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Mediterranean diet
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This article is about the dietary recommendation that became popular in the 1990s. For food of the areas around the Mediterranean Sea, see Mediterranean cuisine.
Mediterranean diet
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Olive oil and vegetables
Criteria
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 [1]
Reference
884
Inscription history
Inscription
2013
The Mediterranean diet is a diet inspired by the eating habits of Greece, Southern Italy, and Spain in the 1940s and 1950s.[2] The principal aspects of this diet include proportionally high consumption of olive oil, legumes, unrefined cereals, fruits, and vegetables, moderate to high consumption of fish, moderate consumption of dairy products (mostly as cheese and yogurt), moderate wine consumption, and low consumption of non-fish meat products.[3]
There is some evidence that the Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of heart disease and early death.[4][5] Olive oil may be the main health-promoting component of the diet.[6] There is preliminary evidence that regular consumption of olive oil may lower all-cause mortality and the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and several chronic diseases.[6][7][8][9]
In 2013, UNESCO added the Mediterranean diet to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of Italy (promoter), Spain, France, Portugal, Morocco, Greece, Cyprus, and Croatia.[10][11] It was chosen because "The Mediterranean diet involves a set of skills, knowledge, rituals, symbols and traditions concerning crops, harvesting, fishing, animal husbandry, conservation, processing, cooking, and particularly the sharing and consumption of food." [12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Health effects
1.1 Heart disease
1.2 Diabetes
1.3 Cancer
1.4 Cognitive ability
1.5 Gluten
2 Dietary components
3 History and reception
3.1 Portugal
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Health effects[edit]
A 2016 review found similar weight loss as other diets.[13] A 2017 review found evidence of a decreased risk of early death.[5]
Dietary factors may be only part of the reason for health benefits gained by certain Mediterranean cultures. Physically active lifestyle, lower body mass index, cessation of smoking and moderate alcohol consumption also may contribute.[14]
Heart disease[edit]
A 2013 Cochrane review found limited evidence that a Mediterranean diet favorably affects cardiovascular risk factors.[4] A meta-analysis in 2013 compared Mediterranean, vegan, vegetarian, low-glycemic index, low-carbohydrate, high-fiber, and high-protein diets with control diets. The research concluded that Mediterranean, low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index, and high-protein diets are effective in improving markers of risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, while there was limited evidence for an effect of vegetarian diets on glycemic control and lipid levels unrelated to weight loss.[15] However, concerns have been raised about the quality of previously performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining the impact of a Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors.[16] Newer reviews have reached similar conclusions about the ability of a Mediterranean diet to improve cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure.[17]
The Mediterranean diet often is cited as beneficial for being low in saturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat and dietary fiber. One of the main explanations is thought to be the health effects of olive oil included in the Mediterranean diet. Olive oil contains monounsaturated fats, most notably oleic acid, which is under clinical research for its potential health benefits.[7] The European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies approved health claims on olive oil, for protection by its polyphenols against oxidation of blood lipids[18] and for the contribution to the maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol levels by replacing saturated fats in the diet with oleic acid[19] (Commission Regulation (EU) 432/2012 of 16 May 2012).[20] A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that an elevated consumption of olive oil is associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and stroke, while monounsaturated fatty acids of mixed animal and plant origin showed no significant effects.[8]
Diabetes[edit]
In 2014, two meta-analyses found that the Mediterranean diet was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes.[21][22]
Cancer[edit]
A meta-analysis in 2008 found that strictly following the Mediterranean diet reduced the risk of dying from cancer by 6%.[23] A 2017 review found a decreased rate of cancer.[5]
Another 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a decreased risk of death from cancer.[24] There is preliminary evidence that regular consumption of olive oil may lower the risk of developing cancer.[9]
Cognitive ability[edit]
A 2016 systematic review found a relation between greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet and better cognitive performance; it is unclear if the relationship is causal.[25]
According to a 2013 systematic review, greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is correlated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease and slower cognitive decline.[26] Another 2013 systematic review reached similar conclusions, and also found a negative association with the risk of progressing from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's, but acknowledged that only a small number of studies had been done on the topic.[27]
Gluten[edit]
As the Mediterranean diet usually includes products containing gluten like pasta and bread, increasing use of the diet may have contributed to the growing rate of gluten-related disorders.[28]
Dietary components[edit]
Mediterranean roasted vegetables
The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, summarizing the pattern of eating associated with this diet.
Further information: Mediterranean cuisine
Although there are many different "Mediterranean diets" among different countries and populations of the Mediterranean basin, because of ethnical, cultural, economical and religious diversities, the distinct Mediterranean cuisines generally include the same key components, in addition to regular physical activity:[29][30][31]
High intakes of extra virgin olive oil (as the principal source of fat), vegetables (including leafy green vegetables), fresh fruits (consumed as desserts or snacks), cereals (mostly whole grains), nuts and legumes.
Moderate intakes of fish and other seafood, poultry, dairy products (principally cheese and yogurt) and red wine.
Low intakes of eggs, red meat, processed meat and sweets.
These proportions are sometimes represented in the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. Total fat in a diet with roughly this composition is 25% to 35% of calories, with saturated fat at 8% or less of calories.[31]
In Northern Italy lard and butter are commonly used in cooking, and olive oil is reserved for dressing salads and cooked vegetables.[32] In both North Africa and the Middle East, sheep's tail fat and rendered butter (samna) are traditional staple fats.[33]
History and reception[edit]
The concept of a Mediterranean diet was developed to reflect "food patterns typical of Crete, much of the rest of Greece, and southern Italy in the early 1960s".[31] Although it was first publicized in 1975 by the American biologist Ancel Keys and chemist Margaret Keys (his wife and collaborator),[34] the Mediterranean diet failed to gain widespread recognition until the 1990s. Objective data showing that Mediterranean diet is healthful originated from results of epidemiological studies in Naples and Madrid [35] confirmed later by the Seven Countries Study, with first publication in 1970,[36] and a book-length report in 1980.[37] The most commonly understood version of the Mediterranean diet was presented, among others, by Walter Willett of Harvard University's School of Public Health from the mid-1990s on.[38][39][40][41][42]
The Mediterranean diet is based on what from the point of view of mainstream nutrition is considered a paradox: although the people living in Mediterranean countries tend to consume relatively high amounts of fat, they have far lower rates of cardiovascular disease than in countries like the United States, where similar levels of fat consumption are found. A parallel phenomenon is known as the French Paradox.[43]
A diet rich in salads was promoted in England during the early Renaissance period by Giacomo Castelvetro in A Brief Account of the Fruits, Herbs, and Vegetables of Italy.[44]
By 2010 the diet had become a fad diet.[45]
Portugal[edit]
When Ancel Keys and his team of researchers studied and characterized the Mediterranean diet and compared it with the eating habits of the US and the most developed countries during that period, some identified it as the "Diet of the Poor". According to the famed Portuguese gastronomist Maria de Lourdes Modesto who met with Keys, Portugal was included in their observations and studies, and according to their conversation, Keys considered Portugal had the most pure "Mediterranean" diet. However, Salazar, the dictator of Portugal, did not want the name of Portugal included in what he understood as the diet of the poor.[46]
Still today the name of the diet is not consensual among Portuguese gastronomists. After the Mediterranean diet became well-known, some studies evaluated the health benefits of the so-called "Atlantic diet", which is similar to Keys' "Mediterranean" diet, but with more fish, seafood, and fresh greens. Virgílio Gomes, a Portuguese professor and researcher on food history and gastronomy says, Portuguese cuisine is really an "Atlantic cuisine".[46]
See also[edit]
Cretan diet
Cuisine of the Mediterranean
Mediterranean Diet Foundation
Health effects of wine
Sustainable diet
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Schwingshackl, L; Missbach, B; König, J; Hoffmann, G (22 August 2014). "Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public health nutrition. 18: 1–8. doi:10.1017/S1368980014001542. PMID 25145972.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Willett WC; Sacks, F; Trichopoulou, A; Drescher, G; Ferro-Luzzi, A; Helsing, E; Trichopoulos, D (June 1, 1995). "Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (6): 1402S–6S. PMID 7754995.
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External links[edit]
Media related to Mediterranean Diet at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Allied leaders of World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting along with the Allies (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey.
The Council of Four (from left to right): David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson in Versailles.
The Allied leaders of World War I consist of the political and military figures that fought for or supported the Allies during World War I. For a larger list of Allied leaders than the one below, see Allies of World War I.
Contents
[hide]
1 Russian Empire
1.1 Russian SFSR
2 France
3 United Kingdom
4 Australia
5 Canada
6 South Africa
7 China
8 Serbia
9 Belgium
10 Italy
11 Romania
12 United States of America
13 Japan
14 Brazil
15 Greece
16 Siam
17 Portugal
18 See also
19 References
Russian Empire[edit]
King George V (right) with his first cousin Tsar Nicholas II, Berlin, 1913. Note the close physical resemblance between the two monarchs.[1]
Nicholas II[2] – Last Czar of Russia, titular King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland.
Alexander Kerensky[3] − Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich[4] – Commander-in-Chief and Viceroy in the Caucasus
Alexander Samsonov[5] – Commander of the Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia
Paul von Rennenkampf[6] – Commander of the First Army for the invasion of East Prussia
Nikolay Ivanov[7] – Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front, responsible for much of the action in Galicia
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich - Chief of the Imperial Russian Air Service
Aleksei Brusilov[8] – Commander of the south, then provisional Commander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication
Nikolai Yudenich – Commander of the Russian forces in the Caucasus Campaign
Russian SFSR[edit]
Vladimir Lenin[9] − Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR
France[edit]
Raymond Poincaré[10] – President of France (1913–1920)
Rene Viviani – Prime Minister of France (1914–1915)
Joseph Joffre[11] – Marshal of France and Commander-in-Chief of the French Army
Ferdinand Foch[12] – Marshal of France and Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, "Generalissimo of the Allied Armies" (from spring 1918)
Robert Nivelle[13] – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army
Philippe Pétain[14] – Marshal of France and Commander-in-Chief of the French Army
Maurice Sarrail – Commander of the French forces on the Macedonian Front
Joseph Gallieni – Military Governor of Paris and Minister of War (1915–1916)
United Kingdom[edit]
H. H. Asquith – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (until 1916)[15]
David Lloyd George – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916–1922)
Douglas Haig – Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (1915–1918)
Sir John French - Commander-in-Chief of the BEF (1914–1915) and Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces (1915–1918)
John Jellicoe – Commanding officer of the Grand Fleet (1914–1916), First Sea Lord (1916–1917)
Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty (1911 to 1915)
Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 – 5 June 1916)
Sir David Henderson – Director-General of Military Aeronautics (1 September 1913 – 18 October 1917)
George Milne – Commander of the British forces at Doiran
Reginald Wingate – Commander of the British forces in the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
Edmund Allenby – Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
Australia[edit]
Andrew Fisher – Prime Minister of Australia (to 27 October 1915)
Billy Hughes – Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)
Edward Millen – Minister for Defence (to 17 September 1914)
George Pearce – Minister for Defence (from 17 September 1914)
Jens Jensen – Minister for the Navy (to 17 February 1917)
Joseph Cook – Minister for the Navy (from 17 February 1917)
William Birdwood – Commander of the Australian Imperial Force
Canada[edit]
Robert Borden – Prime Minister of Canada (1911 to 1920)
South Africa[edit]
Louis Botha – Prime Minister of South Africa
Jan Smuts – Commander South-West Africa Campaign and East African Campaign, later member of the Imperial War Cabinet
China[edit]
Duan Qirui – Premier of the Republic of China (1916–18).
Serbia[edit]
Peter I[16] – King of Serbia
Crown Prince Alexander – Regent, Commander-in-Chief
Nikola Pašić – Prime Minister
Radomir Putnik – Field Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the Serbian Army
Stepa Stepanovic – General in the Serbian Army
Belgium[edit]
King Albert (left) with his wife the Queen, and Fuad I of Egypt (right).
Albert I of Belgium[17] – King of the Belgians
Charles de Broqueville – Prime Minister (17 June 1911 – 1 June 1918)
Gérard Cooreman – Prime Minister (1 June 1918 – 21 November 1918)
Gérard Leman - Belgian general in the Battle of Liege
Italy[edit]
Victor Emmanuel III[18] – King of Italy
Vittorio Orlando – Prime Minister of Italy at the end of the war
Luigi Cadorna – Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Army
Armando Diaz – Chief of the General Staff of the Italian Army
Paolo Thaon di Revel – Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Navy
Luigi Amedeo – Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy
Maurizio Moris – Head of Italian military aviation
Ernesto Mombelli – Italian commander on the Macedonian Front
Alfredo Acton – Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy
Romania[edit]
Ferdinand I – King of Romania
Constantin Prezan – Chief of the General Staff of Romania
Alexandru Averescu – Prime Minister of Romania and Marshal in the Romanian Army
United States of America[edit]
Woodrow Wilson[19] – President of the United States
Thomas R. Marshall[20] – Vice President of the United States
Newton D. Baker – Secretary of War
Josephus Daniels – Secretary of the Navy
Tasker H. Bliss – Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army
Peyton C. March – Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army
John J. Pershing[21] – Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces
William Sims – Commander of all American naval forces in Europe
Japan[edit]
Ōkuma Shigenobu, 5th Prime Minister of Japan.
Emperor Taishō[22] – Emperor of Japan
Ōkuma Shigenobu – Prime Minister of Japan (16 April 1914 – 9 October 1916)
Terauchi Masatake – Prime Minister of Japan (9 October 1916 – 29 September 1918)
Hara Takashi – Prime Minister of Japan (29 September 1918 – 4 November 1921)
Brazil[edit]
Venceslau Brás – President of Brazil
Pedro Frontin – Brazilian Admiral
Dr. Nabuco Gouveia – Chief of the Brazilian Medical Delegation
Greece[edit]
Constantine I – King of Greece (1913–1917)
Eleftherios Venizelos – Prime Minister of Greece
Pavlos Kountouriotis – Admiral
Panagiotis Danglis – General in the Army
Siam[edit]
Rama VI – King of Siam
Chao Phraya Bodindechanuchit – Minister of Defence
Chakrabongse Bhuvanath – Supreme Commander of the Siamese Expeditionary Forces
Phraya Bijai Janriddhi – Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front
Portugal[edit]
Afonso Costa – Prime Minister of Portugal
Bernardino Machado – President of Portugal
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva – Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
Jose Norton de Matos – Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
See also[edit]
Allies of World War I
Allied leaders of World War II
Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I
References[edit]
Hart, Peter (2013). The Great War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199976270.
Jump up ^ At George's wedding in 1893, The Times claimed that the crowd may have confused Nicholas with George, because their beards and dress made them look alike superficially (The Times (London) Friday, 7 July 1893, p.5). Their facial features were only different up close.
Jump up ^ Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 20
Jump up ^ Hart 2013, pp. 299–300
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Nicholas (Nikolai Nikolayevich), Russian Grand Duke". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
Jump up ^ Who's Who: Alexander Samsonov Biography
Jump up ^ Who's Who: Paul von Rennenkampf
Jump up ^ First World War.com — Who's Who — Nikolai Ivanov
Jump up ^ Brusiloff, Hero of the Hour in Russia, Described Intimately by One Who Knows Him Well Charles Johnston, New York Times, 18 June 1916, accessed 8 February 2010
Jump up ^ Hart 2013, p. 302
Jump up ^ J. F. V. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p126
Jump up ^ First World War – Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 52
Jump up ^ Foch's Biography in French on the Immortals page of the Académie française
Jump up ^ Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey & Hickey, Michael, The First World War: The War To End All Wars, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-738-7
Jump up ^ Williams, Charles, Pétain, Little Brown (Time Warner Book Group UK), London, 2005, p. 206, ISBN 978-0-316-86127-4
Jump up ^ "HH Asquith (1852–1928)". BBC. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Dragoljub R. Živojinović, Kralj Petar I Karađorđević (King Peter I Karađorđević), vol. I-III, Belgrade, BIGZ 1988–1992.
Jump up ^ Carlo Bronne. Albert 1er: le roi sans terre.
Jump up ^ King Vittorio Emanuele III
Jump up ^ "Woodrow Wilson". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Hatfield, Mark O. (1997). "Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President (1913–1921)". Senate Historical Office. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Library of Congress link: Washington held the title of "General and Commander in Chief" of the Continental Army".
Jump up ^ Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial (2001). ISBN 0-06-093130-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I&oldid=833891182"
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text:
What Happened to Monday
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
What Happened to Monday
Netflix release poster
Directed by
Tommy Wirkola
Produced by
Raffaella De Laurentiis
Fabrice Gianfermi
Philippe Rousselet
Written by
Max Botkin
Kerry Williamson
Starring
Noomi Rapace
Willem Dafoe
Glenn Close
Marwan Kenzari
Christian Rubeck
Pål Sverre Hagen
Tomiwa Edun
Cassie Clare
Music by
Christian Wibe
Cinematography
José David Montero
Edited by
Martin Stoltz
Distributed by
SND Films (world)[1]
Vendôme Pictures (world)[1]
Netflix (US)[2]
Release date
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05) (Locarno)
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18) (United States)
Running time
123 minutes[3]
Country
United Kingdom[4]
United States[4]
France[4]
Belgium[4]
Language
English
Box office
$19.7 million[5]
What Happened to Monday (known as Seven Sisters in Canada, France, Spain, Italy and Slovakia) is a 2017 dystopian science fiction thriller film, written by Max Botkin and Kerry Williamson, directed by Tommy Wirkola and starring Noomi Rapace, Glenn Close, and Willem Dafoe.[6] Netflix bought the streaming rights to the film for the United States and other markets.[2][7] Netflix released the film on August 18, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Release
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Around the year 2043, overpopulation has caused a worldwide crisis, resulting in a strict, one-child policy enforced by the Child Allocation Bureau. When multiple children are born to one mother, all but the eldest are put into cryosleep. Karen Settman dies while giving birth to identical-septuplet sisters. Their grandfather, Terrence, names them after the days of the week and trains them to pose as a single individual named after their mother, and to leave the house only on the day of their name. To safeguard their secret, Terrence ensures they share information on a daily basis and replicates any accident that affects one of the sisters' physical appearance. The sisters develop a system of wigs and makeup to cover any identifying features.
Years later in 2073, as Sunday returns from her job at a bank, she sees C.A.B. agents detain a child as onlookers protest. The siblings watch the recorded incident and debate turning themselves in, but not seriously. The following day, Monday prepares her disguise as Karen, nervous about giving a presentation. At a checkpoint, Monday runs into Adrian Knowles, a C.A.B. agent who flirts with her. At the bank, Monday's co-worker, Jerry, a competitor for a promotion, hints at blackmailing her.
When Monday fails to return home, Tuesday retraces her steps. Tuesday learns that Monday got the promotion and met Jerry at a bar. Before she can investigate further, C.A.B. agents detain her and cut off her communications. Adrian sees Tuesday being escorted to a cell, where she meets Nicolette Cayman, head of the Bureau and a candidate for parliament. Cayman explains that she knows about Tuesday's siblings, and, when Tuesday offers a bribe, Cayman reveals Monday offered the same deal. Cayman orders C.A.B. agents to assassinate Tuesday's sisters.
C.A.B. agents use a severed eye to bypass a retinal scanner at the Settman home. Thursday ambushes the agents as they arrest the other siblings. The sisters kill the agents, but Sunday dies. Learning the eye is Tuesday's, the sisters suspect Jerry may have sold them out. The next day, Wednesday leaves without disguising herself and confronts Jerry. He reveals that "Karen" got the promotion when she sent millions of euros to Cayman to fund her campaign. After a C.A.B. sniper kills him, Wednesday kills several C.A.B. agents and flees.
As the others remotely guide Wednesday to safety, Adrian shows up at the apartment, concerned about "Karen." Thursday convinces Saturday to leave with Adrian, who has had a long-term sexual relationship with one of the sisters. Pretending to be Karen, Saturday has sex with Adrian and covertly links their bracelets, allowing Friday to hack into C.A.B. headquarters. On a video feed, they apparently find Monday in a holding cell. Meanwhile, C.A.B. agents corner and kill Wednesday. After Adrian leaves his apartment, C.A.B. agents kill Saturday as she tells them Monday was dating Adrian. Reasoning that she cannot survive on her own, Friday sacrifices herself to give Thursday a chance to rescue Monday when C.A.B. agents along with their leader, Joe, again storm the sisters' apartment.
Adrian hears about the incident and rushes to the apartment. Thursday takes him hostage and blames him for her sisters' deaths. He is at first confused but claims to love Monday after realizing they are siblings for the first time. Thursday convinces Adrian to help by telling him that Monday is still alive. Adrian sneaks Thursday into C.A.B. headquarters in a body bag. As she is prepared for disposal, a child undergoes cryosleep. Instead of being frozen, she is incinerated, which Thursday records. After overpowering the guards, Adrian and Thursday proceed to rescue Monday. However, when they reach her cell, they learn that it's actually Tuesday. They deduce that it is Monday who has sold them out to Cayman.
After a scuffle, Thursday shoots Monday and leaves her for dead. As Cayman hosts a fundraiser, Tuesday and Adrian broadcast Thursday's video footage. The crowd turns on Cayman, who insists that she only did what was necessary. Monday staggers into the fundraiser, but Joe shoots her, thinking that she intended to kill Cayman and Adrian shoots Joe in turn. As the crowd flees, a dying Monday reveals to the others that she is pregnant and makes Thursday promise to not let the C.A.B. take her unborn children. In the aftermath, the Child Allocation Act is repealed and Cayman faces the death penalty. Thursday, Adrian, and Tuesday watch Monday's and Adrian's twins develop in an artificial womb. Tuesday and Thursday rename themselves Terry and Karen, respectively.
Cast[edit]
Noomi Rapace as The Settman Siblings – Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday – septuplets sharing the identity of Karen Settman, a banker
Clara Read as The Young Settman Siblings
Willem Dafoe as Terrence Settman, the siblings' grandfather
Glenn Close as Nicolette Cayman the head of the Child Allocation Bureau (CAB)
Marwan Kenzari as Adrian Knowles, a CAB security guard
Christian Rubeck as Joe, the head of Security of the CAB
Pål Sverre Hagen as Jerry, Karen's coworker
Tomiwa Edun as Eddie, the septuplets' doorman
Cassie Clare as Zaquia, a CAB agent
Release[edit]
What Happened to Monday premiered at the 2017 Locarno Festival.[8]
Reception[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 60% of 30 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.8/10.[9] Jessica Kiang of Variety called it a "ludicrous, violent, amusingly dumb sci-fi actioner". Kiang said that, although it is full of plot holes and Rapace's characters are thinly characterized, it is likely to become a cult film.[4]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b John Hopewell, Elsa Keslassy (May 6, 2015). "Cannes: SND Takes Noomi Rapace Sci-Fi Actioner 'Monday?'". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b Setoodeh, Ramin; Lang, Brent. "Toronto: Netflix Buys 'What Happened to Monday?' With Noomi Rapace (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "WHAT HAPPENED TO MONDAY". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kiang, Jessica (6 August 2017). "Locarno Film Review: 'What Happened to Monday?'". Variety. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Happened to Monday?". The Numbers. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Richford, Rhonda (31 July 2015). "Willem Dafoe Joins Glenn Close, Noomi Rapace in 'What Happened to Monday'". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 August 2015. The Oscar-nominee boards the sci-fi thriller as it starts principal photography in Romania.
Jump up ^ "'Seven Sisters' Trailer Shows off Noomi Rapace's Strong 'Orphan Black' Vibes". 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Eric (2 August 2017). "Isabelle Huppert, Noomi Rapace, and Bodybuilders: 7 Must-See Summer Movies From the 2017 Locarno Film Festival". IndieWire. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Happened to Monday (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
External links[edit]
What Happened to Monday on Netflix
What Happened to Monday on IMDb
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Propaganda in World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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World War I was the first war in which mass media and propaganda played a significant role in keeping the people at home informed about what was occurring on the battlefields.[1] This was also the first war in which the government systematically produced propaganda as a way to target the public and alter their opinion.
World War I propaganda stamp
External propaganda to other countries was an integral part of the Diplomatic history of World War I and were designed to build support for the cause, or to undermine support for the enemy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Propaganda in the United States
2 America's Committee on Public Information
3 Atrocity propaganda
4 Propaganda playing on patriotism and nationalism
5 Propaganda as a weapon
6 Women in propaganda
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Propaganda in the United States[edit]
The United States entered World War I in 1917 as an associated power on the allied side of Britain and France.[2] By the time that World War I came around, the United States was a leader in the recently discovered art of movie making and the new profession of commercial advertising.[2] Such newly discovered technologies played an instrumental role in the shaping of the American mind and the altering of public opinion into a pro-war position. Perhaps the most influential man behind propaganda in the United States during World War I was President Woodrow Wilson. In one of Wilson's most famous declarations, he outlined the "Fourteen Points" which he said the United States would fight to defend.[3] Aside from the restoration of freedom in European countries suppressed by the power of Germany, Wilson's Fourteen Points called for lack of transparency regarding discussion of diplomatic matters, free navigation of the seas both in peace and war time, and equal trade conditions among all nations.[3] The Fourteen Points would serve as a blueprint for world peace to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.[2] Wilson's points inspired audiences around the world and greatly strengthened the belief that Britain, France and America were fighting for noble goals.[2]
America's Committee on Public Information[edit]
Upon entering World War I, the United States, led by Woodrow Wilson created and implemented The Committee on Public Information which was made up by the Secretaries of State, the Army, and the Navy.[2] The committee would report directly to President Wilson and was essentially a massive generator of propaganda.[2] The Committee on Public Information was responsible for producing films, commissioning posters, publishing numerous books and pamphlets, purchasing advertisements in major newspapers, and the recruitment of business men, preachers and professors to serve as public speakers in charge of altering public opinion at the communal level.[2] The committee, headed by former investigative journalist George Creel, emphasized the message that America's involvement in the war was entirely necessary in achieving the salvation of Europe from the German and enemy forces.[2] In his book titled "How we Advertised America," Creel states that the committee was called into existence to make World War I a fight that would be a "verdict for mankind."[4] He called the committee a voice that was created to plead the justice of America's cause before the jury of public opinion.[4] Creel also refers to the committee as a "vast enterprise in salesmenship" and "the world's greatest adventure in advertising."[4] The committee's message resonated deep within every American community and also served as an organization responsible for carrying the full message of American ideals to every corner of the civilized globe.[4] Creel and his committee utilized every possible mode to get their message across, including; printed word, spoken word, the motion picture, the telegraph, the poster and the sign board.[4] All forms of communication were put to use in order to justify the causes that compelled America to take arms.
Atrocity propaganda[edit]
Anti-German atrocity propaganda
Atrocity propaganda was a form of advertising used during World War I which focused on and embellished the most violent acts committed by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies.[5] The Germans and Austro-Hungarian soldiers were depicted as inhumane savages with their barbarity being emphasized as a way to provide justification for the war. In 1914, prominent forensic scientist, R.A. Reiss was commissioned by the Serbian Prime Minister to conduct an investigation regarding war crimes.[5] This was done as a way to depict the multiple acts of violence committed against civilians by the occupying Austro-Hungarian forces in Serbia in 1914. These reports were written in vivid detail and described individual acts of violence against civilians, soldiers and prisoners of war.[5] Some of these actions included the use of forbidden weapons, the demolition of ancient libraries and cathedrals, as well as the rape and torture of civilians.[5] Graphic illustrations, accompanied by first hand testimonies that described these crimes as savagely unjust served as a compelling reminder for the justification of war.[5] Other forms of atrocity propaganda depicted an alternative to war which involved German occupation and domination.[6] This was regarded as unacceptable across the political spectrum. As the Socialist Pioneer of Northampton put it in 1916, there could “be no peace while the frightful menace of world domination by force of German armed might looms about and above us”.[6]
Propaganda was used in World War One as in any war - and the truth suffered. Propaganda ensured that the people only got to know what their governments wanted them to know. In World War One, the lengths to which governments would go to in an effort to blacken the enemy’s name reached a new level. To ensure that everybody thought in the way the government wanted, all forms of information were controlled. Newspapers were expected to print what the government wanted the reader to read. In fact, though this would appear to be a form of censorship, the newspapers of Britain, effectively controlled by the media barons of the time, were happy to play ball. They printed headlines that were designed to stir up emotions regardless of whether they were accurate or not. The most infamous headlines included “Belgium child’s hands cut off by Germans” and “Germans crucify Canadian officer”.[7]
Propaganda playing on patriotism and nationalism[edit]
Uncle Sam's call to arms
According to scholar David Welch, patriotism and nationalism were two of the most important themes played on by the propaganda of the time.[1] In 1914, the British army was made up of professionals as well as volunteers, causing the government to rely heavily on propaganda as a tool to justify war to the public eye.[1] This propaganda was used to promote recruitment into the armed forces as well as to convince civilians that if they joined, their sacrifices would be rewarded.[1] One of the most impressionable images of this First World War is the “Your Country Needs You” poster, a distinctive recruitment poster of Lord Kitchener (similar to the later Uncle Sam poster) pointing at his British audience, convincing them to join the war effort.[1] Another message deeply embedded in national sentiment was one where the religious symbolism of St George was shown slaying a dragon which represented the German forces.[1] Images of enthusiastic patriotism seemed to encapsulate the tragedy of European and imperial populations.[6] Such images were able to conjure up feelings of required patriotism and activism among those influenced.[6]
Propaganda as a weapon[edit]
The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions during the war were designed to build support for the cause, or to undermine support for the enemy.[8][9] Wartime diplomacy focused on five issues: propaganda campaigns to shape news reports and commentary; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals, or from one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. Some were neutral efforts to end the horrors. Others were propaganda ploys to show one side was being reasonable and the other was obstinate. [10]
As soon as the war began Britain cut Germany’s under-sea communication cables as a way to ensure that the Allies had a monopoly on the most expedient means of transmitting news from Europe to press outlets in the United States.[11] This was done as a way to influence reporting of the war around the world and to gain sympathy and support from the other nations.[11] In 1914, a secret British organization by the name of Wellington House was set up, calling for journalists and newspaper editors to write articles which sympathized with Britain as a way to counter the statements being made by the enemy.[11] Wellington House implemented this action not only through favorable reports in the press of neutral countries, but also by publishing its own newspapers for circulation around the globe.[11] Wellington House was so secret, in fact, that Parliament was often not aware of them. Wellington House had a staff of 54 people, which made it the largest British foreign propaganda organization.[12] From the Wellington House came the publication The War Pictorial, which by December 1916 reached a circulation of 500,000, covering 11 languages. The War Pictorial was deemed to have such a powerful effect on different masses that it could turn countries, like China, against Germany.[11]
Women in propaganda[edit]
The French Woman in War-Time
Stage Women's War Relief
Women are Working Day and Night to Win the War
Joan of Arc Saved France. Women of America, Save Your Country--Buy War Savings Stamps
See also[edit]
Home front during World War I
British propaganda during World War I
Italian propaganda during World War I
Opposition to World War I
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Welch, David. "Propaganda for patriotism and nationalism". British Library. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Messinger, Gary (January 1, 1992). British Propaganda and the State in the First World War. Manchester University Press. pp. 20–30. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Woodrow (January 8, 1918). "President Wilson's Message to Congress". Records of the United States Senate. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Creel, George (1920). How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe. Harper and Brothers. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fox, Jo. "Atrocity Propaganda". British Library. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Purseigle, Pierre. "Inside the First World War". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Trueman, Chris. "Propaganda and World War]] One". History Learning Site.
Jump up ^ David Stevenson, The First World War and International Politics (1988).
Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman, Diplomatic History of the First World War (1971)
Jump up ^ See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918, edited by James Brown Scott. (1921) 515pp online free
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cooke, Ian. "Propaganda as a weapon? Influencing international opinion". British Library. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Jonathan. "German and English Propaganda in World War I". bobrowen.com. NYMAS. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Cornwall, Mark. The undermining of Austria-Hungary: the battle for hearts and minds (London: Macmillan, 2000), Focus on Italy and Britain
DeBauche, L.M. Reel Patriotism: The Movies and World War I (University of Wisconsin Press, 1997)
Haste, Cate (1977), Keep the Home Fires Burning: Propaganda in the First World War, London
Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001), German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial, London
Kaminski, Joseph Jon. "World War I and Propaganda Poster Art: Comparing the United States and German Cases." Epiphany Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies 2 (2014): 64-81. online
Knightley, Phillip (2002), The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-6951-8
Messinger, Gary S. (1992), British Propaganda and the State in the First World War, New York
Paddock, Troy R. E. World War I and Propaganda (2014)
Ponsonby, Arthur (1928), Falsehood in War-Time: Propaganda Lies of the First World War, London: George Allen and Unwin
Sanders, M. L. (1975), "Wellington House and British propaganda during the First World War", The Historical Journal, Cambridge University Press, 18 (1): 119–146, doi:10.1017/S0018246X00008700, JSTOR 2638471
Sanders, M. L.; Taylor, Philip M. (1982), British Propaganda During the First World War, 1914–18, London
Stanley, P. What Did You do in the War, Daddy? A Visual History of Propaganda Posters (Oxford University Press, 1983)
Tunc, T. E. "Less Sugar, More Warships: Food as American Propaganda in the First World War" War in History (2012). 19#2 pp: 193-216.
Welch, David (2003), "Fakes", in Nicholas J. Cull, David H. Culbert and David Welch, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present, ABC-CLIO, pp. 123–124, ISBN 978-1-57607-820-4
Welch, David. Germany and Propaganda in World War I: Pacifism, Mobilization and Total War (IB Tauris, 2014)
External links[edit]
Media related to World War I propaganda at Wikimedia Commons
Badsey, Stephen: Propaganda: Media in War Politics, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Demm, Eberhard: Propaganda at Home and Abroad, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Bruendel, Steffen: Othering/Atrocity Propaganda , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Aulich, James: Graphic Arts and Advertising as War Propaganda, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Records of World War I propaganda posters are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books
[1]
[2]
Cooke Ian, “Propaganda as a Weapon? Influencing International Opinion.” The British Library, The British Library, 23 Jan. 2014, www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/propaganda-as-a-weapon.
Cooke Ian, “Propaganda in World War I: Means, Impacts and Legacies.” Fair Observer, 9 Oct. 2014, www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/propaganda-in-world-war-one-means-impacts-and-legacies-73296/.
Ther Vanessa, “Propaganda at Home (Germany).” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/propaganda_at_home_germany.
“World War 1 Propaganda Posters.” Examples of Propaganda from WW1 | American WW1 Propaganda Posters Page 5, www.ww1propaganda.com/world-war-1-posters/american-ww1-propaganda-posters?page=4.
“World War 1 Propaganda Posters.” Examples of Propaganda from WW1 | German WW1 Propaganda Posters, www.ww1propaganda.com/world-war-1-posters/german-ww1-propaganda-posters.
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values: Propaganda ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa – Finnish

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