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Dead Man's Curve
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This article is about dangerous sections of roads. For other uses, see Dead Man's Curve (disambiguation).
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A section of the 1915 Ridge Route in Lebec, California, abandoned when US 99 (later upgraded to I-5) was constructed over the Tejon Pass in order to make travel straighter and safer.
Dead man's curve is a nickname for a curve in a roadway that has claimed lives because of numerous crashes.[1][2] The term is in common use in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 United States
1.1 Alabama
1.2 California
1.3 Colorado
1.4 Hawaii
1.5 Illinois
1.6 Indiana
1.7 Kentucky
1.8 Louisiana
1.9 Maryland
1.10 Michigan
1.11 Missouri
1.12 New Mexico
1.13 New York
1.14 North Carolina
1.15 Ohio
1.16 Oregon
1.17 Pennsylvania
1.18 South Carolina
1.19 Texas
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
United States[edit]
Alabama[edit]
Interstate 20 east of the Birmingham International Airport, at its junction with Interstate 59; engineers built a curve into the highway to avoid a cemetery.[3]
Interstate 59 about 4 miles north of Gadsden. The S-shaped curve was built to avoid running into a steep mountain.
A sharp turn in a series of sharp bends on Kali Oka Road, in Saraland, just south of a Crybaby Bridge.
California[edit]
An S-shape connector on the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, as seen on September 29, 2009, from the U.S. Coast Guard station on Yerba Buena Island
A curve on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles memorialized in the hit song "Dead Man's Curve" by Jan and Dean
Some say it is a nearly 90° right turn traveling west on Sunset Boulevard just past North Whittier Drive.[4][5]
Others say it is located near the Bel Air estates north of UCLA's Drake Stadium going eastbound (not westbound as in the song). While an accident involving voice actor Mel Blanc prompted safety improvement, the curve remains today.[6]
Others remember the location as the curve at Evans Road going westbound (as in the song),[7] a decreasing radius blind turn to the left with a downhill entry. Maximum speed in the first half of the turn is too fast for the last half of the turn, making it all too easy to lose control, run off the road and crash.
A temporary S-shape curve on the eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (part of Interstate 80). After its installation on September 8, 2009, to divert traffic as part of a replacement project, 43 accidents took place, including one fatal crash.[8]
A sharp turn in the shape of a "U" on SR 76 in San Diego County, near Red Gate Road.[9] The curve has claimed the lives of many motorcyclists.[citation needed]
Colorado[edit]
A sharp turn on eastbound Interstate 70 near Morrison that is preceded by a 7-mile (11 km) stretch of a 6.5% grade downslope, which has been the site of numerous fatal runaway truck accidents.[10][11]
A high-banked turn on eastbound US 50 just west of Cañon City that is preceded by an 8-mile (13 km) stretch of downslope, which has caused several vehicles to go over the banked edge and wreck.[12]
Hawaii[edit]
A sharp turn at the end of Kapaa Quarry Road, which is a dimly lit utility road in Kailua, Honolulu County, that has claimed eight fatalities and is considered one of Oahu's haunted roads.[13][14]
Illinois[edit]
In Towanda, Illinois, an almost 90° Dead Man's Curve on the original Old U.S. Route 66 was the site of many accidents; a number of which ended in fatalities. The roadbed was eventually turned into a park and walking trail.[15]
Indiana[edit]
In Indianapolis, a curve on Interstate 70 westbound at mile marker 83.1[16] When opened, it had a negative camber on the right shoulder, and several truckers lost control and hit the a bridge abutment, losing their lives. The stretch was closed, re-engineered with a positive bank and with rain slots along the boundary and was reopened with a 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) speed limit.
Kentucky[edit]
A treacherous stretch of Interstates 71 and 75 in Northern Kentucky, originally known as "Death Hill" and now known as "Cut-in-the-Hill."[17]
Louisiana[edit]
In northern Bossier Parish, a sharp curve on Louisiana 157 (Hickory Drive), just inside the city limits of Plain Dealing, south of the town cemetery.[18]
Maryland[edit]
Interstate 83 (Jones Falls Expressway) in Baltimore.[19]
Michigan[edit]
On M-113 in Fife Lake Township, Grand Traverse County, Dead Man's Curve small, 90 degree curve. (44°35′03″N 85°24′53″W / 44.584075°N 85.414636°W / 44.584075; -85.414636)
In Marquette Township, Marquette County, Dead Man's Curve referred to a curve on County Road 492 (previously a part of M-15), where the first state highway centerline in the United States was painted.[20][21] Geographical coordinates: 46°31′54″N 87°28′26″W / 46.5318°N 87.474°W / 46.5318; -87.474
In Milford, MI, Oakland County (42°33'37.4"N 83°35'50.0"W)[citation needed]
Missouri[edit]
Sharp turn on Missouri State Route 34 just east of Garwood, in Reynolds County.
Missouri letter Hwy A in Franklin County between Washington and Krakow (38°31′14″N 91°02′14″W / 38.520580°N 91.037139°W / 38.520580; -91.037139)
New Mexico[edit]
Near Mesita, a 180º bend in the road to the left on Historic U.S. Route 66 nicknamed "Dead Man's Curve"[22]
Between Albuquerque and Tijeras, State Road 333 (previously known as U.S. Route 66) makes a sudden curve near the I-40 overpass. This stretch of highway has earned its name because of the rocky cliffs on the south side of the highway, and frequent deer traffic contributes to its hazardousness[23][24][25]
New York[edit]
A 90º turn on New York State Route 17 in Binghamton, near the junction with Interstate 81 and Interstate 88, which also goes by the name Kamikaze Curve. The tight curve, which hugs Prospect Mountain along the Chenango River, is slated for improvements as part of NY 17's upgrade to Interstate 86.
Union Square in Manhattan had a long history of traffic congestion extending back to the 1890s, when trolley lines were first installed. Two parallel trolley lines made a double curve at the southwest corner of Broadway and Fourteenth Street. In spite of traffic wardens on duty, the trolleys regularly struck pedestrians crossing the tracks in the busy shopping district around the park. [26] By 1930, the Fourteenth Street Association, a retail business association headed by its president, H. Prescott Beach, had successfully lobbied the New York transit authority to remove the above-ground rails, and move routes underground. [27]
North Carolina[edit]
On northbound Interstate 77 in Charlotte, there is an S-shaped curve as it passes under the Brookshire Freeway (exit 11, signed as Interstate 277 east of the interchange, and North Carolina Highway 16 in both directions). The reason for this is because there are two left-hand exits and entrances: one ramp goes from northbound I-77 to northbound NC 16, and the other ramp goes from the end of I-277 to southbound I-77.[28]
Ohio[edit]
Dead Man's Curve in Cleveland, Ohio
The nearly 90º turn on Interstate 90 near downtown Cleveland, officially called the "Innerbelt Curve",[29] at the point where the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway connects to the Innerbelt Freeway at a modified trumpet interchange just south of Burke Lakefront Airport.[30][31] The advisory speed is 35 miles per hour (56 km/h), although the maximum speed limit is 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), as on adjacent sections of the Shoreway and Innerbelt.[32] Location: 41°31′02″N 81°40′31″W / 41.5173°N 81.6754°W / 41.5173; -81.6754
Dead Man's Curve was constructed as part of the Innerbelt project in 1959.[33] At the time, Interstate 90 had been planned to continue westward on the Shoreway, connecting with its current location via the never-built Parma Freeway.[34] It soon became apparent that the curve was too sharp for travel at typical Interstate speeds, and in 1965, the state lowered the speed limit from 50 mph (80 km/h) to 35 mph (56 km/h).[citation needed] Four years later,[not in citation given] authorities completed the first set of safety retrofits, which included banking the curve and installing rumble strips and large signs.[35]
According to the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), the crash rate on the Innerbelt (which includes Dead Man's Curve) is two to three times the regional average for urban freeways, despite the reduced speed limits on the roadway. The department has investigated ways of enhancing safety on the stretch, including a complete realignment of the roadway to reduce the degree of the curve.[36][37] As of 2014[update] the proposed configuration of the curve as presented in the ODOT Innerbelt Plan[29] is still planned to be built but not until the mid-2020s.[38][39] According to a 2013 ODOT count, 64,720 vehicles travel on the curve every day.[40]
A sharp bend in U.S. Route 50 (Columbia Parkway) east of Cincinnati[41]
Sharp turn 5 on Interstate 75 just north of downtown Dayton[42]
Oregon[edit]
On the Mount Hood Scenic Byway between Zigzag and Government Camp[43]
See also Terwilliger curves
Pennsylvania[edit]
The northern terminus of Interstate 476 in Clarks Summit is a 180° turn, with an advisory speed limit of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h), created in order to access a toll plaza before the interchange with Interstate 81.
On U.S. Route 22 in Easton, there are several dangerous sharp turns that go past a graveyard.[44] (This is most commonly known as "Cemetery Curve" for that reason.) Streetlights were installed to help cut down on nighttime crashes; the lightposts are themselves frequent victims of collisions.[45]
The Conshohocken Curve is a point on the Schuylkill Expressway notable as a point of slowness because of the 90 degree turn. The point lies at about mile marker 331.
South Carolina[edit]
A dangerous curve on South Carolina Highway 9 about 10 miles west of Chester, South Carolina, is responsible for several fatal crashes.[46] Deceased drivers' families and Chester County officials have been lobbying the South Carolina Department of Transportation to improve road safety.
Texas[edit]
A sharp, sudden turn on U.S. Route 175 (C. F. Hawn Freeway) at the interchange with SH 310 southeast of downtown Dallas.[47] After a fatal truck accident in 2008, the state installed additional beacons and also flashing chevrons to further draw motorists' attention to the hazard. As of 2010[update], the department of highways is studying plans to eliminate this curve by extending the C. F. Hawn Freeway westward to Interstate 45.
See also[edit]
Hairpin curve
Slaughter alley
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allen, Irving Lewis (1995). The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509265-1 – via Google Books. A bend in any road that has a history of vehicular accidents always seems to be called Dead Man's Curve.
Jump up ^ Algar, Selim (October 8, 2012). "Police: 4 Killed in Gruesome Long Island Accident: Driver Only Had Learner's Permit". New York Post. Retrieved August 8, 2015. The site is so frequently the scene of horrific accidents, first responders call it 'Dead Man’s Curve'.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Birmingham
Jump up ^ "Dead Man's Curve". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. May 23, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Google (August 25, 2015). "Curve in Los Angeles (Sunset Boulevard)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Google (5 November 2016). "Location of Mel Blanc's crash on Sunset Blvd at UCLA" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Google (August 25, 2015). "Sunset Boulevard and Evans Road" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee, Henry K.; Michael Cabanatuan; Jaxon Van Derbeken (November 10, 2009). "Changes coming to Bay Bridge after death plunge". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Google (August 25, 2015). "SR 76 and Red Gate Road in San Diego County" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Colorado
Jump up ^ Gathright, Alan (2007-07-12). "Stretch of I-70 has deadly legacy". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 24, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "The Mother Road: Historic Route 66 - Dead Man's Curve". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of I70 west at mile marker 83.1 in Indianapolis
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Covington, Kentucky
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Plain Dealing
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Baltimore
Jump up ^ Kulsea, Bill; Shawver, Tom (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration (1977). America's Highways, 1776–1976: A History of the Federal-Aid Program. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 127. OCLC 3280344.
Jump up ^ "The Mother Road: Historic Route 66 - Turn by Turn Road Description - New Mexico". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ 2
Jump up ^ "Google Maps". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Mexicans move to make roads more wildlife-friendly". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "UNION SQUARE AND THE DEMISE OF 'DEAD MAN'S CURVE'". Bowery Boys. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Connoly, Louise. "The New Woman." Harper's Weekly (June 7, 1913): 6.
Jump up ^ Google (October 25, 2017). "I-77 north at Exit 11 in Charlotte" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chapter 4.0: Conceptual Alternatives – Innerbelt Curve, Cleveland Innerbelt: Conceptual Alternatives Study, Ohio Department of Transportation/Burgess & Niple/URS Corporation, 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History — Innerbelt Freeway". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Cleveland
Jump up ^ Ohio Department of Transportation (2007-05-16). District 12 Speed Zones. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, James (2001-04-22). "Dead Man's Curve could be worse - in fact, it was". The Plain Dealer.
Jump up ^ Ohio Department of Highways. "1957-1958 Biennial Report excerpt". Retrieved 2012-07-22.
Jump up ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (2009-11-11). "Ideas offered to slow S-curve motorists". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, James (2001-04-22). "Roadblock to improving safety; Inner Belt changes being studied, but Dead Man's Curve might be dead end". The Plain Dealer.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Aaron (2012-07-22). "Cleveland's Dead Man's Curve Not Going to Stop Tipping Trucks Anytime Soon". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
Jump up ^ Contract Group 4, Innerbelt Plan
Jump up ^ Grant, Alison (2014-08-12). "Traffic Congestion Easing across Northeast Ohio". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
Jump up ^ Cuyahoga County Annual Average Daily Traffic 2013 (PDF) (Map). Ohio Department of Transportation. 2013.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Cincinnati
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Dayton
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in on the Mount Hood Scenic Byway
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Easton
Jump up ^ "Shine the lights on Cemetery Curve; Tuesday will be a great day for no-shows - Oct. 28 letters to the editor". Easton Express-Times. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
Jump up ^ Ritter, Jana. "Recent Fatal Crash Prompts Action To Fix "Deadman's Curve"". TruckDrivingJobs.com. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Google Maps view of curve in Dallas
External links[edit]
Video of Cleveland's Dead Man's Curve westbound (0:44) on YouTube
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Smile Train
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a charity. For a Seibu Railway train with the same nickname, see Seibu 30000 series.
Smile Train
Formation
1999; 19 years ago (1999)
Type
501(c)(3) nonprofit
Headquarters
New York City, New York, United States
Chief Executive Officer
Susannah Schaefer
Website
www.smiletrain.org
Smile Train is a 501(c)(3) organization and charity providing corrective surgery for children with cleft lips and palates.[1]
Headquartered in New York City and founded in 1999, Smile Train provides free corrective cleft surgery in 87 countries,[2] training local doctors and providing hospital funding for the procedures.[2]
According to Forbes magazine, Smile Train is the 72nd largest charity in America.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Smile Train and Operation Smile
2 Technology
3 Partnerships and supporters
4 Recognition
5 Criticism
6 Key personnel
7 Financials
8 See also
9 References
History[edit]
Smile Train was created in 1998 by Brian Mullaney and Charles Wang, who had previously worked with Operation Smile, another charity focused on correcting cleft lips and palates.[4] They felt the most efficient way to provide cleft surgery was to train and support local doctors rather than to fly in Western doctors to provide surgeries in poor, developing countries.[4][5] Local doctors would also be able to provide care year-round rather than the limited engagements of the "mission-based" model.[4][5]
In 1999, Smile Train began providing corrective surgeries in China.[2] The charity worked with the then-American and Chinese presidents, George H.W. Bush and Jiang Zemin, in the planning of Smile Train's first operation in China.[6] As of 2013, the charity had provided approximately 300,000 corrective surgeries in partnership with 397 local hospitals within China.[2]
Smile Train began working in India in 2000.[7] In 2011, Aishwarya Rai, a Bollywood actress and former Miss World, became Smile Train's first goodwill ambassador.[8] By 2013, Smile Train was conducting 50,000 corrective surgeries in India annually.[9]
In 2006, Smile Train co-founded the Pan African Congress on Cleft Lip and Palate.[10] The charity also funded the 2008 Pan African Anaesthesia Symposium.[11]
In October 2010, Smile Train experienced a major leadership change which included the departure of Mullaney and other top executives.[12][13]
Smile Train unveiled a new advertising campaign, "The Power of a Smile", in April 2014.[14] The campaign featured work from Kátia Lund and photojournalist Alex Webb, and coincided with the release of a new organizational logo.[14] That same month, Smile Train also held an event at the Barclays Center to celebrate its millionth cleft operation.[15]
Smile Train and Operation Smile[edit]
In early 2011, Smile Train and Operation Smile announced the two charities would merge,[16][17] followed three weeks later by announcements the merger had been aborted,[18] Smile Train having canceled the union.[19] Smile Train's board also named Priscilla Ma the executive director of the organization, while other board members and directors stepped down.[20]
In 2009, Smile Train initiated an advertising campaign[21] in the Richmond Times-Dispatch highlighting Smile Train's attempts between 2006 and 2009 to donate nearly $9 million to Operation Smile,[22] the organization Brian Mullaney had split from in 1998 in what Mullaney described as a "messy divorce".[23] In the ad, Mullaney contended Operation Smile was refusing money that could benefit children, later calling the situation "shameful";[22] Mullaney also noted that he respects that in some countries need overwhelms available doctors and he had "a newfound respect for what Operation Smile does".[23] The Virginian Pilot outlined the history and differences between the two organizations and indicated Mullaney wanted the two organizations to reconcile.[23] At the time, Dr. Magee of Operation Smile declined a newspaper interview, and Operation Smile formally responded to the ad campaign, saying the two organizations "have different operating philosophies and business ethics", and that Operation Smile would continue foregoing donations from an "unproductive relationship".[23]
Technology[edit]
In 1999, Smile Train approached Dr. Court B. Cutting of New York University's Virtual Research Laboratory to create training videos, which could be used to train local doctors on how to perform advanced cleft surgery techniques.[24] The 3D models used in the videos were based on the CT scan of two Chinese patients.[25] Smile Train distributes the DVDs to local doctors worldwide.[5][24] The DVDs are available in English, Spanish, and Mandarin.[26]
Smile Train later used the 3D models of the two Chinese patients to build the first 3D open access virtual surgical simulator, which teaches cleft palate and lip surgery to doctors in developing countries.[27] The simulator, which was created in partnership with BioDigital Systems, is web-based, open source and available for free.[27] It does not require any special hardware to use.[28] A mobile application is under development.[28] In September 2014, Smile Train showcased a 3D virtual surgery simulator at TEDMED 2014 in Washington, D.C.[29]
Smile Train maintains Smile Train Express (STX), an internet-based, digital patient record database.[6][26] STX enables Smile Train to have outside medical experts review patient records and quality of care.[5][6] The charity also boasts a large medical research library with more than 1,000 articles related to clefts accessible online for free.[30]
Partnerships and supporters[edit]
Smile Train helps the cause of cleft care through its funding of 1,000+ active partners representing nearly 1,200 hospitals and 2,300 partner surgeons in the world’s poorest nations; through these local partnerships, the organization is able to provide free surgery for children any day of the year, with more than one million total surgeries performed as of 2016.[31]
In addition to partnerships with cleft care organizations, Smile Train has partnered with other individuals organizations in an effort to improve safety and quality at their partner hospitals, such as Dr. Atul Gawande, World Health Organization, World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists[32] and Lifebox.[33]
Smile Train has a number of corporate partnerships, including Artisanal Cheese,[34] Dubai Duty Free,[35] Estée Lauder, FedEx,[36] QBE[37] The Queens Flowers,[38] Mars Retail Group [39] and Vertu.[40][41] These partnerships, in addition to those in partnership with donors on grassroots efforts, serve to both raise money and spread awareness.
Current and former supporters include: Tatyana Ali,[42] John Bishop, Christie Brinkley,[43] Dean Cain,[44] Stephen Colbert, Kevin Connolly,[45] Walter Cronkite,[46] Erik Estrada,[47] Lucy Hale, Sammi Hanratty,[48] Rebecca Herbst,[49] Jane Kaczmarek,[50] Howie Mandel, Mary McCartney,[51] Reba McEntire,[52] Bette Midler, Jimmy Pardo,[53] General Colin Powell,[54] Aishwarya Rai Bachchan,[8] Carly Simon and Hilary Swank.[55]
Recognition[edit]
In a 2008 New York Times article, economist Steven Levitt of Freakonomics fame indicated that the organization's model and its technological innovations "likely make Smile Train one of the most productive charities, dollar for deed, in the world."[56]
In 2008, Smile Train was the runner-up in the Health-Care IT category of the Wall Street Journal Technology Innovation Awards in recognition for their surgical technique training videos.[57] The Virtual Surgery Simulator was recognized in 2013 by the National Training Simulation Association (NTSA), a subsidiary of the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), receiving an award in the "training" category.[58]
In 2009, the documentary Smile Pinki, which was sponsored by Smile Train and directed by Megan Mylan, won the 2008 Oscar for Best Documentary (Short Subject).[59] The film shows the story of a poor girl in rural India whose life is transformed when she receives free surgery to correct her cleft lip. Free copies of the film are available through Smile Train's website.[60] In 2013, the documentary Dzachuka’s Smile, which was co-produced by China Central Television Documentary Channel (CCTV) and Smile Train, received the Gold Panda Award for Best Documentary in Society for Asian Production at the 2013 Sichuan TV Festival. The documentary follows the Lamu Sisters’ efforts to help children with clefts living on the Dzachuka Plateau.[61]
In 2016, World Journal of Surgery published the comprehensive independent study "Economic Valuation of the Global Burden of Cleft Disease Averted by a Large Cleft Charity", which was conducted using data from 547,769 Smile Train patient records of primary cleft procedures (58 percent cleft lip repairs, 42 percent cleft palate repairs). The study measured the economic impact of cleft repair surgery over a ten-year period (2001–2011) and "[quantified] the burden of disease averted through the global surgical work of a large cleft charity". It concluded that for each $250 cleft repair surgery, as much as $50,000 is returned to the local economy as patients contribute to productivity. The total economic impact achieved as a result of their cleft repair surgeries in 83 countries between 2001 and 2011 amounts to as much as $27 billion.[62][63]
Criticism[edit]
In 2008, Charity Watch criticized then-president Brian Mullaney's $420,209 salary and questioned the 2007 company's tax form, which said Mullaney's salary came from temporary restricted funds designed to go toward overhead.[64]
In 2009, Givewell could not assess the impact of Smile Train's activities based on the charity's 2008 tax form and other publicly accessible information.[65]
Smile Train Canada's charity status was revoked on July 4, 2015 after 6 years of operation by Canada's Charities Directorate for failure to allocate donates towards charity purposes, failure to carry out its charity work, failure to file accurate information and other serious deficiencies. [66]
Key personnel[edit]
The organizations key personnel are:[67]
Charles B. Wang, Founder and Chairman, Smile Train
Susannah Schaefer, Executive Vice Chair and Chief Executive Officer, Smile Train
Robert T. Bell, Executive Director, Charles B. Wang International Foundation
Michael J. Dowling, President and Chief Executive Officer, Northwell Health[68]
Ed Goren, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Goren Media Group
Arthur J. McCarthy, Chief Financial Officer, NeuLion
Roy E. Reichbach, General Counsel, NeuLion
Richard A. Ruderman, President and CEO, Krieger Ruderman & Co., LLC
Financials[edit]
Smile Train complies with the 20 Standards for Charity Accountability established by the Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance.[69] The alliance was developed to "assist donors in making sound giving decisions and to foster public confidence in charitable organizations".[70]
According to Smile Train's 2012 annual report, management and general expenses account for $1.9 million (1.2%) of total expenses.[71] $132.4 million (81.8%) went to program services and $27.6 million (17%) to fundraising.[71] Total support and revenue for 2012 was $175 million.[71]
See also[edit]
List of cleft lip and palate organisations
List of non-governmental organizations in the People's Republic of China
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Domenico Nicosia (15 November 2013). "Ironman Arizona athletes raise funds for Smile Train to help kids". AZ Central. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Liu Zhihua (24 October 2013). "Driven by smiles". China Daily. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train". Forbes. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simpson, Elizabeth (17 November 2013). "Two sides of charity: Competing, compassion". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dubner, Stephen J.; Levitt, Steven D. (9 March 2008). "Bottom-Line Philanthropy". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Nell Porter (September–October 2009). "Scaling Up Charity". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Singh, Subodhkumar (2009). "Smile Train: The ascendancy of cleft care in India". Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 42 (3): S192–8. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.57186. PMC 2825070  . PMID 19884676.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aishwarya gets a cleft smile for charity". Hindustan Times. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Sinha, Kounteya (17 June 2013). "11-year-old Smile Train patient Pinki Sonkar to flip coin at Wimbledon". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ . doi:10.11604/pamj.2012.12.15.1638 (inactive 2017-10-02). Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Pan African Anaesthesia Symposium". AMREF. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Elizabeth (February 15, 2011). "Operation Smile and Smile Train to merge charities". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hrywna, Mark (April 1, 2011). "Smile Merger Fell Apart Amid Months of Internal Bickering". The NonProfit Times. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Jennifer Rooney (3 April 2014). "Smile Train Breaks Away from Formulaic Charity Advertising in New Campaign". Forbes. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Hovitz, Helaina (7 April 2014). "All Aboard the Smile Train: Organization Brightens One Million Young Lives". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train and Operation Smile Boards Agree to Merge". PR Newswire. February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Operation Smile and Smile Train to merge charities". The Virginian Pilot, Pilotonline.com, February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2 Charities Set to End a Merger, Papers Say". The New York Times. March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mark Hrywna (March 7, 2011). "Smile Organizations Break Off Engagement". The Non-Profit Times.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train Board Votes to Call off Merger". Smile Train. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Simpson (December 20, 2009). "'Smile' charity leaders in midst of decade-long feud". The Virginian Pilot. The Richmond Times-Dispatch published the ad on Dec. 3, and Mullaney said he is considering running it in other publications.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smiles to frowns". The Virginian Pilot, Letter to the Editor, Brian Mullaney, Dec 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "'Smile' charity leaders in midst of decade-long feud". The Virginian Pilot, Elizabeth Simpson, December 20, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Amanda Schaffer (2 August 2005). "Cleft Palate Practice, Pre-Surgery". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Oliker, Aaron; Cutting, Court (2005). "The Role of Computer Graphics in Cleft Lip and Palate Education". Seminars in Plastic Surgery. 19 (4): 286–93. doi:10.1055/s-2005-925901. PMC 2884744  .
^ Jump up to: a b Sheppard, L.M (2005). "Virtual surgery brings back smiles". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 25 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1109/MCG.2005.26. PMID 15691163.
^ Jump up to: a b Tracy Miller (10 January 2014). "App's map of the human body also charts next generation of surgical training". New York Daily News. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "IU surgeon leads innovative app to train remote physicians in cleft palate repair". Indiana University. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Alan Cole (28 July 2014). "Charity's 3D surgery simulator". Xperedon. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Medical Research Library". Smile Train.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train Report Card". Smile Train.
Jump up ^ Kirby, Tony (2011). "Pulse oximeters breathe life into surgery in poorer nations". The Lancet. 377 (9759): 17–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62323-9. PMID 21210524.
Jump up ^ "Lifebox and Smile Train". Lifebox.
Jump up ^ "Say Cheese...Share a Smile!". Artisanal Cheese.
Jump up ^ "Dubai Duty Free donates US$1.5 million to The Smile Train at Miles for Smiles fun run in Dubai – 21/11/09". Moodie Report.
Jump up ^ "Corporate Partners". Smile Train.
Jump up ^ "QBE Presents Smile Train with $100,000 Grant". PR Newswire.
Jump up ^ "Limited-edition Bouquet Blooms at Ahold USA Banners". Progressive Grocer.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train, Inc. Announces Partnership with Mars Retail Group, Inc". Bloomberg Businessweek.
Jump up ^ "Vertu Constellation Smile". Vertu.
Jump up ^ "Vertu Constellation Smile". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Tatyana Ali Vists Smile Train". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Christie Brinkley Named Global Ambassador Of World Smile Day 2012 On Behalf Of Smile Train". PR Newswire.
Jump up ^ "Give a Smile: Celebs Help Fix Clefts". The Daily Activist.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train Welcomes the Holiday Giving Season". PR Newswire.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train Suporter, Walter Kronkite". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Erik's Charities". Erik Estrada Official Web Site.
Jump up ^ "Sammi Hanratty To Make Charity Visit To Peru". Look to the Stars, The World of Celebrity Giving.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train and Rebecca Herbst – Changing Lives one Smile at a Time". Hollywood Today.
Jump up ^ "Caught Caring: Jane Kaczmarek and Smile Train". People.
Jump up ^ "Vertu and Smile Train Present Their First Charity Handset Constellation Smile With a Private View by Mary McCartney". McCartney Photo Blog.
Jump up ^ "ACM Lifting Lives My Cause: Reba McEntire- Smile Train". Academy of Country Music.
Jump up ^ Luippold, Ross (November 21, 2011). "Jimmy Pardo Tells Conan About His 'Pardcast-A-Thon' Podcast For Charity". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train's 10 Year Anniversary Celebration". WireImage.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Supporters". Smile Train.
Jump up ^ Dubner, Stephen J.; Levitt, Steven D. (March 9, 2008). "Bottom-Line Philanthropy". The New York Times Magazine.
Jump up ^ "2008 Technology Innovation Winners and Runners-Up". Dow Jones. Archived from the original on 2010-03-04.
Jump up ^ "2013 NTSA Modeling & Simulation Awards" (PDF). I/ITSEC Show Daily. National Training Simulation Association. December 5, 2013. p. 20. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nominees & Winners for the 81st Academy Awards". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Jump up ^ "Get Smile Pinki". Smile Train.
Jump up ^ "Smile Train's 'DZACHUKA'S SMILE' Wins Gold Panda Award for Best Documentary in Society for Asian Production at the 2013 Sichuan TV Festival". China Weekly News. December 3, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Poenaru, Dan; Lin, Dan; Corlew, Scott (2015). "Economic Valuation of the Global Burden of Cleft Disease Averted by a Large Cleft Charity". World Journal of Surgery. 40 (5): 1053–9. doi:10.1007/s00268-015-3367-z. PMID 26669788.
Jump up ^ "Cleft Repair Surgery, Costing $250, Contributes up to $50,000 to Local Economy, According to New Study Featuring Smile Train". Smile Train. January 2, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.charitywatch.org/articles/smiletrain.html[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ "Smile Train". GiveWell. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "CRA revokes charity status of Smile Train Canada after fundraising spending flagged by Financial Post". Financial Post. 20 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The People Behind Smile Train". Smile Train.
Jump up ^ "Michael J. Dowling". Northwell Health. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBB Wise Giving Report forSmile Train". Better Business Bureau.
Jump up ^ "Standards for Charity Accountability". Better Business Bureau. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "2012 Annual Report" (PDF). Smile Train. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
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Rod of Asclepius
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Caduceus.
Rod of Asclepius
In Greek mythology, the Rod of Asclepius (Greek: Ράβδος του Ασκληπιού Rávdos tou Asklipioú; Unicode symbol: ⚕),[1] also known as the Staff of Asclepius (sometimes also spelled Asklepios or Aesculapius) and as the asklepian,[2] is a serpent-entwined rod wielded by the Greek god Asclepius, a deity associated with healing and medicine. The symbol has continued to be used in modern times, where it is associated with medicine and health care, yet frequently confused with the staff of the god Hermes, the caduceus. Theories have been proposed about the Greek origin of the symbol and its implications.
Contents
[hide]
1 Greek mythology and Greek society
1.1 Theories
2 Modern use
2.1 Confusion with the caduceus
3 Standard representation
4 See also
5 References
Greek mythology and Greek society[edit]
The Rod of Asclepius takes its name from the god Asclepius, a deity associated with healing and medicinal arts in Greek mythology. Asclepius' attributes, the snake and the staff, sometimes depicted separately in antiquity, are combined in this symbol.[3]
The most famous temple of Asclepius was at Epidaurus in north-eastern Peloponnese. Another famous healing temple (or asclepeion) was located on the island of Kos, where Hippocrates, the legendary "father of medicine", may have begun his career. Other asclepieia were situated in Trikala, Gortys (in Arcadia), and Pergamum in Asia.
In honor of Asclepius, a particular type of non-venomous snake was often used in healing rituals, and these snakes – the Aesculapian snakes – crawled around freely on the floor in dormitories where the sick and injured slept. These snakes were introduced at the founding of each new temple of Asclepius throughout the classical world. From about 300 BCE onwards, the cult of Asclepius grew very popular and pilgrims flocked to his healing temples (Asclepieia) to be cured of their ills. Ritual purification would be followed by offerings or sacrifices to the god (according to means), and the supplicant would then spend the night in the holiest part of the sanctuary – the abaton (or adyton). Any dreams or visions would be reported to a priest who would prescribe the appropriate therapy by a process of interpretation.[4] Some healing temples also used sacred dogs to lick the wounds of sick petitioners.[5]
The original Hippocratic Oath began with the invocation "I swear by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea and by all the gods ..."[5]
The serpent and the staff appear to have been separate symbols that were combined at some point in the development of the Asclepian cult.[6] The significance of the serpent has been interpreted in many ways; sometimes the shedding of skin and renewal is emphasized as symbolizing rejuvenation,[7] while other assessments center on the serpent as a symbol that unites and expresses the dual nature of the work of the physician, who deals with life and death, sickness and health.[8] The ambiguity of the serpent as a symbol, and the contradictions it is thought to represent, reflect the ambiguity of the use of drugs,[9] which can help or harm, as reflected in the meaning of the term pharmakon, which meant "drug", "medicine", and "poison" in ancient Greek.[10] Products deriving from the bodies of snakes were known to have medicinal properties in ancient times, and in ancient Greece, at least some were aware that snake venom that might be fatal if it entered the bloodstream could often be imbibed. Snake venom appears to have been 'prescribed' in some cases as a form of therapy.[11]
The staff has also been variously interpreted. One view is that it, like the serpent, "conveyed notions of resurrection and healing", while another (not necessarily incompatible) is that the staff was a walking stick associated with itinerant physicians.[12] Cornutus, a Greek philosopher probably active in the first century CE, in the Theologiae Graecae Compendium (Ch. 33) offers a view of the significance of both snake and staff:
Asclepius derived his name from healing soothingly and from deferring the withering that comes with death. For this reason, therefore, they give him a serpent as an attribute, indicating that those who avail themselves of medical science undergo a process similar to the serpent in that they, as it were, grow young again after illnesses and slough off old age; also because the serpent is a sign of attention, much of which is required in medical treatments. The staff also seems to be a symbol of some similar thing. For by means of this it is set before our minds that unless we are supported by such inventions as these, in so far as falling continually into sickness is concerned, stumbling along we would fall even sooner than necessary.[13]
In any case the two symbols certainly merged in antiquity as representations of the snake coiled about the staff are common. It has been claimed that the snake wrapped around the staff was a species of rat snake, Elaphe longissima.[14] AKA "Aesculapian snake"
Theories[edit]
Some commentators have interpreted the symbol as a direct representation of traditional treatment of dracunculiasis, the Guinea worm disease.[15] The worm emerges from painful ulcerous blisters. The blisters burn, causing the patient to immerse the affected area in water to cool and soothe it. The worm senses the temperature change and discharges its larvae into the water. The traditional treatment was to slowly pull the worm out of the wound over a period of hours to weeks and wind it around a stick.[15][16] The modern treatment may replace the stick with a piece of sterile gauze but is otherwise largely identical.[17]
See also the article on Nehustan which discusses the incident in the biblical Book of Numbers, where the Nehushtan (or Nohestan) (Hebrew: נחושתן or נחש הנחושת) was a bronze serpent on a pole which God told Moses to erect to protect the Israelites who saw it from dying from the bites of the "fiery serpents" which God had sent to punish them for speaking against God and Moses. King Hezekiah later instituted a religious iconoclastic reform and destroyed "the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan". (2 Kings 18:4) Many bible students have made the connection between the Rod of Asclepius and the Nehustan, where the stick and serpent were put together in the biblical incident of mass healing. Possibly this was the reason the ancients started to use the snake in this way.[18]
Modern use[edit]
The flag of the World Health Organization, with a rod of Asclepius.
The emergency services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius
A number of organizations and services use the rod of Asclepius as their logo, or part of their logo. These include:
Asia
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
Academy of Medicine of Malaysia
International Medical University, Malaysia
Malaysian Medical Council
Medical Council of India
Pakistan Army Medical Corps
Sultan Qaboos University Hospital
Indonesia Society for Health Promotors and Educators
South Pacific
Australian Medical Association
Australian Medical Students' Association
Australian Veterinary Association
Royal Australian Army Medical Corps
Medical Council of New Zealand
Canada
Ambulance Paramedics of British Columbia
Canadian Association of Physician Assistants
Canadian Medical Association
Royal Canadian Medical Service
Europe
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
British Medical Association
British Royal Army Medical Corps
British Small Animal Veterinary Association
Emergency medical services in France (SAMU, SMUR, et al.)
Emergency medical services in Italy
Emergency medical services in the Netherlands
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
Finnish Medical Association
The London Clinic
Royal College of Psychiatrists (UK)
Spanish National Council of Medical Student's Association (CEEM)
University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
Państowe Ratownictwie Medyczne - Polish emergency rescue service
Nigeria
Nigerian Medical Association
South Africa
South African Medical Research Council former coat of arms
South African Military Health Service
Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
United States
American Academy of Physician Assistants
American Osteopathic Association
American Medical Association
American Medical Response
American Academy of Family Physicians
American College of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
American College of Osteopathic Internists
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
American Hippocratic Registry
American Medical Student Association
American Veterinary Medical Association
Army Medical Department of the U.S. Army (AMEDD)
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association (U.S.)
MedicAlert (U.S.)
National Athletic Trainers Association
Stanford University School of Medicine
Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences
Student Osteopathic Medical Association (U.S.)
United States Navy Hospital Corps
United States Air Force Medical Corps
Yale University School of Medicine
Worldwide
Medical Protection Society
Star of Life, symbol of emergency medical services
World Health Organization
Confusion with the caduceus[edit]
Main article: Caduceus as a symbol of medicine
The US Army Medical Corps Branch Plaque. The adoption, in 1902, of the caduceus for US Army medical officer uniforms popularized the use of the symbol throughout the medical field in the United States.

It is relatively common, especially in the United States, to find the caduceus, with its two snakes and wings, used as a symbol of medicine instead of the Rod of Asclepius, with only a single snake. This usage was popularised largely as a result of the adoption of the caduceus as its insignia by the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1902 at the insistence of a single officer (though there are conflicting claims as to whether this was Capt. Frederick P. Reynolds or Col. John R. van Hoff).[19][20]
The Rod of Asclepius is the dominant symbol for professional healthcare associations in the United States. One survey found that 62% of professional healthcare associations used the rod of Asclepius as their symbol.[21] The same survey found that 76% of commercial healthcare organizations used the Caduceus symbol. The author of the study suggests the difference exists because professional associations are more likely to have a real understanding of the two symbols, whereas commercial organizations are more likely to be concerned with the visual impact a symbol will have in selling their products.
The long-standing and abundantly attested historical associations of the caduceus with commerce are considered by many to be inappropriate in a symbol used by those engaged in the healing arts.[20] This has occasioned significant criticism of the use of the caduceus in a medical context.
“ As god of the high-road and the market-place Hermes was perhaps above all else the patron of commerce and the fat purse: as a corollary, he was the special protector of the traveling salesman. As spokesman for the gods, he not only brought peace on earth (occasionally even the peace of death), but his silver-tongued eloquence could always make the worse appear the better cause.[22] From this latter point of view, would not his symbol be suitable for certain Congressmen, all medical quacks, book agents and purveyors of vacuum cleaners, rather than for the straight-thinking, straight-speaking therapeutist? As conductor of the dead to their subterranean abode, his emblem would seem more appropriate on a hearse than on a physician's car. ”
— Stuart L. Tyson, "The Caduceus", in The Scientific Monthly[23]
Standard representation[edit]
The rod of Asclepius has a representation on the Miscellaneous Symbols table of the Unicode Standard at U+2695 (⚕).
See also[edit]
Aaron's rod
Bowl of Hygieia
Phurba
Chakra
Caduceus
Ningishzida
Nehushtan
Nāga
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U+2695 ⚕ STAFF OF AESCULAPIUS (See also caduceus)
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Robert A; Whitham, Emma M (15 April 2003). "The symbol of modern medicine: why one snake is more than two". Annals of Internal Medicine. 138: 673–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016. PMID 12693891. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ See for example Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.26.1–28.1 (here translated by Jones) 2nd A.D.: "The image of Asklepios is, in size, half as big as Zeus Olympios at Athens, and is made of ivory and gold. An inscription tells us that the artist was Thrasymedes, a Parian, son of Arignotos. The god is sitting on a seat grasping a staff; the other hand he is holding above the head of the serpent."
Jump up ^ Sigerist. Chapter 3, Religious medicine: Asclepius and his cult, p. 63ff.
^ Jump up to: a b Farnell, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp. 234–279)
Jump up ^ Stephen Lock, John M. Last, George Dunea, The Oxford Illustrated Companion To Medicine, 2001, p261 "In early statues of Asclepius the rod and serpent were represented separately."
Jump up ^ "Asklepios' reptile was a healing creature: in ancient mythology the snake, whose skin was shed and rejuvenated, symbolized eternity and restoration of life and health" Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics, Harvard University Press, 1990, p122; this interpretation was current in Antiquity, as can be seen in an account of Apollodorus: "your marvel at the serpent curling around him and say that it is the symbol of the healing art, because just as the serpent sloughs the skin of old age, so the medical art releases from illness." (in E. Edelstein and L. Edelstein (eds.), Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, Baltimore, 1945, p12)
Jump up ^ "[...] the ancient conception of the serpent as the embodiment of the mystery of one absolute life of the earth, which entails a continual dying and resurrection [...] the combination of corruption and salvation, of darkness and light, of good and evil in the Asklepian symbol." Jan Schouten, The Rod and Serpent of Asklepios, Symbol of Medicine, 1967, p2
Jump up ^ Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics, Harvard University Press, 1990, p122-123
Jump up ^ Henry E. Sigerist, A History of Medicine, Oxford University Press, 1987, p27-28
Jump up ^ James A. Kelhoffer, Miracle and Mission, Mohr Siebeck, 2000, p438-439 "[...] it was known, at least by some people in antiquity, that a snake's venom is not harmful if imbibed, but rather only if it enters directly into a person's blood stream. For example, the first-century CE historian Lucan writes that the younger Cato, when leading his troops through Libya during the Roman Civil War, informed his men about this very point [...] 'The poison of snakes is only deadly when mixed with the blood; their venom is in their bite, and they threaten death with their fangs. There is no death in the cup.'" He also mentions an account of Cornelius Celsus (first century CE) "'For a serpent's poison, like certain hunter's poisons..., does no harm when swallowed, but only in a wound'". "Likewise, Galen relates a rather peculiar healing by Asclepius involving viper's venom. The god appeared to a wealthy man in Pergamum and prescribed 'that he should drink every day of the drug produced from the vipers and should anoint the body from the outside.' [...] The elder Philostratus describes a similar practice of 'the wise Asclepiads,' who 'heal the bites of venomous creatures... using the virus itself as a cure of many diseases.'"
Jump up ^ Andre Menez, The Subtle Beast, Snakes From Myth to Medicine, 2003, p14
Jump up ^ Emma J. Edelstein; Ludwig Edelstein (February 27, 1998). Asclepius: Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0801857694.
Jump up ^ Gerald David Hart, Martin St. J. Forrest, Asclepius: The God of Medicine, 2000, p42
^ Jump up to: a b Dickson Despommier, People, Parasites, and Plowshares: Learning from Our Body's Most Terrifying Invaders, Columbia University Press, 2016 (first edition in 2013), pages 147-163 (chapter 7 on Dracunculus medinensis), ISBN 9780231161954.
Jump up ^ Blayney, Keith (July 2007) [Sep 2002]. "The Caduceus vs. the Staff of Asclepius". Alternative Journal of Nursing (14): 4.
Jump up ^ "Management of Guinea Worm Disease (GWD)". Centers of Disease Control. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Prakash, M; Johnny, JC (2015). "Things you don't learn in medical school: Caduceus". J Pharm Bioallied Sci. (77 (Suppl 1)): S49–S50. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.155794. PMC 4439707  . Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ F.H. Garrison, "The Use of the Caduceus in the Insignia of the Army Medical Officer", in Bull. Med. Lib. Assoc. IX (1919-20), 13-16
^ Jump up to: a b Engle, Bernice (Dec 1929). "The Use of Mercury's Caduceus as a Medical Emblem"". The Classical Journal. 25 (1): 205.
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Walter J (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus symbol in medicine. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28023-1.
Jump up ^ An allusion to John Milton's description of Belial in Paradise Lost II.113-114.
Jump up ^ Tyson, Stuart L (1932). "The Caduceus". Scientific Monthly. 34 (6): 495.
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