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President of South Africa
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This article is about the position of South African head of state and head of government from 1994. For the position of South African head of state from 1961 to 1994, see State President of South Africa.
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President of the
Republic of South Africa
List[show]
10 other official names:
President van Suid-Afrika (Afrikaans)
uMongameli weSewula Afrika (Southern Ndebele)
uMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika (Xhosa)
Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika (Zulu)
uMengameli weleNingizimu Afrika (Swati)
Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa (Northern Sotho)
Mopresident wa Afrika Borwa (Sotho)
Moporesitente wa Aforika Borwa (Tswana)
Puresidente wa Afrika-Dzonga (Tsonga)
Muphuresidennde wa Afrika Tshipembe (Venda)
Seal of the President of South Africa
Incumbent
Cyril Ramaphosa
since 15 February 2018
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Mahlamba Ndlopfu (Pretoria)
Genadendal (Cape Town)
Dr. John L. Dube House (Durban)
Appointer
National Assembly of South Africa
Term length
5 years
renewable once
Inaugural holder
Nelson Mandela
Formation
10 May 1994
Deputy
Deputy President of South Africa
Salary
R 2,900,000($ 251,127)[1]
Website
www.thepresidency.gov.za
South Africa
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v
t
e
The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President.
The President is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, and is usually the leader of the largest party, which has been the African National Congress since the first non-racial elections were held on 27 April 1994. The Constitution limits the president's time in office to two five-year terms.[2] The first president to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The incumbent is Cyril Ramaphosa, who was elected by the National Assembly on 15 February 2018 following the resignation of Jacob Zuma.
Under the interim constitution (valid from 1994 to 1996), there was a Government of National Unity, in which a Member of Parliament (MP) from the largest opposition party was entitled to a position as Deputy President. Along with Thabo Mbeki, the last State President, F. W. de Klerk also served as Deputy President, in his capacity as the leader of the National Party which was the second-largest party in the new Parliament. But De Klerk later resigned and went into opposition with his party. A voluntary coalition government continues to exist under the new constitution (adopted in 1996), although there have been no appointments of opposition politicians to the post of Deputy President.
The President is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of his election. Upon his election, he immediately resigns his seat for the duration of his term. The President may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Electoral system
3 Oath or affirmation
4 Tenure of office
5 Responsibilities of the President
6 Succession
7 Presidential powers
8 Powers and Functions of the President
9 Presidents of South Africa (1994–present)
10 Latest election
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Origins[edit]
The office of the President, and the roles that come with it, were established by Chapter Five of the Constitution of South Africa which was formed by a Constituent Assembly upon the dissolution of apartheid as state policy.[2]
A number of manifestations of the office have existed. Aspects of these offices exist within the presidency today. The executive leadership of the British colonies of Natal and of the Cape of Good Hope were invested in their Governors, likewise was invested in the Presidents of the Boer republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Alternating sovereignty as a result of wars culminated in the Vereeniging Treaty signed in which concluded the South African War.
The Union of South Africa, a British Dominion, was established on 31 May 1910[3] with the British monarch as titular head of state, represented by a viceroy, the Governor-General.
Upon the declaration of the Republic of South Africa on 31 May 1961, the office of State President was created.[4] It was originally a ceremonial post, but became an executive post in 1984 when a new constitution abolished the post of Prime Minister and transferred its powers to the State President.
Electoral system[edit]
South Africa has an almost unique system for the election of its president. Unlike other former British colonies and dominions who have adopted a parliamentary republican form of government and those that follow the Westminster system, South Africa's President is both head of state and head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Contrary to presidential systems around the world, the President of South Africa is elected by the Parliament of South Africa[5] rather than by the people directly. He is thus answerable to it in theory and able to influence legislation in practice as head of the majority party (presently the ANC).
The President is elected at the first sitting of Parliament after an election, and whenever a vacancy arises. The President is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of parliament, from among its members. The chief justice must oversee the election. Once elected, a person is no longer a member of the National Assembly. They must then be sworn in as President within five days of the election. Should a vacancy arise, the date of a new election must be set by the chief justice, but not more than 30 days after the vacancy occurs.[6]
The Constitution has thus prescribed a system combining both parliamentary and presidential systems in a unique manner. Only Botswana and a few other countries use a similar system. Between 1996 and 2003 Israel combined the two systems in an opposite way, with an elected prime minister.[7]
Although the presidency is the key institution, it is hedged about with numerous checks and balances that prevent its total dominance over the government, as was the case in many African countries. The presidential term is five years, with a limit of two terms. Thus the electoral system attempts (at least on paper) to prevent the accumulation of power in the president as was during Apartheid or in many other African countries.[8]
Oath or affirmation[edit]
The President-elect will, before formally assuming office, make and subscribe an oath or solemn affirmation in the terms set out in Schedule 3 before the Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Tenure of office[edit]
The President elected in terms of section 77 (1) (a) is subjected to sections 87 and 93 (2), hold office:
(a) for the period terminating on a date five years as from the date of the date of the first sitting of the National Assembly under the Constitution; or
(b) if the Parliament is dissolved during such period, for the period until a President has been elected in terms of section 77 (1) (b) after such dissolution and has assumed office.
Responsibilities of the President[edit]
(1) The President is responsible for the observance of the provision of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land
(2) The President provides with dignity the executive leadership in the interest of national unity in accordance with the Constitution and the law of the country.
(3) The President cannot hold any other public office and cannot perform remunerative work outside the duties of the president's office.
Succession[edit]
According to chapter five of the constitution, the President can only exercise the powers of his or her office while within the Republic of South Africa. Should the president be outside of the country, or unable to fulfil the duties of the office, they may appoint an acting president.
The presidential vacancy should be filled first by the Deputy President, then cabinet minister selected by the President, then a cabinet minister selected by the cabinet, and finally by the Speaker of the National Assembly.[9]
Presidential powers[edit]
The President is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic of South Africa. The rights, responsibilities and remuneration of the President are enumerated in Chapter V of the Constitution of South Africa and subsequent amendments and laws passed by the Parliament of South Africa.
The executive powers of the Republic are vested in the President. He appoints various officials to positions listed in the Constitution however the most significant are the ministers and justices of the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court. Through the Cabinet, the President implements and enforces the constitution and laws and enforces his or her political objectives. Judges are appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission.
The President plays a role in the formation of legislation. He or she signs bills into laws and can do the opposite, veto them (although subject to an override), refers bills back to Parliament or to the Constitutional Court or can call for a referendum. The president summons parliament, often delivering his or her objectives and agenda in a State of the Nation Address at the beginning of each session.
The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the South African National Defence Force thereby possessing influence or control over foreign and security policy. He or she is accorded the constitutional powers to declare war and make peace, negotiate and sign (although not ratify) treaties (and the alliances that may come with them), and receives and appoints diplomatic officials, confers honours and grants pardons.[10]
Powers and Functions of the President[edit]
(1) The President performs the following powers and functions:
(a) Sign bills duly passed by parliament.
(b) Convey meetings with Cabinet
(c) Refer disputes of a constitutional nature between parties represented in Parliament or between organs of state at any level of government to the Constitutional Court.
(d) Confer honours.
(e) Appoint, accredit, receive and recognise ambassadors, diplomatic representatives and other diplomatic officials.
(f) Appoint commissions of inquiry.
(g) Negotiate and sign international agreements
(2) The President shall consult the Executive Deputy President.
(a) In development and execution of the policies of the international government.
(b) All matters relating to the management of the Cabinet and performance of Cabinet business.
(c) Assign and allocation of functions contemplated in section 84 (5) to an Executive Deputy President.
(3) The President exercises and performs all powers and functions assigned to him by the Constitution or any other law, except those specified in subsections (1) and (2) or where otherwise expressly or by implication provided in this Constitution in consultation with the cabinet. Provided that the cabinet may delegate it's consultation functions in terms of the subsection, with reference to any particular power or function of the president, to any Minister of Ministers.
(4) (a) The President in the Commander-in-Chief of the National Defence Force
(b) The President may -
(ii) With approval of the Parliament, declare a state of national defence.
(iii) Employ the national defence force in accordance with and subject to sections 227 and 228.
The President is addressed as "Your Excellency" or "Mr/Madam President" and referred to as "The Honourable (name)".
The official seat of the President are the Union Buildings in Pretoria and the Tuynhuys in Cape Town. His living residences are Mahlamba Ndlopfu in Pretoria, Genadendal in Cape Town and Dr John L Dube House in Durban.
Presidents of South Africa (1994–present)[edit]
Parties
African National Congress
No.
Portrait
Name and lifespan
Term of office
—
Electoral mandates
Length of tenure
Parliament
Political party
Government
Refs
1
Nelson Mandela
(1918–2013) 10 May
1994 14 June
1999 5 years, 35 days 22nd ANC Mandela
(Reshuffle 1 · 2 · 3)
ANC—NP—IFP
1994
The first post-apartheid President of South Africa. The first black chief executive of South Africa, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
2
Thabo Mbeki
(born 1942) 14 June
1999 21 May
2004 9 years, 102 days 23rd ANC Mbeki I
ANC—IFP [11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
21 May
2004 24 September
2008 24th Mbeki II
(Reshuffle 1 · 2)
1999, 2004
The second post-apartheid President of South Africa. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the National Executive Committee of the ANC, following a conclusion by judge C. R. Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned judge Nicholson's judgment but the resignation stood.
3
Kgalema Motlanthe
(born 1949) 25 September
2008 9 May
2009 228 days 24th ANC Motlanthe [18]
[18]
2008
The third post-apartheid President of South Africa. He was elected following the resignation of Thabo Mbeki and briefly served before being succeeded by Jacob Zuma, who later appointed Motlanthe deputy president.
4
Jacob Zuma
(born 1942) 9 May
2009 21 May
2014 8 years, 281 days 25th ANC Zuma I
(Reshuffle 1 · 2 · 3)
21 May
2014 14 February
2018 26th Zuma II
2009, 2014
The fourth post-apartheid President of South Africa. Presided over the centennial celebration of the ANC in 2015 as well as the death of Nelson Mandela in 2013. With less than a year before his term were to expire, Zuma resigned on 14 February 2018 following the demands of the ANC that Zuma should resign, or risk facing a successful vote of no confidence in the National Assembly.
5
Cyril Ramaphosa
(born 1952) 15 February
2018 Incumbent 48 days 26th ANC Ramaphosa
2018
The fifth post-apartheid President of South Africa. He was elected following the resignation of Jacob Zuma.
Latest election[edit]
Main article: South African presidential election, 2018
See also[edit]
List of heads of state of South Africa
State President of South Africa
Prime Minister of South Africa
Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
State President of the South African Republic (1857–1902)
State President of the Orange Free State
Freedom Day
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "This is how much Ramaphosa could earn as president in 2018 and beyond". businesstech.co.za. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 23 Feb 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive, 88. Term of office of President".
Jump up ^ "General History of South Africa Timeline: 1910s".
Jump up ^ "General History of South Africa Timeline: 1960s".
Jump up ^ "Voting Completed to Elect New President". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 5 - The President and National Executive". The Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Botswana".
Jump up ^ "Elections in South Africa".
Jump up ^ "Succession planning for dummies". Daily Maverick. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Responsibilities of the President of South Africa".
Jump up ^ The Presidency (14 October 2004). "GCIS: profile information: Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Mr". GCIS. Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki". SABC news. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008. His resignation came into effect at midnight.
Jump up ^ "SA's Mbeki says he will step down". London: BBC News. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Full Zuma Judgment". News24. 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Judge Nicholson Red-carded by SCA". Mail&Guardian Online. 12 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "National Director of Public Prosecutions v Zuma (573/08) [2009] ZASCA 1 (12 Jan 2009)" (PDF). South African Supreme Court of Appeal. 12 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Mbeki lashes out at lying politicians". IOL/The Star. 14 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zuma sworn in as SA's fourth democratic President". SABC. 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
External links[edit]
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text:
Roof of the World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Doctor Who episode, see Marco Polo (Doctor Who). For the Doctor Who audio story, see The Roof of the World. For the ancient geography of this region, see Mount Imeon.
Physical map of Central Asia from the Caucasus in the NW, to Mongolia in the NE.
Roof of the World is a metaphoric description of the high region in the world, also known as "High Asia". The term usually refers to the mountainous interior of Asia, i.e. the Himalayas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Attested usage
3 See also
4 References
Terminology[edit]
The term is also used for parts of this region, for
the Pamirs,
the Himalayas,
Tibet,
Mt. Everest.
The name was first applied to the Pamirs.
Attested usage[edit]
The British explorer John Wood, writing in 1838, described Bam-i-Duniah (Roof of the World) as a "native expression" (presumably Wakhi),[1] and it was generally used for the Pamirs in Victorian times: In 1876 another British traveller, Sir Thomas Edward Gordon, employed it as the title of a book[2] and wrote in Chapter IX:
"We were now about to cross the famous 'Bam-i-dunya','The Roof of the World' under which name the elevated region of the hitherto comparatively unknown Pamir tracts had long appeared in our maps.[...] Wood, in 1838, was the first European traveller of modern times to visit the Great Pamir,".[3]
Older encyclopedias also used "Roof of the World" to describe the Pamirs:
Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911): "PAMIRS, a mountainous region of central Asia...the Bam-i-dunya ('The Roof of the World')".[4]
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 1942 edition: "the Pamirs (Persian = roof of the world)".[5]
Hachette, 1890: "Le Toit du monde (Pamir)", French for "Roof of the World (Pamir)".[6]
Der Große Brockhaus, Leipzig 1928-1935: "Dach der Welt, Bezeichnung für das Hochland von Pamir", i.e., "roof of the world, term describing the Pamir highlands",[7] and (in translation): "Pamir highlands, nodal point of the mountain systems of Tien-Shan, Kun-lun, Karakoram, the Himalayas and Hindukush, and therefore called the roof of the world."[8]
With the awakening of public interest in Tibet, the Pamirs, "since 1875 ... probably the best explored region in High Asia",[4] went out of the limelight and the description "Roof of the World" has been increasingly applied to Tibet[9][10] and the Tibetan plateau, and occasionally, esp. in French ("Toît du monde"), even to Mt. Everest,[11] but the traditional use is still alive.[12]
Where the world's tallest mountain ranges meet
Panorama of the Pamirs, the Original Roof of the World
See also[edit]
Four continents
Seven Seas
Mount Imeon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keay, John (1983) When Men and Mountains Meet ISBN 0-7126-0196-1; p. 153
Jump up ^ Sir Thomas Edward Gordon, The Roof of the World: being a narrative of a journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1876
Jump up ^ Gordon, p. 121f.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.(1911)
Jump up ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia; 1942 edition, p. 1335
Jump up ^ Guillaume Capus, Le Toit du Monde (Pamir), voyage extrême orient. Illustré de 31 Vignettes et d'une Carte, Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1890 = Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997. ISBN 2-95099-0029 Guillaume Capus
Jump up ^ Der Große Brockhaus in 20 vols, 15th ed., Leipzig 1928–35, vol. 4 (1929), p. 319
Jump up ^ Der Große Brockhaus, vol. 14 (1933), p. 96
Jump up ^ Le Sueur, Alec (2003-01-01). The Hotel on the Roof of the World: from Miss Tibet to Shangri-La. Oakland, Calif: RDR Books. ISBN 1571431012.
Jump up ^ "Tibet: Climate Action for the Roof of the World". Central Tibetan Administration. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ Encyclopédie et Dictionnaires Larousse.
Jump up ^ The Pamirs, a region known to locals as Pomir – “the roof of the world".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roof_of_the_World&oldid=798876890"
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text:
INOJ
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
INOJ
Birth name
Ayanna Porter
Also known as
Joni-Ayanna Portee (songwriting credits)
Born
(1976-11-27) November 27, 1976 (age 41)
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Origin
New York, New York, USA
Genres
Pop, R&B, dance, hip hop, Miami bass
Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
1997–present
Labels
Columbia Records
Associated acts
Spellbound
Ayanna Porter (born November 27, 1976), better known by her stage name INOJ, is an American singer and songwriter. She was born and raised in Madison, Wisconsin. During college in Baltimore, Maryland, she was in a group called Spellbound.[1]
In 1997, she released her debut single, "Love You Down", a cover of Ready for the World's 1986 hit that reached #25 in the United States. Her debut album was also named Ready for the World. INOJ released a cover version of Cyndi Lauper's "Time After Time" under Columbia Records in 1998, which was a Top 10 hit in the United States (#6), Canada (#7), and New Zealand (#10). In 1998, she released her debut album, Ready for the World. She also released a cover version of "Ring My Bell" as a single, though it did not receive much exposure.
INOJ is often mistakenly credited for the track "My Boo (I Want To Be Your Lady Baby)", performed by the Ghost Town DJ's which had vocals by singer Virgo (who also had several songs on the So So Def Bass All-Stars compilations).
She has released new music since her last internet release of "Baby You" in 2008.
INOJ has written for various artists including Billy Crawford and Janet Jackson. The song "Nine to Five" features INOJ on Billy Crawford's 2007 CD release, It's Time. The song "My Baby" on Janet Jackson's Damita Jo was co-written by INOJ (aka Joni), Kanye West, Sean Garrett and Janet Jackson. INOJ also sings background vocals on the song.[2] INOJ released a new single "My Love For You" on July 15, 2016 and was her first single release in 2016. DJ Essentrik release "Love You Down" Essentrik remix and is reaching a half million views since October 2016.
In 2017, INOJ released "LYD(Love You Down)" a 20th anniversary edition of the cover released in 1997 under So So Def/Columbia. She is on tour in 2017 and international tour dates in Asia scheduled for early 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discography
1.1 Albums
1.2 Singles
2 References
3 External links
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
1999: Ready for the World
2012: INOJ Mixtape Compilation[citation needed]
Singles[edit]
1997: "Love You Down" (20 weeks, peak #25 - US)[3]
1998: "Time After Time" (16 weeks, peak #6 - US)[4]
1999: "Ring My Bell"
2007: "Nine to Five"[citation needed]
2008: "Baby You"[citation needed]
2011: "On"
2012: "Love Thang"
2012: "It's Over"
2016: "My Love For You"
2017: "LYD(Love You Down)"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard Biography Inoj
Jump up ^ "Janet - Damita Jo (CD, Album) at Discogs".
Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 Chart from June 20, 1998, the last week the single was on the 100.
Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 Chart from Dec 5, 1998, the last week the single was on the 100.
External links[edit]
Official website
Authority control
MusicBrainz: 58c76587-e641-49f8-a574-afd0e3c02c3d
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INOJ&oldid=806472450"
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