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Estelle Parsons
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Estelle Parsons
Parsons in a Love, American Style episode in 1973.
Born
Estelle Margaret Parsons
(1927-11-20) November 20, 1927 (age 90)
Lynn, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, singer, stage director
Years active
1956–present
Spouse(s)
Richard Gehman
(m. 1953; div. 1958)
Peter Zimroth
(m. 1983)
Children
3
Estelle Margaret Parsons (born November 20, 1927) is an American actress, singer and stage director.[1]
After studying law, Parsons became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting. She worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, Parsons established her career on Broadway before progressing to film. She received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel (1968).
She worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions. More recently her television work included playing Beverly Harris, mother of the eponymous title character, on the sitcom Roseanne. She has been nominated five times for the Tony Award (four times for Lead Actress of a Play and once for Featured Actress). In 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Parsons was born in Lynn Hospital, Lynn, Massachusetts. Her mother, Elinor Ingeborg (née Mattsson), was a native of Sweden, and her father, Eben Parsons, was of English descent.[2][3][4]
She attended Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, Parsons initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s.[5] In 1983, when co-starring with fellow Academy Award winning actor Jack Lemmon in a new Ernest Thompson stage play in Los Angeles, Parsons appeared on the November 1 episode of The Tonight Show, telling Johnny Carson that Lemmon had been her first boyfriend, when they were both teenagers in the 1940s.[6]
Career[edit]
Moving to New York City, Parsons worked as a writer, producer and commentator for The Today Show. She made her Broadway debut in 1956 in the ensemble of the Ethel Merman musical Happy Hunting. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. Dally Has a Lover (1962).
In 1964, Parsons won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time I'll Sing to You and In the Summer House. In 1967, she starred with Stacy Keach in the premiere of Joseph Heller's play We Bombed in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theater. [7]
Parsons has received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968), And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little (1971), Miss Margarida's Way (1978), and Morning's at Seven (2002). She played Leokadia Begbick in the American premiere of the Weill–Brecht opera, Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (1970), and performed as Mrs. Peachum to Lotte Lenya's Jenny in Threepenny Opera on tour and in New York City. In 1978 she played Lady MacBeth in the Kauai Community Players production. She also played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway in 1981. From June 17, 2008 through May 17, 2009, she played the role of Violet Weston in August: Osage County. She continued playing the role during the show's national tour beginning July 24, 2009, in Denver.[citation needed]
As a director, Parsons has a number of Broadway credits, including a production of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and As You Like It in 1986. Off-Broadway, she directed Dario Fo's Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo (1983). She served as the Artistic Director of the Actors Studio for five years, ending in 2003.[citation needed]
In 2016, she starred in Israel Horovitz's new play Out Of The Mouths Of Babes along with Judith Ivey directed by Barnet Kellman at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City.[8]
In 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.[9]
Her film career includes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and a nomination for Rachel, Rachel (1968). She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in Watermelon Man (1970), and appeared in I Never Sang for My Father (1970), Two People (1973), A Memory of Two Mondays (1974), For Pete's Sake (1974), Dick Tracy (1990) and Boys on the Side (1995).
On television, Parsons played the recurring role of Beverly Harris, the mother of the title character on Roseanne; her Beverly character is the daughter of character Nana Mary, played by fellow Academy Award winner Shelley Winters. Other television credits include appearances in The Patty Duke Show, Love, American Style, All In The Family, Archie Bunker's Place, Open Admissions, Frasier, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and The Good Wife, as well as The UFO Incident: The Story of Betty and Barney Hill and the PBS production of June Moon. She played the part of Babe in two episodes of the second season of Grace and Frankie.
She was honored with a Woman of Achievement Award from the Women's Project Theater in 2009.[10] In 2010, she appeared in London, playing psychic Helga ten Dorp in Deathtrap at the Noël Coward Theatre in the West End.[11]
She was recently seen on Broadway in Good People and Nice Work If You Can Get It.[12]
In April 2018, Parsons returned to television reprising her role as Beverly Harris, mother of Roseanne Barr's title character, in season 10, episode 5 of Roseanne.[13]
Personal life[edit]
Parsons married author Richard Gehman in 1953. They had twin daughters, reporter Abbie and actress Martha Gehman (born 1955), before divorcing in 1958.[6] Her grandson, Abbie's son, is former Chicago Bears and Jacksonville Jaguars guard/tackle, Eben Britton, named for his great-grandfather, Estelle's father.[14] In January 1983 she married her partner of 10 years, Peter Zimroth, who has served as Assistant U.S. Federal Attorney, Assistant District Attorney and court-appointed monitor of the NYPD's policies and practices regarding stop-and-frisk.[15] Their marriage honoured the pending adoption of their child, son Abraham (born February 1983).[6]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1963 Ladybug Ladybug JoAnn's Mother
1967 Bonnie and Clyde Blanche Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress [16]
Laurel Award for Top Female Supporting Performance (2nd place)
1968 Rachel, Rachel Calla Mackie Laurel Award for Top Female Supporting Performance
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress[16]
1969 Don't Drink the Water Marion Hollander
1970 Watermelon Man Althea Gerber Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
1970 I Walk the Line Ellen Haney
1970 I Never Sang for My Father Alice
1973 Two People Barbara Newman
1974 For Pete's Sake Helen Robbins
1975 Fore Play 1st Lady / Barmaid
1989 The Lemon Sisters Mrs. Kupchak
1990 The Blue Men May
1990 Dick Tracy Mrs. Trueheart
1995 Boys on the Side Louise
1996 Looking for Richard Margaret
1997 That Darn Cat Old Lady McCracken
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1954 Today Self Episode dated 6 September 1954
1963 Defenders !The Defenders Mrs. Martin "Metamorphosis"
1964 DuPont !The DuPont Show of the Week Carrie Bernice "The Gambling Heart"
Duke !The Patty Duke Show Mrs. Appleton "The Con Artist"
1965 Doctors !The Doctors and the Nurses Mrs. Meyers "Where There's Smoke"
1966 Trials !The Trials of O'Brien Miss Baines "Alarums and Excursions"
1968 Snap Judgment Self Episode dated 18 November 1968
Hemingway's Spain: A Love Affair Self (voice only)
Kraft Music Hall Self Episode #11.30
Academy !The 40th Annual Academy Awards Self Oscar winner
1970 Front !The Front Page Mollie Malloy
Frost !The David Frost Show Self Episode #2.240
1971 25th Tony Awards Self Nominee
Great Performances Agnes A Memory of Two Mondays
1972 Love, American Style Bernice "Love and the Clinic/Love and the Perfect Wedding/Love and the President/Love and the Return of Raymond"
Medical Center Bev "Wall of Silence"
1973 Terror on the Beach Arlene Glynn
1974 Gun !The Gun and the Pulpit Sadie Underwood
Great Performances Lucille "June Moon"
1975 UFO !The UFO Incident Betty Hill
1976 Tenth !The Tenth Level Crossland
NBC Special Treat Edwina Kemp "Big Henry and the Polka Dot Kid"
All in the Family Dolores Mancheney Fencel "Archie's Secret Passion"
1978 All in the Family Blanche Hefner 2 episodes
1979 Archie Bunker's Place Blanche Hefner "Blanche and Murray"
Backstairs at the White House Bess Truman Four episodes
1981 Gentleman !The Gentleman Bandit Marjorie Seebode
Guests of the Nation Kate O'Connell
1982 Today Self Episode dated 14 January 1982
American Playhouse Mabel Lederer/Angela Motorman "Come Along with Me"
1987 American Playhouse "Waiting for the Moon" (the producers wish to thank)
1988 Open Admissions Clare Block
1989–1997, 2018 Roseanne Beverly Harris 61 episodes
Nominated for TV Land Award
1990 Everyday Heroes Matty Jennings
1992 Private !A Private Matter Mary Chessen Nominated—CableACE Award Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries
1993 American !The American Clock Older Doris
Family Feud Self "Roseanne vs. Jackie Thomas Sitcoms"
1994 Inside the Actors Studio Self
1997 Touched by an Angel Jeannette Fisher "Sandcastles"
1998 Love !The Love Letter Beatrice Corrigan
Academy !The 70th Annual Academy Awards Self
1999 Freak City Mrs. Stanapolous
2000 Backstory Self "Bonnie and Clyde"
2001 100 Center Street Esther O'Neill "The Fix"
2002 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Rose Rinato "Denial"
Tony !The 56th Annual Tony Awards Self
2004 Frasier Celeste's Mother (voice)
Opal
Herself (photograph) "Frasier-Lite"
"Coots and Ladders"
"Goodnight, Seattle"
Strip Search Roberta Gray
Happy Birthday Oscar Wilde Self
2005 Empire Falls Bea
2013 The Good Wife Nana Joe Episode: "What's in the Box?"
2016 Grace and Frankie Babe 2 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Profile, playbillvault.com; accessed November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Passion of Estelle Parsons", nyc-plus.com; accessed 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Estelle Parsons profile, Filmreference.com; accessed May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Estelle Parsons profile, Yahoo! Movies; accessed May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Buckley, Michael (2008-07-27). "STAGE TO SCREENS: Chats with Estelle Parsons, Mary McCormack and Bryan Batt". Playbill. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kahn, Toby (1983-09-26). "Actress Estelle Parsons Tackles Her Toughest Role: At 55, She's a Mom Again". People. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "We Bombed in New Haven". Original Yale Repertory Program. December 4–23, 1967. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cherry Lane Theatre". Cherrylanetheatre.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame honors hoofer" Variety, October 24, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Women of Achievement Honorees | Women's Project Theater". Wptheater.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Deathtrap, With Jonathan Groff, Simon Russell Beale, Estelle Parsons, Opens in London". Playbill. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Profile, broadwayworld.com; accessed October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Vick, Megan (2018-04-13). "Roseanne Exclusive: Bev Is Back!". tvguide.com. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Player Bio - Eben Britton". chicagobears.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "About Us". NYPD Monitor. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oscar-Estelle Parsons". Academy Awards. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
External links[edit]
Estelle Parsons on IMDb
Estelle Parsons at the Internet Broadway Database
Estelle Parsons at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Estelle Parsons at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection
Estelle Parsons interview video at the Archive of American Television
Estelle Parsons reading Flannery O'Connor's story "Everything That Rises Must Converge" on YouTube
Preceded by
Arthur Penn Artistic Director of the Actors Studio
1998–2003 Succeeded by
Vacant (2003–2004)
Stephen Lang
Carlin Glynn
Lee Grant
[show]
Awards for Estelle Parsons
[show]
v
t
e
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1936–1950
Gale Sondergaard (1936)
Alice Brady (1937)
Fay Bainter (1938)
Hattie McDaniel (1939)
Jane Darwell (1940)
Mary Astor (1941)
Teresa Wright (1942)
Katina Paxinou (1943)
Ethel Barrymore (1944)
Anne Revere (1945)
Anne Baxter (1946)
Celeste Holm (1947)
Claire Trevor (1948)
Mercedes McCambridge (1949)
Josephine Hull (1950)
1951–1975
Kim Hunter (1951)
Gloria Grahame (1952)
Donna Reed (1953)
Eva Marie Saint (1954)
Jo Van Fleet (1955)
Dorothy Malone (1956)
Miyoshi Umeki (1957)
Wendy Hiller (1958)
Shelley Winters (1959)
Shirley Jones (1960)
Rita Moreno (1961)
Patty Duke (1962)
Margaret Rutherford (1963)
Lila Kedrova (1964)
Shelley Winters (1965)
Sandy Dennis (1966)
Estelle Parsons (1967)
Ruth Gordon (1968)
Goldie Hawn (1969)
Helen Hayes (1970)
Cloris Leachman (1971)
Eileen Heckart (1972)
Tatum O'Neal (1973)
Ingrid Bergman (1974)
Lee Grant (1975)
1976–2000
Beatrice Straight (1976)
Vanessa Redgrave (1977)
Maggie Smith (1978)
Meryl Streep (1979)
Mary Steenburgen (1980)
Maureen Stapleton (1981)
Jessica Lange (1982)
Linda Hunt (1983)
Peggy Ashcroft (1984)
Anjelica Huston (1985)
Dianne Wiest (1986)
Olympia Dukakis (1987)
Geena Davis (1988)
Brenda Fricker (1989)
Whoopi Goldberg (1990)
Mercedes Ruehl (1991)
Marisa Tomei (1992)
Anna Paquin (1993)
Dianne Wiest (1994)
Mira Sorvino (1995)
Juliette Binoche (1996)
Kim Basinger (1997)
Judi Dench (1998)
Angelina Jolie (1999)
Marcia Gay Harden (2000)
2001–present
Jennifer Connelly (2001)
Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002)
Renée Zellweger (2003)
Cate Blanchett (2004)
Rachel Weisz (2005)
Jennifer Hudson (2006)
Tilda Swinton (2007)
Penélope Cruz (2008)
Mo'Nique (2009)
Melissa Leo (2010)
Octavia Spencer (2011)
Anne Hathaway (2012)
Lupita Nyong'o (2013)
Patricia Arquette (2014)
Alicia Vikander (2015)
Viola Davis (2016)
Allison Janney (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience
The Norman Conquests (1976)
No Man's Land (1977)
Miss Margarida's Way (1978)
An Evening With Quentin Crisp (1979)
Request Concert (1981)
Whistler (1982)
La Tragedie de Carmen (1983)
The Garden of Earthly Delights (1985)
The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe (1986)
Largely New York (1989)
Nouvelle Expérience (1991)
Tubes (1992)
Fool Moon (1993)
Stomp (1994)
The Waste Land (1997)
Quidam (1998)
Swan Lake (1999)
Charlie Victor Romeo (2000)
Mnemonic (2001)
The Exonerated (2003)
Loud Mouth (2004)
Slava's Snowshow (2005)
Christine Jorgensen Reveals (2006)
Edward Scissorhands (2007)
The 39 Steps (2008)
Celebrity Autobiography: In Their Own Words (2009)
Love, Loss, and What I Wore (2010)
Sleep No More (2011)
Gob Squad's Kitchen (You've Never Had It So Good) (2012)
Totem (2013)
Cirkopolis (2014)
Queen of the Night (2015)
That Physics Show (2016)
The Strange Undoing of Prudencia Hart (2017)
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WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX4953659
BNF: cb14214055h (data)
GND: 173931685
ISNI: 0000 0001 1663 8912
LCCN: n81036620
NKC: xx0095293
NLA: 36413573
SNAC: w65t4twr
SUDOC: 066776449
VIAF: 67782328
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estelle_Parsons&oldid=843619023"
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text:
Governor-General of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Viceroy of India" redirects here. For Portuguese governors of India, see List of governors of Portuguese India.
For individual Governor-Generals, see List of governors-general of India.
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
Standard of the Governor-General
Louis Mountbatten, the
last Viceroy of India & the first Governor-General during the dominion period
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Viceroy's House
Appointer
East India Company (to 1858)
Monarch of India (from 1858)
Formation
20 October 1774
First holder
Warren Hastings
Final holder
Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
Abolished
26 January 1950
The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, officially the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British administration in India and, later, after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government; see British Raj. The governor-general (now also the viceroy) headed the central government of India, which administered the provinces of British India, including the Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others.[1] However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the governor-general's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the Viceroy of India) was applied to him.
The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately—until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general, but did so on the advice of the Indian government.
Governors-General served at the pleasure of the sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. Governors-General could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first Governor-General of British India was Warren Hastings, and the first Governor-General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten.
Contents
1 History
2 Functions
3 Council
4 Style and title
5 Flag
6 Residence
7 Insignia
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
History[edit]
Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785.
Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company, which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773. A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council were named in the Act.
The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor-General and Council of Fort William with the Governor-General and Council of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the Sovereign's approval.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign. The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The Governor-General, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's approval.
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but Governors-General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor-General of India for some time after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors-General. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.
Functions[edit]
Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India, a post he held from 1899 to 1905.
Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s
The Governor-General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other Presidencies of the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor-General and Council of Fort William.[citation needed]
The powers of the Governor-General, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the India Act 1784. The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor-General or by the Company's Court of Directors.
While the Governor-General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the Charter Act 1833, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and Council.
After 1858, the Governor-General (now usually known as the Viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous provinces, each under the head of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator. Governors were appointed by the British Government, to whom they were directly responsible; Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners, and Administrators, however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy. The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers: the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja (Scindia) of Gwalior, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad (Gaekwar) Maharaja of Baroda. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency, which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy, or by provincial authorities.
The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King-Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the Viceroy presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee, which met more often.
Upon independence in August 1947, the title of Viceroy was abolished. The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India acquired independence, the Governor-General's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the President of India continued to perform the same functions.
Council[edit]
Main articles: Council of India and Viceroy's Executive Council
The Viceregal Lodge in Simla, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India
Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (1912–31), now the main building of the University of Delhi[2]
The Governor-General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."
The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General.
In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding.
The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor-General. As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council's composition. Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. (The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869). The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members (changed to ten to sixteen in 1892, and to sixty in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation.
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defense" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its President, but the election required the Viceroy's approval.
Style and title[edit]
Until 1833, the title of the position was "Governor-General of Bengal". The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into "Governor-General of India." The title "Viceroy and Governor-General" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858.[3] It was never conferred by an act of parliament, but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where the governor-general's position as the monarch's representative is in view.[4] The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India. It was meant to indicate new responsibilities, especially ritualistic ones, but it conferred no new statutory authority. The governor-general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council, but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor-General-in-Council (or the Government of India).[5]
The Governor-General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India. He was referred to as 'His Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'. From 1858 to 1947, the Governor-General was known as the Viceroy of India (from the French roi, meaning 'king'), and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines (from the French reine, meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as 'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V, who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911.[citation needed]
When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861, the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio. The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877.
Most Governors-General and Viceroys were peers. Frequently, a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman-Thomas. Of those Viceroys who were not peers, Sir John Shore was a baronet, and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke. Only the first and last Governors-General – Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari – as well as some provisional Governors-General, had no honorific titles at all.
Flag[edit]
Flag of the Governor General of India (1947–50)
From around 1885, the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown. This flag was not the Viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India. When at sea, only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while other officials flew it from the foremast.
From 1947 to 1950, the Governor-General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors-General. This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor-General only.
Residence[edit]
Government House served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth century.
The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early nineteenth century, when Government House was constructed. In 1854, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India.
Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that ‘India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house’, constructed a grand mansion, known as Government House, between 1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912. Thereafter, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House, was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal, and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan.
After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's House, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded £877,000 (over £35,000,000 in modern terms) – more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the residence, now known by the Hindi name of 'Rashtrapati Bhavan', is used by the President of India.
Throughout the British administration, Governors-General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Insignia[edit]
See also: Star of India (flag)
Badge of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1947–50)
See also[edit]
India portal
Pakistan portal
United Kingdom portal
Politics portal
List of governors-general of India
Commander-in-Chief, India
British Empire
Emperor of India
Indian independence movement
Council of India
British Raj
Secretary of State for India
India Office
Indian Civil Service
Partition of India
History of Bangladesh
History of India
History of Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the Native States.
Jump up ^ "Imperial Impressions". Hindustan Times. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Queen Victoria's Proclamation
Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918", The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 226.
Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky, The India Office, 1880–1910 (Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 126.
Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government Buildings – India"
Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor) (1910) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India; Warren Hastings (2 vols), Oxford: Blackwell's
Encyclopædia Britannica ("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London: Cambridge University Press, 1911, 11th edition,
James, Lawrence (1997) Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India London: Little, Brown & Company ISBN 0-316-64072-7
Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921, London: Oxford University Press
Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (Archived 2009-10-31)
mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of India.
Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865). The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India: Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in India.
Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858-1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818-1858 (1932) 660pp online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
Rudhra, A. B. (1940) The Viceroy and Governor-General of India. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8 .

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List of Olympic medalists in badminton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lin Dan won consecutive golds in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.
Main article: Badminton at the Summer Olympics
Badminton is a sport contested at the Summer Olympic Games. Badminton was first held as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Summer Olympics, and was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics; the men's and women's singles and doubles have been held at every Summer Olympics since the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1] The mixed doubles badminton tournament started in the 1996 Summer Olympics.[2]
The Badminton World Federation (BWF) rankings are used to determine the qualification of the players for the tournament. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, each singles tournament had 38 competitors, while each doubles tournament had 16 pairs.[3] All players or pairs from the top 16 places on the BWF rankings automatically qualify, although each National Olympic Committee (NOC) can send less than three players or pairs in each tournament. The top 64 then qualify with the caveat that each NOC can send only two players/pairs from that portion of the list. Players and pairs ranked below the 64th place only qualify if they are the highest-ranked competitor from their nation. Two places each in the men's and women's singles will be determined by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Tripartite Commission. The host nation, if it has not already qualified two competitors, receives at least either two singles players or one pair.[4] The rules used in the tournament are the same as the BWF rules.[5]
Gao Ling is the all-time leader for the most Olympic medals in badminton, with two gold, one silver, and one bronze; Kim Dong-moon (two gold, one bronze) and Gil Young-ah (one of each) are second for the most medals in badminton, each with three. Gao, Kim, and Zhang Jun are the all-time leaders for the most gold medal wins, with two.[6] In the 1992 Summer Olympics, Jalani and Razif Sidek were the first Malaysian Olympic medalists since Malaysia first participated the 1964 Summer Olympics.[7] Mia Audina won her first silver in the 1996 Olympics representing Indonesia, but won her second silver in the 2004 Summer Olympics with the Netherlands.[8] In the 2000 Summer Olympics, China swept the women's doubles tournament, winning all three medals, making it the only sweep in Olympic badminton history.[9] China has been the most successful nation in badminton, winning 38 medals; 28 of them were from the women's singles and doubles and mixed doubles tournaments. Indonesia (18 medals) and South Korea (18 medals) are the only other nations to have more than seven medals. As of the 2008 Summer Olympics, 76 medals (24 gold, 24 silver, and 28 bronze) have been awarded to 96 medalists from 7 NOCs.[10] There were four additional bronze medal winners in the 1992 Summer Olympics because no bronze medal matches were played in any of the four tournaments.[11]

Table of contents
Men
Singles • Doubles
Women
Singles • Doubles
Mixed doubles
Statistics See also References
Men[edit]
Men's Singles[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1992 Barcelona
details Alan Budikusuma
Indonesia Ardy Wiranata
Indonesia Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen
Denmark
Hermawan Susanto
Indonesia
1996 Atlanta
details Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen
Denmark Dong Jiong
China Rashid Sidek
Malaysia
2000 Sydney
details Ji Xinpeng
China Hendrawan
Indonesia Xia Xuanze
China
2004 Athens
details Taufik Hidayat
Indonesia Shon Seung-mo
South Korea Sony Dwi Kuncoro
Indonesia
2008 Beijing
details Lin Dan
China Lee Chong Wei
Malaysia Chen Jin
China
2012 London
details Lin Dan
China Lee Chong Wei
Malaysia Chen Long
China
2016 Rio
details Chen Long
China Lee Chong Wei
Malaysia Viktor Axelsen
Denmark
2020 Tokyo
details
Men's Doubles[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1992 Barcelona
details Kim Moon-soo
and Park Joo-bong (KOR) Eddy Hartono
and Rudy Gunawan (INA) Li Yongbo
and Tian Bingyi (CHN)
Razif Sidek
and Jalani Sidek (MAS)
1996 Atlanta
details Rexy Mainaky
and Ricky Subagja (INA) Cheah Soon Kit
and Yap Kim Hock (MAS) Antonius Ariantho
and Denny Kantono (INA)
2000 Sydney
details Tony Gunawan
and Candra Wijaya (INA) Lee Dong-soo
and Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) Ha Tae-kwon
and Kim Dong-moon (KOR)
2004 Athens
details Ha Tae-kwon
and Kim Dong-moon (KOR) Lee Dong-soo
and Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) Eng Hian
and Flandy Limpele (INA)
2008 Beijing
details Markis Kido
and Hendra Setiawan (INA) Cai Yun
and Fu Haifeng (CHN) Hwang Ji-man
and Lee Jae-jin (KOR)
2012 London
details Cai Yun
and Fu Haifeng (CHN) Mathias Boe
and Carsten Mogensen (DEN) Jung Jae-sung
and Lee Yong-dae (KOR)
2016 Rio
details Zhang Nan
and Fu Haifeng (CHN) Goh V Shem
and Tan Wee Kiong (MAS) Chris Langridge
and Marcus Ellis (GBR)
2020 Tokyo
details
Women[edit]
Women's Singles[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1992 Barcelona
details Susi Susanti
Indonesia Bang Soo-hyun
South Korea Huang Hua
China
Tang Jiuhong
China
1996 Atlanta
details Bang Soo-hyun
South Korea Mia Audina
Indonesia Susi Susanti
Indonesia
2000 Sydney
details Gong Zhichao
China Camilla Martin
Denmark Ye Zhaoying
China
2004 Athens
details Zhang Ning
China Mia Audina
Netherlands Zhou Mi
China
2008 Beijing
details Zhang Ning
China Xie Xingfang
China Maria Kristin Yulianti
Indonesia
2012 London
details Li Xuerui
China Wang Yihan
China Saina Nehwal
India
2016 Rio
details Carolina Marín
Spain P. V. Sindhu
India Nozomi Okuhara
Japan
2020 Tokyo
details
Women's Doubles[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1992 Barcelona
details Chung So-young
and Hwang Hye-young (KOR) Guan Weizhen
and Nong Qunhua (CHN) Gil Young-ah
and Shim Eun-jung (KOR)
Lin Yanfen
and Yao Fen (CHN)
1996 Atlanta
details Ge Fei
and Gu Jun (CHN) Gil Young-ah
and Jang Hye-ock (KOR) Qin Yiyuan
and Tang Yongshu (CHN)
2000 Sydney
details Ge Fei
and Gu Jun (CHN) Huang Nanyan
and Yang Wei (CHN) Gao Ling
and Qin Yiyuan (CHN)
2004 Athens
details Yang Wei
and Zhang Jiewen (CHN) Gao Ling
and Huang Sui (CHN) Lee Kyung-won
and Ra Kyung-min (KOR)
2008 Beijing
details Du Jing
and Yu Yang (CHN) Lee Hyo-jung
and Lee Kyung-won (KOR) Wei Yili
and Zhang Yawen (CHN)
2012 London
details Tian Qing
and Zhao Yunlei (CHN) Mizuki Fujii
and Reika Kakiiwa (JPN) Valeria Sorokina
and Nina Vislova (RUS)
2016 Rio
details Misaki Matsutomo
and Ayaka Takahashi (JPN) Christinna Pedersen
and Kamilla Rytter Juhl (DEN) Jung Kyung-eun
and Shin Seung-chan (KOR)
2020 Tokyo
details
Mixed[edit]
Mixed Doubles[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1996 Atlanta
details Kim Dong-moon
and Gil Young-ah (KOR) Park Joo-bong
and Ra Kyung-min (KOR) Liu Jianjun
and Sun Man (CHN)
2000 Sydney
details Zhang Jun
and Gao Ling (CHN) Tri Kusharjanto
and Minarti Timur (INA) Simon Archer
and Joanne Goode (GBR)
2004 Athens
details Zhang Jun
and Gao Ling (CHN) Nathan Robertson
and Gail Emms (GBR) Jens Eriksen
and Mette Schjoldager (DEN)
2008 Beijing
details Lee Yong-dae
and Lee Hyo-jung (KOR) Nova Widianto
and Liliyana Natsir (INA) He Hanbin
and Yu Yang (CHN)
2012 London
details Zhang Nan
and Zhao Yunlei (CHN) Xu Chen
and Ma Jin (CHN) Joachim Fischer Nielsen
and Christinna Pedersen (DEN)
2016 Rio
details Tontowi Ahmad
and Liliyana Natsir (INA) Chan Peng Soon
and Goh Liu Ying (MAS) Zhang Nan
and Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
2020 Tokyo
details
Statistics[edit]
Medalist medal leaders[edit]
Medalist
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Gao Ling China (CHN) 2000–2008 2 1 1 4
Fu Haifeng China (CHN) 2008–2016 2 1 0 3
Kim Dong-moon South Korea (KOR) 1996–2004 2 0 1 3
Zhang Nan China (CHN) 2012–2016 2 0 1 3
Zhao Yunlei China (CHN) 2012–2016 2 0 1 3
Lin Dan China (CHN) 2008–2012 2 0 0 2
Zhang Ning China (CHN) 2004–2008 2 0 0 2
Zhang Jun China (CHN) 2000–2004 2 0 0 2
Ge Fei China (CHN) 1996–2000 2 0 0 2
Gu Jun China (CHN) 1996–2000 2 0 0 2
Gil Young-ah South Korea (KOR) 1992–1996 1 1 1 3
Liliyana Natsir Indonesia (INA) 2008–2016 1 1 0 2
Cai Yun China (CHN) 2008–2012 1 1 0 2
Lee Hyo-jung South Korea (KOR) 2008 1 1 0 2
Yang Wei China (CHN) 2000–2004 1 1 0 2
Bang Soo-hyun South Korea (KOR) 1992–1996 1 1 0 2
Park Joo-bong South Korea (KOR) 1992–1996 1 1 0 2
Lee Yong-dae South Korea (KOR) 2008–2012 1 0 1 2
Ha Tae-kwon South Korea (KOR) 2000–2004 1 0 1 2
Susi Susanti Indonesia (INA) 1992–1996 1 0 1 2
Yu Yang China (CHN) 2008 1 0 1 2
Chen Long China (CHN) 2012–2016 1 0 1 2
Alan Budikusuma Indonesia (INA) 1992 1 0 0 1
Ricky Subagja Indonesia (INA) 1996 1 0 0 1
Rexy Mainaky Indonesia (INA) 1996 1 0 0 1
Candra Wijaya Indonesia (INA) 2000 1 0 0 1
Tony Gunawan Indonesia (INA) 2000 1 0 0 1
Taufik Hidayat Indonesia (INA) 2000–2012 1 0 0 1
Markis Kido Indonesia (INA) 2008 1 0 0 1
Hendra Setiawan Indonesia (INA) 2008–2016 1 0 0 1
Tantowi Ahmad Indonesia (INA) 2012–2016 1 0 0 1
Lee Chong Wei Malaysia (MAS) 2008–2016 0 3 0 3
Lee Dong-soo South Korea (KOR) 2000–2004 0 2 0 2
Mia Audina Indonesia (INA)
Netherlands (NED) 1996–2004 0 2 0 2
Yoo Yong-sung South Korea (KOR) 2000–2004 0 2 0 2
Lee Kyung-won South Korea (KOR) 2004–2008 0 1 1 2
Ra Kyung-min South Korea (KOR) 1996–2004 0 1 1 2
Qin Yiyuan China (CHN) 1996–2000 0 0 2 2
Medals per year[edit]
Nation
76–88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Total
China (CHN) 5 4 8 5 8 8 3 41
Indonesia (INA) 5 4 3 3 3 – 1 19
South Korea (KOR) 4 4 2 4 3 1 1 19
Malaysia (MAS) 1 2 – – 1 1 3 8
Denmark (DEN) 1 1 1 1 – 2 2 8
Great Britain (GBR) – – 1 1 – – 1 3
Japan (JPN) – – – – – 1 2 3
India (IND) – – – – – 1 1 2
Netherlands (NED) – – – 1 – – – 1
Russia (RUS) – – – – – 1 – 1
Spain (ESP) – – – – – – 1 1
See also[edit]
BWF World Championships
References[edit]
General
"Results database". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Badminton in the Olympics". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ "History". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Badminton". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Badminton: Olympic Qualification". NBC Olympics. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Competition Rules". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Records and Medals: Games of the Olympiad" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-23. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
Jump up ^ "History". Olympic Council of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2010-04-19. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Mia Audina Biography and Statistics". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Badminton: Women's Doubles". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Badminton". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Badminton at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
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values: 올림픽 배드민턴 메달리스트 목록 – Korean

values: Daftar peraih medali bulu tangkis pada Olimpiade – Indonesian

values: Daftar panampa medhali Olimpiade badminton – Javanese

values: Olimpiai érmesek listája tollaslabdában – Hungarian

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values: Lijst van olympische medaillewinnaars badminton – Dutch

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values: オリンピックのバドミントン競技・メダリスト一覧 – Japanese

values: Liste over olympiske medaljevinnere i badminton – Norwegian

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values: Medaliści igrzysk olimpijskich w badmintonie – Polish

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values: Medalhistas olímpicos do badminton – Portuguese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Список призёров Олимпийских игр по бадминтону – Russian

values: Luettelo sulkapallon olympiamitalisteista – Finnish

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values: Lista över olympiska medaljörer i badminton – Swedish

values:
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values: 夏季奥林匹克运动会羽毛球比赛獎牌獲得者列表 – Chinese

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