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Founding Fathers of the United States
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Declaration of Independence, a painting by John Trumbull depicting the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Congress on June 28, 1776.[1]
Signature page of Treaty of Paris (1783); the treaty was negotiated by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay
The Founding Fathers of the United States were those individuals of the Thirteen Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the authority of the British Crown in word and deed and contributed to the establishment of the United States of America.[2]
Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]
The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the Signers of the embossed version of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.[9] It is not to be confused with the term Framers; the Framers are defined by the National Archives as those 55 individuals who were appointed to be delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States. Of the 55 Framers, only 39 were signers of the Constitution.[10][11] Two further groupings of Founding Fathers include: 1) those who signed the Continental Association, a trade ban and one of the colonists' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774 [12] or 2) those who signed the Articles of Confederation, the first U.S. constitutional document.[13]
The phrase "Founding Fathers" is a twentieth-century appellation, coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916.[14] In the 19th century, they were referred to as simply, the "Fathers".
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Interesting facts and commonalities
2.1 Education
2.1.1 Colleges attended
2.1.2 Advanced degrees and apprenticeships
2.1.2.1 Doctors of medicine
2.1.2.2 Theology
2.1.2.3 Legal apprenticeships
2.1.3 Self-taught or little formal education
2.2 Demographics
2.3 Political experience
2.4 Occupations and finances
2.5 Religion
2.6 Ownership of slaves and position on slavery
2.7 Attendance at conventions
2.8 Spouses and children
2.9 Charters of freedom and historical documents of the United States
2.10 Post-constitution life
2.11 Youth and longevity
2.12 Founders who were not signatories or delegates
3 Legacy
3.1 Institutions formed by Founders
3.2 Scholarship on the Founders
3.2.1 Living historians whose focus is the Founding Fathers
3.2.2 Noted collections of the Founding Fathers
3.3 In stage and film
3.4 Children's books
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The Albany Congress of 1754 was a conference attended by seven colonies, which presaged later efforts at cooperation. The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 included representatives from nine colonies.
The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774, consisting of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies (excluding Georgia) that became the United States of America. Among them was George Washington, who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Also in attendance was Patrick Henry, and John Adams, who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies. Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts, John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York's John Jay. This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown, established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain.
When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, it essentially reconstituted the First Congress. Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second.[15] New arrivals included Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, John Hancock of Massachusetts, and John Witherspoon of New Jersey. Hancock was elected Congress President two weeks into the session when Peyton Randolph was recalled to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses. Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation.[16] The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon was the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration. He also signed the Articles of Confederation and attended the New Jersey (1787) convention that ratified the Federal Constitution.[17]
The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament. The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation, a declaration that established a national government with a one-house legislature. Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation, which met from 1781 to 1789.[18] Later, the Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787, in Philadelphia.[19] Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution.
Interesting facts and commonalities[edit]
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy
George Washington served as President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention.
Benjamin Franklin, an early advocate of colonial unity, was a foundational figure in defining the U.S. ethos and exemplified the emerging nation's ideals.
Alexander Hamilton wrote the Federalist papers with Jay and Madison
John Jay was President of the Continental Congress from 1778-1779 and negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Adams and Franklin.
James Madison, called the "Father of the Constitution" by his contemporaries.
Peyton Randolph, as President of the Continental Congress, presided over creation of the Continental Association.
Richard Henry Lee, who introduced the Lee Resolution in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain.
A Committee of Five, composed of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston, drafted and presented to the Continental Congress what became known as the U.S. Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776.
John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress, renowned for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence.
John Dickinson authored the first draft of the Articles of Confederation in 1776 while serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania, and signed them late the following year, after being elected to Congress as a delegate from Delaware.
Henry Laurens was President of the Continental Congress when the Articles were passed on November 15, 1777.
Roger Sherman, the only person who signed all four U.S. historical documents.
The Founding Fathers represented a cross-section of 18th-century U.S. leadership. Almost all of them were well-educated men of means who were leaders in their communities. Many were also prominent in national affairs. Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army, most of them in positions of command. Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution.[20]
Education[edit]
Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from the colonial colleges, most notably Columbia, Princeton, Harvard, the College of William and Mary, Yale and University of Pennsylvania. Some had previously been home schooled or obtained early instruction from private tutors or academies.[21] Others had studied abroad. Ironically, Benjamin Franklin who had little formal education himself would ultimately establish the University of Pennsylvania based on European models (1740); "Penn" would have the first medical school (1765) in the thirteen colonies where another Founder, Benjamin Rush would eventually teach.
With a limited number of professional schools established in the U.S., Founders also sought advanced degrees from traditional institutions in England and Scotland such as the University of Edinburgh and University of St. Andrews.
Colleges attended[edit]
College of William and Mary: Thomas Jefferson [22]
Harvard: John Adams, John Hancock and William Williams
Columbia: John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, Robert R. Livingston and Egbert Benson.[23]
Princeton: James Madison, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Aaron Burr, Benjamin Rush and William Paterson
University of Pennsylvania: Hugh Williamson
Yale University: Oliver Wolcott
James Wilson attended University of St. Andrews and Edinburgh though he never received a degree.
Advanced degrees and apprenticeships[edit]
Doctors of medicine[edit]
University of Edinburgh: Rush [24]
University of Utrecht, Netherlands: Williamson
Theology[edit]
University of Edinburgh: Witherspoon (attended, no degree)
University of St. Andrews: Witherspoon (honorary doctorate)
Legal apprenticeships[edit]
Several like John Jay, James Wilson, John Williams and George Wythe[25] were trained as lawyers through apprenticeships in the colonies while a few trained at the Inns of Court in London.
Self-taught or little formal education[edit]
Franklin, Washington, John Williams and Henry Wisner had little formal education and were largely self-taught or learned through apprenticeship.
Demographics[edit]
Most of the Founding Fathers were natives of the Thirteen Colonies. At least nine were born elsewhere: four (Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson) in Ireland, two (Davie and Robert Morris) in England, two (Wilson and Witherspoon) in Scotland, and one (Hamilton) in the West Indies.
Many of them had moved from one state to another. Eighteen had already lived, studied or worked in more than one state or colony: Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Davie, Dickinson, Few, Franklin, Ingersoll, Hamilton, Livingston, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson.
Several others had studied or traveled abroad.
Political experience[edit]
The Founding Fathers had extensive political experience. Many had been members of the Continental Congress. Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices.[26]
Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress.
The ones who lacked congressional experience were Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, and Yates.
Eight men (Clymer, Franklin, Gerry, Robert Morris, Read, Roger Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) had signed the Declaration of Independence.
Six (Carroll, Dickinson, Gerry, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, and Roger Sherman) had signed the Articles of Confederation.
Two, Sherman and Robert Morris, three of the nation's historical documents.
Dickinson, Franklin, Langdon, and Rutledge had been governors.
Occupations and finances[edit]
The Founding Fathers practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions.[27] A few of them were wealthy or had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent, but there are other founders who were less than wealthy. On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists.[28]
As many as thirty-five had legal training, though not all of them practiced law. Some had also been local judges.[29]
At the time of the convention, 13 men were merchants: Blount, Broom, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Shields, Gilman, Gorham, Langdon, Robert Morris, Pierce, Sherman, and Wilson.
Seven were major land speculators: Blount, Dayton, Fitzsimmons, Gorham, Robert Morris, Washington, and Wilson.
Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale: Bedford, Blair, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Franklin, King, Langdon, Robert Morris, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Sherman.
Many owned or managed slave-operated plantations or large farms, particularly in the southern colonies: Bassett, Blair, Blount, Davie,[30] Johnson, Butler, Carroll, Jefferson, Jenifer, Madison, Mason, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Rutledge, Spaight, and Washington.
Many wealthy Northerners owned domestic slaves: Franklin later freed his slaves and was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. Jay founded the New York Manumission Society in 1785, for which Hamilton became an officer. They and other members of the Society founded the African Free School in New York City, to educate the children of free blacks and slaves. When Jay was governor of New York in 1798, he signed into law a gradual abolition law; fully ending slavery as of 1827. He freed his own slaves in 1798.
Broom and Few were small farmers.
Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office: Baldwin, Blair, Brearly, Gilman, Livingston, Madison, and Rutledge.
Three had retired from active economic endeavors: Franklin, McHenry, and Mifflin.
Franklin and Williamson were scientists, in addition to their other activities.
McClurg, McHenry, Rush, and Williamson were physicians
Johnson and Witherspoon were college presidents.
Religion[edit]
Franklin T. Lambert (2003) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of the Founders. Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, 28 were Anglicans (in the Church of England; or Episcopalian, after the American Revolutionary War was won), 21 were Protestants, and two were Roman Catholics (D. Carroll, and Fitzsimons).[31] Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention, eight were Presbyterians, seven were Congregationalists, two were Lutherans, two were Dutch Reformed, and two were Methodists.[31]
A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson,[32][33][34] who constructed the Jefferson Bible, and Benjamin Franklin.[35]
Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the leading Founders (Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, Wilson, Morris, Madison, Hamilton, and Washington) were neither Christians nor Deists, but rather supporters of a hybrid "theistic rationalism".[36]
The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book that discusses the religion held by the founding fathers, written in 2006 by historian of U.S. religion David L. Holmes.
Ownership of slaves and position on slavery[edit]
Portrait of George Washington and his valet slave William Lee.
See also: George Washington and slavery and Thomas Jefferson and slavery
One of the greatest contradictions of the Founding Fathers was their disunity with regard to slavery at a time that they were seeking liberty for themselves. In her study of Thomas Jefferson, historian Annette Gordon-Reed emphasizes this irony, "Others of the founders held slaves, but no other founder drafted the charter for freedom, "[37] In addition to Jefferson, George Washington, John Jay and many other of the Founding Fathers practiced slavery but were also conflicted by the institution which many saw as immoral and politically divisive.[38] Benjamin Franklin owned slaves (though Franklin later became an abolitionist).[39] John Jay would try unsuccessfully to abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York but was overruled (though he would later sign the Gradual Emancipation Act into law while Governor).[40] Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery, as his experiences in life left him very familiar with slavery and its effect on slaves and on slaveholders,[41] although he did negotiate slave transactions for his wife's family, the Schuylers.[42] John Adams, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Paine never owned slaves [43]
Slaves and slavery are mentioned only indirectly in the 1787 Constitution. For example, Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 prescribes that "three fifths of all other Persons" are to be counted for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes. Additionally, in Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3, slaves are referred to as "persons held in service or labor".[39][44] The Founding Fathers, however, did make important efforts to contain slavery. Many Northern states had adopted legislation to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution.[44] In 1782 Virginia passed a manumission law that allowed slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed.[45] As a result, thousands of slaves were manumitted in Virginia.[45] Thomas Jefferson, in 1784, proposed to ban slavery in all the Western Territories, which failed to pass Congress by one vote.[44] Partially following Jefferson's plan, Congress did ban slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, for lands north of the Ohio River.[44]
The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina, by 1800. Finally in 1807, President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally-enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S. and its territories. It became a federal crime to import or export a slave.[46] However, the domestic slave trade was allowed, for expansion, or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory.[47]
Attendance at conventions[edit]
In the winter and spring of 1786–1787, twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates; for example, Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics were far more interesting and important than national politics, though during the ratification controversy of 1787–1788 he claimed, "I smelled a rat." Rhode Island did not send delegates because of its politicians' suspicions of the Convention delegates' motivations. As the colony was founded by Roger Williams as a sanctuary for Baptists, Rhode Island's absence at the Convention in part explains the absence of Baptist affiliation among those who did attend. Of the 55 who did attend at some point, no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time.[48]
Spouses and children[edit]
Most of the Founding Fathers married and had children. Many of their spouses, like Eliza Schuyler Hamilton, Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Sarah Livingston Jay, Dolley Madison, Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer were strong women and made significant contributions of their own to the fight for liberty.[49]
Sherman fathered the largest family: 15 children by two wives. At least nine (Bassett, Brearly, Johnson, Mason, Paterson, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) married more than once. Four (Baldwin, Gilman, Jenifer, and Alexander Martin) were lifelong bachelors. Many of the delegates also had children conceived illegitimately.[50] George Washington, "The Father of our Country,"[51] had no biological descendants.
Charters of freedom and historical documents of the United States[edit]
The National Archives and Records Administration also known as NARA, defines U.S. Founding Documents, or Charters of Freedom, as the Declaration of Independence (1776), The Constitution (1787) and the Bill of Rights (1791). These original instruments which represent the philosophy of the United States are housed in Washington, D.C. in the NARA Rotunda.[52] The Library of Congress further identifies the Articles of Confederation, also preserved at NARA, as a primary U.S. document.[53] The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States until its replacement by the present Constitution on March 4, 1789.
Signatories of the Continental Association (CA), Declaration of Independence (DI), Articles of Confederation (AC), and the United States Constitution (USC)):
Name
Province/State
CA (1774)
DI (1776)
AC (1777)
USC (1787)
Andrew Adams Connecticut Yes
John Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes
Samuel Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes
Thomas Adams Virginia Yes
John Alsop New York Yes
Abraham Baldwin Georgia Yes
John Banister Virginia Yes
Josiah Bartlett New Hampshire Yes Yes
Richard Bassett Delaware Yes
Gunning Bedford, Jr. Delaware Yes
Edward Biddle Pennsylvania Yes
John Blair Virginia Yes
Richard Bland Virginia Yes
William Blount North Carolina Yes
Simon Boerum New York Yes
Carter Braxton Virginia Yes
David Brearley New Jersey Yes
Jacob Broom Delaware Yes
Pierce Butler South Carolina Yes
Charles Carroll of Carrollton Maryland Yes
Daniel Carroll Maryland Yes Yes
Richard Caswell North Carolina Yes
Samuel Chase Maryland Yes Yes
Abraham Clark New Jersey Yes
William Clingan Pennsylvania Yes
George Clymer Pennsylvania Yes Yes
John Collins Rhode Island Yes
Stephen Crane New Jersey Yes
Thomas Cushing Massachusetts Yes
Francis Dana Massachusetts Yes
Jonathan Dayton New Jersey Yes
Silas Deane Connecticut Yes
John De Hart New Jersey Yes
John Dickinson Delaware Yes Yes
Pennsylvania Yes
William Henry Drayton South Carolina Yes
James Duane New York Yes Yes
William Duer New York Yes
Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut Yes
William Ellery Rhode Island Yes Yes
William Few Georgia Yes
Thomas Fitzsimons Pennsylvania Yes
William Floyd New York Yes Yes
Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Yes
Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania Yes Yes
Christopher Gadsden South Carolina Yes
Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Yes
Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Yes Yes
Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire Yes
Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts Yes
Button Gwinnett Georgia Yes
Lyman Hall Georgia Yes
Alexander Hamilton New York Yes
John Hancock Massachusetts Yes Yes
John Hanson Maryland Yes
Cornelius Harnett North Carolina Yes
Benjamin Harrison Virginia Yes Yes
John Hart New Jersey Yes
John Harvie Virginia Yes
Patrick Henry Virginia Yes
Joseph Hewes North Carolina Yes Yes
Thomas Heyward, Jr. South Carolina Yes Yes
Samuel Holten Massachusetts Yes
William Hooper North Carolina Yes Yes
Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Yes Yes
Francis Hopkinson New Jersey Yes
Titus Hosmer Connecticut Yes
Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania Yes
Samuel Huntington Connecticut Yes Yes
Richard Hutson South Carolina Yes
Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania Yes
William Jackson South Carolina Yes
John Jay New York Yes
Thomas Jefferson Virginia Yes
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland Yes
Thomas Johnson Maryland Yes
William Samuel Johnson Connecticut Yes
Rufus King Massachusetts Yes
James Kinsey New Jersey Yes
John Langdon New Hampshire Yes
Edward Langworthy Georgia Yes
Henry Laurens South Carolina Yes
Francis Lightfoot Lee Virginia Yes Yes
Richard Henry Lee Virginia Yes Yes Yes
Francis Lewis New York Yes Yes
Philip Livingston New York Yes Yes
William Livingston New Jersey Yes Yes
James Lovell Massachusetts Yes
Isaac Low New York Yes
Thomas Lynch South Carolina Yes
Thomas Lynch, Jr. South Carolina Yes
James Madison Virginia Yes
Henry Marchant Rhode Island Yes
John Mathews South Carolina Yes
James McHenry Maryland Yes
Thomas McKean Delaware Yes Yes Yes
Arthur Middleton South Carolina Yes
Henry Middleton South Carolina Yes
Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Yes Yes
Gouverneur Morris New York Yes
Pennsylvania Yes
Lewis Morris New York Yes
Robert Morris Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes
John Morton Pennsylvania Yes Yes
Thomas Nelson, Jr. Virginia Yes
William Paca Maryland Yes Yes
Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts Yes Yes
William Paterson New Jersey Yes
Edmund Pendleton Virginia Yes
John Penn North Carolina Yes Yes
Charles Pinckney South Carolina Yes
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina Yes
Peyton Randolph Virginia Yes
George Read Delaware Yes Yes Yes
Joseph Reed Pennsylvania Yes
Daniel Roberdeau Pennsylvania Yes
Caesar Rodney Delaware Yes Yes
George Ross Pennsylvania Yes Yes
Benjamin Rush Pennsylvania Yes
Edward Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes
John Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes
Nathaniel Scudder New Jersey Yes
Roger Sherman Connecticut Yes Yes Yes Yes
James Smith Pennsylvania Yes
Jonathan Bayard Smith Pennsylvania Yes
Richard Smith New Jersey Yes
Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina Yes
Richard Stockton New Jersey Yes
Thomas Stone Maryland Yes
John Sullivan New Hampshire Yes
George Taylor Pennsylvania Yes
Edward Telfair Georgia Yes
Matthew Thornton New Hampshire Yes
Matthew Tilghman Maryland Yes
Nicholas Van Dyke Delaware Yes
George Walton Georgia Yes
John Walton Georgia Yes
Samuel Ward Rhode Island Yes
George Washington Virginia Yes Yes
John Wentworth, Jr. New Hampshire Yes
William Whipple New Hampshire Yes
John Williams North Carolina Yes
William Williams Connecticut Yes
Hugh Williamson North Carolina Yes
James Wilson Pennsylvania Yes Yes
Henry Wisner New York Yes
John Witherspoon New Jersey Yes Yes
Oliver Wolcott Connecticut Yes Yes
George Wythe Virginia Yes
Post-constitution life[edit]
Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure, reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate.[54] Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President. Jay would be elected to two terms as Governor of New York.
Seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy. Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals.[49] Two, Blount and Dayton, were involved in possibly treasonous activities. Yet, as they had done before the convention, most of the group continued to render public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create.
Youth and longevity[edit]
Death age of the Founding Fathers.
Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776: James Armistead Lafayette was 15, Marquis de Lafayette was 18, Alexander Hamilton was 19, Aaron Burr was 20, Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross were 24. The oldest were Benjamin Franklin, 70 and Samuel Whittemore, 81.[55]
Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94. Johnson died at 92. John Adams lived to the age of 90. A few — Franklin, Jay, Jefferson, Madison, Hugh Williamson, and George Wythe — lived into their eighties. Approximately 16 died in their seventies, 21 in their sixties, 8 in their fifties, and 5 in their forties. Three (Alexander Hamilton, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett) were killed in duels.
Friends and political adversaries John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day - July 4, 1826 [56]
The last remaining founders, also called the "Last of the Romans", lived well into the nineteenth century.[57]
Founders who were not signatories or delegates[edit]
The following men and women are also recognized by many as having been founders of the United States based upon their significant contributions to the formation of American nation and democracy.
Abigail Adams, advisor, First Lady and mother of a president.[58]
Ethan Allen, military and political leader in Vermont.[59]
Richard Allen, African-American bishop.[60]
John Bartram, botanist, horticulturist and explorer.[61]
Egbert Benson, politician from New York.[62]
Elias Boudinot, New Jersey delegate to Continental Congress.[63]
Aaron Burr, Vice President under Jefferson.[64]
George Rogers Clark, army general.[65]
George Clinton, New York governor and Vice President of the U.S.[66]
Tench Coxe, economist in Continental Congress.[67]
William Richardson Davie, delegate to the Constitutional Convention (leaving before he could sign it), and Governor of North Carolina.
Albert Gallatin, politician and Treasury Secretary.[68]
Horatio Gates, army general.[65]
Nathanael Greene, army general.[65]
Nathan Hale, captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776.[58]
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, wife of Alexander Hamilton [69][70]
James Iredell, advocate for Constitution, judge.[66]
John Paul Jones, navy captain.[65]
Henry Knox, army general, Secretary of War.[66]
Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish army general.[68]
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, French army general.[68]
Henry Lee III, army officer and Virginia governor.[65]
Robert R. Livingston, diplomat and jurist.[58]
William Maclay, Pennsylvania politician and U.S. Senator.[66]
Dolley Madison, spouse of President James Madison.[58]
John Marshall, fourth Chief Justice of the United States.[58]
George Mason, revolutionary writer, co-father of the Bill of Rights.[71]
Philip Mazzei, Italian physician, merchant and author.[72]
James Monroe, fifth President of the United States[73]
Daniel Morgan, military hero and Virginia Congressman.[65]
James Otis, Jr., Massachusetts lawyer and politician.[74]
Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense.[75][76]
Andrew Pickens, army general and SC congressman.[65]
Timothy Pickering, U.S. Secretary of State from Massachusetts.[77]
Israel Putnam, army general.[78]
Edmund Randolph, first United States Attorney General.[79]
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French army general.[68]
Haym Solomon, financier and spy for Continental Army.[80]
Thomas Sumter, SC military hero and congressman.[65]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian officer.[68]
Joseph Warren, doctor, revolutionary leader.[78]
Mercy Otis Warren, political writer.[66]
Anthony Wayne, army general and politician.[65]
Noah Webster, writer, lexicographer, educator.[81]
Thomas Willing, banker.[82]
Paine Wingate, oldest survivor, Continental Congress.[83][84]
Legacy[edit]
Institutions formed by Founders[edit]
Several Founding Fathers were instrumental in establishing schools and societal institutions that still exist today:
Benjamin Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania, while Jefferson founded the University of Virginia.
Benjamin Rush founded Dickinson College and Franklin College, (today Franklin and Marshall) as well as the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the oldest medical society in America.
Alexander Hamilton founded the New York Post, as well as the United States Coast Guard.
Henry Knox [85] helped found the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783; the society was predicated on service as an officer in the Revolutionary War and heredity. Members included Washington, Hamilton and Burr. Other Founders like Sam Adams, John Adams, Franklin and Jay criticized the formation of what they considered to be an elitist body and threat to the Constitution. Franklin would later accept an honorary membership though Jay declined.[86]
Scholarship on the Founders[edit]
Articles and books by twenty-first century historians combined with the digitization of primary sources like handwritten letters continue to contribute to an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Founding Fathers.
Living historians whose focus is the Founding Fathers[edit]
Ron Chernow won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of George Washington. His bestselling book about Alexander Hamilton inspired the blockbuster musical of the same name.
Joseph J. Ellis - According to Ellis, the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out. Ellis says "the founders", or "the fathers", comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness. For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s – men like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun – "the founders" represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison.
"We can win no laurels in a war for independence," Webster acknowledged in 1825. "Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all. Nor are there places for us ... [as] the founders of states. Our fathers have filled them. But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation."[87]
Joanne B. Freeman Freeman's area of expertise is the life and legacy of Alexander Hamilton as well as political culture of the revolutionary and early national eras.[88][89][90] Freeman has documented the often opposing visions of the Founding Fathers as they tried to build a new framework for governance, "Regional distrust, personal animosity, accusation, suspicion, implication, and denouncement—this was the tenor of national politics from the outset.” [91]
Annette Gordon-Reed is an American historian and Harvard Law School professor. She is noted for changing scholarship on Thomas Jefferson regarding his relationship with Sally Hemings and her children. She has studied the challenges facing the Founding Fathers particularly as it relates to their position and actions on slavery. She points out "the central dilemma at the heart of American democracy: the desire to create a society based on liberty and equality" that yet does not extend those privileges to all." [37]
Jack N. Rakove - Thomas Jefferson
Peter S. Onuf - Thomas Jefferson
Noted collections of the Founding Fathers[edit]
Adams Papers Project
Founders Online
Founders Online is a searchable database of over 178,000 documents authored by or addressed to George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams (and family), Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
The Selected Papers of John Jay at Columbia University
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University
The Papers of James Madison at University of Virginia
The Washington Papers at University of Virginia
The Franklin Papers at Yale University
In stage and film[edit]
The Founding Fathers were portrayed in the Tony Award winning musical 1776, a stage production about the debates over, and eventual adoption of, the Declaration of Independence; the popular performance was later turned into the 1972 film
More recently, several of the Founding Fathers - Hamilton, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Laurens and Burr - were reimagined in Hamilton an acclaimed production about the life of Alexander Hamilton, with music, lyrics and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda.The show was inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow. The groundbreaking rap musical won 11 Tony Awards.[92]
Children's books[edit]
In their 2015 children's book, The Founding Fathers author Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorized 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the formation of America - the Varsity Squad (Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton) and the Junior Varsity Squad (Sam Adams, Hancock, Henry, Morris, Marshall, Rush, and Paine).[93]
See also[edit]
United States portal
List of national founders (worldwide)
History of the United States Constitution
Rights of Englishmen
Patriot (American Revolution)
Sons of Liberty
Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "American Revolution: Key to Declaration of Independence". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mellinkoff, David. Mellinkoff's Dictionary of American Legal Usage (West Publishing, 1992)
Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris, Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
Jump up ^ Kettler, Sarah. "The Founding Fathers: Who Were They Really?". Biography. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "About America, The Constitution of the United States" (PDF). World Book. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour. "Forgotten Founding Father".
Jump up ^ Rose, P.K. "The Founding Fathers of American Intelligence". Retrieved April 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Did any of our "Founding Fathers" NOT sign the Declaration of Independence?". Harvard University: Declaration Resources Project. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Signers of the Declaration". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ National Archives. "Meet the Framers of the Constitution".
Jump up ^ US Constitution Online. "The Framers".
Jump up ^ Carl G. Karsch. "The First Continental Congress: A Dangerous Journey Begins". Carpenter's Hall. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
Jump up ^ Jill Lepore, The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party’s Revolution and the Battle American History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 16.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Continental Congress, 64–67.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill, 189.
Jump up ^ "Signers of the Declaration". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. p. Biography #54. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Confederation Congress". Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Calvin C. Jillson (2009). American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change (5th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-203-88702-8.
Jump up ^ See Brown (19764); Martin (19739); "Data on the Framers of the Constitution," at [1]
Jump up ^ Brown (1976); Harris (1969)
Jump up ^ "The Alma Maters of Our Founding Fathers". Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Columbia". Columbia University. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Benjamin Rush (1746 - 1813) access-date=April 9, 2017". Penn University Archives and Records Center.
Jump up ^ "George Wythe". Colonial Williamsburg. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin (1973); Greene (1973)
Jump up ^ Greene (1973)
Jump up ^ Greene (1973).
Jump up ^ Brown (1976)
Jump up ^ William R. Davie, Blackwell P. Robinson. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1957.
^ Jump up to: a b Lambert, Franklin T. (2003). The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (published 2006). ISBN 978-0691126029.
Jump up ^ Letter to Alexander von Humboldt, December 6, 1813 "History, I believe, furnishes no example of a priest-ridden people maintaining a free civil government,"
Jump up ^ Letter to Horatio G. Spafford, March 17, 1814 "In every country and in every age, the priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the despot, abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own."
Jump up ^ The Religion of Thomas Jefferson Retrieved July 9, 2011
Jump up ^ Quoted in The New England Currant (July 23, 1722), "Silence Dogood, No. 9; Corruptio optimi est pessima." "And it is a sad Observation, that when the People too late see their Error, yet the Clergy still persist in their Encomiums on the Hypocrite; and when he happens to die for the Good of his Country, without leaving behind him the Memory of one good Action, he shall be sure to have his Funeral Sermon stuff'd with Pious Expressions which he dropt at such a Time, and at such a Place, and on such an Occasion; than which nothing can be more prejudicial to the Interest of Religion, nor indeed to the Memory of the Person deceas'd. The Reason of this Blindness in the Clergy is, because they are honourably supported (as they ought to be) by their People, and see nor feel nothing of the Oppression which is obvious and burdensome to every one else."
Jump up ^ Frazer, Gregg L. (2012). The Religious Beliefs of America's Founders: Reason, Revelation, and Revolution. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700620214.
^ Jump up to: a b Annette Gordon-Reed, Engaging Jefferson: Blacks and the Founding Father, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 2000), pp. 171-182
Jump up ^ "The Founders and Slavery: John Jay Saves the Day". The Economist. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, William D. (2002). Critical Reflections on Black History. West Port, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 125.
Jump up ^ The Selected Papers of John Jay, Columbia University, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/inside/dev/jay/JaySlavery.html
Jump up ^ Horton, James O. (2004). "Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation". New York Journal of American History. New York Historical Society (3). Retrieved October 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Magness, Phillip. "Alexander Hamilton's Exaggerated Abolitionism". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Founding Fathers and Slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Freehling, William W. (February 1972). "The Founding Fathers and Slavery". The American Historical Review. 77 (1): 87. JSTOR 1856595. doi:10.2307/1856595.
^ Jump up to: a b The Cambridge History of Law in America. 2008. p. 278.
Jump up ^ Freehling, William W. (February 1972). "The Founding Fathers and Slavery". The American Historical Review. 77 (1): 88. JSTOR 1856595. doi:10.2307/1856595.
Jump up ^ Freehling, William W. (February 1972). "The Founding Fathers and Slavery". The American Historical Review. 77 (1): 85. JSTOR 1856595. doi:10.2307/1856595.
Jump up ^ See the discussion of the Convention in Clinton L. Rossiter, 1787: The Grand Convention (New York: Macmillan, 1966; reprint ed., with new foreword by Richard B. Morris, New York: W. W. Norton, 1987).
^ Jump up to: a b Griswold, Rufus (1855), The Republican Court, or, American Society in the Days of Washington, D. Appleton & Co.
Jump up ^ Staar (January 2009). "Our Founding Fathers". Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
Jump up ^ George Washington's Mount Vernon. "Father of His Country". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ National Archives. "America's Founding Documents". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Articles of Confederation". Library of Congress. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin (1973)
Jump up ^ Andrlik, Todd. "How Old Were the Leaders of the American Revolution on July 4, 1776?".
Jump up ^ History. "Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Die".
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox-Genovese; Eugene D. Genovese (2005). The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780521850650.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Encyclopædia Britannica. Founding fathers: the essential guide to the men who made America (John Wiley and Sons, 2007).
Jump up ^ McWilliams, J. (1976). "The Faces of Ethan Allen: 1760-1860". The New England Quarterly. 49 (2): 257–282. JSTOR 364502. doi:10.2307/364502.
Jump up ^ Newman, Richard. Freedom's Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (NYU Press, 2009).
Jump up ^ Jane Goodall (27 August 2013). Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-4555-1321-5.
Jump up ^ Ballenas, Carl. Images of America: Jamaica (Arcadia Publishing, 2011).
Jump up ^ Holmes, David. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. (Oxford University Press US, 2006).
Jump up ^ Wood, Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters, What Made the Founding Fathers Different. (New York: Penguin Books, 2007) 225–242.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Buchanan, John. "Founding Fighters: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence (review)". The Journal of Military History (Volume 71, Number 2, April 2007), pp. 522–524.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Jump up ^ Stephen Yafa (2006). Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber. Penguin. p. 75. ISBN 9780143037224.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dungan, Nicholas. Gallatin: America's Swiss Founding Father (NYU Press 2010).
Jump up ^ Roberts, Cokie. "Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation". Harper Perennial, 2005
Jump up ^ Roberts, Cokie. "Ladies of Liberty: The Women Who Shaped Our Nation". Harper, 2008
Jump up ^ Broadwater, Jeff (2006). George Mason, Forgotten Founder. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3053-6. OCLC 67239589.
Jump up ^ LaGumina, Salvatore. The Italian American experience: an encyclopedia, page 361 (Taylor & Francis, 2000).
Jump up ^ Unger, Harlow (2009). James Monroe: The Last Founding Father. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81808-6.
Jump up ^ Kann, Mark E. (1999). The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy. ABC-CLIO. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-275-96112-1.
Jump up ^ "Founding Father Thomas Paine: He Genuinely Abhorred Slavery". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (48): 45. 2005. doi:10.2307/25073236 (inactive 2017-01-15).
Jump up ^ David Braff, "Forgotten Founding Father: The Impact of Thomas Paine," in Joyce Chumbley. ed., Thomas Paine: In Search of the Common Good (2009) pp. 39–43
Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew. "Politics and Personalities: Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder, slavery and the shaping of America", Chicago Tribune (November 09, 2003): "Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency."
^ Jump up to: a b Rafael, Ray. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Founding Fathers: And the Birth of Our Nation (Penguin, 2011).
Jump up ^ "Founding Fathers: Virginia". FindLaw Constitutional Law Center. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution: Haym Solomon and Others, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 1987.
Jump up ^ Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father: Noah Webster's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture (Penguin 2011).
Jump up ^ Wright, R. E. (1996). "Thomas Willing (1731-1821): Philadelphia Financier and Forgotten Founding Father". Pennsylvania History. 63 (4): 525–560. JSTOR 27773931. doi:10.2307/27773931 (inactive 2017-01-15).
Jump up ^ "A Patriot of Early New England", New York Times (December 20, 1931). This book review referred to Wingate as one of the "Fathers" of the United States, per the book title.
Jump up ^ The New Yorker, Volume I, page 398 (September 10, 1836): "'The Last of the Romans' — This was said of Madison at the time of his decease, but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction. Paine Wingate of Stratham, N.H. still survives."
Jump up ^ "THE FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY, 1783–1784". Society of the Cincinnati. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "History:The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut".
Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis; Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams. (2001) p. 214.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Schuessler. "Up From the Family Basement, a Little-Seen Hamilton Trove". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman. "The Long History of Political Idiocy". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman. "How Hamilton Uses History: What Lin-Manuel Miranda Included in His Portrait of a Heroic, Complicated Founding Father—and What He Left Out". Slate. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Bray. "Tip and Gip Sip and Quip-The politics of never". The Baffler. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robert Viagas. "Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins". Playbill. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Winter, Jonah and Blitt, Barry, The Founding Fathers!Those Horse-Ridin', Fiddle-Playin', Book-Readin', Gun-Totin' Gentlemen Who Started America Simon and Schuster, New York (2015)
References[edit]
American National Biography Online, (2000).
Bernard Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew Knopf, 2003.
Richard B. Bernstein, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Richard D. Brown. "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul. 1976), pp. 465–480 online at JSTOR.
Henry Steele Commager, "Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today," Daedalus 90 (Fall 1961): 650–673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, Freedom and Order (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
Joseph J. Ellis. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
Joseph J. Ellis. The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789 (New York: First Vintage Books Edition, May 2016).
Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Steven K. Green, Inventing a Christian America: The Myth of the Religious Founding. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Jack P. Greene. "The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar. 1973), pp. 1–22 online in JSTOR.
P.M.G. Harris, "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, " Perspectives in American History 3 (1969): 159–364.
Mark E. Kann; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999).
Adrienne Koch; Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961).
K. M. Kostyal. Founding Fathers: The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty (2014)
Franklin T. Lambert, The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. (Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2003).
James Kirby Martin, Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
Richard B. Morris, Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010) 487 pages; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action, beginning in the 1770s
Cokie Roberts. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation. New York: William Morrow, 2005.
Gordon S. Wood. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States.
Founders Online: Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States
Debunks – along with other fact finding sites – the Internet Myth of "What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence" (retrieved 01-30-15)
"What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today?" at the Wayback Machine (archived January 14, 2007)
"Founding Father Quotes, Biographies, and Writings"
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Founding Fathers and their related articles
[show]
v
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John Adams
2nd President of the United States, 1797–1801
1st Vice President of the United States, 1789–1797
U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1785–1788
U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands, 1782–1788
Delegate, Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778
Delegate, First Continental Congress, 1774
Founding of the
United States
Braintree Instructions (1765)
Boston Massacre defense
Continental Association
Novanglus; A History of the Dispute with America, From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time (1775)
Thoughts on Government (1776)
Declaration of Independence
May 15 preamble
Committee of Five
Model Treaty
Treaty of Amity and Commerce
Treaty of Alliance
Board of War
Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
Continental Navy
Staten Island Peace Conference
Conference House
Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Presidency
Inauguration
Quasi War with France
XYZ Affair
Commerce Protection Act
United States Marine Corps
Convention of 1800
Alien and Sedition Acts
Naturalization Act of 1798
Navy Department Library
Treaty of Tellico
Treaty of Tripoli
Midnight Judges Act
Marbury v. Madison
State of the Union Address (1797
1798
1799
1800)
Cabinet
Federal judiciary appointments
Other writings
Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
Life and
homes
Early life and education
Adams National Historical Park
John Adams Birthplace
Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
Peacefield
Presidential Library
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
Presidents House, Philadelphia
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United First Parish Church and gravesite
Elections
United States presidential election 1788–1789
1792
1796
1800
Legacy
Adams House at Harvard University
John Adams Building
U.S. Postage stamps
Adams Memorial
Popular culture
Profiles in Courage (1964 series)
American Primitive (1969 play)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2001 book
2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Related
"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
Adams' personal library
American Enlightenment
Congress Hall
Federalist Party
Federalist Era
First Party System
republicanism
American Philosophical Society
Gazette of the United States
The American Museum
American Revolution
patriots
Family
Abigail Adams
wife
Quincy family
Abigail Adams Smith (daughter)
John Quincy Adams
son
presidency
Charles Adams (son)
Thomas Boylston Adams (son)
George W. Adams (grandson)
Charles Adams Sr. (grandson)
John Adams II (grandson)
John Q. Adams (great-grandson)
Henry Adams (great-grandson)
Brooks Adams (great-grandson)
John Adams Sr. (father)
Susanna Boylston (mother)
Elihu Adams (brother)
Samuel Adams (second cousin)
Louisa Adams
daughter-in-law
First Lady
← George Washington
Thomas Jefferson →
Category
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Samuel Adams
4th Governor of Massachusetts, 1794—1797
Second Continental Congress, 1775—1781
First Continental Congress, 1774
Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1766—1774
United States
founding events
The Independent Advertiser
Boston Caucus
1764 Sugar Act response
protests
1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter
Probable author, 1768–1769 "Journal of Occurrences"
Arranged Christopher Seider funeral, 1770
Co-author, 1772 Boston Pamphlet
Boston Committee of Correspondence, 1772
Hutchinson Letters Affair
Co-inspired and publicized, Boston Tea Party
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Signed, United States Declaration of Independence
Signed, Articles of Confederation
1788 Massachusetts Compromise
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Early life
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
Sons of Liberty
1789 U.S. House election
1796 presidential election
Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule
Granary Burying Ground
Related
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Boston Gazette
American Revolution
patriots
Founding Father
Faneuil Hall
Old South Meeting House
Legacy
Samuel Adams (Whitney)
Adams, Massachusetts
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Family
John Adams (second cousin)
[show]
v
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e
John Dickinson
5th President of Pennsylvania, 1782–1785
5th President of Delaware, 1781–1783
Second Continental Congress, 1775–1776, 1779–1781
First Continental Congress, 1774
Stamp Act Congress, 1765
Founding of the
United States
Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765)
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767, 1768)
"The Liberty Song" (1768
United we stand, divided we fall)
Petition to the King (1774)
Signee, Continental Association (1774)
Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence (1774–1776)
Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec (1774)
Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (co-wrote, 1775)
Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775–1776)
Model Treaty committee (1776)
Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union (1776)
President, Annapolis Convention (1786)
Delegate, Constitutional Convention (1787)
Other events
Brigadier General, Pennsylvania militia
Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
Delaware Constitution of 1792
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Mary Norris Dickinson (wife)
Philemon Dickinson (brother)
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Poplar Hall home
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Legacy
Dickinson College
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John Dickinson High School
1776 (1969 musical,
1972 film)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Related
Claymont Stone School
American Revolution
patriots
[show]
v
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Benjamin Franklin
January 6, 1706 – April 17, 1790
President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788), Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding of the
United States
Join, or Die (1754 political cartoon)
Albany Plan of Union
Albany Congress
Hutchinson Letters Affair
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Committee of Five
Declaration of Independence
Model Treaty
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Treaty of Amity and Commerce
Treaty of Alliance
Staten Island Peace Conference
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
Postmaster General
Founding Fathers
Inventions,
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Franklin's electrostatic machine
Bifocals
Franklin stove
Glass armonica
Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
Lightning rod
Kite experiment
Pay it forward
Associators
111th Infantry Regiment
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Library Company of Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Hospital
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Philadelphia Contributionship
Union Fire Company
Early American currency
Fugio Cent
United States Postal Service
President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Master, Les Neuf Sœurs
Other social contributions and studies
Gravesite
Writings
Silence Dogood letters (1722)
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725)
The Busy-Body letters (1729)
Pennsylvania Gazette (1729–1790)
Poor Richard's Almanack (1732–1758)
The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. (1751)
Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751)
Birch letters (1755)
The Way to Wealth (1758)
Pennsylvania Chronicle (1767)
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (1773)
Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
A Letter To A Royal Academy (1781)
Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784)
The Morals of Chess (1786)
An Address to the Public (1789)
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks (1789)
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771–90, pub. 1791)
Bagatelles and Satires (pub. 1845)
Franklin as a journalist
Legacy
Franklin Court
Benjamin Franklin House
Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
Franklin Institute
Benjamin Franklin Medal
Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington
Benjamin Franklin statue, Washington D.C.
In popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
Ben Franklin in Paris (1964 musical play)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Benjamin Franklin (1974 miniseries)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
Benjamin Franklin (2002 documentary series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Sons of Ben (supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club
Refunding Certificate
Franklin half dollar
One-hundred dollar bill
Washington-Franklin stamps
other stamps
Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
Franklin Field
State of Franklin
Ships named USS Franklin
Ben Franklin effect
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
The New-England Courant
The American Museum magazine
American Revolution
patriots
Syng inkstand
Family
Deborah Read (wife)
Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
Francis Franklin (son)
William Franklin (son)
Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
Louis F. Bache (grandson)
William Franklin (grandson)
Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
Josiah Franklin (father)
Jane Mecom (sister)
James Franklin (brother)
Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
Peter Folger (grandfather)
Richard Bache (son-in-law)
Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
[show]
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Alexander Hamilton
Senior Officer of the United States Army, 1799–1800
1st Secretary of the Treasury, 1789–1795
Delegate, Congress of the Confederation, 1782–1783, 1788–1789
United States
founding events
A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress (1774)
The Farmer Refuted (1775)
Delegate, 1786 Annapolis Convention
Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Initiated, main author, The Federalist Papers
written by Hamilton
Founding Father
Secretary of
the Treasury
First Bank of the United States
Revenue Marine (United States Coast Guard)
United States Customs Service
Hamiltonian economic program
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
"First Report on the Public Credit", 1790
Funding Act of 1790
"Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports", 1790
"Second Report on Public Credit", a.k.a. "Report on a National Bank", 1790
"Report On Manufactures", 1791
Tariff of 1790
Tariff of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Whiskey Rebellion
Jay Treaty
Military career
New York Provincial Company of Artillery
In the Revolutionary War
Battles: Harlem Heights
White Plains
Trenton
General Washington's Aide-de-Camp
Princeton
Brandywine
Germantown
Monmouth
Siege of Yorktown
Other events
Burr–Hamilton duel
Founder, Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Founder, Bank of New York
Bank of North America
Advisor, George Washington's Farewell Address
President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Founder, New-York Evening Post
Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal
Rutgers v. Waddington
Relationship with slavery
Depictions
and memorials
Alexander Hamilton (Fraser statue)
Alexander Hamilton (Ceracchi bust)
Alexander Hamilton (Conrads statue)
Alexander Hamilton (Trumbull portrait)
Alexander Hamilton Bridge
Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles)
Fort Hamilton
Hamilton Grange National Memorial
Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)
Hamilton Hall (Salem, Massachusetts)
Hamilton Heights, Manhattan
Hamilton, Ohio
Hamilton-Oneida Academy
Postage stamps
Trinity Church Cemetery
United States ten-dollar bill
Media and
popular culture
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Hamilton (1917 play)
Alexander Hamilton (1931 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
Liberty Hall (New Jersey)
New York Manumission Society
African Free School
"American System" economic plan
American School
American Revolution
patriots
Family
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
wife
Schuyler family
Philip Hamilton (oldest son)
Angelica Hamilton (daughter)
Alexander Hamilton Jr. (son)
James Alexander Hamilton (son)
John Church Hamilton (son)
William S. Hamilton (son)
Eliza Hamilton Holly (daughter)
Philip Hamilton (youngest son)
Schuyler Hamilton (grandson)
Alexander Hamilton, Jr. (grandson)
Allan McLane Hamilton (grandson)
Robert Ray Hamilton (great-grandson)
[show]
v
t
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John Hancock
1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793
President, 2nd Continential Congress, 1775–1777
Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775
United States
Founding events
HMS Liberty confiscation
Sons of Liberty
Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party
1774 Massacre Day speech
President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety
Presided over, signed, United States Declaration of Independence
signing
Dunlap broadside
Signed, Articles of Confederation
Life
Early life
Hancock-Clarke House
Hancock Manor
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
Boston Cadets
Co-founder, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States presidential election, 1788–89
Granary Burying Ground
Related
American Revolution
patriots
Founding Father
Syng inkstand
Legacy
USS Hancock, 1776
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
John Hancock Tower
John Hancock Center
Family
Dorothy Quincy (wife)
John Hancock Jr. (father)
Thomas Hancock (uncle)
John Hancock, Sr. (grandfather)
Edmund Quincy (father-in-law)
[show]
v
t
e
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
2nd U.S. Vice President (1797–1801)
1st U.S. Secretary of State (1790–1793)
U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
Delegate, Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding
documents of
the United States
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
1776 Declaration of Independence
Committee of Five
authored
physical history
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
freedom of religion
French Revolution
Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Presidency
Inaugural Address (1801
1805)
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Corps of Discovery
timeline
Empire of Liberty
Red River Expedition
Pike Expedition
Cumberland Road
Embargo Act of 1807
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
First Barbary War
Native American policy
Marbury v. Madison
West Point Military Academy
State of the Union Addresses (texts
1801
1802
1805)
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Other noted
accomplishments
Early life and career
Founder, University of Virginia
history
Land Ordinance of 1784
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Anti-Administration party
Democratic-Republican Party
Jeffersonian democracy
First Party System
republicanism
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measure of the United States (1790)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801)
Jeffersonian
architecture
Barboursville
Farmington
Monticello
gardens
Poplar Forest
University of Virginia
The Rotunda
The Lawn
Virginia State Capitol
White House Colonnades
Other writings
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
1787 European journey memorandums
Indian removal letters
Jefferson Bible (1895)
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
Committee of the States
Founding Fathers of the United States
Franco-American alliance
Jefferson and education
Religious views
Jefferson and slavery
Jefferson and the Library of Congress
Jefferson disk
Jefferson Pier
Pet mockingbird
National Gazette
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Sally Hemings
Jefferson–Hemings controversy
Betty Hemings
Separation of church and state
Swivel chair
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Elections
United States Presidential election 1796
1800
1804
Legacy
Bibliography
Jefferson Memorial
Mount Rushmore
Birthday
Thomas Jefferson Building
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
Jefferson Lecture
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
Jefferson Lab
Monticello Association
Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson College
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Thomas Jefferson University
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Other placenames
Currency depictions
Jefferson nickel
Two-dollar bill
U.S. postage stamps
Popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
Family
Peter Jefferson (father)
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
Isham Randolph (grandfather)
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
Martha Jefferson (wife)
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
Madison Hemings (son)
Eston Hemings (son)
Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
Francis Eppes (grandson)
George W. Randolph (grandson)
John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (son-in-law)
John Wayles Eppes (son-in-law)
John Wayles (father-in-law)
Dabney Carr (brother-in-law)
Dabney Carr (nephew)
← John Adams
James Madison →
Category
[show]
v
t
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James Madison
4th President of the United States (1809–1817)
5th U.S. Secretary of State (1801–1809)
United States House of Representatives (1789–1797)
Congress of the Confederation (1781–1783)
Virginia House of Delegates (1776–1779, 1784–1786)
"Father of the
Constitution"
Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution
1786 Annapolis Convention
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Plan
Constitution of the United States
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
The Federalist Papers
written by Madison
No. 10
No. 51
Virginia Ratifying Convention
United States Bill of Rights
27th amendment
Constitution drafting and ratification timeline
Founding Fathers
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Tecumseh's War
Battle of Tippecanoe
War of 1812
origins
Burning of Washington
The Octagon House
Treaty of Ghent
Seven Buildings residence
results
Second Barbary War
Era of Good Feelings
Second Bank of the United States
State of the Union Address (1810
1814
1815
1816)
Cabinet
Federal judiciary appointments
Other noted
accomplisments
Co-founder, American Whig Society
Supervised the Louisiana Purchase
Anti-Administration party
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Democratic-Republican Party
First Party System
republicanism
Library of Congress
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Report of 1800
Other writings
The Papers of James Madison
Life
Early life and career
Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace
Montpelier
Elections
U.S. House of Representatives election, 1789
1790
1792
1794
U.S. presidential election, 1808
1812
Legacy and
popular culture
James Madison Memorial Building
James Madison University
James Madison College
Madison, Wisconsin
Madison Square
Madison River
Madison Street
U.S. postage stamps
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
James Madison Freedom of Information Award
James Madison Award
James Madison Institute
A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
Liberty's Kids (2002 miniseries)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
Marbury v. Madison
National Gazette
Paul Jennings
Madisonian Model
American Philosophical Society
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Family
Dolley Madison (wife)
John Payne Todd (stepson)
James Madison, Sr. (father)
Nelly Conway Madison (mother)
William Madison (brother)
Ambrose Madison (paternal grandfather)
James Madison (cousin)
George Madison (paternal second-cousin)
Thomas Madison (paternal second-cousin)
John Madison (great-grandfather)
Lucy Washington (sister-in-law)
← Thomas Jefferson
James Monroe →
Category
[show]
v
t
e
George Mason
United States
Founding events
Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
"All men are created equal"
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
Freedom of the press
Freedom of religion
Consent of the governed
Baseless search and seizure
Cruel and unusual punishments
Speedy trial
1776 Virginia Constitution
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
history
Founding Father
Writings inspired
1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France)
1789 United States Bill of Rights
Life
Chopawamsic plantation
Gunston Hall
On slavery
Ohio Company
Legacy
George Mason Memorial
George Mason University
George Mason Stadium
George Mason Memorial Bridge
George Mason High School
18-cent postage stamp
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Revolution
patriots
Wilson v. Mason
Hollin Hall
Woodbridge plantation
Mason's Island
Family
George Mason V (son)
William Mason (son)
Thomson Mason (son)
John Mason (son)
Thomas Mason (son)
George Mason III (father)
Thomson Mason (brother)
George Mason II (grandfather)
[show]
v
t
e
Robert Morris
United States Senator, Pennsylvania, 1789–1795
Superintendent of Finance of the United States, 1781–1784
Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778
United States
Founding events
Financier of the American Revolution
Signed, Declaration of Independence
Signed, Articles of Confederation
Signed, United States Constitution
1776 Model Treaty
Committee of Secret Correspondence, Second Continental Congress
Chairman, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety
U.S. Superintendent of Finance
Agent of the Marine
Bank of North America
Philadelphia as U.S. capital city, 1790–1800
Residence Act
President's House
Other events
Willing, Morris & Co. (Slavery)
Use of the dollar sign
Newburgh Conspiracy
Empress of China merchant ship
Old China Trade
Phelps and Gorham Purchase
Life
Early life
Summerseat home
1788 U.S. Senate election
Panic of 1796–97
Christ Church, Philadelphia, burial site
Legacy
Robert Morris University, Pennsylvania
Robert Morris University, Illinois
Robert Morris statue, Philadelphia
Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington
Heald Square Monument, Chicago
Mount Morris, New York
village
dam
Morrisville, Pennsylvania
Related
Founding Fathers
Thomas Willing
USS Alfred
Family
Thomas Morris (son)
Bishop William White (brother-in-law)
[show]
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Thomas Paine
Writings
Common Sense (January 1776)
The American Crisis (December 1776)
Rights of Man (March 1791, February 1792)
The Age of Reason (1794, 1795, 1807)
Agrarian Justice (1797)
Life
Early life
Member, French National Convention
1792 Rights of Man trial
Designed, Sunderland Bridge (1796)
Thomas Paine Cottage
Legacy
Thomas Paine National Historical Association
Memorial Museum
Thomas Paine Monument, New Rochelle, New York
Institute of Thomas Paine Studies
U.S. postage stamp
In Lambeth (1989 play)
Liberty! (1997 documentary miniseries)
A New World: A Life of Thomas Paine (2009 play)
Related
American Revolution
French Revolution
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
Deism
Founding Fathers
Revolution Controversy
Headstrong Club
Commons
Wikibooks
Wikiquote
Wikisource texts
[show]
v
t
e
George Washington
1st President of the United States, 1789–1797
Senior Officer of the Army, 1798–1799
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783
Second Continental Congress, 1775
First Continental Congress, 1774
Military career
Revolutionary War
Military career
French and Indian War
Jumonville Glen
Battle of Fort Necessity
Forbes Expedition
Washington and the American Revolution
Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
Aides-de-Camp
Washington's headquarters
Boston campaign
Siege of Boston
New York and New Jersey campaign
Delaware River crossing
Battle of Trenton
Philadelphia campaign
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of White Marsh
Valley Forge
Battle of Monmouth
Battles of Saratoga
Sullivan Expedition
Yorktown campaign
Siege of Yorktown
Culper spy ring
Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh letter
Badge of Military Merit
Purple Heart
Horses: Nelson and Blueskin
Other U.S.
founding events
1769 Virginia Association
Continental Association
1774 Fairfax Resolves
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Presidency
United States presidential election, 1788–89
1792
First inauguration
inaugural bible
Second inauguration
Title of "Mr. President"
Cabinet of the United States
Secretary of State
Attorney General
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
Judiciary Act of 1789
Nonintercourse Act
Whiskey Rebellion
Militia Acts of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Proclamation of Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1794
Jay Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty
Slave Trade Act of 1794
Residence Act
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Farewell Address
State of the Union Address 1790
1791
1792
1793
1796
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Views and
public image
Presidential library
The Washington Papers
Religious views
Washington and slavery
Town Destroyer
Legacy
Life and homes
Early life
Birthplace
Ferry Farm boyhood home
Mount Vernon
Gristmill
Woodlawn Plantation
Samuel Osgood House, First Presidential Mansion
Alexander Macomb House, Second Presidential Mansion
President's House, Philadelphia
Germantown White House
Custis estate
Potomac Company
James River and Kanawha Canal
Mountain Road Lottery
Congressional Gold Medal
Thanks of Congress
President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Washington College
Washington and Lee University
Electoral history of George Washington
Memorials and
depictions
Washington, D.C.
Washington state
Washington Monument
Mount Rushmore
Washington's Birthday
Purple Heart
The Apotheosis of Washington
George Washington (Houdon)
George Washington (Ceracchi)
George Washington (Trumbull)
Washington Crossing the Delaware
General George Washington at Trenton
Washington at Verplanck's Point
Unfinished portrait
Lansdowne portrait
The Washington Family portrait
Washington at Princeton painting
Point of View sculpture
George Washington University
Washington University
Washington Masonic National Memorial
George Washington Memorial Parkway
George Washington Bridge
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Washington Monument, Baltimore
Washington, D.C. statue
List of memorials
U.S. Postage stamps
Washington-Franklin Issues
1932 bicentennial
Currency
Washington quarter
Washington dollar
Cultural depictions
George Washington (1984 miniseries
1986 sequel)
Related
Bibliography
Founding Fathers of the United States
Republicanism
Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Virginia dynasty
Coat of arms
Cherry-tree anecdote
River Farm
Washington's Crossing
1751 Barbados trip
Category
Syng inkstand
General of the Armies
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
Ancestry
and family
Martha Washington (wife)
John Parke Custis (stepson)
George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
Augustine Washington (father)
Mary Ball (mother)
Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
Bushrod Washington (nephew)
John Adams →
Category
[show]
v
t
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Historical documents of the United States
[show]
Constitution
Preamble
& Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin (State Domestic Institutions)
Child Labor
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
See also
List of Constitutional Amendments
Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–10)
Reconstruction Amendments (Amendments 13–15)
Amendment proposals in Congress
Conventions to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bill of credit
Case or Controversy
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Exceptions
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Free Exercise
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Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility (Emolument)
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
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Recommendation
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Speedy Trial
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Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
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Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Signatories
Convention President
George Washington
New Hampshire
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Connecticut
William Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman
New York
Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey
William Livingston
David Brearley
William Paterson
Jonathan Dayton
Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robert Morris
George Clymer
Thomas Fitzsimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouverneur Morris
Delaware
George Read
Gunning Bedford Jr.
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jacob Broom
Maryland
James McHenry
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
John Blair
James Madison
North Carolina
William Blount
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson
South Carolina
John Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler
Georgia
William Few
Abraham Baldwin
Convention Secretary
William Jackson
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
[show]
Declaration of Independence
Primary author
Thomas Jefferson
Signatories
President of Congress
John Hancock (Massachusetts)
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New York
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Delaware
George Read
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
Maryland
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Thomas Lynch Jr.
Arthur Middleton
Georgia
Button Gwinett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
See also
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Lee Resolution
Committee of Five
Document's history
signing
portrait
Second Continental Congress
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
American Revolution
[show]
Articles of Confederation
Signatories
Primary drafter
John Dickinson
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.
Massachusetts
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten
Rhode Island
William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams
New York
James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris
New Jersey
John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed
Delaware
Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke
Maryland
John Hanson
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee
North Carolina
John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams
South Carolina
Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Georgia
John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy
See also
Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation
American Revolution
Perpetual Union
[show]
Continental Association
Signatories
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph
New Hampshire
John Sullivan
Nathaniel Folsom
Massachusetts Bay
Thomas Cushing
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
Samuel Ward
Connecticut
Eliphalet Dyer
Roger Sherman
Silas Deane
New York
Isaac Low
John Alsop
John Jay
James Duane
Philip Livingston
William Floyd
Henry Wisner
Simon Boerum
New Jersey
James Kinsey
William Livingston
Stephen Crane
Richard Smith
John De Hart
Pennsylvania
Joseph Galloway
John Dickinson
Charles Humphreys
Thomas Mifflin
Edward Biddle
John Morton
George Ross
The Lower Counties
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
George Read
Maryland
Matthew Tilghman
Thomas Johnson, Junr
William Paca
Samuel Chase
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
George Washington
Patrick Henry, Junr
Richard Bland
Benjamin Harrison
Edmund Pendleton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
Richard Caswell
South Carolina
Henry Middleton
Thomas Lynch
Christopher Gadsden
John Rutledge
Edward Rutledge
See also
Virginia Association
First Continental Congress
Carpenters' Hall
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States&oldid=801569241"
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