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Gooseberry
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This article is about one species in the genus Ribes, the European gooseberry. For other plants see Ribes and List of plants known as gooseberry. For other uses, see Gooseberry (disambiguation).
Gooseberry
Cultivated Eurasian gooseberry
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Core eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Grossulariaceae
Genus: Ribes
Species: R. uva-crispa
Binomial name
Ribes uva-crispa
L. 1753
Synonyms[1]
List[show]
Grossularia glandulososetosa Opiz
Grossularia hirsuta Mill.
Grossularia intermedia Opiz
Grossularia pubescens Opiz
Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill.
Grossularia spinosa (Lam.) Rupr.
Grossularia uva Scop.
Grossularia uva-crispa (L.) Mill.
Grossularia vulgaris Spach
Oxyacanthus sativus Chevall.
Oxyacanthus uva-crispa (L.) Chevall.
Ribes aculeatum Salisb.
Ribes caucasicum Adams ex Schult.
Ribes crispum Dulac
Ribes dubium Jacques
Ribes grossularia L.
Ribes grossularium St.-Lag.
Ribes hybridum Besser
Ribes reclinatum L.
Ribes spinosum Lam.
The gooseberry (/ˈɡuːsbɛri/ or /ˈɡuːzbɛri/ (American and northern British) or /ˈɡʊzbəri/ (southern British)),[2] with scientific names Ribes uva-crispa (and syn. Ribes grossularia), is a species of Ribes (which also includes the currants).
It is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, west, south and southeast Asia.[3] Gooseberry bushes produce an edible fruit and are grown on both a commercial and domestic basis. The species is also sparingly naturalized in scattered locations in North America.[4]
Although usually placed as a subgenus within Ribes, a few taxonomists treat Grossularia as a separate genus, although hybrids between gooseberry and blackcurrant (e.g., the jostaberry) are possible. The subgenus Grossularia differs somewhat from currants, chiefly in their spiny stems, and in that their flowers grow one to three together on short stems, not in racemes. It is one of several similar species in the subgenus Grossularia; for the other related species (e.g., North American Gooseberry Ribes hirtellum), see the genus page Ribes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Growth characteristics
3 Distribution and climate
4 Cultivation
4.1 Cultivars
5 Pests
6 Nutrition
7 Culinary uses
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
Gooseberries for sale in Hainan, China
The "goose" in "gooseberry" has usually been seen as a corruption of either the Dutch word kruisbes or the allied German Krausbeere, or of the earlier forms of the French groseille. Alternatively the word has been connected to the Middle High German krus (curl, crisped), in Latin as grossularia. However, the Oxford English Dictionary takes the obvious derivation from goose and berry as probable because "the grounds on which plants and fruits have received names associating them with animals are so often inexplicable that the inappropriateness in the meaning does not necessarily give good grounds for believing that the word is an etymological corruption". It is also perhaps worth noting that the French for gooseberry is groseille à maquereau translated as "mackerel berries", due to their use in a sauce for mackerel in old French cuisine.[5]
It is also possible that it might be a corruption of "goods berry" (since that is what the Old English fēāberige literally means - see above in 'Distribution'), although what connection there may be to 'goods' is no longer known.
"Gooseberry bush" was 19th-century slang for pubic hair, and from this comes the saying that babies are "born under a gooseberry bush".[6]
The specific epithet uva-crispa literally means "curved grape".[7]
Growth characteristics[edit]
The gooseberry is a straggling bush growing to 1.5 metres (5 feet) in height and width,[8] the branches being thickly set with sharp spines, standing out singly or in diverging tufts of two or three from the bases of the short spurs or lateral leaf shoots. The bell-shaped flowers are produced, singly or in pairs, from the groups of rounded, deeply crenated 3 or 5 lobed leaves. The fruit are berries, smaller in wild gooseberries than the cultivated varieties, but often of good flavour; it is generally hairy, but in one variety, smooth constituting the R. uva-crispa of writers. The colour of the berries is usually green, but there are red (to purple), yellow, and white variants.[8] (Ribes hirtellum fruit can be green or dark purple to black.[9])
Distribution and climate[edit]
Currant and gooseberry output in 2005
Gooseberry growing was popular in the 19th century, as described in 1879:[10]
The gooseberry is indigenous to many parts of Europe and western Asia, growing naturally in alpine thickets and rocky woods in the lower country, from France eastward, well into the Himalayas and peninsular India.
In Britain, it is often found in copses and hedgerows and about old ruins, but the gooseberry has been cultivated for so long that it is difficult to distinguish wild bushes from feral ones, or to determine where the gooseberry fits into the native flora of the island. Common as it is now on some of the lower slopes of the Alps of Piedmont and Savoy, it is uncertain whether the Romans were acquainted with the gooseberry, though it may possibly be alluded to in a vague passage of Pliny the Elder's Natural History; the hot summers of Italy, in ancient times as at present, would be unfavourable to its cultivation. Although gooseberries are now abundant in Germany and France, it does not appear to have been much grown there in the Middle Ages, though the wild fruit was held in some esteem medicinally for the cooling properties of its acid juice in fevers; while the old English name, Fea-berry, still surviving in some provincial dialects, indicates that it was similarly valued in Britain, where it was planted in gardens at a comparatively early period.
William Turner describes the gooseberry in his Herball, written about the middle of the 16th century, and a few years later it is mentioned in one of Thomas Tusser's quaint rhymes as an ordinary object of garden culture. Improved varieties were probably first raised by the skilful gardeners of Holland, whose name for the fruit, Kruisbezie, may have been corrupted into the present English vernacular word. Towards the end of the 18th century the gooseberry became a favourite object of cottage-horticulture, especially in Lancashire, where the working cotton-spinners raised numerous varieties from seed, their efforts having been chiefly directed to increasing the size of the fruit.[10]
Red gooseberries
Of the many hundred sorts enumerated in recent horticultural works, few perhaps equal in flavour some of the older denizens of the fruit-garden, such as the Old Rough Red and Hairy Amber. The climate of the British Isles seems peculiarly adapted to bring the gooseberry to perfection, and it may be grown successfully even in the most northern parts of Scotland; indeed, the flavour of the fruit is said to improve with increasing latitude. In Norway even, the bush flourishes in gardens on the west coast nearly up to the Arctic Circle, and it is found wild as far north as 63°. The dry summers of the French and German plains are less suited to it, though it is grown in some hilly districts with tolerable success. The gooseberry in the south of England will grow well in cool situations and may sometimes be seen in gardens near London flourishing under the partial shade of apple trees, but in the north it needs full exposure to the sun to bring the fruit to perfection. It will succeed in almost any soil but prefers a rich loam or black alluvium, and, though naturally a plant of rather dry places, will do well in moist land, if drained.[10]
Cultivation[edit]
Sectioned gooseberries showing seeds
A blossom of Ribes uva-crispa
One method of propagating gooseberries is by cuttings rather than raising from seed; cuttings planted in the autumn will take root quickly and can begin to bear fruit within a few years. Those growing from seeds will rapidly produce healthy heavily yielding bushes. Pruning should be carried out to allow light in and give the new growth for next year's branches an opportunity to grow. Fruit is produced on lateral spurs and on the previous year's shoots.[10] The main aim is to let the light in and a subsidiary purpose is to allow picking without excessive scratching from the spines.
Heavy nitrogen composting must be avoided as too much nitrogen will produce extensive growth and weaken the bush. This will make the bush susceptible to mildew. The fruit should best be picked off when large to reach maximum sweetness. Supermarkets tend to have theirs picked early and before they are ripe and sweet to give a long shelf life. Heavily laden branches should be cut off complete with berries, this really benefits future crops as it lets the light reach the new growth. Cultivar 'Invicta' now is a popular green gooseberry which has some mildew resistance.[11]
Ribes uva-crispa[12]
Cultivars[edit]
Numerous cultivars have been developed for both commercial and domestic use. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[11]-
'Careless'
'Greenfinch'
'Invicta'
'Leveller'
'Whinham's Industry'
Pests[edit]
Gooseberry bushes are vulnerable to magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata) caterpillars.[10] In cultivation, the best method for removing them is to remove the larvae by hand soon after they hatch; its eggs are laid on fallen gooseberry leaves.[10]
Other potential threats are V-moth (Macaria wauaria) and Gooseberry sawfly (Nematus ribesii).[10] Nematus ribesii grubs will bury themselves in the ground to pupate; on hatching into adult form, they lay their eggs, which soon hatch into larvae, on the underside of gooseberry leaves. Insecticides used in the 19th-century against these included tar water, weak solutions of carbolic acid, and powdered hellebore, which worked against magpie moths and V-moths as well as gooseberry sawflies. (Foxglove and tobacco infusions were also sometimes used.) A 2008 study concluded that a solution of magnesium sulfate applied to a bush's leaves has a good residual action on the eggs and larvae of gooseberry sawfly, and also appears to deter egg-laying female sawflies.[13] Careful removal of fallen leaves and tilling of the ground around the plant will also destroy most eggs and chrysalises of these insects.
Like most Ribes, the gooseberry is an alternate host for white pine blister rust, which can cause serious damage to American white pines.[14] Gooseberry cultivation is thus illegal in some areas of the U.S and quarantines are in place to help control this disease. Maine law prohibits the planting and cultivation of currants and gooseberries in most of southern Maine, and prohibits the planting and cultivation of European black currants and their hybrids anywhere within the state.
Nutrition[edit]
Gooseberry, raw
Ribes .spp
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
184 kJ (44 kcal)
Carbohydrates
10.18 g
Dietary fiber
4.3 g
Fat
0.58 g
Protein
0.88 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.
(2%)
15 μg
Thiamine (B1)
(3%)
0.04 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
(3%)
0.03 mg
Niacin (B3)
(2%)
0.3 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
(6%)
0.286 mg
Vitamin B6
(6%)
0.08 mg
Folate (B9)
(2%)
6 μg
Vitamin C
(33%)
27.7 mg
Vitamin E
(2%)
0.37 mg
Minerals
Calcium
(3%)
25 mg
Copper
(4%)
0.07 mg
Iron
(2%)
0.31 mg
Magnesium
(3%)
10 mg
Manganese
(7%)
0.144 mg
Phosphorus
(4%)
27 mg
Potassium
(4%)
198 mg
Sodium
(0%)
1 mg
Zinc
(1%)
0.12 mg
Other constituents
Water
87.87 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
In a 100 gram serving, gooseberries provide 44 Calories and are an excellent source of vitamin C (33% of the Daily Value) (table). No other nutrients are in significant content (table). Gooseberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, and less than 1% each of protein and fat (table).
Culinary uses[edit]
Gooseberries are edible and can be eaten as-is, or used as an ingredient in desserts, such as pies, fools and crumbles. Early pickings are generally sour and more appropriate for culinary use. They are also used to flavour beverages such as sodas, flavoured waters, or milk, and can be made into fruit wines and teas. Gooseberries can be preserved in the form of jams, dried fruit, or as the primary or a secondary ingredient in pickling, or stored in sugar syrup.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, 1989. Accessed online 22 April 2010. (Note however that the OED has final /ɪ/, as this entry predates its acceptance of happy-tensing.)
Jump up ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Ribes uva-crispa L.
Jump up ^ Flora of North America, Ribes uva-crispa Linnaeus, 1753. European gooseberry, groseillier épineux
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
Jump up ^ > Oldfield, Molly; Mitchinson, John (23 March 2009). "QI: Quite Interesting facts about costermongers". Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
^ Jump up to: a b Harry Baker (1999). Growing Fruit. Octopus Publishing Group. p. 70. ISBN 9781840001532.
Jump up ^ "Northern Ontario Plant Database". Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Baynes, T. S., ed. (1879). "Gooseberry". The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 10. C. Scribner's sons. p. 779.
^ Jump up to: a b "Results > Search for AGM plants / RHS Gardening". rhs.org.uk.
Jump up ^ Thomé, Otto Wilhelm (1885). Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz.
Jump up ^ Wenneker, M.; Helsen, H. (2008). "Non-chemical control of leaf curling midges and sawflies in berries and currants". Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences. 73 (3): 361–70. PMID 19226775.
Jump up ^ American Phytopathological Society. White Pine Blister Rust.
External links[edit]
photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected from cultivated plant in Missouri in 2013
photo, close-up of fruit, taken by Gerrit Davidse
Media related to Ribes uva-crispa at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of gooseberry at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gooseberry&oldid=797772322"
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text:
I Can't Stand the Rain (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Can't Stand the Rain"
Single by Ann Peebles
from the album I Can't Stand the Rain
Released
1973
Format
7" single
Recorded
1973
Genre
Soul, Memphis soul
Length
2:31
Label
Hi Records
Songwriter(s)
Ann Peebles, Don Bryant & Bernard "Bernie" Miller
Producer(s)
Willie Mitchell
Ann Peebles singles chronology
"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"
(1973) "I Can't Stand the Rain"
(1973) "(You Keep Me) Hanging On"
(1974)
"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"
(1973) "I Can't Stand the Rain"
(1973) "(You Keep Me) Hanging On"
(1974)
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
Single by Eruption
from the album Eruption
B-side
"Be Yourself"
Released
January 23, 1978
Format
7" single
Recorded
1977
Genre
Disco
Length
3:12
Label
Hansa Records
Songwriter(s)
Ann Peebles, Don Bryant & Bernard "Bernie" Miller
Producer(s)
Frank Farian, Rainer M. Ehrhardt
Eruption singles chronology
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
(1978) "Leave a Light"
(1978)
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
(1978) "Leave a Light"
(1978)
"I Can't Stand the Rain" is a song originally recorded by Ann Peebles in 1973, and written by Peebles, Don Bryant, and Bernard "Bernie" Miller. Other hit versions were later recorded by Eruption and Tina Turner.
Contents
1 Ann Peebles version
2 Eruption version
2.1 Track listings
2.2 Charts
3 Tina Turner version
3.1 Track listings
3.2 Chart performance
3.2.1 Weekly charts
3.2.2 Year-end charts
4 Personnel
5 Other versions
6 References
7 External links
Ann Peebles version[edit]
The song was written by Peebles, her partner (and later husband) Don Bryant, and DJ Bernard "Bernie" Miller in 1973:
One evening in Memphis in 1973, soul singer Ann Peebles was meeting friends, including her partner, Hi Records staff writer Don Bryant, to go to a concert. Just as they were about to set off, the heavens opened and Peebles snapped: "I can't stand the rain." As a professional songwriter in constant need of new material, Bryant was used to plucking resonant phrases out of the air and he liked the idea of reacting against recent R&B hits that celebrated bad weather, such as the Dramatics' "In the Rain" and Love Unlimited's "Walkin' in the Rain with the One I Love". So he sat down at the piano and started riffing on the theme, weaving in ideas from Peebles and local DJ Bernie Miller. The song was finished that night and presented the next morning to Hi's studio maestro, Willie Mitchell, who used a brand new gadget, the electric timbale, to create the song's distinctive raindrop riff. It really was that easy. "We didn't go to the concert," Bryant remembers. "We forgot about the concert."[1]
Ann Peebles said: "At first, we had the timbales all the way through the song but as we played the tape, Willie Mitchell said 'what about if the timbales were in front before anything else comes in?'. So we did that and when we listened back I said 'I love it, let's do that'."[2]
Produced by Willie Mitchell, the song became Peebles' biggest hit when, in 1973, it reached #38 on the US Pop Chart and #6 on the R&B/Black Chart; it also reached #41 on the UK singles chart in April 1974. The organ is played by Charles Hodges.[3] It was one of John Lennon's favorite songs and in a Billboard magazine article he commented, "It's the best song ever." Ian Dury made this song one of his choices when he was the guest for BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs in December 1996.[4]
Eruption version[edit]
In 1978, Eruption released a disco-oriented remake, which peaked at number six on the disco chart[5] and became the group's biggest hit (number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100).
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"I Can't Stand the Rain" – 3:12
"Be Yourself" – 3:43
Charts[edit]
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 18
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 30
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 6
Canadian Singles Chart 21
UK Singles Chart 5
Irish Singles Chart 6
German Singles Chart 7
Austrian Singles Chart 4
Swiss Singles Chart 8[6]
Dutch Top 40 4
Belgian Singles Chart 1
French Singles Chart 5
Italian Singles Chart 3
Norwegian Singles Chart 2
Swedish Singles Chart 22
Finish Singles Chart 15
New Zealand Singles Chart 4
Australian Singles Chart 1
South African Singles Chart 5
Tina Turner version[edit]
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
Single by Tina Turner
from the album Private Dancer
B-side
"Let's Pretend We're Married" (live)
Released
March 1, 1985
Format
7" single
12" single
Recorded
1984
Genre
Pop rock
new wave
Length
3:41
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Ann Peebles, Don Bryant & Bernard "Bernie" Miller
Producer(s)
Terry Britten
Tina Turner singles chronology
"Private Dancer"
(1985) "I Can't Stand the Rain"
(1985) "Show Some Respect"
(1985)
"Private Dancer"
(1985) "I Can't Stand the Rain"
(1985) "Show Some Respect"
(1985)
In 1984 Tina Turner recorded "I Can't Stand the Rain" for her fifth solo album, Private Dancer, and released it as a single in early 1985 in Europe. Turner's version would find minor success in the UK, but would be a success in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"I Can't Stand the Rain" – 3:40
"Let's Pretend We're Married" (live version) – 4:22
12" single
"I Can't Stand the Rain" (extended version) – 5:43
"Let's Pretend We're Married" (live version) – 4:22
"Nutbush City Limits" (live version) – 2:56
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7]
6
Germany (Official German Charts)[8]
9
Ireland (IRMA)[9]
20
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[10]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[11]
57
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[12]
30
Personnel[edit]
Tina Turner – lead vocals
Nick Glennie-Smith – keyboards, synthesizers
Terry Britten – guitar
Graham Broad – drums
Other versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Humble Pie recorded the song on their 1974 album Thunderbox.
Ronnie Wood covered the song in 1975 on his album Now Look.
The song was covered by Patrice Banks of Graham Central Station on the 1975 release of Ain't No 'Bout A Doubt It album
Mark Williams covered the song on his 1976 album, Sweet Trials.
Albert King covered the song in 1977 on his album The Blues Don't Change.
Graham Central Station covered the song on their 1975 album Ain't No 'Bout-A-Doubt It.
Lowell George covered the song on his 1979 album Thanks, I'll Eat it Here.
Hortense Ellis covered the song on her 1979 album Irie Reggae Hits
The song was included in the 1991 feature film, The Commitments, and its subsequent soundtrack.
The song was covered by Bad Manners on their 1993 album Fat Sound.
In 1996, Australians Diesel and Chris Wilson covered the song as the lead single from their album Short Cool Ones.
Cassandra Wilson's 1993 album Blue Light 'til Dawn contained a version of the track which received mixed reviews. John Milward of Rolling Stone called it "skeletal" and not as strong as the original.[13] In contrast, Ron Wynn of AllMusic liked Wilson's version, saying that it holds up to comparisons of Peebles' version.[14]
Robben Ford covered the song on his 1996 albumTiger Walk.
Missy Elliott's 1997 debut single, "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)", contains a sample from Ann Peebles' original recording of the song in its chorus.
Michael Bolton covered the song on his 1999 album Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2.
Joyce Cobb performs the song on her 2003 album Beale Street Saturday Night comprising recordings of the songs featured in Cobb's like-named live tribute to the Memphis Sound.
Alannah Myles covered the song, with Jeff Healey on guitar, for a 2004 Tina Turner tribute compilation. Myles released a new version of the song on her 2014 album "85 BPM" and issued it as a single.
Terry Manning added a live version of the song to the 2006 CD re-release of his album Home Sweet Home.
In 2006 R&B singer, Miki Howard recorded a cover version which appears on her album Pillow Talk.
A version of the song appears on Sam Moore's 2006 album, Overnight Sensational with Wynonna, Bekka Bramlett, BeBe Winans and Billy Preston.
Dale Ann Bradley recorded a Bluegrass version of the song on her 2006 album Catch Tomorrow.
In August 2007, Guy Sebastian recorded a tribute version of "I Can't Stand the Rain" at Ardent Studios in Memphis, Tennessee for his album of soul classics, The Memphis Album, with many of the original Stax music band members, including Steve Cropper, Donald Duck Dunn, Lester Snell, Steve Potts.
Seal recorded a version of the song for his 2008 album Soul.
Willie Clayton recorded it on his 2008 album Soul and Blues.[15]
In 2010, German classical bass-baritone Thomas Quasthoff recorded a version for his crossover album Tell It Like It Is.
In 2012, The Flashbulb remixed this song to "The History Of Rain" on the album Opus at the End of Everything.
Classic rock singer Paul Rodgers included his version of the song on his 2014 cover album of soul classics The Royal Sessions.
"I Can't Stand the Rain" has been utilized as a sample by the hip hop duo Reflection Eternal (a collaborative group comprising conscious hip hop artist Talib Kweli, and producer Hi-Tek) for their song "Memories Live" on their debut album Train Of Thought.
British singer Beverley Knight covered the song on her 2016 album "Soulsville".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dorian Lynskey, "Ann Peebles: the girl with the big voice", The Guardian, 20 February 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014
Jump up ^ Miss FunkyFlyy, "Ann Peebles". Retrieved 30 June 2014
Jump up ^ "I Can't Stand the Rain by Ann Peebles". Rateyourmusic.com. 27 June 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Ian Dury". BBC. 15 December 1996. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003. Record Research. p. 91.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Eruption feat. Precious Wilson - I Can't Stand The Rain". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Tina Turner – I Can't Stand the Rain" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner - Top Titel" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I Cant Stand the Rain". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Tina Turner – I Can't Stand the Rain". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 1985" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Milward, John (1997-08-01), "Cassandra Wilson: Blue Light 'Til Dawn", Rolling Stone, retrieved 2010-01-03
Jump up ^ Wynn, Ron. "Blue Light 'Til Dawn > Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
Jump up ^ Leggett, Steve (2008-11-04). "Soul and Blues - Willie Clayton : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Diesel
Studio albums
Johnny Diesel and The Injectors
Hepfidelity
The Lobbyist
Solid State Rhyme
Short Cool Ones (with Chris Wilson)
Soul Lost Companion (as Mark Lizotte)
Hear
Coathanger Antennae
Days Like These
Project Blues: Saturday Suffering Fools
Under the Influence
Let It Fly
Americana
Live albums
Singled Out
Greatest Hits Live
Compilations
Rewind – The Best Of
The Essential Diesel
You Get There From Here
30: The Greatest Hits
EPs
Live in London
iTunes Live From Sydney: Aussie Legends EP
7 Axes
Last Shower (with Tim Chaisson)
Video releases
Johnny Diesel and the Injectors
Hepfidelity and More
The First Fifteen '89–'04 Live
Diesel + Strings: Live at the Vanguard
Song Companion
The 4 Corners Live
Singles
"Don't Need Love"
"Soul Revival"
"Cry In Shame"
"Lookin' for Love"
"Since I Fell for You"
"Please Send Me Someone to Love"
"Love Junk"
"Come to Me"
"Tip of My Tongue"
"Man Alive"
"One More Time"
"Never Miss Your Water"
"Masterplan"
"I've Been Loving You Too Long"
"Still Got a Long Way to Go" (with Jimmy Barnes)
"All Come Together"
"15 Feet of Snow"
"Get It On"
"I Can't Stand the Rain" (with Chris Wilson)
"Dig"
"Crazytown"
"Have Love, Will Travel"
"Highway Mind"
"Angel from Montgomery"
"Queen Jane Approximately"
"Ring of Fire"
Related articles
Discography
Innocent Bystanders
Jimmy Barnes
show
v
t
e
Tina Turner singles
Acid Queen
"Baby Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
Rough
"Viva La Money"
"Root, Toot Undisputable Rock 'n Roller"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
Love Explosion
"Love Explosion"
"Back Stabbers"
"Music Keeps Me Dancin'"
Private Dancer
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do With It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
Break Every Rule
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
Tina Live in Europe
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
Foreign Affair
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
Simply the Best
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
What's Love Got to Do with It
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
Wildest Dreams
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
Twenty Four Seven
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
All the Best
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Book:Tina Turner
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United States free speech exceptions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Bill of Rights in the National Archives
Exceptions to free speech in the United States are limitations on the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech and expression as recognized by the United States Supreme Court. These exceptions have been created over time, based on certain types of speech and expression, and under different contexts. While freedom of speech in the United States is a right protected by the constitution, these exceptions make that right a limited one.
Restrictions that are based on people's reactions to words include both instances of a complete exception, and cases of diminished protection. Commercial advertising receives diminished, but not eliminated, protection.
Along with communicative restrictions, less protection is afforded for uninhibited speech when the government acts as subsidizer or speaker, is an employer, controls education, or regulates the following: the mail, airwaves, legal bar, military, prisons, and immigration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Communicative impact restrictions
1.1 Incitement
1.1.1 Incitement to suicide
2 False statements of fact
3 Obscenity
4 Child pornography
5 Fighting words and offensive speech
6 Speech owned by others
7 Commercial speech
8 Restrictions based on special capacity of Government
8.1 Government as Employer
8.2 Government as Regulator of the Airwaves
8.3 Government as Educator
8.4 Government as Subsidizer/Speaker
8.5 Government as Regulator of the Bar
8.6 Government as Controller of the Military
8.7 Government as Prison Warden
8.8 Government as Regulator of Immigration
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Communicative impact restrictions[edit]
Incitement[edit]
The Supreme Court has held that "advocacy of the use of force" is unprotected when it is "directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action" and is "likely to incite or produce such action".[1][2] In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Supreme Court unanimously reversed the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan group for "advocating ... violence ... as a means of accomplishing political reform" because their statements at a rally did not express an immediate, or imminent intent to do violence.[3] This rule amended a previous decision of the Court, in Schenck v. United States (1919), which simply decided that a "clear and present danger" could justify a congressional rule limiting speech. The primary distinction is that the latter test does not criminalize "mere advocacy".[4]
Incitement to suicide[edit]
In 2017, a juvenile court in Massachusetts ruled that repeatedly encouraging someone to commit suicide was excluded from First Amendment protection,[5] and found a 20-year-old woman, who was 17 at the time, guilty of manslaughter on this basis.[6] The judge cited a little-known 1816 precedent.[7] The woman is expected to file an appeal.[6]
False statements of fact[edit]
Main article: False statements of fact
In Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974), the Supreme Court decided that there is "no constitutional value in false statements of fact".[8] However, this is not a concrete rule as the Court has struggled with how much of the "speech that matters" can be put at risk in order to punish a falsehood.[9]
The Supreme Court has established a complex framework in determining which types of false statements are unprotected.[10] There are four such areas which the Court has been explicit about. First, false statements of fact that are said with a "sufficiently culpable mental state" can be subject to civil or criminal liability.[11] Secondly, knowingly making a false statement of fact can almost always be punished. For example, libel and slander law are permitted under this category. Third, negligently false statements of fact may lead to civil liability in some instances.[12] Additionally, some implicit statements of fact—those that may just have a "false factual connotation"—still could fall under this exception.[13][14]
There is also a fifth category of analysis. It is possible that some completely false statements could be entirely free from punishment. The Supreme Court held in the landmark case New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) that lies about the government may be protected completely.[15] However, this category is not entirely clear, as the question of whether false historical or medical claims are protected is still disputed.[16]
Obscenity[edit]
Main article: Miller v. California
Under the Miller test (which takes its name from Miller v. California), speech is unprotected if (1) "the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the [subject or work in question], taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest" and (2) "depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, contemporary community standards,[17] sexual conduct defined by the applicable state law" and (3) "the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value".[18] Some subsidiary components of this rule may permit private possession of obscene materials at one's home.[19] Additionally, the phrase "appeals to the prurient interest" is limited to appeals to a "shameful or morbid interest in sex".[20][21]
The Court has also held that a person may only be punished if he knows the actual "contents of the material".[22] In Smith v. California (1959), the Supreme Court thus gave a defense of "reasonable ignorance" to an obscenity charge. The basis for this exception is that justices have believed that obscenity has a "tendency to exert a corrupting and debasing impact leading to antisocial behavior".[23][24]
Child pornography[edit]
Main article: New York v. Ferber
The exception for child pornography is distinct from the obscenity exception in a few ways. Firstly, the rule is much more specific to what falls under the exception. Secondly, it is irrelevant whether any part of the speech meets the Miller test; if it is classified under the child pornography exception at all, it becomes unprotected.[25] The rule provides that speech is unprotected if it (1) "visually depicts" children below the age of majority (2) "performing sexual acts or lewdly exhibiting their genitals".[26] Unlike the rules for simple obscenity, private possession of child pornography "may be outlawed".[27]
While this exception is very concrete, it is also limited. It does not apply to pornography that people think is harmful when shown to children,[28] or pornography that urges viewers to harm children.[29]
Fighting words and offensive speech[edit]
Main article: Fighting words
A Westboro Baptist Church protest was the subject of an "offensive speech" Supreme Court case in Snyder v. Phelps (2010)
In Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), the Supreme Court held that speech is unprotected if it constitutes "fighting words".[30] Fighting words, as defined by the Court, is speech that "tend[s] to incite an immediate breach of the peace" by provoking a fight, so long as it is a "personally abusive [word] which, when addressed to the ordinary citizen, is, as a matter of common knowledge, inherently likely to provoke a violent reaction".[31] Additionally, such speech must be "directed to the person of the hearer" and is "thus likely to be seen as a 'direct personal insult'".[32][33]
One legal commentator has suggested that, along with fighting words, speech might be unprotected if the speaker intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly inflicts severe emotional distress.[34] However, the United States Supreme Court has not implemented such an exception, and even if it does, the exception would be probably be limited to private figures. The Court held in Hustler v. Falwell (1988) that satire which could be seen as offensive to a "public figure" is fully protected.[35] Such speech is rooted in a historical protection of political satire.[36] A notable example of a case involving offensive speech was the Court's decision in Texas v. Johnson (1989), which struck down a law criminalizing flag burning in Texas.[37]
Threats of violence that are directed at a person or group of persons that has the intent of placing the target at risk of bodily harm or death are generally unprotected.[38] However, there are several exceptions. For example, the Supreme Court has held that "threats may not be punished if a reasonable person would understand them as obvious hyperbole", he writes.[39][40] Additionally, threats of "social ostracism" and of "politically motivated boycotts" are constitutionally protected.[41] However, sometimes even political speech can be a threat, and thus becomes unprotected.[42]
Speech owned by others[edit]
Main article: Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
Another class of permissible restrictions on speech is based on intellectual property rights.[43] Things like copyrights or trademarks fall under this exception. The Supreme Court first held this in Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985), where copyright law was upheld against a First Amendment free speech challenge.[44] Also, broadcasting rights for shows are not an infringement of free speech rights.[45] The Court has upheld such restrictions as an incentive for artists in the 'speech marketplace'.[46]
Commercial speech[edit]
Main article: Commercial speech
Commercial speech occupies a unique role as a free speech exception. While there is no complete exception, legal advocates recognize it as having "diminished protection".[47] For example, false advertising can be punished and misleading advertising may be prohibited.[48] Commercial advertising may be restricted in ways that other speech can't if a substantial governmental interest is advanced, and that restriction supports that interest as well as not being overly broad.[49] This doctrine of limited protection for advertisements is due to a balancing inherent in the policy explanations for the rule, namely that other types of speech (for example, political) are much more important.[50]
Restrictions based on special capacity of Government[edit]
Government as Employer[edit]
The government is not permitted to fire an employee based on the employee's speech if either the speech is on a matter of public concern, the speech is not said as part of that employee's job duties,[51] or the damage caused by the speech is outweighed by the value of the speech to the employee and public.[52][53] Specifically, speech is "treated as a matter of public concern" by reference to the "content, form, and context of a given statement".[54] The exception with regards to balancing the harm of a statement and the value of the statement (the Pickering test) is done by considering the degree to which the speech either interferes with close working relationships, disrupts the office, or even has the potential to do either.[55]
Government as Regulator of the Airwaves[edit]
Regulations of speech on broadcast radio and television are permissible when they are (1) narrowly tailored and (2) further a substantial government interest.[56] Interests that have been found "substantial" include shielding listeners from supposedly offensive ideas and shielding children from offensive expression. The Supreme Court has limited these rules to traditional broadcasting, refusing an attempt to apply this to the internet.[57]
Government as Educator[edit]
Further information: Freedom of speech in the United States § Student speech
When the Government acts as a kindergarten through twelfth grade educator, they are allowed to restrict speech in certain instances. The Supreme Court ruled in Tinker v. Des Moines School Dist. (1969) that only when speech "materially and substantially interferes with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school".[58] Later court decisions added more situations where restrictions were possible, including student speech about drugs,[59] "vulgar and offensive" language,[60] and school-operated newspapers.[61] The primary basis for the educator-distinction is based on the concept of in loco parentis, the principle that the school functions as parents over the students, thus allowing broader discretion in limiting student speech and expression.[62]
Government as Subsidizer/Speaker[edit]
The most complex special capacity of the government is when it functions, in one way or another, as the Subsidizer of the speech in question.[63] As a general rule, the government can itself say whatever it wants to, even if this "favors one viewpoint over another".[64] But, the government may not impose conditions on how subsidy recipients spend money they get from other sources.[65] If the government is using the speakers to express its own message, it is constitutional.[66] But this analysis changes if the government is trying to encourage a "diversity of private views indiscriminately". If it is indiscriminate, then under Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001), the government must be acting in a viewpoint-neutral way. However, if the government is basing some judgment of "quality" on the views, then only "invidious viewpoint discrimination" is barred.[67]
Government as Regulator of the Bar[edit]
The basic principle behind government's regulation of the bar has greater power to regulate the speech of lawyers.[68] A balancing test is employed when the Court considers attorney speech. This test weighs the "interest against the State's legitimate interest in regulating the activity in question [with] the interests of the attorney".[69] Thus, while commercial advertising by lawyers is generally protected, rules of professional conduct and ethical guidelines are still permitted.[70]
Government as Controller of the Military[edit]
With respect to the United States Military, the federal government has extremely broad power to restrict the speech of military officers, even if such a restriction would be invalid with a civilian. The Supreme Court affirmed this principle in Parker v. Levy (1974) when the Court held the military was essentially a "specialized society from civilian society", which necessitated stricter guidelines.[71] Since Parker, there have been few cases to issue more specific limits on the government's control of military expression.
Government as Prison Warden[edit]
When the government acts as controller of prisons, it has broad abilities to limit the free speech of inmates. Essentially any restriction that is "reasonably related to legitimate penological interests" is valid.[72] This broad power also extends to pretrial detainees and even convicts who are on probation or parole.[73] The only limit recognized by the Court is that the prison must provide an "alternate means of exercising that right" of speech, an alternate channel, that still allows legitimate speech to be expressed.
Government as Regulator of Immigration[edit]
The government may not criminally punish immigrants based on speech that would be protected if said by a citizen.[74] On entry across borders, the government may bar non-citizens from the United States based on their speech, even if that speech would have been protected if said by a citizen.[75] Speech rules as to deportation, on the other hand, are unclear.[76] Lower courts are divided on the question, while the leading cases on the subject are from the Red Scare.
See also[edit]
Freedom of the press in the United States § Notable exceptions
Appeal
Prior restraint
Virginia v. Black
List of landmark Free Speech cases
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 3
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 5
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 7
Jump up ^ "Woman on trial for texts 'driving boyfriend to suicide'". BBC. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Seelye, Katharine; Bidgood, Jess (16 June 2017). "Guilty Verdict for Young Woman Who Urged Friend to Kill Himself". New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ McGovern, Bob (16 June 2017). "Michelle Carter found guilty in landmark texting suicide case". Boston Herald. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 55
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, pp. 55–56
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 56
Jump up ^ Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders, 472 U.S. 749 (1985).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 57
Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 61
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 188
Jump up ^ Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291 (1977).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 112
Jump up ^ Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 113
Jump up ^ Brockett v. Spokane Arcades, Inc., 472 U.S. 491 (1985).
Jump up ^ Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147 (1959).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 114
Jump up ^ Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton, 413 U.S. 49 (1973).
Jump up ^ Cohen 2009, p. 2
Jump up ^ New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982).
Jump up ^ Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103 (1990).
Jump up ^ Cohen 2009, p. 13
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, pp. 128–129
Jump up ^ Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942).
Jump up ^ Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 143
Jump up ^ Camp 2005, p. 7
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 144
Jump up ^ Hustler v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988).
Jump up ^ Cohen 2009, p. 12
Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
Jump up ^ Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003).
Jump up ^ Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705 (1969).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 166
Jump up ^ NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 167
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 179
Jump up ^ Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 549 (1985).
Jump up ^ Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 180
Jump up ^ Cohen 2009, p. 6
Jump up ^ Peel v. Attorney Reg. & Discip. Comm'n, 496 U.S. 91 (1990).
Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission, 447 U.S. 557 (1980).
Jump up ^ Cohen 2009, p. 7
Jump up ^ Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006)
Jump up ^ Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983)
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 361
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, pp. 361–362
Jump up ^ Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 (1968).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 460
Jump up ^ Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines School Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969).
Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick, 127 S. Ct. 2618 (2007).
Jump up ^ Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675 (1968).
Jump up ^ Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988).
Jump up ^ Camp 2005, p. 4
Jump up ^ Johnson 2001, p. 353
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 410
Jump up ^ Johnson 2001, p. 354
Jump up ^ Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 412
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 476
Jump up ^ Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030 (1991).
Jump up ^ United States District Court v. Sandlin 12 F.3d 861, 867 (9th Cir. 1993)
Jump up ^ Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733 (1974).
Jump up ^ Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401 (1989).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 490
Jump up ^ Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135, 148 (1945).
Jump up ^ Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 753 (1972).
Jump up ^ Volokh 2008, p. 498
References[edit]
Camp, Julie Van (2005). "First Amendment". Professor of Philosophy. California State University, Long Beach. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Cohen, Henry (16 October 2009). "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment" (PDF). Legislative Attorney. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Johnson, Jay (2001). "Note: The Interaction Between Statutory and Constitutional Arguments in Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez". Journal of Law and Politics. 17 (1): 353–372.
Volokh, Eugene (2008). First Amendment and Related Statutes: Problems, Cases and Policy Arguments (3rd ed.). Foundation Press (published 12 May 2008). ISBN 978-1-59941-338-9.
External links[edit]
List of notable Free Speech cases before United States Supreme Court
Annotated First Amendment from FindLaw
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_free_speech_exceptions&oldid=789207090"
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Labour Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about Labour Day observances in different countries. For the workers' holiday held on 1 May, see International Workers' Day. For the 2013 American film, see Labor Day (film).
Countries and dependencies coloured by observance of International Workers' Day or a different variant of May Day or Labour Day:
Labour Day falls or may fall on 1 May
Another public holiday on 1 May
No public holiday on 1 May, but Labour Day on a different date
No public holiday on 1 May and no Labour Day
Labour Day (Labor Day in the United States) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers. Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement, specifically the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest.
For most countries, Labour Day is synonymous with, or linked with, International Workers' Day, which occurs on 1 May. For other countries, Labour Day is celebrated on a different date, often one with special significance for the labour movement in that country. Labour Day is a public holiday in many countries.
In Canada and the United States, the holiday is celebrated on the first Monday of September and considered the unofficial end of summer, with summer vacations ending and students returning to school around then.
Contents
1 International Workers' Day
2 Other dates
2.1 Australia
2.2 Bangladesh
2.3 Bahamas
2.4 Canada
2.5 Jamaica
2.6 Kazakhstan
2.7 New Zealand
2.8 Trinidad and Tobago
2.9 United States
3 References
International Workers' Day[edit]
Main article: International Workers' Day
For most countries, "Labour Day" is synonymous with, or linked with, International Workers' Day, which occurs on 1 May. Some countries vary the actual date of their celebrations so that the holiday occurs on a Monday close to 1 May.
Other dates[edit]
Australia[edit]
Labour Day in Australia is a public holiday on dates which vary between states and territories. It is the first Monday in October in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia. In Victoria and Tasmania, it is the second Monday in March (though the latter calls it Eight Hours Day). In Western Australia, Labour Day is the first Monday in March. In the Northern Territory and Queensland it is called May Day and occurs on the first Monday in May.[1] It is on the fourth Monday of March in the territory of Christmas Island.
The first march for a nine-hour day by the labour movement occurred in Melbourne on 21 April 1856.[2] On this day stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day. Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as being among the first organised workers in the world to achieve an 8-hour day, with no loss of pay.[3]
Bangladesh[edit]
Bangladesh Garment Sramik Sanghati, an organization working for the welfare of garment workers, has requested that 24 April be declared Labour Safety Day in Bangladesh, in memory of the victims of the Rana Plaza building collapse.[4][5]
Bahamas[edit]
Labour Day is a national holiday in the Bahamas, celebrated on the first Friday in June in order to create a long weekend for workers.[6] The traditional date of Labour Day in the Bahamas, however, is 7 June, in commemoration of a significant workers' strike that began on that day in 1942. Labour Day is meant to honor and celebrate workers and the importance of their contributions to the nation and society. In the capital city, Nassau, thousands of people come to watch a parade through the streets, which begins at mid-morning. Bands in colorful uniforms, traditional African junkanoo performers, and members of various labour unions and political parties are all part of the procession, which ends up at the Southern Recreation Grounds, where government officials make speeches for the occasion. For many residents and visitors to the Bahamas, the afternoon of Labour Day is a time to relax at home or perhaps visit the beach.
Canada[edit]
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A Labour Day parade in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early 1900s
Labour Day (French: Fête du Travail) has been celebrated in Canada on the first Monday in September since the 1880s. The origins of Labour Day in Canada can be traced back to December 1872 when a parade was staged in support of the Toronto Typographical Union's strike for a 58-hour work-week,[7] almost a full decade before a similar event in New York City by the American Knights of Labor, a late 19th-century U.S. labor federation, launched the movement towards the American Labor Day holiday.[8] The Toronto Trades Assembly (TTA) called its 27 unions to demonstrate in support of the Typographical Union who had been on strike since 25 March.[7] George Brown, Canadian politician and editor of the Toronto Globe hit back at his striking employees, pressing police to charge the Typographical Union with "conspiracy."[7] Although the laws criminalising union activity were outdated and had already been abolished in Great Britain, they were still on the books in Canada and police arrested 24 leaders of the Typographical Union. Labour leaders decided to call another similar demonstration on 3 September to protest the arrests. Seven unions marched in Ottawa, prompting a promise by Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald to repeal the "barbarous" anti-union laws.[7] Parliament passed the Trade Union Act on 14 June the following year, and soon all unions were seeking a 54-hour work-week.
The Toronto Trades and Labour Council (successor to the TTA) held similar celebrations every spring. American Peter J. McGuire, co-founder of the American Federation of Labor, was asked to speak at a labour festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 22 July 1882. Returning to the United States, McGuire and the Knights of Labor organised a similar parade based on the Canadian event on 5 September 1882 in New York City, USA. On 23 July 1894, Canadian Prime Minister John Thompson and his government made Labour Day, to be held in September, an official holiday. In the United States, the New York parade became an annual event that year, and in 1894 was adopted by American president Grover Cleveland to compete with International Workers' Day (May Day).
While Labour Day parades and picnics are organised by unions, many Canadians regard Labour Day as the Monday of the last long weekend of summer. Non-union celebrations include picnics, fireworks displays, water activities, and public art events. Since the new school year generally starts right after Labour Day, families with school-age children take it as the last chance to travel before the end of summer.
An old fashioned tradition in Canada and the United States frowns upon the wearing of white after Labour Day. Explanations for this tradition vary; the most common is that white is a summer colour and Labour Day unofficially marks the end of summer. The rule may have been intended as a status symbol for new members of the upper and middle classes in the late 19th and early 20th century.[9]
A Labour Day tradition in Atlantic Canada is the Wharf Rat Rally in Digby, Nova Scotia, while the rest of Canada watches the Labour Day Classic, a Canadian Football League event where rivals like Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Toronto Argonauts (except in 2011 and 2013, due to scheduling conflicts), and Saskatchewan Roughriders and Winnipeg Blue Bombers play on Labour Day weekend. Before the demise of the Ottawa Renegades after the 2005 season, that team played the nearby Montreal Alouettes on Labour Day weekend. Since the 2014 CFL season, when the Ottawa Redblacks began play, the Montreal–Ottawa Labour Day tradition has once again been observed. Likewise, Ontario University Athletics has a long-established tradition to play university football on Labour Day.
The Labour Day parade in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland started in 1921 and still continues today, over 90 years later. The celebrations go on for three days with a parade on Labour Day Monday.
Jamaica[edit]
Before 1961, 24 May was celebrated in Jamaica as Empire Day in honour of the birthday of Queen Victoria and her emancipation of slaves in Jamaica.[10] As its name suggests, the day was used to celebrate the British Empire, complete with flag-raising ceremonies and the singing of patriotic songs. In 1961, Jamaican Chief Minister Norman Washington Manley proposed the replacement of Empire Day with Labour Day, a celebration in commemoration of 23 May 1938, when Alexander Bustamante led a labour rebellion leading to Jamaican independence.
In 1972, Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley promoted Labour Day as a showcase for the importance of labour to the development of Jamaica, and a day of voluntary community participation to beneficial projects.[10] Since then, Labour Day has been not only a public holiday but also a day of mass community involvement around the country.
Kazakhstan[edit]
Labor Day in Kazakhstan is celebrated on the last Sunday in September. The holiday was officially established in late 2013. In 1995, the government of Kazakhstan replaced International Workers' Day with Kazakhstan People's Unity Day. Kazakh President Nur sultan Nazarbayev also instituted a special medal that is awarded to veterans of labor on the occasion of the holiday. Labor Day it is widely celebrated across the country with official speeches, award ceremonies, cultural events, etc. It is a non-working holiday for most citizens of Kazakhstan because it always falls on a weekend.[11]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, Labour Day is a public holiday held on the fourth Monday in October. Its origins are traced back to the eight-hour working day movement that arose in the newly founded Wellington colony in 1840, primarily because of carpenter Samuel Parnell's refusal to work more than eight hours a day. He encouraged other tradesmen also to work for only eight hours a day and in October 1840, a workers' meeting passed a resolution supporting the idea. On 28 October 1890, the 50th anniversary of the eight-hour day was commemorated with a parade. The event was then celebrated annually in late October as either Labour Day or Eight-Hour Demonstration Day. In 1899 government legislated that the day be a public holiday from 1900. The day was celebrated on different days in different provinces. This led to ship owners complaining that seamen were taking excessive holidays by having one Labour Day in one port then another in their next port. In 1910 the government stipulated that the holiday would be observed on the same day throughout the nation.
Trinidad and Tobago[edit]
In Trinidad and Tobago, Labour Day is celebrated every 19 June. This holiday was proposed in 1973[12] to be commemorated on the anniversary of the 1937 Butler labour riots.
United States[edit]
First US Labor Day Parade, September 5, 1882 in New York City
Main article: Labor Day
In the United States, Labor Day is a federal holiday observed on the first Monday of September. It is customarily viewed as the end of the summer vacation season.[13] Many schools open for the year on the day after Labor Day.[14] The holiday is shared with Canada, where it is known as Labour Day (Fête du Travail in French).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Australian Government: National Public Holidays". australia.gov.au. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian Public Holidays: Labour Day". alldownunder.com. 1998. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis; Simon Balderstone; John Bowman (2006). Events that Shaped Australia. New Holland Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-74110-492-9. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thousands mourn collapse victims of Rana Plaza garment factory one year on". Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Official Public Holidays. "Bangladesh Official Public Holidays". Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Jump up ^ timeanddate. "Holidays in The Bahamas in 2015". Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Marsh, James. "Origins of Labour Day". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ "Origin of Labor Day," Cincinnati Tribune, Sept. 1, 1895, Special Labor Day supplement, pg. 26.
Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick (September 8, 2009). "Why We Can't Wear White After Labor Day". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Labour Day". National Labour Day 2008. Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
Jump up ^ AnydayGuide. "Labor Day in Kazakhstan / September 24, 2017". AnydayGuide. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
Jump up ^ Trinidad and Tobago Labour Day Archived 7 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Yelena. Labor Day End of Summer White Party, Celebrations.com. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Helderman, Rosalind S. "Issues That Matter to You: School Start After Labor Day"; The Washington Post, 6 September 2009.
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Día del Trabajo
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