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BWF Super Series
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Official logo for Super Series Premier events
Official logo for Super Series events
The BWF Super Series, launched on December 14, 2006 and implemented in 2007,[1] is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). Since 2011, the Super Series includes two levels of tournament, Super Series Premier and Super Series. A season of Super Series features twelve tournaments around the world, including five of them classified as Super Series Premier. Super Series Premier tournament offers higher ranking point and higher minimum total prize money.[2] Top eight players/pairs in each discipline in Super Series standings are invited to the Super Series Finals held at the year end.
Contents
[hide]
1 Features
1.1 Prize money
1.2 World Ranking points
1.3 Nationality separation
1.4 Entries
1.5 Player commitment regulations
1.6 Umpires
2 Tournaments
3 BWF Super Series Finals
4 References
5 External links
Features[edit]
2013 French Super Series.
Prize money[edit]
A Super Series tournament offers minimum total prize money of USD$200,000; a Super Series Premier tournament offers minimum total prize money of USD$350,000; Super Series Masters Finals offers minimum total prize money of USD$500,000.[3] From 2014 onwards, a Super Series Premier tournament offers minimum total prize money of USD$500,000, with minimum increment USD$50,000 each year until 2017. Super Series tournaments offer minimum total prize money of USD$250,000, with increment of USD$25,000 each year through 2017.[4]
The Super Series will offer the prize money regardless of the round from which a player is ousted, unless they go out in the qualification round. Starting 2008 season, the women's winners will receive the equal prize money amount as men's winners.[5] The prize money is distributed via the following formula:[6]
T o t a l p r i z e m o n e y × P e r c e n t a g e 100 {\displaystyle Total\ prize\ money\ \times {\frac {Percentage}{100}}}
Round
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Winner 7.5% 7.5% 7.9% 7.9% 7.9%
Runner-up 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8%
Semi-finalist 1.45% 1.45% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4%
Quarter-finalist 0.6% 0.6% 0.725% 0.725% 0.725%
Last 16 0.35% 0.35% 0.375% 0.375% 0.375%
World Ranking points[edit]
Main article: BWF World Ranking
The Super Series Premier and Super Series tournaments offer ranking points to players based on the round a player/pair reaches. The Super Series Premier tournaments offer higher ranking points, second only to BWF tournaments (BWF World Championships and Summer Olympics). Points will be used for World Ranking and also Super Series standing to decide the top eight players/pairs play in the Super Series Masters Finals.[7]
Nationality separation[edit]
Starting in 2007, players from the same nation are not separated in the main draw of the tournaments. All but the top two seeds will not be divided into two draws as they were before. The top Chinese player Lin Dan has criticized the rule change.[8] 2010 onwards saw rules altered with nationality separation in the first round.[9]
Entries[edit]
Entries must be made five weeks before the start of the tournament. Only 32 players/pairs will play in the main round. Among the 32 players/pairs, only eight players/pair will be seeded in each event. Each event will have 28 highest-ranked players/pairs in World Ranking and four qualifiers.
Prior to September 2008, 32 players/pairs can participate in qualifying rounds. Since then, only up to 16 players/pairs can participate in qualifying rounds, where four highest-ranked players/pairs in World Ranking will be seeded.[10] This change is to avoid a big strain between the qualifiers and the main events.[11]
Each Super Series tournament will be held in six days, with the main round in five days.[12]
Player commitment regulations[edit]
Starting in 2011, top ten players/pairs of each discipline in the World Ranking will be required to play in all Super Series Premier tournaments and a minimum of four Super Series tournaments occurring in the full calendar year. Players who qualify for Super Series Masters Finals are obliged to play. A fine and above the normal withdrawal fees will be imposed upon players/pairs who fail to play. Exemption from penalty will be considered by BWF on receipt of a valid medical certificate or strong evidence that prove players unfit to participate. However, retired or suspended players are not subject to these regulations.[13][14]
Umpires[edit]
In 2007 season, each tournaments can present local umpires. However, after the outcry of several players during the tournaments,[15] starting 2008, each Super Series tournaments must present eight international certificated and accredited umpires.[16] Current regulations state that at least six umpires must be from member associations other than the host member association, at least four BWF and two continental certificated umpires with well spread nationality.[10]
Tournaments[edit]
Countries already have Super Series tournament
Super Series Premier
Super Series
Defunct
In every three years, the BWF Council will review the countries that host a Super Series Premier and Super Series tournament.[10]
In history, 14 tournaments in 13 countries hosted at least a season of the series. China was the sole country to host the series twice in a season from the year of 2007–2013. Starting in 2014 season, Australia hosted a Super Series tournament.[4] BWF announced a new tournament level above the Superseries Premier in March 2017 together with the new hosts for 2018-2021 cycle. [17]
Tournament
Season
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
All England Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Australia Open ● ● ● ●
China Masters ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
China Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Denmark Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
French Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Hong Kong Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
India Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Indonesia Masters ● ● ● ●
Indonesia Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Japan Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Korea Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Malaysia Masters ● ● ● ●
Malaysia Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Singapore Open ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Swiss Open ● ● ● ●
Thailand Open ● ● ● ●
● Super Series
● Super Series Premier
● New Level 2 Tournament (Official name to be confirmed)
BWF Super Series Finals[edit]
Main article: BWF Super Series Masters Finals
At the end of the Super Series circuit, top eight players/pairs in the Super Series standing of each discipline, with the maximum of two players/pairs from the same member association, are required to play in a final tournament known as the Super Series Masters Finals.[10] It will offer minimum total prize money of USD$500,000.[3]
If two or more players are tie in ranking, the selection of players will based on the following criteria:[10]
The players who participated in the most Super Series tournaments;
The players who collected the most points in Super Series tournaments starting July 1.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BWF Launches Super Series". 2015-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". Badmintonstore.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "General Competition Regulations". Badminton World Federation. Bwfbadminton.org. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jew, Gerald (30 November 2013). Series-hosts-and-other-changes/22459/ "BWF announces 2014-2017 Super Series hosts and other changes" Check |url= value (help). Badzine.net. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul, Rajes (18 December 2007). "Female badminton winners to get same purse as the men". The Star.
Jump up ^ "Distribution of Prize Money for Superseries".
Jump up ^ "Badminton World Federation – World Ranking System". Badminton World Federation. Bwfbadminton.org. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "China’s Lin Dan hits out at BWF over rule changes". The Star. 16 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Regulations for Super Series". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Regulations for Super Series". Badminton World Federation. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Changes to Qualifying Rounds". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Super Series Schedule". Badminton World Federation. Bwfbadminton.org. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Player Commitment Regulations". Badminton World Federation. 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "BWF: Premier Super Series mandatory for top shuttlers". The Star. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Boopathy, K.M. (4 December 2007). "Neutral umpires for fairplay". News Straits Times. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "BWF push for international umpires at Super Series events". Badminton World Federation.
Jump up ^ "BWF Launches New Event Structure". Badminton World Federation. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Frank Underwood (House of Cards)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Frank Underwood
House of Cards character
Kevin Spacey as Frank Underwood
First appearance
"Chapter 1"
Created by
Beau Willimon
Portrayed by
Kevin Spacey
Information
Full name
Francis J. Underwood
Occupation
Member of the South Carolina Senate
(Pre-series)
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 5th congressional district
(Season 1)
Majority Whip of the United States House of Representatives
(Season 1)
Vice President of the United States
(Season 2)
President of the United States
(Season 2–Season 5)
Second Gentleman of the United States (Season 5)
Special Advisor to the President
(Season 5)
First Gentleman of the United States (season 5-present)
Title
President of the United States
Spouse(s)
Claire Underwood (m. 1987)
Party
Democratic
Hometown
Gaffney, South Carolina
Alma mater
The Sentinel (BA, 1981)
Harvard Law School (JD, 1984)
Based on
Francis Urquhart
The Underwood Cabinet
Office
Name
Term
President
Francis J. Underwood
2014–2017
Vice President
Donald Blythe
2014–2017
Claire Underwood
2017–
Secretary of State
Catherine Durant
2014–2017
Secretary of Treasury
Michael Kern
2014–2017
Attorney General
Martha Wilson
2014–2017
Secretary of Health and
Human Services
Meredith Lee
2014–2017
Chief of Staff
Remy Danton
2014–2015
Doug Stamper
2015–2017
Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency
Marvin Ruffin, Jr.
?–2017
Director of the Office of
Management and Budget
Vasilios Tanis
?–2017
Ambassador to the United Nations
Claire Underwood
2015–2015
Francesca Gerlach
2015–2017
Frank Underwood
(in universe; office holder)
46th President of the United States
In office
October 30, 2014 – March 15, 2017
Vice President
Donald Blythe
Claire Underwood
Preceded by
Garrett Walker
Succeeded by
Claire Underwood
45th Vice President of the United States
In office
2013 – October 30, 2014
President
Garrett Walker
Preceded by
Jim Matthews
Succeeded by
Donald Blythe
House Majority Whip
In office
2005–2013
Succeeded by
Jackie Sharp
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 5th district
In office
1991–2013
South Carolina State Senator
In office
1984–1991
Personal details
Spouse(s)
Claire Underwood
Parents
Calvin T. Underwood
Catherine Underwood
Alma mater
The Sentinel, Harvard Law School
Francis J. Underwood is the fictional 46th President of the United States and the protagonist of the American adaptation of House of Cards. He is portrayed by Kevin Spacey. He is based on Francis Urquhart, the protagonist of the British novel and television series House of Cards, from which the American Netflix series is drawn. He is married to Claire Underwood (Robin Wright), but also had a sexual relationship with Zoe Barnes (Kate Mara) in season 1. He made his first appearance in the series' pilot episode, "Chapter 1".
Underwood is from Gaffney, South Carolina. He graduated from The Sentinel (a fictionalized version of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina) in 1981 and, subsequently, Harvard Law School in 1984. Some of Underwood's dialogue throughout the series is presented in a direct address to the audience, a narrative technique that breaks the fourth wall. The character speaks with a Southern accent. During season 1, he is the Democratic Majority Whip in the United States House of Representatives. In season 2, he is the newly appointed Vice President of the United States, before becoming President of the United States in the season finale.
Underwood has been described as manipulative, conniving, Machiavellian, sociopathic, and a symbol of political corruption and evil. Throughout the series, he manipulates and destroys several people, including those he calls friends, for his own ends. Among other crimes, he personally commits murder twice, signs off on another murder committed by a subordinate, orders the deaths of two former employees, critically injures a member of his cabinet to prevent her testifying against him, and indirectly allows the murder of a civilian for political ends.
Spacey has received positive reviews for his portrayal of Frank Underwood, but the character itself has been criticized for its repetitive nature[1][2] and one-dimensionality.[3][4] Spacey shared the distinction of being among the first three leading web-television roles to be nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Spacey has also been nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, winning one, and five Screen Actors Guild Awards, including two cast nominations and including two wins, for his performance.
On November 3, 2017, following sexual assault claims made against Spacey, Netflix cut ties with the actor, and production on the show was suspended by producer Media Rights Capital, putting the future of the character in question.[5] Netflix had previously announced the cancellation of the show following its sixth season.[6]
Contents
1 Background and description
1.1 Early life
1.2 Family
1.3 Political career
1.3.1 South Carolina Legislature
1.3.2 Congressional Election
1.4 Personal life
1.4.1 Personality
1.4.2 Sexuality
1.5 Relationships
1.5.1 Relationship with Claire Underwood
1.5.2 Relationship with Zoe Barnes
1.5.3 Relationship with Edward Meechum
1.6 Underwood-Urquhart comparisons
1.7 Breaking the fourth wall
2 Biography
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Season 5
3 Critical response
3.1 Season 1
3.2 Season 2
3.3 Season 3
3.4 Season 4
3.5 Season 5
3.6 Awards and nominations
4 Notes
5 External links
Background and description[edit]
Early life[edit]
Francis J. Underwood was born on November 5, 1959, to Catherine and Calvin T. Underwood in Gaffney, South Carolina. He is an only child.[7] He was raised in impoverished circumstances, with the threat of bank foreclosure on the farm they lived on. He entered The Sentinel, a military school in Charleston, South Carolina, loosely based on The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, in the fall of 1976. He graduated in 1981 and, despite having made poor grades, gained admittance into Harvard Law School. He received his J.D. degree from there in 1984.[7][8][9] While at the Sentinel, he had a homosexual relationship with his roommate, Tim Corbet (David Andrews), which lasted until his first year of law school. Underwood was raised Christian, but holds God in complete contempt.[10]
Family[edit]
Underwood's great-great-great-grandfather, Corporal Augustus Elijah Underwood, was a Confederate soldier who served in the 12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment of McGowan's Brigade at the Battle of Spotsylvania. He served at the Bloody Angle on May 12, 1864, during the Civil War and was killed by a bludgeon to the back of the head from his own regiment during the middle of the night. Underwood is fascinated by his ancestry. When Underwood falls into a coma following an assassination attempt, Augustus appears in several of his hallucinations. However, he dismisses the Confederacy as weak and calls their cause of preserving the institution of slavery "asinine". His great-great grandfather was two when Augustus was killed.[11]
His father, Calvin T. Underwood, was a peach farmer in his home town of Gaffney who died at the age of 43 of a heart attack. The Underwoods lived in poverty, and nearly lost the farm when Frank was a child; to get a bank loan and avoid foreclosure, his father attended a meeting of the Ku Klux Klan, of which the bank manager was a member. Underwood speaks fondly of his father in public,[12] but this is a political ploy; in his asides to the audience, Underwood describes his father as a weak man who accomplished nothing with his life.[13] He even urinates on his father's grave in season 3. Despite disliking his father, however, Underwood was influenced by him.[14] Calvin was an abusive alcoholic and caused his wife and son years of misery. Underwood has said that when he was 13, he walked in on his father putting a shotgun in his mouth. Calvin asked him to pull the trigger, which he refused to do. He has stated that his biggest regret is not killing his father when he had the chance.[15]
Political career[edit]
South Carolina Legislature[edit]
Underwood was elected at the age of 25 to the South Carolina State Senate as one of the youngest members in the state's legislative history after graduating from Harvard in 1984. He was re-elected to the state senate at 29 in 1988 for his second, and last, term as a State Senator.
Congressional Election[edit]
Underwood was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990 as a Democratic representative for the 5th Congressional District of South Carolina, being sworn in during January 1991. He won another 11 consecutive elections, winning his final term in 2012. He was elected Whip for the Democratic Party in 2005, serving as House Majority Whip between 2005 and 2013.
Personal life[edit]
Personality[edit]
Underwood is utterly ruthless and Machiavellian, and is willing to commit any crime, including murder, to further his goal of attaining power. Many critics have described him as a sociopath[16] and as "pure evil".[17]
Often, Underwood's thoughts throughout the series are presented in a direct address to the audience, a narrative technique known as breaking the fourth wall.[18] Immediately prior to starring in House of Cards, Spacey had starred in a production of William Shakespeare's Richard III as Richard III of England,[18][19] a character that serves as a partial basis for both Urquhart and Underwood.[20] His last name is derived from Oscar Underwood, who served as the first Democratic House Minority Whip from about 1900 to 1901.[21] His few vices include smoking cigarettes and playing video games;[22] when the Secret Service cuts off his online gaming service after he becomes Vice President, he takes up creating model figurines.
Spacey viewed portraying Underwood for a second season as a continuing learning process. "There is so much I don't know about Francis, so much that I'm learning... I've always thought that the profession closest to that of an actor is being a detective... We are given clues by writers... Then you lay them all out and try to make them come alive as a character who's complex and surprising, maybe even to yourself."[23]
According to Time television critic James Poniewozik, by the end of the first episode, it becomes clear that Underwood both literally and figuratively uses meat as his metaphor of choice. He may begin a day with a celebratory rack of ribs, because "I'm feelin' hungry today!", and he depicts his life with meat metaphors. For example, he describes the White House Chief of Staff with grudging admiration: "She's as tough as a two-dollar steak" and plans to destroy an enemy the way "you devour a whale. One bite at a time". He also endures a tedious weekly meeting with House leaders, as he tells the audience, by "[imagining] their lightly salted faces frying in a skillet."[24]
Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter notes that, in Season 2, with Underwood's new position as Vice President, "He's got more power now and that means he instills more fear in his enemies".[25] At one point during the season, he states "The road to power is paved with hypocrisy and casualties. I need to prove what the vice president is capable of."[26] Underwood and Claire "continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts."[27]
Sexuality[edit]
Underwood's sexuality is ambiguous throughout much of the first two seasons; he has sexual liaisons with both men and women, but he is never explicitly identified by any sexual label. Before Season 2, various sources speculated about his homosexuality. It is revealed in "Chapter 8" he had an experience with homosexuality in college.[28] Underwood and Claire are never depicted having sex in season 1.[28] Slate journalist Hanna Rosin noted: if Frank and Claire Underwood were a real-life Washington couple and they were found each to be having an affair, he would be accused of being "secretly gay, turned on by women only when he can use them for a pure power play".[29] Other sources make no definite stance on Underwood's sexuality, but hypothesize that he is not sexually attracted to Claire.[30] In season 2, Underwood is involved in a threesome with Claire and Secret Service agent Edward Meechum (Nathan Darrow),[31] while in season 3, there is a moment of sexual tension between Underwood and his biographer, Tom Yates (Paul Sparks). The same season, however, also features the only scene in the series in which Underwood and Claire have sex exclusively with each other. In season five, he has sex with Eric Rawlings (Malcolm Madera), his male personal trainer.
Relationships[edit]
Relationship with Claire Underwood[edit]
Stelter described Frank and Claire Underwood as a "scheming" couple.[32] Michael Dobbs, the author of the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based, compares the compelling nature of their relationship favorably to the characters in the original miniseries, and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.[20] Underwood says, "I love that woman. I love her more than sharks love blood."[33] While Underwood is Machiavellian, Claire, like Lady Macbeth, encourages her husband to do whatever is necessary to seize power.[34][35] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an ice-queen wife.[36] She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weakness, saying, "My husband doesn't apologize... even to me."[35] Her overt encouragement gives a credibility to their symbiosis.[24] Smith says "The Underwoods have proven themselves ruthless, manipulative, and robotic in their pursuit and lust of power."[37] Upon viewing a four-episode preview of season 2, Goodman says the series "...sells husband and wife power-at-all-costs couple...as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone's good."[25] Willimon notes that "What's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect, but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do."[38] Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels, but most importantly between Underwood and Claire. It is a story about a man who will commit any crime imaginable while in pursuit of power and a political wife who gives him the encouragement to pursue that power.[39]
Underwood and Claire engage in a threesome with their Secret Service bodyguard Edward Meechum at one point in season 2, but have otherwise largely given up intramarital and extramarital sex in favor of their pursuit of power. International Business Times critic Ellen Killoran notes that this may relate back to Underwood's quotation of Oscar Wilde to Zoe Barnes in Season 1: "A great man once said, 'everything is about sex except sex. Sex is about power.'" Avoiding sex may retain the balance of power in their relationship.[40] His relationship with Claire is the epicenter of season 2.[41]
Relationship with Zoe Barnes[edit]
Underwood develops an intimate relationship with Washington Herald and Slugline reporter Zoe Barnes (Kate Mara), with Claire's knowledge.[42] As the show begins, Barnes is desperate to rise from covering the Fairfax County Council beat to covering what's going on "behind the veil of power in the Capitol hallways."[36] By the end of the first episode, Barnes is among the cadre of Underwood's accomplices. They begin a relationship, with Barnes promising to earn his trust and not "ask any questions" in return for his supplying her with sensitive political information.[35] Toward the end of Season 1, she ends their personal relationship and begins investigating his connection to Congressman Peter Russo's apparent suicide (Underwood had in fact killed him by flooding his car with carbon monoxide while the Congressman was passed out drunk).[37] Underwood ultimately kills Barnes in the season 2 premiere, by pushing her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train after she begins to follow clues related to the murder.[43]
Relationship with Edward Meechum[edit]
Underwood is fond of the head of his Secret Service detail, Edward Meechum (Nathan Darrow), and it is hinted several times that they harbor unacknowledged sexual feelings for each other. When Meechum stumbles upon Underwood watching pornography, Underwood and Claire joke about there being sexual chemistry between the two men. Shortly after Underwood becomes vice president, he, Claire and Meechum have a threesome.
Meechum remains Underwood's bodyguard once he becomes the president, and there does not appear to be any continuing sexual relationship. Meechum remains fiercely loyal, however; he warns Underwood's biographer Tom Yates (Paul Sparks) not to write anything that would damage Underwood's reputation. In season 4, Underwood traces Meechum's hand with a marker on one of the walls of the White House when he wants to replace a Confederate painting; Meechum suggests he put up something he likes instead.
When Lucas Goodwin shoots Underwood during a campaign event, Meechum trades fire with the would-be assassin, and both die at the scene. Meechum's death is one of the tragedies Claire mentions in a press briefing for a gun control bill she is sponsoring, and Underwood has him buried in Arlington National Cemetery, a rare privilege for a Secret Service agent. When Underwood recovers and finds that Meechum's hand tracing has been painted over, he expresses grief and regret at the loss to Claire, who says that Meechum was one of the few people who truly understood them.
Underwood-Urquhart comparisons[edit]
Underwood is an Americanized version of the original BBC series lead character Francis Urquhart, a Machiavellian post-Margaret Thatcher Chief Whip of the Conservative Party. Urquhart employs deceit, cunning, murder, and blackmail to influence and pursue the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. According to series producer Beau Willimon, the change in last name stemmed from the "Dickensian" feeling and "more legitimately American" sounding resonance of the name 'Underwood'. Whereas Urquhart is an aristocrat by birth, Underwood is a self-made man, having been born into a poor Southern family with an alcoholic father.[42] Urquhart was one of television's first antiheroes,[20] whereas Underwood follows the more recent rash of antiheroes that includes Tony Soprano of The Sopranos, Walter White of Breaking Bad, and Dexter Morgan of Dexter.[19] However, unlike most other antiheroes, Underwood is not forced into immorality either by circumstance (White), birth (Soprano) or upbringing (Morgan). In his review of Season 2, Slant Magazine's Alan Jones writes that Underwood is evil by choice.[44] Although the character is based on the BBC show's lead character, in interviews during the writing and filming of season 2, creator and showrunner Willimon said that he used Lyndon B. Johnson as a source of themes and issues addressed in House of Cards.[45] Unlike the right-wing Urquhart, who leads the Conservative Party, the center-left Underwood is a member of the Democratic Party, but cares little for ideology in favor of "ruthless pragmatism" in furthering his own political influence and power.[7]
Breaking the fourth wall[edit]
Spacey summed up Underwood's relationship with the viewer - i.e. whenever he breaks the fourth wall - as being like that of a "best friend" and "the person [he trusts] more than anyone."[46] Because of this, his asides to the viewer serves as an indication of Underwood's true feelings and intentions - typically when he is feigning politeness and courtesy to people whom he despises. In the season 2 premiere, after having gone the whole episode without doing so, Underwood addresses the viewer directly, saying, "Did you think I had forgotten you? Perhaps you hoped I had."[37] In addition, in season 3, after an argument with Claire that ends with her storming out on him, a seething Underwood vents his anger by lashing out at the viewer; looking directly into the camera, he snaps "What're you lookin' at?!"
For the first four seasons, Underwood was the only character to break the fourth wall until the very end of the fourth season, during which Claire - though silent - addresses the camera directly with him. In the fifth season, Claire also addresses the camera directly, on one occasion explaining that she had always known they were there, but didn't know if she could trust them. At the end, after usurping the Presidency from Underwood and deciding not to grant him a pardon, she looks into the camera again and states "My turn."[47]
Biography[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Main article: House of Cards (season 1)
Power is a lot like real estate. It's all about location, location, location. The closer you are to the source, the higher your property value.
— Underwood[9]
At the start of the show, Underwood is a Democratic Majority Whip in the House of Representatives, where he has represented South Carolina's 5th congressional district since 1990.[7][48][49]
Underwood is passed over for an appointment as United States Secretary of State even though he had been promised the position after ensuring the election of Colorado Governor Garrett Walker (Michel Gill) as President. Walker's Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez (Sakina Jaffrey) gives him this news prior to the January 2013 United States presidential inauguration. With the aid of Claire, and his fiercely loyal Chief of Staff Doug Stamper (Michael Kelly), Underwood uses his position as House Whip to seek retribution. He quickly allies with Washington Herald reporter Zoe Barnes (Kate Mara), whom he uses to undermine his rivals via the press.[49][50] The viciousness of Underwood's manipulations escalates over the course of the season.[19] He befriends Pennsylvania Rep. Peter Russo (Corey Stoll), encouraging him to quit drinking and run for Governor of Pennsylvania; then his underlings create enough pressure in the race to push Russo into publicly falling off the wagon and ruining his career. Underwood finally murders him and makes it look like suicide. He persuades Vice President Jim Matthews (Dan Ziskie) to resign so he can run for the office he previously held, Governor of Pennsylvania, the race being wide open following Russo's death. In the season finale, "Chapter 13", Underwood is appointed Vice President to replace Matthews.[51]
Season 2[edit]
Main article: House of Cards (season 2)
There are two types of vice presidents: doormats and Matadors. Which do you think I intend to be?
— Underwood[37]
Underwood assumes the position of Vice President of the United States. Over the course of the season, he "faces challenges from similarly ambitious businessmen, the Chinese government and Congress itself" as he continues to pursue his political aspirations.[52] His plotline revolves around battles with billionaire Raymond Tusk (Gerald McRaney), involving Chinese money laundering. Over the course of the season his biggest challenges are the institutional power of the Office of the President and Tusk's power as a billionaire industrialist.[53]
He finds new rivals in Tusk, who seeks to maintain his position as Walker's right-hand adviser against Underwood's intrusion, and his former communications director, Remy Danton (Mahershala Ali), who is now a lobbyist working with Tusk.[37]
At the beginning of the season, Underwood is trying to erase all links to Russo's death.[54] Thus, he kills Barnes by shoving her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train,[55] and frames her colleague and lover Lucas Goodwin (Sebastian Arcelus) for cyberterrorism. Another early task for newly promoted Underwood is finding his own replacement as House Majority Whip. He supports Jacqueline Sharp (Molly Parker), a military veteran and third-term Representative from California, although he refrains from offering public backing.[56]
Toward the end of the season, Underwood orchestrates Walker's downfall. He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering, for which Walker is blamed. While publicly supporting Walker, Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached, with Sharp's help. In the season finale, "Chapter 26", Walker resigns, and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States.[15]
Season 3[edit]
Main article: House of Cards (season 3)
When they bury me, it won't be in my backyard, and when they come to pay their respects, they'll have to wait in line.
— Underwood[57]
Season 3 begins with Underwood's presidency off to a rocky start: six months into his term, he is unpopular with the public, and Congress is blocking his attempts to move legislation forward. He plans to secure his legacy with an ambitious jobs bill, America Works, but the Democratic Congressional leadership refuses to support it; they also tell him that they will not support him if he seeks the presidential nomination in the next election. He nominates Claire for United States Ambassador to the United Nations, but her nomination is defeated after she makes a gaffe during a Senate nomination hearing.[10]
Underwood announces that he will not run for reelection, and advocates for America Works, which he intends to pay for by stripping entitlement programs. He fails to get the bill through Congress and uses that as a reason to renege on his promise to not run in 2016. Solicitor General Heather Dunbar (Elizabeth Marvel) announces that she will seek the presidential nomination, and actually gives Underwood a battle. Underwood convinces Sharp to get married so she can announce her candidacy, for the sole reason of sapping women's votes from Dunbar, at which point she will withdraw and accept the nomination for VP. After the presidential debate, in which Underwood publicly humiliates Sharp in order to go after Dunbar, Sharp retaliates by backing Dunbar's campaign. Ultimately, however, Underwood wins the Iowa caucuses.[58]
Meanwhile, the Underwoods' marriage is faltering. Underwood gives Claire the ambassador job in a recess appointment, but she is forced to resign in order to solve a diplomatic crisis. Claire begins to question whether she still loves her husband, and they get into an ugly fight in which he tells her that she is nothing without him. Season 3 ends with Claire leaving Underwood as he prepares for the New Hampshire primary.[59][60]
Season 4[edit]
Main article: House of Cards (season 4)
That's right, we don't submit to terror. We make the terror.
— Underwood[61]
Underwood trails Dunbar in the polls, eventually losing the New Hampshire primary. Realizing that he needs Claire to win, he persuades her to come back by promising to support her run for a congressional district in Texas. However, he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally's daughter, in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign. On the day of the South Carolina primary, Claire retaliates by arranging for two compromising photos to be leaked: one of Underwood's father with a Klansman, and one of Underwood posing with a Confederate Civil War re-enactor. Underwood deduces that Claire was behind the leaks, and confronts her. Claire calmly admits what she did, and puts forth a proposition: that she run as his vice president. He angrily rejects the idea.
Lucas Goodwin is released from prison and, seeking revenge for Barnes' death, shoots Underwood at a campaign rally, hitting him in the liver. He also mortally wounds Meechum, who manages to kill him before succumbing to his injuries. Underwood is rushed to the hospital for immediate surgery, and falls into a coma. It is soon discovered that he needs a liver transplant. Stamper manages to bump him to the top of the transplant list, and he survives. Once he recovers, he agrees to let Claire run as his vice president.
Dunbar drops out of the race due to the discovery of a meeting she'd had with Goodwin a few days before the attempt on Underwood's life. Underwood begins planning to maneuver Claire into the VP spot and to use the NSA to illegally obtain voter information and spy on the Republican nominee, Will Conway (Joel Kinnaman). This happens while Underwood and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to weed out potential running mates. During the resulting open convention, Underwood intimidates the front-runner, Secretary of State Catherine Durant (Jayne Atkinson), into surrendering her delegates, and uses the public sympathy from Claire's mother's death to ensure that he and Claire are nominated.[62]
When American extremists loyal to the terrorist group Islamic Caliphate Organization (ICO) kidnap a suburban family, Underwood allows Conway to negotiate with them, making his opponent look like a hero - and then releases NSA data that proves Conway illegally influenced Congress. Soon afterward, however, Underwood is hit with two crises at once: ICO's leader orders his followers to kill one of the hostages, while journalist Tom Hammerschmidt (Boris McGiver) exposes Underwood's crimes in the Washington Herald. Facing disgrace and possible impeachment, Underwood decides to declare war on ICO and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that he and Claire can exploit in the weeks before the election.[62][63]
Season 5[edit]
See also: House of Cards (season 5)
One nation, Underwood.
— Underwood[64]
In the days before the election, Underwood pushes Congress to formally declare war on ICO, and orders the CIA to kill one of the terrorists and make it look like he had died fleeing capture. Underwood still lags in the polls, however, and on election night it appears he is going to lose to Conway. With help from Stamper and campaign strategist LeAnn Harvey (Neve Campbell), Underwood has NSA contractor Aidan Macallan (Damian Young) stage a cyberattack on several election stations. He also uses the fear of a possible terrorist attack to pressure the governors of Tennessee and Ohio to halt voting. The tactics work; the two states refuse to declare a winner, and the election drags on unresolved for several weeks.
The presidency is finally set to be decided by a contingent election in the House. Neither Underwood nor Conway receive enough votes, however, so Underwood appoints Claire Acting President until the House votes again. Underwood tries to convince Arizona Congressman Alex Romero (James Martinez) to vote in his favor, but when Underwood refuses to help him with his own agenda, Romero forms a committee to impeach him.
The Underwoods blackmail Conway's influential campaign manager Mark Usher (Campbell Scott) into joining their side by threatening to release recordings of Conway berating a pilot and his running mate Ted Brockhart (Colm Feore) threatening to kill Frank. Once Usher begins working for them, they release the tapes anyway, which costs Conway the election. Underwood is now President-elect, but his past once again comes back to haunt him when Hammerschmidt writes a story linking him to Barnes' death.
When Romero's committee intensifies its investigation, Underwood tries to divert public attention by ordering troops into Syria under the pretense of preventing a terrorist attack. This provokes Durant to testify against him; before she can take the stand, however, Underwood pushes her down a flight of stairs, incapacitating her. When Walker testifies about Underwood's role in the Chinese money laundering, Underwood takes the stand in his own defense and stuns the committee by resigning the presidency. When Claire demands an explanation, Underwood reveals that his resignation is part of a plan to ensure that they control the country for years to come: Claire from the White House, he from the private sector. To tie up loose ends, he has Macallan and Harvey killed, and persuades Stamper to "confess" to murdering Barnes.
For Underwood's plan to work, however, Claire has to pardon him and Stamper, which would damage her credibility with the public. Claire promises him that she will grant the pardons, but makes no mention of them during her first address to the nation as president. Angered, Underwood calls her several times, but each time he gets her voicemail, causing him to worry that she has abandoned him. He breaks the fourth wall and says, "If she doesn't pardon me, I'll kill her."
Critical response[edit]
Season 1[edit]
The New York Times' David Itzkoff called Underwood a "scheming politician" who does "some of the most evil and underhanded things imaginable".[65] Brian Stelter of The New York Times said Underwood "…is on a quest for power that's just as suspenseful as anything on television."[9] New York Daily News critic Don Kaplan says "…conniving Congressman Frank Underwood, is easily one of the most complex antiheroes on TV — except he's not on TV".[66] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle describes the character as one who "all but salivates over the chance to use his considerable power to gain more power, especially if it involves pulling the rug out from under some colleagues and the wool over the eyes of others."[67]
Andrew Davies, the producer of the original UK TV series, feels that Underwood lacks the "charm" of the original character, Francis Urquhart.[42]
The Independent praised Spacey's portrayal as a more "menacing" character, "hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old-fashioned courtesy,"[20] while The New Republic noted that "When Urquhart addressed the audience, it was partly in the spirit of conspiratorial fun. His asides sparked with wit. He wasn't just ruthlessly striving, he was amusing himself, mocking the ridiculousness of his milieu. There is no impishness about Spacey's Frank Underwood, just numb, machine-like ambition. Even his affection for his wife is a calculation."[19]
Poniewozik praises Underwood's accent, saying "Spacey gives Underwood a silky Southern accent you could pour over crushed ice and sip with a sprig of mint on Derby Day."[24] Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes the accent as a "mild but sometimes missing Carolina accent".[33] Time listed Frank Underwood among the 11 most influential fictional characters in 2013.[68]
Season 2[edit]
According to The Kansas City Star's Smith, "Frank hasn't changed, and neither has his brand of Machiavellian political theater" and "Spacey has lost none of his smarmy magnetism as the cartoon-ish villain".[37] According to Variety's Brian Lowry, "Kevin Spacey's showy performance as an unscrupulous politician" is foremost among the show's strengths, but the show's weakness is the "failure to present its scheming protagonist with equally matched foes".[69] Lowry feels that as conniving as Underwood is, it is unfathomable that "nobody else in a town built on power seems particularly adept at recognizing this or combating him".[69] Goodman says "Spacey is nothing if not constantly magnetic".[25] The delayed use of the fourth wall is perceived as clever.[25] Alison Willmore of Indiewire says that "Unlike Walter White or Tony Soprano, Frank feels at peace with his ruthless pragmatism and what he does in pursuit of power, and reminds us of the fact in his asides to the camera...he may be a ruthless sociopath, but there's something to admire there".[70] However, Willmore noted that Frank became lighter in season 2, noting that the season was "...delivered with more of a wink by Frank than before."[70]
Poniewozik notes that "It also remains a delight to watch Spacey pump the humid breath of life into House of Cards' arid Capitol chill. If only his character weren't so dominant of his surroundings as well. One reason the series' movements can feel so mechanical is that, so far, no one seems nearly in Underwood's league: not the adversaries he battles directly, nor the sad sacks that he gulls without their even knowing it."[22] Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News notes that the preview episodes show that "Frank's "Survivor"-like back-stabbing is beginning to feel a bit repetitive." and that his lack of an adversarial foil has become an issue: "...things always seem to fall neatly into place for him. Even his showdowns with the president (Michel Gill) come off as one-sided..."[71] Verne Gay of Newsday notes that "Frank Underwood has no remorse, no superannuated sense of Washington tradition or decorum, and certainly no second thoughts. He is TV's perfect monster of the moment - a compleat malefactor, with a pleasing honey-toned drawl."[72]
Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says "By positing a Johnsonesque power broker and master schemer who wields cabalistic influence behind the scenes, House of Cards assigns order and purpose to what, in real life, is too often just an endless, baffling tick-tack-toe stalemate."[73] NPR's Eric Deggans says that Underwood "blends velvety charm and mesmerizing menace like no other character on television".[74]
New York Observer critic Drew Grant notes that although the series aired during the golden age of dramatic antiheroes, Underwood's villainy has become trite: "House of Cards is a good reminder, however, that there is a reason Iago wasn't the center of Othello. Unrelenting, unexplained cruelty can be as pedantic as constant kindness."[75]
Spacey's portrayal was not without detractors: Hitfix reviewer Alan Sepinwall accused him of "hamming it up" and "phoning it in on a not very good show to begin with".[76]
Season 3[edit]
Reviews for season 3 of House of Cards were mostly positive. However, a few critics found the Underwood character was becoming repetitive: the critical consensus on the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes held that, "Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood's character, even if it feels like more of the same for some."[77] Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph wrote, "Everyone in House of Cards has an agenda - a secret twitching in the attic. The thrill, and the horror, may lie in the degree to which we catch reflections of real life in its dark, cool contours." [78]
Some critics opined that the Underwood character is less interesting once he achieves his goal of becoming president and actually has to govern. "You could take the show seriously just as long as you didn't have to take it seriously, as long as it only took place in the dream world of imaginary fantasy politics," wrote Aaron Bady of The New Republic, who compared Underwood unfavorably with Josiah Bartlett of The West Wing. "But when a cartoon becomes president, it starts to look too fake to be real, but too real to be a cartoon. Frank plays the role of President Bartlett, a cartoon president doing things that would actually, in reality, be kind of great. But Bartlett was too good to be true, and the old Frank was too evil to be true. President Underwood is just too dull to be a fantasy, and so the props take center stage."[3]
Critics continued to praise Spacey's performance, however. Don Kaplan of The New York Daily News wrote, "Underwood's bottomless appetite for dark dealing keeps Spacey so deliciously detestable you can't help but keep rooting for the bad guy to win." [79]
Season 4[edit]
In season 4, Jacob Solworthy wrote in his review of the first six episodes of season four: "Until now, 'House of Cards' has centred on the character's outward expression of power -- not to mention his hunger for it -- but the writers have shrewdly stripped that back, instead focusing on the character's internal fears in a way not dissimilar from Tony's dream sequences in 'The Sopranos'," he later added, "You'll never root for Frank more than you do by the end of these six episodes."[80]
On the other hand, Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was critical of Spacey's performance, writing: " Spacey's performance, which at least had an appealingly theatrical extravagance when the series began, has grown less enjoyable. Having reached a pinnacle, there's no way to root for Frank's striving anymore, if you ever were, but House of Cards has yet to commit to urging us to root for Frank's downfall."[81]
There was also considerable mention of the evolution of Underwood's relationship with Claire. "[T]heir partnership has morphed into an entirely professional exercise, with a shared lust for power having supplanted more conventional matrimonial bonds," wrote Brian Lowry of Variety.[62] The Atlantic's Spencer Kornhaber remarked, however, that the utter ruthlessness displayed by Underwoods in the season finale may have represented a "jump the shark" moment for the series:
The Underwoods have murdered a politician and a journalist, and some innocents have also been collateral damage to their activities. Now, though, they've set out to maintain their power at the cost of mass casualties. Netflix hasn't said how many seasons are to come, but it's hard to imagine the show being watchable for all that much longer now that this rubicon of despicability has been crossed.[82]
Some compared Underwood's story line in season 4 to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[83] Brian Moyland of The Guardian wrote:
House of Cards has never felt like the real presidency: Frank Underwood is evil incarnate, bumping off junior Congressmen and pushing journalists in front of trains. But now that, in real life, we're in the throes of such a bizarre presidential race, his machinations are starting to look almost viable. There are several parallels between Underwood's re-election campaign and the 2016 campaigns of Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders.[84]
Season 5[edit]
Spacey's performance as Frank Underwood in Season 5 - along with the series itself - received mixed reviews. Todd VanDerWerff of Vox Media called Spacey's performance "hamstanding", and said, "It’s as if House of Cards wants to make Frank go full authoritarian dictator, but lacks the wherewithal to actually push its reality toward some sort of alternate dystopia."[85] The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Flenberg called Spacey's Underwood "increasingly broad and hammy" in season 5,[86] while Time's Daniel D'addario wrote that the character was too one-dimensional to elicit a good performance from Spacey: "Underwood isn’t Nixonian or Clintonian (pick your villain); he’s a flat character for whom recognition is its own reward. This may make the show a surprisingly good fit for our times. But onscreen as in life, the desire for fame alone is insufficient motivation to compel viewers to stay tuned."[87]
Other critics praised him, however. "Spacey’s honeysuckle drawl and flinty-eyed leer are as amusing as ever. He’s almost always the broadest performer in any given room, but that’s part of the show’s design — a way of drawing us into the character’s almost omnisciently evil mindset," wrote Vulture.com's Matt Zoller Seitz.[88] Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Jensen wrote, "Spacey seems invigorated by the material, and perhaps, our moment. He’s certainly buffed and honed Frank to a shine while grounding it, scuffing it, by playing to mortality and age. He’s an All-Star Survivor, but a gray one."[89]
Critics noted that the character of Frank Underwood gained a new resonance when considered in the context of the Trump administration.[90] "In a deliciously cynical flourish, the commander-in-chief’s response to whisperings about his misdeeds is to conjure a bogeyman in the shape of terrorist group Ico, which he presents as a clear and imminent danger to America," Ed Power wrote for The Telegraph. "This yields the returning series’s first stone-cold Trump-ism as Underwood announces plans to shut America’s borders to unwelcome outsiders. Real world events are further echoed as protestors gather outside the White House chanting 'not my President'."[91]
Awards and nominations[edit]
At the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards, Spacey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Underwood.[92]
On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its web series, Arrested Development, Hemlock Grove, and House of Cards, earned nominations.[32] For the first time, three Primetime Emmy nominations for lead roles were from web television series: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series to Spacey for his portrayal of Frank Underwood, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series to Robin Wright for her portrayal of Claire Underwood, and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series to Jason Bateman for his portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development.[32] Spacey submitted "Chapter 1" for consideration to earn his nomination.[93] Spacey also earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series nominations.[94][95]
In season 2, Spacey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.[96][97][98][99][100]
In season 3, Spacey was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, his third nomination for the role.[101] He also was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards.[102]
For his performance in season 4, Spacey earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards.[103]
For his performance in season 5, Spacey received his fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series nomination for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards.[104]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Handler, Rachel (January 29, 2016). "'House Of Cards' Has Been Renewed For A Fifth Season, But Not Everybody Is Coming Back". uproxx.com. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (March 3, 2015). "House of Cards Has a Frank-and-Claire Problem". Vulture.com. New York City: New York Media. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bady, Aaron (March 4, 2015). "'House of Cards' Should Stop Trying to Be 'The West Wing'". The New Republic. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (April 30, 2014). "'House of Cards' season 2 in review: It gets weaker the more you watch". hitfix.com. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (November 3, 2017). "Netflix Severs Ties With Kevin Spacey". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ng, David; James, Meg (November 4, 2017). "Netflix has a mess on its hands with the collapse of 'House of Cards'". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California: Tronc. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sirota, David (March 12, 2013). "Why was Francis Underwood a Democrat?". Salon. Los Angeles, California: Salon Media Group. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Abad-Santos, Alex (February 27, 2015). "What linguists say about Kevin Spacey's bizarre Southern accent on House of Cards". Vox. New York City: Vox Media. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stelter, Brian (January 18, 2013). "A Drama's Streaming Premiere". The New York Times. New York City: New York Times Company. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffries, Stuart (February 27, 2015). "House of Cards recap: episodes two, three and four= Frank speaks to God". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ House of Cards (U.S. TV series) [House of Cards (season 2)] (Streaming video). Chapter 18, 29:10 remaining: Netflix. 2014. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ House of Cards (U.S. TV series) [House of Cards (season 1)] (Streaming video). Chapter 3, 20:05 remaining: Netflix. 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (February 13, 2014). "'House of Cards': Frank Underwood's 10 Most Ruthless Moments (Poll)". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b Jeffries, Stuart (March 5, 2014). "House of Cards recap, series two, episode 13 – 'Cut out his heart and put it in his hands'". The Guardian. New York City: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jain, Shaili (March 11, 2015). "The Case of Francis Underwood". Psychology Today. New York City: Sussex Publishers. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Daw, Stephen (March 4, 2016). "11 despicable crimes Frank Underwood has committed in House of Cards". Radio Times. London, England: Immediate Media Company. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Cornet, Roth (January 31, 2013). "Netflix's Original Series House of Cards -- From David Fincher and Kevin Spacey -- May be the New Face of Television". IGN. Los Angeles, California: j2 Global. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bennett, Laura (February 5, 2013). "Kevin Spacey's Leading-Man Problem The star of the 13-hour "House of Cards" is as impenetrable as ever". New Republic. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hughes, Sara (January 30, 2013). "'Urquhart is deliciously diabolical': Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCormack, Kirsty (February 14, 2014). "Kate Mara steals the show at 'House of Cards' season premiere in sexy cut-out dress". Daily Express. London, England: Northern and Shell Media. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Poniewozik, James (February 12, 2014). "Review: House of Cards Returns for Season Two: Kevin Spacey's D.C. power play still has cynical bite, but some old problems remain." Time. New York City: meredith Corporation. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Moore, Frazier (February 12, 2014). "Kevin Spacey dealing Season 2 of 'House of Cards'". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Poniewozik, James (January 31, 2013). "Review: House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington". Time. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goodman, Tim (February 3, 2014). "House Of Cards: TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b deWolf Smith, Nancy (January 31, 2013). "Fantasies About Evil, Redux". The Wall Street Journal. New York City: Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b Plumb, Terry (September 29, 2013). "Humble pie on the menu". The Herald. Rock Hill, South Carolina: The McClatchy Company. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Lawson, Richard (March 23, 2016). "Where Does Frank Underwood Go From Here, and Other House of Cards Season 3 Questions". Vanity Fair. New York City: Condé Nast. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 39". House of Cards. Season 3. Episode 13. February 27, 2015. Netflix.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Lowery, Brian (March 10, 2016). "Review: 'House of Cards,' The Complete Fourth Season for Binge Viewers (SPOILERS)". Variety. New York City: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 52". House of Cards. Season 4. Episode 13. March 4, 2016. Netflix.
Jump up ^ Fowle, Kyle (June 7, 2017). "House of Cards recap: Chapter 65". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, David (July 18, 2013). "Emmy Nominees: Kevin Spacey of 'House of Cards'". The New York Times. New York City: New York Times Company. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b Lowry, Brian (January 31, 2014). "TV Review: 'House of Cards' – Season Two". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Willmore, Alison (February 5, 2014). "In Its Second Season, 'House of Cards' Brings Its D.C. Machinations to the Next Level". Indiewire. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Barney, Chuck (February 11, 2014). "Review: 'House of Cards' returns for more political dirty deeds". San Jose Mercury News. San Jose, California: Bay Area News Group. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gay, Verne (February 13, 2014). "'House of Cards' Season 2 review: A joyride". Newsday. New York City: Tribune Media. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Deggans, Eric (February 14, 2014). "Antihero Or Villain? In 'House Of Cards,' It's Hard To Tell". NPR. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Grant, Drew (February 17, 2014). "The Anhedonia of Antiheroes: Why House of Cards' Second Season Isn't as Fun as It Should Be". The New York Observer. New York City: Observer Media. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (March 2, 2016). "House of Cards season 4: Spoiler-free thoughts on the first six episodes". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
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