text:
Governor-general
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Governor-general (plural governors-general) or governor general (plural governors general), in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm.[1] Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, such as French Indochina.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current uses
2 British colonialism and the governors-general
3 Modern Commonwealth
3.1 Commonwealth realms
3.2 Appointment
3.3 Commonwealth countries with a governor-general
3.4 Other attributes
3.5 Former Commonwealth realms
3.5.1 In Africa
3.5.2 In the Americas
3.5.3 In Asia
3.5.4 In Europe
3.5.5 In Oceania
4 Other colonial and similar usage
4.1 Belgium
4.2 France
4.3 Netherlands
4.4 Portugal
4.5 Philippines
4.5.1 Spain
4.5.2 United States of America
5 Other Western usage
5.1 Greece
5.2 Other
6 Asian counterparts
7 See also
8 Note
9 References
10 External links
Current uses[edit]
In modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. Before World War I, the title was used only in federated colonies in which each of the previously constituent colonies of these federated colonies already had a governor, namely Canada, Australia, and the Union of South Africa. In these cases, the Crown's representative in the federated Dominion was given the superior title of governor general. The first exception to this rule was New Zealand, which was granted Dominion status in 1907, but it was not until 28 June 1917 that Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, was appointed the first Governor General of New Zealand. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the King's representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time.
Since 2016,[why?] the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these cases, the former office of colonial governor was altered (sometimes for the same incumbent) to become governor-general upon independence, as the nature of the office became an entirely independent constitutional representative of the monarch rather than a symbol of previous colonial rule. In these countries the governor-general acts as the monarch's representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state.
The only other nation which uses the governor-general designation is Iran, which has no connection with any monarchy or the Commonwealth. In Iran, the provincial authority is headed by a governor general[2] (Persian: استاندار ostāndār), who is appointed by the Minister of the Interior.
British colonialism and the governors-general[edit]
Lord Tweedsmuir was Governor General of Canada from 1935 to 1940. The uniform shown here was the unique ceremonial dress for Governors General of Canada.
Until the 1920s, governors-general were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British government, who acted as agents of the British government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch. As such they notionally held the prerogative powers of the monarch, and also held the executive power of the country to which they were assigned. The governor-general could be instructed by the colonial secretary on the exercise of some of his functions and duties, such as the use or withholding of the Royal Assent from legislation; history shows many examples of governors-general using their prerogative and executive powers. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, due to remoteness of the territories from London.
The governor-general was also usually the commander-in-chief of the armed forces in his or her territory and, because of the governor-general's control of the military, the post was as much a military appointment as a civil one. The governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which is not generally worn today. If of the rank of major general, equivalent or above, they were entitled to wear that military uniform.
Modern Commonwealth[edit]
Commonwealth realms[edit]
Following the Imperial Conference, and subsequent issuing of the Balfour Declaration in 1926, the role and responsibilities of the governor-general began to shift, reflecting the increased independence of the Dominions (which were in 1952 renamed Realms; a term which includes the UK itself). As the sovereign came to be regarded as monarch of each territory independently, and, as such, advised only by the ministers of each country in regard to that country's national affairs (as opposed to a single British monarch ruling all the Dominions as a conglomerate and advised only by an imperial parliament), so too did the governor-general become a direct representative of the national monarch only, who no longer answered to the British government. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated: "...it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government."[3] These concepts were entrenched in legislation with the enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and governmental relations with the United Kingdom were placed in the hands of a British High Commissioner in each country.
In other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The monarch of these countries (Elizabeth II) is in law Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, and Queen of New Zealand and only acts on the advice of the ministers in each country and is in no way influenced by the British government. Today, therefore, in former British colonies which are now independent Commonwealth realms, the governor-general is constitutionally the representative of the monarch in his or her state and may exercise the reserve powers of the monarch according to their own constitutional authority. The governor-general, however, is still appointed by the monarch and takes an oath of allegiance to the monarch of their own country. Executive authority is also vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Letters of Credence or Letters of Recall are now sometimes received or issued in the name of the monarch, though, in some countries, such as Canada and Australia, the Letters of Credence and Recall are issued in the name of the governor-general alone.
At diplomatic functions where the governor-general is present, the visiting diplomat or head of state toasts "The King" or "The Queen" of the relevant realm, not the governor-general, with any reference to the governor-general being subsidiary in later toasts if featuring at all, and will involve a toast to them by name, not office. (E.g., "Mr. and Mrs. Smith," not "Her Excellency, the Governor-General." Sometimes a toast might be made using name and office, e.g., "Governor-General Smith.")
Governors-General who have sacked Prime Ministers
Sir John Kerr sacked Australia's Gough Whitlam in 1975
Lord Byng sacked Canada's Mackenzie King in 1926.
Except in rare cases, the governor-general only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister.[4] The governor-general is still the local representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically, though their role is almost purely ceremonial. Rare and controversial exceptions occurred in 1926, when Canadian Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy refused Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request for a dissolution of parliament; in 1953 and 1954 when the Governor-General of Pakistan, Ghulam Mohammad, staged a constitutional coup against the Prime Minister and then the Constituent Assembly; and in 1975, when the Governor-General of Australia, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam.[5] In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general,[how?] but this has not happened in modern times.
In Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her "representatives".[6] However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, the governor-general has occasionally been referred to as head of state in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state.
The governor-general is usually a person with a distinguished record of public service, often a retired politician, judge or military commander; but some countries have also appointed prominent academics, members of the clergy, philanthropists, or figures from the news media to the office.
Traditionally, the governor-general's official attire was a unique uniform, but this practice has been abandoned except on occasions when it is appropriate to be worn (and in some countries abandoned altogether). In South Africa, the Governor-General of the Union of South Africa nominated by the Afrikaner Nationalist government chose not to wear uniform on any occasion. Most governors-general continue to wear appropriate medals on their clothing when required.
The governor-general's official residence is usually called Government House. The Governor-General of the Irish Free State resided in the then Viceregal Lodge in Phoenix Park, Dublin, but the government of Éamon de Valera sought to downgrade the office and the last governor-general, Domhnall Ua Buachalla, did not reside there. The office was abolished there in 1936.
In most Commonwealth realms, the flag of the governor-general has been the standard pattern of a blue field with the Royal Crest (a lion standing on a crown) above a scroll with the name of the jurisdiction. In Canada, however, this was replaced with a crowned lion clasping a maple leaf. In the Solomon Islands, the scroll was replaced with a two-headed frigate bird motif, while in Fiji, the former Governor General's flag featured a whale's tooth. In New Zealand, the flag was replaced in 2008 with the shield of the coat of arms of New Zealand surmounted by a crown on a blue field.
Governors-general are accorded the style of His/Her Excellency. This style is also extended to their spouses, whether female or male.
Appointment[edit]
Tim Healy
First Governor-General of the Irish Free State
Until the 1920s, the Governors General were British, and appointed on the advice of the British Government.
Following the changes to the structure of the Commonwealth in the late 1920s, in 1929, the Australian Prime Minister James Scullin established the right of a Dominion prime minister to advise the monarch directly on the appointment of a governor-general, by insisting that his choice (Isaac Isaacs, an Australian) prevail over the recommendation of the British government. The convention was gradually established throughout the Commonwealth that the governor-general would be a citizen of the country concerned, and would be appointed on the advice of the government of that country, with no input from the British government; Governor General of Canada since 1952 and Governor General of New Zealand since 1967. Since 1931 as each former Dominion has patriated its constitution from the UK, the convention has become law, or, since 1947, when the first realms established with a patriated constitution, India and Pakistan, were established, was always law, and no government of any realm can advise the Monarch on any matter pertaining to another realm, including the appointment of a governor-general. The monarch appoints a governor-general (in Canada: governor general) as a personal representative only on the advice of the prime minister of each realm; for example, the Governor-General of New Zealand is appointed by the Queen of New Zealand on the advice of the New Zealandian prime minister, the Governor-General of Tuvalu is appointed by the Queen of Tuvalu on the advice of the Tuvaluan prime minister, and the Governor-General of Jamaica is appointed by the Queen of Jamaica on the advice of the Jamaican prime minister. In Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, the Prime Minister's advice is based on the result of a vote in the national parliament.
Governors-General who were royal Princes
the Duke of Connaught, son of Queen Victoria, was Governor-General of both Canada and South Africa
the Duke of Gloucester, son of King George V, was Governor General of Australia.
the Earl of Athlone, brother of Queen Mary, was Governor General of both Canada and South Africa
The formalities for appointing governors-general are not the same in all the realms. For example: When appointed, a Governor-General of Australia issues a proclamation in his own name, countersigned by the head of government and under the Great Seal of Australia, formally announcing that he has been appointed by the monarch's commission, previously issued also under the Great Seal of Australia.[7] The practice in Canada is to include in the governor general's proclamation of appointment, issued under the Great Seal of Canada,[8] the monarch's commission naming the governor general as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces[8][9] Also dissimilar among the realms are the powers of governors-general. The Belizean constitution provides the governor-general with the power to assent or to withhold assent to laws,[10] while Papua New Guinea has no requirement for royal assent at all, with laws entering into force when certified as having been passed in Parliament by the Speaker.[11]
Commonwealth countries with a governor-general[edit]
Commonwealth realm
From
Antigua and Barbuda 1981 [12]
Australia 1901 [13]
Bahamas 1973 [14]
Barbados 1966 [15]
Belize 1981 [16]
Canada 1867 [17]
Grenada 1974 [18]
Jamaica 1962 [19]
New Zealand 1917 [20]
Papua New Guinea 1975
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983 [21]
Saint Lucia 1979 [22]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 [23]
Solomon Islands 1978
Tuvalu 1978 [24]
For a list of current Governors-General in Commonwealth countries, see Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Other attributes[edit]
Main article: Administrator of the Government
Different realms have different constitutional arrangements governing who acts in place of the governor-general in the event of his or her death, resignation, or incapacity.
In Australia, an Administrator of the Commonwealth may be appointed to perform the necessary official functions, pending a decision by the sovereign, on the advice of the prime minister, about a permanent replacement as governor-general. The administrator has usually been the senior state governor. Each state governor normally holds what is known as a dormant commission. There have been cases where a governor has fallen out of favour with the government, causing their dormant commission to be revoked. The most recent example was that of Sir Colin Hannah, Governor of Queensland, in 1975.
In The Bahamas, Barbados, Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, it is the Chief Justice.
In Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu it is the Speaker
Many Caribbean countries have a specific office of "Deputy Governor-General".
Former Commonwealth realms[edit]
The title has been used in many former British colonies, which became independent realms and then later became republics. Each of these realms had a governor-general.
In Africa[edit]
Governor-General of the Gambia (1965–1970)
Governor-General of Ghana (1957–1960)
Governor-General of Kenya (1963–1964)
Governor-General of Malawi (1964–1966)
Governor-General of Mauritius (1968–1992)
Governor-General of Nigeria (1960–1963)
Governor-General of Sierra Leone (1961–1971)
Governor-General of the Union of South Africa (1910–1961)
Governor-General of Tanganyika (1961–1962)
Governor-General of Uganda (1962–1963)
In Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), a unique situation arose following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, unrecognised by the United Kingdom. The Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith recognised Elizabeth II as "Queen of Rhodesia", but refused to recognise the authority of her Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs, whose duties were performed by an Officer Administering the Government, Clifford Dupont (1905–1978). Dupont served in the post until 2 March 1970, when Rhodesia was declared a republic (an act also unrecognised internationally) and he became President. The country became an independent republic within the Commonwealth as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980.
In the Americas[edit]
Governor-General of Guyana (1966–1970)
Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976)
In Asia[edit]
Governor-General of Ceylon (1948–1972)
Governor-General of India (1947–1950)
Governor-General of Pakistan (1947–1956)
In Europe[edit]
Governor-General of the Irish Free State (1922–1936)
Governor-General of Malta (1964–1974)
In Oceania[edit]
Governor-General of Fiji (1970–1987)
Other colonial and similar usage[edit]
Belgium[edit]
Belgian Congo;
Ruanda-Urundi
France[edit]
The equivalent word in French is gouverneur général, used in the following colonies:
From 1887 to 1945 the French appointed a governor-general to govern French Indo-China (now Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia); the function of High commissioner in the Pacific Ocean, from 22 March 1907 held by the Governors of New Caledonia, was used to coordinate that colony, the other French settlements in Oceania and the governors-general of French Indochina and the Resident commissioners of the New Hebrides and the Residents of Wallis and Futuna were subordinated to him.
Governor General of New France was the vice-regal post in New France from 1663 until 1760 and was the last French vice-regal post. It was replaced by the British post of Governor of the Province of Quebec following the fall of New France. While the districts of Montreal and Trois-Rivières had their own governors, the Governor General of New France and the Governor of the district of Quebec were the same person.
From 1699–1947, the French appointed a Governor-General to administer French India (including Pondichéry).
Governors-general of the Mascarene Islands (under control of the chartered Compagnie des Indes to 14 July 1767) from 4 June 1735 (succeeding to governors), and after its split-up of Mauritius (Réunion and the Seychelles got lower-styled Commandants or Governors), till 25 September 1803
Haiti January 1714 – 31 December 1803; last incumbent Jean-Jacques Dessalines shortly maintained the title after the January I, 1804 independence before proclaiming himself Emperor Jacques I
Since its creation on 16 June 1895 in French West Africa (AOF), until 4 April 1957; the last stayed on as first of two High commissioners
Madagascar
From 28 June 1908 (previously it had a Commissaire général, i.e. Commissioner general) to 4 April 1957 (the last stayed on as first of three High commissioners) in French Equatorial Africa (AEF); during several periods he also acted as Governor of the constitutive colony Congo Brazzaville.
Furthermore, in Napoleonic Europe successive French Governors-general were appointed by Napoleon I in:
the German states of Brandenburg (various others got "mere" Governors), two incumbents between 27 October 1806 and 10 December 1808, during the French occupation
Province of Courland under the French occupation (from 1 August 1812, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and District of Pilten nominally re-established under joint French-Saxon protectorate 8 October 1812 – 20 December 1812) : Jacques David Martin, baron de Campredon (1761–1837)
Parma and Piacenza under occupation, (after a Commissioner) 15 February 1804 – 23 July 1808, later annexed as département under a Prefect of Taro
principality of Piombino May 1806 – 1811: Adolphe Beauvais (d. 1811)
annexed Tuscany, two incumbents, over prefects for Arno, Méditerranée [Mediterranean] and Ombrone:
May 1808 – 3 March 1809 Jacques François de Boussay, baron de Menou (1750–1810)
3 March 1809 – 1 February 1814 Elisa Baciocchi Bonaparte (with courtesy style of Grand Duchess of Tuscany) (1777–1820)
the Illyrian provinces (comprising present Croatia, Slovenia and even adjacent parts of Austria and Italy), annexed as part of the French Empire proper, 14 October 1809 – August 1813
Netherlands[edit]
From 1691 to 1948 the Dutch appointed a gouverneur-generaal ("governor-general") to govern the Netherlands East Indies, now Indonesia.
While in the Caribbean, various other titles were used, Curaçao had three Governors-General between 1816 and 1820:
1816–1819 Albert Kikkert
1819–1820 Petrus Bernardus van Starkenborgh
1820 Isaäk Johannes Rammelman Elsevier
Portugal[edit]
The equivalent word in Portuguese is governador-geral. This title was only used for the governors of the major colonies, indicating that they had, under their authority, several subordinate governors. In most of the colonies, lower titles, mainly governador (governor) or formerly captain-major (capitão-mor), prevailed
In the Portuguese State of India (Estado da Índia, capital Goa) the style was changed repeatedly for another, mostly Vice-Rei (Viceroy). The Viceroy title was usually reserved for members of the Portuguese Royal Family, the remaining governors receiving the title of governador-general;
In Brazil, after a few governors, from 1578 till its promotion in 1763 to a Viceroyalty (though various members of the nobility since 1640 had assumed, without sovereign authority, the title of Viceroy).
in Africa, from 1837 Portugal appointed a governor-general to govern the overseas province of Angola, and another to govern the province of Moçambique. For some time, a governor-general was also appointed to rule Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea, while these territories were united in a single province. Between 1921 and 1930, additional powers were given to some of the Angola and Mozambique governors, who were restyled in full Alto-comissário e governador-geral (High commissioner and governor-general).
Philippines[edit]
Main article: Governor-General of the Philippines
The Philippines from the 16th through the 20th century had a series of governors-general during the Spanish and American colonial periods, as well as the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines during World War II
Spain[edit]
From 21 November 1564 the Spanish East Indies had a governor-general, which was under the Viceroy of New Spain based in Mexico. After the successful Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the governor-general reported directly to Spain.
United States of America[edit]
future US President William Howard Taft was the First American Governor General of the Philippines
From 1899 to 1935 under the Insular Government, the Philippines was administered by a series of governors-general, first military and then civilian, appointed by the United States Federal Government.
Other Western usage[edit]
Greece[edit]
The Balkan Wars of 1912–13 led to the Greek acquisition of the so-called "New Lands" (Epirus, Macedonia, Crete and the islands of the eastern Aegean), almost doubling the country's territory. Instead of fully incorporating these new lands into Greece by dividing them into prefectures, the Ottoman administrative system continued in existence for a while, and Law ΔΡΛΔ΄ of 1913 established five governorates-general (Γενικαὶ Διοικήσεις, sing. Γενική Διοίκησις): Epirus, Macedonia, Crete, Aegean and Samos–Ikaria. The governors-general had wide-ranging authority in their territories, and were almost autonomous of the government in Athens.
Law 524 in 1914 abolished the governorates-general and divided the New Lands into regular prefectures, but in 1918 Law 1149 re-instated them as a superordinate administrative level above the prefectures, with Macedonia now divided in two governorates-general, those of Thessaloniki and Kozani–Florina. The governors-general of Thessaloniki, Crete and Epirus were also given ministerial rank. To these was added the Governorate-General of Thrace in 1920–22, comprising Western Thrace and Eastern Thrace (returned to Turkey in the Armistice of Mudanya in 1922). The extensive but hitherto legally rather undefined powers of the governors-general created friction and confusion with other government branches, until their remit was exactly delineated in 1925. The governorates-general, except for that of Thessaloniki, were abolished in 1928, but re-established in December 1929—for Crete, Epirus, Thrace, and Macedonia—and delegated practically all ministerial authorities for their respective areas. Over the next decade, however, in a see-saw of legislative measures that in turns gave and took away authority, they gradually lost most of their powers in favour of the prefectures and the central government in Athens.
Following liberation from the Axis occupation, in 1945 the Governorate-General of Northern Greece was established, initially with subordinate governorates for West Macedonia, Central Macedonia, East Macedonia, and Thrace, the first three of which were then grouped anew into a new Governorate-General of Macedonia, albeit still subject to the Governorate-General of Northern Greece. This awkward arrangement lasted until 1950, when the administration of Macedonia was streamlined, the junior governorates abolished and only the Governorate-General of Northern Greece retained. Finally, in 1955, the Governorate-General of Northern Greece was transformed into the Ministry of Northern Greece, and all other governorates-general elsewhere in Greece were abolished.
Other[edit]
Governor-General in the Swedish Realm
From 1636 to 1815, Sweden typically appointed the Governors-General of Sweden for the Swedish Dominions on the eastern side of the Baltic and in northern Germany, but occasionally also for Scania.
From 1809 to 1918 Russia designated Governors-General of Finland in the Grand Duchy of Finland; Governors-General of Poland in Vistula Land and other Governors-General in various other Governorates-General.
From 1939 to 1944, during the German occupation of Poland, in that part of the country designated the General Government the Nazi official Hans Frank had the title Governor-General (German: Generalgouverneur für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete - Governor-General of the occupied Polish areas).
The Kingdom of Saxony had two Governors-General during the period of Allied control of the Generalgouvernement Sachsen (de) after the defeat of the French emperor Napoleon I:
28 October 1813 – 8 November 1814 Prince Nikolay Grigorievich Repnin-Volkonsky (Russia) (1778–1845)
8 November 1814 – 8 June 1815 Eberhard Friedrich Christoph Ludwig, Freiherr von der Recke (Prussia) (1744–1826)
During the occupation of Serbia by Austrian-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces in World War I, the Austrian-Hungarian government appointed three consecutive governors-general:
1 January 1916 – July 1916 Johan Ulrich Graf von Salis-Seewis (1862–1940)
July 1916 – October 1918 Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld (1855–1932)
October 1918 – 1 November 1918 Hermann Freiherr Kövess von Kövessháza (1854–1924; a former military commander in northern Serbia)
Asian counterparts[edit]
From 1644 to 1911, in Qing Dynasty China, a Governor General or Viceroy (simplified Chinese: 总督; traditional Chinese: 總督; pinyin: Zǒngdū; Wade–Giles: Tsung3-tu1) was the highest official of joint military and civil affairs in one or several provinces.
The hereditary shōgun of Japan (Japanese: 征夷大将軍, sei-i tai-shōgun) who ruled in the name of the Emperor from 1185 until 1868 were equivalent to governors-general, though they often had far greater power than a governor-general would ordinarily have.
Imperial Japan:
From 1895 to 1945, Taiwan was administered by the Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan (Japanese: 台湾総督, taiwan sōtoku).
From 1910 to 1945, Korea was administered by the Japanese Governor-General of Korea (Japanese: 朝鮮総督, chōsen sōtoku).
Islamic Republic of Iran
The provincial authority is headed by an appointed Governor-General[2] (Persian: استاندار, ostāndār).
See also[edit]
Administrator of the Government
Government House, the name of the official residences of Governors-General in the British Commonwealth (past and present)
Governor
Governor-in-chief
Governor-General of the Philippines
High Commissioner
Lieutenant Governor
Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles; territories of the Dutch Monarchy
Guberniya, governor-generalship in the Russian Empire
Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations
Each current Commonwealth realm's Governor-General has his/her own article:
List of Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda
List of Governors-General of Australia
List of Governors-General of the Bahamas
List of Governors-General of Barbados
List of Governors-General of Belize
List of Governors General of Canada
List of Governors-General of Grenada
List of Governors-General of Jamaica
Governor-General of Mauritius
List of Governors-General of New Zealand
Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
List of Governors-General of Saint Lucia
List of Governors-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
List of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Governor-General of the Solomon Islands
Governor-General of Tuvalu
Some defunct political entities: Governor-General of the Irish Free State, Governor-General of the Federation of the West Indies, Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Governor of Southern Rhodesia, Governor-General of French Indochina
Some former Commonwealth realms in the Americas Governor-General of Guyana, Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago
Some former Commonwealth realms in Africa: Governor-General of Nigeria, Governor-General of Sierra Leone, Governor-General of Tanzania, Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, Governor-General of Uganda, Governor-General of Gambia, Governor-General of Kenya, Governor-General of Ghana, Governor-General of Malawi
Some former Commonwealth realms in Asia Governor-General of India, Governor-General of Pakistan, Governor-General of Sri Lanka
Some former Commonwealth realms in Europe Governor-General of Malta
Some former Commonwealth realms in Oceania Governor-General of Fiji
Note[edit]
In Canada the title "Governor General" is always used unhyphenated. In Australia and New Zealand, the term is always hyphenated.[25][26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Markwell, Donald (2016). Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience. Connor Court. ISBN 9781925501155.
^ Jump up to: a b IRNA, Online Edition. "Paris for further cultural cooperation with Iran". Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Heard, Andrew (1990), "Canadian Independence", Vancouver: Simon Fraser University https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html, retrieved 25 August 2010 Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ In particular, see the history of the Governor General of Australia
Jump up ^ Letter from the Queen's Private Secretary to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Australia of 17 November 1975, at The Whitlam Dismissal, retrieved 15 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Constitution, s 2; Australia Act 1986 (Cth and UK), s 7.
Jump up ^ Proclamatrion, 28 March 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Proclamation, February 1995
Jump up ^ Governor-General's Role
Jump up ^ Constitution of Belize - Organization of American States
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ gg.gov.au
Jump up ^ "The Government of Bahamas - Landing Page". Bahamas.gov.bs. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived 20 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ gg.ca
Jump up ^ "Office of the Governor General". GOV.gd. 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
Jump up ^ kingshouse.gov.jm
Jump up ^ gg.govt.nz
Jump up ^ [4] Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [5] Archived 28 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [6] Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Government". Tuvaluislands.com. 1999-04-26. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
Jump up ^ Governor General of Australia ~ Welcome Message - Main Home Page
Jump up ^ gov-gen.govt.nz Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors by territory.
WorldStatesmen
National Museum of Australia Governor-General's dispatch box (1937–1952)
[hide]
v
t
e
Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions
National
Counsellors of State
United Kingdom
Governors-general
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Sub-national
Australia
Governors
New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Administrator
Northern Territory
Canada
Lieutenant governors
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Realm of New Zealand
Governor-general
Niue, New Zealand
Queen's Representative
Cook Islands
Administrator
Tokelau
United Kingdom
Lords lieutenant
England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland (list
Former
Governors general
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
Fiji
The Gambia
Ghana
Guyana
India
Irish Free State (now Ireland)
Kenya
Malawi
Malta
Mauritius
Nigeria
Pakistan
Sierra Leone
Union of South Africa
Tanganyika
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-general&oldid=842738251"
Categories:
Gubernatorial titles
Commonwealth realms
Governors-general
Heads of state
Governance of the British Empire
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from May 2013
Articles needing additional references from March 2015
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017
Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015
Articles containing German-language text
Interlanguage link template link number
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Pages using template Zh with sup tags
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Тыва дыл
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
32 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 10:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: List of Governors-General of French Indochina

values:
/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Governor General of New Zealand

values:
/wiki/Persian_Language
mw-redirect
Persian Language

values: Edit section: British colonialism and the governors-general

values:
/wiki/John_Buchan,_1st_Baron_Tweedsmuir
mw-redirect
John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir

values:
/wiki/Royal_Assent
mw-redirect
Royal Assent

values:
/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_1926
mw-redirect
Balfour Declaration 1926

values:
/wiki/High_Commissioner
mw-redirect
High Commissioner

values:
/wiki/Queen_of_Canada
mw-redirect
Queen of Canada

values:
/wiki/Queen_of_Australia
mw-redirect
Queen of Australia

values:
/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Queen of New Zealand

values:
/wiki/Letter_of_Credence
mw-redirect
Letter of Credence

values:
/wiki/Letters_of_Recall
mw-redirect
Letters of Recall

values: Constitutional convention (political custom)

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_coup
mw-redirect
Constitutional coup

values:
/wiki/John_Kerr_(Governor-General)
mw-redirect
John Kerr (Governor-General)

values: Australian constitutional crisis of 1975

values: Please clarify the following statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (May 2015)

values: Governor-General of the Union of South Africa

values: Governor-General of the Irish Free State

values:
/wiki/Flag_terminology
mw-redirect
Flag terminology

values:
/wiki/Royal_Crest
mw-redirect
Royal Crest

values:
/wiki/Frigate_bird
mw-redirect
Frigate bird

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Timothy_Michael_Healy
mw-redirect
Timothy Michael Healy

values: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

values:
/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
George V of the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Governor_General_of_Australia
mw-redirect
Governor General of Australia

values: Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Forces
mw-redirect
Canadian Forces

values: Edit section: Commonwealth countries with a governor-general

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Canada
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Canada

values: Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis

values: Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values: Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations

values: Edit section: Former Commonwealth realms

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Gambia
mw-redirect
Governor-General of the Gambia

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ghana
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Ghana

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Kenya
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Kenya

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Malawi
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Malawi

values: List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Sierra_Leone
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Sierra Leone

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Tanganyika
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Tanganyika

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Uganda
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Uganda

values: Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Guyana
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Guyana

values: Edit section: Other colonial and similar usage

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indochina
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Indochina

values:
/wiki/French_Indo-China
mw-redirect
French Indo-China

values: High commissioner in the Pacific Ocean (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Resident_commissioner
mw-redirect
Resident commissioner

values:
/wiki/Province_of_Quebec
mw-redirect
Province of Quebec

values:
/wiki/History_of_Pondicherry
mw-redirect
History of Pondicherry

values:
/wiki/Charter_companies
mw-redirect
Charter companies

values:
/wiki/Compagnie_des_Indes
mw-redirect
Compagnie des Indes

values:
/wiki/Commissaire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral
mw-redirect
Commissaire général

values:
/wiki/Congo_Brazzaville
mw-redirect
Congo Brazzaville

values:
/wiki/Parma_and_Piacenza
mw-redirect
Parma and Piacenza

values:
/wiki/Illyrian_provinces
mw-redirect
Illyrian provinces

values: Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

values:
/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies
mw-redirect
Netherlands East Indies

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_State_of_India
mw-redirect
Portuguese State of India

values:
/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain
mw-redirect
Viceroyalty of New Spain

values:
/wiki/Insular_Government
mw-redirect
Insular Government

values:
/wiki/Epirus_(Greece)
mw-redirect
Epirus (Greece)

values:
/wiki/Northern_Aegean
mw-redirect
Northern Aegean

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Thrace
mw-redirect
Eastern Thrace

values:
/wiki/West_Macedonia
mw-redirect
West Macedonia

values:
/wiki/East_Macedonia_and_Thrace
mw-redirect
East Macedonia and Thrace

values:
/wiki/Ministry_of_Northern_Greece
mw-redirect
Ministry of Northern Greece

values:
/wiki/Governors-General_of_Sweden
mw-redirect
Governors-General of Sweden

values:
/wiki/Privislinsky_Krai#Government
mw-redirect
Privislinsky Krai

values:
/wiki/Sixth_Coalition
mw-redirect
Sixth Coalition

values: Generalgouvernement Sachsen (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values:
/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Qing Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Province_of_China
mw-redirect
Province of China

values:
/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor
mw-redirect
Lieutenant Governor

values: List of Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda

values: List of Governors-General of the Bahamas

values: List of Governors-General of New Zealand

values: List of Governors-General of Saint Lucia

values: List of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis

values: Governor-General of the Federation of the West Indies

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Tanzania
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Tanzania

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Gambia
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Gambia

values:
/wiki/Governor-General_of_Sri_Lanka
mw-redirect
Governor-General of Sri Lanka

values:
nofollow
http://www.gg.gov.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.barbados.gov.bb/gg.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.gg.ca/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.kingshouse.gov.jm/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gg.govt.nz

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gg.gov.au

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz

values:
/wiki/Dispatch_box
mw-redirect
Dispatch box

values:
collapseButton0
#
color: rgb(216, 203, 5);

values: Template:Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions

values: Template talk:Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions

values: List of viceregal representatives of Queen Elizabeth II

values: width:1%;width:8.0em; background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;

values: Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador

values: Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island

values: List of the Lord Lieutenants of the United Kingdom

values: List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Governance of the British Empire

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017

values: Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

values: Category:Pages using template Zh with sup tags

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Governor-general
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: حاكم عام – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Генерал-губернатар – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Генэрал-губэрнатар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Генерал-губернатор – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Γενικός Κυβερνήτης – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: استاندار – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: מושל כללי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: გენერალ-გუბერნატორი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Генерал-губернатор – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: გენერალ-გუბერნატორი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Генерал-губернатор – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ผู้สำเร็จราชการ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Генерал-губернатор – Tuvinian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv
display: none;

values: Генерал-губернатор – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Governor-general rootpage-Governor-general skin-vector action-view