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Lapse rate
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Lapse rate is the rate at which Earth's atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, or increases with the decrease in altitude. [1][2] Lapse rate arises from the word lapse, in the sense of a gradual change.
Although this concept is most often applied to Earth's troposphere, lapse rate can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Convection and adiabatic expansion
3 Mathematics of the adiabatic lapse rate
3.1 Dry adiabatic lapse rate
3.2 Moist adiabatic lapse rate
4 Environmental lapse rate
5 Effect on weather
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Additional reading
10 External links
Definition[edit]
A formal definition from the Glossary of Meteorology[3] is:
The decrease of an atmospheric variable with height, the variable being temperature unless otherwise specified.
In general, a lapse rate is the negative of the rate of temperature change with altitude change, thus:
Γ = − d T d z {\displaystyle \Gamma =-{\frac {dT}{dz}}}
where Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } is the lapse rate given in units of temperature divided by units of altitude, T = temperature, and z = altitude.[a]
Convection and adiabatic expansion[edit]
Emagram diagram showing variation of dry adiabats (bold lines) and moist adiabats (dash lines) according to pressure and temperature
The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K (60 °C; 140 °F), and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.[6]
However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as the other air at the same elevation.
When a parcel of air expands, it pushes on the air around it, doing work (thermodynamics). Since the parcel does work but gains no heat, it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases. The process of expanding and contracting without exchanging heat is an adiabatic process. The term adiabatic means that no heat transfer occurs into or out of the parcel. Air has low thermal conductivity, and the bodies of air involved are very large, so transfer of heat by conduction is negligibly small.
The adiabatic process for air has a characteristic temperature-pressure curve, so the process determines the lapse rate. When the air contains little water, this lapse rate is known as the dry adiabatic lapse rate: the rate of temperature decrease is 9.8 °C/km (5.38 °F per 1,000 ft) (3.0 °C/1,000 ft). The reverse occurs for a sinking parcel of air.[7]
Note that only the troposphere (up to approximately 12 kilometres (39,000 ft) of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes convection: the stratosphere does not generally convect.[8] However, some exceptionally energetic convection processes -- notably volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops associated with severe supercell thunderstorms -- may locally and temporarily inject convection through the tropopause and into the stratosphere.
Mathematics of the adiabatic lapse rate[edit]
These calculation use a very simple model of an atmosphere, either dry or moist, within a still vertical column at equilibrium.
Dry adiabatic lapse rate[edit]
Thermodynamics defines an adiabatic process as:
P d V = − V d P / γ {\displaystyle PdV=-VdP/\gamma }
the first law of thermodynamics can be written as
m c v d T − V d P / γ = 0 {\displaystyle mc_{v}dT-VdP/\gamma =0}
Also, since α = V / m {\displaystyle \alpha =V/m} and γ = c p / c v {\displaystyle \gamma =c_{p}/c_{v}} , we can show that:
c p d T − α d P = 0 {\displaystyle c_{p}dT-\alpha dP=0}
where c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} is the specific heat at constant pressure and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the specific volume.
Assuming an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium:[9]
d P = − ρ g d z {\displaystyle dP=-\rho gdz}
where g is the standard gravity and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density. Combining these two equations to eliminate the pressure, one arrives at the result for the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR),[10]
Γ d = − d T d z = g c p = 9.8 ∘ C / k m {\displaystyle \Gamma _{d}=-{\frac {dT}{dz}}={\frac {g}{c_{p}}}=9.8\ ^{\circ }\mathrm {C} /\mathrm {km} }
Moist adiabatic lapse rate[edit]
The presence of water within the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization. As a parcel of air rises and cools, it eventually becomes saturated; that is, the vapor pressure of water in equilibrium with liquid water has decreased (as temperature has decreased) to the point where it is equal to the actual vapor pressure of water. With further decrease in temperature the water vapor in excess of the equilibrium amount condenses, forming cloud, and releasing heat (latent heat of condensation). Before saturation, the rising air follows the dry adiabatic lapse rate. After saturation, the rising air follows the moist adiabatic lapse rate.[11] The release of latent heat is an important source of energy in the development of thunderstorms.
While the dry adiabatic lapse rate is a constant 9.8 °C/km (5.38 °F per 1,000 ft, 3 °C/1,000 ft), the moist adiabatic lapse rate varies strongly with temperature. A typical value is around 5 °C/km, (9 °F/km, 2.7 °F/1,000 ft, 1.5 °C/1,000 ft).[12] The formula for the moist adiabatic lapse rate is given by:[13]
Γ w = g 1 + H v r R s d T c p d + H v 2 r R s w T 2 = g R s d T 2 + H v r T c p d R s d T 2 + H v 2 r ϵ {\displaystyle \Gamma _{w}=g\,{\frac {1+{\dfrac {H_{v}\,r}{R_{sd}\,T}}}{c_{pd}+{\dfrac {H_{v}^{2}\,r}{R_{sw}\,T^{2}}}}}=g\,{\frac {R_{sd}\,T^{2}+H_{v}\,r\,T}{c_{pd}\,R_{sd}\,T^{2}+H_{v}^{2}\,r\,\epsilon }}}
where:
Γ w {\displaystyle \Gamma _{w}} = Wet adiabatic lapse rate, K/m
g {\displaystyle g} = Earth's gravitational acceleration = 9.8076 m/s2
H v {\displaystyle H_{v}} = Heat of vaporization of water, = 2501000 J/kg
R s d {\displaystyle R_{sd}} = Specific gas constant of dry air = 287 J kg−1 K−1
R s w {\displaystyle R_{sw}} = Specific gas constant of water vapour = 461.5 J kg−1 K−1
ϵ = R s d R s w {\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {R_{sd}}{R_{sw}}}} =The dimensionless ratio of the specific gas constant of dry air to the specific gas constant for water vapour = 0.622
e {\displaystyle e} = The water vapour pressure of the saturated air
p {\displaystyle p} = The pressure of the saturated air
r = ϵ e / ( p − e ) {\displaystyle r=\epsilon e/(p-e)} = The mixing ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air[14]
T {\displaystyle T} = Temperature of the saturated air, K
c p d {\displaystyle c_{pd}} = The specific heat of dry air at constant pressure, = 1003.5 J kg−1 K−1
Environmental lapse rate[edit]
The environmental lapse rate (ELR), is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K/km[15] (3.56 °F or 1.98 °C/1,000 ft) from sea level to 11 km (36,090 ft or 6.8 mi). From 11 km up to 20 km (65,620 ft or 12.4 mi), the constant temperature is −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F), which is the lowest assumed temperature in the ISA. The standard atmosphere contains no moisture. Unlike the idealized ISA, the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height. For example, there can be an inversion layer in which the temperature increases with altitude.
Effect on weather[edit]
The latent heat of vaporization adds energy to clouds and storms.
The varying environmental lapse rates throughout the Earth's atmosphere are of critical importance in meteorology, particularly within the troposphere. They are used to determine if the parcel of rising air will rise high enough for its water to condense to form clouds, and, having formed clouds, whether the air will continue to rise and form bigger shower clouds, and whether these clouds will get even bigger and form cumulonimbus clouds (thunder clouds).
As unsaturated air rises, its temperature drops at the dry adiabatic rate. The dew point also drops (as a result of decreasing air pressure) but much more slowly, typically about −2 °C per 1,000 m. If unsaturated air rises far enough, eventually its temperature will reach its dew point, and condensation will begin to form. This altitude is known as the lifting condensation level (LCL) when mechanical lift is present and the convective condensation level (CCL) when mechanical lift is absent, in which case, the parcel must be heated from below to its convective temperature. The cloud base will be somewhere within the layer bounded by these parameters.
The difference between the dry adiabatic lapse rate and the rate at which the dew point drops is around 8 °C per 1,000 m. Given a difference in temperature and dew point readings on the ground, one can easily find the LCL by multiplying the difference by 125 m/°C.
If the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate, the air is absolutely stable — rising air will cool faster than the surrounding air and lose buoyancy. This often happens in the early morning, when the air near the ground has cooled overnight. Cloud formation in stable air is unlikely.
If the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates, the air is conditionally unstable — an unsaturated parcel of air does not have sufficient buoyancy to rise to the LCL or CCL, and it is stable to weak vertical displacements in either direction. If the parcel is saturated it is unstable and will rise to the LCL or CCL, and either be halted due to an inversion layer of convective inhibition, or if lifting continues, deep, moist convection (DMC) may ensue, as a parcel rises to the level of free convection (LFC), after which it enters the free convective layer (FCL) and usually rises to the equilibrium level (EL).
If the environmental lapse rate is larger than the dry adiabatic lapse rate, it has a superadiabatic lapse rate, the air is absolutely unstable — a parcel of air will gain buoyancy as it rises both below and above the lifting condensation level or convective condensation level. This often happens in the afternoon mainly over land masses. In these conditions, the likelihood of cumulus clouds, showers or even thunderstorms is increased.
Meteorologists use radiosondes to measure the environmental lapse rate and compare it to the predicted adiabatic lapse rate to forecast the likelihood that air will rise. Charts of the environmental lapse rate are known as thermodynamic diagrams, examples of which include Skew-T log-P diagrams and tephigrams. (See also Thermals).
The difference in moist adiabatic lapse rate and the dry rate is the cause of foehn wind phenomenon (also known as "Chinook winds" in parts of North America). The phenomenon exists because warm moist air rises through orographic lifting up and over the top of a mountain range or large mountain. The temperature decreases with the dry adiabatic lapse rate, until it hits the dew point, where water vapor in the air begins to condense. Above that altitude, the adiabatic lapse rate decreases to the moist adiabatic lapse rate as the air continues to rise. Condensation is also commonly followed by precipitation on the top and windward sides of the mountain. As the air descends on the leeward side, it is warmed by adiabatic compression at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Thus, the foehn wind at a certain altitude is warmer than the corresponding altitude on the windward side of the mountain range. In addition, because the air has lost much of its original water vapor content, the descending air creates an arid region on the leeward side of the mountain.[16]
See also[edit]
Adiabatic process
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Fluid dynamics
Foehn wind
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Note: In some cases, Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } or α {\displaystyle \alpha } can be used to represent the adiabatic lapse rate in order to avoid confusion with other terms symbolized by γ {\displaystyle \gamma } , such as the specific heat ratio[4] or the psychrometric constant.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83970-X.
Jump up ^ C. Donald Ahrens (2006). Meteorology Today (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing. ISBN 0-495-01162-2.
Jump up ^ Todd S. Glickman (June 2000). Glossary of Meteorology (2nd ed.). American Meteorological Society, Boston. ISBN 1-878220-34-9. (Glossary of Meteorology)
Jump up ^ Salomons, Erik M. (2001). Computational Atmospheric Acoustics (1st ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0390-0.
Jump up ^ Stull, Roland B. (2001). An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology (1st ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-277-2769-4.
Jump up ^ Goody, Richard M.; Walker, James C.G. (1972). "Atmospheric Temperatures" (PDF). Atmospheres. Prentice-Hall.
Jump up ^ Danielson, Levin, and Abrams, Meteorology, McGraw Hill, 2003
Jump up ^ "The stratosphere: overview". UCAR. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Landau and Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon, 1979
Jump up ^ Kittel; Kroemer (1980). "6". Thermal Physics. Freeman. problem 11
Jump up ^ "Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate". tpub.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Minder, JR; Mote, PW; Lundquist, JD (2010). "Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains". J. Geophys. Res. 115: D14122. Bibcode:2010JGRD..11514122M. doi:10.1029/2009JD013493.
Jump up ^ "Saturation adiabatic lapse rate". Glossary. American Meteorological Society.
Jump up ^ "Mixing ratio". Glossary. American Meteorological Society.
Jump up ^ Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)) (Third ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization. 1993. ISBN 92-9194-004-6. Doc 7488-CD.
Jump up ^ Whiteman, C. David (2000). Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513271-8.
Additional reading[edit]
Beychok, Milton R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. www.air-dispersion.com
R. R. Rogers and M. K. Yau (1989). Short Course in Cloud Physics (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3215-1.
External links[edit]
Definition, equations and tables of lapse rate from the Planetary Data system.
National Science Digital Library glossary:
Lapse Rate
Environmental lapse rate
Absolute stable air
An introduction to lapse rate calculation from first principles from U. Texas
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Veronica Mars (character)
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Veronica Mars
Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"The Bitch Is Back" (TV Series)
Veronica Mars (film)
Created by
Rob Thomas
Portrayed by
Kristen Bell
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
Student
Barista at Java the Hut
Journalist for the Hearst Free Press
Private Detective
FBI Intern
Volunteer at Hearst Library
Family
Keith Mars (father)
Lianne Mars (mother)
Tanner Scott (step-father)
Aurora Scott (step-sister)
Hunter Scott (half-brother)
Significant other(s)
Logan Echolls (boyfriend)
Stosh "Piz" Piznarski (ex-boyfriend)
Duncan Kane (ex-boyfriend)
Leo D'Amato (ex-boyfriend)
Troy Vandegraff (ex-boyfriend)
Veronica Mars is the fictional protagonist, occasional narrator (through voiceovers), and antiheroine of the American television series Veronica Mars, which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007. The character was portrayed by Kristen Bell through the duration of the series. Following the show's cancellation, Bell reprised the role in the 2014 film continuation. The character, created by Rob Thomas, was originally male and the protagonist of his unproduced novel Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel, which eventually became the basis of the series. After the work's transition from novel to television series, Thomas changed the character's gender from male to female as he believed a noir piece told from a female point of view would be more interesting.
Prior to the series, Veronica had to deal with her best friend Lily being murdered, her father losing his reputation as sheriff and her mother leaving him as a result, and losing her status as one of the popular girls in high school because of it.
Contents
1 Character history
1.1 Background and details of plot
1.2 Back-story to season one
1.3 Detective
2 Romantic relationships
2.1 Duncan Kane
2.2 Troy Vandegraff
2.3 Leo D'Amato
2.4 Logan Echolls
2.5 Stosh "Piz" Piznarski
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Character history[edit]
Background and details of plot[edit]
At the beginning of the series, Veronica is a 17-year-old junior at Neptune High in her hometown of Neptune, California. According to series creator Rob Thomas, Veronica's birthday is in August. Veronica has an after-school part-time job working for her father, private investigator Keith Mars, the former sheriff of Balboa County, California. At this time in her life, Veronica does not have any friends until she meets and helps Wallace Fennel, who quickly becomes her best friend.
Back-story to season one[edit]
Veronica's story is told via voice-overs and flashbacks fitted into the main story. We learn that a year before the series picks up, Veronica was a popular teen at Neptune High. Her best friend was popular junior Lilly Kane. Veronica was dating Lilly's brother, Duncan Kane and Lilly was dating Logan Echolls, Duncan's good friend. The four were at the forefront of the school's wealthy and popular "09er" clique (named after the 90909 zip code, a wealthy area of Neptune) that dominated Neptune High's social scene. Though Veronica did not meet the economic status of the other 09ers, she was accepted into the clique because she was dating Duncan, and because of her father's influence as sheriff.
One day, Duncan stopped talking to Veronica and broke up with her with no explanation. Lilly refused to explain to Veronica what went wrong. Shortly afterwards, Lilly was found murdered at the side of her family's pool. Sheriff Keith Mars accused Lilly's father, beloved software entrepreneur Jake Kane, of involvement in the murder. The citizens of Neptune were horrified and Keith quickly found himself voted out of office and turned into a pariah by the wealthy 09er community. Keith's credibility took another blow when his replacement as Sheriff, former Deputy Sheriff Don Lamb, arrested disgruntled former Kane Software employee Abel Koontz, who confessed to Lilly's murder.
The shock and loss of income destroyed the Mars family. Veronica's mother started drinking heavily and abandoned the family several months later.
Veronica sealed her fate as an outsider when she refused to denounce her father. Duncan stopped speaking to Veronica, and the rest of the 09ers followed suit. Veronica found herself banished from the exclusive 09er social scene and friends.
Two months after Lilly's death, Veronica crashed an 09er party, thrown by Shelley Pomroy, to prove to her ex-friends that she did not care what they said about her. At the party, Veronica's drink is spiked with GHB and she awakens the next morning in a guest bedroom without any recollection of the night before and without any underwear. To her horror, she realizes she was raped. When she reports the crime to Sheriff Lamb, he calls her a liar and throws her out of his office.
These events change Veronica. She became cynical, filled with contempt and disgust towards her classmates and Neptune's wealthy elite. A pariah like her father, she funneled her time and energy into helping him in his own detective agency. But when a chance encounter with new transfer student Wallace Fennel led to her gaining a new friend, she began to use her investigation talents to help her fellow students and to go head to head with the 09'ers.
Veronica slowly begins to outgrow her cynicism, with the help of new friends Wallace Fennel, Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie, and Meg Manning.
Prior to Lilly's death Veronica is portrayed as carefree, girly, sweet and young, with long hair. It is suggested that Veronica cut her hair because it reminded her too much of Lilly. The transition to a sharp-witted, cynical, edgy outcast was quick.
Detective[edit]
After being ousted from the Sheriff's Department, Keith Mars opens Mars Investigations, a PI agency, Veronica gains an after-school job as his secretary. Though she is often forbidden from handling certain cases, she often oversteps her boundaries and sometimes even completely solves the case before her father. She is also an unofficial private investigator for Neptune High tracking down computer hackers, digging up dirt on parents, finding out who stole the school's mascot, and the like. She keeps one step ahead of her father and Vice-Principal Van Clemmons through the occasional help of her best friend Wallace — Watson to her Holmes — and classmate Eli "Weevil" Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker Gang.
Logan Echolls (Jason Dohring), once a close friend, had helped organize the blacklisting of Veronica from the 09er clique. The two crossed swords on several occasions before Logan sought Veronica's help in finding out if his mother, Lynn, might have faked her death when she jumped into the ocean. Still reeling from the abandonment of her own mother, Veronica empathized with Logan's pain, and the two reconciled most of their differences. Towards the end of the third season of the series, Veronica successfully completes her California state examination to receive her official license as a detective in her own right.
Veronica scored a 95 on her private investigator test.
Some years later, Veronica is shown to have moved on from her old life as a detective and has a job offer from a prestigious law firm in New York. However, when Logan is accused of murder, Veronica returns to Neptune to clear his name, eventually deciding to stay in Neptune to fight the local corruption and classism that has developed there since her departure.
Romantic relationships[edit]
Duncan Kane[edit]
Veronica dated Duncan Kane until approximately September 2005. Both Veronica's mother Lianne Mars and Duncan's mother Celeste Kane were against their relationship, though Veronica did not find out why until much later. Some time prior to Lilly's death, Celeste revealed to Duncan that his father, Jake, had had an affair with Lianne, and that Veronica might be his half-sister. Duncan broke up with Veronica because of this, but did not explain his reasons for doing so. Keith Mars later had a paternity test which proved that he is her father, not Jake Kane.
Veronica did not speak to Duncan until well into her Junior year. A few episodes after the series starts, Duncan and Veronica start being friendly towards each other, eventually even becoming friends. That comes to an end when Veronica believes Duncan raped her and confronts him about it. The issue was eventually resolved when the fact that both parties were under the influence of GHB came to light.
In the summer between the first and second seasons Veronica and Duncan got back together on her 18th birthday. They stayed together until roughly the middle of the second season. Unbeknownst to Duncan, his previous girlfriend Meg Manning was pregnant before they broke up. Meg was on the bus that crashed at the beginning of the season, but survived comatose. She later died of a blood clot shortly after coming out of a coma. Their daughter was born just before she died. In order to prevent Meg's abusive parents from getting custody of his baby, Duncan decided to kidnap her and run away. Veronica helps him to do so and knowing that they can never speak to or see each other again, the two of them share a tearful farewell. Duncan does not appear again the series except for a brief cameo at the end of season 2 where he is now living in Australia and is at the beach with his daughter when his phone rings. He answers it, saying "CW?" (a joke about the show being moved to the then new network CW) and it's Clarence Weidman on the other end, who says "It's a done deal." in reference to the killing of Aaron Echolls, suggesting that Duncan was the one who arranged it as revenge for Aaron being acquitted over Lilly's murder.
Troy Vandegraff[edit]
Troy Vandegraff was a childhood friend of Duncan Kane who attended Neptune High for a short period early in the first season. Despite the bad rumors about Veronica circulating around the school, Troy took a liking to her. Veronica was reluctant to date him at first, but warmed to him when she realized his good intentions toward her. In the fifth episode though, Troy deceives her into helping him escape being sent to boarding school so he can run away with an old girlfriend. Veronica realizes his plan and double-crosses him.
Veronica does not meet Troy again until the second season episode "The Rapes of Graff" when they both go to visit Hearst College. Though she is at first cold toward him, Troy insists that he's changed. He also tells her that his feelings toward her were real when they dated and apologizes for how he treated her. When he is suspected of raping a student and shaving her head after a party, Veronica helps to prove his innocence and they part amicably.
Leo D'Amato[edit]
Leo D’Amato (Max Greenfield) is a deputy at the Neptune Sheriff Department whom Veronica dated for a short time in the middle of the first season. At first, Veronica merely went to him for help in getting access to classified evidence or files in the police station, but she soon fell for him. Veronica broke up with Leo after she and Logan Echolls kissed and she didn't want to keep dating Leo while she figured out her feelings.
Logan Echolls[edit]
Veronica began to date Logan Echolls at the end of the first season. While she was going out with Leo D’Amato, she kissed Logan in thanks for saving her from a would-be kidnapper (Jonathan Taylor Thomas), who actually turned out to be an ATF agent. Their kiss turned into something more when Logan pulled her into a passionate embrace. They begin to secretly date.
Their relationship quickly ran into trouble when it was revealed Logan was the one who supplied the GHB that would eventually lead to Veronica being drugged and raped at Shelly Pomroy's party. For a time, Veronica even suspected that Logan was her rapist. When she discovered that he wasn’t, she resolved everything with him. Their relationship was revealed to Logan's 09er friends at a party. At the same party, Veronica discovered cameras trained on the bed in Logan's pool house and flees. Soon after, Veronica found out that Logan had no alibi the day Lilly was murdered and feared that he had killed her.
Veronica found out that the cameras in the pool house had been set up by Logan's father, Aaron Echolls, and discovered that he was the one who killed Lilly after she stole the tapes he made of them having sex. The night Aaron was arrested for Lilly's murder, Logan turned up at Veronica's house, after having been severely beaten by the PCHers. Veronica stood by him when he was accused of murdering one of them, Felix Toombs. Though he was acquitted, Logan's behavior became erratic over that summer, because of his trial and because of the revelation that his father had been having an affair with Lilly and had killed her.
He and the 09ers began a vicious turf war with the PCHers. Veronica breaks up with Logan soon after, telling him that he was out of control and that he enjoyed participating in the violence too much.
Late in the season though, he drunkenly revealed to Veronica that he still had deep feelings for her and thought that their love was ‘epic. Veronica visits him the next morning to tell him that she felt the same, only to find out that he had no memory of what he’d said and had slept with old flame Kendall Casablancas the night before. But during her stand-off with Cassidy Casablancas, on the roof of the Neptune Grand, it was Logan that Veronica phoned for help. Logan tackled Cassidy to stop him from shooting Veronica. He then talked Veronica out of shooting Cassidy and comforts her when she thinks her father was blown-up on Woody Goodman's plane.
Afterwards, they resume their relationship and become closer over the summer. At the beginning of the third season, they begin attending Hearst College. Their relationship is as heated and loving as before, but Veronica has developed severe trust issues over the last few years. She constantly struggles against her instincts to track him and verify everything he says and does, while Logan resents the expectations she places on him and her inability to admit that she might be wrong. Though she spurns him when he reveals that he and Mercer left a motel in Tijuana in flames without helping people to escape, she realizes her feelings for him when he comes to her aid after she is drugged and attacked by the Hearst rapist.
Unable to deal with Veronica being in constant danger, Logan tries to convince her to drop her investigation into the rapes and even has a bodyguard tail her without her knowledge, infuriating Veronica when she finds out. Though they fight out their problems and both admit that they love one another, Logan breaks up with Veronica in the ninth episode. He says that they can both see that they aren’t working out because neither of them can change their ways (Veronica with her trust issues and Logan with his need to protect her despite her wishes) and that he would rather a little pain now than a lot later. He tells her he will always be there for her. Veronica is deeply upset and breaks down when she gets home. Although Logan tries to help Veronica find out who the rapist is, he is still elsewhere when she is attacked by Mercer and Moe. When he learns that Mercer was the one who attacked Veronica, he purposely gets himself arrested so he can be in the same cell as him — for revenge.
They spent the next six weeks apart. During the break-up, Dick tried to help Logan move on by bringing him to the beach, later meeting up with a group of girls. Later, Veronica showed up at Logan's place and they shared a passionate kiss, realizing that they had missed each other, and became a couple again. In the next episode, Logan told Veronica that he had hooked up with someone else who "meant less than nothing to him" over their 6-week break, but didn't elaborate on who it was. It turns out that Logan had slept with Madison Sinclair in Aspen, which Veronica considered one of the worst insults (though Logan didn't know this). This time, sexual jealousy and an unwillingness to forgive and forget ends their relationship.
Logan moved on to Parker Lee, while Veronica did the same with Stosh "Piz" Piznarski. Veronica vows never to speak to Logan again after he violently beats up Piz, believing Piz emailed a racy video of himself and Veronica all over Hearst. However, the series ended with Logan and Veronica sharing one last ambiguous look, leaving their relationship unresolved.
Although they haven't seen each other in nine years, the characters reconnect in the Veronica Mars film, when Veronica helps Logan when he's accused of murder. They continue their relationship and Logan vows to return to Veronica after his Navy deployment.
Stosh "Piz" Piznarski[edit]
Veronica met Piz on her first day at Hearst College when Wallace (who is Piz's roommate) requested her help to find Piz's missing things in 'Welcome Wagon." When they first meet, Piz seems momentarily stunned by Veronica, and develops a crush on her, which she doesn't return at the time as she is going out with Logan Echolls. Although she ignored his romantic feelings, a steady friendship developed between them. Veronica shared her thoughts with him about her problems with Logan, and after Piz unknowingly gave her the advice she needed, Veronica and Logan reunited (much to Piz's internal disappointment).
Piz and Veronica seem quite happy together, and stand by each other when a racy video of them is emailed around Hearst. When Logan attacks Piz after jumping to the conclusion that Piz made the video, Veronica vows never to speak to him again, and Logan's new girlfriend, Parker, breaks up with him because she realizes that his feelings for Veronica. After finding out who sent the video, Piz and Veronica are eating lunch when the culprit walks in. Veronica threatens him but he is unapologetic, taunting her about what he can do. Piz holds Veronica back, advising her to drop it and walk away. She reluctantly obeys. The next day Veronica is approached by the student who bugged Piz's dorm room. He is very insulting to Veronica, who ignores it and warns Logan that the boy is connected to the Mafia. Logan remarks that he wondered why Veronica was so forgiving and then beats the culprit up with much passion (as he does not have anything left to lose). When the student, lying on the floor, threatens "whoever you are, you're going to die," Logan answers flippantly "yeah, someday," then shares a look with Veronica who gives a hint of a smile. Logan then apologizes to Piz for attacking him, as Veronica earlier advised him to do, and leaves the scene without turning back, with Veronica still staring at him. Piz's eyes go from Veronica to Logan, and to Veronica again. Sighing, he expresses a look of realization that he may never have the connection with Veronica that Logan has as she guiltily looks down.
In the Veronica Mars film, it is revealed that Piz and Veronica broke up after she transferred to Stanford after her freshman year, but they reconnect when she moves to New York for law school. They are dating at the beginning of the film, but he breaks up with her when her hesitancy to leave Neptune (and Logan) and return to New York make him doubt her feelings for him.
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2012)
AOL included her in its list of TV's Smartest Detectives.[1] The same website named her the 8th Most Memorable Female TV Character.[2] She was featured in UGO.com's 50 Top TV Characters, ranked at No. 17.[3] She was ranked No. 14 in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.[4]
Many have remarked that Bell's performance in the series was overlooked and deserved an Emmy nomination and win.[5][6][7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TV's Smartest Detectives". AOL TV. November 18, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kim (March 2, 2011). "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters". AOL TV. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ K. Thor Jensen (November 20, 2008). "Top 50 TV Characters - Veronica Mars". UGO.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters". AfterEllen.com. February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/Emmy-Nominations-24-12489.aspx
Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/09/16/DDG6AENT7M16.DTL
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
External links[edit]
Veronica Mars: The Complete First Season, Warner Home Video, 2005, UPC 01256972774.
Official character MySpace
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Veronica Mars
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Credit Where Credit's Due"
"Meet John Smith"
"The Wrath of Con"
"You Think You Know Somebody"
"Return of the Kane"
"The Girl Next Door"
"Like a Virgin"
"Drinking the Kool-Aid"
"An Echolls Family Christmas"
"Silence of the Lamb"
"Clash of the Tritons"
"Lord of the Bling"
"Mars vs. Mars"
"Ruskie Business"
"Betty and Veronica"
"Kanes and Abel's"
"Weapons of Class Destruction"
"Hot Dogs"
"M.A.D."
"A Trip to the Dentist"
"Leave It to Beaver"
Season 2
"Normal Is the Watchword"
"Driver Ed"
"Cheatty Cheatty Bang Bang"
"Green-Eyed Monster"
"Blast from the Past"
"Rat Saw God"
"Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner"
"Ahoy, Mateys!"
"My Mother, the Fiend"
"One Angry Veronica"
"Donut Run"
"Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle"
"Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough"
"Versatile Toppings"
"The Quick and the Wed"
"The Rapes of Graff"
"Plan B"
"I Am God"
"Nevermind the Buttocks"
"Look Who's Stalking"
"Happy Go Lucky"
"Not Pictured"
Season 3
"Welcome Wagon"
"My Big Fat Greek Rush Week"
"Wichita Linebacker"
"Charlie Don't Surf"
"President Evil"
"Hi, Infidelity"
"Of Vice and Men"
"Lord of the Pi's"
"Spit & Eggs"
"Show Me the Monkey"
"Poughkeepsie, Tramps and Thieves"
"There's Got to Be a Morning After Pill"
"Postgame Mortem"
"Mars, Bars"
"Papa's Cabin"
"Un-American Graffiti"
"Debasement Tapes"
"I Know What You'll Do Next Summer"
"Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down"
"The Bitch Is Back"
Characters
Veronica Mars
Cassidy "Beaver" Casablancas
Wallace Fennel
Don Lamb
Parker Lee
Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie
Keith Mars
Stosh "Piz" Piznarski
Others
Locations
Play It Again, Dick
Film
"We Used to Be Friends"
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