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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Blockade of engines at Martinsburg, West Virginia, 16 July 1877
Date
July 14 – September 4, 1877
Goals
Wage increases
Methods
Strikes, Protest, Demonstrations
Parties to the civil conflict
Railroad workers; Workingmen's Party
Federal troops
Lead figures
Monroe Heath
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended some 45 days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and the rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Local populations feared that workers were rising in revolution such as the Paris Commune of 1871.
At the time, the workers were not represented by trade unions. The city and state governments organized armed militias, aided by national guard, federal troops and private militias organized by the railroads, who fought against the workers. Disruption was widespread and at its height, the strikes were supported by about 100,000 workers. With the intervention of federal troops in several locations, most of the strikes were suppressed by early August. Labor continued to work to organize into unions to work for better wages and conditions. Fearing the social disruption, many cities built armories to support their militias; these defensive buildings still stand as symbols of the effort to suppress the labor unrest of this period.
With public attention on workers' wages and conditions, the B&O in 1880 founded an Employee Relief Association to provide death benefits and some health care. In 1884 it established a worker pension plan. Other improvements generally had to await labor organizing.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Panic and Long Depression
2 Causes of the strike
3 The strike
3.1 Maryland
3.2 New York
3.3 Pennsylvania
3.3.1 Pittsburgh
3.3.2 Philadelphia
3.3.3 Reading
3.3.4 Shamokin
3.3.5 Scranton
3.4 Illinois
3.5 Missouri
4 Strike over
5 Aftermath and legacy
5.1 Economic effects
5.2 Labor relations
5.3 National Guard
5.4 Commemoration
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
8.1 Scholarly studies
8.2 Popular history
9 External links
The Panic and Long Depression[edit]
The Long Depression, beginning in the United States with the financial Panic of 1873 and lasting a total of 65 months, became the longest economic contraction in American history, including the later more famous, 45-month-long Great Depression of the 1930s.[1][2] The failure of the Jay Cooke bank in New York, was followed quickly by that of Henry Clews, and set off a chain reaction of bank failures, temporarily closing the New York stock market.[3]:65
Unemployment rose dramatically, reaching 14 percent by 1876, many more were severely underemployed, and wages overall dropped to 45% of their previous level.[4] Thousands of American businesses failed, defaulting on more than a billion dollars of debt.[5] One in four laborers in New York were out of work in the winter of 1873-1874.[5]:167 National construction of new rail lines dropped from 7,500 miles of track in 1872 to just 1,600 miles in 1875,[6] and production in iron and steel alone dropped as much as 45%.[7][5]:167
Causes of the strike[edit]
When the Civil War ended, a boom in railroad construction ensued, with roughly 55,000 kilometers (35,000 miles) of new track being laid from coast-to-coast between 1866 and 1873. The railroads, then the second largest employer outside of agriculture, required large amounts of capital investment, and thus entailed massive financial risk. Speculators fed large amounts of money into the industry, causing abnormal growth and over-expansion. Jay Cooke's firm, like many other banking firms, invested a disproportionate share of depositors' funds in the railroads, thus paving the way for the ensuing collapse.[citation needed]
In addition to Cooke's direct infusion of capital in the railroads, the firm had become a federal agent for the government in the government's direct financing of railroad construction. As building new track in areas where land had not yet been cleared or settled required land grants and loans that only the government could provide, the use of Jay Cooke's firm as a conduit for federal funding worsened the effects that Cooke's bankruptcy had on the nation's economy.[citation needed]
In the wake of the Panic of 1873, a bitter antagonism between workers and the leaders of industry developed. Immigration from Europe was underway, as was migration of rural workers into the cities, increasing competition for jobs and enabling companies to drive down wages and easily lay off workers. By 1877, 10 percent wage cuts, distrust of capitalists and poor working conditions led to workers conducting numerous railroad strikes that prevented the trains from moving, with spiraling effects in other parts of the economy. Suppressed by violence, workers continued to organize to try to improve their conditions. Management worked to break up such movements, and mainstream society and the Catholic Church feared labor organizing as signs of socialism. Tensions lingered well after the depression ended in 1878–79.[citation needed]
Many of the new immigrant workers were Catholics, and their church had forbidden participation in secret societies since 1743, partially as a reaction against the anti-Catholicism of Freemasonry. But by the late 19th century, the Knights of Labor, a national and predominately Catholic organization, had 700,000 members seeking to represent all workers. In 1888 Archbishop James Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore sympathized with the workers and collaborated with other bishops to lift the prohibition against workers joining the KOL. Other workers also took actions, and unrest marked the following decades. In 1886 Samuel Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor for the skilled craft trades, attracting skilled workers from other groups. Other labor organizing followed.[8]
The strike[edit]
Maryland National Guard's Sixth Regiment fighting its way west along main downtown commercial thoroughfare Baltimore Street through Baltimore, Maryland, 20 July 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year. Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked. West Virginia Governor Henry M. Mathews sent in state militia units to restore train service but the soldiers refused to fire on the strikers. The governor in Charleston, West Virginia then appealed for federal troops.
Maryland[edit]
Main article: Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
Meanwhile, the Strike also spread into western Maryland to the major railroad hub of Cumberland, county seat of Allegany County where railway workers stopped freight and passenger traffic.
In Baltimore with the famous Fifth ("Dandy Fifth") and Sixth Regiments of the former state militia, now reorganized since the war as the Maryland National Guard were also called up by 37th Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll, (1830-1911), in Annapolis at the request of powerful B. & O. President John Work Garrett, (1820-1884). The Fifth marched down North Howard Street from their armory above the old Richmond Market (at present North Howard and West Read Streets) in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood and were generally unopposed heading south for the B. & O.'s general headquarters and main depot at the Camden Street Station to board the waiting westward trains to Hagerstown and Cumberland. But the unfortunate Sixth assembled at their armory at East Fayette and North Front Streets (by the old Phoenix Shot Tower) in the Old Town /Jonestown area and had to fight their way west through regular sympathetic Baltimore citizens, rioters and striking workers erupted bloodshed along main downtown commercial thoroughfare of Baltimore Street to get to Camden. It was a horrible scene reminiscent of the worst of the bloody "Pratt Street Riots" of the Civil War era disturbances of April 1861, over 15 years earlier of the "first bloodshed" of the war. When the outnumbered troops of the 6th Regiment finally fired volleys on an attacking crowd on Baltimore Street, they killed 10 civilians and wounded 25.[9] The rioters injured several members of the militia, damaged B. & O. engines and train cars, and burned portions of the train station at South Howard and West Camden Streets.[9] The militia remained trapped in the surrounding Camden Yards, besieged by armed rioters until July 21–22, when the 19th President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops and the U.S. Marines to Baltimore to restore order.
New York[edit]
There were strike actions also further north in Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo, New York on other railroad lines. Workers in the cities in industries other than railroads still attacked them because of how they cut through the cities and dominated city life. Their resentment of the railroads' economic power was expressed in physical attacks against them at a time when many workers' wages were lowered. Protestors "included cross-class elements from other work sites, small businesses, and commercial establishments. Some protestors acted out of solidarity with the strikers, but many more vented militant displeasure against dangerous railroad traffic that crisscrossed urban centers in that area."[10]
Pennsylvania[edit]
Pittsburgh[edit]
Main article: Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the site of the worst violence of related strikes. Thomas Alexander Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad, described as one of the first robber barons, suggested that the strikers should be given "a rifle diet for a few days and see how they like that kind of bread."[11] As in some other cities and towns, local law enforcement officers such as sheriffs, deputies and police refused to fire on the strikers. Several state militia units were ordered into service by Governor John Hartranft, including the 3rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel George R. Snowden.[12]
Burning of Pennsylvania Railroad and Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 21–22 July 1877, engraving from Harper's Weekly
Burning of Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 21–22 July 1877, engraving from Harper's Weekly
On July 21, militiamen bayoneted and fired on rock-throwing strikers, killing 20 people and wounding 29.[13] Rather than quell the uprising, these actions infuriated the strikers, who retaliated and forced the militia to take refuge in a railroad roundhouse. Strikers set fires that razed 39 buildings and destroyed rolling stock: 104 locomotives and 1,245 freight and passenger cars. On July 22, the militia mounted an assault on the strikers, shooting their way out of the roundhouse and killing 20 more people on their way out of the city. After more than a month of rioting and bloodshed in Pittsburgh, President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in federal troops as in West Virginia and Maryland to end the strikes and strife.
Philadelphia[edit]
Three hundred miles to the east, Philadelphia strikers battled local militia and set fire to much of Center City before Pennsylvania Governor John Hartranft gained assistance and federal troops from President Hayes to put down the uprising.
Reading[edit]
Main article: Reading Railroad massacre
Workers in Reading, Pennsylvania's third-largest industrial city at the time, also broke out into a strike. This city was home of the engine works and shops of the Reading Railroad, against which engineers had struck since April 1877. State militia shot 16 citizens. Preludes to the massacre included: fresh work stoppage by all classes of the railroad's local workforce; mass marches; blocking of rail traffic; and trainyard arson. Workers burned down the only railroad bridge offering connections to the west, in order to prevent local militia from being mustered to actions in the state capital of Harrisburg or Pittsburgh. Authorities used state militia, local police and the Pennsylvania Pinkerton National Detective Agency in an attempt to break the strike.[14] Reading Railroad management mobilized a private militia, which members committed the shootings in the city. This militia was not mobilized by local public officials.[15]
Shamokin[edit]
Main article: 1877 Shamokin uprising
On July 25, 1000 men and boys, many of them coal miners, marched to the Reading Railroad Depot in Shamokin, east of Sunbury along the Susquehanna River valley. They looted the depot when the town announced it would pay them only $1/day for emergency public employment. The mayor, who owned coal mines, organized a city militia. It committed 14 civilian shooting casualties, resulting in the deaths of two persons.[citation needed]
Scranton[edit]
Main article: Scranton General Strike
On August 1, 1877, in Scranton in northeast Pennsylvania, one day after railroad workers conceded a strike, a city posse of 51 men armed with new rifles and under the command of William Walker Scranton, general manager of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company,[16] returned fire at a group of rioters, strikers, and, most likely, bystanders. The posse killed or fatally wounded four and wounded an undetermined number of others, estimated at 20 to 50, according to different sources.[17][18]
Pennsylvania Governor Hartranft declared Scranton to be under martial law; it was occupied by state and federal troops armed with Gatling guns. Later the posse leader and about 20 of his men were charged with assault and murder. They were all acquitted. Under the effects of the shootings and military occupation, the miners ended their strike without gaining any of their demands.[17][19]
Illinois[edit]
Main article: Chicago railroad strike of 1877
On July 24, rail traffic in Chicago was paralyzed when angry mobs of unemployed citizens wreaked havoc in the rail yards, shutting down both the Baltimore and Ohio and the Illinois Central railroads. Soon, other railroads throughout the state were brought to a standstill, with demonstrators shutting down railroad traffic in Bloomington, Aurora, Peoria, Decatur, Urbana and other rail centers throughout Illinois. In sympathy, coal miners in the pits at Braidwood, LaSalle, Springfield, and Carbondale went on strike as well. In Chicago, the Workingmen's Party organized demonstrations that drew crowds of 20,000 people.
Judge Thomas Drummond of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, who was overseeing numerous railroads that had declared bankruptcy in the wake of the earlier financial Panic of 1873, ruled that "A strike or other unlawful interference with the trains will be a violation of the United States law, and the court will be bound to take notice of it and enforce the penalty."[20] Drummond told the U.S. Marshals to protect the railroads, and asked for federal troops to enforce his decision: he subsequently had strikers arrested and tried them for contempt of court.[20]
The Mayor of Chicago, Monroe Heath, recruited 5,000 men as volunteer militia, asking for help in restoring order. They were partially successful, and shortly thereafter were reinforced by the arrival of the Illinois National Guard and U.S. Army troops, mobilized by the governor. On July 25, violence between police and the mob erupted, with events reaching a peak the following day. These blood-soaked confrontations between police and enraged mobs are known as the Battle of the Viaduct as they took place near the Halsted Street viaduct, although confrontations also took place at nearby 16th Street, on 12th, and on Canal Street. The headline of the Chicago Times screamed, "Terrors Reign, The Streets of Chicago Given Over to Howling Mobs of Thieves and Cutthroats."[13] Order was finally restored. An estimated 20 men and boys died, none of whom were law enforcement or troops; scores more were wounded; and the loss of property was valued in the millions of dollars.
Missouri[edit]
Main article: 1877 St. Louis general strike
On July 21, disgruntled workers in the industrial rail hub of East St. Louis, Illinois, halted all freight traffic, with the city remaining in the control of the strikers for almost a week. The St. Louis Workingman's Party led a group of approximately 500 men across the Missouri River in an act of solidarity with the nearly 1,000 workers on strike. It was a catalyst for labor unrest spreading, with thousands of workers in several industries striking for the eight-hour day and a ban on child labor. This was the first such general strike in the United States.[21]
The strike on both sides of the river was ended after the governor appealed for help and gained the intervention of some 3,000 federal troops and 5,000 deputized special police. These armed forces killed at least eighteen people in skirmishes around the city. On July 28, 1877, they took control of the Relay Depot, the Commune's command center, and arrested some seventy strikers.
Strike over[edit]
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began to lose momentum when President Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. These troops suppressed strike after strike, until at last, approximately 45 days after it had started, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was over.[citation needed]
Aftermath and legacy[edit]
Economic effects[edit]
Strikers in Pittsburgh burned in total 39 buildings, 104 engines, 46–66 passenger cars, and 1,200–1,383 freight cars.[22][23] Damage estimates ranged from five to 10 million dollars.[24][25]:118
Labor relations[edit]
After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, union organizers planned for their next battles while politicians and business leaders took steps to prevent a repetition of this chaos. Many states enacted conspiracy statutes. States formed new militia units and constructed National Guard armories in numerous industrial cities. For workers and employers alike, the strikes had shown the power of workers in combination to challenge the status quo. A state militiaman in Pittsburgh, ordered to break the 1877 strike, pointed out that the workers were driven by "one spirit and one purpose among them -– that they were justified in resorting to any means to break down the power of the corporations."[citation needed]
Unions became better organized as well as more competent, and the number of strikes increased. The Knights of Labor grew to be a national organization of predominately Catholic workers, numbering 700,000 by the early 1880s. In the 1880s nearly 10,000 strike actions and lockouts took place. In 1886 nearly 700,000 workers went on strike. Business leaders strengthened their opposition to the unions, often firing men who tried to organize or join them. Nonetheless, the labor movement continued to grow.
One result of the strike was increased public awareness of the grievances of railroad workers. On May 1, 1880 the B&O Railroad, which had the lowest wage rate of any major railroad, established the Baltimore and Ohio Employees' Relief Association, which provided coverage for sickness, injury from accidents, and a death benefit.[26][27] In 1884, the B&O became the first major employer to offer a pension plan.[26]
National Guard[edit]
Attempts to utilize local militia to quell violent outbreaks in 1877 highlighted their ineffectiveness, and in some cases their propensity to outright side with strikers and rioters. In response, as earlier riots in the mid 1800s had prompted the modernization of police forces, the violence of 1877 provided the impetus for the formation of the modern National Guard, "to aid the civil officers, to suppress or prevent riot or insurrections."[28]:118[29]:30
Commemoration[edit]
In 2003 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops, where the strike began, were declared a National Historic Landmark.[30][31]
In 2013 a historical marker commemorating the event was placed in Baltimore, MD, by the Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland State Highway Administration. Its inscription reads:
The first national strike began July 16, 1877, with Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, and Baltimore, Maryland. It spread across the nation halting rail traffic and closing factories in reaction to widespread worker discontent over wage cuts and conditions during a national depression. Broken by Federal troops in early August, the strike energized the labor movement and was precursor to labor unrest in the 1880s and 1890s.[32]
Another was placed in 1978 in Martinsburg, WV by the West Virginia Department of Culture and History.[33]
See also[edit]
Organized labour portal
Railways portal
Great Railroad Strike of 1922
History of rail transport in the United States
Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions". National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fels, Rendigs (1949). "The Long-Wave Depression, 1873-79". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 31 (1): 69–73. doi:10.2307/1927196. JSTOR 1927196.
Jump up ^ Masur, Gerhard (1970). Imperial Berlin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465032095.
Jump up ^ Shelton, Josh. "Pages from US Labor History: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877". Archived from the original on November 19, 2003. Retrieved May 25, 2008. (Saved version of article available at )
^ Jump up to: a b c Philip Mark Katz (1998). Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-32348-3.
Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860–1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1556.
Jump up ^ David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1873-1879". Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
Jump up ^ "The Catholic Church and the Knights of Labor", American Catholic History Classroom, The Catholic University of America, accessed 20 May 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Scharf, J. Thomas (1967) [1st. Pub. 1879]. "History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day". 3. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press: 733–42.
Jump up ^ Scott Molloy, "Book Review: Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877 By David O. Stowell", Technology and Culture 41.3 (2000) 636-638, via Project MUSE, accessed 20 May 2016
Jump up ^ Ingham, John N., Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders: N-U, Greenwood Press, 1983.
Jump up ^ "The Great Strike". The National Guardsman. New York: Charles A. Coffin. I (2 (Supplement)): 37. 1877-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Great Strike of 1877: Remembering a Worker Rebellion". UE News. June 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Jump up ^ Singer, Merrill (2007). Drugging the Poor: Legal and Illegal Drugs and Social Inequality. Waveland Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 1478610247.
Jump up ^ Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States 1492-present. New York: Harper Collins. p. 248. ISBN 0-06-052842-7. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
Jump up ^ Cutter, William, ed. (1913). New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 4. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 1841. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Hitchcock, Frederick L. (1914). History of Scranton and Its People. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. pp. 496–516.
Jump up ^ "Hyde Park History". Retrieved 2015-09-11.
Jump up ^ Logan, Samuel C. (1887). A City's Danger and Defense. Philadelphia: J.B. Rogers.
^ Jump up to: a b Cahan, Richard (2002). A Court That Shaped America: Chicago's Federal District Court from Abe Lincoln to Abbie Hoffman. Northwestern University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-8101-1981-1. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
Jump up ^ Brecher, Jeremy (1974). "Strike!" (3rd ed.). Fawcett Publications.
Jump up ^ "The Great Railroad Strike of 1877"- Digital History ID 1097, Digital History, University of Houston (and others), accessed 27 May 2016
Jump up ^ Skrabec, Quentin (2012). The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 81.
Jump up ^ Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate the Railroad Riots in July, 1877, Harrisburg: L.S. Hart, state printer, 1878, p. 19
Jump up ^ McCabe, James Dabney; Edward Winslow Martin. The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillett, Sylvia (1991). "Camden Yards and the Strike of 1877". In Fee, Elizabeth, Shopes, Linda; and Zeidman, Linda (eds.). The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 11–14. ISBN 0-87722-823-X. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Guide to the Baltimore and Ohio Employees Relief Association, Annual Reports, 1880-1918. Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
Jump up ^ Gilje, Paul (1999). Rioting in America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253212626.
Jump up ^ Brown, Richard (1975). Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
Jump up ^ Michael Caplinger and John Bond (October, 2003) National Historic Landmark Nomination: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops, National Park Service and Accompanying 18 photos, exterior and interior, from 2001 and undated.
Jump up ^ "Great Railroad Strike of 1877". Historical Marker Project. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roundhouses and Shops / Railroad Strike of 1877". Historical Marker Project. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Further reading[edit]
"The Great Strike", Harper's Weekly, August 11, 1877. (Catskill Archive)
"The B&O Railroad Strike of 1877." The Statesman (Martinsburg, WV), July 24, 1877. (West Virginia Division of Culture and History)
"Catholics and Labor Unionization", American Catholic History Classroom, The Catholic University of America; Overview, archives and primary documents
Scholarly studies[edit]
Bruce, Robert V. (1959) [1st pub. 1957]. 1877: Year of Violence. I.R. Dee. ISBN 9780929587059.
Mofford, Juliet Haines (editor). Talkin' Union: The American Labor Movement. Carlisle, MA: Discovery Enterprises, Ltd., 1997.
Salvatore, Nick. "Railroad Workers and the Great Strike of 1877," Labor History (1980) 21#4 pp 522–45
Stowell, David O. Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877, University of Chicago Press, 1999
Stowell, David O., editor. The Great Strikes of 1877, University of Illinois Press, 2008
Yearley, Clifton K., Jr. "The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Strike of 1877," Maryland Historical Magazine (1956) 51#3 pp. 118–211.
White, Richard. "Railroaded." W.EW. Norton, 2011.
Popular history[edit]
Illinois Museum of History
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
"The Strike of 1877." Teaching Resources—Maryland State Archives
Bruce Lesh, "Using Primary Sources to Teach the Rail Strike of 1877", OAH Magazine of History Vol. 13, No. 4, The Gilded Age (Summer, 1999), pp. 38–47, via JSTOR
"The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and Newspaper Coverage". Railroads and the Making of Modern America. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
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Top Thrill Dragster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Top Thrill Dragster
Top Thrill Dragster Launching
Cedar Point
Coordinates
41°29′2.25″N 82°41′10.38″W / 41.4839583°N 82.6862167°W / 41.4839583; -82.6862167Coordinates: 41°29′2.25″N 82°41′10.38″W / 41.4839583°N 82.6862167°W / 41.4839583; -82.6862167
Status
Operating
Soft opening date
May 1, 2003 (2003-05-01)
Opening date
May 4, 2003 (2003-05-04)
Cost
US$25,000,000
Replaced
Chaos, Troika
General statistics
Type
Steel – Launched
Manufacturer
Intamin
Designer
Werner Stengel
Model
Accelerator Coaster
Lift/launch system
Hydraulic Launch
Height
420 ft (130 m)
Drop
400 ft (120 m)
Length
2,800 ft (850 m)
Speed
120 mph (190 km/h)
Inversions
0
Duration
0:30
Max vertical angle
90°
Capacity
1,000 riders per hour
Acceleration
0 to 120 mph (0 to 193 km/h) in 4 seconds
Height restriction
52–78 in (132–198 cm)
Trains
6 trains, with five cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows (except for the first car), for a total of 18 riders per train.
Restraint
Lap bar
Fast Lane Plus only available
Top Thrill Dragster at RCDB
Pictures of Top Thrill Dragster at RCDB
Top Thrill Dragster is a steel accelerator roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. It was the sixteenth roller coaster built at the park since the Blue Streak in 1964. When built in 2003, it was the first full circuit roller coaster to exceed 400 feet (120 m) in height, and was the tallest roller coaster in the world, before being surpassed by Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in May 2005.[1][2] Top Thrill Dragster, along with Kingda Ka, are the only strata coasters in existence.[3] It was the second hydraulically launched roller coaster built by Intamin, following Xcelerator at Knott's Berry Farm.[4] The tagline for Top Thrill Dragster is "Race for the Sky".[5]
Contents
1 History
2 Ride experience
2.1 Layout
2.2 Theme/trains
2.3 Rollbacks
3 World records
4 Operation
5 Incidents
6 Awards
7 Records
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Planning for Top Thrill Dragster started around 2000 when Millennium Force opened. Footers started being poured during the winter of 2001/2002 then were covered up during the 2002 operating season. To construct the roller coaster, the park had to use a 480 feet (150 m) crane, one of only four in the United States. Vertical construction by Martin & Vleminckx[6] started in fall 2002, months before the announcement.[7] By October 2002, the roller coaster had reached 200 feet (61 m).[8] The ride was announced on January 9, 2003 and the structure, built by Intamin's subcontractor Stakotra,[9] was finished shortly after. It is tied with Millennium Force for being the two largest investments in Cedar Point history. The announcement revealed the park's goal to build "the tallest and fastest roller coaster on earth", reaching 420 feet (130 m) and accelerating up to 120 miles per hour (193 km/h) in 3.8 seconds.[7] On March 10, 2003, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Top Thrill Dragster.[10]
Top Thrill Dragster's media day was held on May 1, 2003[11] then it officially opened to the public on May 4.[12] It became the "tallest" and "fastest" roller coaster in the world overtaking both world records from Steel Dragon 2000 at Nagashima Spa Land that was just built three years earlier. It lost the title of being the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster when Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure opened in May 2005. Intamin designed both Kingda Ka and Top Thrill Dragster, and the two share a similar design and layout that differs primarily by the theme and the additional hill featured on Kingda Ka.[13]
The ride had constant downtime in its first couple seasons. Several problems such as the ride's hydraulic system and launch cable caused the ride to experience downtime. Top Thrill Dragster was also closed in 2003 for the annual event, CoasterMania.[14]
Ride experience[edit]
Layout[edit]
Top Thrill Dragster's launch area with "Christmas tree"
After leaving the station, the train enters the launch area. To the left of the launch area is a "Christmas tree" light, similar to those employed at the starting line of a drag strip. A brief message is played to the riders to: "keep arms down, head back, and hold on." Once the train is prepared to launch, a motor revving sound effect is played and its magnetic braking fins are lowered from the launch track. It then launches, accelerating to a speed of 120 mph (190 km/h) in 3.8 seconds. Shortly after reaching its maximum velocity, the catch car disengages, and the train begins its ascent up a 90-degree incline, twisting 90 degrees clockwise before climbing over the 420-foot (130 m) top hat. Upon descending, the track twists 270 degrees before leveling out, allowing the train to be stopped by the magnetic brakes.[5][12]
Theme/trains[edit]
The roller coaster is based on the Top Fuel drag racing motor sport. A real Top Fuel dragster weighs approximately one ton, while each train on the coaster weighs 15 tons.[7] Its dragster themed trains once had decorative spoilers and engines, but these were removed soon after opening, allowing an extra row of seats to be added to each one. Also, when the ride opened, it had only four cars on each train, including the decals. By the middle of the 2003 season, the fifth cars were added to all trains, making them the five cars long that they are now. The fifth cars were added on shortly before the decals were removed.[12][15][16] The ride's theme song, "Ready to Go" by Republica, is played while in the station.[17][18]
Rollbacks[edit]
Occasionally, a train is launched with not enough speed to clear the crest. This typically happens in cool, wet, or breezy weather, or when the wind is working against it. In these conditions, the launch often does not provide it with enough speed to climb over the hill, which causes it to stop short of the top, and roll back down the hill in reverse, hence the term "rollback". The launch track is equipped with retractable magnetic braking fins which are raised after the train is launched in order to slow it down in the event it does not crest the hill.[19]
On very rare occasions, a combination of the weight distribution of the train, the force of the launch, and the wind can stall a train on the top of the tower. When this happens, a mechanic takes the elevator to the top and pushes the train down the hill.[20]
World records[edit]
Side view of Top Thrill Dragster
When Top Thrill Dragster debuted, it set four new records:
World's tallest complete circuit roller coaster
World's tallest roller coaster
World's tallest roller coaster drop
World's fastest roller coaster
It was the fourth roller coaster to break the 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) speed barrier. It was preceded by Tower of Terror II at Dreamworld, Superman: Escape from Krypton at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Dodonpa at Fuji-Q Highland. The previous record holder for overall height was Superman: Escape from Krypton at Six Flags Magic Mountain, standing at 415 feet (126 m). Its record was broken in 2005 when Kingda Ka opened at Six Flags Great Adventure, standing 456 feet (139 m) tall. The previous record holder for speed was Dodonpa, at 107 miles per hour (172 km/h). This record was broken by Top Thrill Dragster, which reaches speeds up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h), which was later broken by Kingda Ka which reached a top speed of 128 miles per hour (206 km/h). In November 2010, Formula Rossa at Ferrari World broke the record for fastest roller coaster, with a top speed of 149.1 miles per hour (240.0 km/h).[1]
As of 2015[update], Top Thrill Dragster has the second tallest lift, the third fastest speed, and the second-highest drop among steel roller coasters in the world.[21][22][23]
Operation[edit]
Top Thrill Dragster is negatively affected by unfavourable weather conditions as both a high altitude and high velocity ride. "Rain, high winds, and/or lightning" may result in the closing of the ride depending on the severity. It will close in high winds and any kind of precipitation.[24]
There is no minimum age requirement, but passengers must meet the miniumum height requirement of 52 inches and a maximum of 78 inches to ride.[25] Some persons over a certain weight/waist size will not be permitted to ride if the seat and lapbar harness cannot accommodate them.[24] Passengers on Dragster may not bring any loose articles onto the train and will be required to wear shirts and footwear. Headphones must be removed before boarding.[24]
Passengers are advised that they must not ride Dragster if they have "a history of recent surgery, heart trouble/high blood pressure, neck trouble, back trouble, or any other condition that may be aggravated by riding, or who are pregnant".[26]
Incidents[edit]
On July 14, 2004, four people were struck by flying debris while riding the coaster. Reports indicated that a metal cable frayed during launch, shearing off shards of metal that struck the riders. The injuries were mainly arm abrasions, with one passenger experiencing cuts to the face. They were treated at the park's first aid station, and two later sought further medical attention.[14]
On August 7, 2016, two people were treated for minor injuries when the launch cable detached from the ride. The ride was closed for the following day while the park and Ohio state officials investigated the incident.[27]
In September 2017, a report with photos surfaced that the braking system on the launch side of the track may have been damaged, causing the ride to close indefinitely. Cedar Point did not acknowledge the incident and stated the closure was for maintenance reasons.[28]
Awards[edit]
Train on the brake run
Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Ranking
11[29] 7[30] 7[31] 10[32] 9[33] 9[34] 10[35] 10[36] 9[37] 13[38] 12[39] 19[40] 13[41] 19[42] 17[43] 16[44]
Records[edit]
Preceded by
Steel Dragon 2000 World's Tallest Complete Circuit Roller Coaster
May 4, 2003 – May 21, 2005 Succeeded by
Kingda Ka
Preceded by
Superman: The Escape World's Tallest Roller Coaster
May 4, 2003 – May 21, 2005
Preceded by
Superman: The Escape and Tower of Terror World's Tallest Roller Coaster Drop
May 4, 2003 – May 21, 2005
Preceded by
Dodonpa World's Fastest Roller Coaster
May 4, 2003 – May 21, 2005
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Top Thrill Dragster records". Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster: Race for the Sky | Cedar Point". www.cedarpoint.com. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Kingda Ka vs. Top Thrill Dragster". thecoastercritic.com. November 16, 2006. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hydraulic launched roller coasters at RCDB". Roller Coaster DataBase. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top Thrill Dragster POV". 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Intamin". Martin & Vleminckx. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top Thrill Dragster TV announcement". 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster 200 foot support". CoasterGallery.com. 2002. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stakotra
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster Trademark". Legal Force. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "PointBuzz history". PointBuzz. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marden, Duane. "Top Thrill Dragster (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kingda Ka vs. Top Thrill Dragster". thecoastercritic.com. July 18, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "July 14, 2004 incident". Toledo Blade. July 14, 2004. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster old trains". CoasterGallery.com. 2003. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster images at RCDB". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster Station/Theme Music". 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster Station/Theme Music 2". 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster rollback review". Thrill Network. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Thrill Dragster elevator". CoasterGallery.com. 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders (Statistic: Height, Type: Steel)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders (Statistic: Speed, Type: Steel)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders (Statistic: Drop, Type: Steel)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ride policies and Procedures". 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rider Height Requirements". Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guests with Special Needs". Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August, 7th 2016 incident". CBS Detroit. August 8, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.cleveland19.com/story/36486079/update-top-thrill-dragster-is-still-closed
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 14&ndash, 15B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 18&ndash, 19B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 26&ndash, 27B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 26&ndash, 27B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 11 (6.2): 36&ndash, 37. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 12 (6.2): 36&ndash, 37. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 13 (6.2): 32&ndash, 33. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 14 (6.2): 34&ndash, 35. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 38&ndash, 39. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 36&ndash, 37. September 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 34&ndash, 35. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 18 (6.2): 46&ndash, 47. September 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 19 (6.2): 49&ndash, 50. September 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 20 (6.2): 50. September 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2017 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 21 (6.2): 46. September 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2018 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 22 (6.2): 45. September 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Top Thrill Dragster.
Cedarpoint.com - Top Thrill Dragster Official page
Roller Coaster Philosophy review of Top Thrill Dragster
Video of how Top Thrill Dragster works
Construction photos video
Top Thrill Dragster Photo Gallery at The Point Online
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values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: טופ ת'ריל דראגסטר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: トップ・スリル・ドラッグスター – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Top_Thrill_Dragster rootpage-Top_Thrill_Dragster skin-vector action-view