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Dust Bowl
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For other uses, see Dust Bowl (disambiguation).
Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service. The most severely affected counties are colored .
A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, April 1936. Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein.
The Dust Bowl, also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes) caused the phenomenon. The drought came in three waves, 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years.[1] With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade; this had displaced the native, deep-rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds. The rapid mechanization of farm equipment, especially small gasoline tractors, and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.[2]
During the drought of the 1930s, the unanchored soil turned to dust, which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky. These choking billows of dust – named "black blizzards" or "black rollers" – traveled cross country, reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington, D.C. On the Plains, they often reduced visibility to 3.3 feet (1.0 m) or less. Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City, Oklahoma, to witness the "Black Sunday" black blizzards of April 14, 1935; Edward Stanley, Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term "Dust Bowl" while rewriting Geiger's news story.[3][4] While the term "the Dust Bowl" was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust, today it is usually used to refer to the event, as in "It was during the Dust Bowl".
The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres (400,000 km2) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.[5]
The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty-stricken families to abandon their farms, unable to pay mortgages or grow crops, and losses reached US$25 million per day by 1936 (equivalent to US$440,000,000 in 2017).[6][7] Many of these families, who were often known as "Okies" because so many of them came from Oklahoma, migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left.
The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works, notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) by John Steinbeck, the folk music of Woody Guthrie, and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographic characteristics and early history
2 Drought and dust storms
3 Human displacement
3.1 United States
3.2 Characteristics of migrants
4 U.S. government response
5 Long-term economic impact
6 Influence on the arts and culture
7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Geographic characteristics and early history
A dust storm approaches Stratford, Texas, in 1935.
The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains, characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado. Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet (760 m) in the east to 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at the base of the Rocky Mountains. The area is semiarid, receiving less than 20 inches (510 mm) of rain annually; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area. The region is also prone to extended drought, alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration.[8] During wet years, the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output, but crops fail during dry years. The region is also subject to high winds.[9] During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains, this region was thought unsuitable for European-style agriculture; explorers called it the Great American Desert. The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture.
The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862, offering settlers 160-acre (65 ha) plots. With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains, and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation.[10][11] An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that "rain follows the plow" (a popular phrase among real estate promoters) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently.[12] While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching, the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle, beginning in 1886, a short drought in 1890, and general overgrazing, led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation.
Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land, the United States government expanded on the 160 acres (65 ha) offered under the Homestead Act—granting 640 acres (260 ha) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act (1904) and 320 acres (130 ha) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act (1909). Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century. A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the "formerly" semiarid area could support large-scale agriculture. At the same time, technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs.
The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution, which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops, and World War I increased agricultural prices; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation. For example, in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920, then tripled again between 1925 and 1930.[11] The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large-scale erosion under certain environmental conditions.[1] The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods. Furthermore, cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months, when winds in the High Plains are highest, and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting, thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation.
Drought and dust storms
A dust storm; Spearman, Texas, April 14, 1935
"Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle, Texas", c. 1936.
After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters,[13] which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains, the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930.[14] During the next decade, the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895, Kansas four of its twelve driest,[15] and the entire region south to West Texas[16] lacked any period of above-normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941.[17] When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s, it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time. The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable, reduced to a powdery consistency in some places. Without the indigenous grasses in place, the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period.[18] The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail, leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion. The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds.
On November 11, 1933, a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year. Beginning on May 9, 1934, a strong, two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl.[19] The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago, where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust.[20] Two days later, the same storm reached cities to the east, such as Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, New York City, and Washington, D.C.[21] That winter (1934–1935), red snow fell on New England.
On April 14, 1935, known as "Black Sunday", 20 of the worst "black blizzards" occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains, from Canada south to Texas. The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points. Denver-based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City, Oklahoma that day. His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl; it was coined by Edward Stanley, Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press, while rewriting Geiger's news story.[3][4]
Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly [sic] in a cloud of dust for the past week. Ever since Friday of last week, there hasn't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged [sic] with a blast of wind and dirt. On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours, the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud. Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it, the air has become stifling to breathe and many people have developed sore throats and dust colds as a result."
—  Spearman Reporter, 21 March 1935
[22]
Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl. In 1941, a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the "hay method". Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture, the "hay method" was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25–40 years.[23] After much data analysis, the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies. Specifically, Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation, while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence.[24]
Human displacement
This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region.
United States
Buried machinery in a barn lot; Dallas, South Dakota, May 1936
In 1935, many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought (which at that time had already lasted four years).[25] The abandonment of homesteads and financial ruin resulting from catastrophic topsoil loss led to widespread hunger and poverty.[26] Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas, Oklahoma, and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions. More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless. Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone.[27] The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless, others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks, and others felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work.[28] Many Americans migrated west looking for work. Parents packed up "jalopies" with their families and a few personal belongings, and headed west in search of work.[29] Some residents of the Plains, especially in Kansas and Oklahoma, fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition.[20]
"Broke, baby sick, and car trouble!" - Dorothea Lange's 1937 photo of a Missouri migrant family's jalopy stuck near Tracy, California.
The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time. Between 1930 and 1940, approximately 3.5 million people moved out of the Plains states; of those, it is unknown how many moved to California.[30] In just over a year, over 86,000 people migrated to California. This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the 1849 Gold Rush.[31] Migrants abandoned farms in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico, but were often generally referred to as "Okies", "Arkies", or "Texies".[27] Terms such as "Okies" and "Arkies" came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling the most during the Great Depression.[32]
Not all migrants traveled long distances; some simply went to the next town or county. So many families left their farms and were on the move that the proportion between migrants and residents was nearly equal in the Great Plains states.[30]
Characteristics of migrants
A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field
Historian James N. Gregory examined Census Bureau statistics and other records to learn more about the migrants. Based on a 1939 survey of occupation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of about 116,000 families who arrived in California in the 1930s, he learned that only 43 percent of southwesterners were doing farm work immediately before they migrated. Nearly one-third of all migrants were professional or white-collar workers.[33] The poor economy displaced more than just farmers as refugees to California; many teachers, lawyers, and small business owners moved west with their families during this time. After the Great Depression ended, some moved back to their original states. Many others remained where they had resettled. About one-eighth of California's population is of Okie heritage.[34]
U.S. government response
The greatly expanded participation of government in land management and soil conservation was an important outcome from the disaster. Different groups took many different approaches to responding to the disaster. To identify areas that needed attention, groups such as the Soil Conservation Service generated detailed soil maps and took photos of the land from the sky. To create shelterbelts to reduce soil erosion, groups such as the United States Forestry Service’s Prairie States Forestry Project planted trees on private lands. Finally, groups like the Resettlement Administration, which later became the Farm Security Administration, encouraged small farm owners to resettle on other lands, if they lived in dryer parts of the Plains.[24]
During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933, his administration quickly initiated programs to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation. Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett. In 1935, it was transferred and reorganized under the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation Service. It is now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).[35]
As part of New Deal programs, Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936, requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms. Under the law, "benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support, but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures. The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population." [36] Thus, the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909–1914.
To stabilize prices, the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered. It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry. The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses. FDR in an address on the AAA commented,
Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats. Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity. If there had been no Government program, if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934, that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle, immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm, and if the old order had been in effect those years, we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today. Our program – we can prove it – saved the lives of millions of head of livestock. They are still on the range, and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat."
The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations. Apples, beans, canned beef, flour and pork products were distributed through local relief channels. Cotton goods were later included, to clothe the needy.[37]
In 1935, the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service (DRS) to coordinate relief activities. The DRS bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas, for $14 to $20 a head. Animals determined unfit for human consumption were killed; at the beginning of the program, more than 50 percent were so designated in emergency areas. The DRS assigned the remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide. Although it was difficult for farmers to give up their herds, the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy. "The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers, as they could not afford to keep their cattle, and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets."[38]
President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene, Texas to break the wind, hold water in the soil, and hold the soil itself in place. The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques, including crop rotation, strip farming, contour plowing, terracing, and other improved farming practices.[39][40] In 1937, the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil. The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods. By 1938, the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65%.[41] The land still failed to yield a decent living. In the fall of 1939, after nearly a decade of dirt and dust, the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region. The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains.
At the end of the drought, the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a positive relationship between America's farmers and the federal government.[42]
The President's Drought Committee issued a report in 1935 covering the government's assistance to agriculture during 1934 through mid-1935: it discussed conditions, measures of relief, organization, finances, operations, and results of the government's assistance.[43] Numerous exhibits are included in this report.
Long-term economic impact
In many regions, more than 75% of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s. Land degradation varied widely. Aside from the short-term economic consequences caused by erosion, there were severe long-term economic consequences caused by the Dust Bowl.
By 1940, counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion had a greater decline in agricultural land values. The per-acre value of farmland declined by 28% in high-erosion counties and 17% in medium-erosion counties, relative to land value changes in low-erosion counties.[23]:3 Even over the long-term, the agricultural value of the land often failed to recover to pre-Dust Bowl levels. In highly eroded areas, less than 25% of the original agricultural losses were recovered. The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more-eroded counties, both during the 1930s and through the 1950s.[44]:1500
The economic effects persisted, in part, because of farmers' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly eroded areas. Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced, it would have been more productive to shift from crops and wheat to animals and hay. During the Depression and through at least the 1950s, there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more-eroded counties.
Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use. A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit, caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states. Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere, farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production.[45] In addition, profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal, and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops.
Patrick Allitt recounts how fellow historian Donald Worster responded to his return visit to the Dust Bowl in the mid-1970s when he revisited some of the worst afflicted counties:
Capital-intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene; deep wells into the aquifer, intensive irrigation, the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers, and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not. According to the farmers he interviewed, technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles, such of the bad days would not return. In Worster's view, by contrast, the scene demonstrated that America's capitalist high-tech farmers had learned nothing. They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way, devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers.[46]
In contrast with Worster’s pessimism, historian Mathew Bonnifield argued that the long-term significance of the Dust Bowl was "the triumph of the human spirit in its capacity to endure and overcome hardships and reverses."[47]
Influence on the arts and culture
Florence Owens Thompson seen in the photo Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children. by Dorothea Lange
The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression.[48] She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children,[48] which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl "Okie."[49]
The work of independent artists was also influenced by the crises of the Dust Bowl and the Depression. Author John Steinbeck, borrowing closely from field notes taken by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb,[citation needed] wrote The Grapes of Wrath (1939) about migrant workers and farm families displaced by the Dust Bowl. Babb's own novel about the lives of the migrant workers, Whose Names Are Unknown, was written in 1939 but was eclipsed and shelved in response to the success of the Steinbeck's work, and was finally published in 2004.[50][51][52] Many of the songs of folk singer Woody Guthrie, such as those on his 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads, are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression when he traveled with displaced farmers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs, earning him the nickname the "Dust Bowl Troubadour".[53]
Migrants also influenced musical culture wherever they went. Oklahoma migrants, in particular, were rural Southwesterners who carried their traditional country music to California. Today, the "Bakersfield Sound" describes this blend, which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city. Their new music inspired a proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles.
The 2014 science fiction film Interstellar features a ravaged 21st-century America which is again scoured by dust storms (caused by a worldwide pathogen affecting all crops). Along with inspiration from the 1930s crisis, director Christopher Nolan features interviews from the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl to draw further parallels.[54]
In 2017, Americana recording artist Grant Maloy Smith released the album Dust Bowl – American Stories, which was inspired by the history of the Dust Bowl.[55] In a review, the music magazine No Depression wrote that the album’s lyrics and music are “as potent as Woody Guthrie, as intense as John Trudell and dusted with the trials and tribulations of Tom Joad – Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath.”[56]
Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains
The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century. Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I, but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s. The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940, and has been increasing since then. From 1910 to the 1940s, total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined. During this time, total population increased steadily, but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960.[44][clarify][verification needed]
See also
U.S. Route 66 (notable Dust Bowl migration route to California)
1936 North American heat wave
Great Plains Shelterbelt
Ogallala Aquifer
Notable documentaries
The Dust Bowl (2012 documentary by Ken Burns)
The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936 documentary)
International
Palliser's Triangle (semiarid area of Canada)
Goyder's Line (semiarid area of Australia)
General
Desertification
Monoculture
Semi-arid climate
Global warming
References
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^ Jump up to: a b Hornbeck, Richard (June 2012). "The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl: Short- and Long-Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe" (PDF). American Economic Review. 102 (4). pp. 1477–1507. doi:10.1257/aer.102.4.1477. Retrieved March 31, 2016 – via Harvard University, Department of Economics.
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Jump up ^ See:
Lanzendorfer, Joy, "The forgotten Dust Bowl novel that rivaled "The Grapes of Wrath"," Smithsonian.com, 2016 May 23.
"Sanora Babb," The Dust Bowl: a film by Ken Burns, PBS.org (2012)
For the role of Tom Collins of the Farm Security Administration in Steinbeck's novel, see: John Steinbeck with Robert Demott, ed., Working Days: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath, 1938–1941 (New York, New York: Penguin Books, 1990), pp. xxvii–xxviii, 33 (journal entry for 1938 June 24).
Jump up ^ Alarik, Scott. Robert Burns unplugged. The Boston Globe, August 7, 2005. Retrieved on December 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Alyssa (November 6, 2014). "How Ken Burns' surprise role in 'Interstellar' explains the movie". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Hubble (June 1, 2017). "Kingman gets a mention on Dust Bowl album". Kingman Daily Miner. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Apice, John (May 22, 2017). "Expressive Original Songs Steeped In the Dirt & Reality of the Dust Bowl-Depression Era". No Depression. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Bibliography
Bonnifield, Mathew Paul. (1979) Dust Bowl: Men, Dirt and Depression
Gregory, James Noble. American exodus: The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California (Oxford University Press, 1989)
Lassieur, Allison. (2009) The Dust Bowl: An Interactive History Adventure Capstone Press, ISBN 1-4296-3455-3
Reis, Ronald A. (2008) The Dust Bowl Chelsea House ISBN 978-0-7910-9737-3
Sylvester, Kenneth M., and Eric S. A. Rupley, “Revising the Dust Bowl: High above the Kansas Grassland”, Environmental History, 17 (July 2012), 603–33.
Worster, Donald 2004 (1979)Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (25. anniversary ed) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517489-5
Woody Guthrie, (1963) The (Nearly) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs, Ludlow Music, New York.
Alan Lomax, Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, (1967) Hard-Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People, Oak Publications, New York.
Timothy Egan (2006) The Worst Hard Time, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, hardcover. ISBN 0-618-34697-X.
Katelan Janke, (1935) Survival in the Storm: The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards, Dalhart, Texas, Scholastic (September 2002). ISBN 0-439-21599-4.
Karen Hesse (paperback January 1999) Out of the Dust, Scholastic Signature. New York First Edition, 1997, hardcover . ISBN 0-590-37125-8.
Sanora Babb (2004) Whose Names Are Unknown, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3579-3.
Sweeney, Kevin Z. (2016). Prelude to the Dust Bowl: Drought in the Nineteenth-Century Southern Plains Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust Bowl.
NASA Explains "Dust Bowl" Drought
The Dust Bowl photo collection
"The Dust Bowl", a PBS television series by filmmaker Ken Burns
The Dust Bowl (EH.Net Encyclopedia)
Black Sunday, April 14, 1935, Dodge City, KS
The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
Surviving the Dust Bowl, Black Sunday (April 14, 1935)
Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940–1941 Library of Congress, American Folklife Center Online collection of archival sound recordings, photographs, and manuscripts
YouTube Video: "The Great Depression, Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.)"
Farming in the 1930s (Wessels Living History Farm)
Out of the Dust (The Modesto Bee)
Africa Data Dissemination Service, part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, U.S. Geological Service
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Dust Bowl
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Dust Bowl Migration Archive at Sonoma State University Library
Dust, Drought, and Dreams Gone Dry: Oklahoma Women in the Dust Bowl Oral History Project, Oklahoma Oral History Research Program
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Frosty Troy. First person interview conducted on November 30, 2011 with Frosty Troy talking about the Oklahoma Dust Bowl. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
[show]
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List of NBA champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 February 2018.
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[hide]National Basketball Association awards and honors
Championship
O'Brien Trophy
Brown Trophy (defunct)
Individual awards
All-Star Game MVP
Bill Russell Finals MVP
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship
Community Assist Award
Most Improved Player
Most Valuable Player
Rookie of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
Sportsmanship Award
Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year
Lifetime Achievement Award
Honors
All-NBA Team
All-Rookie Team
All-Defensive Team
v
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The National Basketball Association (NBA) (formerly Basketball Association of America (BAA) from 1946–49) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA's postseason. All Finals have been played in a best-of-seven format, and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference (formerly Divisions before 1970), except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions. Prior to 1949, the playoffs were instituted a three-stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals.[1][2][3] The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.
The home-and-away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2–2–1–1–1 format (the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1, 2, 5 and 7) during 1947–1948, 1950–1952, 1957–1970, 1972–1974, 1976–1977, 1979–1984, 2014–present. It was previously in a 2–3–2 format (the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1, 2, 6 and 7) during 1949, 1953–1955, and 1985–2013,[4][5][6][7][8][9] in a 1–1–1–1–1–1–1 format during 1956 and 1971[10][11] and in a 1–2–2–1–1 format during 1975 and 1978.[12][13]
The Eastern Conference/Division leads the Western Conference/Division in series won (38–32). The defunct Central Division won one championship. The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles, having won a combined 33 of 70 championships.
Contents
[hide]
1 Trophies
1.1 Walter A. Brown Trophy
1.2 Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy
2 Champions
3 Results by teams
4 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Trophies
The original Walter A. Brown Trophy displayed at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Walter A. Brown Trophy
The trophy was originally referred to as the NBA Finals trophy,[14] but was renamed in 1964 after Walter A. Brown, the original owner of the Boston Celtics who was instrumental in merging the BAA and the National Basketball League into the NBA in 1949.[15][16]
The original trophy was awarded to the BAA/NBA champions from 1947 to 1976. The trophy was kept by the winning team for one year and given to the winning team of the following year's finals, unless the previous team won again, much like the NHL's Stanley Cup, which continues that tradition to this day.
A new trophy design was created for the 1977 NBA Finals, although it retained the Walter A. Brown title. Unlike the original championship trophy, the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year.
The inaugural winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia Warriors, who defeated the Chicago Stags.[17] From 1957 to 1969, the Celtics won the NBA Finals 11 out of 13 times, including eight consecutive wins. The final winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia 76ers, who defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1983 NBA Finals. In 1984, the trophy was renamed the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.
Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy
Main article: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy
In 1984, the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, in honor of Larry O'Brien, who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984.[18]
The current trophy is made out of 14.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay and stands 2 feet (0.61 m) tall. It is designed to look like a basketball about to enter a net. The year and team names are engraved on the trophies, which are often prominently displayed in the winning team's arena.[19]
The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games (4–3) in the 1984 NBA Finals.
Champions
Numbers in parentheses in the table are NBA Finals appearances as of the date of that NBA Finals, and are used as follows:
Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective teams' NBA Finals record to date.
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Ref
1947 Philadelphia Warriors (1, 1–0) Gottlieb, EddieEddie Gottlieb 4–1 Chicago Stags (1, 0–1) Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen [20]
1948 Baltimore Bullets (1, 1–0) Jeannette, BuddyBuddy Jeannette 4–2 Philadelphia Warriors (2, 1–1) Gottlieb, EddieEddie Gottlieb [21]
1949 Minneapolis Lakers (1, 1–0) Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla 4–2 Washington Capitols (1, 0–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach [22]
1950 Minneapolis Lakers (2, 2–0) Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla 4–2 Syracuse Nationals (1, 0–1) Cervi, AlAl Cervi [23]
1951 Rochester Royals (1, 1–0) Harrison, LesLes Harrison 4–3 New York Knicks (1, 0–1) Lapchick, JoeJoe Lapchick [24]
1952 Minneapolis Lakers (3, 3–0) Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla 4–3 New York Knicks (2, 0–2) Lapchick, JoeJoe Lapchick [25]
1953 Minneapolis Lakers (4, 4–0) Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla 4–1 New York Knicks (3, 0–3) Lapchick, JoeJoe Lapchick [26]
1954 Minneapolis Lakers (5, 5–0) Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla 4–3 Syracuse Nationals (2, 0–2) Cervi, AlAl Cervi [27]
1955 Syracuse Nationals (3, 1–2) Cervi, AlAl Cervi 4–3 Fort Wayne Pistons (1, 0–1) Eckman, CharlesCharles Eckman [28]
1956 Philadelphia Warriors (3, 2–1) Senesky, GeorgeGeorge Senesky 4–1 Fort Wayne Pistons (2, 0–2) Eckman, CharlesCharles Eckman [29]
1957 Boston Celtics (1, 1–0) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–3 St. Louis Hawks (1, 0–1) Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum [30]
1958 St. Louis Hawks (2, 1–1) Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum 4–2 Boston Celtics (2, 1–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach [31]
1959 Boston Celtics (3, 2–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–0 Minneapolis Lakers (6, 5–1) Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla [32]
1960 Boston Celtics (4, 3–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–3 St. Louis Hawks (3, 1–2) Macauley, EdEd Macauley [33]
1961 Boston Celtics (5, 4–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–1 St. Louis Hawks (4, 1–3) Seymour, PaulPaul Seymour [34]
1962 Boston Celtics (6, 5–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–3 Los Angeles Lakers (7, 5–2) Schaus, FredFred Schaus [35]
1963 Boston Celtics (7, 6–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–2 Los Angeles Lakers (8, 5–3) Schaus, FredFred Schaus [36]
1964 Boston Celtics (8, 7–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–1 San Francisco Warriors (4, 2–2) Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum [37]
1965 Boston Celtics (9, 8–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–1 Los Angeles Lakers (9, 5–4) Schaus, FredFred Schaus [38]
1966 Boston Celtics (10, 9–1) Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach 4–3 Los Angeles Lakers (10, 5–5) Schaus, FredFred Schaus [39]
1967 Philadelphia 76ers (4, 2–2) Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum 4–2 San Francisco Warriors (5, 2–3) Sharman, BillBill Sharman [40]
1968 Boston Celtics (11, 10–1) Russell, BillBill Russell 4–2 Los Angeles Lakers (11, 5–6) van Breda Kolff, ButchButch van Breda Kolff [41]
1969 Boston Celtics (12, 11–1) Russell, BillBill Russell 4–3 Los Angeles Lakers (12, 5–7) van Breda Kolff, ButchButch van Breda Kolff [42]
1970 New York Knicks (4, 1–3) Holzman, RedRed Holzman 4–3 Los Angeles Lakers (13, 5–8) Mullaney, JoeJoe Mullaney [43]
1971 Milwaukee Bucks (1, 1–0) Costello, LarryLarry Costello 4–0 Baltimore Bullets (1, 0–1) Shue, GeneGene Shue [44]
1972 Los Angeles Lakers (14, 6–8) Sharman, BillBill Sharman 4–1 New York Knicks (5, 1–4) Holzman, RedRed Holzman [45]
1973 New York Knicks (6, 2–4) Holzman, RedRed Holzman 4–1 Los Angeles Lakers (15, 6–9) Sharman, BillBill Sharman [46]
1974 Boston Celtics (13, 12–1) Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn 4–3 Milwaukee Bucks (2, 1–1) Costello, LarryLarry Costello [47]
1975 Golden State Warriors (6, 3–3) Attles, AlAl Attles 4–0 Washington Bullets (2, 0–2) Jones, K.C.K.C. Jones [48]
1976 Boston Celtics (14, 13–1) Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn 4–2 Phoenix Suns (1, 0–1) MacLeod, JohnJohn MacLeod [49]
1977 Portland Trail Blazers (1, 1–0) Ramsay, JackJack Ramsay 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (5, 2–3) Shue, GeneGene Shue [50]
1978 Washington Bullets (3, 1–2) Motta, DickDick Motta 4–3 Seattle SuperSonics (1, 0–1) Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens [51]
1979 Seattle SuperSonics (2, 1–1) Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens 4–1 Washington Bullets (4, 1–3) Motta, DickDick Motta [52]
1980 Los Angeles Lakers (16, 7–9) Westhead, PaulPaul Westhead 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (6, 2–4) Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham [53]
1981 Boston Celtics (15, 14–1) Fitch, BillBill Fitch 4–2 Houston Rockets (1, 0–1) Harris, DelDel Harris [54]
1982 Los Angeles Lakers (17, 8–9) Riley, PatPat Riley 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (7, 2–5) Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham [55]
1983 Philadelphia 76ers (8, 3–5) Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham 4–0 Los Angeles Lakers (18, 8–10) Riley, PatPat Riley [56]
1984 Boston Celtics (16, 15–1) Jones, K.C.K.C. Jones 4–3 Los Angeles Lakers (19, 8–11) Riley, PatPat Riley [57]
1985 Los Angeles Lakers (20, 9–11) Riley, PatPat Riley 4–2 Boston Celtics (17, 15–2) Jones, K.C.K.C. Jones [58]
1986 Boston Celtics (18, 16–2) Jones, K.C.K.C. Jones 4–2 Houston Rockets (2, 0–2) Fitch, BillBill Fitch [59]
1987 Los Angeles Lakers (21, 10–11) Riley, PatPat Riley 4–2 Boston Celtics (19, 16–3) Jones, K.C.K.C. Jones [60]
1988 Los Angeles Lakers (22, 11–11) Riley, PatPat Riley 4–3 Detroit Pistons (3, 0–3) Daly, ChuckChuck Daly [61]
1989 Detroit Pistons (4, 1–3) Daly, ChuckChuck Daly 4–0 Los Angeles Lakers (23, 11–12) Riley, PatPat Riley [62]
1990 Detroit Pistons (5, 2–3) Daly, ChuckChuck Daly 4–1 Portland Trail Blazers (2, 1–1) Adelman, RickRick Adelman [63]
1991 Chicago Bulls (1, 1–0) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–1 Los Angeles Lakers (24, 11–13) Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy [64]
1992 Chicago Bulls (2, 2–0) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–2 Portland Trail Blazers (3, 1–2) Adelman, RickRick Adelman [65]
1993 Chicago Bulls (3, 3–0) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–2 Phoenix Suns (2, 0–2) Westphal, PaulPaul Westphal [66]
1994 Houston Rockets (3, 1–2) Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich 4–3 New York Knicks (7, 2–5) Riley, PatPat Riley [67]
1995 Houston Rockets (4, 2–2) Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich 4–0 Orlando Magic (1, 0–1) Hill, BrianBrian Hill [68]
1996 Chicago Bulls (4, 4–0) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–2 Seattle SuperSonics (3, 1–2) Karl, GeorgeGeorge Karl [69]
1997 Chicago Bulls (5, 5–0) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–2 Utah Jazz (1, 0–1) Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan [70]
1998 Chicago Bulls (6, 6–0) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–2 Utah Jazz (2, 0–2) Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan [71]
1999 San Antonio Spurs (1, 1–0) Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich 4–1 New York Knicks (8, 2–6) Van Gundy, JeffJeff Van Gundy [72]
2000 Los Angeles Lakers (25, 12–13) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–2 Indiana Pacers (1, 0–1) Bird, LarryLarry Bird [73]
2001 Los Angeles Lakers (26, 13–13) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–1 Philadelphia 76ers (9, 3–6) Brown, LarryLarry Brown [74]
2002 Los Angeles Lakers (27, 14–13) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–0 New Jersey Nets (1, 0–1) Scott, ByronByron Scott [75]
2003 San Antonio Spurs (2, 2–0) Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich 4–2 New Jersey Nets (2, 0–2) Scott, ByronByron Scott [76]
2004 Detroit Pistons (6, 3–3) Brown, LarryLarry Brown 4–1 Los Angeles Lakers (28, 14–14) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson [77]
2005 San Antonio Spurs (3, 3–0) Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich 4–3 Detroit Pistons (7, 4–3) Brown, LarryLarry Brown [78]
2006 Miami Heat (1, 1–0) Riley, PatPat Riley 4–2 Dallas Mavericks (1, 0–1) Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson [79]
2007 San Antonio Spurs (4, 4–0) Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich 4–0 Cleveland Cavaliers (1, 0–1) Brown, MikeMike Brown [80]
2008 Boston Celtics (20, 17–3) Rivers, DocDoc Rivers 4–2 Los Angeles Lakers (29, 14–15) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson [81]
2009 Los Angeles Lakers (30, 15–15) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–1 Orlando Magic (2, 0–2) Van Gundy, StanStan Van Gundy [82]
2010 Los Angeles Lakers (31, 16–15) Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson 4–3 Boston Celtics (21, 17–4) Rivers, DocDoc Rivers [83]
2011 Dallas Mavericks (2, 1–1) Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle 4–2 Miami Heat (2, 1–1) Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra [84]
2012 Miami Heat (3, 2–1) Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra 4–1 Oklahoma City Thunder (4, 1–3) Brooks, ScottScott Brooks [85]
2013 Miami Heat (4, 3–1) Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra 4–3 San Antonio Spurs (5, 4–1) Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich [86]
2014 San Antonio Spurs (6, 4–1) Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich 4–1 Miami Heat (5, 3–2) Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra [87]
2015 Golden State Warriors (7, 4–3) Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr 4–2 Cleveland Cavaliers (2, 0–2) Blatt, DavidDavid Blatt [88]
2016 Cleveland Cavaliers (3, 1–2) Lue, TyronnTyronn Lue 4–3 Golden State Warriors (8, 4–4) Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr [89]
2017 Golden State Warriors (9, 5–4) Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr 4–1 Cleveland Cavaliers (4, 1–3) Lue, TyronnTyronn Lue [90]
Results by teams
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost
Boston Celtics 17 4 21 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008 1958, 1985, 1987, 2010
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008
Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 —
Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors 5 4 9 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017 1948, 1964, 1967, 2016
San Antonio Spurs 5 1 6 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014 2013
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers 3 6 9 1955, 1967, 1983 1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001
Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons 3 4 7 1989, 1990, 2004 1955, 1956, 1988, 2005
Miami Heat 3 2 5 2006, 2012, 2013 2011, 2014
New York Knicks 2 6 8 1970, 1973 1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999
Houston Rockets 2 2 4 1994, 1995 1981, 1986
St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks 1 3 4 1958 1957, 1960, 1961
Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards 1 3 4 1978 1971, 1975, 1979
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder 1 3 4 1979 1978, 1996, 2012
Cleveland Cavaliers 1 3 4 2016 2007, 2015, 2017
Portland Trail Blazers 1 2 3 1977 1990, 1992
Milwaukee Bucks 1 1 2 1971 1974
Dallas Mavericks 1 1 2 2011 2006
Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[a] 1 0 1 1948 —
Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings 1 0 1 1951 —
Phoenix Suns 0 2 2 — 1976, 1993
New Orleans/Utah Jazz 0 2 2 — 1997, 1998
New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets 0 2 2 — 2002, 2003
Orlando Magic 0 2 2 — 1995, 2009
Chicago Stags (folded in 1950) 0 1 1 — 1947
Washington Capitols (folded in 1951) 0 1 1 — 1949
Indiana Pacers 0 1 1 — 2000
Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers — — —
Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats — — —
Denver Nuggets — — —
Minnesota Timberwolves — — —
New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans — — —
Toronto Raptors — — —
Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies — — —
Notes
Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.
See also
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Playoffs
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
List of NBA Development League champions
List of NBA championship head coaches
List of NBA players with most championships
References
Jump up ^ Rosen, Charley (2008). The First Tip-Off: The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA. Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 211–212. ISBN 0-07-148785-9.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Corrie; Reheuser, Rob; et al. (2006). Sporting News Official 2006–2007 NBA Guide. Sporting News Books. ISBN 0-89204-854-9.
Jump up ^ Brown, Donald H. (2007). A Best of Basketball Story. AuthorHouse. pp. 4–5. ISBN 1-4343-4193-3.
Jump up ^ "1948–49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1952–53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1953–54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1954–55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Bob (June 23, 2005). "Time to turn back clock on format". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian (October 23, 2013). "Vote is unanimous to change Finals". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "1955–56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1970–71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1974–75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1977–78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Shimberg, Jason (June 9, 2005). "NBA Finals Trophy: Can You Name It?". docsports.com. Docsports. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Walter A. Brown". hoophall.com. Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "NBA". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NBA Finals history". USA Today. June 26, 1999. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lawrence O'Brien". hoophall.com. Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NBA Legends Launch 2005 NBA Legends Tour: Destination Finals". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ "1947 BAA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1948 BAA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1949 BAA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1950 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1951 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1952 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1953 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1954 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1955 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1956 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1957 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1958 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1959 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1960 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1961 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1962 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1963 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1964 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1965 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1966 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1967 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1968 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1969 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1970 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1971 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1972 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1973 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1974 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1975 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1976 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1977 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1978 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1979 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1980 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1981 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1982 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1983 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1984 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1985 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1986 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1987 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1988 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1989 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1990 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1991 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1992 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1993 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1994 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1995 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1996 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1997 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1998 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "1999 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2000 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2001 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2002 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2003 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2004 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2005 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2006 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2007 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2008 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2009 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2010 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2011 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2012 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2013 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2014 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2015 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2016 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 NBA Finals - Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors | Basketball-Reference.com". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
External links
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NBA.com: List of champions
[show]
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NBA Finals
Champions
O'Brien Trophy
Most Valuable Player Award
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Broadcasters
Game sevens
Droughts
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1940s
1947 1948 1949
1950s
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
[show]
v
t
e
NBA champions
1947: Philadelphia Warriors
1948: Baltimore Bullets
1949: Minneapolis Lakers
1950: Minneapolis Lakers
1951: Rochester Royals
1952: Minneapolis Lakers
1953: Minneapolis Lakers
1954: Minneapolis Lakers
1955: Syracuse Nationals
1956: Philadelphia Warriors
1957: Boston Celtics
1958: St. Louis Hawks
1959: Boston Celtics
1960: Boston Celtics
1961: Boston Celtics
1962: Boston Celtics
1963: Boston Celtics
1964: Boston Celtics
1965: Boston Celtics
1966: Boston Celtics
1967: Philadelphia 76ers
1968: Boston Celtics
1969: Boston Celtics
1970: New York Knicks
1971: Milwaukee Bucks
1972: Los Angeles Lakers
1973: New York Knicks
1974: Boston Celtics
1975: Golden State Warriors
1976: Boston Celtics
1977: Portland Trail Blazers
1978: Washington Bullets
1979: Seattle SuperSonics
1980: Los Angeles Lakers
1981: Boston Celtics
1982: Los Angeles Lakers
1983: Philadelphia 76ers
1984: Boston Celtics
1985: Los Angeles Lakers
1986: Boston Celtics
1987: Los Angeles Lakers
1988: Los Angeles Lakers
1989: Detroit Pistons
1990: Detroit Pistons
1991: Chicago Bulls
1992: Chicago Bulls
1993: Chicago Bulls
1994: Houston Rockets
1995: Houston Rockets
1996: Chicago Bulls
1997: Chicago Bulls
1998: Chicago Bulls
1999: San Antonio Spurs
2000: Los Angeles Lakers
2001: Los Angeles Lakers
2002: Los Angeles Lakers
2003: San Antonio Spurs
2004: Detroit Pistons
2005: San Antonio Spurs
2006: Miami Heat
2007: San Antonio Spurs
2008: Boston Celtics
2009: Los Angeles Lakers
2010: Los Angeles Lakers
2011: Dallas Mavericks
2012: Miami Heat
2013: Miami Heat
2014: San Antonio Spurs
2015: Golden State Warriors
2016: Cleveland Cavaliers
2017: Golden State Warriors
[show]
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values: قائمة نهائيات الرابطة الوطنية لكرة السلة – Arabic

values: NBA çempionlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani

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