text:
Graveyard Carz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Graveyard Carz
Created by
Mark Worman, Aaron Smith, Casey Faris
Directed by
D.L. Watson, Casey Faris (2011-2013)
Starring
Mark Worman, Allysa Rose, Royal Yoakum, Will Scott, Dave Rea, Josh Rose (2011-2014), Daren Kirkpatrick (2011-2014), Holly Chedester (2012-2013)
Narrated by
Jon Bailey, Aaron Smith (2014-2015)
Theme music composer
Thomas Lesh (Main Music), Richard Cranach (2011-2014)
Opening theme
OctoSound "Intense Rock Trailer", Echovolt (2011-2014)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
7
No. of episodes
84
Production
Executive producer(s)
Aaron Smith, D.L. Watson, Sam Chambliss, Mark Worman, Casey Faris (2011-2015)
Producer(s)
Mark Worman, D.L. Watson, Aaron Smith, Matthew Pryor, Dan Bernard (2011-2015)
Cinematography
Michael Sherman
Editor(s)
Sam Chambliss, Michael Maruska, Christopher White, D.L. Watson, Aaron Smith, Casey Faris (2011-2015), Dan Bernard (2011-2015), Gavin P. Cunningham (2013-2016), Nicole Compton (2013)
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
The Division Productions, LLC
Release
Original network
Velocity
Audio format
5.1 Dolby Digital
Original release
January 2012 – present
External links
Website
Production website
Graveyard Carz is an American automotive reality TV show made on location in Springfield, Oregon that restores late 1960s/early 1970s Mopar muscle cars. The Graveyard Carz shop motto: "It's Mopar or No Car" As of December 2016, the show is in its sixth season on Velocity.[1]
Contents
1 The Show
1.1 The 1971 Phantom 'Cuda
1.2 Cast (The Ghouls)
1.3 Production
1.4 Season 6 revamp
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Season 5
2.6 Season 6
2.7 Season 7
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
The Show[edit]
Graveyard Carz was created and is owned by Mark Worman. It is made independently by The Division, a film and television production company in which Worman is also the CEO. The show's relationship with Velocity is what is called "a pre-sale acquisition". The Division retains all creative control but frequently takes notes and suggestions from the Velocity team.
In 2016 TERN commissioned and acquired the global rights for 26 episodes of Graveyard Carz in HFR UHD. These episodes will be aired on Velocity in HD as Season 6 and elsewhere by Insight as Season 6 and Season 7.
The 1971 Phantom 'Cuda[edit]
Mark Worman wanted to document the restoration of a 1971 Plymouth 'Cuda, painted Hemi Orange, equipped with a 440 6 Barrel V8, a HD Hemi 4-Speed transmission, and a 3.54 ratio Dana 60 rear axle. On July 5, 1981, the car was wrecked after the driver lost control in a 100 mph race with a pickup truck. After acquiring the car, Mark entered into an agreement with a collector to have the car restored.
To prove to nay-sayers that the car could be restored, Mark had the son of local friend (Aaron Smith) film the restoration. After seeing how entertaining the team was, Mark and Aaron decided to start shooting concept material for a television pilot, and Graveyard Carz was born.
Over the course of the first five seasons, viewers have seen The Phantom 'Cuda undergo a slow transformation. In Season 1, it was dipped, while its overall condition was assessed in Season 2. Season 3 saw the repair of a fender to determine if the sheet metal was too compromised to use in the restoration. At the end of Season 4, the 'Cuda was shipped off to AMD Installation, and it returned in Season 5 with all brand new sheet metal. In Season 6 The Phantom Cuda is completed, restored to factory condition.
Cast (The Ghouls)[edit]
The first four seasons of Graveyard Carz featured Mark Worman, Royal Yoakum, Josh Rose, and Daren Kirkpatrick.[2] Seasons 2 and 3 featured recurring cast member Holly Chedester, who did not return for Season 4.[3]
Season 5 (previously titled Season 4b) brought back Mark Worman's daughter Allysa Rose (who was a recurring cast-member in Season 1), his best-friend Royal Yoakum and introduced new painter Will Scott (who had been part of the original concept for the series), and new assembly technician and long-time fan of the show David Rea.[4]
Production[edit]
Currently, a 13-episode season takes about 100 days of continuous shooting. Earlier seasons took more than a year, as the original crew would only work Saturdays on Mopar builds. True to the show's premise, the current cast are actual automotive technicians, and the film-crew plans series' shoots around the elements of key car builds.
Once a car is completed, if its owners are willing, a shoot is planned to see the car "revealed" to them. The film-crew takes extra care to make the "reveal" as true to life as possible.
Due to the nature of how quickly the show must be produced, and how long it actually takes to build a car, the episodes are edited parallel with the filming. Therefore, each episode doesn't have a typical car-show reveal, but instead, emphasis is placed on the smaller yet significant sub-assembly builds needed on a car.
Comedic storylines are often shot separately, away from the actual car work being done. Therefore, every effort is made to place them in episodes as close to when they occurred in real-time in order to avoid continuity issues. Despite popular belief, most comedic storylines are 100% true, depicting events that have happened in the shop. The cast is encouraged to let the film crew in on any pranks, so as best to capture real reactions.
Season 6 revamp[edit]
Graveyard Carz went through a total revamp: new logo, new graphics, and new show format built upon the changes made in Season 5. Rather than focusing on the cast and their daily activities, focus has shifted to the cars and their builds in order to draw in viewers disheartened by the original format of the show.
Episodes[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Season one started on June 14, 2012 and ended on July 19, 2012 for a total of 6 episodes.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "Emma's Car" June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14)
A crew of automotive mechanics (the ghouls) are tasked with a challenging assignment in the opener of this series, which follows the restoration of Mopar muscle cars that have been wrecked or forgotten for years. Mark plans on buying a car to restore and give to his granddaughter when she grows up.
2
2 "It's the Great Pumpkin, Mark Worman!" June 21, 2012 (2012-06-21)
A costly mishap dampens the guys' excitement over an upcoming pumpkin-carving contest.
3
3 "Daren Goes Plum Crazy" June 28, 2012 (2012-06-28)
Daren is given control of the shop for a week.
4
4 "Runnin' Down a Dream" July 5, 2012 (2012-07-05)
The guys rush to complete work on a 1970 Road Runner after receiving an angry call from the car's owner. Josh encourages the guys to make New Year's resolutions.
5
5 "More than a Wrench" July 12, 2012 (2012-07-12)
The guys accuse Mark of not working as hard as they do; Josh and Daren visit the crash site of the shop's 1971 Phantom 'Cuda.
6
6 "The Big Dipper" July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19)
Mark stresses over a delicate project involving the shop's 1971 Phantom 'Cuda.
Season 2[edit]
Season two started on January 8, 2013 and ended on April 2, 2013 for a total of 13 episodes.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
7
1 "It's Alive" January 8, 2013 (2013-01-08)
Mark examines differences between older and newer models of the Dodge Challenger in the second-season premiere
8
2 "Six Pack to Go" January 15, 2013 (2013-01-15)
Mark and his crew fall behind on the '71 Charger project.
9
3 "Hey, Charger" January 22, 2013 (2013-01-22)
The '71 Charger is taken for a test-drive.
10
4 "Wet Paint" January 29, 2013 (2013-01-29)
The Challenger receives a coat of paint. Josh stumbles upon a surprise.
11
5 "Factory Correct" February 5, 2013 (2013-02-05)
The guys add new equipment to the shop.
12
6 "Holley Equipped" February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18)
Mark becomes concerned about the lack of research being done during restorations, so hires an assistant to do the research. The 1969 Daytona Charger is sent out for media blasting, and the 1970 AAR 'Cuda is documented and disassembled. The new research assistant, Holley, finds the 2nd owner of the 1971 Phantom 'Cuda.
13
7 "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" February 19, 2013 (2013-02-19)
Josh takes a part-time job, which upsets Mark. Work continues on the Phantasm 'Cuda.
14
8 "You Win Some …" February 26, 2013 (2013-02-26)
The AAR 'Cuda is sent to and returns from the sandblaster. The 383 'Cuda is prepared to be wet-sanded, but a mistake in the 1/4 panel shaping forces a postponement. Mark installs a security camera system. Progress stalls on the Sunroof Challenger due to parts availability.
15
9 "Cuda Madness" March 5, 2013 (2013-03-05)
The guys repair the Barracuda's fender.
16
10 "Flippin' the Bird" March 12, 2013 (2013-03-12)
A surprise birthday party is planned for Mark, and the 1970 Superbird is checked for matching numbers. The Superbird's owners visit the shop and tell the story about how they found the car.
17
11 "Fish ‘n' Chips" March 19, 2013 (2013-03-19)
Daren is left in charge of the shop and work continues of the 1971 Phantasm 'Cuda, though a mistake by the crew delays its completion. The 383 'Cuda assembly begins, and the nose cone and rear spoiler is installed on the 1969 Daytona Charger.
18
12 "Game Day" March 26, 2013 (2013-03-26)
Daren threatens to quit, then invites Royal and Josh to a cookout, leaving Mark by himself to work on the Phantasm 'Cuda. A phone call from the car's irate owner leaves Mark with an ultimatum: finish the car in one week. Mark rallies the troops and outlines what has to be done to finish the car by that deadline.
19
13 "Phantasm ‘Cuda" April 2, 2013 (2013-04-02)
Daren returns to the team as work on the black Phantasm 'Cuda continues. Mark validates the authenticity of a 1969 1/2 A12 Super Bee. Mark gets a surprise phone call from Phantasm Writer/Producer/Director Don Coscarelli.
Season 3[edit]
Season three started on January 7, 2014 and ended on April 1, 2014 for a total of 13 episodes. Starting with the second episode, the series now includes trivia questions before and after the commercial breaks and recaps of what has taken place up to that point. A new opening title sequence also debuted on the second episode of the season.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
20
1 "Back in Triple Black" January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
The 1971 Phantasm Tribute 'Cuda is completed, and Phantasm Writer-Producer-Director Don Coscarelli and star Michael Baldwin visit the shop to view and drive the completed restoration.
21
2 "AAR You Ready for This" January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
A 1970 Superbird and a 1970 Barracuda are featured. Daren confronts Mark about stolen car parts.
22
3 "Go for It!" January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
Mark gets a surprise, and the 1969 Daytona Charger's owner visits and helps with work on his car. Progress is made on the 1970 Sunroof Challenger.
23
4 "Get Your Hands Dirty" January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)
Mark installs a hood decal on the 1970 Challenger, and Holley helps Josh disassemble the Barracuda's suspension.
24
5 "W-O-M-A-N, Mark Woman" February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
The team rush to complete work on a 1969 Dodge Daytona, and a leadership dispute is settled.
25
6 "Pop Secrets" February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)
Daren reveals a secret. Holley works on the 1970 Challenger with Mark, and a rare car is damaged.
26
7 "Showtime" February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)
The 1970 Charger is disassembled, and Mark reveals a secret project.
27
8 "The Royal Treatment" February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
An engine is built for the 1970 Plymouth Superbird. The 1969 Daytona Charger gets a new suspension, and Josh agrees to let Daren store his Challenger in Josh's garage.
28
9 "The Grand Torino" March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
A 1967 Plymouth GTX convertible is disassembled.
29
10 "The Waltons" March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
Daren gets an incredible offer for his 1970 Challenger R/T, and the story of the 1972 Charger is told.
30
11 "It's the Great Pumpkin, Goldberg!" March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
Bill Goldberg drops off his 1968 GTX convertible for Mark and the crew to restore.
31
12 "Daytona Reborn Pt. 1" March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)
Part 1 of 2. The crew rush to complete work on a 1969 Daytona Charger.
32
13 "Daytona Reborn Pt. 2" April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01)
Conclusion. The crew completes work on the 1969 Daytona Charger.
Season 4[edit]
Season four had a premiere in July 31, but the actual season returned on November 18. Holley is absent.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
33
1 "The Elephant in the Room" July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)
A 1970 Dodge Charger engine is restored in the Season 4 premiere.
34
2 "Daren and Royal Go Topless" November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
A rare 1970 Charger and a 1970 Barracuda 383 are featured.
35
3 "General Disassemble Lee" November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)
A 1968 Charger, a 1970 Challenger R/T, and a 1969 Charger are featured.
36
4 "Mo Money Mo Challengers" December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)
A 1972 Dodge Charger is restored.
37
5 "Drive a Mile in My Shoes" December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
A 1969 Road Runner is featured.
38
6 "Top Banana Charge" December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)
Work on a 1972 Dodge Charger is continued.
39
7 "Gone Bananas" December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)
The story about the 1972 Charger is briefly revisited, and past work leading to its completion is also revisited. Work on the 1972 Dodge Charger is completed and revealed to the owners.
40
8 "Manifold Destiny" December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)
The 1970 Plymouth Superbird work is resumed, and the 1970 Charger R/T collision repair is completed. The 1970 Barracuda Convertible's 383 2bbl. V8 is assembled and painted.
41
9 "Spoiler Alert" December 30, 2014 (2014-12-30)
A secret is accidentally revealed by Mark. Mark and Daren visit the local AAMCO Transmissions to watch the overhaul of the 1970 Barracuda Convertible's 727 Automatic Transmission, and then the Barracuda has its A/C box and instrument panel installed. The 1970 Superbird assembly nears completion.
42
10 "MoSparring" January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
Automotive parts supplier Tony D'Agostino of Tony's Parts helps the shop get organized, and Mark tests his Mopar knowledge against Tony's. Work on a 1970 Plymouth Superbird is completed.
43
11 "The Hills Have Eyes on a Superbird" January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)
The 1970 Superbird's restoration and story is recapped, and the Hills visit the shop to take delivery of the car, along with the its original owner. Mike and Michael Hill drive the Superbird on a cross county trip home to South Carolina.
44
12 "Clipped Wings" January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
With the 1970 Plymouth Superbird done and safely driven home, Mark is asked to restore a 1969 Daytona Charger. Due to its condition, Mark questions if it's practical and if it's even legal.
45
13 "Put Me In, Coach" February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
Just when things couldn't get more stressful, Mark agrees to finally get the 1930 Chevy Coach fully restored by the end of the week. Meanwhile, Mark QC's the next cars in the process of resurrection.
46
14 "How to Cook a Barracuda" August 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)
See the complete 3 year restoration of Kimberly Cook's 1970 Barracuda Convertible: the body, paint, engine, and convertible top, culminating in Graveyard Carz' most emotional reveal to date.
Season 5[edit]
Season Five with new cast and new shop.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
47
1 "Commando Cuda vs. Magnum Force" October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
New shop. New crew. An All-new Graveyard Carz! The ghouls tackle a 1970 Cuda.
48
2 "Rallye Red Restored" October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
Mark paints a Hemi Charger in his favorite Mopar color, burnt orange. AMD delivers the Phantom Cuda, and the ghouls finish the Dailey's 1970 Cuda 383, a project four years in the making.
49
3 "Hell Hath No '58 Fury" October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
The ghouls wrap up the 340 Cuda and install panels on the Hemi Charger. Mark trains Allysa on O.E.M. assembly line markings. The legendary red Plymouth Fury "Christine" visits the shop.
50
4 "400 Magnum Misfire" October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
The ghouls have problems with after-market parts for the 400 Magnum V8. Allysa begins working in the shop, and two rare Mopars are disassembled.
51
5 "Return of the '70 Sunroof Challenger" November 25, 2015 (2015-11-25)
Mark's coffee addiction is spotlighted, and the ghouls work on a 1970 Challenger.
52
6 "'70 Cuda Grace" December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
Work on a 1970 Cuda 340 is featured.
53
7 "Hemi Orange is the New Corporate Blue" December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
The ghouls work on a 1968 GTX for Bill Goldberg, and Mark repairs a Challenger deck lid. Will paints a 1967 Hemi GTX and challenges Mark to a paint-off.
54
8 "Grand Theft Hemi" December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
Mark teaches Allysa to analyze and document cars in preparation for disassembly, but she later has a crucial lapse in judgement. The ghouls install the 400 Magnum in the 1972 Dodge Charger.
55
9 "Investigation O.E." December 23, 2015 (2015-12-23)
Two rare Mopars, a Daytona survivor and early Hemi Charger, are analyzed for authenticity and restoration.
56
10 "Chally vs. Chally" December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)
The ghouls complete the 1970 V-Code Challenger and make a side-by-side comparison with Mark's 2014 Shaker-hood Challenger.
57
11 "HEMI FK5 Alive" January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
A 1970 Hemi Charger is restored.
58
12 "Pitch and Rides" January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
The 1970 Hemi Charger project is completed in the season finale.
Season 6[edit]
Season six started on November 2nd, 2016.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
59
1 "Elephant in a '69" November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
Mopar Morticians work on the ultra rare 1969 Hemi Road Runner Convertible painted in Seafoam Turquoise - the goal: to get its massive 426 engine installed.
60
2 "From Road Runner to Superbird" November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
A '70 Plymouth Road Runner is converted into a Superbird.
61
3 "Roaming the Restorations" November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
Decals are installed on Bill Goldberg's 1968 GTX Convertible; Allysa helps Will block and prep the Phantom Cuda.
62
4 "Taming a 1971 Challenger" November 23, 2016 (2016-11-23)
An engine assessment is performed on a 1971 Challenger.
63
5 "Privilege to Drive a '68 GTX Convertible" November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
Mark and Royal pick up a Dodge Power Wagon; and Dave and Allysa build out a center console for a 1967 Hemi GTX Convertible.
64
6 "Mark Unwrapped" December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
Mark micromanages Will, who's trying to prep the 1970 Cuda. Later, a convertible top is installed on a 1967 Hemi GTX.
65
7 "Dude, Where's Alyssa's Car" December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
The guys work on Bill Goldberg's 1968 Plymouth GTX convertible.
66
8 "A Fly in the Ointment" December 21, 2016 (2016-12-21)
Will begins working on the Phantom 'Cuda, but Allysa's constant interruptions lead him to haze her. Later, Dave gets started on his 1970 Dodge Swinger's 340 engine.
67
9 "Will Gets Grumpy" December 28, 2016 (2016-12-28)
Allysa and Mark apply decals to the Hemi Roadrunner convertible; Will paints the jams on the Superbird tribute car, then gets a Care Bears tattoo, "Grumpy Bear". A family's 1970 Dodge Challenger R/T is evaluated by Alyssa and Mark for restoration.
68
10 "Phantom's 440 Six Barrel" January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
The motor of the 1971 Cuda is ready to be installed. Later, Mark teaches Adam how to build the front suspension and assembles the rear axle.
69
11 "Cap'ing-off the Challenger" January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
Will preps the Green Go Challenger for its last paint job; and Allysa and Mark assess a newly-arrived 1968 Dodge Charger. Later, Will interferes after being fed up with Mark's antics in the paint booth.
70
12 "67 Hemi GTX Convertible Resurrected" January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
After commissioning the team to repair botched-restoration work, Mopar collector Brett Torino's 1967 Hemi GTX Convertible is nearly ready for its grand reveal.
71
13 "'72 Charger SE Resurrected" February 1, 2017 (2017 -02-01)
Dave and Allysa tackle the interior of a custom '72 Charger SE, as the owner plans on taking it for its first test drive.
Season 7[edit]
Season Seven started on March 20th, 2017.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
72
1 "Grin and Bear a 'Cuda" March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)
The ghouls get cracking on the infamous 71 Phantom Cuda; installing the exhaust, the door windows, tail lights, rear valance, body plugs, and the piece de resistance: the 1971 Cuda gills.
73
2 "General Lee Considered" March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)
Will and Dave team up to get the 1971 Phantom Cuda's grill painted and built out. Allysa gets trained on the wildly entertaining Stringo. Mark and Will get historical in their pursuit of the perfect paint for the famous 1969 Charger General Lee.
74
3 "Operation Firepower" April 3, 2017 (2017-04-03)
Mark and Royal go off-road and down memory lane when they fire up their friend's old Dodge truck. Mark announces a top secret project to the ghouls, and Allysa surprises her dad for Father's Day
75
4 "The Roadrunner Gives Me a Hemi" April 10, 2017 (2017-04-10)
Meep-Meep! The 1 of 1 ever built, 1969 Hemi Roadrunner Convertible, is back on the lift.With the owner soon to arrive, the ghouls have to ramp up and get it finished.
76
5 "Judgment Day" April 17, 2017 (2017-04-17)
Tony's in town! Tony and Cindy D'Agostino visit the Ghouls in the Graveyard. Mark and Tony geek out over several cemetery selects: the 1970 Superbee 383 Magnum, the 1971 Plymouth Roadrunner, and the 1970 Challenger R/T 440.
77
6 "Cuda 'Tat" April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)
Will must repeat the perfect paint job that he did on the 1970 burnt orange 'Cuda with the very difficult to apply FK5 paint.
78
7 "What We Do for a Buck" May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
Buck's '71 Challenger R/T is restored.
79
8 "Daytona vs. Hellcat" May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)
The top secret Firepower Cuda returns from the dipper. Will trains Allyssa to be a killing machine. George, Ryan, and Josh assemble the 69 Charger General Lee and begin body work.
80
9 "Firepower Un-Boxed" May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
Operation Firepower is well underway! Josh, Will, and Allysa are making progress with the Firepower Cuda's bodywork. Meanwhile, Dave continues with his work on Buck's 1971 Dodge Challenger R/T.
81
10 "Mopar or No Car" May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
Ron Jenkins from Magnum Force and his buddy Jeff, visit the Graveyard to help out with the Firepower Cuda. Pietro Gorlier, President & CEO of Mopar, makes a surprise visit to the shop, and a package arrives with something magical inside.
82
11 "Firepower Operation" May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
It's nearing the end for Operation Firepower. With SEMA around the corner, the ghouls are working hard to complete this first of its kind project.
83
12 "Disneyland of Carz" June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
With the engine running, the Ghouls continue preparations for SEMA. Finally, when the Firepower 'Cuda is ready for the big reveal in Vegas, Allysa makes her move to get revenge on Will.
84
13 "The Phantom 'Cuda Rides Again" June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)
Finally, after 6 and a half seasons, the legendary 1971 440 six-barrel, Phantom Cuda is revealed to its owner. This car was wrecked and abandoned in the early 80's, rusting and rotting until Mark's client purchased it in 2007.
See also[edit]
American Chopper
American Hot Rod
Overhaulin'
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Graveyard Carz, 2011-09-18, retrieved 2016-10-14
Jump up ^ Graveyard Carz, retrieved 2016-10-14
Jump up ^ Graveyard Carz: Season 4, retrieved 2016-10-14
Jump up ^ Graveyard Carz: Season 5, retrieved 2016-10-14
External links[edit]
Graveyard Carz on IMDb
The Division Productions website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graveyard_Carz&oldid=848382472"
Categories:
Automotive television series
Vehicle modification
Discovery Channel shows
2010s American television series
2012 American television series debuts
Television shows set in Oregon
Springfield, Oregon
Chrysler
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2013
All articles lacking in-text citations
Pages using infobox television with editor parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 July 2018, at 15:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Velocity_(TV_channel)
mw-redirect
Velocity (TV channel)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.graveyardcarz.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.divisiontv.com

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: background-color: #CC99FF; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #CC99FF

values: background-color: #FF5F5F; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #FF5F5F

values: background-color: #F6AC21; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #F6AC21

values: background-color: #5EDA9E; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #5EDA9E

values: background-color: #F49242; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #F49242

values: background-color: #FFDF00; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #FFDF00

values: background-color: #FF623B; color: #000000;

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #FF623B

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2078994/
external text

values: Category:2010s American television series

values: Category:2012 American television series debuts

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2013

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Pages using infobox television with editor parameter

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Graveyard_Carz
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Graveyard_Carz rootpage-Graveyard_Carz skin-vector action-view


text:
Kakamega County
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Kakamega.
County in Kenya
Kakamega County
County

Location in Kenya
Country
Kenya
Formed
March 4th 2013
Capital
Kakamega
Government
• Governor
Wycliffe Oparanya
Area
• Total
3,033.8 km2 (1,171.4 sq mi)
Population (2009)
• Total
1,660,651 [1]
Time zone
EAT (UTC+3)
Website
kakamega.go.ke
Kakamega County is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kakamega. It has a population of 1,660,651 and an area of 3,033.8 km².[1]
Contents
1 Divisions
2 Services and Urbanisation
3 Villages and settlements
4 References
Divisions[edit]
Local authorities (councils)
Authority
Type
Population*
Urban pop.*
Kakamega Municipality 73,607 57,128
Malava Town 46,614 1,704
Kakamega County County 483,201 0
Total - 603,422 58,832
* 1999 census. Source: [2]
Administrative divisions
Division
Population*
Urban pop.*
Headquarters
Ikolomani 92,104 0 Ikolomani
Ileho 32,545 0 Kambili
Kabras 149,510 1,530 Malava
Kakamega municipality 74,115 51,770 Kakamega
Lurambi 85,863 0 Shisilu
Navakholo 65,337 0 Navakholo
Shinyalu 103,948 0 Shinyalu
Total 603,422 53,300 -
* 1999 census. Sources: [3], [4],
The county has twelve constituencies (2013):
Lugari Constituency
Likuyani Constituency
Malava Constituency
Lurambi Constituency
Navakholo Constituency
Mumias West Constituency
Mumias East Constituency
Matungu Constituency
Butere Constituency
Khwisero Constituency
Shinyalu Constituency
Ikolomani Constituency
The Mumias Constituency was divided intp Mumias West and Mumias East.
Services and Urbanisation[edit]
Stats for Kakamega County
County
Stats for the County (Percent)
Urbanisation
15.2
Literacy
72.7
Attending School (15-18 Yrs)
76.3
Paved Roads
4.9
Good Roads
54.1
Electricity Access
5.6
Poverty Rate
53
Stats for the County
Source: USAid Kenya
Villages and settlements[edit]
Butsotse
Emasatsi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kenya Census 2009". Retrieved 1 November 2016.
hide
v
t
e
First- and second-level administrative divisions of Kenya
47 counties
(since March 2013)
Baringo (30)
Bomet (36)
Bungoma (39)
Busia (40)
Elgeyo-Marakwet (28)
Embu (14)
Garissa (07)
Homa Bay (43)
Isiolo (11)
Kajiado (34)
Kakamega (37)
Kericho (35)
Kiambu (22)
Kilifi (03)
Kirinyaga (20)
Kisii (45)
Kisumu (42)
Kitui (15)
Kwale (02)
Laikipia (31)
Lamu (05)
Machakos (16)
Makueni (17)
Mandera (09)
Marsabit (10)
Meru (12)
Migori (44)
Mombasa (01)
Murang'a (21)
Nairobi (47)
Nakuru (32)
Nandi (29)
Narok (33)
Nyamira (46)
Nyandarua (18)
Nyeri (19)
Samburu (25)
Siaya (41)
Taita-Taveta (06)
Tana River (04)
Tharaka-Nithi (13)
Trans-Nzoia (26)
Turkana (23)
Uasin Gishu (27)
Vihiga (38)
Wajir (08)
West Pokot (24)
Principal cities
and towns
Nairobi (capital)
Athi River
Baragoi
Bomet
Bungoma
Busia
Chuka
Eldoret
Embu
Garissa
Hola
Homa Bay
Isiolo
Iten
Kabarnet
Kajiado
Kakamega
Kapsabet
Kangundo - Tala
Kapenguria
Karuri
Kericho
Kerugoya
Kiambu
Kibwezi
Kikuyu
Kilifi
Kisii
Kisumu
Kitale
Kitengela
Kitui
Kwale
Limuru
Lodwar
Lokichogio
Loiyangalani
Lamu
Machakos
Makindu
Malindi
Mandera
Maralal
Marsabit
Masii
Meru
Mombasa
Moyale
Mtito Andei
Mumias
Murang'a
Mutomo
Mwingi
Naivasha
Nakuru
Namanga
Nanyuki
Narok
Nyahururu
Nyamira
Nyeri
Ol Kalou
Ongata Rongai
Ruiru
Siaya
Thika
Vihiga
Voi
Wajir
Webuye
Wote
Wundanyi
Coordinates: 0°17′00″N 34°45′00″E / 0.283333°N 34.75°E / 0.283333; 34.75

This Western Province (Kenya) location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega_County&oldid=852925002"
Categories:
Counties of Kenya
Kakamega County
Western Province, Kenya geography stubs
Hidden categories:
Use British English from May 2013
Use dmy dates from May 2013
Articles with short description
Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters
Coordinates on Wikidata
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Bân-lâm-gú
Cebuano
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Kiswahili
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Suomi
Svenska
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 08:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/File:Kakamega_County_in_Kenya.svg
image
Location in Kenya

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/County_Governors_of_Kenya
mw-redirect
County Governors of Kenya

values:
nofollow
http://www.kakamega.go.ke/
external text

values:
/wiki/Western_Province,_Kenya
mw-redirect
Western Province, Kenya

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.statoids.com/yke.html

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:7.6em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; height:1.25em; width: 50em; padding: 0 0 0 2em; z-index: 10;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:36.4em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:38.2em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:2.5em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:27.1em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:2.8em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:26.5em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: border-top: 1px #aaa solid; white-space: normal;

values: width: 70em; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#c0c0c0; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-align:left; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:First and second-level administrative divisions of Kenya

values: Template talk:First and second-level administrative divisions of Kenya

values:
/wiki/Taita-Taveta_County
mw-redirect
Taita-Taveta County

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Western Province, Kenya geography stubs

values: Category:Use British English from May 2013

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Kakamega_County
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values: شهرستان کاکامگا – Persian

values: 카카메가 현 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: カカメガ (カウンティ) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: کاکامیگا کاؤنٹی – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kakamega_County rootpage-Kakamega_County skin-vector action-view


text:
Motives for the September 11 attacks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The 9/11 attacks have been described as a "global symbolic event".[1]
The September 11, 2001, attacks in the northeast United States were an organized terrorist act carried out by 19 hijackers, and organized by numerous members of al-Qaeda. Motives for the attacks were stated before and after the attacks in several sources, Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and a fatwā signed by bin Laden and others for the killing of Americans in 1998, are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation.[2] However, in an interview with Daily Ummat, Osama bin Laden rejected Al-Qaeda's involvement in the September 11 attacks.[3][4]
In Osama Bin Laden's November 2002 "Letter to America",[5][6] he explicitly stated that al-Qaeda's motives for their attacks include: Western support for attacking Muslims in Somalia, supporting Russian atrocities against Muslims in Chechnya, supporting the Indian oppression against Muslims in Kashmir, the Jewish aggression against Muslims in Lebanon, the presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia,[6][7][8] US support of Israel,[9][10] and sanctions against Iraq.[11]
In the aftermath of 9/11, public discussion of the causes of terrorism was largely curtailed, which some commentators claimed was an effort to excuse and justify the killing of innocent civilians. Catchphrases – that terrorists were motivated by a hatred of freedom or by a fanaticism inherent to Islam – were prevalent. Arun Kundnani describes the atmosphere as one where "terrorism became an ‘evil ideology’ that did not require further analysis." By 2004 however, the taboo was broken and it was only through the notion of "radicalization" that a discussion on the causes became possible again.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources
2 Stated motives
2.1 Support of Israel by United States
2.2 Sanctions imposed against Iraq
2.3 Presence of US military in Saudi Arabia
3 Inferred motives
3.1 Religious motivation
3.2 Globalization
3.3 Provoke war with the United States
3.4 Research on suicide terrorism
4 Controversies
5 See also
6 References
Sources[edit]
See also: Fatawā of Osama bin Laden, Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden, and Videos of Ayman al-Zawahiri
Before the attacks, Al-Qaeda issued proclamations that provide insight into the motivations for the attacks: one was the fatwā of August 1996,[13] and a second was a shorter fatwa in February 1998.[14] Both documents appeared initially in the Arabic-language London newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi. Three years before the September 11 attacks, Al-Qaeda released a Fatwa, stating "We -- with God's help -- call on every Muslim who believes in God and wishes to be rewarded to comply with God's order to kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they find it. We also call on Muslim ulema, leaders, youths, and soldiers to launch the raid on Satan's U.S. troops and the devil's supporters allying with them, and to displace those who are behind them so that they may learn a lesson."[6] The Fatwa also complains against the presence of the US in Saudi Arabia and support for Israel.[5][6] After the attacks, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri have published dozens of video tapes and audio tapes, many describing the motivations for the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to America",[15] and a 2004 video tape by bin Laden.[16] In addition to direct pronouncements by bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, numerous political analysts have postulated motivations for the attacks.
Stated motives[edit]
Support of Israel by United States[edit]
See also: Israel–United States relations and Israel–United States military relations
In his November 2002 "Letter to America", Bin Laden described the United States' support of Israel as a motivation:
The expansion of Israel is one of the greatest crimes, and you are the leaders of its criminals. And of course there is no need to explain and prove the degree of American support for Israel. The creation of Israel is a crime which must be erased. Each and every person whose hands have become polluted in the contribution towards this crime must pay its price, and pay for it heavily.[17]
In 2004 and 2010, Bin Laden again repeated the connection between the September 11 attacks and the support of Israel by the United States.[18][19] Support of Israel was also mentioned before the attack in the 1998 Al-Qaeda fatwa:
[T]he aim [of the United States] is also to serve the Jews' petty state and divert attention from its occupation of Jerusalem and murder of Muslims there. The best proof of this is their eagerness to destroy Iraq, the strongest neighboring Arab state, and their endeavor to fragment all the states of the region such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Sudan into paper statelets and through their disunion and weakness to guarantee Israel's survival and the continuation of the brutal crusade occupation of the Peninsula.[6]
Sanctions imposed against Iraq[edit]
See also: Iraq sanctions
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 661
On 6 August 1990, after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661, which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, providing for a full trade embargo, excluding medical supplies, food, and other items of humanitarian necessity (these to be determined by the Security Council sanctions committee). After the end of the Gulf War and after the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, the sanctions were linked to removal of weapons of mass destruction by Resolution 687.[20]
In the 1998 fatwa, Al Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans:
despite the great devastation inflicted on the Iraqi people by the crusader-Zionist alliance, and despite the huge number of those killed, which has exceeded 1 million... despite all this, the Americans are once against trying to repeat the horrific massacres, as though they are not content with the protracted blockade imposed after the ferocious war or the fragmentation and devastation....On that basis, and in compliance with Allah's order, we issue the following fatwa to all Muslims: The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim...[21][22]
In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, Osama calls the sanctions "the greatest mass slaughter of children mankind has ever known".[23]
Presence of US military in Saudi Arabia[edit]
See also: Operation Southern Watch
After the 1991 Gulf war, the US maintained a presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia.[24] One of the responsibilities of that force was Operation Southern Watch, which enforced the no-fly zones over southern Iraq set up after 1991, and the country's oil exports through the shipping lanes of the Persian Gulf are protected by the US Fifth Fleet, based in Bahrain.
Since Saudi Arabia houses the holiest sites in Islam (Mecca and Medina), many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence. The continued presence of US troops after the Gulf War in Saudi Arabia was one of the stated motivations behind the September 11th attacks[24] and the Khobar Towers bombing. Further, the date chosen for the 1998 United States embassy bombings (August 7) was eight years to the day that American troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.[25] Bin Laden interpreted Muhammad as banning the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia".[26]
In 1996, Bin Laden issued a fatwa calling for American troops to get out of Saudi Arabia. In the 1998 fatwa, Al-Qaeda wrote: "for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples."[21] In the December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too near to Mecca" and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world.[27]
Inferred motives[edit]
Political analysts have inferred some motives for the attacks that were not explicitly stated by Al-Qaeda, such as globalization and a desire to provoke the United States.
Elliot Neaman stated that the connections Walt and Mearsheimer and others, including many German intellectuals, make between 9/11 and Israel are ahistorical.[28] He argues that the Palestinians themselves have often pointed to their betrayal by one Arab leader after another since the founding of the state of Israel, and further that bin Laden is no exception, as he never showed any concern for the Palestinian cause until he came under the influence of Ayman Al-Zawahir and decided to use the Palestinians as a means to gain the favor of militant Muslims. Al-Qaeda and Hamas continue to have a fraught relationship, and have been argued to have different goals in regard to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[29]
Religious motivation[edit]
Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, in their book, The Age of Sacred Terror, argue that 9/11 terrorist attacks are purely religious. They are seen as "a sacrament ... intended to restore to the universe a moral order that had been corrupted by the enemies of Islam." It is neither political or strategic but an "act of redemption" meant to "humiliate and slaughter those who defied the hegemony of God."[30]
Globalization[edit]
Bernard Lewis is the best-known exponent of the idea of the "humiliation" of the Islamic world through globalization. In the 2004 book The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror, he argues animosity toward the West is best understood with the decline of the once powerful Ottoman Empire, compounded by the import of western ideas, as seen in Arab socialism, Arab liberalism and Arab secularism.
During the past three centuries, the Islamic world has lost its dominance and its leadership, and has fallen behind both the modern West and the rapidly modernizing Orient. This widening gap poses increasingly acute problems, both practical and emotional, for which the rulers, thinkers, and rebels of Islam have not yet found effective answers.[31]
In an essay titled "The spirit of terrorism", Jean Baudrillard described 9/11 as the first global event that "questions the very process of globalization".[1]
Provoke war with the United States[edit]
See also: Pan-Islamism and Secularism in the Middle East
Some Middle East scholars—such as Michael Scott Doran and Peter Bergen—have argued that 9/11 was a strategic way to provoke America into a war that incites a pan-Islamist revolution. Doran argued that the attacks are best understood as being part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world. In an essay, Doran argued that Bin Laden's followers "consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity".[32] Doran further argued that bin Laden hoped that US retaliation would unite the faithful against the West, sparking revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere, and that the Osama bin Laden videos were attempting to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East aimed at a violent reaction by Muslim citizens to increased US involvement in their region.[33]
Bergen argued that the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and establish conservative Islamic governments in the region.[34]
Research on suicide terrorism[edit]
Robert Pape identified 315 incidents, all but 14 of which they classified as part of 18 different campaigns. These 18 shared two elements and all but one shared a third:[35] 1) A foreign occupation; 2) by a democracy; 3) of a different religion. Mia Bloom interviewed relatives and acquaintances of suicide terrorists. Her conclusions largely support Pape's, suggesting that it is much more difficult to get people to volunteer for a suicide mission without such a foreign occupation.[36]
Controversies[edit]
Ward Churchill's essay written in 2001 and titled "On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality", in which he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful US foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century attracted controversy in 2005.
See also[edit]
September 11 attacks portal
Planning of the September 11 attacks
Osama bin Laden
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Baudrillard. "The spirit of terrorism". Retrieved 15 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Gunarathna, pp. 61–62.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Khilafah.com". 16 November 2001. Archived from the original on 16 November 2001.
Jump up ^ "NewsLibrary.com - newspaper archive, clipping service - newspapers and other news sources".
^ Jump up to: a b bin Laden, Osama (August 1996). "Bin Laden's Fatwa". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e bin Laden, Osama (February 1998). "Bin Laden's Second Fatwa". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
Jump up ^ Plotz, David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?, Slate
Jump up ^ * Plotz, David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?, Slate
Bergen (2001), p. 3.
Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). "Face to face with Osama". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
"US pulls out of Saudi Arabia". BBC News. April 29, 2003. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
"Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light On the Roots of al Qaeda Terror". Wall Street Journal. July 2, 2002.
"Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh". 9/11 Commission. April 13, 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
"Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement". Federation of American Scientists. February 23, 1998. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). "Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'". The Observer. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ * Mearsheimer (2007), p. 67.
Kushner (2003), p. 389.
Murdico (2003), p. 64.
Kelley (2006), p. 207.
Ibrahim (2007), p. 276.
Berner (2007), p. 80.
Jump up ^ * "Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech". aljazeera. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). "Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'". The Observer. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ Kundnani, A. (18 September 2012). "Radicalisation: the journey of a concept". Race & Class. 54 (2): 3–25. doi:10.1177/0306396812454984.
Jump up ^ Text of the 1996 fatwa, translation by PBS Archived July 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Text of the 1998 fatwa translation by PBS Archived March 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'". 24 November 2002 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events and shall tell you truthfully about the moments in which the decision was taken, for you to consider." – 2004 Osama bin Laden video
Jump up ^ "Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'". 24 November 2002 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Bin Laden's 2004 taped broadcast on the attacks, in which he explains the motives for the attacks and says "The events that affected my soul in a direct way started in 1982 when America permitted the Israelis to invade Lebanon and the American Sixth Fleet helped them in that. This bombardment began and many were killed and injured and others were terrorised and displaced. " (Quoted from Al Jazeera online here)
Jump up ^ Bin Laden's taped broadcast from January 2010, where he said "Our attacks against you [the United States] will continue as long as U.S. support for Israel continues.... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab is a confirmation of our previous message conveyed by the heroes of Sept. 11". (Quoted from "Bin Laden: Attacks on U.S. to go on as long as it supports Israel", in Haaretz.com, online here).
Jump up ^ "UN Security Council Resolution 687 -1991".
^ Jump up to: a b 1998 Al Qaeda fatwa
Jump up ^ cf. Rubin, Michael (December 2001). "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance?". 5 (4). Middle East Review of International Affairs: 100–115.
Jump up ^ "Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech". aljazeera. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "US pulls out of Saudi Arabia". BBC News. 2003-04-29. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Plotz, David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?, Slate
Jump up ^ Bergen, Peter L. (2001). Holy War Inc. Simon & Schuster. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). "Face to face with Osama". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
Jump up ^ See Elliot Neaman "The War That Took Place in Germany; Intellectuals and September 11th", German Politics and Society (Fall, 2002)
Jump up ^ See also Jake Lipton, "The War of Words between Hamas and al-Qaeda", The Washington Institute Policy Analysis #1254, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-war-of-words-between-hamas-and-al-qaeda
Jump up ^ Daniel Benjamin; Steven Simon (2002). The Age of Sacred Terror. Random House. p. 40. ISBN 978-0756767518.
Jump up ^ The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. Bernard Lewis. 2004
Jump up ^ "somebody-elses-civil-war". foreignaffairs. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Doran, Michael Scott (2005). Understanding the War on Terror. New York: Norton. pp. 72–75. ISBN 0-87609-347-0.
Jump up ^ Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader. New York: Free Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-7432-7891-7.
Jump up ^ Pape, Robert A. (2005). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-8129-7338-0.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Mia (2005). Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Columbia U. Pr. ISBN 978-0-231-13321-0.
[show]
v
t
e
September 11 attacks
Timeline
Planning
September 11, 2001
World Trade Center collapse
Remainder of September
October
Post-October
Victims
Casualties
emergency workers
Hijacked airliners
American Airlines Flight 11
United Airlines Flight 175
American Airlines Flight 77
United Airlines Flight 93
Suspected hijackings
Korean Air Flight 85
Delta Air Lines Flight 1989
Crash sites
World Trade Center
World Trade Center site
The Pentagon
Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania
Aftermath
Immediate repercussions
Closings and cancellations
Detentions
Communication
Post-9/11
Economy
Local health
Airport security
Reactions
Conspiracy theories
Rudy Giuliani
Unsuccessful terrorist plots
Response
U.S. government response
U.S. military response
War on Terror
Afghanistan
North-West Pakistan
Rescue and recovery effort
Financial assistance
Operation SUPPORT
Operation Yellow Ribbon
Memorials and services
9/11 Memorial and Museum
World Trade Center Health Program
Perpetrators
Responsibility
Motives
Hijackers
20th hijacker
Trials
Inquiries
U.S. Congressional Inquiry
the 28 pages
September 11 intelligence before the attacks
August 2001 CIA warning
9/11 Commission
Commission Report
Criticism
PENTTBOM
Cultural effects
Cultural references
Songs
Comics
Books
Cartoonists Remember 9/11
Entertainment
Humor
Lost artworks
Miscellaneous
War games
Patriot Day
The Falling Man
Raising the Flag at Ground Zero
Tourist Guy hoax
Iraq War
Twin Towers 2
Henryk Siwiak homicide
Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip
Book
Category
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
War in North-West Pakistan
Symbolism of terrorism
Participants
Operational
ISAF
Operation Enduring Freedom participants
Afghanistan
Northern Alliance
Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)
NATO
Pakistan
United Kingdom
United States
European Union
Philippines
Ethiopia
Targets
al-Qaeda
Osama bin Laden
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Abu Sayyaf
Anwar al-Awlaki
Al-Shabaab
Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
Hizbul Mujahideen
Islamic Courts Union
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Jemaah Islamiyah
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Taliban
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Conflicts
Operation
Enduring Freedom
War in Afghanistan
OEF – Philippines
Georgia Train and Equip Program
Georgia Sustainment and Stability
OEF – Horn of Africa
OEF – Trans Sahara
Drone strikes in Pakistan
Other
Operation Active Endeavour
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Moro conflict in the Philippines
Iraq War
Iraqi insurgency
Operation Linda Nchi
Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
War in North-West Pakistan
War in Somalia (2006–09)
2007 Lebanon conflict
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Korean conflict
See also
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
Axis of evil
Black sites
Bush Doctrine
Clash of Civilizations
Cold War
Combatant Status Review Tribunal
Criticism of the War on Terror
Death of Osama bin Laden
Enhanced interrogation techniques
Torture Memos
Extrajudicial prisoners
Extraordinary rendition
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Iranian Revolution
Islamism
Military Commissions Act of 2006
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
Terrorist Surveillance Program
Operation Noble Eagle
Operation Eagle Assist
Pakistan's role
Patriot Act
President's Surveillance Program
Protect America Act of 2007
September 11 attacks
State Sponsors of Terrorism
Targeted killing
Targeted Killing in International Law
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
Unitary executive theory
Unlawful combatant
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan
CAGE
Terrorism portal
War portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks&oldid=802797307"
Categories:
September 11 attacks
Causes of events
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 September 2017, at 15:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Iraq_sanctions
mw-redirect
Iraq sanctions

values: Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden

values:
/wiki/Videos_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri
mw-redirect
Videos of Ayman al-Zawahiri

values:
/wiki/Videos_of_Osama_bin_Laden
mw-redirect
Videos of Osama bin Laden

values: Edit section: Support of Israel by United States

values: Edit section: Sanctions imposed against Iraq

values: wikisource:United Nations Security Council Resolution 661

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/UN_Resolution_661
mw-redirect
UN Resolution 661

values:
/wiki/Trade_embargo
mw-redirect
Trade embargo

values:
/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction
mw-redirect
Weapons of mass destruction

values:
/wiki/UN_Resolution_687
mw-redirect
UN Resolution 687

values: Edit section: Presence of US military in Saudi Arabia

values:
/wiki/US_Fifth_Fleet
mw-redirect
US Fifth Fleet

values:
/wiki/United_States_military
mw-redirect
United States military

values: The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror

values:
/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam
mw-redirect
Liberal movements within Islam

values:
/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Middle_East
mw-redirect
Secularism in the Middle East

values: Edit section: Provoke war with the United States

values:
/wiki/Arab_nations
mw-redirect
Arab nations

values:
/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_videos
mw-redirect
Osama bin Laden videos

values: Edit section: Research on suicide terrorism

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service
mw-redirect
Public Broadcasting Service

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mideastweb.org/687.htm

values: Middle East Review of International Affairs

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks

values: Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks

values: Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks

values: Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks

values: Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks

values: Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania

values: Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks

values: Detentions following the September 11 attacks

values: Communication during the September 11 attacks

values: Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks

values: Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks

values: Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks

values: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks

values: List of unsuccessful terrorist plots in the United States post-9/11

values: U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks

values: U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks

values: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center

values: Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks

values: Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks

values: Responsibility for the September 11 attacks

values: Trials related to the September 11 attacks

values: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

values: September 11 intelligence before the attacks

values: List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks

values: List of songs about the September 11 attacks

values: List of comics about the September 11 attacks

values: List of books about the September 11 attacks

values: List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks

values: United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject September 11, 2001

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

values: Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara

values: Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)

values:
/wiki/Moro_conflict_in_the_Philippines
mw-redirect
Moro conflict in the Philippines

values:
/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%9309)
mw-redirect
War in Somalia (2006–09)

values: Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States

values: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

values: Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: دوافع هجمات 11 سبتمبر – Arabic

values: Motivations des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 – French

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks rootpage-Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Great Appalachian Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Great Valley, also called the Great Appalachian Valley or Great Valley Region, is one of the major landform features of eastern North America. It is a gigantic trough—a chain of valley lowlands—and the central feature of the Appalachian Mountain system. The trough stretches about 1,200 miles (1,900 km) from Quebec to Alabama and has been an important north-south route of travel since prehistoric times.
A map of the Appalachian Mountains, highlighting the Great Appalachian Valley. The main mountain regions on either side are named, as are the various local valleys.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Northern section
1.2 Southern section
2 History
3 Transportation
3.1 Interstate highways
4 Culture
5 See also
6 References
Geography[edit]
Broadly defined, the Great Valley marks the eastern edge of the Ridge and Valley physiographic province. There are many regional names of the Great Valley, such as the Shenandoah Valley. From a large perspective the Great Valley can be divided into a northern section and a southern section.
Northern section[edit]
In its northern section, the Great Valley includes the Champlain Valley around Lake Champlain and the upper Richelieu River that drains it into the Saint Lawrence; the Hudson River Valley, Newburgh Valley, and Wallkill Valley; and the Kittatinny Valley, upper-Delaware River Valley, Lebanon Valley, and Cumberland Valley.
A series of mountains bounds the northern half of the Great Valley on both sides. To the east or coastward side, these include, from north to south, the Green Mountains of Vermont; the Taconic Mountains of Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; the Reading Prong (which includes the New York–New Jersey Highlands, known variously as the Hudson Highlands, Schunemunk Mountain, and Ramapo Mountains, among other names and sections); and South Mountain in Pennsylvania beyond Harrisburg. There is a wide gap between the Reading Prong and South Mountain at Harrisburg, through which the Susquehanna River passes, connecting the Great Valley with the Piedmont region of southeast Pennsylvania. Some consider this gap the dividing point between the northern and southern sections of the Great Valley.
To the west or continental side, a series of more impenetrable mountain regions border the northern Great Valley. The northernmost is the Adirondack Mountains, a southerly extension of the Canadian Shield, which reach the valley along the shores of Lake Champlain and Lake George. To their south, beyond the Mohawk Valley and Albany, New York, the Catskill Mountains—which form the northeastern terminus of the Allegheny Plateau—border the valley in form of the dramatic Catskill Escarpment, which overlooks the middle reaches of the Hudson River and Hudson Valley. Just south of the Catskills, the first folds of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians border the valley, in the form of a continuous ridge known variously (heading southward) as the Shawangunk Ridge in New York, Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey, and Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania. This long ridge is broken by several narrow and dramatic gaps, known as wind and water gaps. These include Culver's Gap in New Jersey; the Delaware Water Gap, where the Delaware River passes into the Great Valley along the border between New Jersey and Pennsylvania; and many gaps in Pennsylvania, including the Pennsylvania Wind Gap; the Lehigh River Gap north of Allentown; the Schuylkill River Gap; the Swatara Gap; and the Susquehanna River Gap, among others.
Southern section[edit]
In its southern section, the Great Valley is bounded to the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains, which extend north into Maryland and Pennsylvania as South Mountain. Regional names of the southern Great Valley include Hagerstown Valley in Maryland, Winchester Valley and Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and West Virginia, the upper valley of the James River, Roanoke Valley, and New River Valley in Virginia, the Holston River Valley in Virginia and Tennessee, and the East Tennessee Valley extending from Virginia through Tennessee to Alabama. Some describe the Coosa River Valley as the southernmost part of the Great Valley. These southern portions of the Great Valley are sometimes grouped into two parts, the Valley of Virginia and the Tennessee Valley.
The southern Great Valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge physiographic province, which includes, from north to south, South Mountain in Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Blue Ridge of Virginia, Holston Mountain in Tennessee, and the Unaka Range and the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. An important gap in these mountains occurs near Roanoke, Virginia. Other gaps of note in the Blue Ridge of Virginia, connecting the Piedmont region with the Great Valley, include Thornton Gap, Swift Run Gap, and Rockfish Gap.
Another series of mountains bounds the southern Great Valley to the west, including North Mountain and Great North Mountain, the Allegheny Front, Powell Mountain, the Cumberland Mountains, Walden Ridge, and the Cumberland Plateau. The Cumberland Gap connects the Great Valley region with Kentucky and Tennessee lands to the west.
Massanutten Mountain lies in the middle of the Valley of Virginia portion of the Great Valley.
The Valley of Virginia is a region of karst, with many sinkholes and caverns.
History[edit]
Routes through the valley were first used by Native Americans. In pre-colonial and early colonial times a major Indian pathway through the Great Valley was known as the Great Indian Warpath, Seneca Trail, and various other names.
For European colonists the Great Valley was a major route for settlement and commerce in the United States along the Great Wagon Road, which began in Philadelphia. In the Shenandoah Valley the road was known as the Valley Pike. The Wilderness Road branched off from the Great Wagon Road at present-day Roanoke, Virginia, crossed the Cumberland Gap and led to Kentucky and Tennessee, especially the fertile Bluegrass region and Nashville Basin. Another branch at Roanoke, called the Carolina Road, led into the Piedmont regions of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
The various gaps connecting the Great Valley to lands to the east and west have played important roles in American history. On the east side, the wide gap in southeast Pennsylvania became the main route for colonization of the Great Valley. By the 1730s the Pennsylvanian Great Valley west of South Mountain was open to settlement after treaty cessions and purchases from the Indians. The region drew a steady and growing stream of immigrants and became known as "the best poor man's country". Before long immigrants had thoroughly settled the Great Valley in Pennsylvania and were rapidly migrating and settling southwards into the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The entire region between southeast Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley soon became famous as a "breadbasket", the most productive mixed farming region in America (Meinig, 1986:134). The road from Philadelphia west to the valley and then south through it became very heavily used and known variously as the Great Wagon Road, the Philadelphia Wagon Road, the Valley Road, etc. The Conestoga wagon was developed around 1725 in the area of the wide opening between Philadelphia and the Great Valley. The Conestoga wagon became the main vehicle for transportation through the Great Valley until the railroad era.
Culver Gap near Culver's Lake in Sussex County, New Jersey, was an important route through the Kittatinny Mountain from about 10,000 years ago to present. The gap is more than 400 feet (120 m) below the top of the mountain. Lenape Native Americans used the gap to hunt and trade on both sides of the mountain. Early settlers from Pennsylvania used the water drop from Culvers Lake to Branchville for a wide assortment of mills. Turnpikes followed the route of Lenape trails through the gap.
By the 1750s the Great Valley was well-settled to the southern end of the Shenandoah Valley. Immigrants continued to travel from the Philadelphia area south through the Great Valley beyond Shenandoah, to the vicinity of the modern city of Roanoke, Virginia. There is a wide gap in the Blue Ridge near Roanoke. A branch of the Great Wagon Road began there, crossing through the gap east into the Piedmont region of North Carolina and South Carolina. This road became known as the Carolina Road. During the 1750s the stream of migrants traveling south through the valley and into the Carolina Piedmont grew into a flood. At the time, the Carolina Piedmont region offered some of the best land at the lowest prices. Soon a string of towns appeared, including Salisbury, Salem, and Charlotte in North Carolina. In the decades before the American Revolution the Piedmont "upcountry" of the Carolinas was quickly settled, mostly by recent immigrants who had migrated from the north to the south via the Great Valley. Many of these immigrants were Scots-Irish, Germans from the Rhineland-Palatinate area, and Moravians. This "upcountry" population soon surpassed the older and more established "lowcountry" population near the Atlantic coast, causing serious geopolitical tensions in the Carolinas during the late 18th century (Meinig, 1986: 291–293).
On the west side, the Cumberland Gap became the main route for migration west from the southern Great Valley to Kentucky and Tennessee. In the north, the Mohawk Valley became a major route for westward expansion, especially after the construction of the Erie Canal, which linked New York City to the Great Lakes region via the Hudson River of the Great Valley and the Mohawk Valley gap.
The Great Valley played an important role during the American Civil War, especially the Shenandoah Valley, its Blue Ridge gaps and nearby Piedmont area, and its northward extension to the vicinity of Gettysburg. Civil War-era sites and events in this region include Harpers Ferry, West Virginia; Antietam. Maryland; Manassas, Virginia; Chambersburg, Pennsylvania; the Valley Campaign of northern Virginia; the Valley Campaigns of 1864, also in Virginia; the Battles of Chattanooga, Tennessee; and the Gettysburg Campaign leading into Pennsylvania.
Transportation[edit]
Interstate highways[edit]
Today, the main thoroughfares occupying the southern Great Valley are:
I‑81 from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to the road's southern terminus near Dandridge, Tennessee;
I-40 from the I-81 interchange to Knoxville; and
I-75 from Knoxville to Cleveland, Tennessee.
In the northern valley, the thoroughfares vary. Heading northeast from Harrisburg, I-81 traces the valley to Swatara Gap, then swings north across Blue Mountain and leaves the valley en route to Scranton. I-78 then continues the route through the valley parallel to the southern slopes of Blue Mountain, connecting Harrisburg with Lebanon, Kutztown, and Allentown. At Allentown, I-78 then swings away south into the hills of the Reading Prong en route to New York City. From Allentown into New Jersey and southern New York, the valley is not traced by an interstate highway, though it is traversed at length (and at oblique angles) by both I-80 and I-84, as well as by the Delaware River between Easton, Pennsylvania, and the Delaware Water Gap.
In New Jersey and New York, the valley gradually bends from the northeast to the north, and starting near Newburgh just beyond the Hudson Highlands, I-87 runs much of the valley's length into Canada, passing Poughkeepsie, Albany, and Glens Falls. North of Glens Falls, I-87 runs west of the valley through the Adirondack Mountains, though it descends back into the valley near Plattsburgh. At the Canada–US border, I-87 becomes Autoroute 15 and continues north to Montreal. No interstate highway crosses the rugged section of the valley east of Lake George or passes through the agriculturally rich Champlain Valley running north to Burlington, Vermont.
Heading north from Burlington, however, along the east side of Lake Champlain, I-89 runs through the valley's northernmost stretches to the Canada–US border, where it becomes Quebec Route 133 and Autoroute 35, which trace the route of the Richelieu River in its southern section, where the Great Valley finally dissipates into the plain of the Saint Lawrence River to the east of Montreal. (The Richelieu River continues northward across the plain and empties into the Saint Lawrence to the northeast of Montreal.)
Culture[edit]
The Great Valley, especially the southern-middle portion, is within the region known as Appalachia.
See also[edit]
Martinsburg Formation
References[edit]
Appalachian Topography – Paleontological Research Institution
Appalachian Mountains – Columbia Gazetteer of North America
USGS – Valley and Ridge Province
Pennsylvania Geology Map
Geological Structure of Pennsylvania
Drake, Richard B. (2001), A History of Appalachia. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2169-8
Kercheval, Samuel (1850), A History of the Valley of Virginia, Woodstock, Virginia – History (much of it anecdotal) of the colonial Virginia northern frontier
Meinig, D.W. (1986), The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 1 – Atlantic America, 1492–1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03882-8
Williams, John Alexander (2002), Appalachia: A History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5368-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&oldid=806571384"
Categories:
Valleys of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Geography of Appalachia
Valleys of Alabama
Valleys of Georgia (U.S. state)
Landforms of New Hampshire
Valleys of New Jersey
Valleys of New York (state)
Valleys of Pennsylvania
Landforms of South Carolina
Valleys of Tennessee
Valleys of Virginia
Eastern United States
History of United States expansionism
East Tennessee
Western Maryland
Regions of the United States
Regions of Pennsylvania
Regions of Virginia
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2016
All articles lacking in-text citations
Pennsylvania articles missing geocoordinate data
All articles needing coordinates
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Lietuvių
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 October 2017, at 21:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: i

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes

values:
/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain
mw-redirect
Appalachian Mountain

values:
/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York
mw-redirect
Newburgh (city), New York

values: South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)

values:
/wiki/Kittatinny_Mountains
mw-redirect
Kittatinny Mountains

values:
/wiki/Wind_gap_(topography)
mw-redirect
Wind gap (topography)

values:
/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American
mw-redirect
Scotch-Irish American

values:
/wiki/Valley_Campaign
mw-redirect
Valley Campaign

values:
/wiki/Interstate_40_(Tennessee)
mw-redirect
Interstate 40 (Tennessee)

values:
/wiki/Interstate_75_(Tennessee)
mw-redirect
Interstate 75 (Tennessee)

values:
/wiki/Interstate_89_in_Vermont
mw-redirect
Interstate 89 in Vermont

values:
/wiki/D.W._Meinig
mw-redirect
D.W. Meinig

values: Category:Valleys of Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:History of United States expansionism

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2016

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Pennsylvania articles missing geocoordinate data

values: Category:All articles needing coordinates

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Большая Долина – Russian

values: 大阿帕拉契山谷 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Great_Appalachian_Valley rootpage-Great_Appalachian_Valley skin-vector action-view