length
3:36 (single version)
4:37 (remix version)
Label
Jive
Porter House
Songwriter(s)
Lakeem Mattox
Donquez Woods
Harold Duncan
FKi
Gary Hill
Producer(s)
FKi
DJ Spinz
Travis Porter singles chronology
"Make It Rain"
(2010) "Bring It Back"
(2011) "Ayy Ladies"
(2012)
"Make It Rain"
(2010) "Bring It Back"
(2011) "Ayy Ladies"
(2012)
Music video
Video on YouTube
"Bring It Back" is a song by the American rap group Travis Porter, released as the second single from their first studio album, From Day 1. It is their second song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, entering at #69 in the week ending April 1, 2011,[1] and has since peaked at #75.[2] The official remix version features fellow rapper Too Short, appears as a bonus track on the group's mixtape Music, Money, Magnums.[3]
Contents
1 Background and composition
2 Remixes
3 Music video
4 Track listing
5 Chart performance
6 References
7 External links
Background and composition[edit]
The song was produced by FKi & DJ Spinz, who also produced the group's previous single "Make It Rain": however, unlike that song, "Bring It Back" has a more upbeat production, rather than a slower, crunk track.
Remixes[edit]
Tyga
Too Short
Cali Swag District
Music video[edit]
The music video was released to YouTube on March 16, 2011.[4]
Track listing[edit]
US digital single
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Bring It Back" (single version) Lakeem Mattox, Donquez Woods, Harold Duncan, FKi & Gary Hill FKi & DJ Spinz 4:20
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 (Billboard)[2] 69
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[2] 18
US Rap Songs (Billboard)[2] 14
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Travis Porter Album & Song Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Travis Porter - Music Money Magnums Hosted by DJ Teknikz, DJ Scream & DJ Drama // Free Mixtape @". Datpiff.com. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Travis Porter - Bring It Back". YouTube. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_Back_(Travis_Porter_song)&oldid=831975798"
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2011 singles
Travis Porter songs
2011 songs
Jive Records singles
Songs written by DJ Spinz
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List of NHL records (team)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This is a list of team records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2017–18 NHL season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season records
1.1 1949–50 to Present
1.2 1926–27 to 1948–49
1.3 1917–18 to 1925–26
1.4 Other Season Records
2 Postseason Records
3 Postseason Goals Scored
4 Season Streaks
5 Regular Season Miscellaneous
6 Playoffs Miscellaneous
7 See also
8 References
Season records[edit]
During the first eight years the NHL existed, teams played between 18 and 36 games in a season. Beginning in 1926, teams played 44–60 games. This would end in 1949 where teams now play 70 or more games. There have been two other instances when teams have only played 48 games in a season. Both the 1994–95 season and 2012–13 season were reduced to 48 games due to lockouts. For more information, check the History of the National Hockey League.
1949–50 to Present[edit]
Most Points: 132, by the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Points: 21, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Most Wins: 62, by the 1995–96 Detroit Red Wings
Fewest Wins: 8, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Most Ties: 24, by the 1969–70 Philadelphia Flyers
Fewest Ties: 2, by the 1992–93 San Jose Sharks
Most Shootout Wins: 15, by the 2007–08 Edmonton Oilers
Most Shootout Losses: 13, by the 2013–14 New Jersey Devils
Most Losses: 71, by the 1992–93 San Jose Sharks
Fewest Losses: 8, by the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Most Goals For: 446, by the 1983–84 Edmonton Oilers
Fewest Goals For: 133, by the 1953–54 Chicago Blackhawks
Most Goals Against: 446, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Fewest Goals Against: 131, by the 1953–54 Toronto Maple Leafs and 1955–56 Montreal Canadiens
1926–27 to 1948–49[edit]
Most Points: 83, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Points: 12, by the 1930–31 Philadelphia Quakers
Most Wins: 38, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens and 1944–45 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Wins: 4, by the 1930–31 Philadelphia Quakers
Most Ties: 15, by the 1928–29 Montreal Canadiens and 1942–43 Chicago Blackhawks
Fewest Ties: 1, by the 1929–30 Boston Bruins
Most Losses: 39, by the 1943–44 New York Rangers
Fewest Losses: 5, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens and 1929–30 Boston Bruins
Most Goals For: 234, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Goals For: 33, by the 1928–29 Chicago Blackhawks
Most Goals Against: 310, by the 1943–44 New York Rangers
Fewest Goals Against: 43, by the 1928–29 Montreal Canadiens
1917–18 to 1925–26[edit]
Most Points: 52, by the 1925–26 Ottawa Senators
Fewest Points: 8, by the 1919–20 Quebec Bulldogs
Most Wins: 24, by the 1925–26 Ottawa Senators
Fewest Wins: 4, by the 1919–20 Quebec Bulldogs
Most Ties: 5, by the 1925–26 Montreal Maroons
Most Losses: 24, by the 1924–25 Boston Bruins
Fewest Losses: 5 by the 1919–20 Ottawa Senators
Most Goals For: 129, by the 1919–20 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Goals For: 45, by the 1924–25 Montreal Canadiens
Most Goals Against: 177, by the 1919–20 Quebec Bulldogs
Fewest Goals Against: 42, by the 1925–26 Ottawa Senators
Other Season Records[edit]
Greatest Goal Differential: +216, by the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Lowest Goal Differential: -265, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Best Power Play Percentage in a Season: 31.88%, by the 1977–78 Montreal Canadiens
Worst Power Play Percentage in a Season: 9.35%, by the 1997–98 Tampa Bay Lightning
Best Penalty Kill Percentage in a Season: 89.58%, by the 2011–12 New Jersey Devils
Worst Penalty Kill Percentage in a Season: 67.70%, by the 1979–80 Los Angeles Kings
Best Home Record: 36–2–2 by the 1975–76 Philadelphia Flyers
Worst Home Record: 7–28–5 by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Best Away Record: 31–7–3 by the 2005–06 Detroit Red Wings
Worst Away Record: 1–41–0, by the 1992–93 Ottawa Senators
Most Shutout Wins in a Season: 22 of 44 games played (50.0%), by the 1928–29 Montreal Canadiens
Most Shutout Losses in a Season: 20 of 44 games played (45.5%), by the 1928–29 Chicago Blackhawks
Notes: Ties were only recorded until 2003–04. In 1983, the NHL added a five-minute overtime, and ties would only occur after 65 minutes. Starting in 1999, teams played with only four skaters (unless they were on a two-man advantage, when they would be awarded an extra skater until the next stoppage). Starting in 2015 the NHL began 3-on-3 overtime periods. Starting with the 1999-2000 season, the NHL credited one point to the team that lost in overtime[1], leading to a system in which teams could potentially earn three points between them in a single game, rather than a fixed number of two previously. In 2005, the league eliminated ties meaning that any game which went to overtime would be a three-point game. Games that didn't end in overtime would end in a shootout between the two teams. These changes in points awarded therefore make strict comparisons in wins, losses, and ties (after overtime, 1983–99, and in regulation, 1999–present) before and after these dates slightly problematic.
Postseason Records[edit]
Longest Playoff Game: Detroit Red Wings vs Montreal Maroons on March 24, 1936 (60 minutes of regulation, 116 minutes, 30 seconds of overtime for a total of 176 minutes and 30 seconds. This game had 6 20-minute overtime periods).
Most Playoff Games Played (All Teams): 93, during the 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs
Most Playoff Games Played (One Team): 26, by 1986–87 Philadelphia Flyers, 2003–04 Calgary Flames, 2013–14 Los Angeles Kings, and 2014–15 Tampa Bay Lightning
Most Home Playoff Games Won (One Season): 12, by 2002–03 New Jersey Devils
Most Away Playoff Games Won (One Season): 10, by 1994–95 New Jersey Devils, 1999–00 New Jersey Devils, 2003–04 Calgary Flames, 2011–12 Los Angeles Kings, and 2017–18 Washington Capitals
Most Playoff Overtime Games Won (One Season): 10, by 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens
Most Stanley Cup-clinching overtime wins: 4, by the Montreal Canadiens (1944, 1953, 1966, 1977)
Most Playoff Games Won By An Expansion Team in their inaugural season: 13, by 2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights
Most Stanley Cup-clinching overtime losses: 2, by the Toronto Maple Leafs (1933, 1940), Montreal Canadiens (1951, 1954), Detroit Red Wings (1934, 1966), Boston Bruins (1953, 1977), Philadelphia Flyers (1980, 2010), and New York Rangers (1950, 2014)
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Won: 14, by Pittsburgh Penguins (Streak started on May 9, 1992 with three straight wins against the New York Rangers, four against Boston, four against Chicago in the Final, then three straight against New Jersey the next year. The streak would end on April 25, 1993 with a 4–1 loss to New Jersey.)[2]
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Won in a Single Season: 11, by 1991–92 Chicago Blackhawks, 1991–92 Pittsburgh Penguins, and 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Lost: 16, by Chicago Blackhawks from April 20, 1975 to April 8, 1980.
Postseason Goals Scored[edit]
Most Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by One Team: 44, by the Edmonton Oilers against the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs
Most Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by Both Teams: 69, (44 by the Edmonton Oilers and 25 by the Chicago Blackhawks)
Fewest Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by One Team: 1, by the Minnesota Wild against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Fewest Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by Both Teams: 10, (7 by the Vegas Golden Knights and 3 by the Los Angeles Kings), (9 by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and 1 by the Minnesota Wild)
Most Playoff Goals Scored by One Team in One Game: 13, by the Edmonton Oilers on April 9, 1987
Most Playoff Goals Scored by One Team in One Period: 7, by the Montreal Canadiens on March 30, 1944
Most Playoff Goals Scored by Both Teams in One Game: 18, (Los Angeles Kings had 10 and the Edmonton Oilers 8) on April 7, 1982
Most Playoff Goals Scored by Both Teams in One Period: 9, by the New York Rangers (6) and the Philadelphia Flyers (3) on April 24, 1979 and the Los Angeles Kings (5) and the Calgary Flames (4) on April 10, 1990
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Played Without a Power Play Goal: 10, by the 2013–14 New York Rangers
Most Consecutive Playoff Power Play Chances Without a Goal: 36, by 2013–14 New York Rangers
Season Streaks[edit]
Longest Winning Streak
Overall: 17 games, by 1992–93 Pittsburgh Penguins
Home: 23 games, by 2011–12 Detroit Red Wings
Away: 12 games, by 2005–06 Detroit Red Wings and 2014–15 Minnesota Wild
Longest Winning Streak to Start the Season
Overall: 10 games, by 1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs and 2006–07 Buffalo Sabres
Home: 11 games, by 1963–64 Chicago Blackhawks
Away: 10 games, by 2006–07 Buffalo Sabres
Longest Winning Streak to End the Season
Overall: 11 games, by 2005–06 New Jersey Devils
Longest Undefeated Streak
Overall: 35 games, by 1979–80 Philadelphia Flyers (25 wins, 10 ties)
Home: 34 games, by 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Away: 23 games, by 1974–75 Montreal Canadiens
Longest Undefeated Streak to End the Season
Overall: 18 games, by 1992–93 Pittsburgh Penguins (17 wins, one tie)
Longest Points Streak to Start the Season
Overall: 24 games, by 2012–13 Chicago Blackhawks [3] (21 wins, 3 shootout losses)
Longest Shootout Winning Streak
Overall: 11 games, by 2005–06 Dallas Stars
Longest Shootout Losing Streak
Overall: 18 games, by 2013–14 and 2014–15 New Jersey Devils (March 15, 2013 to October 24, 2014)
Longest Losing Streak
Overall: 17 games, by 1974–75 Washington Capitals and 1992–1993 San Jose Sharks
Home: 14 games, by 2003–04 Pittsburgh Penguins
Away: 38 games, by 1992–93 Ottawa Senators
Longest Losing Streak to Start the Season
Overall: 11 games, by 1943–44 New York Rangers and 2017–18 Arizona Coyotes
Longest Winless Streak
Overall: 30 games, by 1980–81 Winnipeg Jets (23 losses, 7 ties)
Home: 17 games, by 1995–96 Ottawa Senators and 1999–2000 Atlanta Thrashers
Away: 38 games, by 1992–93 Ottawa Senators
Longest Winless Streak to Start the Season
Overall: 15 games, by 1943–44 New York Rangers (14 losses, 1 tie)
Longest Consecutive Attendance Sellout:
525 games, by the Pittsburgh Penguins as of April 9, 2018 (February 14, 2007 - present) (this record includes regular season and playoff games)[4][5]
Notes: An undefeated streak includes wins and ties. A winless streak includes losses in regulation, overtime, shootouts, or ties. After the 2003–04 season, the league eliminated ties meaning any game that wasn't finished in overtime would go to a shootout, so any undefeated streak can only include wins after this time. Overtime and shootout losses count as one point in the standings.
Regular Season Miscellaneous[edit]
Most Penalty Minutes in a Season: 2713, by the 1991–92 Buffalo Sabres
Most Combined Penalty Minutes in a Game: 419 (67 penalties), Ottawa Senators at Philadelphia Flyers on March 5, 2004
Most Consecutive Penalties Killed: 53, by the 1999–2000 Washington Capitals
Most Shorthanded Goals in a Season: 36, by the 1983–84 Edmonton Oilers
Fewest Shorthanded Goals allowed in a Season: 0, by the 2013–14 Nashville Predators
Most Shorthanded Goals in One Penalty: 3, by the 2009–10 Boston Bruins vs the Carolina Hurricanes
Most Combined Goals in a Game: 21, Toronto St. Patricks vs. Montreal Canadiens on January 10, 1920 (Montreal won 14–7);[6] Edmonton Oilers vs. Chicago Blackhawks on December 11, 1985 (Edmonton won 12–9).
Largest Goal Differential: Detroit Red Wings 15, New York Rangers 0 on January 23, 1944.
Most Games Going Past Regulation in a Single Day: 8 on February 22, 2007 and November 27, 2015.[7]
Most Games Decided in a Shootout: 21, by the 2013–14 Washington Capitals (10 wins, 11 losses)
Most Shootout Goals in a Single Game: 11, Florida Panthers 6, Washington Capitals 5, on December 16, 2014.[8]
Most Shootout Goals on Consecutive Attempts: 9, Florida Panthers 5, New York Islanders 4, on November 27, 2015.
Most Rounds in a Shootout: 20, by the Washington Capitals vs the Florida Panthers on December 16, 2014.
Most Points Without Reaching Playoffs: 96, by the 2014–15 Boston Bruins and 2017–18 Florida Panthers
Most Presidents' Trophies since Introduction During the 1985–86 season: 6, by the Detroit Red Wings
Fewest Points in an 80 or More Game Season to Win the Presidents' Trophy: 101, by the 1989–90 Boston Bruins
Most Seasons With the Best Regular Season Record: 20, by the Montreal Canadiens
Most Conference Titles During the Regular Season: 9, by the Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens, and Detroit Red Wings
Most Division Titles: 25, by the Boston Bruins
Most Consecutive Division Titles: 9 by the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche (1 with final season in Quebec, 8 with Colorado)
Playoffs Miscellaneous[edit]
Most Stanley Cups: 23, by the Montreal Canadiens (The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times in total. Their first Stanley Cup championship came in 1916 as a member of the NHA)
Oldest Franchise Without a Stanley Cup: St. Louis Blues 49 seasons since inception in 1967–68 season
Most Consecutive Stanley Cup Wins: 5, by the Montreal Canadiens (1956–1960)
Longest Stanley Cup Drought: 53 seasons by the New York Rangers (1941–1993) (Won Stanley Cup in 1994)
Most Stanley Cup Finals Appearance: 32, by the Montreal Canadiens (The Canadiens reached the final in 1916 but this was before the formation of the NHL in 1917)
Oldest Franchise(s) to have never reached the Stanley Cup Final: 34 seasons, by the Original Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix/Arizona Coyotes since inception in 1979–80 season
Most Consecutive Stanley Cup Finals Appearances: 10, by the Montreal Canadiens (1951–1960)
Longest Stanley Cup Final Drought: 49 seasons by Toronto Maple Leafs (last won cup in 1967)
Most consecutive victories in the Stanley Cup Final: 10, by the Montreal Canadiens (1976–1978)
Most consecutive defeats in the Stanley Cup Final: 12, by the St. Louis Blues (1968–1970)
Most sweeps in the Stanley Cup Final since the best-of-seven format was introduced in 1939: 6, by the Montreal Canadiens (1944, 1960, 1968, 1969, 1976, 1977)
Longest Playoff Appearance Streak: 29 years, by the Boston Bruins (1968–1996)
Longest Postseason Drought: 10 seasons by the Florida Panthers (2001–2011) (does not include 2004–05 lockout) and Edmonton Oilers (2007–2016)
Most Consecutive Playoff Series Victories: 19, by the 1980–1984 New York Islanders, spanning four consecutive Stanley Cup titles and five playoff seasons. This is a record for all North American professional sports franchises.
Most Consecutive Playoff Series Defeats: 12, by the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes from 1988–2011
Most Comebacks from a 3–1 Playoff Series Deficit: 3, by the Vancouver Canucks
Most Comebacks from a 3–1 Playoff Series Deficit in One Season: 2, by the 2002–03 Minnesota Wild
Most Consecutive seasons in the Stanley Cup Playoffs where a team has rebounded from a 3–1 deficit in a series: 2, by the New York Rangers
Most 3–1 Leads in a Series to Lose the Last Three Games: 5 by the Washington Capitals
Teams to Come Back from a 3–0 Series Deficit: Toronto Maple Leafs (1942 over the Detroit Red Wings), New York Islanders (1975 over the Pittsburgh Penguins), Philadelphia Flyers (2010 over the Boston Bruins), Los Angeles Kings (2014 over the San Jose Sharks)
Notes: The 2004–05 season was cancelled due to a lockout. The Phoenix Coyotes changed their name to the Arizona Coyotes prior to the 2014–15 season
See also[edit]
List of National Hockey League records (individual)
List of National Hockey League statistical leaders
List of NHL statistical leaders by country
List of NHL franchise post-season droughts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1999-2000 NHL Hockey Standings". NHL.com. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
Jump up ^ "STANLEY CUP PLAYOFFS RECORD BOOK: 1918–2010 (PAGE 1)". NHL.com. NHL Enterprises, L.P. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Avalanche end Blackhawks streak with 6-2 win". USA Today. The Associated Press. March 9, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.nhl.com/penguins/news/best-moments-during-the-pens-300-straight-sellout-streak/c-693346
Jump up ^ http://triblive.com/sports/penguins/9744474-74/penguins-season-ticket
Jump up ^ "1919-20 Montreal Canadiens Schedule and Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NHL matches record with eight games decided in overtime or shootout". NHL.com. National Hockey League. Nov 27, 2015. Retrieved Nov 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Epic NHL Shootout Ever: Panthers Prevail in 20th Round". nypost.com. NY Post. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
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text:
Ninth grade
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Ninth grade, freshman year, or grade 9 is the ninth post-kindergarten year of school education in some school systems. Ninth grade is often the first school year of high school in the United States, or the last year of middle/junior high school. Students are usually 14–15 years old. In the United States, it is often called Freshman year. In England and Wales, the equivalent educational year is Year Ten. In Scotland the equivalent educational year is Third Year or S3, as this is the third year of compulsory secondary schooling.
Contents
[hide]
1 Argentina
2 Australia
3 Belgium
4 Canada
5 Costa Rica
6 Denmark
7 Finland
8 France
9 Germany
10 Hong Kong
11 India
12 Ireland
13 Italy
14 New Zealand
15 Malaysia
16 Mexico
17 Norway
18 Pakistan
19 Philippines
20 Portugal
21 Singapore
22 Sweden
23 Spain
24 United Kingdom
24.1 England and Wales
24.2 Scotland
25 United States
26 See also
Argentina[edit]
In Argentina, this is “Third Year” and last year of “Basic Cycle” of secondary school, and depending of the province, students are 14 or 15 years old. This is because in Argentina, there’s kindergarten, primary school, and secondary school. In some provinces of the country, primary is from “1st grade” to “7th grade” and secondary school from “1st year” to “6th year”. In other provinces, primary school is from “1st grade” to “6th grade”, and secondary school from “1st year” to “6th year” or “7th grade”, if the school has it. All technical schools have “7th grade”. So basically there are between 12 and 13 (most of schools), years of school in the Argentinian Educative System, without counting kindergarten, which can be from 3-5 or 4-5 years old.
Normal subjects for a third-year student are:
•Geography: Commonly, National Geography, as in 1st year it’s Worldwide Geography, and in 2nd year American Geography.
•History: The same that happens with Geography; National History.
•Spanish: Studying techniques, and writing of books, novels, and any other texts.
•Foreign Languages: Commonly English, but depending of the school, it may has Italian, French, German, Portuguese, a indigenous language, or etc. as well.
•Physics.
•Chemistry.
•Maths:Geometry, Algebra, Statistics, etc.
•Artistic Education: Music, Acting, Art, etc. depending of the school and the year.
•Physical Education: It’s very common that you have to choose a sport, two, or more to do along the year. The most common are: Hockey, Basketball, Athletics, Volleyball, Handball, Swimming, etc.
•Technology: Theoretical subject, but related to Electricity, Mechanics etc. if it’s a technical school.
•Ethics.
•Computation and Information Sciences.
Etc.
At a technical school, besides these subjects for 3rd year, there are other special subjects of the technical part. The most common are:
•Electricity: Circuits, motors, etc.
•Carpentry.
•Mechanics: Manufacturing of electric cars, car-pieces manufacturing, welding, etc.
•Technical Drawing: Calligraphy, plan designing, etc. (Related to Mechanics).
Australia[edit]
In Australia, secondary school (sometimes referred to as high school) starts in grade 8 for South Australia and grade 7 for New South Wales, Queensland , Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria.
Belgium[edit]
In Belgium, the 9th grade is called derde middelbaar in the Dutch speaking north and 3ème secondaire in the French speaking south. In some bureaus of the country, the 9th grade can be removed from one's educator curriculum in order to put the student in an appropriate class study level.
Canada[edit]
In much of Canada Grade 9 is either the final year of junior high school or the first year of senior high school. Some schools combine junior and senior years into one school. In Quebec Grade 9 is the middle year of its five-year high school program (unlike in the rest of Canada, Quebec high schools end at Grade 11), and in Yukon Grade 9 is the middle year of junior high school.
Costa Rica[edit]
In Costa Rica, ninth grade is the middle of high school, (here there are five years of high school then you graduate and go to college), you get a diploma and continue studying two more years, you finish when you complete five years from 13 to 17 years old, but in ninth grade your age is 15 years old.
Denmark[edit]
In Denmark, ninth grade is around the same thing as in Sweden. Afterwards, one can choose to go through tenth grade, but it is not required. The students are 15–16 years old. Ninth grade is the year of first final exams and the last year of "folkeskolen" (the first 10 years of education. Starts from 0th grade to 9th grade). After they can choose the 10th grade, or go to a brand new school of higher education for two (HF, HG) or three years (STX, HHX, HTX).
The first year of higher education is called 1.g (from 15–18 years old), the second year is 2.g (from 16-19) and the third year is 3.g (from 17-20). The age depends on when you started 0th grade and if you took a 10th grade. When you finish 3.g, you get a white hat (studenterhue), with either a blue or a red ribbon around it. The colour of the ribbon depends of the school (HG, HF, HTX, HHX = blue; STX = red). An education at STX involves all the lessons you can have in Denmark, while HHX and HTX is more the lessons you want yourself and you mix it yourself. HF and HG is usual an easier education than STX, HHX and HTX.
After those two or three years, you can go to a university/college to get an even higher education (usually at the years of 19/20 until you finish. Depends on what you're studying). In STX you learn Danish, French/Spanish/German (at least one these), English, math, physics, chemistry, biology, health, Latin, EP, nature geography, GLU (general language understanding), art/drama/media course/music (at least one of these as artistic lessons), history, psychology/philosophy (at least one of these), classical studies, and social studies. In HHX, HTX you chose some of these lessons and mix it on your own. You can have the lessons on an A-level (means every three years), B-level (two of the years), C-level (one of the years). In STX you must have Danish and history in an A-level, and English in either A or B. The rest you make up by choice, and you can change it during the years.
The levels of the lessons also depend of the subject line you chose. There're the linguistic lines, the social study lines, the math lines, the chemistry lines, the physics lines, the biotech lines, the music lines and sport lines. The EP/health lessons are either on a C or B-level, but no matter what you chose you have it every year. Here the levels just tell if you're very good at sport and you just really love it, or if you're not that interested in it. If you're on a B-level you'll have quite more EP-lessons than the C-level.
You go to exams in 1.g, 2.g and 3.g.
The grades are following (starting with the worst, ending with the best): -3: means you performed unacceptably. 00: dumped. 02: acceptable, but not good. 4: low average but okay. 7: high average and good. 10: over the average, very good job. 12: much over the average, excellent job.
Finland[edit]
In Finland, ninth grade is the last year of compulsory schooling. The students are usually 15 – 16 years old. Afterwards they can choose to go through tenth grade but it is not required. The meaning of tenth grade is to give an opportunity to improve grades.
France[edit]
In France, the equivalent grade is the troisième or "3ème" and it is the final school year before high school.
Students prepare to take the "Diplôme National du Brevet" (DNB) examination - it's the first diploma given to French students, and attests of basic levels in major high school disciplines (French, Mathematics, History and Geography and Arts). This diploma is not necessary to proceed on to high school.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, the equivalent grade is 9. Klasse.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, 9th grade is called Form 3. Students finishing 9th grade are needed to select their electives for them to study in Grade 10, Grade 11 and Grade 12
India[edit]
In India, the ninth grade is the second last year of the secondary school. Students undergo and prepare for final secondary school examinations called the SSC Exam for two years i.e. grade 9 and 10 before getting into higher secondary i.e. grade 11 and 12 called the HSSC Exam.
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland, it is the Third Year or Tríú Bhliain of Secondary School (for 14- and 15-year-olds) this is known as 3rd year. This year is the year students take the Junior Certificate or Teastas Sóisearach.
Italy[edit]
In Italy, it is the first year of the upper secondary school (which translates into scuola secondaria di secondo grado, informally called scuola superiore). In Italy ninth grade is called prima superiore.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, Year 10 (formerly Form 4) is the equivalent of ninth grade, with students aged 14 or 15 during the year. It is the second year of secondary school and the tenth year of compulsory education. Students in Year 10 typically study English, mathematics, science, social science, and health and physical education, with students electing subjects out of the arts, technology, and learning language.
Malaysia[edit]
In Malaysia, the equivalent of 9th grade is Form 3 (Tingkatan 3). Students are 15 years old, and it is their third year of secondary school. In Form 3, all students are required to sit for a mandatory exam throughout all government schools called PT3 (Pentaksiran Tingkatan 3, or Form 3 Assessment). Upon receiving their results, students will be allowed to choose a stream (the subjects of their focus for the next year) of their choice, depending on their results, which will then allow them to proceed to Form 4 in the following year.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, ninth grade is the last year of middle school. The students are aged 14–15.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, 9th grade is the middle grade of middle school, "ungdomskolen". Students are 14-15 years old.
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, 9th grade have a great importance as it is the base of higher education. At this level students are allowed to choose the subjects of their will. These subjects are:-
Biology
Computer
Arts
The compulsory subjects are:-
Math
Chemistry
Physics
Urdu
English Language
Islamiyat
Pakistan studies
Home Economics
Agriculture
Physical Education
Marks of grade 9 are half of collective 9th and 10th marks.
Philippines[edit]
In the Philippines, Grade 9 is the third year of Junior High School.Topics mainly discussed are the following subjects like, for the major subjects are Geometry (Math in Grade 9), Chemistry (Science in Grade 9), Filipino subject with Noli Me Tangere, Anglo-American Literature (English) and Philippine Economical Study (Political Studies in Grade 9). Values Education, MAPEH (Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health), Computer and TLE (Technology and Livelihood Education) are some of the minor subjects. Students are usually 14–15 years old.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, the ninth grade (nono ano, 9º ano) is the last year of the three-year 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico that also includes the seventh grade and the eighth grade. It is followed by the tenth grade, the first year of the three-year Ensino Secundário. At the end of the ninth grade, students must take national final exams (Provas finais nacionais).
Singapore[edit]
In Singapore, 9th grade is called Secondary 3, and it is the third year of one's secondary education. Students are usually 15 years old.
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, ninth grade is the last year of högstadiet (Secondary school). The students are usually between 15 and 16 years old. That makes ninth grade an important grade for almost every student.
Spain[edit]
Ninth Grade in Spanish is called 3º de ESO (tercero de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria), as it is the third year of the compulsory secondary education. Students are usually 14–15 years old. Secondary school in Spain has a four year duration. Students in Spain generally start secondary school at the age of 12, and finish at the age of 16. The school year starts in September and lasts until the next year in June.
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
In English and Welsh schools, 9th grade (in terms of age requirements) is equivalent to Year 10 (called Year 11 in Northern Ireland), the fourth year of comprehensive/high/grammar school. Most students in the UK (except for Scotland) start secondary school at the age of 11, and finish at the end of the academic year (September 1 – August 31) in which their 16th birthday falls when they sit GCSE exams. Compulsory education continues beyond 16, when students can choose to remain at school in the "Sixth Form" or attend a sixth form college or further education college to take AS levels and A levels or follow vocational courses or apprenticeships. Students are age 14 to 15 in this grade.
Scotland[edit]
In Scotland, this is third year (or S3) of secondary school. Most children are aged 14-15. In S3 students will pick subjects to study for "National 4/5 exams" in S4, which are the qualifications they will need for college.
United States[edit]
In the United States, ninth grade is usually the first year in high school (called "upper secondary school" in other countries). In this system, ninth graders are also often referred to as freshmen. It can also be the last year of junior high school. The typical age for U.S. 9th grade students is 14 to 15 years.
In the math curriculum, ninth graders are usually taught Algebra, but advanced math include Geometry or Algebra II. Most basic students usually take Pre-Algebra in their last year of middle school, advanced students will take Algebra I, and Honors students will take honors pre-algebra. Advanced courses are usually available to ninth graders who are prepared for a more rigorous curriculum, depending on the school district. Some districts across the country allow their 10th graders to take Trigonometry or AP Statistics, or even Calculus if the district provides, but most often, the highest level available to be taken as a 10th grader is Pre-Calculus.
In the English curriculum, most schools still have the same levels of basic courses, advanced courses, and honors courses. The basic level for a 9th grader is often listed as English I (may also be called English 9). This course will often teach the fundamentals of higher-level literature and how to analyze and respond to such literature. The advanced course is often English II (may also be called English 10) depending on the school district and is usually a genre studies type of English class, but it may instead be focused on one type of literature, such as American literature or British Literature. The honors level for 9th grade is usually English I HNR (may also be called Honors English I) and is usually focused on one type of literature (i.e. American Literature, British Literature), but if this was already covered it previous classes, it may be a genre study English course. Although rare, a district or school may allow a student to take AP Literature their 9th grade year.
In the social studies curriculum, there is a variety of different courses that may be offered. Most often, though, the course is either a Geography class, a Government class, a World History class, or a Exploring Civics class.
In the science curriculum, ninth grade students are required, in most areas, to take Earth Science, Science Topics, or Biology. As far as the course level, Integrated Science 1A is usually taken by the basic student.
Most high school students are required to have one carnegie unit of Computer Science, one unit of Physical Education, and one unit of Health Education in order to graduate[citation needed]. These students are usually offered foreign language this year. This is often the first introduction of foreign language to the students.
See also[edit]
Educational stage
First grade
Second grade
Third grade
Fourth grade
Fifth grade
Sixth grade
Seventh grade
Eighth grade
Tenth grade
Eleventh grade
Twelfth grade
University
Preceded by
Eighth grade Ninth Grade
age 14–15 Succeeded by
Tenth grade
[hide]
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Educational years
Pre-kindergarten / Preschool
Kindergarten
First grade
Second grade
Third grade
Fourth grade
Fifth grade
Sixth grade
Seventh grade
Eighth grade
Ninth grade
Tenth grade
Eleventh grade
Twelfth grade
Thirteenth grade
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