text:
List of New York Knicks first and second round draft picks
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Madison Square Garden, the home of the Knicks, has also been the site of numerous NBA drafts
This is a list of the New York Knicks' National Basketball Association (NBA) Draft selections from the first and second rounds.
Key[edit]
Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning
T Territorial pick (#) Retired Knicks' Number
^ Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
* Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team
+ Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game
x Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-NBA Team
# Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs
Position
G Guard PG Point guard SG Shooting guard F Forward SF Small forward PF Power forward C Center
Selections[edit]
Bill Bradley was drafted by the Knicks in 1965, as a territorial pick, from Princeton University. He played on the 1970 and 1973 championship teams.
Walt "Clyde" Frazier was the Knicks' first round pick in 1967, a member of the 1970 and 1973 championship squads, and is currently a broadcaster for the team
Phil Jackson was selected in the second round of the 1967 draft and would play on two championship teams with the Knicks. After retiring as a player, he became a coach and won eleven championships: Six with the Bulls and five with the Lakers
Mike Woodson
Patrick Ewing was the first overall pick in the 1985 draft
Danilo Gallinari was the sixth overall pick in the 2008 draft. He has since been traded to the Denver Nuggets
Landry Fields was drafted in the second round in 2010
Year
Round
Pick
Player
Nationality
Position
College/High School/Club
Notes
Ref(s)
1947 1 5 Dick Holub United States C Long Island
1948 1 4 Dolph Schayes^ United States C NYU
1949 1 7 Dick McGuire^ (15) United States G St. John's
1950 1 6 Irwin Dambrot# United States F CCNY
1950 2 17 Herb Scherer United States C Long Island
1951 1 6 Ed Smith United States F Harvard
1951 2 15 Roland Minson# United States G Brigham Young
1952 1 5 Ralph Polson United States F/C Whitworth
1953 T Walter Dukes+ United States C Seton Hall
1953 2 9 Don Ackerman United States PG Long Island
1953 2 15 Neil Gordon# United States F Furman
1954 1 8 Jack Turner United States G/F Western Kentucky
1954 2 17 Richie Guerin* United States G Iona
1955 1 4 Ken Sears+ United States PF Santa Clara
1955 2 11 Jerry Mullen# United States F San Francisco
1956 1 4 Ronnie Shavlik United States F North Carolina State
1956 2 11 Gary Bergen United States C Utah
1957 1 5 Brendan McCann United States G St. Bonaventure
1957 2 13 Larry Friend United States G/F California
1958 1 3 Mike Farmer United States SF San Francisco
1958 1 4 Pete Brennan United States SF North Carolina
1958 2 11 Joe Quigg# United States F/C North Carolina
1959 1 5 Johnny Green United States SF Michigan State
1960 1 3 Darrall Imhoff+ United States C California
1960 2 10 Dave Budd United States PF Wake Forest
1960 2 11 Kelly Coleman# United States G Kentucky Wesleyan
1961 1 2 Tom Stith United States SF St. Bonaventure
1961 2 10 Whitey Martin United States G St. Bonaventure
1962 1 2 Paul Hogue United States C Cincinnati
1962 2 9 John Rudometkin United States SF USC
1963 1 1 Art Heyman United States SF/G Duke
1963 2 9 Jerry Harkness United States PG Loyola (Chicago)
1964 1 1 Jim Barnes United States C/F Texas Western
1964 2 8 Willis Reed^ (19) United States C/F Grambling State
1964 2 13 Howard Komives United States PG Bowling Green
1965 T Bill Bradley^ (24) United States SF/SG Princeton
1965 1 3 Dave Stallworth United States PF/C Wichita State
1965 2 10 Dick Van Arsdale+ United States G/SF Indiana
1965 2 14 Hal Blevins United States G Arkansas AM&N
1966 1 1 Cazzie Russell+ United States SF/G Michigan
1966 2 11 Henry Akin United States PF/C Morehead State
1967 1 5 Walt Frazier^ (10) United States PG Southern Illinois
1967 2 17 Phil Jackson United States F/C North Dakota
1968 1 10 Bill Hosket, Jr. United States PF/C Ohio State
1969 1 11 John Warren United States G/SF St. John's
1969 2 26 Bill Bunting# United States F/C North Carolina
1970 1 17 Mike Price United States G Illinois
1970 2 34 Howie Wright# United States G Austin Peay
1971 1 16 Dean Meminger United States PG Marquette
1971 2 34 Gregg Northington# United States C Alabama State
1972 1 8 Tom Riker United States C/F South Carolina
1973 1 14 Mel Davis United States SF St. John's
1973 2 28 Patrick McFarland# United States F/G Saint Joseph's
1974 2 32 Jesse Dark United States G Virginia Commonwealth
1975 1 9 Gene Short United States SF Jackson State
1975 2 26 Luther Burden United States SG Utah
1975 2 34 Larry Fogle United States G Canisius
1976 2 25 Lonnie Shelton+ United States PF/C Oregon State
1977 1 10 Ray Williams United States PG Minnesota
1977 2 26 Glen Gondrezick United States SF/SG UNLV
1977 2 32 Toby Knight United States PF Notre Dame
1978 1 4 Micheal Ray Richardson+ United States PG/SG Montana
1978 2 32 John Rudd United States F McNeese State
1978 2 34 Greg Bunch United States SF Cal State Fullerton
1979 1 3 Bill Cartwright+ United States C San Francisco
1979 1 9 Larry Demic United States F/C Arizona
1979 1 21 Sly Williams United States SF/SG Rhode Island
1979 2 27 Reggie Carter United States SG St. John's
1979 2 34 Kim Goetz# United States F San Diego State
1980 1 12 Mike Woodson United States SG/SF Indiana
1980 2 36 DeWayne Scales United States PF LSU
1981 2 40 Greg Cook# United States F LSU
1982 1 6 Trent Tucker United States SG Minnesota
1982 2 29 Scott Hastings United States PF/C Arkansas
1982 2 34 Vince Taylor United States SF Duke
1983 1 12 Darrell Walker United States G Arkansas
1985 1 1 Patrick Ewing^ (33) United States C Georgetown
1985 2 47 Gerald Wilkins United States SG UT–Chattanooga
1986 1 5 Kenny Walker United States SF Kentucky
1986 2 47 Michael Jackson United States PG Georgetown
1987 1 18 Mark Jackson+ United States PG St. John's
1987 2 25 Ron Moore United States C West Virginia State
1988 1 19 Rod Stricklandx United States PG DePaul
1988 2 37 Greg Butler United States C Stanford
1989 2 50 Brian Quinnett United States PF Washington State
1990 1 17 Jerrod Mustaf United States PF/C Maryland
1991 1 12 Greg Anthony United States PG UNLV
1992 1 20 Hubert Davis United States SG North Carolina
1994 1 24 Monty Williams United States SF Notre Dame
1994 1 26 Charlie Ward United States PG Florida State
1996 1 18 John Wallace United States SF Syracuse
1996 1 19 Walter McCarty United States PF Kentucky
1996 1 21 Dontae' Jones United States PF Mississippi State
1997 1 25 John Thomas United States C Minnesota
1998 2 38 DeMarco Johnson United States PF UNC Charlotte
1998 2 44 Sean Marks New Zealand F/C California
1999 1 15 Frédéric Weis# France C CSP Limoges (France)
1999 2 46 J. R. Koch United States F Iowa
2000 1 22 Donnell Harvey United States SF Florida
2000 2 39 Lavor Postell United States SG St. John's
2001 2 38 Michael Wright United States PF Arizona
2001 2 42 Eric Chenowith United States C Kansas
2002 1 7 Nenê Brazil PF/C Vasco da Gama (Brazil)
2002 2 36 Miloš Vujanić Serbia and Montenegro PG KK Partizan (Serbia)
2003 1 9 Michael Sweetney United States PF Georgetown
2003 2 30 Maciej Lampe Poland F/C Real Madrid (Spain)
2003 2 39 Slavko Vraneš Serbia and Montenegro C Budućnost Podgorica (Montenegro)
2004 2 44 Trevor Ariza United States SF UCLA
2005 1 8 Channing Frye United States PF/C Arizona
2005 1 30 David Lee+ United States PF/C Florida
2005 2 54 Dijon Thompson United States SG/SF UCLA
2006 1 20 Renaldo Balkman United States SF/PF South Carolina
2006 1 29 Mardy Collins United States PG/SG Temple
2007 1 23 Wilson Chandler United States SF DePaul
2008 1 6 Danilo Gallinari Italy SF Olimpia Milano (Italy)
2009 1 8 Jordan Hill United States PF Arizona
2010 2 38 Andy Rautins Canada SG Syracuse
2010 2 39 Landry Fields United States SG Stanford
2011 1 17 Iman Shumpert United States SG/PG Georgia Tech
2012 2 48 Kostas Papanikolaou Greece PF Olympiacos (Greece)
2013 1 24 Tim Hardaway, Jr. United States G Michigan
2014 2 34 Cleanthony Early United States SF Wichita State
2014 2 51 Thanasis Antetokounmpo Greece SF Delaware 87ers (D-League)
2015 1 4 Kristaps Porziņģis Latvia C CB Sevilla (Spain)
2017 1 8 Frank Ntilikina France PG SIG Strasbourg (France)
2017 2 44 Damyean Dotson United States SG Houston
2017 2 58 Ognjen Jaramaz Serbia PG Mega Leks (Serbia)
2018 1 9 Kevin Knox United States SF Kentucky
2018 2 36 Mitchell Robinson United States C Chalmette HS (Chalmette, Louisiana)
References[edit]
New York Knickerbockers Draft Register from Basketball-Reference.com
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text:
Modal jazz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Modal jazz
Stylistic origins
Jazz
cool jazz[1]
Indian music
medieval music
Cultural origins
Late 1950s
Typical instruments
Piano
saxophone
trumpet
double bass
drums
Modal jazz is jazz that uses musical modes rather than chord progressions as a harmonic framework. Though earlier precedents exist, modal jazz was crystallized as a distinct theory by composer George Russell in his 1953 book Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization.
Particularly popular in the 1950s and 1960s, modal jazz is epitomized by Miles Davis's 1958 composition "Milestones", 1959 album Kind of Blue, and John Coltrane's classic quartet from 1960–64,[2] both of which were directly inspired by Russell.[3] Other important performers include Woody Shaw, Bill Evans, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, McCoy Tyner, Larry Young, Pharoah Sanders, Joe Henderson, Chick Corea and Bobby Hutcherson.[2] Though the term comes from the use of the pitches of particular modes (or scales) in the creation of solos, modal jazz compositions or accompaniments may only or additionally make use of the following techniques:[2][not in citation given]
slow-moving harmonic rhythm, where single chords may last four to sixteen or more measures
pedal points[4] and drones
absent or suppressed standard functional chord progressions
quartal harmonies or melodies
polytonality
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Theory
3 Compositions
4 Sources
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
An understanding of modal jazz requires knowledge of musical modes. In bebop as well as in hard bop, musicians use chords to provide the background for solos. A song starts out with a theme that introduces the chords for the solos. These chords repeat throughout the whole song, while the soloists play new, improvised themes over the repeated chord progression. By the 1950s, improvising over chords had become such a dominant part of jazz, that sidemen at recording dates were sometimes given nothing more than a list of chords to play from.
Mercer Ellington has stated that Juan Tizol conceived the melody to "Caravan" in 1936 as a result of his days studying music in Puerto Rico, where they couldn't afford much sheet music so the teacher would turn the music upside down after they had learned to play it right-side up.[5] This "inversion" technique led to a modal sound throughout Tizol's work.[5]
Saxophonist Wayne Shorter has noted that the 1953 song "Glass Enclosure" by pianist Bud Powell was one of the earliest jazz songs to make use of Lydian chords, based on the Lydian mode that was not widely used in jazz until about a decade later.[6]
Towards the end of the 1950s, spurred by the experiments of composer and bandleader George Russell, musicians began using a modal approach. They chose not to write their pieces using conventional chord changes, but instead using modal scales. Musicians employing this technique include Miles Davis, Freddie Hubbard, Bill Evans, Herbie Hancock, and Wayne Shorter.
Theory[edit]
Among the significant compositions of modal jazz were "So What" by Miles Davis and "Impressions" by John Coltrane.[4] "So What" and "Impressions" follow the same AABA song form and were in D Dorian for the A sections and modulated a half step up to E-flat Dorian for the B section. The Dorian mode is the natural minor scale with a raised sixth. Other compositions include Davis' "Flamenco Sketches", Bill Evans' "Peace Piece", and Shorter's "Footprints".[4]
Compositions[edit]
Miles Davis recorded one of the best selling jazz albums of all time in this modal framework. Kind of Blue is an exploration of the possibilities of modal jazz.[1][4] Included on these sessions was tenor saxophonist John Coltrane who, throughout the 1960s, would explore the possibilities of modal improvisation more deeply than any other jazz artist. The rest of the musicians on the album were alto saxophonist Cannonball Adderley, pianists Bill Evans and Wynton Kelly (though never on the same piece), bassist Paul Chambers, and drummer Jimmy Cobb. (Kelly, Chambers, and Cobb would eventually form the Wynton Kelly Trio.) This record is considered a kind of test album in many conservatories focusing on jazz improvisation[citation needed]. The compositions "So What" and "All Blues" from Kind of Blue are considered contemporary jazz standards. Davis has acknowledged the crucial role played by Bill Evans, a former member of George Russell's ensembles, in his transition from hard bop to modal playing.
While Davis' explorations of modal jazz were sporadic throughout the 1960s—he would include several of the tunes from Kind of Blue in the repertoire of his "Second Great Quintet"—Coltrane would take the lead in extensively exploring the limits of modal improvisation and composition with his own classic quartet, featuring Elvin Jones (drums), McCoy Tyner (piano), and Reggie Workman and Jimmy Garrison (bass). Several of Coltrane's albums from the period are recognized as seminal albums in jazz more broadly, but especially modal jazz: Giant Steps (1960),[4] Live! at the Village Vanguard (1961), Crescent (1964), A Love Supreme (1964),[4] and Meditations (1965). Coltrane's compositions from this period such as "India," "Chasin' the Trane," "Crescent," and "Impressions" have entered the jazz repertoire, along with his interpretations of standards like Richard Rodgers' "My Favorite Things", and the traditional "Greensleeves".
Coltrane's modal explorations gave rise to an entire generation of saxophonists (mostly playing tenor saxophone) that would then go on to further explore modal jazz (often in combination with jazz fusion), such as Michael Brecker, David Liebman, Steve Grossman, and Bob Berg.
Opening chord to "Maiden Voyage": minor eleventh chord (Am7/D).[7] Play (help·info) Using D Dorian.[8]
Another great innovator in the field of modal jazz is pianist Herbie Hancock. He is well known for working in Miles Davis's "Second Great Quintet", Herbie Hancock recorded a number of solo albums, the fifth of which was Maiden Voyage (1965),[1] two years after joining Miles' band. On the title song of this album Hancock uses solely suspended chords that are played throughout the entire piece and played with a very open sound due to Hancock's use of fourths in voicing the chords. The piece's haunting repeating vamps in the rhythm section and the searching feeling of the entire piece has made "Maiden Voyage" one of the most famous modal pieces.
A true precursor to modal jazz was found in the hands of virtuoso jazz pianist, composer and trio innovator Ahmad Jamal whose early use of extended vamps (freezing the advance of the song at some point for repetition or interjecting new song fragments) allowed him to solo for long periods infusing that section of the song with fresh ideas and percussive effects over a repetitive drum and bass figuration. Miles Davis was effusive in his praise for Jamal's influence on him, his playing, and his music: a perfect setup for the modal work that lay in Davis's future.
Sources[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Michael (2008). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music History,[page needed]. ISBN 978-1-59257-751-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Henry Martin, Keith Waters (2008). Essential Jazz: The First 100 Years, p.178-79. ISBN 978-0-495-50525-9.
Jump up ^ Berendt, Joachim (1976). The Jazz Book. Paladin. p. 357.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sutro, Dirk (2011). Jazz For Dummies,[page needed]. ISBN 978-1-118-06852-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Ellington, Mercer (24 April 2011) [1994]. "Mercer Ellington On Piano Jazz". Piano Jazz (Interview). Interview with Marian McPartland. 13:50. Retrieved 2013-12-03. Well Tizol did the melody, and he said that, you know, he used to hear those unusual melodies, because in Puerto Rico where he studied, they were very poor and they couldn't afford too much music. So in order to make them get more practice and get varied compositions, they'd turn the music upside down. And the result, you get that modal sound that comes from most of the things Tizol's involved in.
Jump up ^ Mercer, Michelle (2007) Footprints: The Life and Work of Wayne Shorter. Penguin.
Jump up ^ Kernfeld, Barry (1997). What to Listen for in Jazz, p.68. ISBN 978-0-300-07259-4.
Jump up ^ Herder, Ronald (1987). 1000 Keyboard Ideas, p.75. ISBN 978-0-943748-48-1.
Further reading[edit]
Jazz portal
Kernfeld, Barry. "Adderley, Coltrane, and Davis at the Twilight of Bebop: The Search for Melodic Coherence". Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1981.
External links[edit]
Modal jazz section at Discogs
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South African wine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Pinotage from the Stellenbosch wine region
South African wine has a history dating back to 1659 with Constantia, a vineyard near Cape Town. Access to international markets led to new investment in the South African wine market. Production is concentrated around Cape Town, with major vineyard and production centres at Paarl, Stellenbosch and Worcester. There are about 60 appellations within the Wine of Origin (WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must only contain grapes from the specific area of origin. "Single vineyard" wines must come from a defined area of less than 5 hectares. An "Estate Wine" can come from adjacent farms if they are farmed together and wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type or climate and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Climate and geography
3 Wine of Origin
4 Wine regions
4.1 Constantia
4.2 Stellenbosch
4.3 Paarl
4.3.1 Franschhoek Valley
4.4 Breede River Valley
4.5 Overberg
4.6 Other notable regions
4.7 Other notable wards
5 Viticulture
5.1 Vine Improvement Programme
6 Winemaking and wines
6.1 Cape port-style wine
6.2 Other fortified and dessert wines
6.3 Sparkling wines
6.4 Labeling laws
7 Grape varieties
7.1 Pinotage
8 Important organisations
9 South African wine competitions
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of South African wine
The Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape, by Charles Bell
The roots of the South African wine industry can be traced to the explorations of the Dutch East India Company, which established a supply station in what is now Cape Town. A Dutch surgeon, Jan van Riebeeck, was assigned the task of managing the station and planting vineyards to produce wines and grapes. This was intended to ward off scurvy amongst sailors during their voyages along the spice route to India and the East. The first harvest and crushing took place in 1659, seven years after the landing in 1652. The man succeeding Van Riebeeck as governor of the Cape of Good Hope, Simon van der Stel, sought to improve the quality of viticulture in the region. In 1685, he purchased a large 750 hectares (1,900 acres) estate just outside Cape Town, establishing the Constantia wine estate. After Van der Stel's death, the estate fell into disrepair, but was revived in 1778 when it was purchased by Hendrik Cloete.[2]
Many growers gave up on winemaking, and instead chose to plant orchards and alfalfa fields to feed the growing ostrich feather industry. The growers that did replant with grapevines chose high-yielding grape varieties such as Cinsaut. By the early 1900s, more than 80 million vines had been replanted, creating a wine lake. Some producers would pour unsaleable wine into local rivers and streams. The imbalance between supply and demand that caused depressed prices prompted the South African government to fund the formation of the Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) in 1918. Started as a co-operative, the KWV soon grew in power and prominence eventually setting policies and prices for the entire South African wine industry. To deal with the wine glut, the KWV restricted yields and set minimum prices that encouraged the production of brandy and fortified wines.[2]
For much of the 20th century, the South African wine industry received minimal international attention. Its isolation was exacerbated by the boycotts of South African products in protest against the country's system of Apartheid. It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s when Apartheid was ended, and the world's export market opened up, that South African wines began to experience a renaissance. Many producers in South Africa quickly adopted new viticultural and winemaking technologies. The presence of flying winemakers from abroad brought international influences and focus on well-known varieties such as Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. The reorganisation of the powerful KWV co-operative into a private business sparked further innovation and improvement in quality. Vineyard owners and wineries who had previously relied on the price-fixing structure that bought their excess grapes for distillation were forced to become more competitive by shifting their focus to the production of quality wine. In 1990, less than 30% of all the grapes harvested were used for wine production meant for the consumer market with the remaining 70% being discarded, distilled into brandy, or sold as table grapes and juice. By 2003, the numbers had been reversed with more than 70% of the grapes harvested that year reaching the consumer market as wine.[2]
Climate and geography[edit]
See also: Climate of South Africa and Geography of South Africa
Inland Mountain chains such as the Hottentots-Holland greatly influence the different macroclimates and terroir among South African wine regions.
South Africa is located at the tip of the African continent with most wine regions located near the coastal influences of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These regions have a mostly Mediterranean climate that is marked by intense sunlight and dry heat. Winters tend to be cold and wet with potential snowfall at higher elevations. The threat of springtime frost is rare with most wine regions seeing a warm growing season between November and April. The majority of annual precipitation occurs in the winter months and ranges from 250 millimetres (9.84 in) in the semi-desert-like region of Klein Karoo to 1,500 millimetres (59.06 in) near the Worcester Mountains.[2] Regions closer to the coast, or in the rain shadow of inland mountain chains like the Drakenstein, Hottentots Holland and Langeberg, will have more rain than areas further inland. In many South African wine regions irrigation is essential to viticulture. The Benguela current from Antarctica brings cool air off the south Atlantic coast that allows the mean temperatures of the area to be lower than regions of comparable latitude.[3] A strong wind current, known as the Cape Doctor, brings gale force winds to the wine regions in the Cape which have the positive benefit of limiting the risk of various mildew and fungal grape disease as well as tempering humidity, but can also damage grapevines that are not protected.[2]
During the harvest months of February and March, the average daily temperatures in many South African wine regions is 23 °C (73 °F) with spikes up to 40 °C (104 °F) not uncommon in the warm inland river valleys around the Breede, Olifants and Orange Rivers. On the Winkler scale, the majority of South African wine regions would be classified as Region III locations with heat summation and degree days similar to the California wine region of Oakville in Napa Valley. Warmer regions such as Klein Karoo and Douglas fall into Region IV (similar to Tuscany) and Region V (similar to Perth in Western Australia) respectively. New plantings are the focus in cooler climate sites in the Elgin and Walker Bay regions which are characterised as Region II with temperatures closer to the Burgundy and Piedmont.[2]
The wine regions of South Africa are spread out over the Western and Northern Cape regions, covering 500 kilometres (310 mi) west to east and 680 kilometres (420 mi) north-south. Within this wide expanse is a vast range of macroclimate and vineyard soil types influenced by the unique geography of the area which includes several inland mountain chains and valleys. Within the Stellenbosch region alone, there are more than 50 unique soil types. In general, the soils of South Africa tend to retain moisture and drain well, having a significant proportion of clay (often at least 25% of the composition) with low pH levels around 4. The pH levels of the soils are often adjusted with lime and calcium treatment. Other soil types found in South Africa include granite and sandstone in Constantia, shale in Elgin and arenaceous shale in Walker Bay.[2] Near the river valleys, the soils are particularly lime rich with a high proportion of sand and shale.[4]
Wine of Origin[edit]
Although the majority of South Africa's wine regions lie in the Western Cape, recent pioneering efforts have included the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal as wine regions.
Drafted in 1973, the "Wine of Origin" (WO) programme legislates how wine regions of South Africa are defined and can appear on wine labels. While some aspects of the WO are taken from the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system, the WO is concerned primarily with accuracy in labelling and does not place any additional regulations on wine regions such as permitted varieties, trellising methods, irrigation and crop yields. Wine regions under the WO system fall under one of four categories - the largest and most generic are geographical units (such as the Western Cape region) which include the smaller, but still largely defined regions (such as Overberg), followed by districts (like Walker Bay) and then finally wards (such as Elgin). The Eastern Cape province is South Africa's most recent wine region. While geographical units, regions and districts are largely defined by political boundaries - wards are the level of origin designation that is most defined by unique terroir characteristics.[2]
Wine regions[edit]
See also: Wine regions of South Africa
General location of some South African wine regions
As of 2003, South Africa was 17th in terms of area planted with vines, with the country owning 1.5% of the world's grape vineyards with 110,000 hectares (270,000 acres). Yearly production among South Africa's wine regions is usually around 10 million hL (264 million US gallons) which regularly puts the country among the top ten wine producing countries in the world. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the Cape, particularly the south-west corner near the coastal region. The historical heart of South African wine has been the area near the Cape Peninsula and modern-day Cape Town. This area is still of prominence in the industry being home to the major wine regions of Constantia, Stellenbosch and Paarl. Today, wine is grown throughout the Western Cape and in parts of the Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape regions. The river regions along the Breede Valley, Olifants and Orange Rivers are among the warmest areas and are often the location of bulk wine production and distillation. The cooler climate regions east of Cape Town along the Indian Ocean coast, such as Walker Bay and Elgin, have seen vast expansion and development in recent years as producers experiment with cool climate varietals and wine styles.[2]
Below are some notable Wine of Origins districts.[2]
Constantia[edit]
The Constantia Valley is located south of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Because of its location, the region receives oceanic influences on each side that create a cooling effect contributing to a long, slow ripening period in the summer where average daily temperatures fall between 18–19 °C (64–66 °F). Winters are often moderate and mild but wet with annual precipitation usually over 1,000 millimetres (39.37 in). The soil of the region is composed primarily of Table Mountain sandstone with high concentrations of loam and granite.[2] The area grows a wide range of grapes with Sauvignon blanc being particularly noted.[3] The area is now home to 11 wine farms (Andrews, 2017). It is the oldest wine-growing region in the country, with the farm Groot Constantia being the oldest wine estate.[5]:77
Stellenbosch[edit]
A vineyard in Stellenbosch
The Stellenbosch district is the second oldest wine region in South Africa, after Constantia, and is responsible for around 14% of the country's annual wine production. First planted in 1679, Stellenbosch is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Cape Town. The region is surrounded by the Helderberg, Simonsberg and Stellenbosch Mountains and receives some climatic influences from nearby False Bay. The bay tempers the climate and keeps average temperatures during the summer growing season to around 20 °C (68 °F), just slightly warmer than Bordeaux. Vineyard soil types range from decomposed granite on the hillside near the mountains to sandy, alluvial loam in the valleys near the rivers.[2]
The seven wards of Stellenbosch-Banghoek, Bottelary, Devon Valley, Jonkershoek Valley, Papegaaiberg, Polkadraai Hills and Simonsberg-Stellenbosch - are well known for their red wine production that demonstrate terroir distinction - particularly Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinotage and Shiraz.[2] Simonsberg was the first wine ward to gain individual distinction. White wine production centres on Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc which are often blended together. The western reaches of Stellenbosch, such as Bottelary and near Elsenburg also include a sizeable portion of Chenin blanc plantings in areas rich in light, sandy soils.[3]
Paarl[edit]
Vineyard in the Paarl ward of Franschhoek
For most of the 20th century, Paarl was for all practical purposes the heart of the South African wine industry. It was the home of the KWV as well as the annual Nederburg Wine Auction where the reputation of a vintage or an estate could be established. Gradually, the focus shifted southwards to Stellenbosch where Stellenbosch University gained a more prominent role in the South African wine industry with its viticulture and winemaking programmes. The transfer of power from the KWV to a private business further shifted the focus away from Paarl. However, the terroir driven wines of its wards, the Franschhoek Valley and Wellington, have revitalised interest in the area in recent years.[3]
The fortified wine produced in Paarl and nearby Tulbagh can be designated with the unique WO of Boberg relating to its proximity to the Berg River.[4]
Franschhoek Valley[edit]
The Franschhoek Valley was founded by Huguenot settlers who brought with them from their native France their traditions and winemaking expertise. The ward includes some higher elevation vineyard sites which can produce full flavoured white wines with noticeable acidity levels.[3]
Franschhoek will soon be South Africa's first wine region to form a classification system (Appellation Grand Prestige) for its wines, with Semillon, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon being identified as the area's most tried-and-trusted grapes over a number of decades.
Breede River Valley[edit]
The Breede River provides vital irrigation for the Worcester and Robertson wine regions.
The Breede River Valley, located east of the Drakenstein Mountains, is a warm climate region that can be very dry and arid in some places.[4] The river itself provides easy access to irrigation which makes bulk wine production of high yield varieties commonplace. The Robertson district is located closest to the river along alluvial soils and the occasional calcium-rich outcrop of land. The average annual precipitation is generally below 400 millimetres (15.75 in), making irrigation essential. Temperatures during the summer growing season are normally around 22 °C (72 °F). The Bonnievale ward is the most notable sub-region of Robertson, noted for its Chardonnay and Shiraz wines.[2]
The Worcester district is responsible for more wine than any other wine region in the country with one fifth to one quarter of the entire South African yearly wine production coming from this area.[3] Located just beyond Du Toit's Peak in the Breede River Valley, Worcester includes a broad fertile plain that relies on irrigation due to its dry, arid climate. The area's large and numerous co-operatives produce sizeable amounts of fortified wine as well as Muscadel and Hanepoot based dessert wines. In recent years, the Slanghoek ward and the Breedekloof district have been successful growing botrytised and dry Sauvignon blanc wines. The Worcester district is home to nearly half of all the Semillon, and a third of Ruby Cabernet, planted in South Africa with sizeable plantings of Colombard and Chenin blanc.[2]
Overberg[edit]
The cool climate Overberg region has been the site of the most recent interest and development in the South African wine industry, particularly with increased plantings of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. The entire area received very little attention until the late 20th century and was not even classified in 1973 within the original Wine of Origins programme.[3] The maritime climate of Walker Bay and the cool, higher elevation vineyards of Elgin located east of Cape Town, have had success producing these varietals as well as Sauvignon blanc.[2]
Other notable regions[edit]
Wine regions within the Orange river watershed include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa.
The Klein Karoo region (meaning Little Karoo) has a semi-desert climate and was known mostly for sheep and ostrich farming. The region stretches from Montagu in the west to the village of De Rust in the east. In Calitzdorp warm temperatures are moderated by sea breezes that start in the late afternoon, and cool night time temperatures.[4] Wine production in the area is largely centred on fortified "port-style" wine and Muscadels.[2]
The Atlantic influenced West Coast region includes the wine making areas of Durbanville, Olifants River, Piketberg and Swartland. While this region was known historically for its large, bulk wine production, in recent years, producers have focused on premium wine production such as plantings of Sauvignon blanc in the Groenekloof area near Darling and Pinotage in unirrigated farmland of the Swartland.[3] In the Olifants River region, Chenin blanc and Colombard are popular. The area is also home to South Africa's biggest single co-operative winery – the Vredendal Co-operative.[2]
The Northern Cape wine regions located along the Orange River include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa. Wine production here was slow to take root, delayed to the 1960s when better irrigation and temperature control fermentation technology became available. Today, the area is responsible for nearly 12% of all the wine produced in South Africa - mostly by large co-operatives for bulk wine production.[2] The Hartswater region, located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Kimberley, is South Africa's northernmost wine region.[4]
KwaZulu-Natal was designated as a Geographical Unit in 2005 and is one of South Africa's most recent wine regions. The first wine estate in this region was The Stables Wine Estate, and the region's first Wine of Origin wine was released by Tiny and Judy van Niekerk in July 2006. The Stables Wine Estate went bankrupt in 2012.[6] Current cultivars doing well in the growing wine region of KwaZulu-Natal are: Sauvignon Blanc, Pinotage, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. With mild summer temperatures, the region boasts South Africa's coolest vineyards.
The Eastern Cape followed soon after through the pioneering efforts of Ronnie and Janet Vehorn. In 2009, Harrison Hope Wine Estate was registered as the first wine estate in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The estate made history again with its 2009 Merlot becoming the first certified estate wine ever produced in the Eastern Cape region. Situated in the Amatola Mountains, this area enjoys high temperatures in summer with little to no humidity. Unfortunately, late frost, hail, summer rainfall, and duiker make for some of the harshest conditions for wine grapes. Grapes grown in this region include: Chardonnay, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinotage, Sauvingnon Blanc and Shiraz.
Other notable wards[edit]
The Ruiterbosch ward, located southwest of the Klein Karoo around Mossel Bay, has a generally cool climate influenced primarily by the Indian Ocean. The area is planted largely with Riesling, Sauvignon blanc and Pinot noir.[2] The Cederberg located east of the southern reaches of the Olifants rivers includes some of the highest elevated vineyards in South Africa, planted at altitudes more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).[4]
Viticulture[edit]
Historically vineyards in South Africa were planted with untrellised bush vines planted 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) apart at a density of 7,000 vines per hectare (2,800 vines per acre). Following the phylloxera devastation, the focus of viticulture in South Africa was more on quantity rather than quality. Vineyards were planted with high yield varieties, widely spaced to facilitate the use of mechanical harvesting. In the late 20th century, more producers began to focus on quality wine production and adopted modern viticultural practices. Vines were planted to an average density of 3,300 per hectare (1,300 per acre) and pruned to keep yields down to 49–56 hl/ha (2.8–3.2 tons/acre). The most common form of trellising found in South Africa is the vertical hedge row system that uses a split cordon supported on a wire kept around 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) off the ground. The grapevine leaves are trained upright on separate wires that allow plenty of sunshine to reach the grapes, but provide enough coverage to keep them from being sunburned. The vines are usually pruned to allow four to five spurs each with two to three buds (potential grape clusters) per cordon.[2] Heat is also a concern come harvest time with some wineries harvesting only at night in the cooler temperatures under floodlights.[4]
Both downy and powdery mildew can present an occasional viticultural threat to South African vineyards.
The lack of precipitation in many wine regions make irrigation a necessity. Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems are used to provide anywhere from 200–700 millimetres (7.9–27.6 in) of extra water a year. Modern winemakers are developing new techniques and an understanding of the role that water stress plays in the development of quality wine grape production. Producers who do not irrigate will sometimes use the phrase "dryland" or "dry farmed" on their wine labels as a marketing angle. Besides irrigation, an important concern for vineyard owners is the threat of vineyard pests such as mealy bugs[2] and baboons.[7] To combat these hazards, some vineyard owners will utilise Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes such as the importation of ladybugs, a natural predator of mealy bugs.[2]
While ocean winds keep some fungus and mildew threats at bay, downy mildew and powdery mildew (known regionally as "white rust") can pose an occasional threat during the wet winter season. Near harvest time, botrytis can also appear, being a hazard or a welcome visitor depending on whether or not botrytised wine production is the goal. Another threat is diseased and virus-infected rootstock.[3] After the phylloxera devastation, vineyards in South Africa were replanted with American rootstock (nowadays most commonly 99 Richter, 110 Richter and 101-14 Mgt). Some of these imported rootstocks were infected with various virus such as corky bark, fanleaf and leafroll, which soon spread to other vineyards. These virus-infected vines have a shortened lifespan and difficulties with photosynthesis, which can lead to poor ripening of phenolic compounds in the grape and low quality wine. Since the 1980s, efforts have been undertaken by the South African wine industry to quarantine and promote healthy virus-free vineyards. Additionally, work has been undertaken in clonal research to identify which grape varieties grow best in which climate and wine region.[2]
Vine Improvement Programme[edit]
Following the end of Apartheid and the opening of export markets, the South African wine industry had a substantial learning curve to overcome in order to be competitive on the world's wine market. The Vine Improvement Programme (VIP) was established to bring modern viticultural understanding to the industry. The first phase launched in the late 20th century focused on virus-free and yield controlling rootstock as well as clonal research. The second phase, which is ongoing, focuses on matching up various combinations of grape varieties, clones and rootstock to specific terroir that can produce quality wine. Over the last 20+ years, the work of the VIP has brought the South African wine industry to the forefront of viticultural advances.[4]
Winemaking and wines[edit]
An oaked white wine from Stellenbosch produced from Chenin Blanc.
Since the end of the 20th century, more South African winemakers have been focused on improving the quality of red wines.
The winemaking traditions of South Africa often represent a hybridisation of Old World wine making and the new. Since the end of Apartheid, many producers have been working on producing more "international" styles of wine that can succeed on the world market. Flying winemakers from France, Spain and California have brought new techniques and styles to South Africa. In the 1980s, the use of oak barrels for fermentation and ageing became popular. The use of chaptalisation is illegal in South Africa as the country's warm climate makes attaining sufficient sugar and alcohol levels for wine production non-problematic. Winemakers more often have problems with low acidity levels which require supplementation with additional acids like tartaric acid.[2]
Today the focus of the South African wine industry is on increasing the quality of wine production - particularly with the more exportable and fashionable red grape varieties. Traditionally, South African red wines had a reputation for being coarse in texture with rustic flavours. The Afrikaans word dikvoet used to describe these wines meant literally "thick foot". In the vineyards, growers focused on yield control for better ripeness, while winemakers used modern techniques to create softer, fleshier wines.[3] Temperature control fermentation as well as controlled malolactic fermentation were more widely used as well as less dependency on filtration as a means of stabilisation.[2]
Cape port-style wine[edit]
The South African wine industry has a long history of fortified wine production producing wines known colloquially as "Cape port" (though the term "Port" is protected by the European Union and refers only to the wines from the Douro region of Portugal). These wines are made from a variety of grapes, such as Shiraz and Pinotage, as well as Portuguese varieties like Tinta Barroca, Touriga Nacional, Souzão and Fernão Pires. The minimum alcohol level for these wines must be 16.5–22%. The many styles of "Cape port" closely parallel their Portuguese counterparts and include:[4]
Cape White port - Can be made from any white grape varieties (such as Chenin blanc, Colombard or Fernão Pires) except for Muscats. Required to be aged in wood barrels for at least six months.
Cape Ruby port - Usually a blend of several fruity, full bodied wines that have been aged for at least six months in wood for each wine and at least a year total for the entire blend.
Cape Tawny port - A blend that has been aged in wood long enough to acquire a tawny colour with a smooth, slightly nutty flavour. Blending Ruby and White ports to create Tawny port is prohibited.
Cape Late Bottled Vintage (LBV) port - A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage that is aged at least two years in oak and three to six years total before being bottled. South Africa wine laws require that the term "Late Bottled Vintage" or "LBV" appear on the wine label along with the vintage and bottling year.
Cape Vintage port - A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage, aged in wood and released with the words "Vintage Port" and the vintage year on the label.
Cape Vintage Reserve port - A wine produced in a vintage year recognised by the South African wine industry or trade publications as being of exceptional quality. The wine must be aged for at least one year in oak and sold exclusively in glass wine bottles. The words "Vintage Reserve Port" and vintage date must appear on the wine label.
Other fortified and dessert wines[edit]
In addition to port-style wine, South African wine makers also produce "sherry-style" wines produced in a solera system and a unique vin de liqueur made from Muscat known as Jerepigo (or Jerepiko). With Jerepigo, the brandy is added to the must prior to fermentation, which leaves the wine with a residual sugar (RS) level of at least 160 grams per litre. South Africa's long history of late harvest dessert wines include the modern-day Edel Laat-oes wines infected with noble rot (known locally as Edelkeur) and containing at least 50 grams of residual sugar per litre. Wine labelled simply as Laat-oes is from grapes harvested late, but not infected with botrytis. These wines must have an alcohol content of at least 10% and residual sugar levels between 10–30 grams per litre. Wines above 30 grams RS may be called Spesiale Laat-oes or "special late harvest" which may imply that some grapes infected with botrytis were used.[4]
Sparkling wines[edit]
Though more producers are turning to Chardonnay and Pinot noir, Chenin blanc (or Steen as it is also known) is still frequently found in South African sparkling wines.
Sparkling wines in South Africa are produced with both the Charmat and the traditional "Champagne Method". The first champagne method wines produced in South Africa came from the Simonsig estate (in Stellenbosch) in 1971. To distinguish South African sparkling wines (and to comply with European Union regulations protecting the term "Champagne" and champenois), wines made in this traditional bottled fermented method are labelled as Methode Cap Classique (or MCC). These wines have been traditionally made using Sauvignon blanc and Chenin blanc, but in recent years have seen more of the traditional "Champagne grapes" of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier being used. Red sparkling wine made from Pinotage can also be found.[4]
Labeling laws[edit]
South African labelling law focuses largely on geographical origins, falling under the purview of the Wine of Origin legislation. Single vineyard designated wine can be produced, provided the vineyard is registered with the government and all grapes used in the production of the wine were grown in that vineyard. While the term "estate" no longer qualifies as a designation of geographic origins, wineries can still label "estate wines" provided all the grapes were grown, and the wine was vinified and bottled on the same property. The South African Wine & Spirit Board operates a voluntary programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. Under this certification process, vintage dated wine must be composed of at least 85% grapes that were harvested that vintage year. Varietal wines must also be composed of at least 85% of the listed varietal. Blends, such as a Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinotage blend, can have both varietals listed on the label provided the two wines were vinified separately. A wine that has been "co-fermented", with both grapes crushed and vinified together such as a Shiraz-Viognier, cannot list both varietals. As of 2006, about 35% of Cape wineries participated in this voluntary programme.[2]
Grape varieties[edit]
Grape
Vineyards[8]
Chenin Blanc
18.2%
Cabernet Sauvignon
11.3%
Colombard
12.0%
Shiraz
10.5%
Sauvignon Blanc
9.4%
Chardonnay
8.0%
Pinotage
7.5%
Merlot
6.0%
Grape varieties in South Africa are known as cultivar, with many common international varieties developing local synonyms that still have a strong tradition of use.[2] These include: Chenin blanc (Steen), Riesling (until recently known locally as Weisser Riesling),[9] Crouchen (known as Cape Riesling), Palomino (the grape of the Spanish wine Sherry known locally as "White French"), Trebbiano (Ugni Blanc), Sémillon (Groendruif) and Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot).[10] However, wines that are often exported overseas will usually have the more internationally recognised name appear on the wine label. In 2015, SAWIS (South African Wine Information and Systems) reported that the country had 100,146 hectares of vineyards, with about 55% planted with white varieties.[8] Chenin blanc has long been the most widely planted variety, still accounting for over 18% of all grape area planted in South Africa as of 2015, though it is slowly decreasing in overall share of vineyard area. In the 1980s and 1990s, interest in international varieties saw increase in plantings of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Other white grape varieties with significant plantings include Colombard (also spelled locally as Colombar), Cape Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Hanepoot, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains, Riesling and Sémillon. Both red and white mutants of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains as well as Chenel and Weldra, two Chenin blanc-Ugni blanc crossings, are used for brandy distillation and fortified wine production.[2]
From the 1990s, plantings of red grape varieties rose steadily. In the late 1990s, less than 18% of all the grapes grown in South Africa were red. By 2009 that number had risen to 44%. For most of the 20th century, the high yielding Cinsaut was the most widely planted red grape variety, but the shift in focus to quality wine production has seen plantings of the grape steadily decline to where it represented just 2% of all South Africa vineyards in 2009.[9] In its place, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Pinotage have risen to prominence with Cabernet Sauvignon being the most widely grown red grape variety covering 12% of all plantings in 2009. Other red grape varieties found in South Africa include: Carignan, Gamay (often made in the style of Beaujolais wine with carbonic maceration), Grenache, Petit Verdot, Cabernet Franc, Pontac, Ruby Cabernet, Tinta Barroca and Zinfandel.[2]
There is a wide range of lesser known groups that are used to feed the country's still robust distilled spirits and fortified wine industry. These grapes usually produce bland, neutral wine that lends itself well to blending and distillation but is rarely seen as varietal bottlings. These include: Belies, False Pedro, Kanaän, Raisin blanc, Sultana and Servan.[2]
Pinotage[edit]
Main article: Pinotage
Pinotage, a crossing of Pinot noir and Cinsaut, has seen its plantings rise and fall due to the current fashion of the South African wine industry. Today, it is the second most widely planted red grape variety in South Africa.[3] While there are supporters who want to make the grape South Africa's signature variety, critics of the grape note that hardly any other wine region in the world has planted this variety due to its flaws.[4] In the early 1990s, as Apartheid ended and the world's wine market was opening up, winemakers in South Africa ignored Pinotage in favour of more internationally recognised varieties like Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Towards the end of the 20th century, the grape's fortunes began to turn, and by 1997 it commanded higher prices than any other South African grape. It is a required component (30–70%) in "Cape blends". Here it is made into the full range of styles, from easy-drinking quaffing wine and rosé to barrel-aged wine intended for cellaring. It is also made into a fortified "port-style", and even a red sparkling wine. The grape can be very dependent on the style of winemaking, with well made examples having the potential to produce deep coloured, fruity wines that can be accessible early as well as age.[11] However, critics of the variety believe that the variety's flaws - green vegetal flavours and tannins, and susceptibility to developing banana and nail polish acetate aromas - are present in far more examples of Pinotage that reach the consumer market.[4] Pinotage reached its zenith in 2001, covering 7.3% of the total vineyard area,[12] but this has since decreased to 6%.[9]
Important organisations[edit]
The South African wine industry has been led by many powerful organisations in both the private sector and through governmental agencies. Unlike other New World wine regions, the South African wine industry is largely influenced by several large co-operatives.[3] The Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) was a co-operative first created through the funding and encouragement of the South African government as a force to stabilise and grow the South African wine industry. As the KWV is now a privately owned winemaking co-operative, some of its regulatory responsibilities have fallen to other organisations such as the South African Wine & Spirit Board. The Wine & Spirit Board runs the voluntary certification programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. In addition to being subject to various labelling guidelines, wines are blind tasted by a panel of experts for quality, and are put through an analytic test for faults. Like the vintage and varietal labelling guidelines, these tests are voluntary, but wines that are not submitted for testing are liable for random testing for health requirements.[2]
The Wine & Spirits board also operates the South African Wine Industry Trust (SAWIT) and provides funding for the marketing and development of SAWIT. Established in 1999 by a joint agreement between the South African government and the KWV, which put forth 369 million rand ($46 million US$), SAWIS works to promote the export market for South African wines abroad, and the development of new technologies and education. Additionally, SAWIS works with the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) programme to promote the black community's involvement in the South African wine industry - including ownership opportunities for vineyards and wineries.[2]
South African wine competitions[edit]
Wine competitions are held to assess whether a wine is of good quality and whether it is true to its character. In 2014, more than 20 wine competitions were held in South Africa, many of them concentrating on specific styles or varietals. The only South African wine competition acknowledged as a truly international wine concours is the annual Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards, founded in 1997. The first Michelangelo Liqueur Awards were held in 2014 as part of the wine awards. Only accredited wine judges, wine makers and sommeliers from Europe, USA, Australia and Asia are invited to judge the approximately 1700 South African wines and spirits entered by producers in the Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards (www.michelangeloawards.com). Another South African wine competition, the national Veritas award, was started in 1990. The Top 100 South African Wine Competition is a newer example of a local wine competition.[13]
See also[edit]
Wine portal
Boschendal
Cape Wine Master
Economy of the Western Cape
KwaZulu-Natal wine
List of wineries in South Africa
The South African Wine Initiative
Tot System
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wine of Origin booklet" (PDF). SAWIS. 13 August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 162–163 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 320–322 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1-84000-332-4
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" pg 442–448 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8
Jump up ^ Fairbridge, Dorothea (1922). Historic houses of South Africa. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-285246162.html
Jump up ^ M. Mazur "THE CAPE CRUSADERS" Wine Enthusiast Magazine, 1 October 2002
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics of Wine-Grape Vines". sawis.co.za. SAWIS. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Platter's South African Wines 2011 Andrew McDowall 2010, pg. 47–48
Jump up ^ Stuart Walton, Understanding, Choosing and Enjoying Wine Hermes House 2006, pg. 226
Jump up ^ J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 528 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
Jump up ^ John Platter South African Wines 2007 Andrew McDowall 2010, pg. 59
Jump up ^ "South African Wine Competitions | Wine South Africa | South African Wine information". Wine-sa.com. 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wine in South Africa.
WO booklet from SAWIS, gives history and has maps of the appellations
Wines of South Africa (WOSA) Industry body
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Jessica Day (New Girl)
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Jessica Day
New Girl character
Zooey Deschanel at PaleyFest's New Girl panel in 2014
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Engram Pattersky"
Portrayed by
Zooey Deschanel
Information
Full name
Jessica Christopher Day
Nickname(s)
Jess
Gender
Female
Occupation
School teacher
Vice-principal
Principal
Family
Joan Day (mother)
Bob Day (father)
Abby Day (sister)
Spouse(s)
Nick Miller
Jessica Christopher "Jess" Day is a fictional title character in the FOX sitcom New Girl, where she becomes the sole female roommate in an apartment loft in Los Angeles. She is portrayed by Zooey Deschanel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception and development
2 Character storyline
3 Reception
4 References
Conception and development[edit]
Movie actress and singer-songwriter Zooey Deschanel was in the process of developing an HBO show when she read the New Girl pilot script and responded to the material.[1][2] The character of Jess was not specifically written for Deschanel, but the producers found it a great match and did not need a lot of fine-tuning.[3] With the support from Fox, Meriwether wanted to make Jess a unique, interesting and funny female character[3][4] that would have been the side character on other shows.[5] Deschanel became a producer on the show and helped build the character,[6] requesting to not play the classic wife character who would be ignored by the guys she tries to keep out of trouble.[7] Meriwether's goal was to write about herself from an honest perspective,[4] with Jess mirroring her at the start and later Deschanel until Jess turned into a "hybrid of me and Zooey, the writers, and the editor".[8] Deschanel described Jess as a part of her, especially in regards to "the sort of enthusiasm and optimism" of her youth. She does not shy away from playing embarrassing scenes or being unattractive,[2] and Kasdan said that "This show advocates for the attractive dork."[3] Although Meriwether had always imagined the show as an ensemble show, Fox would later focus its first marketing push on Zooey Deschanel[9] and gave the show the promotional tagline "Simply Adorkable."[6]
Speaking of the show Zooey Deschanel claimed that her character in New Girl resembles a younger version of herself. She said "I think Jess as a person, and the way that her personality is, has some of myself and especially some of my younger self," she suggested. "[She resembles] my 13-year-old self." Deschanel added that Jess will explore her lost youth after she is dumped by her long-term boyfriend. "I have to find a new support system, so I'm basically living my 20s as I approach my 30s," she explained.[10]
Character storyline[edit]
Jess grew up in Portland, Oregon with her best friend Cece. In her mid twenties, when Cece moved to Los Angeles, Jess followed her, and got a job as a school teacher. She dated a guy named Spencer, but after six years, she discovered he had been cheating on her. She answers an ad on Craigslist and applies to be a roommate with a loft of guys. She mentions that since the breakup she would be watching Dirty Dancing on video repeatedly. She exhibits several quirks such as breaking into song or doing random impressions of television characters.[11][12] She works as a sixth grade middle school teacher where she has covered multiple subjects from science and art to sex education.[13] She also plays guitar and makes up songs as shown in the episode "Bully".[14] During season 1, she dates several different guys including: music teacher co-worker Paul Genzlinger, whom her roommates think is a male version of Jess; and Russell Schiller, a divorced father of one of her students.
At the start of season 2, she is laid off from her school job.[15] She hooks up with a guy named Sam Sweeney who prefers an open relationship and is later revealed to be a pediatrician. After trying some random part-time jobs such as a food server for a casserole shop, she gets a job in adult education where she teaches creative writing. Midway through the season, she and Nick are getting along when they spontaneously kiss in the episode "Cooler". Towards the end of season 2 she lands a job as a substitute teacher at Coolidge Middle School.[16] She and Nick eventually have sex in "Virgins". After several episodes where they try to figure out what their relationship is, they agree to become a couple in the season 2 finale.
In season 3, Jess continues her relationship with Nick, but after her sister visits, she and Nick realize their life goals diverge too much and they have spent more time arguing, and break up in the season 3 episode "Mars Landing". She also struggles to fit in with the cool teachers at the school, but eventually befriends them,[16] later becoming a vice-principal. In season 4, she gets in a relationship with Ryan Geauxinue, a science teacher from England, but struggles with the school law that forbids administrator-teacher relationships. They break up after attempting a long-distance relationship.[17]
In season 5, Jess gets sequestered for jury duty, and is absent for several episodes in which Deschanel went on maternity leave. After returning, Jess starts dating Sam again. She becomes a vice-principal at another school. Towards the end of the season, Sam realizes he is in love with former schoolmate Diane, and breaks up with Jess, noting that Jess still harbors feelings for Nick.
In season 6, Jess is part of a singles group, and develops a relationship with Robby, whom the rest of her roommates and friends support. In the episode "The Hike", when she and Robby learn that they share relatives in Connecticut, they realize they are third cousins, and thus end their relationship. She also becomes principal of the private school she was at. At the end of season 6, after Nick has broken up with Reagan, she and Nick reunite as a couple.
Three years later, in the season 7 premiere, Jess and Nick return to the loft after Nick's European book tour, where she sported a nose ring. They are still not engaged or married. Jess takes a job with Russell's company, and in the episode "Lillypads", it is revealed her circumstances from leaving the private school were complicated. On the night of a home visit to adopt a dog they were waiting two years for, Nick proposes to her, and she accepts. The night before the wedding, she and Nick sleep together but it leads to a series of unlucky circumstances and they marry in a hospital hall while Aly is having Winston's child. One month later, as she and Nick move to a smaller apartment, she has the entire gang bid their farewells to the loft.
Reception[edit]
Deschanel has received one Emmy and three Golden Globe nominations for her role on the show.[18][19] She has also been nominated multiple times for Favorite Comedic TV Actress at the People's Choice Awards.[20][21][22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (January 15, 2012). "Zooey Deschanel and Liz Meriwether NEW GIRL Interview". collider.com. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why New Girl Brought Zooey Deschanel to TV". IGN. September 7, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New Girl: Zooey Deschanel's Adorableness Re- Confirmed". IGN. August 5, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Stein, Rachel (November 15, 2011). "New Girl Creator Liz Meriwether Talks Zooey Deschanel, Thanksgiving and Fighting for Kazoos". televisionwithoutpity.com. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Girl". The Writers' Room. Season 1. Episode 4. August 19, 2013. Sundance Channel.
^ Jump up to: a b Maerz, Melissa (March 23, 2012). "New Girl Gets A New Attitude". Entertainment Weekly (1199). pp. 43–46. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik (May 13, 2013). "The New Girl showrunners on building the second season toward its 'big kiss'—and the aftermath". avclub.com. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lacob, Jace (May 8, 2012). "'New Girl' Creator Liz Meriwether on Jess, Sexuality, Schmidt & More". thedailybeast.com. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (May 8, 2012). "Interview: 'New Girl' creator Liz Meriwether post-mortems season 1". hitfix.com. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Zooey Deschanel: 'New Girl role is my 13-year-old self' - New Girl News - US TV". Digital Spy. September 6, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Recap: The One Where Nick Thinks He Has Cancer". vulture.com. March 7, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': Nick's moving day". cnn.com. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bully". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 14. February 21, 2012. Event occurs at 6m20s: "I know 12-year-olds are vicious, vengeful creatures. Middle-school girls literally scalp each other.", 15m30s: banner showing W.R. Hearst Middle School, Science Fair, 6th grade. Fox.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Review: "Bully" (Episode 1.14)". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Creator Liz Meriwether: Jess Goes "Off the Grid" in Season 2". TV Guide. September 24, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Girl Exclusive: Angela Kinsey and Eva Amurri to Mess with Jess and Schmidt". tvguide.com. August 10, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik. "New Girl: "Oregon"". avclub.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "64th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners". Emmys.com. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Zooey Deschanel 3 Nominations". Golden Globes ® Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Here's The Full List Of 2015 People's Choice Awards Winners". mtv.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2016: Full List Of Winners". peopleschoice.com. January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2017: Full List Of Winners". peopleschoice.com. January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
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New Girl
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Jessica Day
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