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Energy in the United States
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United States total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2015[1]
Oil (37%)
Natural Gas (31.3%)
Coal (17.4%)
Nuclear (8.3%)
Hydro (2.5%)
Others (Renew.) (3.1%)
The United States was the second-largest energy consumer in 2010 (after China) considering total use.[2] The nation is ranked seventh in energy consumption per-capita after Canada and several small nations.[3][4] Not included is the significant amount of energy used overseas in the production of retail and industrial goods consumed in the U.S.
Most of this energy comes from fossil fuels: in 2010, data showed that 25% of the nation's energy originates from petroleum, 22% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplied 8%,[5] mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass; however, this also includes other renewable sources like wind power, geothermal, and solar energy.[6] As of 2006, energy consumption had increased more rapidly than domestic energy production over the last 50 years in the nation (when they were roughly equal). This difference was largely met through imports.[7]
According to the Energy Information Administration's statistics, the per-capita energy consumption in the US has somewhat been consistent from the 1970s to the present time. The average was about 334 million British thermal units (BTUs) per person from 1980 to 2010. One explanation suggested that the energy required to increase the nation's consumption of manufactured equipment, cars, and other goods has been shifted to other countries producing and transporting those goods to the US with a corresponding shift of green house gases and pollution. In comparison, the world average increased from 63.7 in 1980 to 75 million BTUs per person in 2008.
Contents
1 History
2 Summary
3 Primary energy consumption
3.1 Energy consumption by source
3.2 Petroleum
3.3 Gas
3.4 Coal
3.5 Hydroelectricity
3.6 Nuclear
3.7 Other renewables
4 Final energy consumption
4.1 Consumption by sector
4.2 Regional variation
5 Electricity
5.1 Consumption
5.2 Generation
5.3 Electricity generation by source
5.4 States imports and exports
5.5 Renewable energy
5.6 Trends and projections
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
US energy consumption, by source, 1776-2016. Vertical axis is in quadrillion BTU
From its founding until the late 18th century, the United States was a largely agrarian country with abundant forests. During this period, energy consumption overwhelmingly focused on readily available firewood. Rapid industrialization of the economy, urbanization, and the growth of railroads led to increased use of coal, and by 1885 it had eclipsed wood as the nation's primary energy source.[citation needed]
Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but by 1950, it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas. The 1973 oil embargo precipitated an energy crisis in the United States.[8][9] In 2007, coal consumption was the highest it has ever been, with it mostly being used to generate electricity.[10] Natural gas has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes, businesses and industrial furnaces, which burns cleaner and is easier to transport.[citation needed]
Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four.[citation needed] As of 2009, United States per capita energy use had declined to 7075 (kilograms of oil-equivalent), 12% less than 2000, and in 2010 to levels not seen since the 1960s.[11] At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for kerosene and oil lamps. One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the United States and the rest of the world. This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the automobile as a major force in American culture and the economy.
While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and powers various industrial processes, today two-thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels.[12] Oil's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content, cost of production, and speed of refueling all contributed to it being used over other fuels.[citation needed]
In June 2010, the American Energy Innovation Council, a group which includes Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft; Jeffrey R. Immelt, chief executive of General Electric; and John Doerr,[13] has urged the government to more than triple spending on energy research and development, to $16 billion a year. Gates endorsed the administration's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050, but said that was not possible with today's technology or politicism. He said that the only way to find such disruptive new technology was to pour large sums of money at the problem.[citation needed] The group notes that the federal government spends less than $5 billion a year on energy research and development, not counting one-time stimulus projects. About $30 billion is spent annually on health research and more than $80 billion on military research and development.[citation needed] They advocate a jump in spending on basic energy research.[14]
Summary[edit]
Energy in the United States[15]
Population
(million)
Prim. energy
(TWh)
Production
(TWh)
Import
(TWh)
Electricity
(TWh)
CO2-emission
(Mt)
2004 294.0 27,050 19,085 8,310 3,921 5,800
2007 302.1 27,214 19,366 8,303 4,113 5,769
2008 304.5 26,560 19,841 7,379 4,156 5,596
2009 307.5 25,155 19,613 6,501 3,962 5,195
2010 310.1 25,776 20,056 6,205 4,143 5,369
2012 312.0 25,484 20,757 5,322 4,127 5,287
2012R 314.3 24,895 21,009 4,360 4,069 5,074
2013 316.5 25,451 21,876 3,586 4,110 5,120
Change 2004-2010 5.5% -4.7% 5.1% -25.3% 5.7% -7.4%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh>, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[16]
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated
United States primary energy consumption by source and final consumption by sector (2008)[17]
Supply Sources
Percent of Source
Demand Sectors
Percent of Sector
Petroleum
37.1%
71% Transportation
23% Industrial
5% Residential and Commercial
1% Electric Power
Transportation
27.8%
95% Petroleum
2% Natural Gas
3% Renewable Energy
Natural Gas
23.8%
3% Transportation
34% Industrial
34% Residential and Commercial
29% Electric Power
Industrial
20.6%
42% Petroleum
40% Natural Gas
9% Coal
10% Renewable Energy
Coal
22.5%
8% Industrial
<1% Residential and Commercial
91% Electric Power
Residential and Commercial
10.8%
16% Petroleum
76% Natural Gas
1% Coal
1% Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy
7.3%
11% Transportation
28% Industrial
10% Residential and Commercial
51% Electric Power
Electric Power
40.1%
1% Petroleum
17% Natural Gas
51% Coal
9% Renewable Energy
21% Nuclear Electric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
8.5%
100% Electric Power
Note: Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.
Primary energy consumption[edit]
U.S. Energy Flow - 2017. A quad is 1015 BTU, or 1.055 × 1018 joules. Note the breakdown of useful and waste energy in each sector (dark vs. light grey) due to the nature of heat engines, which cannot convert all thermal energy into useful work and consequently lose a portion of their heat to the environment.
U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2009. From the U.S. Energy Information Administration (Department of Energy).
Primary energy use in the United States was 25,155 TWh or about 81,800 kWh per person in 2009. Primary energy use was 1,100 TWh less in the United States than in China in 2009. The share of energy import was 26% of the primary energy use. The energy import declined about 22% and the annual CO2 emissions about 10% in 2009 compared to 2004.[18]
Total primary energy consumption (Mtoe)[19]
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1,914 1,929.6 1,967.5 2,000.9 2,041.3 2,067.3 2,118.4 2,140.7 2,167.2 2,215.9 2,279.6
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2010-2011
CAGR 2001-11
2,235.8 2,270.6 2,265.2 2,311 2,324.6 2,304.5 2,340.4 2,301.4 2,201.4 2,249 2,225 -1.1% -0.04%
Energy consumption by source[edit]
Energy consumption by source in 2006 (PWh)
Fuel type
United States[20]
World[21]
Oil 11.71 50.33
Gas 6.50 31.65
Coal 6.60 37.38
Hydroelectric 0.84 8.71
Nuclear 2.41 8.14
Geothermal, wind,
solar, wood, waste 0.95 1.38
Total 29.26 138.41
Petroleum[edit]
Main article: Petroleum in the United States
Oil is one of the largest sources of energy in the United States. The United States influences world oil reserves for both growth and development.[22] As the 20th century progressed, petroleum gained increasing importance by providing heating and power to the commercial and industrial sectors. Oil was also used in transportation; first for railroads and later for motor vehicles.[23]
As automobiles became more affordable, demand for oil quickly rose. Since the rise of the automobile industry, oil price, demand, and production have all increased as well. Between 1900 and 1980, fuel was directly correlated with Gross National Product (GNP). Furthermore, oil shocks have often coincided with recessions, and the government has responded to oil shocks in several ways.[24] In the 1920s, oil prices were peaking and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out. Congress was confronted by requests to augment supplies, so a generous depletion allowance was enacted for producers in 1926, which increased investment returns substantially. This change induced additional exploration activity, and subsequently the discovery of large new oil reservoirs.[25]
The next decade the situation was reversed, with prices low and dropping. This resulted in demands for more "orderly" competition and set minimum oil prices. Rather than repealing the previous policies enacted in the 1920s, Congress enacted a price-support system. Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and '70s.[25]
Gas[edit]
Main article: Natural gas in the United States
Natural Gas production, 1900-2013
Natural gas was the largest source of energy production in the United States in 2016, representing 33 percent of all energy produced in the country.[26] Natural gas has been the largest source of electrical generation in the United States since July 2015.
The United States has been the world's largest producer of natural gas since 2009, when it surpassed Russia. US Natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2015. Marketed natural gas production in 2015 was 28.8 trillion cubic feet, a 5.4% increase over 2014, and a 52% increase over the production of 18.9 trillion cubic feet per day in 2005.[27]
Because of the greater supply, consumer prices for natural gas are significantly lower in the United States than in Europe and Japan.[28] The low price of natural gas, together with its smaller carbon footprint compared to coal, has encouraged a rapid growth in electricity generated from natural gas.
Between 2005 and 2014, US production of natural gas liquids (NGLs) increased 70%, from 1.74 million barrels per day in 2005 to 2.96 million barrels per day in 2014. The US has been the world's leading producer of natural gas liquids since 2010, when US NGL production passed that of Saudi Arabia.
Although the United States leads the world in natural gas production, it is only fifth in proved reserves of natural gas, behind Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Turkmenistan.
Coal[edit]
Main article: Coal power in the United States
See also: Coal mining in the United States
Generation of electricity is the largest user of coal, although its use is in decline. About 50% of electric power was produced by coal in 2005, declining to 30% in 2016.[29]:1 Electric utilities buy more than 90% of the coal consumed in the United States.[30]
The United States is a net exporter of coal. Coal exports, for which Europe is the largest customer, peaked in 2012, and have declined since. In 2015, the U.S. exported 7.0% of mined coal.[31]
Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882.[32] The first AC power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania in 1902, servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company.[32] By the mid-20th century, coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US. The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007. The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas, decreased consumption,[33] renewable power, and more stringent environmental regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution, smog, and global warming.
Hydroelectricity[edit]
Main article: Hydroelectricity in the United States
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)
Nuclear[edit]
Main article: Nuclear power in the United States
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)
Other renewables[edit]
Main article: Renewable energy in the United States
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)
Final energy consumption[edit]
Consumption by sector[edit]
The U.S. Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four broad sectors: industrial, transportation, residential, and commercial. The industrial sector has long been the country's largest energy user, currently representing about 33% of the total. Next in importance is the transportation sector, followed by the residential and commercial sectors.
Sector Summary
Sector Name
Description
Major uses[34][35][36]
Industrial
Facilities and equipment used for producing and processing goods. 22% chemical production
16% petroleum refining
14% metal smelting/refining
Transportation
Vehicles which transport people/goods on ground, air, or water. 61% gasoline fuel
21% diesel fuel
12% aviation
Residential
Living quarters for private households. 32% space heating
13% water heating
12% lighting
11% air conditioning
8% refrigeration
5% electronics
5% wet-clean (mostly clothes dryers)
Commercial
Service-providing facilities and equipment (businesses, government, other institutions). 25% lighting
13% heating
11% cooling
6% refrigeration
6% water heating
6% ventilation
6% electronics
Regional variation[edit]
Residential Energy Consumption per capita by State.[37]
Average annual residential electricity usage by city, 2000-2005. Measured in Kilowatt hours per customer.[38]
Household energy use varies significantly across the United States. An average home in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than a home in the South Central region. Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate. The heavily populated coastal areas of the Pacific states experience generally mild winters and summers, reducing the need for both home heating and air conditioning. The warm, humid climates of the South Central and South Atlantic regions lead to higher electricity usage, while the cold winters experienced in the Northeast and North Central regions result in much higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil. The state with the lowest per capita energy use is New York, at 205 million Btu/yr,[39] and the highest is Wyoming, at slightly over 1 billion Btu/yr.[40]
Other regional differences stem from energy efficiency measures taken at the local and state levels. California has some of the strictest environmental laws and building codes in the country, leading its per-household energy consumption to be lower than all other states except Hawaii.
The land-use decisions of cities and towns also explain some of the regional differences in energy use. Townhouses are more energy efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is wasted per person. Similarly, areas with more homes in a compact neighborhood encourage walking, biking and transit, thereby reducing transportation energy use. A 2011 U.S. E.P.A. study found that multi-family homes in urban neighborhoods, with well-insulated buildings and fuel-efficient cars, can save more than 2/3 of the energy used by conventionally built single-family houses in suburban areas (with standard cars).[41]
Electricity[edit]
Main article: Electricity sector of the United States
Power plants map
Electricity generation by type
The United States is the world's second largest producer and consumer of electricity.[42] It consumes about 20%[43] of the world's electricity supply. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the nation's electric industry, based on data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files.[44] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) files. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other user communities. Generation is detailed for the major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro, and the other renewables of wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal, and solar. Changes to the electrical energy fuel mix and other trends are identified. Progress in wind and solar contributing to the energy mix are addressed. Expected changes in the generation environment during the next 5 years are discussed.
Consumption[edit]
US Electric Energy Consumption by User Community 2006-2016
Electric Customers 2016
Residential Electric costs by State 2016
Residential Average cost per kWh 2006-2016
Electricity consumption data in this section is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2016 files[45] In 2016 the total US consumption of electricity was 4,137.1 terawatt-hours (TWh). Consumption was essentially flat from 2015, with a 6 TWh or 0.15% drop. This is broken down as:
Residential customers (131.07 million) directly consumed 1,411.1 TWh, or 34.11% of the total. This was up 7 TWh from 2015. An average residential customer used 897.2 kWh/month and with the average US residential cost of $0.1255/kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $112.59, down slightly from 2015.[citation needed]
Commercial customers (18.148 million) directly consumed 1,367.2 TWh or 33.05% of the total. This was just a little more (6.44 TWh) than in 2015. An average commercial customer used 6,278 kWh/month and with the average US commercial electric cost of $0.1043/kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $654.78, down slightly from 2015.[citation needed]
Industrial customers (about 838,100) directly consumed 976.7 TWh or 23.61% of the total. This was a little less than in 2015 (-1.0%).
Transportation customers (86) directly consumed 7.50 TWh or 0.18% of the total. This was a little lower (0.14 TWh) than in 2015.
System loss throughout the total electrical grid infrastructure by direct use of the suppliers (139.8 TWh)[46] and for transmission and other system losses and for unaccounted for loads (234.8 TWh) amounts to 374.6 TWh or 9.1% of the total which is down by 0.2% from 2015. Thus, the US electric distribution system is 90.94% efficient and efficiency has improved over the last year.
A profile of the electric energy consumption[47] for 2016 is shown in the following graph. The April minimum of 298 TWh to the July peak of 417 TWh shows the monthly range of consumption variations.
2016 Electric Energy Consumption Profile[48]
The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual.[49][50] identifies those states which must import electrical energy from neighboring states to meet their consumption needs. Each state's total electric generation for 2016 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loss and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system loss) is the amount of energy it imports. For Hawaii (HI) total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.099688991 (4127150643/3753016241), results in United States supply (including net imports) being equal to the country's total consumption. The following chart provides the details. The graphic shows each import states situation with respect to electric energy consumption being greater than its generation.
Generation[edit]
Profile of Electric Energy by Fuel Source 2006-2016
United States has an installed electricity generation capacity of 1,074.3 GW.[51] The electricity generation was 4,076.8 TWh in 2016.[52]
United States net imports were 60.27 TWh, for a total of 4,137.1 TWh of electrical energy use.[53] Electrical energy generated from coal was 1,239.15 TWh (29.95%); Natural and other Gases, 1,391.11 TWh (33.63%); Nuclear, 805.69 TWh (19.47%); Hydro, 269.81 TWh (6.47%); Renewables (other than Hydro), 341.64 TWh (8.26%); Imports less exports, 60.27 TWh (1.46%); Petroleum, 24.20 TWh (0.59%); and Misc (including pumped storage) 7.22 TWh (0.18%). United States renewable sources (hydro reported separately) are wind, 226.99 TWh (5.49%); wood, 40.95 TWh (0.99%); other biomass, 21.81 TWh (0.53% ); geothermal, 15.83 TWh (0.38%) and solar, 36.05 TWh (0.87%).[44] Small scale solar is estimated to have produced an additional 12.77 TWh. Natural gas electricity generation exceeded generation from coal for the first time in 2016.
The following tables summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the United States. Data from Electric Power Annual 2016[44] was used throughout this section.
Electricity generation in the United States in 2016[54][55]
Power Source
Generators
Summer Capacity (GW)
% of total Capacity
Capacity factor
Annual Energy (TWh)
% of Total US
Coal
844 266.62 24.82 0.531 1,239.15 29.95
Nat Gas+
5,929 449.28 41.82 0.353 1391.11 33.63
Nuclear
99 99.56 9.27 0.924 805.7 19.47
Hydro
4,050 79.91 7.44 0.383 267.81 6.47
Other Renewables
5,955 119.78 11.15 0.326 341.63 8.26
Petroleum
3,541 34.38 3.20 0.080 24.2 0.58
Other
153 2.02 0.19 0.786 13.91 0.34
Storage
153 22.78 2.12 -0.034 -6.69 -0.16
Net Imports
60.28 1.46
Total
20,724 1074.33 100 0.440 4,137.1 100
US Electric Energy Renewables 2006-2016
Electric Production by Renewables in 2016[56]
Power source
Summer capacity (GW)
% of renewable capacity
% of total capacity
Capacity factor
Total generation (TWh)
% of renewable energy
% of total
Hydro
79.91 40.02 7.44 0.383 267.81 43.93 6.47
Wind
81.29 40.71 7.57 0.319 226.99 37.25 5.49
Biomass
14.02 7.02 1.30 0.511 62.76 10.3 1.52
Solar
21.95 10.99 2.04 0.187 36.05 5.92 0.87
Geothermal
2.52 1.26 0.23 0.717 15.83 2.6 0.38
Total
199.69 100.00 18.59 0.348 609.44 100.00 14.73
Note: Biomass includes wood and wood derived fuel, landfill gas, biogenic municipal solid waste and other waste biomass.
Electricity generation by source[edit]
2015 Electric Generation by State by Fuel Source by % of State Generation
STATES in 2015 who EXPORTED Electric Energy
Electricity generation by source (TWh per year)[52][57]
Year
Fossil Fuel
Nuclear
Renewable
Misc5
Total6
Coal
Oil
Gas1
sub
total
Hydro2
Geo
Thermal
Solar3
Wind
Wood
Bio4
other
sub
total
20177 1,207.90 21.09 1,287.02 2,516.02 804.95 300.05 15.98 52.96 254.25 43.28 20.77 687.29 6.55+ 4,014.80+
Proportion 2017 30.09% 0.53% 32.06% 62.67% 20.05% 7.47% 0.40% 1.32% 6.33% 1.08% 0.52% 17.12% 0.16% 100.0%
2016 1,239.15 24.20 1,391.11 2,654.47 805.69 267.81 15.83 36.05 226.99 40.95 21.81 609.45 67.49 4,137.10
Proportion 2016 29.95% 0.59% 33.63% 64.16% 19.47% 6.47% 0.38% 0.87% 5.49% 0.99% 0.53% 14.73% 1.63% 100.0%
2015 1,352.40 28.25 1,346.60 2,727.25 797.18 249.08 15.92 24.89 190.72 41.93 21.70 544.24 75.61 4,144.27
Proportion 2015 32.63% 0.68% 32.49% 65.81% 19.24% 6.01% 0.38% 0.60% 4.6% 01.01% 0.52% 13.13% 1.82% 100.0%
2014 1,581.71 30.23 1,138.63 2,750.57 797.17 259.37 15.88 17.69 181.655 42.34 21.65 538.58 60.50 4,146.2
2013 1,581.12 27.16 1,137.69 2,745.97 789.02 268.57 15.78 9.04 167.84 40 20.83 522.07 55.64 4,112.7
2012 1,514.04 23.19 1,237.79 2,775.02 769.33 276.24 15.56 4.33 140.82 37.8 19.82 494.57 56.1 4095
2011 1,733.4 30.2 1,025.3 2,788.9 790.2 319.4 15.3 1.82 120.2 37.4 19.2 513.32 46 4138.4
2010 1,847.3 37.1 999.0 2,883.4 807.0 260.2 15.2 1.21 94.7 37.2 18.9 427.4 33.3 4,151.0
Proportion 2010 44.5% 0.9% 24.1% 69.5% 19.4% 6.3% 0.37% 0.029% 2.3% 0.9% 0.5% 10.3% 0.8% 100.0%
2009 1,755.9 38.9 931.6 2,726.5 798.9 273.4 15.0 0.89 73.9 36.1 18.4 417.7 41.4 3,984.4
2008 1,985.8 46.2 894.7 2,926.7 806.2 254.8 14.8 0.86 55.4 37.3 17.7 380.9 38.3 4,152.2
2007 2,016.5 65.7 910.0 2,992.2 806.4 247.5 14.6 0.61 34.5 39.0 16.5 352.7 36.6 4,188.0
2000 1,966 111 615 2,692 754 260 14 0.49 5.6 37.6 23 318.7 38.6 3,836
Proportion 2000 51.3% 2.9% 16.0% 70.2% 19.7% 7.2% 0.37% 0.013% 0.15% 1.0% 0.6% 9.3% 0.9% 100.0%
1999 1,881 118 57l 2,570 728 319.5 14.8 0.50 4.5 37 22.6 392.8 55 3,723.8
Notes: 1 Gas includes natural gas and other gases. 2 Hydro excludes pumped storage (not an energy source, used by all sources, other than hydro). 3 Solar includes photovoltaics and thermal. 4 Bio other includes waste, landfill gas, and other. 5 Misc includes misc generation, pumped storage, and net imports. 6 Total includes net imports. 7 2017 data is from Electric Power Monthly and does not include import-export data.[57]
States imports and exports[edit]
Using the data from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files[58] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) full year files.[59] The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual .[49][50] identifies those states which generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs. They supply those that need additional energy. Each states total electric generation for 2016 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loses and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system loses) is the amount of energy it exports. For Hawaii (HI), total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states multiplying their direct consumption by 1.1099688991 (4127150643/3753016241) results in United States supply (including net imports) being equal to the country's total consumption usage. State export is determined by subtracting the state's total consumption from its generation.
States which import electric energy from other States
Net-importer states in 2016[49][50]
State
Consumption
Generation
State imports
Retail Sales (MWh)
Total Usage (MWh)
MWh
% 2016
% 2015
Improvement
CA
256,846,635 282,451,417 196,963,215 85,488,202 30.27% 30.57% ↔
OH
150,597,796 165,610,738 118,922,078 46,688,660 28.19% 24.70% ↓
TN
100,758,439 110,802,946 79,340,633 31,462,313 28.39% 30.41% ↑
VA
112,280,665 123,473,811 92,554,876 30,918,935 25.04% 30.53% ↑
MD
61,353,911 67,470,220 37,166,687 30,303,533 44.91% 45.74% ↑
NY
147,803,038 162,537,374 134,417,107 28,120,267 17.30% 14.19% ↓
MA
53,475,888 58,806,845 31,955,022 26,851,823 45.66% 45.85% ↔
FL
235,721,822 259,220,693 238,262,150 20,958,543 8.09% 7.11% ↓
GA
138,112,239 151,880,509 133,380,416 18,500,093 12.18% 12.61% ↑
NC
134,404,319 147,802,950 130,779,157 17,023,793 11.52% 11.58% ↔
MN
66,546,492 73,180,445 59,478,753 13,701,692 18.72% 21.11% ↑
DC
11,394,003 12,529,860 76,474 12,453,386 99.39% 99.56% ↔
IN
103,704,821 114,043,050 101,759,059 12,283,991 10.77% 8.25% ↓
WI
69,736,338 76,688,283 64,966,611 11,721,672 15.28% 10.96% ↓
ID
23,062,961 25,362,084 15,660,938 9,701,146 38.25% 37.37% ↓
MO
78,618,056 86,455,411 78,611,513 7,843,898 9.07% 5.40% ↓
CO
54,802,037 60,265,197 54,418,480 5,846,717 9.70% 10.75% ↑
NJ
75,359,371 82,871,871 77,611,403 5,260,468 6.35% 8.89% ↑
VT
5,516,450 6,066,379 1,911,207 4,155,172 68.50% 66.91% ↓
DE
11,258,438 12,380,780 8,731,261 3,649,519 29.48% 37.39% ↑
MI
104,467,813 114,882,104 112,121,790 2,760,314 2.40% 1.60%* ↓
SD
12,129,530 13,338,711 11,524,184 1,814,527 13.60% 26.62% ↑
KY
74,553,575 81,985,746 80,273,501 1,712,245 2.09% 1.30%* ↓
RI
7,524,270 8,274,357 6,564,885 1,709,472 20.66% 16.55% ↓
ME
11,448,951 12,590,285 11,514,427 1,075,858 8.55% 8.96% ↑
AK
6,123,202 6,733,618 6,335,034 398,584 5.92% 5.94% ↔
Total
2,107,601,060 2,317,705,683 1,885,300,861 432,404,822 *=export
States Which EXPORT Electric Energy to other States- 2016
Net-exporters states in 2016[49][50]
State
Generation
Consumption
State exports
Retail Sales (MWh)
Total Usage (MWh)
MWh
% 2016
% 2015
Change
PA
215,066,509 145,327,683 159,815,253 55,251,256 25.69% 26.0% ↔
AL
142,385,098 88,225,141 97,020,216 45,364,882 31.86% 36.8% ↓
WV
75,942,968 32,076,146 35,273,785 40,669,183 53.55% 51.5% ↑
IL
187,441,635 141,050,409 155,111,582 32,330,053 17.25% 22.5% ↓
WY
46,656,630 16,554,870 18,205,208 28,451,422 60.98% 62.5% ↓
AZ
108,763,449 78,237,828 86,037,278 22,726,171 20.90% 25.8% ↓
ND
37,856,452 18,520,188 20,366,447 17,490,005 46.20% 47.1% ↓
WA
114,086,582 88,885,316 97,746,203 16,340,379 14.32% 10.5% ↑
TX
454,047,591 398,661,809 438,404,002 15,643,589 3.45% 5.4% ↓
MT
27,783,529 14,100,601 15,506,276 12,277,253 44.19% 47.4% ↓
OK
78,655,007 61,516,554 67,649,077 11,005,930 13.99% 12.6% ↑
AR
60,445,059 46,188,438 50,792,917 9,652,142 15.97% 9.3% ↑
SC
96,985,764 79,577,550 87,510,556 9,475,208 9.77% 8.6% ↑
MS
62,881,295 49,050,164 53,939,925 8,941,370 14.22% 18.4% ↓
OR
60,182,013 47,349,350 52,069,559 8,112,454 13.48% 11.4% ↑
NM
32,912,045 23,039,547 25,336,336 7,575,709 23.02% 23.4% ↔
NH
19,282,493 10,904,956 11,992,060 7,290,433 37.81% 40.4% ↓
LA
107,268,804 91,452,659 100,569,482 6,699,322 6.25% 7.8% ↓
UT
38,133,928 30,179,534 33,188,101 4,945,827 12.97% 21.9% ↓
CT
36,496,560 28,931,087 31,815,198 4,681,362 12.83% 14.7% ↓
NE
36,524,869 30,199,354 33,209,897 3,314,972 9.08% 19.8% ↓
KS
47,599,991 40,810,174 44,878,499 2,721,492 5.72% 5.0% ↑
IA
54,392,507 48,431,193 53,259,250 1,133,257 2.08% 9.7% ↓
NV
39,787,005 36,144,630 39,747,852 39,153 0.10% 0.1% ↔
HI
9,948,845 9,445,389 9,948,845 0 0.00% 0.0% ↔
Net import
60,272,000
Total
2,251,798,628 1,654,860,570 1,819,393,805 372,132,823
Renewable energy[edit]
Main article: Renewable energy in the United States
Sources of total United States renewable energy, 2012 (US EIA)
The Shepherds Flat Wind Farm is an 845 megawatt (MW) wind farm in the U.S. state of Oregon.
Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 13.2 percent of the domestically produced electricity in 2014,[60] and 11.2 percent of total energy generation.[61] As of 2014, more than 143,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering, where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays.[62]
Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production (2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (2.125 quadrillion BTUs).[63] 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production.[64]
Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. It produced around 6.2% of the nation's total electricity in 2010 which was 60.2% of the total renewable power in the U.S.[65] The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.
U.S. wind power installed capacity now exceeds 65,000 MW and supplies 4% of the nation's electricity.[66][67] Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by Iowa and California.[68]
The U.S. has some of the largest solar farms in the world. Solar Star is a 579 megawatt (MWAC) farm near Rosamond, California.[69] The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County, California[70] and the Topaz Solar Farm, a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant, is in San Luis Obispo County, California.[71] The solar thermal SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert has a total generating capacity of 354 MW.[72]
The Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world.
The development of renewable energy and efficient energy use marks "a new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to President Barack Obama.[73] Studies suggest that if there is enough political will it is feasible to supply the total United States with 100% renewable energy by 2050.[74][75]
Trends and projections[edit]
In 2015 electrical energy usage in the United States was 1.6% more than in 2005 and 1% less than the peak in 2007. Per capita consumption has decreased about 7% since its peak in 2007 and every year since has shown a decrease in individual consumption. Conservation efforts are helping. At least, for the next decade, coal, natural gas, and nuclear will remain the top three fuels for electric energy generation in the USA. Coal will continuously decrease its contribution with natural gas increasing its contribution. Nuclear will have some downs (decommissionings) and ups (new online plants) but probably remain about constant. Hydro will maintain. Petroleum will continue to decrease in importance. Wind and solar will continue to grow in importance; their combined generation was 5.29% of US electric generation for 2015 or 5.20% of total US consumption.
Per capita energy use in the United States
From the beginning of the United States until 1973, total energy (including electrical) use increased by about 3%/year, while population increased an average of 2.2%/year. Per capita energy use from 1730 to 1870 was about 100 million Btu/person. In the 20th century this increased to 300 million (332 million Btu/person/year, 97 thousand kWh/person/year in 1981).[76]
In 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney said the US would need "at least 1,300 new power plants over the next 20 years."[77]
Efficiency improvements could cause energy use to drop considerably.
A concentrating solar array (CSP) with thermal storage has a practical capacity factor of 33%[78] and could provide power 24 hours a day. Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly 98 million acres (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations. To streamline consideration of applications, the BLM produced a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). By the subsequent Record of Decision in October 2012, the BLM withdrew 78 percent of its land from possible solar development, leaving 19 million acres still open to applications for solar installations, an area nearly as large as South Carolina. Of the area left open to solar proposals, the BLM has identified 285 thousand acres in highly favorable areas it calls Solar Energy Zones.[79] In Spain, with natural gas backups, CSP has reached a capacity factor of 66%, with 75% being a theoretical maximum.[80][not in citation given]
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Sustainable development portal
Carter Doctrine
The Climate Registry
Efficient energy use
Energy conservation in the United States
Energy policy of the United States
World energy resources
World energy consumption
List of countries by energy consumption and production
List of countries by energy consumption per capita
List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources
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Further reading[edit]
GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBN 978-981-4704-00-7
Tough Love for Renewable Energy; Making Wind and Solar Power Affordable May/June 2012 Foreign Affairs
External links[edit]
Energy Information Administration - Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government's Energy Information Administration
Biomass Energy Data Book
Buildings Energy Data Book
International Federation of Global & Green ICT IFGICT web site
Power Technologies Energy Data Book (complete)
Transportation Energy Data Book
Interactive United States Energy Comparisons
Renewable Energy Tops 10% of U.S. Energy Production
U.S. Energy System Factsheet by the University of Michigan's Center for Sustainable Systems
Estimated US Energy Use in 2011 | Visual.ly
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text:
Burial at sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Ship burial.
For the downloadable episode "Burial at Sea" for BioShock Infinite, see BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea.
Burial at Sea for two casualties of a Japanese submarine attack on the US aircraft carrier USS Liscome Bay, November 1943
Burial at sea is the disposal of human remains in the ocean, normally from a ship or boat. It is regularly performed by navies, and is done by private citizens in many countries.
Burial at sea ceremony for cremated remains, on the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, April 2011
Burial-at-sea services are available at many different locations and with many different customs, either by ship or by aircraft. Usually, either the captain (or commanding officer) of the ship or aircraft or a religious representative (of the decedent's religion or the state religion) performs the ceremony.
The ceremony may include burial in a casket, burial sewn in sailcloth, burial in an urn, or scattering of the cremated remains by ship. Burial at sea by aircraft is usually done only with cremated remains. Other types of burial at sea include the mixing of the ashes with concrete and dropping the concrete block to form an artificial reef such as the Atlantis Reef.
Below is a list of religions that allow burial at sea, with some details of the burial. However, beliefs and views may differ within the same religion.
Contents
[hide]
1 By Religion
1.1 Buddhism
1.2 Christianity
1.2.1 Catholicism
1.2.2 Protestantism
1.3 Hinduism
1.4 Islam
1.5 Judaism
2 By Country
2.1 Australia
2.2 United Kingdom
2.3 United States
2.3.1 United States Navy
3 Wartime burial at sea
4 Memorial services at sea
5 People buried at sea
6 See also
7 References
By Religion[edit]
Buddhism[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There are very few traditional Buddhist burials at sea. Traditionally, the deceased are cremated and the ashes are placed in a grave or columbarium. Particularly in East Asian or Mahayana Buddhism, a physical gravesite is considered important for the conduct of memorial and ancestor rites. The Buddhist Churches of America, the North American branch of Japanese Jodo Shinshu Buddhism, has created a service for Buddhist burials at sea, primarily for military service members. In Thailand ashes are generally placed in a wreath with lit candles and floated off to sea from a vessel followed by a procession of mourning wreaths, with lit candles also.
Christianity[edit]
Catholicism[edit]
Officially, the Roman Catholic Church prefers normal casket burials over cremations, but does allow for cremation subject to the condition that the ashes are entombed or buried. Catholics believe it is not proper to scatter or pour the cremated remains over the sea, water, or on the land. According to the Roman Catholic Church this action does not give due respect to the remains of the deceased, nor does it allow for the closure and healing of family and friends. Likewise they see that the custom of housing the remains with family or friends and not placing the deceased in the ground does not offer loved ones a specific and sacred place to visit the individual. Visiting the deceased in a holy place provides believers with a space to offer prayers, commune with those who have gone before them in faith, and reminds them to await the resurrection of their own bodies. Burial at sea in a casket or in an urn is approved for cases where the deceased expired in the sea. The committal prayer number 406§4 is used in this case.[1]
Protestantism[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Anglican Communion has detailed procedures for burial at sea. The ship has to be stopped, and the body has to be sewn in canvas, suitably weighted. Anglican (and other) chaplains of the Royal Navy bury cremated remains of ex-Naval personnel at sea. Scattering of cremated remains is discouraged, not least for practical reason
The Book of Common Prayer (1928) of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States (ECUSA), a member of the Anglican Communion provides a specific prayer of committal for burials at sea:
At the Burial of the Dead at Sea. The same Office may be used; but instead of the Sentence of Committal, the Minister shall say, UNTO Almighty God we commend the soul of our brother departed, and we commit his body to the deep; in sure and certain hope of the Resurrection unto eternal life, through our Lord Jesus Christ; at whose coming in glorious majesty to judge the world, the sea shall give up her dead; and the corruptible bodies of those who sleep in him shall be changed, and made like unto his glorious body; according to the mighty working whereby he is able to subdue all things unto himself.[2]
Many Lutheran naval veterans and seamen prefer to be buried at sea. In those cases either the casket or urn is set to sea, or ashes scattered. The procedure is similar as that with Anglican. Some parishes have specific consecrated sea areas where ashes can be sprinkled.
Hinduism[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Traditionally, the deceased are cremated, the bones and ashes are collected, and the ashes/remains are immersed in the Ganges River if possible or in any other river if not.
Islam[edit]
The sacred texts of Islam prefer burial on land, "so deep that its smell does not come out and the beasts of prey do not dig it out". However, if a person dies at sea and it is not possible to bring the body back to land before decay, or if burial at land becomes impossible, burial at sea is allowed. A weight is tied to the feet of the body, and the body is lowered into the water. This would preferably occur in an area where the remains are not immediately eaten by scavengers.
In the Sunni Fiqh book Umdat al-Salik wa Uddat al-Nasik, the condition for sea burial is:
It is best to bury him (the deceased) in the cemetery... If someone dies on a ship and it is impossible to bury him on land, the body is placed (O: tightly lashed) between two planks (O: to obviate bloating) and thrown into the sea (O: so that it reaches shore, even if the inhabitants are non-Muslims, since a Muslim might find the body and bury it facing the direction of prayer (qibla)).[3]
Judaism[edit]
According to Jewish law, a dead person must be quickly buried and burial requires covering in earth.[4] This law is derived from Devarim (Deuteronomy) 21:23 "Bury, you will bury him the same day; for the (unburied body) is a curse to God" the double command to bury causing a positive commandment to entomb in the earth and a negative commandment forbidding leaving an unburied body. The legal text Shulchan Aruch brings a case example explaining that even if a person is known to have drowned in a closed body of water such as a small pond where there can be certainty that the victim had not somehow survived, the family does not begin ritual mourning and remains in extended state of most intense mourning aninut until either the body is found or after an exhaustive search despairs of recovering and burying the body.[5] This shows that the body is considered unburied when underwater; as shiva mourning normally only begins after burial. B'resheit(Genesis) 3:19 states "With the sweat of your face you shall eat bread, until you return to the ground, from (dust) you were taken and you are dust, and to dust you will return." From this we see that the only proper treatment of a dead body is to physically cover it with earth once land is available for the crew to bury the body, rather than to leave the body at sea or some other fate such as cremation.
If for some reason the body of someone deceased aboard a ship causes an immediate life threat to those aboard the vessel the commandment to protect innocent life or pikuach nefesh overrides nearly all commandments including the command to bury the dead, as any appropriate actions to ensure safety of surviving crew are required to be taken which may include jettisoning a body at sea without burial. However, attempts would later be made to recover and bury when possible without life hazard.[6]
An example of the desire to bury a body in the ground even after it has been long dead at sea, is that of the Israeli submarine Dakar which was lost with no survivors in 1968 but was only discovered in 1999 lying broken at a depth of 3,000 meters. Search and recovery of any potentially existing remains at this very difficult to access depth has not shown results despite requests from family and the Chief Rabbi of the IDF.[7][8][9]
By Country[edit]
Australia[edit]
Burial at sea within Australian territorial waters, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf is covered by the Environmental Protection (Sea Dumping Act) 1981 administered by the federal Department of the Environment. A permit is required for burial of bodies at sea. Permits are usually only granted in cases of a strong connection to the sea, for example long serving navy personnel. The body must not be embalmed or placed in a casket, it may only be sewn into a weighted shroud. The burial must be in water deeper than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and not interfere with shipping, fishing or undersea communications. Australian Defence Force vessels engaged in armed conflicts or emergency situations are exempt from these requirements.[10]
No permit is required to scatter ashes at sea.
United Kingdom[edit]
Burial at sea was a method hypothetically suggested by the then Medical Officer of Health for Liverpool, Dr Duncan Dolton, in which unburied bodies could be buried at sea during any extended strike by gravediggers union the GMWU during the Winter of Discontent. The suggestion caused great alarm amongst the public and helped prompt a resolution to the strike.[citation needed] British colonial burials at sea of the 18th and 19th century involved wrapping the deceased in sail cloth weighted with cannonballs.
In England cremated remains may be scattered freely at sea but a burial must be made in a coffin meeting regulatory requirements and in one of three locations: off The Needles, Isle of Wight; between Hastings and Newhaven and off Tynemouth, North Tyneside. Permission may be sought for another burial site.[11]
United States[edit]
A funeral director is not required for the burial of cremated remains at sea. However, full body burials require specific preparation to ensure the body or coffin sinks quickly. And in many states a licensed funeral director is required.[12] The Environmental Protection Agency regulations for full body burials at sea in the United States require that the site of interment be 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from land and at a depth of at least 600 feet (180 m). California prohibits whole body burial within its state-asserted three-mile limit. Off the eastern coast of the United States, the closest sufficient depths are off Long Island (75 miles/121 km), Ocracoke (20 miles/32 km), and Miami (5 miles/8.0 km). This may require travel in excess of 30 miles (48 km) for a suitable site.[13]
Departing from the New England Area only requires a voyage of appx 45 miles to sea to reach the required 600' ocean depth.[12] Sufficient depth is within 10 miles or less at many harbors along the U.S. west coast, including San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, Fort Bragg, Eureka, and Crescent City, all in California.[14] The United States Navy inters intact remains from Norfolk and San Diego only.[15] The United States Navy requires a metal casket for intact remains, but full body burial in a suitably weighted shroud is also seen as legal.[12]
The United States is similar to many countries which permit the spreading of cremation ashes within their Exclusive Economic zone - when spreading ashes from a ship which is registered in a different country, the regulations and reporting procedures for the ships flag state need to be complied with once the vessel is in international waters, that is, outside 12 nautical miles. Ships follow the London convention principles, as opposed to MARPOL regulations, as the ash is intentionally taken on board for discharge at sea, as opposed to ash generated on passage from the ship's incinerators. It should be further considered that on 1 January 2013, MARPOL Annex V came into force, which prevents discharge of a ship's incinerator ash.
United States Navy[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The burial at sea of U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong, performed by the U.S. Navy on the USS Philippine Sea in the Atlantic Ocean on September 14, 2012
See also: United States Navy Chaplain Corps
The United States Navy has performed many burials at sea in its history, with wartime burials as recently as World War II, and peacetime burials still common. Enemy deaths received the same ceremony as Americans or allies. Most other armed forces also perform burials at sea, such as the British Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy.
If the deceased died on land or has been returned to shore after death, the remains may be brought aboard either in a coffin or in an urn after cremation. The ceremony is performed while the ship is deployed, and consequently civilians are not allowed to be present. In the USA, people eligible for a free Navy burial at sea are:
Active-duty members of the uniformed services
Retirees and honorably discharged veterans
Military Sealift Command U.S. civilian marine personnel
Family members of the above
In preparation, the officer of the deck calls All hands bury the dead, and the ship is stopped (if possible). The ship's flags are lowered to half mast. The ship's crew, including a firing party, casket bearers and a bugler, are assembled on the deck. The crew stands at parade rest at the beginning of the ceremony. The coffin is covered with a flag, and is carried feet first on deck by the casket bearers. The casket is placed on a stand, with the feet overboard. In case of cremated remains, the urn is brought on deck and placed on a stand.
The ceremony is divided into a military portion and a religious portion. The religious part is specific to the religion of the deceased, and may be performed by a Navy chaplain, or by the commanding officer if no chaplain of the appropriate faith is available. A scripture is read and prayers are said.
After the religious ceremony, the firing party is ordered Firing party, present arms. The casket bearers tilt the platform with the casket, so that the casket slides off the platform into the ocean. The flag which was draped over the casket is retained on board. For cremated remains, there is the option to bury the remains using the urn in a similar fashion to the procedure used for caskets. Alternatively, the urn can be opened, and the remains scattered in the wind. In this case, the wind direction has to be taken under consideration before burial to ensure a smooth procedure.
The firing party fires a three volley salute, the bugler plays Taps, and flowers may also be dropped into the ocean. After the flag is folded, the ceremony ends. The relatives are informed of the time and location of the burial, and given photos and video recordings if available.
Wartime burial at sea[edit]
Burial at sea for the casualties of the USS Intrepid, hit by Japanese bombs during operations in the Philippines, November 26, 1944
Navy firing detail as part of a burial at sea in 2008 for one of the 316 survivors of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35) sinking on July 30, 1945, during World War II
Burial at sea on the USS Enterprise, May 19, 2004
Cremated remains at sea on the USS Donald Cook, May 1, 2003
In wartime, attempts are made for burial at sea to follow the same procedure as for peacetime burial at sea, although a ship on a combat mission may not have all the necessary resources available. Nowadays, it is usually possible to airlift the remains back to shore, and prepare a burial ceremony on land. However, as recently as the Falklands War, deceased were buried at sea without returning to land. Due to the limited facilities of military ships, this procedure usually does not include a casket, but the body is sewn into a sailcloth with weights, usually rocks or cannonballs. Cremation is usually not possible on a ship. During the Pacific campaign there were some instances where deceased aircrews were buried at sea in the remains of their damaged aircraft, which were ceremonially pushed overboard from their aircraft carrier.[16][17]
Memorial services at sea[edit]
If no remains of the deceased are available a memorial service may be held, and flowers may be dropped in the water, often over or near the location of the death.
People buried at sea[edit]
Main article: List of people buried at sea
A few notable burials at sea:
Sir Francis Drake (1540–1596), body in lead coffin off the coast of Portobelo, Panama
Christopher Newport (1561–1617), body buried in the Indian Ocean
Edward Winslow (1595–1655) (buried at sea near Jamaica on 8 May 1655
Numerous RMS Titanic victims (1912), picked up by rescue ships, whose remains were too damaged to preserve or for whom the rescuers lacked sufficient embalming materials, were buried at sea
Mariano Moreno (1778–1811), one of the leaders of the May Revolution; died on voyage to the United Kingdom, possibly poisoned and, perhaps ironically, his coffin was wrapped in a British flag
Dudley Pound (1877–1943), cremated ashes scattered
H. G. Wells (1866–1946), cremated and ashes scattered in the sea off England
Edwina Mountbatten (1901–1960), body placed in a coffin and then buried in the English Channel
Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962), following his execution in Israel, his body was cremated and his ashes scattered at sea over the Mediterranean, in international waters. This was done because Israel did not want such a person buried in its soil, and also did not want a grave elsewhere that might have become a place of pilgrimage for other Nazis.
Janis Joplin (1943–1970), cremated at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, and ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean
Richard Rodgers (1902–1979), cremated ashes scattered
Sir Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980), ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean
Steve McQueen (1930–1980), cremated and ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean
Dennis Wilson (1944–1983), body buried in the Pacific Ocean off California with special intervention by President Reagan
Peter Lawford (1923–1984), actor, cremated and ashes originally buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery; they were later removed and scattered in the Pacific Ocean
Rock Hudson (1925–1985), cremated ashes scattered
Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988), cremated, and ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean[18]
Stan Getz (1927–1991), cremated, and ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean off Malibu, California
Vincent Price (1911–1993),[19] ashes scattered off Point Dume in Malibu, California
Gene Kelly (1912–1996), cremated ashes scattered
Robert Mitchum (1917–1997), cremated ashes scattered[20]
John F. Kennedy, Jr (1960–1999), scattered into the Atlantic Ocean by the U.S. Navy off Martha's Vineyard
DeForest Kelley (1920–1999), ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean
Doug Henning (1947–2000), cremated, and ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean of Redondo Beach, California[21]
Werner Klemperer (1920–2000), cremated ashes scattered
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008), cremated, and ashes scattered in New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf[22]
Leyla Gencer (1928–2008), ashes scattered into the Bosphorus
Osama bin Laden (1957–2011), [23] one U.S. official stated that "finding a country willing to accept the remains of the world's most wanted terrorist would have been difficult."[24] It was also done to prevent his burial place from becoming a "terrorist shrine".[25]
Dick Clark (1929–2012), cremated and ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean
John Carradine (1906–1988), full body burial into the Indian Ocean by his family
Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), cremated, ashes scattered into the Atlantic Ocean from the U.S. Navy cruiser Philippine Sea[26]
Atholl MacGregor, Hong Kong's chief justice, died on hospital ship from Hong Kong for England
Robin Williams (1951–2014), cremated the day after his death, ashes scattered in San Francisco Bay
Liu Xiaobo (1955–2017), 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Winner, ashes scattered into the ocean off north-eastern China.[27]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea burials.
Illegal disposal of bodies in the water
Military funeral
Natural burial
Viking funeral
References[edit]
Jump up ^ NCCBUSCC.org Accessed September 3, 2010
Jump up ^ Book of Common Prayer (1928) p.337 [The Church Pension Fund]
Jump up ^ Reliance of the Traveller, Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, p 237, Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Amanah publications, ISBN 0-915957-72-8
Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah 362:1.
Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah 375:7
Jump up ^ Leviticus 18:5 "אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם"
Jump up ^ http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-10-18/news/1992292004_1_israeli-navy-submarine-dakar-israeli-government
Jump up ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/nasa-says-remains-of-all-7-astronauts-recovered-then-retracts-1.20315
Jump up ^ http://submarines.dotan.net/dakar/search/index.htm
Jump up ^ "Environmental Protection (Sea Dumping Act) 1981". Australian Government.
Jump up ^ "Burial at sea". Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.NewEnglandBurialsAtSea.com
Jump up ^ "Federal Register, Volume 40, Section 229.1".
Jump up ^ Google Earth bathymetry
Jump up ^ http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=204
Jump up ^ "criticalpast.com, U.S. Navy TBF Avenger gunner from USS Essex is buried at sea with his aircraft during World War II, Location: Manila Philippines, Date: 1944, November 5".
Jump up ^ "In memory of Loyce Edward Deen USNR WW II, (1921 - 1944) and all who served aboard the USS Essex".
Jump up ^ Heinlein Society
Jump up ^ Vincent Price (1911–1993) - Find A Grave Memorial
Jump up ^ Robert Mitchum (1917–1997) - Find A Grave Memorial
Jump up ^ "Doug Henning".
Jump up ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary takes final voyage, ashes scattered at sea". The New Zealand Herald. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Osama bin Laden's body buried at sea". 2 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Yahoo report
Jump up ^ Osama Bin Laden Body Headed for Burial at Sea, Officials Say - The Note
Jump up ^ "Neil Armstrong's remains committed to the sea". CNN. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/15/liu-xiaobo-cremated-in-shenyang-amid-growing-fears-for-safety-of-his-wife
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burial_at_sea&oldid=807191606"
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