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M-102 (Michigan highway)
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This article is about the Michigan state trunkline highway. For the former U.S. Highway, see U.S. Route 102.
"Eight Mile Road" redirects here. For the Ryo Kawasaki album, see Eight Mile Road (album).
M-102
8 Mile Road
M-102 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length
20.804 mi[3] (33.481 km)
Existed
c. 1928[1][2] – present
Major junctions
West end
M-5 at Livonia
US 24 at Southfield
M-39 / M-10 at Southfield
I-75 / M-1 at Detroit
M-53 / M-97 at Warren
M-3 at Eastpointe
East end
I-94 at Harper Woods
Location
Counties
Wayne, Oakland, Macomb
Highway system
Michigan State Trunkline Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Byways
← US 102 M-103 →
M-102 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs along the northern boundary of Detroit following 8 Mile Road. The highway follows the Michigan Baseline, a part of the land survey of the state, and the roadway is also called Base Line Road in places. As a county road or city street, 8 Mile Road extends both east and west of the M-102 designation, which leaves 8 Mile on the eastern end to follow Vernier Road. The western terminus of M-102 is at the junction of 8 Mile Road and M-5 (Grand River Avenue) and the opposite end is at Vernier Road and Interstate 94 (I-94). The 8 Mile Road name extends west to Pontiac Trail near South Lyon with a discontinuous segment located west of US Highway 23 (US 23). The eastern end of 8 Mile Road is in Grosse Pointe Woods, near I-94, with a short, discontinuous segment east of Mack Avenue.
The highway was first designated in the late 1920s, connecting US 10 (Woodward Avenue, now M-1) with US 25 (Gratiot Avenue, now M-3). Extensions to the highway designation moved the termini in the 1930s and 1940s east to M-29 (Jefferson Avenue) and US 16 (Grand River Avenue, now M-5). A change in the 1960s added a section of north–south roadway to the eastern end of M-102; that change was reversed within about a year. A western extension along Grand River Avenue in 1977 was reversed in 1994, and M-102 has remained the same since.
As the long northern border of the city of Detroit, 8 Mile Road has carried major cultural significance; since the mid-20th century it has served as a physical and cultural dividing line between the wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs of Detroit and the poorer, predominantly black city. The racial patterns have changed somewhat as middle-class African Americans have also moved north of 8 Mile, but the socioeconomic divide between the city and suburbs remains.
Contents
1 Route description
2 History
3 Cultural impact
3.1 Racial and economic divide
3.2 In surveying
3.3 In media
4 Major intersections
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Route description[edit]
Starting at an intersection with Hamburg Road along the Livingston–Washtenaw county line, 8 Mile Road runs eastward to an interchange with US 23 near Whitmore Lake. There is a gap before 8 Mile Road resumes at Pontiac Trail along the Oakland–Washtenaw county line. Near the suburb of Northville, the road curves northward into Oakland County, and Base Line Road follows the county line for about one mile (1.6 km). The road meets I-96/I-275 at that freeway's exit 167 along the border between Livonia and Farmington Hills.[4] As its name implies, 8 Mile Road runs east–west eight miles (13 km) north of the origin of the Mile Road System at Michigan and Woodward avenues.[5]
M-102 starts at the intersection between M-5 (Grand River Avenue) and 8 Mile Road and runs eastward along 8 Mile Road. The highway widens out into a boulevard setup with each direction divided by a central median. Motorists that want to make a left turn along 8 Mile Road have to perform a Michigan left to do so. Starting at the Inkster Road intersection, M-102 forms the boundary between Redford to the south and Southfield to the north. East of Five Points Road, the 8 Mile follows the northern city limits of Detroit. On either side of 8 Mile Road, the area is filled with residential neighborhoods of the two cities with commercial businesses immediately adjacent to the highway. About two miles (3.2 km) east of its starting point, M-102 intersects US 24 (Telegraph Road) at a cloverleaf interchange near Frisbee-Pembroke Park and Plum Hollow Country Club.[6][7] Along the length of the eight-lane highway, there are large power line towers in the median.[8]
8 Mile Road exit sign on I-75, at 7 Mile Road in Detroit
Continuing east, M-102 intersects M-39 (Southfield Freeway) and M-10 (Lodge Freeway) south of the Southfield campus of Oakland Community College and the Northland Center Mall. As the highway approaches M-1 (Woodward Avenue), there are a pair of service drives that split from the main roadway in each direction to provide access through the interchange with M-1. The main lanes of M-102 pass under M-1 and its ramp connections before the service drives merge back in on the other side. This interchange is located adjacent to the Michigan State Fairgrounds, former site of the now-defunct Michigan State Fair, and Woodlawn Cemetery.[6][7] East of the fairgrounds, the highway crosses a line of the Canadian National Railway that also carries Amtrak passenger traffic;[9] the line is south of a rail terminal in Ferndale. Further east, M-102 meets I-75 before intersecting Dequindre Road. Dequindre is the boundary between Oakland and Macomb counties.[6][7]
Now following the Wayne–Macomb county line, M-102 separates Warren from Detroit. The highway also runs parallel to, and about a half mile (0.8 km) north of Outer Drive,[6][7] the original beltway highway proposed in 1918 to encircle Detroit.[10] The road passes the Mound Road Engine facility, a former Chrysler plant next to the Mound Road intersection. East of the plant,[6][7] the highway crosses a branch line of the Conrail Shared Assets Operations on the east side of the plant complex[9] before intersecting M-53 (Van Dyke Road).[6][7] Further east, 8 Mile Road passes north of the Bel Air Center Shopping Center before crossing another Canadian National Railway line[9] next to the intersection with M-97 (Groesbeck Highway).[6][7]
8 Mile Road exit off I-94
On the far east side of Detroit, M-102 separates the city from the suburb of Eastpointe once near the intersection with M-3 (Gratiot Avenue). Near Kelly Road and the Eastland Center, the highway turns southeasterly along Vernier Road to enter Harper Woods in Wayne County; 8 Mile Road continues due eastward along the county line in this suburb as a four-lane undivided urban arterial street. The eastern terminus of M-102 is at the interchange between Vernier Road and I-94 about 1,700 feet (520 m) south of 8 Mile Road near the boundary with Grosse Pointe Woods.[6][7]
History[edit]
M-102 was first designated along 8 Mile Road from US 10 (Woodward Avenue, now M-1) to US 25 (Gratiot Avenue, now M-3) in late 1928 or early 1929.[1][2] In 1939, the eastern terminus was moved as M-102 was extended along 8 Mile and Vernier Roads to end in Grosse Pointe Shores at M-29 (Jefferson Avenue).[11][12] The highway was extended in the early 1940s from Woodward westward to US 16 (Grand River Avenue, now M-5).[13][14]
During 1963, the M-102 designation was extended northerly along Jefferson Avenue through St. Clair Shores, replacing the M-29 designation to the Shook Road interchange at the northern end of the then-existing I-94 freeway.[15][16] That extension was reversed the next year, and M-102 was scaled back to end at US 25 (Gratiot Avenue); the rest of 8 Mile and Vernier roads plus the Jefferson Avenue segment are added to M-29 instead.[16][17] M-102 was re-extended along 8 Mile and Vernier roads to the I-94 interchange in Harper Woods in 1970 replacing M-29; the remainder of that other highway along Vernier Road and Jefferson Avenue to Shook Road that was once part of M-102 was transferred to local control.[18][19]
When I-96 was completed in 1977, several highway designations were shifted in the Metro Detroit area. The Business Spur I-96 designation that had replaced US 16 was removed from Grand River Avenue. That roadway was signed as M-5 southward between 8 Mile Road and its present eastern terminus at I-96 while the remainder of Grand River Avenue and the stub freeway formerly part of I-96 that continued out to I-275 became part of M-102.[20][21] This extension to M-102 was reversed in October 1994 when M-5 was extended northwesterly along Grand River Avenue, the freeway and up the Haggerty Connector north of I-96 in Novi, replacing part of M-102 in the process.[22]
Cultural impact[edit]
Racial and economic divide[edit]
Racial distribution of Metro Detroit from the 2010 Census
White Black Asian Hispanic Other (Each dot represents 25 people)
The road has long served as a de facto cultural dividing line between the predominantly poor black city and its wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs. The perception of 8 Mile as the chief dividing line between racial groups and classes persists, in part because the suburban counties of Oakland and Macomb remain, on the whole, significantly whiter and more prosperous than the city of Detroit.[23] However, in recent years increasing numbers of whites have moved into Detroit, especially around the downtown area, and other neighborhoods in the region have become more ethnically diverse as well.[24]
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the median family income for the city of Detroit, whose population was 81.55% African-American, was $33,853, and 26.1% of the population lived below the poverty line. By contrast, the median family income for Oakland County, whose population was 82.75% white, was $75,540, and only 5.5% of residents lived below the poverty line.[25] These results were compiled into an Index of Dissimilarity of 85.9 by researchers with Brown University and Florida State University, the highest score for a metropolitan area in the United States. After the 2010 Census, the index was computed as 79.6, which was a "substantial decline" in the words of the study's authors.[26]
In surveying[edit]
Map of Michigan showing the Michigan Baseline used for survey purposes (click to enlarge)
8 Mile Road is also known as Base Line Road, for it was used to set the baseline for the Public Land Survey System in Michigan. The system helped bring order to county boundaries, which had often been set in other states by geographic markers such as rivers, hills, and trees, and were therefore rather irregular. Today, the baseline forms the northern or southern boundary of many southern Michigan counties.[27]
In media[edit]
Tupac Shakur, Tim Roth, and Thandie Newton form the fictitious musical act Eight Mile Road in the 1997 film Gridlock'd, which is set in Detroit.[28]
The movie 8 Mile, starring Detroit-area hip hop artist Eminem, as well as his songs "Lose Yourself" and "8 Mile", take their names and cultural subject matter from the roadway.[24]
In addition to these film references, there are songs that refer to 8 Mile Road, some of which include:
Eminem – "Encore/Curtains Down"[29]
Eminem – "Marshall Mathers"[30]
Eminem – "Yellow Brick Road"[31]
Eminem – "Mockingbird"[32]
Obie Trice – "8 Mile"[33]
Danny Brown – "8 Mile"
Eminem – "No Love"
The roadway is shown on TruTV's program Hardcore Pawn, a show about a pawn shop on 8 Mile Road.[34]
Major intersections[edit]
County
Location
mi[3]
km
Destinations
Notes
Oakland–Wayne
county line Farmington Hills–Livonia city line
0.000
0.000 M-5 (Grand River Avenue) to I-96 – Lansing
8 Mile Road west 8 Mile Road extends westward to Pontiac Trail
Southfield–Detroit city line
2.187
3.520 US 24 (Telegraph Road) – Pontiac, Detroit Cloverleaf interchange
5.198
8.365 M-39 (Southfield Freeway) – Southfield, Detroit
6.015
9.680 M-10 (Lodge Freeway) / Greenfield Road – Lansing, Detroit Exit 13 on M-10; no control cities eastbound; grade separation at Greenfield Road with access via M-10 ramps
Ferndale–Detroit city line
10.059
16.188 M-1 (Woodward Avenue) – Pontiac, Detroit Three-level diamond interchange
Hazel Park–Detroit city line
11.577
18.631 I-75 (Chrysler Freeway) – Flint, Detroit Exit 59 on I-75
Macomb–Wayne
county line Warren–Detroit city line
15.159
24.396 M-53 (Van Dyke Road) – Warren, Detroit
16.290
26.216 M-97 (Groesbeck Highway) – Mount Clemens, Detroit
Eastpointe–Detroit city line
18.096
29.123 M-3 (Gratiot Avenue) – Mount Clemens, Detroit
Eastpointe–Harper Woods city line
19.731
31.754 8 Mile Road east M-102 follows Vernier Road; 8 Mile continues east to Mack Avenue
Wayne Harper Woods
20.804
33.481 I-94 – Port Huron, Detroit
Vernier Road east Exit 225 on I-94; Vernier Road continues east to Lake Shore Drive
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
See also[edit]
Metro Detroit portal
Michigan Highways portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1928). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
^ Jump up to: a b Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1929). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
^ Jump up to: a b Michigan Department of Transportation & Michigan Center for Shared Solutions and Technology Partnerships (2009). MDOT Physical Reference Finder Application (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2012). Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Detroit Area inset. §§ D3–D8. OCLC 42778335, 794857350.
Jump up ^ Gavrilovich, Peter; McGraw, Bill (2000). The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City. Detroit: Detroit Free Press. pp. 20–1. ISBN 978-0-937247-34-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Michigan Department of Transportation (2012). Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Detroit Area inset. §§ D8–D13. OCLC 42778335, 794857350.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Google (June 11, 2012). "Overview Map of M-102 (8 Mile Road)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Alpert, Steve. "M-102, 8 Mile Road". Alp's Roads. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michigan Department of Transportation (January 2011). Michigan's Railroad System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Guyette, Curt (August 4, 2004). "History of the Mystery". Metro Times. Detroit. ISSN 0746-4045. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit & Vicinity inset. OCLC 12701143.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit & Vicinity inset. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via Archives of Michigan.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (July 1, 1941). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit & Vicinity inset. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved January 2, 2017 – via Archives of Michigan.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1942). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit & Vicinity inset. OCLC 12701143.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit Metropolitan Area inset. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Archives of Michigan.
^ Jump up to: a b Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit Metropolitan Area inset. OCLC 12701120, 81213707.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1965). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit Metropolitan Area inset. § B5. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Archives of Michigan.
Jump up ^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1970). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ D10–B11. OCLC 12701120.
Jump up ^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1971). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ D10–B11. OCLC 12701120, 77960415.
Jump up ^ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1977). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ D5–E9. OCLC 12701177.
Jump up ^ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1978). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ D5–E9. OCLC 12701177.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Tom (January 28, 1999). "M-5 'Haggerty Connector' Work To Be Done by 2001". The Detroit News.
Jump up ^ "Blacks, whites show prejudices along racial divide". Honolulu Advertiser. Associated Press. September 28, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Chinni, Dante (November 15, 2002). "Along Detroit's Eight Mile Road, a stark racial split". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Logan, John R.; Stults, Brian (2011). "The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census" (PDF). Census Brief prepared for Project US2010. Project US2010. p. 6. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Daniel (July–August 1988). "Michigan Meridian and Base Line: A Teaching Formulation for the Secondary School". Journal of Geography. 87 (4): 131–40. doi:10.1080/00221348808979779. ISSN 0022-1341.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari (January 25, 1997). "Various Artists 'Gridlock'd: The Soundtrack', Death Row/Interscope". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Eminem (November 9, 2004). "Encore/Curtains Down". Encore. Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records.
Jump up ^ Eminem (May 23, 2000). "Marshall Mathers". The Marshall Mathers LP. OCLC 44422298. Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records.
Jump up ^ Eminem (November 12, 2004). "Yellow Brick Road". Encore. OCLC 56952031. Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records.
Jump up ^ Eminem (November 12, 2004). "Mockingbird". Encore. OCLC 56952031. Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records.
Jump up ^ Binelli, Mark (September 10, 2003). "Hot Rapper: Obie Trice". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stuever, Hank (December 27, 2010). "'Hardcore Pawn' Returns, with no Redeeming Value". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
External links[edit]
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
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M-102 at Michigan Highways
M-102 at Michigan Highway Ends
Eight Mile Redevelopment
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text:
Jack Gleeson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Jackie Gleason or Jack Gleeson (hurler).
Jack Gleeson
Gleeson in 2012
Born
(1992-05-20) 20 May 1992 (age 25)
Cork, Ireland
Alma mater
Trinity College, Dublin
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2002–2014
Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992)[1] is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.
Despite his early breakthrough on Thrones, which won critical acclaim, Gleeson has stated that he disliked acting for television and film, and has left that profession since 2014. He currently runs his own touring theatre company, whose debut show—Bears in Space—premiered in Ireland in 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Gleeson was born in Cork, Ireland. Gleeson attended Gonzaga College for his secondary education. He attended drama classes when young, with his sisters Rachel and Emma who are also actresses in Ireland.
Gleeson is a student of Trinity College, Dublin, studying philosophy and theology[2] and he is also a member of DU Players. In 2012, he was awarded a scholarship at the same university.[3][4]
Career[edit]
Gleeson began acting at the age of seven in the Independent Theatre Workshop.[5] His first roles were in films such as Reign of Fire in 2002, Batman Begins in 2005, Shrooms in 2007, and A Shine of Rainbows in 2009.[6] In 2010, he appeared in a leading role in All Good Children. The reviewer for Variety magazine considered Gleeson "the pic's big discovery".[7]
Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones.[8] He cites Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in Gladiator as an influence on his performance.[9] He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company, which is based in Dublin.
In 2012, Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on Game of Thrones was finished.[2] In 2014, Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in Game of Thrones. In the same interview, he stated that while he had previously been interested in pursuing academia, he had since 'gone off that idea'.[10]
In 2015, Gleeson starred in the puppetry shows Bears in Space created by his theatre company Collapsing Horse and in mid-2016 the show premiered in New York.[11]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Reign of Fire Kid Uncredited
Moving Day Jack Short film
2003 Fishtale Boy with the Fish Short film
2004 Tom Waits Made Me Cry Young Vincent Short film
2005 Batman Begins Little Boy
2007 Shrooms Lonely Twin
2009 A Shine of Rainbows Seamus
2010 All Good Children Dara
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Network
Notes
2006–08 Killinaskully Pa Connors Jr. RTÉ One 4 episodes
2011–14 Game of Thrones Joffrey Baratheon HBO 26 episodes
IGN People's Choice Award for Best TV Villain (2012–2013)
Nominated—IGN Award for Best TV Villain (2011–2013)
Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series (2013)
Nominated—Scream Award for Best Ensemble (2011)
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2011, 2013)
Nominated—Young Hollywood Award: We Love to Hate You (2014)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jack Gleeson Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Regan, Mark (17 April 2012). "Jack Gleeson swaps 'Game of Thrones' for seat of learning". Irish Independent. independent.ie. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Email: Fellows & Scholars (Email) (2 July 2012). "Welcome – Fellows & Scholars : Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland". Tcd.ie. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meanwhile, At Trinity College". Broadsheet.ie. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Itwstudios.ie
Jump up ^ "Jack Gleeson Lands Major HBO Pilot!". In The Spotlight. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Felperin, Leslie (20 May 2010). "All Good Children – Film Reviews – Cannes". Variety.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (19 July 2009). "Sean Bean ascends to Game of Thrones". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Hill, Logan (June 2012). "The Villains Questionnaire: Jack Gleeson". GQ. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
Jump up ^ James Hibberd (13 April 2014). "'Game of Thrones': Jack Gleeson talks royal wedding shocker -- EXCLUSIVE". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/jack-gleeson-aka-king-joffrey-baratheon-is-playing-with-puppets-now
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jack Gleeson
Jack Gleeson on IMDb
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 233353138
LCCN: no2012033144
GND: 1059836599
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Anderson (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Anderson
Gender
Masculine
Origin
Language(s)
English
Word/Name
Andrew
Meaning
"son of Andrew"
Other names
Variant(s)
D'Andrea, Andersen, Andersson, Andersonne, Andersons, Andersoun, Andirsoone, Andrásffy, Andrásfi, Andreasian, Andreasyan, Andreescu, Andreessen, Andreiescu, Andresen, Andresoun, Andresson, Andreou, Andrewson, Andrejević, Andrejavičius, Andrejevičius, Andrejić, Andrejsons, Andrzejowicz, Andreyev, Andriadze, Andriashvili, Andrić, Andriyuk, Andriyenko, Andriyiv, Andrijašević, Andrijavić, Andrijević, Androson, Ondřejovič, MacAnndrais
Families
Clan Anderson
Anderson is a surname deriving from a patronymic meaning "son of Anders/Andrew" (itself derived from the Greek name "Andreas", meaning "man" or "manly"). It originated in parallel in the British Isles and the Nordic countries.
In Scotland, the name first appeared in records of the 14th century as "Fitz Andreu" (meaning son of Andrew), and developed in various forms by the Scottish Gaelic patronymic of "MacGhilleAndrais" which means the servant of St. Andrew. Variations of this name were MacAndrew, Gillanders and Anderson. The name soon migrated to other parts of Scotland due to the popularity of the name "Andrew" as associated with the Patron Saint of Scotland and the largest grouping lies in the north-east of Scotland from the Mearns through Aberdeenshire, Banff and Moray.
In England, the very first recorded spelling of the family name is probably that of William Andreu, which was dated 1237, in the ancient charters of the county of Buckinghamshire, England, in the year 1237.[citation needed]
Anderson is the eighth most frequent surname in Scotland and 52nd most common in England.[1]
In Sweden, the form Andersson is the most common surname.[2]
In Norway and Denmark, the form Andersen is quite common, being the fifth most common surname in both countries[3][4] - see Andersen.
The Scandinavian forms Andersson and Andersen were often rendered as Anderson by immigrants to the English-speaking countries, whereby the latter form became one of the most common surnames in Anglophone North America. The name was eleventh most common surname reported in the 1990 United States census, accounting for 0.3% of the population.[5] It is the twelfth most common surname reported in the 2000 United States Census.[6] Anderson is also one of the most common surnames in Canada.[7]
Other spelling variations include: Andison, Andersonne, Andersoun, Andirsoone, Andresoun, Androson, Andirston, Andresson, Andrewson, and Andresen.
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
V
W
Family
Fictional characters
See also
References
List of people[edit]
Notable persons with the surname Anderson include:
A[edit]
Adam Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Adam Anderson (economist) (c. 1693–1765), Scottish economist
Adam Anderson (physicist) (1783–1846), Scottish writer on physics and encyclopedist
Adam Anderson, Lord Anderson (c. 1797–1853), Scottish judge
Alan Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Alan Garrett Anderson (1877–1952), public servant and shipowner
Alan Anderson (basketball) (born 1982), basketball player
Alan Orr Anderson (1879–1958), Scottish historian
Alan Ross Anderson (1925–1973), American logician
Alan Paul Anderson (born 1961), American commissioner for the Federal Maritime Commission
Alexander Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Alexander Anderson (physicist), Irish physicist known for Anderson's Bridge
Alexander Anderson (poet) (1845–1909), Scottish poet
Alexander Anderson (botanist) (1748–1811), Scottish surgeon and botanist
Alexander Anderson (Australian politician) (1811–1862), hotelier and MHA in South Australia
Alf Anderson (1914–1985), American baseball player
Alice Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people including:
Alice Anderson (born 1972), French-British artist
Alice Anderson (writer) (born 1966), American poet
Amy Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Amy Anderson (golfer) LPGA professional golfer
Amy Anderson (comedian), American comedian
Andrade Antunes Anderson (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
Andrew Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Anna Anderson (1896–1984), impostor who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
Anne Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Anthony Anderson, American actor
Anton Anderson (1892–1960), American engineer and mayor of Anchorage, Alaska
Arnold Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Arnold Anderson (athlete) (1912–1996), New Zealand track and field athlete
Arnold Anderson (scientist), chemical engineer on the Manhattan Project
Axel Anderson (1929–2012), German actor
B[edit]
Benjamin Anderson (1886–1949), American economist
Ben Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Ben Anderson (journalist) (born 1975), English journalist and television reporter
Ben Anderson (entrepreneur) (born 1981), American entrepreneur
Ben Anderson (rugby league) (born 1978), rugby league footballer of the 1990s
Benedict Anderson (1936–2015), American social scientist and professor
Bill Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Bill Anderson (baseball), baseball player
Bob Anderson (runner), (born 1947), American runner
Brady Anderson (born 1964), American baseball player
Brent F. Anderson (1932–2013), American politician
Brett Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Brett Anderson, English singer-songwriter with Suede
Brett Anderson (The Donnas) (born 1979), American vocalist
Brett Anderson (baseball) (born 1988), American major league baseball player
Brett Anderson (rugby league) (born 1986), Australian rugby player
Brooke Anderson, American television personality, co-host of The Insider
Bryan Anderson, Iraqi War veteran and stuntman
Bud Anderson, American aviator and flying ace
C[edit]
Cal Anderson (1948–1995), American politician
Carl Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Carl David Anderson (1905–1991), American physicist, Nobel laureate
Carl Thomas Anderson (1865–1948), American cartoonist
Carlotta Adele Anderson (1876-?), teacher of the deaf and dumb
Casey Anderson (naturalist) (born 1975), American naturalist and TV presenter
Charles Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Charles D. Anderson (1827–1901), Confederate general
Charles DeWitt Anderson (1827–1901), Confederate colonel
Chic Anderson (1931–1979), American horse race announcer
Chris Anderson (writer), editor and entrepreneur
Clayton Conrad Anderson (born 1959), American NASA astronaut
Cliff Anderson (born 1944), American basketball player
Cliff Anderson (American football) (1929–1979), American football player
Clinton Presba Anderson (1895–1975), American politician
Clive Anderson, British lawyer and comedian
Cora Reynolds Anderson, American politician
Craig Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Craig Anderson (ice hockey), American ice hockey goaltender
Cornealious Michael Anderson III, American robber
Curt Anderson (born 1949), Maryland legislator and former broadcast journalist

D[edit]
Daphne Anderson (1922–2013), British actor
Dale Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Dale Anderson (ice hockey) (1932–2015), Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Dale Anderson (politician) (1916–1996), American politician
David Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
David Leroy Anderson, film makeup artist
David Murray Anderson (1874–1936), Governor of Newfoundland and New South Wales
Des Anderson (born 1940), Northern Irish footballer
E[edit]
Edmund E. Anderson, American auto designer
Eduardo Belmont Anderson (born c. 1945), Peruvian billionaire businessman
Ernie Anderson, American voice actor and radio personality
Ernie Anderson (footballer), (1896–unknown), Scottish footballer
Evelyn M. Anderson (1899–1985), Physiologist and biochemist
F[edit]
Felipe Anderson (born 1993), Brazilian midfield footballer
Floyd E. Anderson (1891–1976), New York politician and judge
Frank Anderson (baseball coach), American college baseball coach
G[edit]
G Anderson, English cricketer
Galusha Anderson, American theologian
Garret Anderson, American baseball player
Gary Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Gary Anderson (darts player), Premier League 2011 Champion darts player
Gary Anderson (F1 designer), Northern Irish former Formula One racing car designer
George Frederick Anderson, British musician and Master of the Queen's Music
George W. Anderson, Jr., U.S. Naval officer, admiral, and the Chief of Naval Operations during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Geraint Anderson, British analyst and columnist
Gerald Anderson, Filipino celebrity
Gerry Anderson, British television producer and puppeteer
Gillian Anderson (born 1968), American actress
Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player
H[edit]
Harry Anderson (1952–2018), American actor and magician
Harry Anderson (artist), American illustrator
Ho Che Anderson, American comic book artist
Hugh C. Anderson (1851–1915), Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee
I[edit]
Ian Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Ian Anderson (musician) (born 1947), British singer, songwriter and flautist, with Jethro Tull
Ian A. Anderson, folk musician and editor of "fRoots" magazine
Ijah Anderson (born 1975), English footballer
Ivie Anderson (1904–1949), American jazz singer
J[edit]
Jace Anderson, American scriptwriter
Jack Anderson (columnist) (1922–2005), American journalist
James Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
James Anderson (cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer
James B. Anderson (born 1935), Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry and Physics at Pennsylvania State University
James Hampton Anderson, American engineer
Jane Anderson (born 1954), American actress, screenwriter and director
Janet Anderson Perkin (1921–2012), Canadian baseball player and curler
Jason Anderson (American football), baseball player
Jeff Anderson, American actor
Jeffrey Anderson (radio producer) (1928–2014), Canadian music critic, journalist, and television and radio producer
Jerald C. Anderson (1934–2014), American dentist and politician
Jesse Anderson, American murderer
Jodi Anderson (born 1957), American heptathlete
John Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley, British civil servant and politician
John B. Anderson, U.S. Congressman from Illinois, and a candidate for President in 1980
Jon Anderson (born 1944), English musician and singer, with Yes
Jonathan Anderson, Irish-bred London fashion designer working as JW Anderson
Judith Anderson (1897–1992), Australian film actor
K[edit]
Karen Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Karen Anderson (writer) (1932–2018), American fantasy writer
Karen Anderson (athlete) (born 1938), American javelin thrower
Karl Anderson (athlete) (1900–1989), American hurdler
Kenneth Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Ken Anderson (defensive lineman) (1975–2009), American football defensive lineman
Ken Anderson (quarterback) (born 1949), American football quarterback
Ken Anderson (wrestler) (born 1976), American professional wrestler known as Mr. Kennedy in WWE and Mr. Anderson in TNA
Kevin Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Kevin Anderson (tennis), South African professional tennis player
Kyle Anderson (basketball) (born 1993), American basketball player
L[edit]
Laurie Anderson (born 1947), American singer and performance artist
Lennart Anderson (1928–2015), American painter
Leroy Anderson (1908–1975), American composer
Liz Anderson (1930–2011), American country music singer
Loni Anderson (born 1945), American actress
Lorna Anderson, Scottish soprano
Lory Anderson (born 1982), Paraguayan actor and presenter
Louie Anderson, American comedian
Louis Anderson, New Zealand rugby player
Lucy Anderson (1797–1878), English pianist
Lynn Anderson (1947–2015), American country music singer
M[edit]
Marc Anderson, American percussionist
Marcia M. Anderson, first African-American woman to attain major general in the US Army Reserve
Marian Anderson (1897–1993), opera singer; first African-American singer at the Metropolitan Opera
Margaret Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Margaret Caroline Anderson (1886–1973), American founder, The Little Review
Margaret L. Anderson, historian
Marge Anderson (1932–2013), American politician
Mark Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Mark Anderson (writer) (born 1967), American journalist and author
Mark Anderson (football player), American football player
Martin Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Martina Anderson (born 1962), Northern Irish politician
Marques Anderson (born 1979), Founder of World Education Foundation
Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918) (1918–2014), American actor
Matt Anderson (volleyball) (born 1987) American volleyball player, Member of the United States men's team/ Olympic team
Maurice Anderson (American football) (born 1975), American football player
Maxie Anderson (1934–1983), American balloonist
Melissa Sue Anderson (born 1962), American actor
Melody Anderson (born 1955), Canadian-American actor and social worker
Merle K. Anderson (1904–1982), American politician and farmer
Michael Anderson (disambiguation)
Mike Anderson (disambiguation)
Miller Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Miller Anderson (musician), Scottish musician
Miller Anderson (diver) (1922–1965), American diver
Moses Anderson (1928–2013), American Roman Catholic bishop
N[edit]
Nestell Kipp Anderson (1885–1967), known as Ned Anderson, American farmer, spearheaded Appalachian Trail in Connecticut
Nicole Anderson (born 1990), American actor
O[edit]
Oskar Johann Viktor Anderson (1887–1960), Russian-German statistician
Ottis Anderson (born 1957; also known as O. J. Anderson), American football player
P[edit]
Pamela Anderson (born 1967), Canadian-American model and actor
Pamela Sue Anderson, English philosopher
Paul Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Paul Thomas Anderson (born 1970), American filmmaker
Paul W. S. Anderson (born 1965), British filmmaker
Paul Anderson (footballer) (born 1988), English winger
Paul Anderson (rugby league) (born 1971), rugby league footballer and coach
Pete D. Anderson (1931–2013), American jockey and Thoroughbred racehorse trainer
Peter Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Philip Warren Anderson (born 1923), American theoretical physicist
Phyllis Margery Anderson (1901–1957), Australian pathologist
Poul Anderson (1926–2001), American science fiction author
R[edit]
Richard Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Richard Anderson (1926-2017), American actor
Richard "Big Daddy Ritch" Anderson, lead vocalist for American band Texas Hippie Coalition
Richard Dean Anderson (born 1950), American actor and television producer
Ricky Anderson (American football) (born 1963), American football player
Robert Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Sir Robert Anderson, 1st Baronet (1837–1921), Irish businessman and Lord Mayor of Belfast
Robert M. Anderson (economist), American economist
Rodney Anderson (Texas politician) (born 1968), American politician
Rona Anderson (1926–2013), Scottish actor
Rupert Anderson (1859–1944), English footballer
Rudolf Anderson (1927–1962), U.S. Air Force pilot and first recipient of the Air Force Cross
Russell Anderson (born 1978), Scottish footballer
Ryan Anderson (disambiguation)
S[edit]
Sam Anderson (rugby league) (born 1991), Australian Rugby League player
Samuel Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Sari Anderson (born 1978), American multisport and endurance athlete
Sherwood Anderson (1876–1941), American writer
Sonny Anderson (born 1970), Brazilian footballer
Sparky Anderson (1934–2010), American baseball manager
Stan Anderson (born 1933), English footballer
Stephen Wayne Anderson (1953–2002), executed murderer of Elizabeth Lyman
Steve Anderson (athlete) (1906–1988), American athlete
Sylvia Anderson (1927–2016), English television and film producer, co-creator of TV series with Gerry Anderson
T[edit]
Terry Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Theodore Wilbur Anderson (1918–2016), American statistician, co-inventor of the Anderson–Darling test
Thomas Anderson (disambiguation)
Tom Anderson (born 1970), American co-founder of the social networking website Myspace
V[edit]
Victor Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
Viv Anderson (born 1954), English footballer
Vivian Anderson (baseball) (1921–2012), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
W[edit]
Warren Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Warren Anderson (American businessman) (1921–2014), American former chairman of Union Carbide Corporation
Warren M. Anderson (1915–2007), New York politician
Wayne Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
Wayne Anderson (illustrator) (born 1946), English author and illustrator of The Flight of Dragons
Wayne Anderson (politician) (born 1953 or 1954), Canadian politician in Alberta
Wayne Anderson (racing driver) (born 1968), American race car driver
Wayne Anderson (swimmer) (born 1945), American former swimmer
Wayne D. Anderson (1930–2013), American college sports coach
Wendell Anderson (1933-2016), Minnesota politician
Wes Anderson, film director
William Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
William Anderson (Bishop of Salisbury) (1882–1972), Anglican Bishop of Croydon, of Portsmouth and of Salisbury
William T. Anderson, Confederate guerrilla leader in the American Civil War
Family[edit]
Anderson family, a group of American professional wrestlers who are billed as relatives:
Gene Anderson (1933–1991), fictional brother
Lars Anderson (born 1939, real name Lawrence Heinemi), fictional brother
Ole Anderson (born 1942, real name Alan Rogowski), fictional brother
Arn Anderson (born 1958, real name Martin Lunde), fictional cousin
Brad Anderson (wrestler) (born 1969), real-life son of Gene
Bryant Anderson, born 1970 as Brian Rogowski, real-life son of Ole
C.W. Anderson (born 1971; real name Chris Wright), relationship undetermined but billed as a part of the "family"
Karl Anderson (born 1980; real name Chad Allegra), relationship undetermined but billed as a part of the "family"
Fictional characters[edit]
Sgt. Zeke Anderson, character in the TV series Tour of Duty
Sgt. Suzanne Anderson, star of in the TV series Police Woman
Thomas A. Anderson ("Neo"), character from The Matrix
Mike Anderson, protagonist of the Nintendo video games Battle Clash and Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge
Judge Anderson, character from Judge Dredd
Alexander Anderson (Hellsing), character in the Japanese anime/manga series
Amy Anderson, the name briefly used by Sailor Moon character Ami Mizuno
Mr. Anderson (Beavis and Butt-head), neighbor from Beavis and Butthead
Jesse Andersen, character from Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
Trent Anderson, character from Dan Brown's novel The Lost Symbol
Bonnie Anderson, a character in Toy Story 3
Blaine Anderson, character from Glee
Dru Anderson, character from the book series Strange Angels
Andersson, fictional family, featuring several of the main characters in the Sune book series
Riley Anderson, a character from the animated movie “Inside Out”
See also[edit]
Andersen
Clan Anderson
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Anderson Meaning and Distribution". forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2014
Jump up ^ Efternamn, topp 100 - Statistics Sweden
Jump up ^ Statistics Norway
Jump up ^ [1] Statistics Denmark
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau (9 May 1995). s:1990 Census Name Files dist.all.last (1-100). Retrieved on 4 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000 - U.S. Census Bureau". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009.
Jump up ^ CBC News In Depth: Common surnames
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Anderson. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_(surname)&oldid=843327958"
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Negative and positive rights
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Not to be confused with negative liberties or positive liberties.
Negative and positive rights are rights that oblige either action (positive rights) or inaction (negative rights). These obligations may be of either a legal or moral character. The notion of positive and negative rights may also be applied to liberty rights.
To take an example involving two parties in a court of law: Adrian has a negative right to x against Clay if and only if Clay is prohibited from acting upon Adrian in some way regarding x. In contrast, Adrian has a positive right to x against Clay if and only if Clay is obliged to act upon Adrian in some way regarding x. A case in point, if Adrian has a negative right to life against Clay, then Clay is required to refrain from killing Adrian; while if Adrian has a positive right to life against Clay, then Clay is required to act as necessary to preserve the life of Adrian.
Rights considered negative rights may include civil and political rights such as freedom of speech, life, private property, freedom from violent crime, freedom of religion, habeas corpus, a fair trial, and freedom from slavery.
Rights considered positive rights, as initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist Karel Vasak, may include other civil and political rights such as police protection of person and property and the right to counsel, as well as economic, social and cultural rights such as food, housing, public education, employment, national security, military, health care, social security, internet access, and a minimum standard of living. In the "three generations" account of human rights, negative rights are often associated with the first generation of rights, while positive rights are associated with the second and third generations.
Some philosophers (see criticisms) disagree that the negative-positive rights distinction is useful or valid.
Contents
1 Overview
2 When they conflict
2.1 In medicine
3 Criticisms
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Under the theory of positive and negative rights, a negative right is a right not to be subjected to an action of another person or group—a government, for example—usually in the form of abuse or coercion. As such, negative rights exist unless someone acts to negate them. A positive right is a right to be subjected to an action of another person or group. In other words, for a positive right to be exercised, someone else's actions must be added to the equation. In theory, a negative right forbids others from acting against the right holder, while a positive right obligates others to act with respect to the right holder. In the framework of the Kantian categorical imperative, negative rights can be associated with perfect duties while positive rights can be connected to imperfect duties.[citation needed]
Belief in a distinction between positive and negative rights is usually maintained, or emphasized, by libertarians, who believe that positive rights do not exist until they are created by contract. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists both positive and negative rights (but does not identify them as such). The constitutions of most liberal democracies guarantee negative rights, but not all include positive rights. Nevertheless, positive rights are often guaranteed by other laws, and the majority of liberal democracies provide their citizens with publicly funded education, health care, social security and unemployment benefits.
When they conflict[edit]
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Rights are often spoken of as inalienable and sometimes even absolute. However, in practice this is often taken as graded absolutism; rights are ranked by degree of importance, and violations of lesser ones are accepted in the course of preventing violations of greater ones. Thus, even if the right not to be killed is inalienable, the corresponding obligation on others to refrain from killing is generally understood to have at least one exception: self-defense. Certain widely accepted negative obligations (such as the obligations to refrain from theft, murder, etc.) are often considered prima facie, meaning that the legitimacy of the obligation is accepted "on its face"; but even if not questioned, such obligations may still be ranked for ethical analysis.
Thus a thief may have a negative obligation not to steal, and a police officer may have a negative obligation not to tackle people—but a police officer tackling the thief easily meets the burden of proof that he acted justifiably, since his was a breach of a lesser obligation and negated the breach of a greater obligation. Likewise a shopkeeper or other passerby may also meet this burden of proof when tackling the thief. But if any of those individuals pulled a gun and shot the (unarmed) thief for stealing, most modern societies would not accept that the burden of proof had been met. The obligation not to kill—being universally regarded as one of the highest, if not the highest obligation—is so much greater than the obligation not to steal that a breach of the latter does not justify a breach of the former. Most modern societies insist that other, very serious ethical questions need come into play before stealing could justify killing.
Positive obligations confer duty. But as we see with the police officer, exercising a duty may violate negative obligations (e.g. not to overreact and kill). For this reason, in ethics positive obligations are almost never considered prima facie. The greatest negative obligation may have just one exception—one higher obligation of self-defense—but even the greatest positive obligations generally require more complex ethical analysis. For example, one could easily justify failing to help, not just one, but a great many injured children quite ethically in the case of triage after a disaster. This consideration has led ethicists to agree in a general way that positive obligations are usually junior to negative obligations because they are not reliably prima facie. Some critics of positive rights implicitly suggest that because positive obligations are not reliably prima facie they must always be agreed to through contract.[1]
Nineteenth-century philosopher Frédéric Bastiat summarized the conflict between these negative and positive rights by saying:
M. de Lamartine wrote me one day: "Your doctrine is only the half of my program; you have stopped at liberty; I go on to fraternity." I answered him: "The second half of your program will destroy the first half." And, in fact, it is quite impossible for me to separate the word "fraternity" from the word "voluntary." It is quite impossible for me to conceive of fraternity as legally enforced, without liberty being legally destroyed, and justice being legally trampled underfoot.[2]
According to Jan Narveson, the view of some that there is no distinction between negative and positive rights on the ground that negative rights require police and courts for their enforcement is "mistaken". He says that the question between what one has a right to do and who if anybody enforces it are separate issues. If rights are only negative then it simply means no one has a duty to enforce them, although individuals have a right to use any non-forcible means to gain the cooperation of others in protecting those rights. Therefore, he says "the distinction between negative and positive is quite robust."[3] Libertarians hold that positive rights, which would include a right to be protected, do not exist until they are created by contract. However, those who hold this view do not mean that police, for example, are not obligated to protect the rights of citizens. Since they contract with their employers to defend citizens from violence, then they have created that obligation to their employer. A negative right to life allows an individual to defend his life from others trying to kill him, or obtain voluntary assistance from others to defend his life—but he may not force others to defend him, because he has no natural right to be provided with defense. To force a person to defend one's own negative rights, or the negative rights of a third party, would be to violate that person's negative rights.
Other advocates of the view that there is a distinction between negative and positive rights argue that the presence of a police force or army is not due to any positive right to these services that citizens claim, but rather because they are natural monopolies or public goods—features of any human society that arise naturally, even while adhering to the concept of negative rights only. Robert Nozick discusses this idea at length in his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia.[1]
In medicine[edit]
In the field of medicine, positive rights of patients often conflict with negative rights of physicians. In controversial areas such as abortion and assisted suicide, medical professionals may not wish to offer certain services for moral or philosophical reasons. If enough practitioners opt out as a result of conscience, a right granted by conscience clause statutes in many jurisdictions, patients may not have any means of having their own positive rights fulfilled.[4] Such was the case of Janet Murdock, a Montana woman who could not find any physician to assist her suicide in 2009.[5] This controversy over positive and negative rights in medicine has become a focal point in the ongoing public debate between conservative ethicist Wesley J. Smith and bioethicist Jacob M. Appel.[6] In discussing Baxter v. Montana, Appel has written:
Medical licenses are a limited commodity, reflecting an artificial shortage created by a partnership between Congress and organizations representing physicians—with medical school seats and residency positions effectively allotted by the government, much like radio frequencies. Physicians benefit from this arrangement in that a smaller number of physicians inevitably leads to increased rates of reimbursement. There's nothing inherently wrong with this arrangement. However, it belies any claim that doctors should have the same right to choose their customers as barbers or babysitters. Much as the government has been willing to impose duties on radio stations (e.g., indecency codes, equal time rules) that would be impermissible if applied to newspapers, Montana might reasonably consider requiring physicians, in return for the privilege of a medical license, to prescribe medication to the dying without regard to the patient's intent.[5]
Smith replies that this is "taking the duty to die and transforming it into a duty to kill", which he argues "reflects a profound misunderstanding of the government’s role".[6]
Criticisms[edit]
A right to adequate nutrition requires duties to avoid stealing, but also duties to act in ways that protect or repair the delivery of the supplies. The right cannot be fully guaranteed by only positive, or else only negative duties; it needs both.
Presumably, if a person has positive rights it implies that other people have positive duties (to take certain actions); whereas negative rights imply that others have negative duties (to avoid certain other actions). Philosopher Henry Shue is skeptical; he believes that all rights (regardless of whether they seem more "negative" or "positive") requires both kinds of duties at once. In other words, Shue says that honouring a right will require avoidance (a "negative" duty) but also protective or reparative actions ("positive" duties). The negative positive distinction may be a matter of emphasis; it is therefore unhelpful to describe any right as though it requires only one of the two types of duties.[7]
To Shue, rights can always be understood as confronting "standard threats" against humanity. Dealing with standard threats requires all kinds of duties, which may be divided across time (e.g. "if avoiding the harmful behaviour fails, begin to repair the damages"), but also divided across people. The point is that every right provokes all 3 types of behaviour (avoidance, protection, repair) to some degree. Dealing with a threat like murder, for instance, will require one individual to practice avoidance (e.g. the potential murderer must stay calm), others to protect (e.g. the police officer, who must stop the attack, or the bystander, who may be obligated to call the police), and others to repair (e.g. the doctor who must resuscitate a person who has been attacked). Thus, even the so-called "negative right not to be killed" can only be guaranteed with the help of some positive duties. Shue goes further, and maintains that the negative and positive rights distinction can be harmful, because it may result in the neglect of necessary duties.[7]
James P. Sterba makes similar criticisms. He holds that any right can be made to appear either positive or negative depending on the language used to define it. He writes:
What is at stake is the liberty of the poor not to be interfered with in taking from the surplus possessions of the rich what is necessary to satisfy their basic needs. Needless to say, libertarians would want to deny that the poor have this liberty. But how could they justify such a denial? As this liberty of the poor has been specified, it is not a positive right to receive something, but a negative right of non-interference.(emphasis added)[2]
Sterba has rephrased the traditional "positive right" to provisions, and put it in the form of a sort of "negative right" not to be prevented from taking the resources on their own.. Thus, all rights may not only require both "positive" and "negative" duties, but it seems that rights that do not involve forced labor can be phrased positively or negatively at will.[3] The distinction between positive and negative may not be very useful, or justified, as rights requiring the provision of labor can be rephrased from "right to education" or "right to health care" to "right to take surplus money to pay teachers" or "right to take surplus money to pay doctors".
See also[edit]
Claim rights and liberty rights – a different distinction, orthogonal to that between positive and negative rights
Constitutional economics
Constitutionalism
Entitlement
Freedom versus license
Rule according to higher law
Second Bill of Rights
Three generations of human rights
Two Concepts of Liberty – a lecture by Isaiah Berlin, which distinguished between positive and negative liberty
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Individual rights", Ayn Rand Lexicon.
Jump up ^ Bastiat, Frédéric (1995) [1848]. "The Law". The Law. Chapter 2 in Selected Essays on Political Economy. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc.
Jump up ^ Narveson, Jan. "Jan Narveson - Libertarianism: A Philosophical Introduction". Against Politics. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006.
Jump up ^ Appel, Jacob M. (24 April 2009). "Do We Need a Pro-Choice Litmus Test for Obstetricians?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Appel, Jacob M. (18 October 2009). "Big Sky Dilemma: Must Doctors Help Their Patients Die?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Wesley J. (3 September 2009). "The 'Right to Die' Means a Physician Duty to Kill?". First Things. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Shue, Henry (1980). Chapters 1-2 of Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Princeton University Press.
References[edit]
^ Publishers Weekly review of Stephen Holmes and Cass R. Sunnstein, The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes, ISBN 0-393-32033-2.
^ Nozick, Robert (1975). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15680-1
^ Sterba, J.P., "From Liberty to Welfare" in Ethics: The Big Questions. Malden, MA : Blackwell, 1998. (page 238)
^ Hodgson, D. (1998). The Human Right to Education. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing
^ Machan, Tibor R., "The Perils of Positive Rights" in The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, April 2001 Vol. 51 No. 4
External links[edit]
Walter Williams, "Rights vs. Wishes", Capitalism Magazine, October 27, 2002, arguing against the validity of positive rights
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values: حقوق سلبية وإيجابية – Arabic

values: Derechos positivos y negativos – Spanish

values: حقوق مثبت و منفی – Persian

values: Hak-hak positif dan negatif – Indonesian

values: Negativa och positiva rättigheter – Swedish

values: எதிர்ம நேர்ம உரிமைகள் – Tamil

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