text:
Morant Bay rebellion
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Statue of Paul Bogle in Morant Bay, Jamaica
The Morant Bay rebellion (11 October 1865) began with a protest march to the courthouse by hundreds of peasants led by preacher Paul Bogle in Morant Bay, Jamaica. Some were armed with sticks and stones. After seven men were shot and killed by the volunteer militia, the protesters attacked and burned the court house and nearby buildings. A total of 25 people died. Over the next two days, peasants rose up across St. Thomas-in-the-East parish and controlled most of the area.
The Jamaicans were protesting injustice and widespread poverty. Most freedmen were prevented from voting by high poll taxes, and their living conditions had worsened following crop damage by floods, cholera and smallpox epidemics, and a long drought. A few days before, when police tried to arrest a man for disrupting a trial, a fight broke out against them by spectators. Officials had issued a warrant for the arrest of preacher Bogle.
Governor Edward John Eyre declared martial law in the area, ordering in troops to hunt down the rebels. They killed many innocent black individuals, including women and children, with an initial death toll of more than 400. Troops arrested more than 300 persons, including Bogle. Many of these were also innocent but were quickly tried and executed under martial law; both men and women were punished by whipping and long sentences. This was the most severe suppression of unrest in the history of the British West Indies.[1] The governor had George William Gordon, a mixed-race representative of the parish in the Assembly, arrested in Kingston and brought back to Morant Bay, where he tried the politician under martial law. Gordon was quickly convicted and executed.
The violent suppression and numerous executions generated a fierce debate in England, with some protesting about the unconstitutional actions of the governor John Eyre, and others praising him for his response to a crisis. The rebellion and its suppression remain controversial, and it is frequently debated by specialists in black and colonial studies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Rebellion and response
3 Aftermath
3.1 Consequences in Britain
3.2 In Jamaica
4 Legacy
4.1 The Rebellion in popular culture
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Background[edit]
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Slavery ended in Jamaica on 1 August 1834, with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 which, after four years of "apprenticeship," would lead to full emancipation on 1 August 1838. This was the date on which former slaves became free to choose their employment and employer. On paper, former slaves gained the right to vote. However, most blacks remained desperately poor, and requirements to pay a high poll tax effectively excluded them from enfranchisement.
During the election of 1864, fewer than 2,000 black Jamaican men were eligible to vote (no women could vote at the time) out of a total population of more than 436,000, in which blacks outnumbered whites by a ratio of 32:1. Prior to the rebellion, conditions in Jamaica had been worsening for freedmen. In 1864 there were several floods which ruined many crops, whilst 1865 marked the end of a decade in which the island had been overwhelmed by plagues of cholera and smallpox. A two-year drought preceding 1865 made economic conditions worse for much of the population of former slaves and their descendants. Several bankruptcies were declared in the sugar industry, causing a loss of jobs and widening the economic void.[2] Consequently tensions between white farmers and ex-slaves increased, and rumours began circulating among the freedmen that white planters intended to restore slavery.
In 1865, Dr. Edward Underhill, Secretary of the Baptist Missionary Society of Great Britain, wrote a letter to the Colonial Office in London in order to describe Jamaica's poor state of affairs for the mass of people. This letter was later shown to Jamaica's Governor John Eyre, who immediately tried to deny the truth of its statements. Jamaica's poor blacks learned of the letter and began organizing in "Underhill Meetings." Peasants in Saint Ann parish sent a petition to Queen Victoria asking for Crown lands to cultivate, saying they could not find land for themselves. It sent to Eyre first, and he enclosed a letter with his own comments.
The Queen's reply was made known, and many of the poor believed that Eyre had influenced her opinion: she encouraged the poor to work harder, rather than offering any help. George William Gordon, a wealthy mixed-race politician who was one of two representatives from parish of St. Thomas-in-the-East, began encouraging the people in his parish to find ways to make their grievances known.
One of his followers was a black Baptist deacon named Paul Bogle. In 1865 Bogle led a deputation of peasants from St. Thomas-in-the-East to the capital, Spanish Town, hoping to meet with the governor, John Eyre to discuss issues. But the governor refused to receive them.[1]
The British population in Jamaica, like whites in other Caribbean colonies, remembered the widespread massacres and violence against whites that accompanied the Haitian Revolution. The slaves achieved independence in 1804. The whites were often fearful that the mass of black Jamaicans, ex-slaves and poor, would also rise up in violence against the white elite.
Rebellion and response[edit]
On 7 October 1865, a black man was put on trial, convicted and imprisoned for trespassing on a long-abandoned sugar plantation, a charge and sentence that angered black Jamaicans. During the proceedings, James Geoghegon, a black spectator, disrupted the trial in Morant Bay. In the police's attempts to seize him and remove him from the courthouse, a fight broke out between the police and other spectators. While pursuing Geoghegon, the two policemen were beaten with sticks and stones from the crowd.[3] The following Monday the court issued arrest warrants for several men for rioting, resisting arrest, and assaulting the police. Among those with warrants out was preacher Paul Bogle.
A few days later on 11 October, Bogle marched with hundreds of Jamaican peasant-labourers to Morant Bay. They had taken oaths before marching, to "cleave to the black and leave the white," a sign that they were preparing for insurrection. Gad Heuman argues shows that oath taking in African tradition was a way to bring the group together and prepare for war.[1] When the group arrived at the court house in Morant Bay, they were met by local officials and a small and inexperienced volunteer militia, gathered from personnel from the plantations. The crowd began pelting the militia with rocks and sticks, and the militia opened fire on the protesters. More than 25 people were killed on both sides, before the militia retreated. For the next two days, the mass of rebellious black peasants took over the parish of St. Thomas-in-the-East.[1]
In response, Governor John Eyre sent government troops, under Brigadier-General Alexander Nelson,[4] to hunt down the poorly armed rebels and bring Bogle back to Morant Bay for trial. The troops met with no organized resistance, but they killed blacks indiscriminately, most of whom had not been involved in either the riot at the courthouse or the later rebellion. Heuman has described it as a reign of terror.[1]
According to one soldier, "we slaughtered all before us… man or woman or child". In the end, the soldiers killed 439 black Jamaicans directly, and they arrested 354 more (including Paul Bogle), who were later executed, many without proper trials. Bogle was executed "either the same evening he was tried or the next morning."[5] Other punishments included flogging of more than 600 men and women (including some pregnant women), and long prison sentences. The soldiers burned thousands of homes belonging to black Jamaicans without any justifiable reason, leaving families homeless throughout the parish. This was the most severe suppression of unrest in the history of the British West Indies, exceeding incidents during slavery years.[1]
Believing that the blacks could not have planned such events themselves (as he shared the widespread white assumption of the time that they were not capable of it),[1] Governor John Eyre had representative George William Gordon arrested. The mixed-race Jamaican businessman and politician was wealthy and well-known; he was openly critical of the governor and his policies. Eyre believed that Gordon had been behind the rebellion. Despite having very little to do with it, Gordon was quickly convicted and executed. Though he was arrested in Kingston, where martial law had not been declared, Eyre had him transferred to Morant Bay, where he could be tried under martial law.
The trial and execution of Gordon via martial law, following the excesses of suppressing the rebellion, added to the outrage felt by many in Britain. They felt there were serious constitutional issues by Eyre's bringing Gordon under martial law. They were concerned about whether British dependencies should be ruled under the government of law, or through military license.[6] With a speedy trial, Gordon was convicted quickly and hanged on 23 October, just two days after his trial had begun. He and William Bogle, Paul's brother, "were both tried together, and executed at the same time."[citation needed]
Aftermath[edit]
Consequences in Britain[edit]
When news of the Jamaican government's response to the rebellion broke in Britain, with hundreds killed and hundreds more arrested and being executed, it generated fierce debate. Public figures of different political affiliations lined up to support or oppose Governor Eyre's actions. Part of the controversy related to whether observers believed that blacks had planned the uprising on their own, or whether George Willian Gordon and possibly whites had led them.[1]
Opponents of Eyre established the Jamaica Committee in 1866, which called for Eyre to be tried for mass murder. More radical members of the Committee wanted him tried for the murder of British subjects, such as George William Gordon, under the rule of law, stating that Eyre's actions taken under the aegis of martial law were illegal. The Committee included English liberals, such as John Bright, Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Henry Huxley, Thomas Hughes and Herbert Spencer. Other notable members included Leslie Stephen, James Fitzjames Stephen, Frederic Harrison, Charles Buxton, Goldwin Smith, Charles Lyell, Edmond Beales, Frederick Chesson, Edward Frankland, Thomas Hill Green and Henry Fawcett.
Governor Eyre Defense and Aid Committee, in support of Eyre, was set up by Thomas Carlyle. It included Alfred Tennyson, Charles Kingsley, Charles Dickens, John Ruskin and John Tyndall. When Eyre returned to Britain in August 1866, his supporters held a banquet in his honour, while opponents at a protest meeting the same evening condemned him as a murderer.
Twice Eyre was charged with murder, but the cases never proceeded to trial.
In Jamaica[edit]
Some historians have argued that the Morant Bay uprising was no more than a local riot, but in its wake the Jamaican House of Assembly renounced its charter. The national government made Jamaica a Crown Colony, under direct rule by Great Britain.
Legacy[edit]
In 1969 Paul Bogle and George William Gordon were among several men who were named as Jamaican National Heroes, the highest honour in the nation.
The Rebellion in popular culture[edit]
Several Jamaicans in the first half of the 20th century wrote about the Rebellion:
H. G. de Lisser, long-time editor of the newspaper The Gleaner, wrote a novel entitled Revenge (1918). It is now out of print.
Roger Mais, best known for his 1954 Rastafarian novel Brother Man, wrote the play George William Gordon. About the mixed-race politician[1] who was tried under martial law and executed following the Rebellion, the play was first staged in 1938.
V. S. Reid devoted his novel New Day (1949) to commemorating the rebellion.
Non-Jamaican authors have also treated the Morant Bay Rebellion. It is the subject of a chapter of the novel Caribbean (1989) by American James Michener.
It is also a setting for part of the novel James Miranda Barry (1999) by Patricia Duncker. (It was reissued in paperback as The Doctor: A Novel in 2002.)
The rebellion is also cited in the short story L'alfier nero (i.e. The Black Bishop in the game of chess) by the Italian author Arrigo Boito, where it is mistaken for a slave rebellion.
The rebellion has been featured in music as well. Reggae artists Third World featured the title track "1865 (96° In The Shade)" on their second album in 1977; the song described the events of the Morant Bay rebellion from the point of view of Paul Bogle and George William Gordon:
"You caught me on the loose, fighting to be free, now you show me a noose on a cotton tree, entertainment for you, martyrdom for me...Some may suffer and some may burn, but I know that one day my people will learn, as sure as the sun shines, way up in the sky, today I stand here a victim--the truth is I'll never die."[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Clinton Hutton, "Review: 'The Killing Time': The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica by GAD Heuman, Social and Economic Studies Vol. 44, No. 1 (MARCH 1995), pp. 191-205, published by Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of the West Indies; via JSTOR; accessed 13 July 2016
Jump up ^ Holt, Thomas (1992). The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 263.
Jump up ^ Holt (1992), p. 295
Jump up ^ "Alexander Nelson" at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Jump up ^ "The Jamaica Prosecutions. Further Examinations of Colonel Nelson and Lieutenant Brand," The Illustrated Police News: Law-Courts and Weekly Record (London), 23 February 1867: 1.
Jump up ^ Semmel, Bernard (1962). The Governor Eyre Controversy. London: MacGibbon & Kee. p. 128.
Jump up ^ Mel Cooke, "Story of the song - Third World keeps '1865' current" Archived 23 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Jamaica Gleaner, 20 January 2008.
Further reading[edit]
Black, Clinton V., History of Jamaica, London: Collins Educational, 1958 (esp. Chapter 17 "Morant Bay Rebellion"). ISBN 0-00-329345-9
Semmel, Bernard, The Governor Eyre Controversy, Macgibbon & Kee, 1962. Also published as Jamaican Blood and Victorian Conscience. The Governor Eyre Controversy (1963), and as Democracy versus Empire: The Jamaica Riots of 1865 and the Governor Eyre Controversy(1969).
Brathwaite, Edward, and Phillips, Anthony, The People Who Came: Book 3, Jamaica: Longman Caribbean, 1988.
Fergusson, James, The Story of the Caribbean People, Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 1999.
Holt, Thomas C. 1992. The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938; see chapters 7-8 for full description.
Heuman, Gad. "The Killing Time": The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica, Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
Honychurch, Lennox. The Caribbean People. Nelson Thornes, 2006.
Kostal, R. W. A Jurisprudence of Power: Victorian Empire and the Rule of Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Robotham, Don. "The Notorious Riot": The Socio-Economic and Political Bases of Paul Bogle's Revolt, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1981.
Morrison, Doreen. Slavery's Heroes: George Liele and the Ethiopian Baptists of Jamaica 1783 - 1865. 2014. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1500657574.
External links[edit]
Jamaica History – The Jamaica National Heritage Trust.
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United States Secret Service
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
U.S. Secret Service
Common name
Secret Service
Abbreviation
USSS
Seal of the U.S. Secret Service
Badge of a Secret Service Agent
Flag of the U.S. Secret Service
Agency overview
Formed
July 5, 1865; 152 years ago (1865-07-05)
Employees
7,000+ (2017)
Annual budget
$2.2 billion (2017)
Legal personality
Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
General nature
Law enforcement
Civilian agency
Operational structure
Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Agency executives
Randolph Alles, Director[1]
William Callahan, Deputy Director
Parent agency
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2003–present)
U.S. Department of the Treasury (1865–2003)
Facilities
Field and resident offices
116
Overseas offices
20
Website
www.SecretService.gov
The United States Secret Service ("USSS" or "Secret Service") is a premier federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.[2] Until 2003, the Service was part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, as the agency was originally founded to combat the then-widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency.[3]
The U.S. Secret Service is tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions:
Investigative Mission – Safeguarding the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and computer-based crimes, including but not limited to counterfeit U.S. currency, identity theft, access device fraud, cyber crimes, network intrusions, ransomware, business email compromise, bank fraud, and illicit financing operations. The Secret Service is a key member of the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) which investigates and combats terrorism on a national and international scale. The Service also investigates missing and exploited children.[4]
Protective Mission – Ensuring the safety of the President of the United States, the Vice President of the United States, the President’s and Vice President’s immediate families, former presidents, their spouses and their minor children under the age of 16, foreign heads of state, major presidential and vice presidential candidates and their spouses. The Service is also the lead agency for the design and operational security of events designated as National Special Security Events. As part of the Secret Service’s mission of preventing an incident before it occurs, the agency relies on meticulous advance work and threat assessments developed by its Intelligence Division to identify potential risks to protectees.[5]
The Secret Service's initial responsibility was to investigate the counterfeiting of U.S. currency, which was rampant following the U.S. Civil War. The agency then evolved into the United States' first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Many of the agency's missions were later taken over by subsequent agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), and IRS Criminal Investigation Division (IRS).
Contents
[hide]
1 Dual mission
2 History
2.1 Early years
2.2 20th century
2.2.1 Taft assassination attempt
2.2.2 1950s
2.2.3 1960s
2.2.4 1980s
2.2.5 1990s
2.3 21st century
2.3.1 2000s
2.3.1.1 September 11 attacks
2.3.1.2 Domestic expansion
2.3.1.3 International expansion
2.3.2 2010s
3 Attacks on presidents
4 Significant investigations
5 Structure
6 Special Agent
7 Uniformed Division Officer
8 Special Officer
9 Weapons and equipment
9.1 Previous firearms
9.2 Current weapons
9.3 Communications
9.4 Vehicles
9.5 Attire
10 Field offices
11 Misconduct
12 In popular culture
12.1 Films
12.2 Television
12.3 Video games
13 Similar federal law enforcement agencies
14 See also
15 References
16 Bibliography
17 Further reading
18 External links
Dual mission[edit]
Secret Service agents conducting electronic investigations.
Secret Service agents protecting the President George W. Bush in 2007.
Secret Service Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Task Force (AFMLTF).
Secret Service Cyber Intelligence Center (CIS).
The Secret Service is mandated by Congress to carry out a unique dual mission: safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States, and protecting the nation’s leaders. The two core missions of investigations and protection synergize with the other, providing crucial benefits to special agents during the course of their careers. Skills developed during the course of investigations which are also used in an agent’s protective duties include but are not limited to:
Proficiency in analyzing handwriting and forgery techniques being applied in protective investigations of handwritten letters and suspicious package threats.
Expertise in investigating electronic and financial crimes being applied in protective investigations of threats made against the nation's leaders on the Internet.
Tactical operation (i.e. surveillance, arrests, and search warrants) and law enforcement writing (i.e. affidavits, after action reports, and operations plans) skills being applied to both investigative and protective duties.
Partnerships that are created between field offices and local law enforcement during the course of investigations being used to gather both protective intelligence and in coordinating protection events.
The agency's primary investigative mission is to protect the payment and financial systems of the United States from such crimes as financial institution fraud, computer and telecommunications fraud, false identification documents, access device fraud, advance fee fraud, electronic funds transfers and money laundering as it relates to the agency's core violations.
After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States. Protection remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service.
The Secret Service is authorized by law to protect:[6]
The President, Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President, should the Vice Presidency be vacant), President-elect and Vice President-elect
The immediate families of the above individuals
Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes (except when the spouse divorces or remarries), under the Former Presidents Act. From 1997 until 2013, legislation was in place limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents and their spouses to a period of 10 years from the date the former President leaves office. President Barack Obama signed legislation on January 10, 2013, reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection.[7][8][9]
The widow or widower of a former President who dies in office or dies within a year of leaving office for a period of one year after the President's death (the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time)
Children of former Presidents until age 16 or 10 years after the presidency
Former Vice Presidents, their spouses, and their children under 16 years of age, for up to 6 months from the date the former Vice President leaves office (the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time)
Visiting heads of states or governments and their spouses traveling with them
Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad, as directed by the President
Major presidential and vice presidential candidates[10]
The spouses of major presidential and vice presidential candidates (within 120 days of a general presidential election)
Other individuals as designated per executive order of the President
National Special Security Events, when designated as such by the Secretary of Homeland Security
Any of these individuals may decline Secret Service protection except the President, the Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President), the President-elect, and the Vice President-elect.[6]
When Hillary Clinton became Secretary of State in 2009, the Secret Service continued to protect her at home; however the Diplomatic Security Service protected her while she was performing her duties as the Secretary of State, including foreign travel.
The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents each year of individuals threatening the President of the United States.
In the face of budget pressure, hiring challenges and some high-profile lapses in its protective service role in 2014, the Brookings Institution and some members of Congress are asking whether the agency's focus should shift more to the protective mission, leaving more of its original mission to other agencies.[11][12]
History[edit]
Former USSS badge, used from 1875 to 1890.
Former USSS badge, used from 1890 to 1971.
Early years[edit]
With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time,[13] the Secret Service was created on July 5, 1865 in Washington, D.C., to suppress counterfeit currency. Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D.C. as the "Secret Service Division" of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting. The legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincoln's desk the night he was assassinated.[14] At the time, the only other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Park Police, the U.S. Post Office Department's Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations (now known as the United States Postal Inspection Service), and the U.S. Marshals Service. The Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction, so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection. A year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving, in a road accident while riding in the presidential carriage.
The Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) upon the FBI's creation in 1908.
The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II.[15] The U.S. Secret Service is not a part of the U.S. Intelligence Community.[16]
20th century[edit]
Former USSS badge, used from 1971 to 2003.
Taft assassination attempt[edit]
In 1909, President William H. Taft agreed to meet with Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico.[17] But the historic summit resulted in serious assassination threats and other security concerns for the then small Secret Service, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, BOI agents, U.S. marshals, and an additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, were all called in by Chief John Wilkie to provide added security.[18][19] On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.[20] Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger, Private C.R. Moore, and the two men captured and disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft, preventing the shooting of both Presidents.[21]
1950s[edit]
In 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman. Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, killing Torresola with a single shot to his head. As of 2017[update], Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt (Special Agent Tim McCarthy stepped in front of President Ronald Reagan during the assassination attempt of March 30, 1981, and took a bullet to the abdomen but made a full recovery). Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979.
1960s[edit]
In 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees.[22] In 1965 and 1968, Congress also authorized lifetime protection of the spouses of deceased presidents unless they remarry and of the children of former presidents until age 16.[3]
1980s[edit]
The Secret Service Presidential Protective Division safeguards the President of the United States and his immediate family. They work with other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and the military to safeguard the President when he travels in Air Force One, Marine One and by limousine in motorcades.
Although the most visible role of the Secret Service today, personal protection is an anomaly in the responsibilities of an agency focused on fraud and counterfeiting.
In 1984, the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act, which extended the Secret Service's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud.
1990s[edit]
Secret Service information technology analysis.
In 1990, the Secret Service initiated Operation Sundevil, which they originally intended as a sting against malicious hackers, allegedly responsible for disrupting telephone services across the entire United States. The operation, which was later described by Bruce Sterling in his book The Hacker Crackdown, affected a great number of people unrelated to hacking, and led to no convictions. The Secret Service, however, was sued and required to pay damages.
In 1994 and 1995, it ran an undercover sting called Operation Cybersnare.[23] The Secret Service has concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI over certain violations of federal computer crime laws. They have created 24 Electronic Crimes Task Forces (ECTFs) across the United States. These task forces are partnerships between the Service, federal/state and local law enforcement, the private sector and academia aimed at combating technology-based crimes.
In 1998, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 62, which established National Special Security Events (NSSE). That directive made the Secret Service responsible for security at designated events. In 1999, the United States Secret Service Memorial Building was dedicated in DC, granting the agency its first headquarters. Prior to this, the agency's different departments were based in office space around the DC area.[24]
21st century[edit]
2000s[edit]
September 11 attacks[edit]
The New York City Field office was located at 7 World Trade Center. Immediately after the World Trade Center was attacked as part of the September 11 attacks, Special Agents and other New York Field office employees were among the first to respond with first aid. Sixty-seven Special Agents in New York City, at and near the New York Field Office, helped to set up triage areas and evacuate the towers. One Secret Service employee, Master Special Officer Craig Miller,[25] died during the rescue efforts. On August 20, 2002, Director Brian L. Stafford awarded the Director's Valor Award to employees who assisted in the rescue attempts.[26]
Domestic expansion[edit]
Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Force (ECTF).
Effective March 1, 2003, the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security.
The USA Patriot Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York. As such, this mandate expanded on the agency's first ECTF—the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force, formed in 1995—which brought together federal, state and local law enforcement, prosecutors, private-industry companies, and academia. These bodies collectively provide necessary support and resources to field investigations that meet any one of the following criteria: significant economic or community impact; participation of organized criminal groups involving multiple districts or transnational organizations; or use of schemes involving new technology.[27][28]
The network prioritizes investigations that meet the following criteria:
Significant economic or community impact,
Participation of multiple-district or transnational organized criminal groups,
Use of new technology as a means to commit crime.
Investigations conducted by ECTFs include crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency; bank fraud; virus and worm proliferation; access device fraud; telecommunications fraud; Internet threats; computer system intrusions and cyber-attacks; phishing/spoofing; assistance with Internet-related child pornography and exploitation; and identity theft.[29]
The network includes ECTFs in the following 28 U.S. cities:
Atlanta
Baltimore
Birmingham
Boston
Buffalo
Charlotte
Chicago
Cleveland
Columbia
Dallas
Houston
Kansas City[30]
Las Vegas
Los Angeles
Louisville
Memphis[31]
Miami
Minneapolis
New Orleans[30]
New York/New Jersey
Oklahoma City
Orlando
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
San Francisco
Seattle
St. Louis[30]
Washington, D.C.
International expansion[edit]
On July 6, 2009, the U.S. Secret Service expanded its fight on cyber-crime by creating the first European Electronic Crime Task Force, based on the successful U.S. domestic model, through a memorandum of understanding with Italian police and postal officials. Over a year later, on August 9, 2010, the agency expanded its European involvement by creating its second overseas ECTF in the United Kingdom.[32][33]
Both task forces are said to concentrate on a wide range of "computer-based criminal activity," including:
Identity theft
Network intrusions
Other computer-related crimes affecting financial and other critical infrastructures.
The overseas network includes ECTFs in the following European cities:
European Electronic Crime Task Force – Rome, Italy
London, United Kingdom
2010s[edit]
As of 2010, the Service had over 6,500 employees: 3,200 Special Agents, 1,300 Uniformed Division Officers, and 2,000 technical and administrative employees.[34] Special agents serve on protective details and investigate financial, cyber, and homeland security-related crimes.
In September 2014, the United States Secret Service came under criticism following two high-profile incidents involving intruders at the White House. One such intruder entered the East Room of the White House through an unlocked door.[35]
Another incident involved a violation of procedure in which an armed security guard for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention rode in the same elevator as President Barack Obama during a visit to that agency's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to discuss U.S. response to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. The guard used his phone to record a video of Obama and refused to comply with a request to stop.[36] The guard had been arrested multiple times in the past, but had never been convicted of a crime.[37]
Attacks on presidents[edit]
Main article: List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
Secret Service agents in response to the assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. on March 30, 1981
Secret Service agents guard President George W. Bush in 2008.
Since the 1960s, Presidents John F. Kennedy (killed), Gerald Ford (twice attacked, but uninjured) and Ronald Reagan (seriously wounded) have been attacked while appearing in public.[38][39] Agents on scene though not injured during attacks on Presidents include William Greer and Roy Kellerman. One of the agents was Robert DeProspero, the Special Agent In Charge (SAIC) of Reagan's Presidential Protective Division (PPD) from January 1982 to April 1985. DeProspero was deputy to Jerry Parr, the SAIC of PPD during the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981.[40][41]
The Kennedy assassination spotlighted the bravery of two Secret Service agents. First, an agent protecting Mrs. Kennedy, Clint Hill, was riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine when the attack began. While the shooting continued, Hill leapt from the running board of the car he was riding on and jumped onto the back of the President's moving car and guided Mrs. Kennedy from the trunk back into the rear seat of the car. He then shielded the President and the First Lady with his body until the car arrived at the hospital.
Rufus Youngblood was riding in the vice-presidential car. When the shots were fired, he vaulted over the front seat and threw his body over Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.[42] That evening, Johnson called Secret Service Chief James J. Rowley and cited Youngblood's bravery.[43][44] Youngblood would later recall some of this in his memoir, Twenty Years in the Secret Service.
The period following the Kennedy assassination was the most difficult in the modern history of the agency. Press reports indicated that morale among the agents was "low" for months following the assassination.[45][46] The agency overhauled its procedures in the wake of the Kennedy killing. Training, which until that time had been confined largely to "on-the-job" efforts, was systematized and regularized.
The Reagan assassination attempt also highlighted the bravery of several Secret Service agents, particularly agent Tim McCarthy, who spread his stance to protect Reagan as six bullets were being fired by the would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr.[47] McCarthy survived a .22-caliber round in the abdomen. For his bravery, McCarthy received the NCAA Award of Valor in 1982.[48] Jerry Parr, the agent who pushed President Reagan into the limousine, and made the critical decision to divert the presidential motorcade to George Washington University Hospital instead of returning to the White House, was also honored with U.S. Congress commendations for his actions that day.[49] After the near-successful assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan, it was clear that the Secret Service needed to increase its efficiency to protect the President.[citation needed]
Significant investigations[edit]
FBI & Secret Service partnership. (From left to right, Former DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson, Former FBI Director James Comey, Former Secret Service Director Joseph Clancy)
Arrest and indictment of Max Ray Butler, co-founder of the Carders Market carding website. Butler was indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after his September 5, 2007 arrest, on wire fraud and identity theft charges. According to the indictment, Butler hacked over the Internet into computers at financial institutions and credit card processing centers and sold the tens of thousands of credit card numbers that he acquired in the process.[50]
Operation Firewall: In October 2004, 28 suspects—located across eight U.S. states and six countries—were arrested on charges of identity theft, computer fraud, credit-card fraud, and conspiracy. Nearly 30 national and foreign field offices of the U.S. Secret Service, including the newly established national ECTFs, and countless local enforcement agencies from around the globe, were involved in this operation. Collectively, the arrested suspects trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit card numbers, which amounted to $4.3 million of losses to financial institutions. However, authorities estimated that prevented loss to the industry was in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The operation, which started in July 2003 and lasted for more than a year, led investigators to identify three cyber-criminal groups: Shadowcrew, Carderplanet, and Darkprofits.[51]
Arrest and indictment of Albert "Segvec" Gonzalez and 11 individuals; three U.S. citizens, one from Estonia, three from Ukraine, two from the People's Republic of China, one from Belarus, and one known only by an online alias. They were arrested on August 5, 2008, for the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers from major U.S. retailers, including TJX Companies, BJ's Wholesale Club, OfficeMax, Boston Market, Barnes & Noble, Sports Authority, Forever 21, and DSW. Gonzalez, the main organizer of the scheme, was charged with computer fraud, wire fraud, access device fraud, aggravated identity theft, and conspiracy for his leading role in the crime.[52]
Structure[edit]
Ranks of the Secret Service (not inclusive)[citation needed]
Director of Secret Service
Deputy Director
Chief Operating Officer
Chief of Staff
Assistant Director
Deputy Assistant Director
---
Special Agent in Charge (SAIC)
Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAIC)
Assistant to the Special Agent in Charge (ATSAIC)
Supervisory Special Agent (SSA)
Special Agent (SA)
Special Agent[edit]
Secret Service agents conducting a financial crimes investigation. (Est. 2005)
Secret Service agents executing a protective operation.
The Secret Service special agent position is highly competitive. In 2011, the Service accepted less than 1% of its 15,600 special agent applicants.[53] While the Secret Service has always been a popular career path for former military and law enforcement personnel, the Service seeks to hire agents from a diverse range of backgrounds in fulfilling its dual mission, including accountants, lawyers, scientists, engineers, and foreign language specialists.
At a minimum, a prospective agent must be a U.S. citizen, possess a current valid driver's license, be in excellent health and physical condition, possess visual acuity no worse than 20/60 uncorrected, correctable to 20/20 in each eye, and be between the ages of 21 and 37 at the time of appointment.[54] However, preference eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella v. Department of State court decision: OPM Letter.[55]
Prospective agents must also qualify for a TS/SCI (Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance, and undergo an extensive background investigation, to include in-depth interviews, drug screening, medical diagnosis, and full-scope polygraph examination.[54]
Secret Service agent trainees at the James J. Rowley Training Center (RTC).
Secret Service agent trainees practice executing a search warrant.
Special agents receive training in two locations, totaling approximately 7 months. The first phase, the Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) is conducted at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) at Glynco, GA, lasting approximately 12 weeks. The second phase, the Special Agent Training Course (SATC) is conducted at the Secret Service Academy, James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC), just outside Washington, D.C in Laurel, Maryland, lasting approximately 18 weeks.[56]
A typical special agent career path, depending upon performance and promotions that affect individual assignments, begins with the first six to eight years on the job assigned to a field office. Applicants are directed to list their office location preference during the application process, and upon receiving a final job offer, usually have several locations to choose from.[54]
After their field office experience, agents are usually transferred to a protective assignment where they will stay for three to five years. Following their protective assignment, many agents return to a field office for the rest of their careers, or opt for a headquarters based assignment located in Washington, D.C. During their careers, agents also have the opportunity to work overseas in one of the agency's international field offices. This typically requires foreign language training to ensure language proficiency when working alongside the agency's foreign law enforcement counterparts.[54]
Special agents are hired at either the GL-07 or GL-09 level depending on individual qualifications and/or education.[54] They are promoted to the next grade level on a near yearly basis: GL-07, GL-09, GS-11, GS-12, and GS-13 (GL-08 and GS-10 grades are skipped). The full performance grade level for a journeyman agent is GS-13, which a GL-09 agent may reach in as little as three years. GS-13 agents are eligible for competitive promotion to the GS-14, GS-15, and SES grade level, which are supervisory and executive special agent positions. GS-13 agents who wish to remain as field agents and in a non-supervisory capacity continue to advance the GS-13 step level on a regular basis, capping at GS-13 Step-10.
Special agents also qualify for Law Enforcement Availability Pay (LEAP), a type of premium overtime pay which provides agents with an additional 25% bonus pay on top of their salary, given that they work an average workweek of 50 hours as opposed to 40. [57] A newly hired GL-07 and GL-09 agent, and newly promoted GS-11, GS-12, GS-13 Step-1, and GS-13 Step-10 agent living in the San Francisco Bay area and qualifying for LEAP pay, will earn approximately $69k, $77k, $90k, $108k, $129k, and $162k respectively.[58]
Due to the nature of their work and unlike many of their federal law enforcement counterparts (e.g. FBI, DEA, ATF, ICE), Secret Service agents are eligible for scheduled overtime pay in addition to LEAP overtime pay, for hours worked beyond 50 per week, the pay of which is not to exceed level II of the Executive Schedule (currently capped at $187k per year).[59]
Uniformed Division Officer[edit]
Main article: United States Secret Service Uniformed Division
Secret Service officer and his police dog as part of the Emergency Response Team (ERT).
The Secret Service Uniformed Division is a security police similar to the U.S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service and is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C. area. Established in 1922 as the White House Police, this organization was fully integrated into the Secret Service in 1930. In 1970, the protection of foreign diplomatic missions was added to the force's responsibilities, and its name was changed to the Executive Protective Service. The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977.
Secret Service Uniformed Division officers provide protection for the White House Complex, the Vice President's residence, the main Treasury Building and Annex, and foreign diplomatic missions and embassies in the Washington, D.C., area. Additionally, Uniformed Division officers travel in support of presidential, vice presidential and foreign head of state government missions.[60] Officers may, as their careers progress, be selected to participate in one of several specialized units, including the:
Canine Unit: Performing security sweeps and responding to bomb threats and suspicious packages.
Emergency Response Team: Providing a coordinated tactical response for the White House and other protected facilities.
Countersniper Team: Utilizing observation, sighting equipment and high-performance weapons to provide a secure environment for protectees.
Motorcade Support Unit: Providing motorcycle tactical support for official movements of motorcades.
Crime Scene Search Unit: Photographing, collecting and processing physical and latent evidence.
Office of Training: Serving as firearms and classroom instructors or recruiters.
Special Operations Section: Handling special duties and functions at the White House Complex, including conducting the daily congressional and public tours of the White House.[60]
Special Officer[edit]
Secret Service special officers protecting a government facility.
Secret Service special officers (not to be confused with Uniformed Division Officers) are federal agents who work within the Special Agent Division and perform a wide range of security functions and support assignments as part of the protective mission for the Secret Service. Whereas special agents alternate between protection and investigative assignments, special officers are hired only to work protection details. They must have a familiarity with all phases of protective responsibilities sufficient to assist in protective movements, cover designated security posts and drive protective vehicles.
Assignments may include
Maintaining designated protective security posts that control movement of persons into and around multiple Secret Service facilities and associated areas
Inspecting all operational, safety, emergency, and convenience equipment of protective vehicles to ensure peak-operating condition
Driving protective or follow-up vehicles
Monitoring and operating various communications equipment
Using various advanced x-ray screening technologies to detect and identify high-risk items
Special officers are sworn law enforcement officers, and are authorized to make arrests in connection with their official duties. They are classified as federal agents but use "special officer" as their official title much the same way as Deputy US Marshals are special agents but use the title "Deputy US Marshal".
Newly appointed special officers must successfully complete eight (8) weeks of intensive training at the Special Officer Basic Training Course at the Secret Service James J. Rowley Training Center just outside Washington, D.C. The training includes courses such as Criminal Law, Laws of Arrest, Search and Seizure, Control Tactics, Civil Liability, Emergency Medicine, Basic Water Safety, Firearms and Weapons Handling, Radio Communications, Emergency Driving and Physical Fitness Training.
Weapons and equipment[edit]
Secret Secret snipers protect Vice President Mike Pence in Indianapolis, 2017.
Since the agency's inception, a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents.
Previous firearms[edit]
Initially the firearms were privately procured and there was little if any standardization. In the 1930s, the USSS issued the Colt M1911A1 pistol in .45 ACP caliber. In the 1950s and 1960s, Special Agents carried the Smith & Wesson Model 36 and Colt Detective Special .38-Special revolvers.
Following President Kennedy's assassination, USSS Special Agents were authorized to carry the .357 Magnum Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver.
Between 1981 and 1991, the Secret Service issued the Smith & Wesson Model 19 and the Smith & Wesson Model 66 .357 Magnum revolvers, with 2.5-inch barrels all the way up to the 4-inch-barreled models, loaded with hollow-point rounds.
By 1992, the standard issue weapon became the SIG Sauer P228 9mm pistol. This weapon stayed in service through 1999.
The Secret Service replaced the Thompson submachine gun with the Uzi submachine gun in the 1970s. Uzis that the Secret Service used have slightly shorter-than-standard barrels so they could to fit inside the standard size Samsonite briefcases that concealed them. They phased out the Uzi in the mid 1990s and replaced it with the H&K MP5. The Secret Service was the last Federal agency to use the Uzi.
The Counter-Assault Team used the M4 carbine from the early 1990s until 2006, when they replaced it with the SR-15 carbine.
Current weapons[edit]
Secret Service "counter-sniper" marksman on top of the White House's roof, armed with a sniper rifle.
The current sidearm for USSS agents is the SIG Sauer P229 chambered in .357 SIG (which entered service in 1999) or FN Five-seveN chambered in FN 5.7x28mm.
Agents and officers are trained on standard shoulder weapons that include the FN P90 submachine gun,[61] the 9mm Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the 12-gauge Remington 870 shotgun.[61] The agency has initiated a procurement process to ultimately replace the MP5 with a 5.56mm rifle HK416.[62]
As a non-lethal option, Special Agents, Special Officers, and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP baton, and Uniformed Division officers carry pepper spray.
Communications[edit]
The agency uses Motorola XTS and APX radios and surveillance kits in order to maintain communications. These radios are known to use DES encryption keys. When operationally required, members of the Special Operations Division use military grade radios that use Type 1 encryption algorithms.[citation needed]
Vehicles[edit]
When transporting the President in a motorcade, the Secret Service uses a fleet of custom-built armored Cadillac Parade Limousines, the newest and largest version of which is known as "The Beast". Armored Chevrolet Suburbans are also used when logistics require such a vehicle or when a more low profile appearance is required. For official movement the limousine is affixed with U.S. and presidential flags and the presidential seal on the rear doors. For unofficial events the vehicles are left sterile and unadorned.[26]
Attire[edit]
Special Agents and Special Officers of the Secret Service wear attire that is appropriate for their surroundings, in order to blend in as much as possible. In most circumstances, the attire of a close protection shift is a conservative suit, but it can range from a tuxedo to casual clothing as required by the environment. Stereotypically Secret Service agents are often portrayed wearing reflective sunglasses and a communication earpiece. Often their attire is customized to conceal the wide array of equipment worn in service. Agents wear a distinctive lapel pin that identifies them to other agents.[citation needed]
The attire for Uniformed Division Officers includes standard police uniforms or utility uniforms and ballistic/identification vests for members of the countersniper team, Emergency Response Team (ERT), and canine officers. The shoulder patch of the Uniformed Division consists of the U.S. coat of arms on white or black, depending on the garment. Also, the shoulder patch is embroidered with "U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division Police" around the emblem.[63]
Field offices[edit]
Secret Service Field Offices
Main article: List of United States Secret Service field offices
The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies, and the headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Service's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and in Brazil (Brasilia), Bulgaria (Sofia), Canada (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver), Colombia (Bogota), China (Hong Kong), France (Paris, Lyon), Germany (Frankfurt), Italy (Rome), Mexico (Mexico City), Netherlands (The Hague), Romania (Bucharest), Russia (Moscow), South Africa (Pretoria), Spain (Madrid), Thailand (Bangkok), and the United Kingdom (London). The offices in Lyon and The Hague are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol, located in those cities.[64]
Misconduct[edit]
See also: 6th Summit of the Americas § U.S. security misconduct
In April 2012, an incident involving the president's security detail received international press attention. The incident involved 11 agents and personnel from four branches of the U.S. military; they allegedly engaged prostitutes while assigned to protect the U.S. President at the 6th Summit of the Americas in Cartagena, Colombia. As of April 24, 2012, nine employees had resigned or retired.[65][66]
After the incident was publicized, the Secret Service implemented new rules for its personnel.[67][68][69][70] The rules prohibit personnel from visiting "non-reputable establishments"[68] and from consuming alcohol fewer than ten hours before starting work. Additionally, they restrict who is allowed in hotel rooms.[68]
A few weeks later, stories emerged of Secret Service agents hiring strippers and prostitutes prior to Obama's 2011 visit to El Salvador.[71]
In 2015, two inebriated senior service agents drove an official car into the White House complex and collided with a barrier. One of the congressmen in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that investigated that incident was Jason Chaffetz. In September 2015, it was revealed that 18 Secret Service employees or supervisors, including Assistant Director Ed Lowery, accessed an unsuccessful 2003 application by Chaffetz for employment with the agency and discussed leaking the information to the media in retaliation for Chaffetz' investigations of agency misconduct. The confidential personal information was later leaked to The Daily Beast. Agency Director Joe Clancy apologized to Chaffetz and said that disciplinary action would be taken against those responsible.[72]
In March 2017, a member of US Vice President Mike Pence's detail was suspended after he was caught visiting a prostitute at a hotel in Maryland.[73]
In popular culture[edit]
Secret Service agent working President Obama's protection detail.
Films[edit]
Mister 880 (1950): Unlike most films with a Secret Service theme, this one features their anti-counterfeiting role: an agent (Burt Lancaster) tracks down an elderly man (Edmund Gwenn) who counterfeits only small amounts of money.
Suddenly (1954 film): A group of hired assassins take over a house overlooking a rail-station in the small town of Suddenly where the President of the United States is expected to make a stop. The town's sheriff and a team of Secret Service agents work to foil the plot. Stars Frank Sinatra, Sterling Hayden, James Gleason and Nancy Gates.
To Live and Die in L.A. (1985): A Secret Service agent (William L. Petersen) is determined to bring down, by any means necessary, a counterfeiter (Willem Dafoe) who murdered the agent's partner.
Assassination (1987): U.S. Secret Service agent Jay Killion (Charles Bronson) must protect First Lady Lara Royce Craig (Jill Ireland) from a plot on her life.
The Bodyguard (1992): Kevin Costner stars as a former Secret Service agent who is hired as a bodyguard to protect a music star, played by Whitney Houston, from an unknown stalker.
In the Line of Fire (1993): Psychological thriller in which Clint Eastwood plays a Secret Service Agent who had been on the presidential protection detail during the John F. Kennedy assassination. He is now pursuing a deranged former CIA special operations assassin who is intent on killing the current U.S. President.
Guarding Tess (1994): Nicolas Cage plays an agent assigned to guard a former First Lady.
Hackers (1995): Secret Service Agent Richard Gill (Wendell Pierce) is responsible for the pursuit of the young hackers throughout the entire film.
First Kid (1996): Sinbad and Timothy Busfield appear as Secret Service agents in charge of protecting the President's son.
Murder at 1600 (1997): A thriller adaptation starring Wesley Snipes of the novel Murder In The White House by Margaret Truman, daughter of President Truman.
First Target (1999): Daryl Hannah is a Secret Service agent who uncovers a plot involving senior US politicians and rogue Secret Service agents to kill the President whilst on vacation.
Wild Wild West (1999): Action parody starring Will Smith and Kevin Kline as, respectively, U.S. Army Captain James West and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon. Set in 1869, they battle a madman who kidnaps President Ulysses S. Grant as part of his plot to dismember the United States. At the end of the film, President Grant promotes them to Agents #1 and #2 of his new Secret Service.
First Daughter (2004): Katie Holmes as the daughter of the President, who goes to college.
The Sentinel (2006): Thriller starring Michael Douglas, Kiefer Sutherland, and Eva Longoria as Secret Service agents investigating a potential assassination attempt and traitor in the Secret Service.
Vantage Point (2008): An assassination attempt on the President of the United States is seen from a different set of vantage points through the eyes of eight witnesses. Dennis Quaid plays the Secret Service agent pursuing the terrorists.
Olympus Has Fallen (2013): An attempt to destroy and capture the White House and the President of United States, President Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), by a North Korean terrorist leader, Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune) with his commandos. A Secret Service agent, Mike Banning (Gerard Butler), was trapped in the White House (Olympus) and works to save the President. Continued in the sequel London Has Fallen (2016)
White House Down (2013): John Cale (Channing Tatum) is a U.S. Capitol Police officer and is a hopeful candidate for a special agent position at the U.S. Secret Service. Cale attempts to foil a terrorist attack on the White House and save the President from the terrorists.
The Purge: Election Year (2016): Former LAPD sergeant Leo Barnes (Frank Grillo) is the chief of security for a US Senator running for the presidency and hoping to outlaw an annual 12-hour period taking place from March 21 to 22 wherein all crimes are legal. He is later promoted to chief of the Secret Service upon the Senator's victory in the election two months after the final annual Purge.
"Max 2: White House Hero " (2017): Adventure starring Zane Austin where Max, a dog develop a bond.
Television[edit]
The Wild Wild West (1965): A highly popular Western action series, set in the early- to mid- 1870s, starring Robert Conrad and Ross Martin as Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon. West and Gordon pursue a variety of villains across the old west and often report directly to President Ulysses S. Grant. Two reunion telemovies were screened in 1979 and 1980, followed by the film Wild Wild West (above).
24 (2001): Involves many characters and operations within the Secret Service as they protect the presidents throughout the series, most notable Agent Aaron Pierce, played by Glenn Morshower.
House of Cards (2013): Edward Meechum initially serves as a bodyguard to President Frank Underwood when he was Majority Whip but later gets promoted to the Secret Service when Underwood became Vice President (remaining on his detail when he becomes president). During an assassination attempt on President Underwood, Edward Meechum takes a bullet for the president and shoots and kills the gunman before immediately dying from his injuries.
Intelligence (2014): U.S. Secret Service agent Riley Neal (Meghan Ory) is recruited by the U.S. Cyber Command to provide protective services for Cyber Command agent Gabriel Vaughn (Josh Holloway), into whose brain a high-tech microchip has been implanted.
Wayward Pines (2015): After a car crash, U.S. Secret Service agent Ethan Burke (Matt Dillon) wakes up in the mysterious town of Wayward Pines, where the inexplicable happens and from which there is no escape.
Video games[edit]
Resident Evil 4 (2007): Leon S. Kennedy is a Secret Service agent after the events of Resident Evil 2. His mission in the game is to find the President's daughter, who has been kidnapped.
Secret Service (2008): A first-person shooter video game, developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision Value for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360.
Similar federal law enforcement agencies[edit]
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
U.S. Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)
Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID)
U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI)
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
See also[edit]
United States portal
Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics portal
Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Bodyguard
Commander-in-Chief's Guard – The American Revolutionary War unit that also had the dual responsibilities of protecting the Commander-in-Chief and the Continental Army's money.
Secret Service codename
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.secretservice.gov/about/leadership/
Jump up ^ Resse, Shawn (April 16, 2012). "The U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Secret Service History". United States Secret Service. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service: Investigative Mission". Secretservice.gov. Retrieved September 20, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service: Protective Mission". Secretservice.gov. Retrieved September 20, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Code: Title 18, Section 3056".
Jump up ^ Gillman, Todd J. "Obama signs lifetime Secret Service protection for George W. Bush, himself and future presidents". Trail Blazers Blog. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adams, Beckett (January 10, 2013). "President Obama Will Have Secret Service Protection For the Rest of His Life". TheBlaze. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Compton, Ann (January 10, 2013). "Lifetime Secret Service Protection Restored for Presidents Bush and Obama". ABC News. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ USSS. "USSS Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Service: What’s next for the new director | Brookings Institution". Brookings. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Secret Service Recruitment Campaign Amps Up". www.wbur.org. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The United States Secret Service". Clinton2.nara.gov. July 1, 1922. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Petro, Joseph; Jeffrey Robinson (2005). Standing Next to History, An Agent's Life Inside the Secret Service. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-312-33221-1.
Jump up ^ 11 Asian L.J. 147 (2004), Foreword: Sixty Years after the Internment: Civil Rights, Identity Politics, and Racial Profiling; Tamaki, Donald K.
Jump up ^ Intelligence.gov
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Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009, p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Mr. Taft's Peril; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents". Daily Mail. London. October 16, 1909. ISSN 0307-7578.
Jump up ^ Hammond (1935), pp. 565–566
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Jump up ^ Pub.L. 90–331
Jump up ^ "Wireless Industry Salutes U.S. Secret Service". Ctia.org. September 11, 1995. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "History". www.secretservice.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Master Special Officer Craig J. Miller". ODMP.org. The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kessler, Ronald. In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service: Electronic Crimes Task Forces and Working Groups". Secretservice.gov. October 26, 2001. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About the U.S. Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Forces". Secretservice.gov. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Forces" (PDF). US Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved September 24, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b c "U.S. Secret Service Forms Three New Task Forces" (PDF) (Press release). July 10, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Secret Service Forms New Task Force" (PDF) (Press release). February 4, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service Signs Partnership Agreement With Italian Officials Establishing the First European Electronic Crimes Task Force" (PDF) (Press release). July 6, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service Signs Partnership Agreement With United Kingdom Officials Establishing the Second European Electronic Crimes Task Force" (PDF) (Press release). August 9, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service: Frequently Asked Questions". SecretService.gov. January 1, 1997. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Henry, Ed (September 30, 2014). "House intruder entered East Room, used unlocked door". FOX News, Associated Press. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Armed contractor with arrest record was on elevator with Obama in Atlanta". Washington Post. September 30, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael (November 2, 2014). "One Day in an Elevator With Obama, Then Out of a Job". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Elaine Quijano (May 10, 2005). "Secret Service told grenade landed near Bush". CNN.com. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chilcote (January 11, 2006). "Bush grenade attacker gets life". CNN. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Petro, Joseph; Jeffrey Robinson (2005). Standing Next to History, An Agent's Life Inside the Secret Service. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 140–141 & 202–204. ISBN 978-0-312-33221-1.
Jump up ^ "Robert L. DeProspero". WVUAlumni. West Virginia University Alumni Association. 2005. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Johnson Praises Agent's Bravery: Honors Guard Who Shielded Him in Dallas Shooting 'Courage' Is Cited". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 5, 1963. p. 32.
Jump up ^ "The Transfer of Power". Time. November 29, 1963.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (November 27, 1963). "Johnson Says Agent in Dallas Screened Him With His Body". The New York Times. p. 21.
Jump up ^ Youngblood, Rufus (1973). Twenty Years in the Secret Service. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 147–149.
Jump up ^ "Survivor's Guilt: The Secret Service and the Failure to Protect the President".
Jump up ^ "He Took a Bullet for Reagan". CBS News. June 11, 2004. 'In the Secret Service,' [McCarthy] continued, 'we're trained to cover and evacuate the president. And to cover the president, you have to get as large as you can, rather than hitting the deck.'
Jump up ^ By means of the NCAA Award of Valor, the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes "courageous action or noteworthy bravery" by persons involved with intercollegiate athletics. McCarthy had played NCAA football at the University of Illinois.
Jump up ^ Wilber, Del Quentin (2011). Rawhide Down: The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan. Macmillan. ISBN 0-8050-9346-X.
Jump up ^ "Secret Service Investigation Disrupts Identity Theft Ring" (PDF) (Press release). September 13, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Secret Service's Operation Firewall Nets 28 Arrests" (PDF) (Press release). October 28, 2004. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Additional Indictments Announced in Ongoing Secret Service Network Intrusion Investigation" (PDF) (Press release). August 5, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Secret Service Agent Selection Tougher Than Harvard".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Special Agent: Career Path". US Secret Service. Retrieved September 24, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "CHCOC.gov". CHCOC.gov. August 26, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Agent Training".
Jump up ^ "LEAP Pay".
Jump up ^ "LEAP Salary Calculator".
Jump up ^ "Secret Service Agent Overtime Pay".
^ Jump up to: a b "Uniformed Division Careers". This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35th edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
Jump up ^ "Additional Presolicitation Conference for Rifle Requirement – Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities".
Jump up ^ "The American Presidency". Americanhistory.si.edu. March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service Field Office Contact Details". United States Secret Service. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (April 18, 2012). "3 in Scandal Being Forced Out of Secret Service, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ David Jackson; Richard Wolf (April 16, 2012). "Obama: 'Angry' if Secret Service allegations are true". USA Today. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Secret Service amends standards of conduct after KIRO 7 investigation". KIRO-TV. April 27, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Norah O'Donnell; Jillian Hughes (April 27, 2012). "New code of conduct issued for Secret Service agents". CBS News. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (April 27, 2012). "Secret Service Tightens Travel Rules for Its Staff". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ David Nakamura; Ed O'Keefe (April 28, 2012). "Secret Service imposes new rules on agents for foreign trips". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jackson, David (April 26, 2012). "Secret Service investigating more allegations of misconduct". USA Today. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Caldwell, Alicia A., "Investigation: Secret Service tried to discredit US lawmaker", Associated Press/Stars and Stripes, September 30, 2015
Jump up ^ Landers, Elizabeth Secret Service agent on VP's detail caught after meeting with prostitute at Maryland hotel 5 April 2017
Bibliography[edit]
Hammond, John Hays (1935). The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. ISBN 978-0-405-05913-1.
Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4652-0.
Further reading[edit]
Costello, Mark (2002). Big If. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05116-2.
Emmett, Dan (2014). Within Arm's Length: A Secret Service Agent's Definitive Inside Account of Protecting the President (First ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250044716.
Kessler, Ronald (2010). In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect (1st paperback ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 9780307461360.
Roberts, Marcia (1991). Looking Back and Seeing the Future: The United States Secret Service, 1865–1990. Association of Former Agents of the United States Secret Service.
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