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Andes
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This article is about the mountain range in South America. For other uses, see Andes (disambiguation).
Andes Mountain Range
Picture of the Andes in 2015
Panorama of the andes showcasing the different climates present
Highest point
Peak
Aconcagua (Las Heras Department, Mendoza, Argentina)
Elevation
6,961 m (22,838 ft)
Coordinates
32°39′10″S 70°0′40″W / 32.65278°S 70.01111°W / -32.65278; -70.01111Coordinates: 32°39′10″S 70°0′40″W / 32.65278°S 70.01111°W / -32.65278; -70.01111
Dimensions
Length
7,000 km (4,300 mi)
Width
500 km (310 mi)
Naming
Native name
Quechua: Anti(s/kuna)
Geography
Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part (roughly parallel to the Pacific coast) of the continent
Countries
List[show]
Argentina
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Venezuela
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Spanish: Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. This range is about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, about 200 to 700 km (120 to 430 mi) wide (widest between 18° south and 20° south latitude), and of an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, which are separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus – some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogotá, Arequipa, Medellín, Sucre, Mérida and La Paz. The Altiplano plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes.
The Andes are the world's highest mountain range outside Asia. The highest mountain outside Asia, Mount Aconcagua, in Argentina, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft).
The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central America, South America and Antarctica.
"Cono de Arita" in the Puna de Atacama, Salta (Argentina)
Aerial view of Aconcagua
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 Geology
3.1 Orogeny
3.2 Volcanism
3.3 Ore deposits and evaporates
4 Climate and hydrology
5 Flora
6 Fauna
7 Human activity
7.1 Cities
7.2 Transportation
7.3 Agriculture
7.4 Irrigation
7.5 Mining
8 Peaks
8.1 Argentina
8.2 Border between Argentina and Chile
8.3 Bolivia
8.4 Border between Bolivia and Chile
8.5 Chile
8.6 Colombia
8.7 Ecuador
8.8 Peru
8.9 Venezuela
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Etymology[edit]
The etymology of the word Andes has been debated. The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti, which means "east"[1] as in Antisuyu (Quechua for "east region"),[1] one of the four regions of the Inca Empire.
Geography[edit]
Aerial view of Valle Carbajal in the Fuegian Andes
The Andes can be divided into three sections:
The Southern Andes (south of Llullaillaco) in Argentina and Chile;
The Central Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
The Northern Andes (north of the Nudo de Pasto) in Venezuela and Colombia, which consist of three parallel ranges, the western, central, and eastern (the cordillera occidental, central, and oriental).
In the northern part of the Andes, the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is often considered to be part of the Andes. The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word "cordel",[2] meaning "rope". The Andes range is about 200 km (124 mi) wide throughout its length, except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres (398 mi) wide. The Leeward Antilles islands Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, were thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range, but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates.[3]
Geology[edit]
Geology of the Andes
Orogenies
Pampean orogeny
Famatinian orogeny
Gondwanide orogeny
Andean orogeny
Fold-thrust belts
Central Andean | Patagonian
Batholiths
Peruvian Coastal | North Patagonian | South Patagonian
Subducted structures
Antarctic Plate | Carnegie Ridge | Chile Rise | Farallon Plate (formerly) | Juan Fernández Ridge | Nazca Plate | Nazca Ridge
Faults
Gastre | Liquiñe-Ofqui | Magallanes-Fagnano
Andean Volcanic Belt
Northern Zone| Peruvian flat-slab | Central Zone | Pampean flat-slab | Southern Zone | Patagonian Gap | Austral Zone
Paleogeographic terminology
Arequipa-Antofalla | Chilenia | Chiloé Block | Cuyania | Iapetus Ocean | Madre de Dios Terrane | Mejillonia | Pampia
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The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate. To the east, the Andes range is bounded by several sedimentary basins, such as Orinoco, Amazon Basin, Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco, that separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America. In the south, the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane. To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean, although the Peru-Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range.
The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines. The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S.[4][5] At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina.[5] The Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively.[5][6] The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau and according to Isacks (1988) the orocline is related to crustal shortening.[4] The specific point at 18° S where the coastline bends is known as the "Arica Elbow".[7] Further south lies the Maipo Orocline or Maipo Transition Zone located between 30° S and 38°S with a break in trend at 33° S.[clarification needed][8] Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian orocline.[9]
Orogeny[edit]
Main article: Andean orogeny
The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic, when several terranes and microcontinents collided and amalgamated with the ancient cratons of eastern South America, by then the South American part of Gondwana.
The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began to break up that resulted in developing several rifts. The development continued through the Jurassic Period. It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant, where different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and erosion.
Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day. In the extreme south a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate. Across the 1,000 km (620 mi) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.[citation needed]
The regions immediately east of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny. Parts of the Sunsás Orogen in Amazonian craton disappeared from the surface of earth being overridden by the Andes.[10] The Sierras de Córdoba, where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed, owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary.[11] Further south in southern Patagonia the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the Magallanes Basin to evolve from being an extensional back-arc basin in the Mesozoic to being a compressional foreland basin in the Cenozoic.[12]
Volcanism[edit]
Main article: Andean Volcanic Belt
Rift valley near Quilotoa, Ecuador
Aerial photograph showing the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground, with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert
The Andes range has many active volcanoes, which are distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano-tectonic settings, such as rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations.
Ore deposits and evaporates[edit]
The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons. In the forelands of the Atacama desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world. Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids (mostly water) during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems. The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water. The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates. Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyuni, the first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world's largest reserve of the element. Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous, now depleted, deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí.
Climate and hydrology[edit]
See also: Tropical Andes, Dry Andes, and Wet Andes
Central Andes
Bolivian Andes
The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. Temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations. The southern section is rainy and cool, the central section is dry. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm, with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) in Colombia. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances. Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow-covered peak Cotopaxi. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,800 and 15,700 ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800–5,200 m (15,700–17,100 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then descending to 4,500 m (14,760 ft) on Aconcagua at 32°S, 2,000 m (6,600 ft) at 40°S, 500 m (1,640 ft) at 50°S, and only 300 m (980 ft) in Tierra del Fuego at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.[13]
The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones: the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River, precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations. The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time, leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area.
In the high Andes of central Chile and Mendoza Province, rock glaciers are larger and more common than glaciers; this is due to the high exposure to solar radiation.[14]
Though precipitation increases with the height, there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7000 m towering highest mountains of the Andes. This dry steppe climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32–34° S. The valley bottoms have no woods, just dwarf scrub. The largest glaciers, as e.g. the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers do not even reach 10 km in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness. At glacial times, however, c. 20 000 years ago, the glaciers were over ten times longer. On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes they flowed down to 2060 m and on the west side to c. 1220 m asl.[15][16] The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua (6,961 m), Cerro Tupungato (6,550 m) and Nevado Juncal (6,110 m) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network. The Andes' dendritic glacier arms, i.e. components of valley glaciers, were up to 112.5 km long, over 1020, i.e. 1250 m thick and overspanned a vertical distance of 5150 altitude metres. The climatic glacier snowline (ELA) was lowered from currently 4600 m to 3200 m at glacial times.[15][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
Flora[edit]
Laguna de Sonso tropical dry forest in Northern Andes
The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold, windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Rainforests and tropical dry forests[25] used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished, especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. As a direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. Along with several Interandean Valles, they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert.
About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes, with roughly half being endemic to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot.[26] The small tree Cinchona pubescens, a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria, is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes. The high-altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. These trees, by locals referred to as Queñua, Yagual and other names, can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level. It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period. Regardless, in modern times the clearance has accelerated, and the trees are now considered to be highly endangered, with some believing that as little as 10% of the original woodland remains.[27]
Fauna[edit]
A male Andean cock-of-the-rock, a species found in humid Andean forests and the national bird of Peru
Herds of alpacas near Ausangate mountain
Main article: Fauna of the Andes
The Andes are rich in fauna: With almost 3,500 species, of which roughly 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians.[26] The diversity of animals in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (about 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptile (about 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (about 1/3 endemic).[26]
The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk) chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions.[28][29] The Andean condor, the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities.[30] Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul, cougar, foxes in the genus Pseudalopex,[28][29] and, for birds, certain species of tinamous (notably members of the genus Nothoprocta), Andean goose, giant coot, flamingos (mainly associated with hypersaline lakes), lesser rhea, Andean flicker, diademed sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches.[30]
Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe[30] and Titicaca water frog.[31] A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("cloud forests") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina.[30] These forest-types, which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir, spectacled bear and yellow-tailed woolly monkey.[28]
Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain-toucans, quetzals and the Andean cock-of-the-rock, while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen – in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens, tapaculos and antpittas.[30]
A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white-browed tit-spinetail are associated with Polylepis, and consequently also threatened.[30]
Human activity[edit]
See also: Cultural periods of Peru, Inca Empire, Viceroyalty of Peru, and Andean states
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The Andes Mountains form a north-south axis of cultural influences. A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century. The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management.[32] The government sponsored the construction of aqueducts and roads in addition to preexisting installations. Some of these constructions are still in existence today.
Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars, in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g. Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro. One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu, which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families. Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827.
Cities[edit]
La Paz, Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world
In modern times, the largest cities in the Andes are Bogotá, Colombia, with a population of about eight million, Santiago, Chile, and Medellin, Colombia. Lima is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes, and is the largest city of all Andean countries. It is the seat of the Andean Community of Nations.
La Paz, Bolivia's seat of government, is the highest capital city in the world, at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m (11,975 ft). Parts of the La Paz conurbation, including the city of El Alto, extend up to 4,200 m (13,780 ft).
Other major cities in or near the Andes include Arequipa, Cusco, and Huancayo in Peru; Quito and Cuenca in Ecuador; Cochabamba, Oruro, and Sucre in Bolivia; Mendoza, Tucumán, Salta, and San Juan in Argentina; Cali, Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Pereira, Pasto, Villavicencio, and Manizales in Colombia; and San Cristóbal and Mérida in Venezuela. The cities of Caracas, Valencia, Barquisimeto, and Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Range, which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extreme of South America.
Transportation[edit]
Cities and large towns are connected with asphalt-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a four-wheel-drive vehicle.[33]
Venezuelan Andes in Mérida
The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries, even with modern civil engineering practices. For example, the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores. Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected.[34] Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft.
However, there is one railroad that connects Chile with Argentina via the Andes, and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia. See railroad maps of that region.
There is one or more highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes. Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay, in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay.
For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile, the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war. The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru, and Chile took over Bolivia's only province on the Pacific Coast, some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later. Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since. It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978.
Because of the tortuous terrain in places, villages and towns in the mountains—to which travel via motorized vehicles are of little use—are still located in the high Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Locally, the relatives of the camel, the llama, and the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack animals, but this use has generally diminished in modern times. Donkeys, mules, and horses are also useful.
Agriculture[edit]
Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans
See also: Vertical archipelago
The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes, terracing has been a common practice. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm. The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop. Maize was also an important crop for these people, and was used for the production of chicha, important to Andean native people. Currently, tobacco, cotton and coffee are the main export crops. Coca, despite eradication programmes in some countries, remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal tea, and, both controversially and illegally, for the production of cocaine.
Irrigation[edit]
Irrigating land in the Peruvian Andes
In unirrigated land, pasture is the most common type of land use. In the rainy season (summer), part of the rangeland is used for cropping (mainly potatoes, barley, broad beans and wheat).
Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage. Also, by early sowing, maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains (till 3800 m). In addition it makes cropping in the dry season (winter) possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot.[35]
Mining[edit]
The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America. Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined in large scale after the Spanish arrival. Potosí in present-day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World. Río de la Plata and Argentina[citation needed] derive their names from the silver of Potosí.
Currently, mining in the Andes of Chile and Peru places these countries as the first and third major producers of copper in the world. Peru also contains the largest goldmine in the world: the Yanacocha. The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe.
There is a long history of mining in the Andes, from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru. Other metals including iron, gold and tin in addition to non-metallic resources are important.
Chilean huasos, 19th century
The mountain Huayna Picchu overlooks the Inca estate (land) of Machu Picchu.
Peaks[edit]
Main article: List of mountains in the Andes
This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range. The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina (see below).
Argentina[edit]
See also: List of mountains in Argentina
Aconcagua, 6,961 m (22,838 ft)
Cerro Bonete, 6,759 m (22,175 ft)
Galán, 5,912 m (19,396 ft)
Mercedario, 6,720 m (22,047 ft)
Pissis, 6,795 m (22,293 ft)
Llao Llao Hotel with the Andes in the background, in the city of Bariloche, Argentina
The Aconcagua, Argentina, the highest mountain in the Americas and in the entire world outside the Himalayas
El Chaltén, Argentina
Mount Fitz Roy
Border between Argentina and Chile[edit]
Cerro Bayo, 5,401 m (17,720 ft)
Cerro Fitz Roy, 3,375 m (11,073 ft) or 3,405 m, Patagonia, also known as Cerro Chaltén
Cerro Escorial, 5,447 m (17,871 ft)
Cordón del Azufre, 5,463 m (17,923 ft)
Falso Azufre, 5,890 m (19,324 ft)
Incahuasi, 6,620 m (21,719 ft)
Lastarria, 5,697 m (18,691 ft)
Llullaillaco, 6,739 m (22,110 ft)
Maipo, 5,264 m (17,270 ft)
Marmolejo, 6,110 m (20,046 ft)
Ojos del Salado, 6,893 m (22,615 ft)
Olca, 5,407 m (17,740 ft)
Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas, 6,127 m (20,102 ft)
Socompa, 6,051 m (19,852 ft)
Nevado Tres Cruces, 6,749 m (22,142 ft) (south summit) (III Region)
Tronador, 3,491 m (11,453 ft)
Tupungato, 6,570 m (21,555 ft)
Nacimiento, 6,492 m (21,299 ft)
Bolivia[edit]
Janq'u Uma, 6,427 m (21,086 ft)
Cabaraya, 5,860 m (19,226 ft)
Chacaltaya, 5,421 m (17,785 ft)
Wayna Potosí, 6,088 m (19,974 ft)
Illampu, 6,368 m (20,892 ft)
Illimani, 6,438 m (21,122 ft)
Laram Q'awa, 5,520 m (18,110 ft)
Macizo de Pacuni, 5,400 m (17,720 ft)
Nevado Anallajsi, 5,750 m (18,865 ft)
Nevado Sajama, 6,542 m (21,463 ft)
Patilla Pata, 5,300 m (17,390 ft)
Tata Sabaya, 5,430 m (17,815 ft)
Illampu, Bolivia
Illimani, Bolivia
Sajama, Bolivia
Wayna Potosí, Bolivia
Border between Bolivia and Chile[edit]
Acotango, 6,052 m (19,856 ft)
Michincha, 5,305 m (17,405 ft)
Iru Phutunqu, 5,163 m (16,939 ft)
Licancabur, 5,920 m (19,423 ft)
Olca, 5,407 m (17,740 ft)
Parinacota, 6,348 m (20,827 ft)
Paruma, 5,420 m (17,782 ft)
Pomerape, 6,282 m (20,610 ft)
Licancabur, Bolivia/Chile
Parinacota, Bolivia/Chile
Chile[edit]
Main article: List of mountains in Chile
Monte San Valentin, 4,058 m (13,314 ft)
Cerro Paine Grande, 2,884 m (9,462 ft)
Cerro Macá, c.2,300 m (7,546 ft)
Monte Darwin, c.2,500 m (8,202 ft)
Volcan Hudson, c.1,900 m (6,234 ft)
Cerro Castillo Dynevor, c.1,100 m (3,609 ft)
Mount Tarn, c.825 m (2,707 ft)
Polleras, c.5,993 m (19,662 ft)
Acamarachi, c.6,046 m (19,836 ft)
Santiago de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes
View of Cuernos del Paine in Torres del Paine National Park
Colombia[edit]
Nevado del Huila, 5,365 m (17,602 ft)
Nevado del Ruiz, 5,321 m (17,457 ft)
Nevado del Tolima, 5,205 m (17,077 ft)
Pico Pan de Azucar, 5,200 m (17,060 ft)
Ritacuba Negra, 5,320 m (17,454 ft)
Nevado del Cumbal, 4,764 m (15,630 ft)
Cerro Negro de Mayasquer, 4,445 m (14,583 ft)
Ritacuba Blanco, 5,410 m (17,749 ft)
Nevado del Quindío, 5,215 m (17,110 ft)
Purace, 4,655 m (15,272 ft)
Santa Isabel, 4,955 m (16,257 ft)
Doña Juana, 4,150 m (13,615 ft)
Galeras, 4,276 m (14,029 ft)
Azufral. 4,070 m (13,353 ft)
Ritacuba Blanco, the highest peak of Cordillera Oriental, Colombia.
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Ecuador[edit]
Antisana, 5,752 m (18,871 ft)
Cayambe, 5,790 m (18,996 ft)
Chimborazo, 6,268 m (20,564 ft)
Corazón, 4,790 m (15,715 ft)
Cotopaxi, 5,897 m (19,347 ft)
El Altar, 5,320 m (17,454 ft)
Illiniza, 5,248 m (17,218 ft)
Pichincha, 4,784 m (15,696 ft)
Quilotoa, 3,914 m (12,841 ft)
Reventador, 3,562 m (11,686 ft)
Sangay, 5,230 m (17,159 ft)
Tungurahua, 5,023 m (16,480 ft)
Titicaca, 5,035 m (16,519 ft)
Chimborazo near Riobamba, Ecuador
Tungurahua, Ecuador
Cayambe, Ecuador
El Altar, Ecuador
Cotopaxi, Ecuador
Andes near Otavalo, Ecuador
Pichincha Volcano, an active stratovolcano in the Ecuadorian Andes, photographed from the Historic Center of Quito
Imbabura Volcano, Ecuador, an inactive stratovolcano
Peru[edit]
Alpamayo, 5,947 m (19,511 ft)
Artesonraju, 6,025 m (19,767 ft)
Carnicero, 5,960 m (19,554 ft)
Chumpe, 6,106 m (20,033 ft)
Coropuna, 6,377 m (20,922 ft)
El Misti, 5,822 m (19,101 ft)
El Toro, 5,830 m (19,127 ft)
Huandoy, 6,395 m (20,981 ft)
Huascarán, 6,768 m (22,205 ft)
Jirishanca, 6,094 m (19,993 ft)
Pumasillo, 5,991 m (19,656 ft)
Rasac, 6,040 m (19,816 ft)
Rondoy, 5,870 m (19,259 ft)
Sarapo, 6,127 m (20,102 ft)
Salcantay, 6,271 m (20,574 ft)
Seria Norte, 5,860 m (19,226 ft)
Siula Grande, 6,344 m (20,814 ft)
Huaytapallana, 5,557 m (18,232 ft)
Yerupaja, 6,635 m (21,768 ft)
Yerupaja Chico, 6,089 m (19,977 ft)
Alpamayo, Peru
Chachani and El Misti, Peru
Huandoy, Peru
Yerupaja, Peru
Venezuela[edit]
Pico Bolívar, 5,007 m (16,427 ft)
Pico Humboldt, 4,940 m (16,207 ft)
Pico Bonpland, 4,880 m (16,010 ft)
Pico La Concha, 4,920 m (16,142 ft)
Pico Piedras Blancas, 4,740 m (15,551 ft)
Pico El Águila, 4,180 m (13,714 ft)
Pico El Toro 4,729 m (15,515 ft)
Pico El León 4,740 m (15,551 ft)
Pico Mucuñuque 4,609 m (15,121 ft)
Pico Bolívar, Venezuela
Pico Humboldt, Venezuela
Pico El León, Venezuela
Snow in the Pico Humboldt, Venezuela
Pico Pan de Azúcar, Venezuela
See also[edit]
Andean Geology – a scientific journal
Andesite line
Apu (god)
Cordillera Mountains in the Philippines
List of longest mountain chains on Earth
Mountain Passes of the Andes
Rocky Mountains
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
Jump up ^ "CORDILLERA". etimologias.dechile.net. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
Jump up ^ Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (2008-06-23). "Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114: B01312. Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.1312M. doi:10.1029/2007JB005507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Isacks, Bryan L. (1988), "Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (B4): 3211–3231, doi:10.1029/jb093ib04p03211
^ Jump up to: a b c Kley, J. (1999), "Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12 (2): 221–235, doi:10.1016/s0895-9811(99)00015-2
Jump up ^ Beck, Myrl E. (1987), "Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America: The Bolivian orocline revisited", Geology, 15 (9): 806–808, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<806:trotle>2.0.co;2
Jump up ^ Prezzi, Claudia B.; Vilas, Juan F. (1998). "New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow (Argentine Puna)". Tectonophysics. 292: 85–100. doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00058-4.
Jump up ^ Arriagada, César; Ferrando, Rodolfo; Córdova, Loreto; Morata, Diego; Roperch, Pierrick (2013), "The Maipo Orocline: A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes" (PDF), Andean Geology, 40 (3): 419–437
Jump up ^ Charrier, Reynaldo; Pinto, Luisa; Rodríguez, María Pía (2006). "3. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes. Geology of Chile. Geological Society of London. pp. 5–19. ISBN 9781862392199.
Jump up ^ Santos, J.O.S.; Rizzotto, G.J.; Potter, P.E.; McNaughton, N.J.; Matos, R.S.; Hartmann, L.A.; Chemale Jr., F.; Quadros, M.E.S. (2008). "Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology". Precambrian Research. 165 (3–4): 120–152. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.009. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Rapela, C.W.; Pankhurst, R.J; Casquet, C.; Baldo, E.; Saavedra, J.; Galindo, C.; Fanning, C.M. (1998). "The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba" (PDF). In Pankhurst, R.J; Rapela, C.W. The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana. 142. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. pp. 181–217. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilson, T.J. (1991). "Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 103 (1): 98–111. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2.
Jump up ^ "Climate of the Andes". Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
Jump up ^ Jan-Christoph Otto, Joachim Götz, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Dario Trombotto, and Lothar Schrott (2010). Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system – Morenas Coloradas valley (Cordon del Plata, Mendoza, Argentina)
^ Jump up to: a b Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. Development in Quaternary Science, Vol. 15 (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look, Eds: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D.), 735–738. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam).
Jump up ^ Brüggen, J. (1929): Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden. Geol. Rundsch. 20, 1–35, Berlin.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1984): Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua-Gruppe (32–33° S). In: Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11/12, Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika-Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg: 1635–1646.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1986): Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9/86: 42–54.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1987): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: GeoJournal 14 (4); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 393–421.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1988): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 (4): 1–17 (in Chinese language).
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1989): Ice-Marginal Ramps: An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations. In: GeoJournal 18; Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 223–238.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1990): Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains: Convergence and Difference. In: Rachocki, A.H., Church, M. (eds.): Alluvial fans – A field approach. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore: 55–68.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1990): The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology – an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander). In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 195–222.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (2004): The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America). In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciation— Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. Development in Quaternary Science, vol. 2c. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 75–81.
Jump up ^ "Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tropical Andes Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine. – biodiversityhotspots.org
Jump up ^ "Pants of the Andies". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. ISBN 978-0226195421
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (1992). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. ISBN 978-0226706825
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Fjeldsaa, J.; & Krabbe, N. (1990). Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America. ISBN 978-8788757163
Jump up ^ Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008). Threatened Amphibians of the World. ISBN 978-84-96553-41-5
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Blackwell Publishing, 2003
Jump up ^ Andes travel map
Jump up ^ "Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile by Emiliano Galli". La Nación newspaper. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
Jump up ^ W. van Immerzeel, 1989. Irrigation and erosion/flood control at high altitudes in the Andes. Published in Annual Report 1989, p. 8 – 24, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line: [1]
References[edit]
Oncken, O. et al. (2006). The Andes. Active Subduction Orogeny. Springer: Berlin. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8
Biggar, J. (2005). The Andes: A Guide For Climbers. 3rd. edition. Andes: Kirkcudbrightshire. ISBN 0-9536087-2-7
de Roy, T. (2005). The Andes: As the Condor Flies. Firefly books: Richmond Hill. ISBN 1-55407-070-8
Fjeldså, J. & N. Krabbe (1990). The Birds of the High Andes. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen: Copenhagen. ISBN 87-88757-16-1
Fjeldså, J. & M. Kessler (1996). Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia, a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes. NORDECO: Copenhagen. ISBN 978-87-986168-0-1
Bibliography[edit]
Biggar, John (2005). The Andes: A Guide for Climbers (3 ed.). Scotland: Andes Publishing. ISBN 0-9536087-2-7.
Darack, Ed (2001). Wild Winds: Adventures in the Highest Andes. Cordee / DPP. ISBN 978-1884980817.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Andes.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andes.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Andes
University of Arizona: Andes geology
Blueplanetbiomes.org: Climate and animal life of the Andes
Discover-peru.org: Regions and Microclimates in the Andes
Peaklist.org: Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at/above 1,500 m (4,920 ft)
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VIAF: 254473096
GND: 4001912-3
NDL: 00628193
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andes&oldid=820788567"
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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes
Andes – Afrikaans
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Anden – Alemannisch
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https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes
Andes – Old English
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https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes
Andes – Aragonese
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Andes – Asturian
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Andy – Czech
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Andi – Corsican
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Andes – Welsh
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Andes – Fiji Hindi
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Andes – Western Frisian
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Andes – Galician
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Jumeirah Beach Hotel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Jumeirah Beach Hotel, seen from the Burj Al Arab
Location within United Arab Emirates
General information
Location
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Coordinates
25°08′30″N 55°11′26″E / 25.141633°N 55.190549°E / 25.141633; 55.190549Coordinates: 25°08′30″N 55°11′26″E / 25.141633°N 55.190549°E / 25.141633; 55.190549
Opening
1997
Owner
Ayman Ghulam Ather
Management
Jumeirah[1]
Technical details
Floor count
26[2]
Design and construction
Architect
WS Atkins[2]
Developer
Jumeirah[2]
Other information
Number of rooms
598[3]
Number of restaurants
20+[3]
Website
www.jumeirahbeachhotel.com
Jumeirah Beach Hotel is a hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The hotel, which opened in 1997, is operated by the Dubai-based hotelier Jumeirah.[1] The hotel contains 598 rooms and suites, 19 beachfront villas, and 20 restaurants and bars.[4] This wave-shaped hotel complements the sail-shaped Burj Al Arab, which is adjacent to the Jumeirah Beach Hotel.
The hotel occupies a location on the beach. Visitors to the hotel have at total of 33,800 square metres (364,000 sq ft) of beach for their use.[3] Beside the hotel is the Wild Wadi Water Park. All guests in the hotel have unlimited access to the waterpark.[3]
The beachfront area where the Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Chicago Beach.[5] The hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land offshore of the beach of the former Chicago Beach Hotel.[6] The locale's name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company which at sometime long back was a welded giant floating oil storage tankers on the site.[5]
The old name persisted after the old Hotel was demolished in 1997 since Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel was the Public Project Name for the construction phase of the Burj Al Arab Hotel until Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced the new name.[7]
When completed in 1997, the Jumeirah Beach Hotel was 93 metres high making it the 9th tallest building in Dubai.[8] Today, it is ranked lower than the 100th tallest building.[9] Despite its lower rankings, the hotel remains a Dubai landmark.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gallery
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Gallery[edit]
Wild Wadi Water Park
See also[edit]
Dubai portal
Burj Al Arab
Hotels in Dubai
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Jumeirah Portfolio". Jumeirah. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jumeirah Beach Hotel". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jumeirah Beach Hotel Fact Sheet" (PDF). Jumeirah. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Jumeirah Beach Hotel Guest Services". Jumeirah. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Krane, Jim City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism, page 103, St. Martin's Press (September 15, 2009)
Jump up ^ http://www.dubaiasitusedtobe.com/pages/galleries/chicagohotel.shtm
Jump up ^ http://www.dubaiasitusedtobe.com/pages/places/chicagohotel.shtm
Jump up ^ "Dubai Buildings Diagram: 1997". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Dubai Buildings Diagram: 2007". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jumeirah Beach Hotel.
Jumeirah Beach Hotel Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Jumeirah Group
Facilities
Burj Al Arab
The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Jumeirah Carlton Tower
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
Madinat Jumeirah
Palais Quartier
Wild Wadi Water Park
Related
Dubai Holding
[show]
v
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Landmarks and attractions in Dubai
Al Bastakiya
Al Fahidi Fort
Bait Al Wakeel
Burj Al Arab
Burj Khalifa
Deira Clocktower
Deira Twin Towers
Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Dubai Dolphinarium
Dubai Gold Souk
Dubai Spice Souk
Dubai Textile Souk
Dubai World Trade Centre
Emirates Towers
Etisalat Tower 1
Fish Roundabout
The Gate
Hyatt Regency Dubai
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Naif Square
National Bank of Dubai
Palm Islands
Queen Elizabeth 2
Saeed Al Maktoum House
Ski Dubai
Wild Wadi
Dubai Mall
Hatta Heritage Village
Dubai Autodrome
The World
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumeirah_Beach_Hotel&oldid=796990614"
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This page was last edited on 24 August 2017, at 08:50.
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