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Chapultepec
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This article is about the city park. For the battle, see Battle of Chapultepec. For other uses, see Chapultepec (disambiguation).
Bosque de Chapultepec
Overlooking the Lago Menor towards Polanco, Mexico City
Type
Urban park
Location
Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, Mexico
Chapultepec, more commonly called the "Bosque de Chapultepec" (Chapultepec Forest) in Mexico City, is one of the largest city parks in the Western Hemisphere, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,695 acres). Centered on a rock formation called Chapultepec Hill, one of the park's main functions is to be an ecological space in Greater Mexico City. It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs", with trees that replenish oxygen to the Valley of Mexico. The park area has been inhabited and considered a landmark since the Pre-Columbian era, when it became a retreat for Aztec rulers. In the colonial period, Chapultepec Castle was built here, eventually becoming the official residence of Mexican heads of state. It would remain so until 1940, when it was moved to another part of the park called Los Pinos.
Bosque de Chapultepec is divided into three sections, with the first section being the oldest and most visited. This section contains most of the park's attractions including the castle, the Chapultepec Zoo, the Museum of Anthropology, and the Rufino Tamayo Museum, among others. It receives an estimated 15 million visitors per year. This prompted the need for major rehabilitation efforts that began in 2005 and ended in 2010. The government has authorized the construction of business, offices and big parking lots for cars.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 First section
3 Second section
4 Third section
5 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Chapultepec Park is the second largest city park in Latin America, after the Santiago Metropolitan Park in Chile, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1700 acres).[1][2][3] It is classed as one of the world's largest and most visited urban parks, along with Bois de Boulogne in Paris, the Imperial Gardens in Tokyo, and Central Park in New York City.[4] The name "Chapultepec" means "at the grasshopper hill" in Nahuatl and refers to a large rock formation that is the center of the park's first section. Originally, this area was a forest outside of Tenochtitlan, once considered sacred in pre-Columbian times, but today it is entirely within the city (mostly in the borough of Miguel Hidalgo), surrounded by some of its primary business and commercial districts.[1][4][5] The park is divided into three sections, the first and oldest surrounded by fence and shut at night, and the other two left open. It contains nine museums, amusement parks, winding paths, commemorative sculptures, lakes and fountains.[1][4] Paseo de la Reforma passes most of the park and cuts through a portion on the north side.[4]
One of the park's main functions is to be an ecological space for Greater Mexico City. It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs", with trees that replenished oxygen to the Valley of Mexico.[3][4][6] It is a large unpaved area that allows for aquifer recharge, ameliorates the "heat-island" effect, and attracts rain.[3] It is a refuge for migratory birds from Canada, the U.S. and other regions of Mexico, including the red-tailed hawk, the Harris's hawk, wild ducks, geese, and others.[3] Anywhere from 38 to 60 species of birds can be found here, including some native non-migratory species such as the Yucatán canary and a type of heron called the "water dog".[3][4] There are also more than a dozen species of reptiles and amphibians,[4] and a number of species of various types that are in danger of extinction, including the axolotl, Goodeidae, alandrias, the carpenter bird, and the white-tailed hummingbird.[3] The park is home to a large number of Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuete" trees, with some hundreds of years old. Many of them were planted by the Aztecs. There are also 165 other species, mostly in the third section.[4] It is estimated by city authorities that MXN$100 million are needed annually to maintain the ecology of the park.[3]
Chapultepec Hill as depicted in the Tovar Codex. The scene shows the Aztec tlatoani Huitzilihuitl and Tepanecs (right) about to be defeated by the warriors of Xochimilco and Chalco (left).[citation needed]
For Mexico City residents, the park is valued as a cultural and historic area as well as green space.[4] The area has vestiges showing human presence as far back as the Toltecs with a number ruins from the pre-Columbian through to the colonial period.[3] Archeological studies have unearthed and identified tombs associated with Teotihuacan, a Toltec altar on the summit of Chapultepec Hill, remains of a colonial era aqueduct, paths associated with Nezahualcoyotl, and an area where Aztec priests ingested peyote as part of religious rites.[3][4] One notable site is the Baths of Moctezuma, which was a systems of tanks, reservoirs, canals and waterfalls constructed by the Aztecs.[4] The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia has the park, as well as the Castle of Chapultepec on the hill, listed as Mexican heritage sites. They submitted the area for consideration as a World Heritage Site in 2001.[7][8][9]
The park received an estimated 15 million visitors each year, and daily visits exceed 250,000.[3][10] Sunday is the most popular day to visit because the museums are free, and visitors may spend the entire day in one or more sections viewing the attractions, picnicking, or grilling.[4] Despite its local popularity, however, foreign visitors usually only see the small fraction of the park near the museums.[3][4] The park is easy to get to via public transportation. Metro Lines 1 and 7 have stations at park entrances to the east and south respectively. Several bus lines along Paseo de la Reforma.[4]
General scheme of the three sections Chapultepec, Panteón Civil de Dolores, and Tacubaya, Polanco in Miguel Hidalgo delegation, in Spanish
First section[edit]
National Museum of Anthropology
Many people use Chapultepec every day to run and exercise like in the Gandhi Circuit in the First Section of the park.
The oldest and most visited portion of the park is called the "first section".[4] It is the most developed area, and it has a wrought iron fence and gates that extend around its perimeter.[4][11] These fences mostly separate it from the streets that form its boundaries: Avenida Constituyentes (es), Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Chivatito, and the Anillo Periférico. The interior measures 274.03 hectares (677.1 acres), with 182 hectares (450 acres) of this being undeveloped green space.[8] It contains most of the best known of the park's attractions, such as the Lago Menor (Small Lake), the Nezahuacoyotl Fountain, the Fuente de las Ranas, the Quixote Fountain, the Templanza Fountain, the Altar a la Patria, the Niños Héroes Obelisk, the Monumento a las Águilas Caídas (Monument to Fallen Eagles), The Ahuehuete, and the Baths of Moctezuma. The best known museums in the park are in this section, including Museo Nacional de Historia-Chapultepec Castle, the Casa del Lago, the National Auditorium, the Centro Cultural del Bosque (es), the National Museum of Anthropology, the Rufino Tamayo Museum, and the Museo de Arte Moderno (Modern Art Museum). It also contains the Chapultepec Zoo, the Jardín de la Tercera Edad, and the Audiorama.[8] These are connected by various paved paths, many of which have names such as the Avenue of the Poets, which is lined with bronze busts of famous literary figures.[12] The pathway also has trees that are hundreds of years old.[8]
This section of the park also contains the geological formation that gave the park/forest its name: Chapultepec Hill. It is a formation of volcanic rock and andesite, which is common in the Valley of Mexico and contains small caves and sand deposits.[9] "Chapultepec" in Nahuatl means "grasshopper hill" but it is not clear whether the "Chapul" (grasshopper) part refers to the shape of the hill, or the abundance of grasshoppers in the surrounding woods.[4] This hill was considered special during the pre-Hispanic period from the Toltecs in the 12th century to the Aztecs up to the time of the Conquest by the Spanish. Remains of a Toltec altar have been found at the top of the hill, a number of burials and its use was reserved only for Aztec emperors and other elite.[9][13]
After the Conquest, a small chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael was built on the hill by Claudio de Arciniega in the middle of the 16th century.[9] In the 18th century, the Spanish built the Chapultepec Castle, which initially was a summer retreat for viceroys.[4][13] After the Independence, the Castle remained for the elite, becoming the official resident of the Mexico's heads of state, including the Emperor Maximilian, who had the Paseo de la Reforma built to connect this area with the historic center of the city. During this time, the Castle and the gardens around it were enlarged and embellished a number of times, giving the Castle a floorspace of 10,000m2. The most outstanding of the patios and garden is the Alcázar.[9][13] In 1940, the president's residence was moved to the nearby Los Pinos complex and the castle was converted into the National Museum of History, under the auspices of the federal government, along with the rest of the hill.[4][9] The museum contains twelve rooms which are open to the public, many of which as they were when the Emperor Maximilian lived there. It also contains a collection of furniture from the colonial period to the 19th century, utensils, suits, coins, manuscripts, sculptures in clay ivory and silver, and many other art works. A number of items belonged to figures such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos y Pavón, Agustín de Iturbide, Benito Juárez, Emiliano Zapata, and others.[11] In addition, there are murals by José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Juan O'Gorman.[9] At the foot of the hill, there is a large monument to the Niños Héroes (also called the Altar a la Patria), who reportedly threw themselves to their death at the Castle rather than surrenderring to invading U.S. troops in 1847.[4] This monument consist of six marble columns surrounding a mausoleum with the remains of the six cadets, and a figure of a woman who represents Mexico.[14]
Monument to the Niños Héroes
The Chapultepec Zoo is the most visited attraction of the park, especially on Sundays. It is estimated that half of all park visitors come to the zoo.[15] The zoo was established by Alfonso L. Herrera, a biologist, and opened in 1924.[5] Herrera's intention was to reestablish the zoo tradition of the old Aztec emperors and improve upon it. He began with species native to Mexico and then added others from the rest of the world. He modeled the zoo after the Bioparco di Roma in Rome, Italy. Between 1950 and 1960, the zoo expanded and added new species. In 1975, the zoo obtained two pandas from China. Since then, at least eight panda cubs have been born at the zoo, making it the first institution outside of China to breed the species. From 1992 to 1994, the zoo was completely remodeled, categorizing exhibits by habitat rather than type of species. Some of the most important Mexican species at the facility include a rabbit native to only a few volcanoes in Mexico, zacatuche (or teporingo), the Mexican wolf, ocelot, jaguar and ajolote.[5][16] Today, it has 16,000 animals of 270 species, separated into four sections according to habitat: tropical forest, temperate forest, desert and grassland. About one third of the animals are native to Mexico.[15]
Most of the museums in the first section are located along Paseo de la Reforma.[15] Of all of the museums in the park, the most famous is the National Museum of Anthropology, considered one of the most famous archeological museums in the world. The museum has a number of antecedents beginning from the colonial period, but the current institution was created in the 1960s with the building and grounds designed by architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez. This museum has an area of 44,000m2 and 25 exhibit halls with sections devoted to each of the major pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico, including the Aztec, Maya, Toltec and Olmec.[4][14] The permanent collection is quite large, and many visitors spend several hours seeing it. There are also temporary exhibits displayed year-round.[4] The Rufino Tamayo Museum is in the first section on Paseo de la Reforma. The permanent collection mostly focuses on the namesake, but there are also works by other Mexican and foreign artists that Tamayo donated.[4] During his lifetime, Tamayo collected one of the most important collections of 20th-century art, which included art works from Andy Warhol, Picasso, Miró, Fernando Botero, Magritte, and about 100 others.[14]
Chapultepec Castle on top of Chapultepec Hill
The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is located on Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Gandhi, and it hosts various temporary exhibits.[4] The museum's complex was constructed using modern architecture techniques, which consisted of two circular buildings surrounding a sculpture garden. It contains one of the leading collections of modern art of the 20th century of Mexico. Artists include Dr. Atl, Frida Kahlo, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Remedios Varo.[14]
The Casa de Cultura Quinta Colorada was originally a former accommodation for the forest rangers of the area in the early 20th century. The house was made using European style architecture techniques. It hosts various cultural activities for visitors and has a small planetarium.[14]
At the foot of the Chapultepec Hill is an extension of the Museum of History called the Museo del Caracol (Snail Museum). This museum narrates the history of Mexico in the winding form of a snail, the shape of the building from which its name comes.[14]
The Luis Barragán House and Studio is the former home of architect Luis Barragán. The house was kept nearly intact since 1948, including the workshop. It also exhibits artworks from the 19th and 20th century.[14]
One of the most popular features in the first section is an artificial lake called the Lago Menor (Smaller Lake).[4][9] It is one of two lakes in the park; the larger one, Lago Major, is in the second section. Lagor Menor, however, attracts more visitors than the other. Visitors can rent paddleboats and small rowboats at the lake. The Lago Menor was created at the late 19th century, when the entire first section (then the entire park) was redesigned. At the same time Lago Menor was created, the Casa del Lago was constructed. It is shallow with an average depth of a little over one meter.[15] The Casa del Lago, also called the Restauranto del Lago, is now a restaurant that serves continental food and some Mexican dishes.[4]
In addition to the lake, there are a number of large fountains. The Quixote Fountain is surrounded by four benches covered in tile with images of Don Quixote. To the side of this plaza, there are two columns. On the right there is a figure of Quixote with the face of Salvador Dalí and on the other side, there is a depiction of Sancho Panza with the face of Diego Rivera. Both statues were made of bronze by José María Fernández Urbina.[11] The Fuente de las Ranas (Fountain of the Frogs) was created in the 1920s, by Miguel Alessio Robles in Seville, Spain.[11] The Nezahualcoyotl Fountain was inaugurated in 1956. It measures 1,250m2 and surrounds a statue of the Aztec ruler nine meters tall in black stone.[14]
Throughout the first section there are different kinds of trees; the most common one is the Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuetes". A number of these are hundreds of years old, although there are far fewer due to a past disease epidemic.[4][15] One dead specimen is called the Ahuehuete of Moctezuma, commonly referred to as El Sargento (The Sargeant) or as the Centinela (Sentinel). The last two names were given by cadets of the Heroic Military Academy during the 19th century. The 500-year-old tree remains as a monument to the area's history, measuring fifteen meters high, forty in circumference. Another tree of the species, still living, is El Tlatoani, which is more than 700 years old and is the oldest tree in the park. In addition to these trees, there are sequoias, cedars, palms, poplars, pines, ginkgos, and more.[15]
Los Pinos has been the official residence of the presidents of Mexico since 1941. Though the presidential residence is inside the park, there is no public access to it. The residence is made up of white stucco structures; this architecture can be seen from Molino del Rey, a former millhouse and site of a battle of the Mexican–American War in 1847.[4] Los Pinos is on one edge of the park.[15]
The National Auditorium is one of Mexico City's principal arenas. It primarily hosts musical ensembles and dance troupes. Singers from Mexico and abroad perform there yearlong.[4] The park hosts a number of cultural events during the year. One of them is the performance of Swan Lake, which is conducted on a stage in Lago Menor. This performance has been given since 1978 in warmer months.[4][14] Night tours by train that go around the park are popular around Christmas time, when many of the attractions are lit for the season. The Ballet Folklórico de México also holds performances on occasion at the Chapultepec Castle.[11]
Second section[edit]
People running at "El Sope" public track, second section of Chapultepec.
The second section of the park was created in 1964 by expanding over former farmlands. This section is separated by Anillo Periférico road and measures 160.02 hectares. It is not as developed as the first section, but it is also dedicated to recreational activities. Lago Mayor overlaps with the second section; this part of the lake contains the Monumental Fountain, the largest one in Latin America. It is surrounded by several restaurants and cafés. Nearby are the Compositores, Xochipilli and Las Serpientes fountains.[4][17]
The area contains jogging trails, places for yoga and karate, and other exercise facilities on the tree areas. Around 1,000 people each day go to this section to exercise.[4][18] The jogging trails were doubled from 2 km to 4 km in the late 2000s.[19]
One part of this section is dominated by the Feria de Chapultepec amusement park, located near the Lago Mayor, just off the Anillo Periférico. The park has a capacity of 15,000 people and is visited by about two million each year. It includes several roller coasters, including the Montaña Infinitum.[20]
This section contains museums such as Papalote Museo del Niño, the Technology Museum of the Federal Electricity Commission (es), and the Museo de Historia Natural (es). El Papalote Museo del Niño is an interactive children's museum which invites children to touch and manipulate the exhibits. The Technology Museum consists of four very large halls which exhibit modern advances in technology. In its surrounding gardens, there are old locomotives, railcars and tracks. It also contains an auditorium for events and a planetarium. The Museo de Historia Natural focuses mostly on the origins of life with its permanent exhibits. It also hosts temporary exhibits and academic conferences.[14]
The Cárcamo and Tlaloc's fountain
The Cárcamo de Dolores hydraulic structure, found in this section, was built between 1942 and 1952 to capture water sent to the Valley of Mexico from the Lerma River basin in the Toluca Valley. The major parts open to the public consist of a pavilion, covered with an orange half cupola and a fountain with an image of Tlaloc. Originally, the water was stored underground and pumped to the surface when needed. The main building has serpent heads on the four corners and there is a mural painted by Diego Rivera called "El agua: origen de la vida".[14][17]
In 2010, the second section of the park underwent rehabilitation, funded in part by a private charity group called Probosque de Chapultepec. Most of the work was done on the jogging track, the Tlaloc Fountain, the Cárcamo de Dolores building, the mural "El agua: origen de la vida", and the construction of an agora. These works together form the Museo Jardín del Agua (Water Garden Museum). In addition, a large number of dead trees were removed and about 800 new ones planted.[when?][19]
Third section[edit]
The third section of the park is located on the west side of the second and was inaugurated in 1974. It has a surface area of 242.9 hectares. It is the least developed and least visited; it is filled with trees and wildlife.[2][4] Although some recreational activities such as archery and horseback riding are practiced there, the importance of this area is primarily as an ecological preserve for various species of flora and fauna, such as snakes and lizards.[2][3][4] In 1992, it was decreed as a Protected Natural Area.[2] In 2010, there were reports of feral dogs attacking visitors in the third section. Approximately 150 feral dogs were living in the small canyon areas of this section that year.[21]
History[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)
According to archeological studies, there has been human presence in the area since at least the pre-Classic period. The first identified culture archeologists have evidence for is the Toltecs. The Toltecs named the area "grasshopper hill", which would later become "Chapultepec". Remains of a Toltec altar have been found on the hill's summit. In the Classic Period, the area was occupied by people of the Teotihuacan culture. When the Mexicas, or Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was inhabited by a people called the Tepanecas of Azcapotzalco.[1][4]
One of the "Baths of Moctezuma".
When the Aztecs took over the Valley of Mexico, they considered the hill as both a sacred and strategic site. They began to use the area as a repository for the ashes of their rulers, and the area's springs became an important source of fresh water for the capital of Tenochtitlan.[1][4] Eventually, the area became a retreat strictly limited to the ruling and religious elite. In the 1420s, ruler Nezahualcoyotl was the first to build a palace in the area.[4][13] Moctezuma II built reservoirs to raise exotic fish and to store water. He also had trees and plants from various parts of the Aztec Empire planted here. In 1465, Moctezuma I ordered his portrait carved into a rock at the foot of the hill and constructed the Tlaxpana aqueduct, which measured three km.[1][11]
During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, one of the last battles between the Spanish and ruler Cuauhtémoc occurred at Chapultepec Hill in 1521.[1][4] Shortly thereafter, the Franciscans built a small hermitage over the indigenous altar on Chapultepec Hill.[13] Hernán Cortés appropriated Chapultepec and granted the northern portion to Captain Juan Jaramillo, who would become the husband of La Malinche. However, in 1530, Charles V decreed the area as the property of the Mexico City and open to it to the public.[1] The Spanish continued to use the Aztec aqueduct, but in 1771, another one was deemed necessary for the growing population of Mexico City. The Chapultepec aqueduct led water from the springs of the forest to an area in what was the south of the city, called Salto del Agua. It flowed over 904 arches and 3,908 meters.[1] In 1785, the Franciscan hermitage was demolished to make way for the Chapultepec Castle, converting the hill and the forest around it into a summer retreat for colonial viceroys. The area was walled off from the general public and was the scene of elegant parties.[13][15]
After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, the Castle became the official residence of the head of state. A number of these, especially Emperor Maximilian I and his wife, embellished and expanded the castle as well as the forest area around it.[13] The Hill was also the site of the Battle of Chapultepec in 1847, between Mexican and U.S. troops led by General Winfield Scott. A band of cadets were at the Castle when it was attacked and near the end of the battle, six of them decided to jump to their deaths from the castle on the hill to the rocks below. These six are referred to as the "Niños Héroes" and are honored by a monument near where their bodies fell. The castle remain the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1940, when this function as moved to the Los Pinos residence and the Castle was converted into a museum.[4]
Since then, the park has been expanded twice, adding the second section in 1964[17] and the third section ten years later.[2] Since then, the focus has been on the maintenance of the area. By 1998, the paths of the park, especially in the first section, were saturated with over 3,000 peddlers with few regulations or norms.[22] In 2005, the first section of the park was closed for renovations, effectively evicting all vendors from the area. When it reopened months later, permits for selling were strictly limited and police began to crack down on vendors in the park. However, some vendors continue to operate illegally and exchange information on the police's steps with radio communication equipment.[23] At the entrances to the park, where the vendor restrictions are not in place, some vendors sometimes block the entrances and cover signs so that visitors are forced to pass through their stands.[24]
Maintenance issues have closed parts of the park from time to time. In 1985, the park was closed to exterminate rats and other pests.[4] In 2005, the park was filled with trees in poor condition, had scum in the lakes, and had trash piles in several locations, including fountains.[12] From that year until 2010, the park was closed section by section for restoration and rehabilitation projects. The first section was closed for eight months in 2005, for work that included dredging lakes, pruning and removing trees, picking up tons of debris, and expelling hundreds of vendors.[12] Shortly thereafter, projects on the second and third sections of the park began, mostly to control or eliminate rats, feral dogs and cats, pigeons and other introduced species.[3] In 2005, migratory birds began to make a comeback at the park with the eradication and relocation of introduced species such as geese and ducks, which were aggressive to other species. The park hosts more than 100 species of this kind of bird, with some reproducing here for the first time in decades. Other native mammals returned in 2005, including the tlacuache and the cacomistle.[25]
In 2010, projects included renovating jogging tracks, and planting more than 800 trees, including acacia café, pino azul, pino peñonero, holm oak, pino moctezuma, pino prieto and grevilia, as well as the removal of dead or severely infected trees. These rehabilitation efforts of the 2000s were funded by a combination of government and private funds from groups like Probosque.[6]
See also[edit]
Chapultepec Peace Accords
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Historia del Bosque de Chapultepec" [History of the Forest of Chapultepc] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from the original on November 14, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "3ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec" [Third section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from the original on August 24, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Entrará el Bosque de Chapultepec en nueva etapa de rehabilitación" [Chapultepec Forest will enter a new stage of rehabilitation]. El Cronica de Hoy (in Spanish). Mexico City. June 26, 2005. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Larry Rother (December 13, 1987). "Chapultepec Park: Mexico in Microcosm". New York Times. New York. p. A15.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zoólogico de Chapultepec Alfonso Herrera" [Alfonso Herrera Chapultepec Zoo] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Bertha Sola (July 29, 2010). "Termina saneamiento del Bosque de Chapultepec" [The Chapultepec forest finishes healing]. La Cronica de Hoy (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1273/ UNESCO
^ Jump up to: a b c d "1ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec" [First section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from the original on August 24, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Chapultepec". Antropología e Historia (in Spanish). Mexico: Artes e Historia México, INAH. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Darán nueva imagen al Bosque de Chapultepec" [Will give new image to the Chapultepec Forest] (in Spanish). Mexico City. DDM. May 11, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Carlos Perez Gallardo (December 14, 2009). "Nocturno a Chapultepec" (in Spanish). Mexico: INAH. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Reed Johnson (June 15, 2005). "Residents Breathe Deep as Mexico City Park Reopens". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Bosque de Chapultepec" (in Spanish). Mexico: INDAABIN. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Jimenez Gonzalez, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). Ciudad de Mexico Guia para descubir los encantos de la Ciudad de Mexico [Mexico City: Guide to discover the charms of Mexico City] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Oceano de Mexico SA de CV. pp. 64–70. ISBN 978-607-400-061-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Chapultepec es el pulmón verde más importante, representa el 52% de áreas verdes de nuestra ciudad" [Chapultepec is the most important "green lung" representing 52% of green areas in our city]. Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Historia" [History]. Zoologico de Chapultepec (in Spanish). Mexico City: Government of Mexico City. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "2ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec" [Second section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from the original on August 24, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fernando Ríos (July 23, 2010). "El Bosque de Chapultepec no será privatizado" [Chapultepec Forest will not be privatized]. El Sol de Toluca (in Spanish). Toluca, Mexico. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inician trabajos de restauración en segunda sección del Bosque de Chapultepec" [Begin restoration work in the second section of Chapultepec Forest]. Radio Formula (in Spanish). Mexico City. May 31, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "La Feria de Chapultepec" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Direccion de Chapultepec. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mirna Servín Vega (March 4, 2010). "Brigada Animal vigilará Bosque de Chapultepec" [Animal Brigade will watch the Chapultepec Forest]. Periódico La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Blanca Estela Botello (May 22, 1998). "Satura Chapultepec a avance de ambulentes" [Chapultepec is saturated with peddlers]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Mariel Ibarra (July 22, 2007). "Vigilan acceso a bosque" [Watching access to the forest]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Mariel Ibarra (July 15, 2007). "Laberinto en el bosque" [Labyrinth in the forest]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Ivan Sosa (June 9, 2005). "Recuperan fauna de Chapultepec" [Fauna recuperates in Chapultepec]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chapultepec Park.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mexico City/Chapultepec.
(in Spanish) Website with current event schedules and historical articles & images about Chapultepec.
Satellite picture of Chapultepec Park by Google Maps
Satellite picture of Chapultepec Castle by Google Maps
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Images of Chapultepec
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Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City
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Coordinates: 19°24′47″N 99°11′52″W / 19.41306°N 99.19778°W / 19.41306; -99.19778
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Toyota 4Runner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Toyota 4Runner
Overview
Manufacturer
Toyota
Also called
Toyota Hilux Surf
Production
1984–present
Body and chassis
Class
Compact SUV (1984–1995)
Mid-size SUV (1995–present)
Layout
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive
Chronology
Successor
Toyota Fortuner (Southeast Asia)
The Toyota 4Runner is a compact, later mid-size sport utility vehicle produced by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota and sold throughout the world from 1984 to present. In Japan, it is known as the Toyota Hilux Surf (トヨタ ハイラックスサーフ). The original 4Runner was a compact SUV and little more than a Toyota pickup truck with a fiberglass shell over the bed, but the model has since undergone significant independent development into a cross between a compact and a mid-size SUV. All 4Runners have been built at Toyota's Tahara plant at Tahara, Aichi, Japan, or at Hino Motors' Hamura, Japan plant.
Hilux Surf models in Japan are widely exported as used vehicles to Somalia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia.
For Southeast Asia the Hilux Surf was replaced in 2005 by the similar Fortuner, which is based on the Hilux platform.
As of 2014[update], the 4Runner is sold in the United States, Canada, Central America, Bahamas, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile.
The 4Runner came in at number three in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com ranking the top 10 longest-lasting vehicles in the US. The 4Runner had 5.2 percent of vehicles over 200,000 miles (320,000 km), according to the study.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Predecessor: Toyota Trekker (1981–1983)
2 First generation (N60; 1984–1989)
3 Second generation (N120; N130; 1989–1995)
3.1 Safety
4 Third generation (N180; 1995–2002)
5 Fourth generation (N210; 2002–2009)
5.1 Safety
5.2 Model year changes
6 Fifth generation (N280; 2009–present)
6.1 Safety
7 Sales
8 References
9 External links
Predecessor: Toyota Trekker (1981–1983)[edit]
Toyota Trekker
Overview
Manufacturer
Toyota
Conversion by Winnebago
Production
1981–1983
Assembly
United States: Forest City, Iowa (Winnebago)
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door pickup
Related
Toyota Hilux
Powertrain
Engine
2.4 L 22R I4 (gasoline)
Transmission
5-speed manual (L52)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
102.2 in (2,595 mm)
Length
170.1 in (4,320 mm)
Width
66.5 in (1,690 mm)
Height
65.9 in (1,675 mm)
Curb weight
3,120 lb (1,415 kg)
The Trekker was one of the first prototype walk through conversions done to Toyota trucks in the early 1980s. They were similar to the successive 4Runner conversions done by Toyota, which started production in 1984, but were designed and built by Winnebago Industries with the approval of Toyota.[2][3] They were no longer a viable conversion when Toyota started producing the 4Runner in 1984. It was in essence the marketing test vehicle for Toyota to be able to introduce the 4Runner.
The Trekker was produced from early 1981 through 1983. The Trekkers were all built on Toyota short box chassis'. All of the Trekkers were classified as SR5 by both Winnebago and Toyota, regardless of the actual VIN denotation. Originally there were to be a SR5 and Deluxe version of the Trekker, one with vented windows and one without. All 1981 Trekkers had vented canopy windows. Non vented canopy windows were not installed on the Trekker until the 1982 model year. Non vented windows were installed due to the leaking issues of a forward facing vent on the 1981 Trekkers canopy windows rather than the classification of SR5 vs Deluxe.
Toyota shipped all trucks from Japan as cab and chassis in order to avoid the 25% assembled truck customs tax. The trucks destined for production as Trekkers were shipped to the dealership handling the national distribution of the Trekker. From there they went to Winnebago to have the Trekker conversion installed, returned after completion to the dealership for national distribution. Most of the Trekker conversions sold went to the west coast of the United States.
The Trekker conversion consisted of a fiberglass tub, bed sides, a non-removable canopy and rear hatch. The kit included a folding rear seat that could be folded forward to lay flat and add cargo space to the back. There was no tailgate on the Trekkers. The factory Toyota vinyl cab headliner was replaced and matched to the custom rear canopy headliner.
About 1500 of the Trekkers were built and sold in the United States. An additional unknown number of Trekker kits, likely less than 200, were shipped to Canada to be installed on Canadian trucks at the dealerships. 20 to 30 of the Trekker kits were sold and shipped to Saudi Arabia for installation.
First generation (N60; 1984–1989)[edit]
First generation (N60)
Overview
Also called
Toyota Hilux Surf
Toyota Hilux 4Runner
Production
March 1984 – August 1989
Model years
1984–1989
Assembly
Japan: Tahara, Aichi
Body and chassis
Class
Compact SUV
Body style
3-door wagon
Related
Toyota Pickup
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L 3Y I4 (1984–1989)
2.4 L 22R/22R-E I4 (1984–1989)
2.4 L 22R-TE turbo I4 (1986–1988)
3.0 L 3VZ-E V6 (1988–1989)
2.4 L 2L diesel I4 (1984–1989)
2.4 L 2L-T turbodiesel I4 (1985–1989)
Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
103.0 in (2,616 mm)
Length
174.6 in (4,435 mm)
Width
66.5 in (1,689 mm)
Height
66.1 in (1,679 mm)
Curb weight
3,520–3,760 lb (1,597–1,706 kg) (approx.)
For the first generation N60 series Hilux Surf and export specification 4Runner introduced in 1984, Toyota, instead of developing an entirely new model, modified the existing Hilux (N50/N60/N70) with short-bed pickup body. The Hilux had undergone a major redesign in 1983 for the 1984 model year. Changes included the removal of the panel with integrated rear window from behind the front seats, the addition of rear seats, and a removable fiberglass canopy. The implementation was borrowed from both the second generation Ford Bronco, and the Chevrolet K5 Blazer, both short-bed trucks with removable fiberglass shells over the rear sections and having bench seats installed in the back. Like the Bronco and the Blazer, the Hilux Surf/4Runner also did not have a wall attached to the front section behind front seats as the regular Hilux did. In that sense, all three vehicles were not conventional pickup trucks with a fiberglass shell included.
1987–1989 Toyota 4Runner SR5 (Australia)
Thus, the first generation is nearly mechanically identical to the Toyota Hilux. All first generation 4Runners had two doors and were indistinguishable from the pickups from the dashboard forward. Nearly all changes were to the latter half of the body; in fact, because the rear springs were not upgraded to bear the additional weight from the rear seats and fiberglass top, these early models tended to suffer from a sagging rear suspension.
In North America, they were sold from the 1984½ model year from May 1984. For this first year (March to July 1984 production), all models were equipped with black or white fiberglass tops. An SR5 trim package was offered that upgraded the interior: additional gauges, better fabrics, and a rear seat were standard with the package. All 1984 models were equipped with the carbureted 2.4 L 22R engine and were all available with a four-wheel-drive system that drove the front wheels through a solid front axle.
1985 (August 1984 production) saw the arrival of the electronically fuel-injected 2.4 L 22R-E also called 22R-EC I4 engine. This upped the horsepower numbers from 100 hp for the 22R, to 116 hp for the 22R-E Engine, though the carbureted engine remained available until 1988. Additionally, rear seats were available in all 1985 4Runner trim levels, not just the more upscale SR5.
1987–1989 Toyota 4Runner SR5 (Australia)
1987–1989 Toyota Hilux Surf
In 1986, the Surf/4Runner underwent a major front suspension design change as it was changed from a solid front axle to the Hi-Trac independent front suspension. Track width was also increased by three inches. These changes made the trucks more comfortable on-road, and improved stability and handling. The new suspension also increased the space in the engine compartment (necessary to fit larger engines, such as the V6 introduced in 1987) but arguably decreased the truck's off-road capabilities. The North American specification Toyota Pickup also adopted this new suspension, but the regular Hilux for other markets at this point retained the more rugged and capable, if less refined, solid axle configuration. With the 1986 update, the Surf/4Runner grille changed from the three segment type to the two segment grille. Tops were color-matched on blue, red and some gold models, while other body colors were still sold with black or white tops.
A turbocharged version of the 22R-E engine (the 22R-TE) was also introduced in 1986, although this engine is significantly rarer than the base 22R-E. It appears that all turbocharged 4Runner models sold in the US were equipped with an automatic transmission, though a five-speed manual could still be ordered in the turbocharged pickups. Most turbocharged 4Runners were equipped with the SR5 package, and all turbo trucks had as standard a heavier rear differential later used in the V6 model. Low-option models had a small light in the gauge cluster to indicate turbo boost, while more plush vehicles were equipped with an all-digital gauge cluster that included a boost gauge. Turbocharged and naturally aspirated diesel engines were also available in the pickups at this time as well, but it appears that no diesel-powered 4Runners were imported to the United States.
During 1984 to 1986 many 4Runners were imported to the US without rear seats. With only two seats the vehicle could be classified as a truck (rather than a sport vehicle) and could skirt the higher customs duties placed upon sport and pleasure vehicles. Most had aftermarket seats and seat belts added by North American dealers after they were imported.
In 1988, the 22R-E engine was joined by an optional 3.0 L V6 engine, the 3VZ-E. This engine was significantly larger and more powerful although not as reliable as the original 4-cylinder offering. Trucks sold with the V6 engine were equipped with the same heavy duty rear differential that was used in the turbocharged trucks, as well as a completely new transmission and transfer case; the transfer case was chain driven, although considered less rugged, created less cab noise than the old gear-driven unit used behind the four-cylinder engine.
An engine which was not used in the US market and rarely in the Japanese domestic market pickups was the 3Y engine, which was used in place of the 22R engine in New Zealand models, followed more rarely by the 4Y 2.2 petrol in later versions. This was a decision by Toyota New Zealand to reduce parts required to be stocked by dealers as no other Toyotas sold in New Zealand at the time utilised the R series engines.
Small cosmetic and option changes were made in 1988 for the 1989 model year, but the model was left largely untouched in anticipation of the replacement model then undergoing final development.
Second generation (N120; N130; 1989–1995)[edit]
Second generation (N120/N130)
Overview
Also called
Toyota Hilux Surf, Toyota Hilux SW4 (Brazil)
Production
August 1989 – August 1995
Model years
1990–1995
Assembly
Japan: Tahara, Aichi
Body and chassis
Class
Compact SUV
Body style
3-door wagon
5-door wagon
Related
Toyota Pickup
Toyota Hilux
Toyota Tacoma
Toyota Land Cruiser
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
Toyota T100
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L 3Y I4
2.2 L 4Y I4
2.4 L 22R-E I4
3.0 L 3VZ-E V6
2.4 L 2L-TE turbodiesel I4
2.4 L 2L-TII turbodiesel I4
2.8 L 3L diesel I4
3.0 L 1KZ-T/TE turbodiesel I4
Transmission
4-speed A340H automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
103.3 in (2,624 mm)
Length
1990 & 1994–95: 176.0 in (4,470 mm)
1991–93: 176.8 in (4,491 mm)
Width
66.5 in (1,689 mm)
Height
66.1 in (1,679 mm)
Curb weight
3,760 lb (1,706 kg) (approx.)
1990–1991 Toyota 4Runner V6 with two-door bodywork (VZN130; US)
1992–1995 Toyota 4Runner (US; facelift)
1991–1996 Toyota 4Runner (LN130R; Australia)
Toyota Hilux Surf (KZN130G; Japan)
Toyota issued a second generation of Hilux Surf and 4Runner in 1989 for the 1990 model year. Known as the N120/N130 series, these models continued their reliance on the Hilux pickup as a basis. It represented a fundamental departure from the first generation model. Instead of an enhanced pickup truck with fiberglass cap, the new 4Runners featured a freshly designed, full steel integrated body mounted on the existing frame. However, the 4Runner did remain virtually identical to the Hilux from the B-pillars forward. It also gained an all new coil spring rear suspension system, which unfortunately proved to be just as prone to sagging as the leaf springs on the rear of the previous models.
Nearly all second generation 4Runners were four-door models; however, from launch in 1989 to May 1993, a two-door model was also produced. These models are similar to the four-door models of the time in that the bodies were formed as a single unit, instead of the fiberglass tops used in the first generation 4Runners. Two-door cars of the second generation are extremely rare. US sales ended in August 1992, but it continued to be available in the Canadian market through 1993, and Japan until May 1993.
Because the drive train was still developed from the same source, the available engines were identical: The same 2.4 L four-cylinder (22R-E) and 3.0 L V6 (3VZ) engines were available in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive layouts. The new 4Runner used the independent front suspension that had been developed on the previous generation. The older style gear driven transfer case was phased out on the V6 models and they now had a chain driven case. The older gear driven case was retained on the 4-cylinder models.
The Hilux Surf version for the Japanese market was also available with a range of diesel engines, including a 2.4 L turbodiesel 2L-TE I4 up to 1993, followed by a 3.0 L turbodiesel 1KZ-TE I4. Small numbers were also made with a normally aspirated 2.8 L diesel 3L I4, a 2.0 L 3Y I4 naturally aspirated gasoline engine, and 2.4 L 22R-E I4 gasoline engine.[4] The majority of petrol versions of the Hilux Surf received the 3.0 L V6. Various trim levels were offered in Japan ranging from the base model 'SSR' through 'SSR Ltd', 'SSR-V' 'SSR-X' and 'SSR-X Ltd' to the range topping 'SSR-G'. Japanese models are distinguished from the export specification 4Runner by having a side opening tailgate as opposed to the 4Runner's lift-up tailgate.
Most other full-body SUVs produced at the time (e.g. Nissan Pathfinder, Ford Explorer) featured tailgates that opened upward with the glass closed. In contrast, the second generation 4Runner carried over the retractable-glass tailgate from the first generation. Opening these tailgates requires first retracting the rear window into the tailgate and then lowering the tailgate much like as on a pickup truck.
In 1991 for the 1992 model year, the 4Runner received minor cosmetic updates, including one-piece front bumpers and modular headlamps instead of the increasingly outdated rectangular sealed beams. This facelift distanced the 4Runner somewhat from the Hilux pickups which did not receive the same cosmetic changes. At this time a wide-body version was introduced featuring extended wheel arch flares along with wider wheels and tires.
Additional cosmetic changes occurred between 1993 and 1995, the last year of the second generation.
Safety[edit]
The first and second generation 4Runners were both targeted as unsafe SUVs. 1980s and early-1990s crash regulations in the United States were not very strict for light trucks, and all early model 4Runners were fitted with doors that offered little protection in the event of a side collision. In most areas, there was little more than two pieces of sheet-metal and the window to keep incoming vehicles from impacting passengers. The crash test rating for the second generation 4Runner was one star for the driver's side in a frontal collision while the passenger side received a 4-star rating. Later, more strict crash regulations mandated doors that offered as much protection as passenger car doors. In the United States, the 1994 and 1995 model years added side-impact beams in the doors.
Airbags for both the driver and passenger were added in 1995 (1996 model year).
Third generation (N180; 1995–2002)[edit]
Third generation (N180)
Overview
Also called
Toyota Hilux Surf
Toyota Hilux SW4 (Argentina, Brazil)
Zhongxing Admiral
Production
August 1995 – August 2002
Model years
1996–2002
Assembly
Tahara, Aichi, Japan
Hamura, Tokyo, Japan
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size SUV
Body style
5-door wagon
Related
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
Toyota Hilux
Toyota Tacoma
Toyota T100
Powertrain
Engine
2.7 L 3RZ-FE I4
3.4 L 5VZ-FE V6
3.0 L 1KZ-TE turbodiesel I4
Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
105.3 in (2,675 mm)
Length
1995–98: 178.7 in (4,539 mm)
1998–00: 183.2 in (4,653 mm)
2000–02: 183.3 in (4,656 mm)
Width
2WD: 66.5 in (1,689 mm)
Limited: 70.9 in (1,801 mm)
Height
1998–02: 67.5 in (1,714 mm)
1998–02 Limited: 68.5 in (1,740 mm)
1995–98: 66.5 in (1,689 mm)
1995–98 Limited: 68.7 in (1,745 mm)
Curb weight
3,930 lb (1,783 kg) (approx.)
Developed under chief Masaaki Ishiko from 1990 to 1995 under the project code 185T, in late 1995 (for the 1996 model year) a significant redesign of the 4Runner was introduced, with an all-new body shell on an all-new chassis.[5][6] This time, it shared virtually nothing with the pickup it had originally evolved from, and shared its chassis with that of the Land Cruiser Prado four-door wagon. Whereas the transition to the second generation 4Runner was one that kept the build quality and options roughly on par with the rest of the mid-size SUV market, the changes made in the third generation turned the 4Runner into a more luxury-oriented vehicle. This move paralleled the changes to the 1996 Nissan Pathfinder, but moved the 4Runner into a distinctly different class from its older competitors, the Ford Explorer, Chevrolet Blazer, and Isuzu Rodeo. The third generation 4Runner did, however, look very similar to the second generation.
The third generation 4Runner also featured new engines that are also installed in the first generation Toyota Tacoma pickup trucks:
2.7L 3RZ-FE I4 replacing the previous 2.4L 22R-E I4; 150 hp (110 kW) max horsepower at 4800 rpm (an increase of 38 hp (28 kW)), and 177 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) max torque at 4000 rpm (an increase of 35 lb⋅ft (47 N⋅m));
3.4L 5VZ-FE V6 replacing the previous 3.0L 3VZ-E V6; 183 hp (136 kW) horsepower at 4800 rpm (an increase of 33 hp (25 kW)), and 217 lb⋅ft (294 N⋅m) max torque at 3600 rpm (an increase of 37 lb⋅ft (50 N⋅m)).
In 1996 the 4Runner was dropped from sale in the UK, to be replaced by the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, which was badged as the Toyota Land Cruiser Colorado.
Significant changes from the second generation models include a larger body on a longer wheelbase, increased interior space, increased cargo space, dual airbags, ABS, lift-up tailgate, coil-spring suspension all around, rack and pinion steering, and aerodynamic contour designed glass headlights. Additionally, Hilux Surf versions immediately moved to 16-inch wheels and gained a center differential, enabling the use of four-wheel drive on hard surfaces without complication for the first time. The prior system was retained to give on-the-fly shifting between rear- and four-wheel drive as before. The new 4Runner was also available with a factory installed selectable electric locker in the rear differential, a first for the 4Runner but available since 1993 in the Toyota Land Cruiser.
Original placard describing the operation of the Toyota rear electronic locker in a 1997 Toyota 4Runner
1999 Toyota 4Runner (US)
2001–2002 Toyota 4Runner (US)
1997 models received a few minor updates, including the addition of a color keyed cargo cover.
1998 remained largely unchanged, save for a few changes in the electronics. More ergonomic switch control panels and a newly designed 4 spoke steering wheel, which also necessitated a redesign of the airbag system.
1999 models received both major cosmetic and interior enhancements. A new "fat lip" bumper was designed to allow for an extended crush zone on the front of the frame, as well as new multi-parabola style headlights, projector style fog lamps, and updated side marker lights and front turn signals. Vehicles with "Limited" and "Highlander" (later called "Sport Edition") trim received color-keyed running boards, front and rear bumpers, mud flaps and flares. The ergonomics of the interior was completely changed, moving all the controls to the center of the dash for the rear window, and defrost, it also received a new instrument panel with a digital odometer. The Limited trucks also received a brand-new electronic temp control, and upgraded stereo. The multimatic transmission became available as an option for 4WD 4Runners in 1999, giving the option of AWD operation.
2001 models received new transparent tail lights and new front grille design. The wheels were also changed to a five-spoke design rim. Limited models received newly designed five spoke wheels as well, however different from SR5 and base model. Also included was a new, sleeker side view mirror design. SR5 and base model 4Runners also have redesigned climate control units utilizing 3 knobs and 2 buttons, contrary to the 1999 model's 2 sliders and 2 knobs. 2001 models were equipped with Vehicle Stability Control standard, and 4WD models came standard with the multimatic transmission. The optional e-locker for the rear differential was dropped in 2001.
Fourth generation (N210; 2002–2009)[edit]
Fourth generation (N210)
Overview
Also called
Toyota SW4[7]
Toyota Hilux Surf
Production
August 2002 – 28 August 2009
Model years
2003–2009
Assembly
Tahara, Aichi, Japan
Hamura, Tokyo, Japan
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size SUV
Body style
5-door wagon
Related
Lexus GX
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
Toyota FJ Cruiser
Toyota Hilux
Toyota Hilux Surf
Toyota Tacoma
Toyota Fortuner
Powertrain
Engine
4.0 L 1GR-FE V6
4.7 L 2UZ-FE V8 (MY2003-2004)
4.7 L 2UZ-FE with VVT-i (MY2005-2009)
3.0 L 1KZ-TE I4 turbodiesel (Latin America)
3.0 L 1KD-FTV I4
Transmission
5-speed automatic Aisin A7xx Series
Dimensions
Wheelbase
109.8 in (2,789 mm)
Length
MY2003–05: 189 in (4,801 mm)
MY2006–09: 189.2 in (4,806 mm)
Width
MY2003–05: 73.8 in (1,875 mm)
MY2006–09: 75.2 in (1,910 mm)
Height
MY2003–05 SR5: 68.9 in (1,750 mm)
MY2003–05: 71.6 in (1,819 mm)
MY2006–09 SR5: 69.3 in (1,760 mm)
MY2006–09 Sport: 71.3 in (1,811 mm)
MY2006–09 Limited: 71.1 in (1,806 mm)
Curb weight
4,280 lb (1,941 kg) (approx.)
The fourth-generation 4Runner incorporated serious changes to the chassis and body of the vehicle, but was targeted at approximately the same demographics as the third generation. Based on the Land Cruiser Prado 120 series, the new 4Runner retained the same basic exterior styling themes, and was still marketed as a mid-size semi-luxury SUV with off-road capabilities. Available trims were the SR5, Sport Edition, and Limited models. An all-new LEV certified 4.0 L 1GR-FE V6 which produces 245 hp (183 kW) and 282 lb⋅ft (382 N⋅m) of torque is standard, but for the first time, a V8 became available, the ULEV certified 4.7 L 2UZ-FE engine which in the US produced 235 hp (175 kW) and 320 lb⋅ft (434 N⋅m). In 2004, for the 2005 model year, the addition of VVT-i increased output to 260 hp (194 kW) and 306 lb⋅ft (415 N⋅m). Fuel economy is estimated at 17 mpg city, 20 mpg highway for the V6 and 15/19 mpg for the V8. Towing capacity is 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) on V6 models and 7,300 pounds (3,300 kg) on RWD V8 models (7000 pounds w/4WD). The 4Runner first entered dealer showrooms in October 2002 for the 2003 model year.[8] Three trims levels were offered, SR5, Sport Edition, and Limited. When it was first introduced the SR5 and Sport Edition models used gray plastic cladding and bumpers. Sport models also featured a non-functional hood scoop.
Toyota Hilux Surf SSR-X
The front suspension used a double wishbone while the rear is a solid rear axle type. The 4runner continued to use a body on frame construction design and a solid rear axle for strength and durability compromising interior room and on-road handling. Toyota's other mid-size SUV, the Highlander is a crossover which is not designed for off-roading. The optional 4WD systems were full-time on V8 models while "Multi-Mode" or part-time on V6 models, both systems used a lockable Torsen center differential. A new suspension system, X-Relative Absorber System (X-REAS), became standard on the Sport Edition and optional for SR5 and Limited models, a rear auto-leveling height adjustable air suspension is included with this option on Limited models. The X-REAS system links the dampers diagonally by means of hydraulic hoses and fluid using a mechanical center valve which reduces body roll during hard cornering. All 4runners were equipped with skid plates for the engine, transfer case, and fuel tank to prevent damage during off-roading. The Hill-Start Assist Control (HAC) system prevents the 4runner from rolling backwards on inclines and a Downhill Assist Control (DAC, 4WD only) modulates the brakes and throttle automatically without driver inputs for smooth hill descents at very low speeds, both electronic aids are standard on 4WD models.
Major standard features included a tilt and telescoping steering wheel, remote keyless entry, single zone automatic climate control, power driver's lumbar support, power rear tailgate window, and on V8 models a tow hitch receiver bolted directly to the rear frame crossmember. Options included HomeLink, an electrochromic auto-dimming rearview mirror, power moonroof, third row seating, a DVD-based navigation system (loses in-dash CD changer), a 10-speaker JBL Synthesis stereo, and rear seat audio. An optional backup camera system on Limited models used two cameras mounted on the interiors D-pillars to give a wider view when backing up. Some trim levels get two mirrors mounted on the interior D-pillars just inside the rear hatch.
In 2009 with the end of this generation, Toyota Japan ceased production of the Hilux Surf, leaving only the 4Runner available in the subsequent model series.
Safety[edit]
All 4Runners came with Toyota's Star Safety System which includes anti-lock brakes, electronic brakeforce distribution, brake assist, traction control and Vehicle Stability Control. Side torso airbags for the front rows as well as side curtain airbags for the front and rear rows were optional on 2003–2007 models and became standard on 2008 models.
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety rated the 4Runner as "Good" overall in the frontal offset crash test, "Good" overall in the side impact test on vehicles with side airbags, and the 4Runner received a "Poor" rating for rear impact protection.[9] An IIHS report published in April 2007 shows the 4Runner has one of the lowest death rates for all vehicles on the road at only 13 deaths per million registered vehicle years for the 2003 and 2004 model years. Only the Infiniti G35 and BMW 7 series had lower death rates.[10]
NHTSA crash test ratings (2003):[11]
Frontal Driver:
Frontal Passenger:
Side Driver:
Side Rear Passenger:
Rollover:
Model year changes[edit]
In early 2003, Toyota added an optional Appearance Package for the SR5 model that included color-keyed cladding, bumpers, and liftgate trim. In April 2003, Toyota made the Appearance Package, along with the previously optional fog lamps, running boards, and 16-inch aluminum wheels, standard on the SR5. The Sport Edition also added black running boards and color-keyed trim, replacing the grey cladding and silver-painted grille, door handles and liftgate trim.[12][13][14][15]
In late 2003 (for the 2004 model year), a Tire Pressure Monitoring System was added as standard equipment. A 3rd row seat became optional on the SR5 and Limited models.
In 2004 (for the 2005 model year) enhancements were brought to the optional V8 engine and a 5-speed automatic was made standard on the V6 model. Slight changes were made to the exterior including color-keyed bumper trim (replacing the silver painted trim on all colors except Dorado Gold) on the SR5 and Limited; a chrome grille on the SR5; a black roof-rack and running boards (replacing silver) on the Limited; and a redesigned rear spoiler. A Salsa Red Pearl scheme was also introduced for all trim levels, although a similar color scheme was available for third generation models.
Facelifted 4Runner Sport Edition 4WD (US)
Facelifted 4Runner 4WD (Europe)
2005 (for the 2006 model year) marked the fourth generation's mid-cycle refresh. The changes included revised front and rear bumpers; a reworked grille; new projector-beam headlamps and LED tail lamps; additional chrome trim on the SR5 model; and a smoked-chrome grille with tubular roof-rack and step bars on the Sport Edition. The revised front bumper features circular fog lights and a relocation of the turn-signals to the headlamp assembly. The redesigned bumper eliminates the rear bumper reflectors. MP3 playback capability and an auxiliary input jack were added to all audio systems. In addition, the Limited model was further differentiated from the other trim levels with the addition of unique 18" wheels and a seat memory system. Shadow Mica was added as a color option.
In 2006 (for the 2007 model year), the 4Runner remained unchanged.
In 2007 (for the 2008 model year), the 4Runner received standard rollover sensing side curtain airbags and front row side torso airbags, a switch to disable Vehicle Stability Control, slightly modified front grille design, refinements in the Tire Pressure Monitoring System, and some changes in the seatbelt warning system and brake system control. An Urban Runner Package was also available on the Sport Edition V6 4x4, which added an in dash Tom Tom navigation system, alcantara inserts in both the front and back seats with dark leather bolstering, the 18" Limited style wheels, a color-keyed front grill and a double-decker cargo system.
In 2008 (for the 2009 model year) the 4Runner remained unchanged. A Trail Edition package offered an electronic locking rear differential, a switch to enable/disable Advanced Traction Control (A-TRAC) and Bilstein dampers.
Later models offered a DVD Rear Seat Entertainment System (RSES) which used a nine-inch LCD screen and two wireless headphones.
Fifth generation (N280; 2009–present)[edit]
Fifth generation (N280)
Overview
Production
31 August 2009–present
Model years
2010–present
Assembly
Japan: Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant)[16]
Designer
Koichi Suga (2007)[17]
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size SUV
Body style
5-door wagon
Related
FJ Cruiser
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado / Lexus GX
Powertrain
Engine
2.7 L 2TR-FE I4 (157 hp, SR5 2WD, 2010 MY only)
4.0 L 1GR-FE V6 (270 hp)
Transmission
4-speed automatic (I4, 2010 only)
5-speed automatic (V6)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
109.8 in (2,789 mm)
Length
189.9 in (4,823 mm)
Width
75.8 in (1,925 mm)
Height
71.5–74.2 in (1,816–1,885 mm)
Curb weight
4,400–4,805 lb (1,996–2,180 kg)
The fifth generation 4Runner was unveiled at the State Fair of Texas on September 24, 2009. It is available in 3 trim levels, 2 of which were available previously. The base SR5 trim as well as the top-of-the-line Limited trim are available as a 2WD or a 4WD. The new Trail Edition is only available as a 4WD. The SR5 and Trail Edition 4WDs will receive a part-time 4WD drive system, while the Limited will have full-time 4WD. All models will come with A-TRAC.[18] The new Trail Edition offers Toyota's Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) and Crawl Control which had previously only been available to premium Toyota vehicles, as well as a rear locking differential like the previous Trail Package.
Toyota 4Runner SR5, rear view
The 4.0-liter V6 adds Dual VVT-i which improves horsepower, torque and fuel economy, and comes standard in all models. A 2.7-liter I4 was available on 2WD models, but was discontinued after the 2010 model year. The 4.7-liter V8 from the previous generation was not carried-over to the fifth generation 4Runner.[19] The 4Runner is built on the same platform as the FJ Cruiser.[20]
In 2013 (for the 2014 model year), the 4Runner received a facelift, consisting of revised front and rear fascia with projector headlamps and clear-lensed, LED tail-lamps, as well as other minor exterior cosmetic changes. The interior was also updated, with soft-touch door trim, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, revised dashboard and center stack, and the inclusion of Toyota's Optitron instrument cluster as standard across all trim levels. Brake lines were upgraded for improved pedal feel, and electronic Trailer Sway Control programming included. No driveline changes were made. All 2014 model year 4Runner models are powered by a 4.0-liter V-6 engine with intelligent Variable Valve Timing (VVT-i) that can develop 201 kW (270 bhp) and 377 N⋅m (278 ft⋅lb) of torque. It is mated to a five-speed automatic ECT transmission.[21]
2015 4Runner TRD Pro with optional bug guard installed
In 2014 (for the 2015 model year) the TRD Pro trim level was introduced in the United States, with Toyota badging on the front as well as an off-road package as part of the TRD Pro Series. The TRD Pro 4Runner included TRD Bilstein shocks with remote reservoirs, TRD-tuned front springs and TRD front skid plate.[22] For each model year of the TRD Pro, beyond the two colors available on all trims, the TRD Pro is available in an exclusive color. This was 'Inferno Orange' for the 2015 model year,[23] 'Quicksand' for 2016, 'Cement' for 2017, 'Cavalry Blue' for 2018 and 'Voodoo Blue' for 2019.
In 2016 (for the 2017 model year), the 4Runner Trail and Trail Premium were renamed to TRD Off-Road and TRD Off-Road Premium in the United States. These trim levels share the same mechanical functionality of the former Trail edition, but add aesthetic differences and TRD badging to differentiate themselves from the base model. They do not share the same suspension as the TRD Pro model.[24]
Safety[edit]
2015 Toyota 4Runner on IIHS:[25]
Category
Rating
Moderate overlap frontal offset Good
Small overlap frontal offset (2014–present) Marginal1
Side impact Good
Roof strength Good2
1 vehicle structure rated "Poor"
2 strength-to-weight ratio: 4.11
Sales[edit]
Calendar year
US
1994 74,109
1995 75,962
1996 99,597
1997 128,496
1998 118,484
1999 124,221
2000 111,797[26]
2001 90,250[26]
2002 77,026[27]
2003 109,308
2004 114,212
2005 103,830
2006 103,086[28]
2007 87,718[29]
2008 47,878
2009 19,675[30]
2010 46,531[30]
2011 44,316[31]
2012 48,755[31]
2013 51,625[32]
2014 76,906[33]
2015 97,034[34]
2016 111,970[35]
2017 128,296[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lee, Thomas (2016-03-03). "Longest Lasting Vehicles Over 200,000 Miles – 2016 Study Shows Top 10 Consists of Mostly Trucks and SUVs". iSeeCars.com. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
Jump up ^ "History". toyotatrekker.com. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
Jump up ^ Saunders, David (2014-06-22). "Cars of a Lifetime: 1989 Toyota Hilux SURF (4Runner) – A Walk On The Right-Hand Drive Side". Curbside Classics. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
Jump up ^ Büschi, Hans U., ed. (March 1991). Automobil Revue 1991. 86. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG. pp. 587–588. ISBN 3-444-00514-8.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Richard (1994-05-02). "Toyota stresses 4-year cycle : 31 new models in next 3 years". Automotive News. US. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
Jump up ^ "New 4runner As Rugged As Ever". Orlando Sentinel. US. 1995-12-28. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
Jump up ^ "SW4 Força e elegância" (in Portuguese). Toyota Brazil. Retrieved 2013-02-02.
Jump up ^ Roca, Carrie. "2003 Toyota 4Runner". Autoweek.com. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "IIHS-HLDI: Toyota 4Runner". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Status Report, Vol. 42, No. 4, April 19, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Safercar.gov". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2009-12-12. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Toyota 4Runner Road Test". Familycar.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "First Drive: 2003 Toyota 4Runner". CanadianDriver. 2002-09-30. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Full Test: 2003 Toyota 4Runner Limited". Edmunds.com. 2003-01-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "First Drive: 2003 Toyota 4Runner". Edmunds.com. 2002-09-16. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Production Sites". Toyota. 2015-03-06. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Automobile and/or toy replica thereof: US D710253 S1". Retrieved 2016-09-16 – via Google Patents.
Jump up ^ "ebrochure for US 2010 model year" (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-26. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "2010 Toyota 4Runner Officially Revealed [Video]". Worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "2012 Toyota 4Runner". TechXreview.com. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
Jump up ^ "2014 Toyota 4Runner Review". 2015carreviews.com. 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
Jump up ^ Sandhu, Bobby (2014-02-20). "Toyota 4Runner TRD Pro Series 2015". thecarwallpapers.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
Jump up ^ "2015 Toyota 4Runner Product Information" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Making the Grade: 2017 4Runner TRD Off-Road Joins TRD Line-Up" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "2015 Toyota 4Runner Midsize SUV". IIHS. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46-Year History, Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Toyota Sales December 2007". USA: Toyota. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Toyota Sales December 2007". USA: Toyota. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toyota Sales December 2010" (PDF) (Press release). USA: Toyota. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "December 2012 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
Jump up ^ "December 2013 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Jump up ^ "December 2014 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
Jump up ^ "December 2015 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ "December 2016 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
Jump up ^ "December 2017 Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota 4Runner.
Toyota 4Runner global site
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Toyota light truck timeline, North American market, 1980s–present (model years)
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mini SUV RAV4 RAV4 C-HR
Compact SUV 4Runner 4Runner 4Runner RAV4 RAV4
Mid-size crossover Highlander Highlander Highlander
Venza
Mid-size SUV 4Runner 4Runner
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