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Flag of Ireland
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This article is about the flag of the state called Ireland. For flags associated with the island of Ireland, see List of flags of Ireland. For flags used in Northern Ireland, see List of flags used in Northern Ireland.
Republic of Ireland
Name
Bratach na hÉireann
Irish tricolour
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
1:2
Adopted
1922 (constitutional status; 1937)
Design
A vertical tricolour of green, white and orange
The national flag of Ireland (Irish: bratach na hÉireann) – frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour (trídhathach na hÉireann) – is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland. The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green (at the hoist), white and orange.[1][2] The proportions of the flag are 1:2 (that is to say, flown horizontally, the flag is half as high as it is wide).
Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause,[3][4] it was intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the significance of the colours outlined by Meagher was, “The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood.”
It was not until the Easter Rising of 1916, when it was raised above Dublin's General Post Office by Gearóid O'Sullivan,[5] that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag.[6] The flag was adopted by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921). The flag's use was continued by the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916.[7] Thus it is flown by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and symbolism
1.1 Symbolism
2 History
2.1 Marine
2.2 Use in Northern Ireland
3 Protocol
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Design and symbolism[edit]
In relation to the national flag of Ireland, the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7:
The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange.[9]
As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag, the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility for matters relating to the flag. In its advisory role, the Department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag.[10] The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width, translating into an aspect ratio of 1:2. The three coloured pales — green, white and orange — should be of equal size, and vertically disposed. The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are:[10]
Scheme
Green
White
Orange
Sources
Pantone 347 U Safe 151 U [10][11]
Hex triplet #169B62 #FFFFFF #FF883E [12][13]
RGB 22–155–98 255–255–255 255–136–62 [12][13]
CMYK 71–0–72–0 0–0–0–0 0–43–91–0 [12][13]
The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff, with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff, at the hoist; the white pale positioned in the centre; and the orange pale positioned at the fly, farthest from the flagstaff. Provided that the correct proportions are observed, the flag may be made to any convenient size.[6]
Symbolism[edit]
The green pale of the flag symbolises Roman Catholics, the orange represents the minority Protestants who were supporters of William of Orange, who had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army[14] at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[15] His title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century. It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement.[citation needed] The white in the centre signifies a lasting peace and hope for union between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland.[16] The flag, as a whole, is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland, which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation, regardless of ethnic origin, religion or political conviction.[17][18] There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory. Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly-Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick, established in 1751.
Occasionally, differing shades of yellow, instead of orange, are seen at civilian functions. However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which "should be actively discouraged",[6] and that worn-out flags should be replaced.[19] In songs and poems, the colours are sometimes enumerated as "green, white and gold", using poetic licence.[20][21] Variants of different guises are utilised to include, for example, various emblems of Ireland, such as the presidential harp, the four provinces or county arms.[22][23]
History[edit]
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The Green harp flag, first used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642.
A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642.[24]
In the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of revolution. The United Irishmen, founded in the 1790s, were inspired by the French revolution, and used a green flag, to which they had a harp emblazoned.[24] A rival organisation, the Orange Order, whose main strength was in Ulster, and which was exclusively for Protestants, especially members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which pitted the "green" tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the "orange" tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown, the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-19th century was to make peace between the two traditions and, if possible, to found a self-governing Ireland on such peace and union.
Blessing of the Colours by John Lavery
The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green, white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year — a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour.[25] The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges, and on the banners of trade guilds.[25] However, widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848. At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848, Thomas Francis Meagher, the Young Ireland leader, first publicly unveiled the flag from a second-floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France.[25][26] It was inspired by the tricolour of France. Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag.[25] From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side-by-side with French ones at meetings held all over the country.[17] John Mitchel, referring to the tricolour of green, white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848, said: "I hope to see that flag one day waving, as our national banner".[17]
Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution, it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916. Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916, the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway.[17] Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised. All of the 1848 tricolours showed green, white and orange, but orange was sometimes put next to the staff, and in at least one flag the order was orange, green and white.[17] In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics, orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed.[17] In 1883, a Parnellite tricolour of yellow, white and green, arranged horizontally, was recorded. Down to modern times, yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange, but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed.[17]
The Irish flag is always flown with the green at the hoist
Associated with separatism in the past, flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland,[27] the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag. To many Irish people, though, it was considered to be a "Sinn Féin flag".[28]
In the Irish Free State which existed between 1922 and 1937, the flag was adopted by the Executive Council. The Free State constitution did not specify national symbols; the decision to use the flag was made without recourse to statute. When the Free State joined the League of Nations in September 1923, the new flag "created a good deal of interest amongst the general public" in Geneva.[29] The defeated republicans who had fought the Free State's forces in the 1922–23 Civil War regarded the tricolour as the flag of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, and condemned its appropriation by the new state, as expressed in the song "Take It Down From The Mast". The Executive Council's decision was a provisional one.[25] A 1928 British document said:
The government in Ireland have taken over the so called Free State Flag in order to forestall its use by republican element and avoid legislative regulation, to leave them free to adopt a more suitable emblem later.[30]
In 1937, the tricolour's position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland.[17]
Marine[edit]
The Red Ensign used by some Irish merchant vessels until 1939
The pre-independence Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was not repealed, and so the Free State's mercantile marine was technically required to fly the Red Ensign.[31] The collier Glenageary may have been the first to arrive in a British port flying the tricolour on 8 December 1921 (two days after the treaty). This flag along with a model of the Glenageary is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland. While some ships, such as the cross-channel ferries flew the red ensign, others sailed under the tricolour.[32][33][34] Some masters of Irish ships were charged by the British Customs and fined by courts for flying an "improper ensign".[35] The tricolour was flown by the fisheries patrol vessel Muirchú, precursor to the Irish Naval Service; Frank Carney alleged in the Dáil in 1930 that a trespassing French trawler had refused to surrender to because it did not recognise Muirchú's flag.[33]
See also: Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II
Irish-register ships could fly the Red Ensign until September 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, when a decree under the state of emergency was made, to ensure neutral Irish ships were not mistaken for British ships.[31] Some ships flying the tricolour were nevertheless sunk by Germans.[36] When the tricolour was hoisted over the passenger ferries in Holyhead their British crews went on strike. Five days later their owners transferred the ferries to the British register and the Red Ensign was restored.[37] On the other hand, the Belfast to Liverpool ferry, British owned and British crewed, used the tricolour as a flag of convenience;[38] so did the whalers of Christian Salvesen Shipping, to take advantage of the Irish whale quota.[39]
The tricolour's marine status was formalised by the Merchant Shipping Act, 1947.[31][40]
Use in Northern Ireland[edit]
See also: Northern Ireland flags issue
A large tricolour flying from Cuchulainn House in the New Lodge, Belfast
In 1921, Ireland was partitioned, with the unionist-dominated north-east becoming Northern Ireland, while later, in 1922, the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State.[41] Northern Ireland continued to use the UK's Union Flag and created its Ulster Banner derivation of the flag of Ulster with a crown on top of a six-pointed star.[42] Furthermore, for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified, rather controversially, that a Union Flag could never have such an effect.[43] In 1964, the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley, involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast, led to two days of rioting. The tricolour was immediately replaced, highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law.[44]
The tricolour is regularly burnt on Loyalist bonfires during twelfth of July celebrations
Despite its original symbolism, in Northern Ireland the tricolour, along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity, has come to be a symbol of division.[42] The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner (based on the flag of Ulster) in 1953.[45] Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists, while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans.[42] In Northern Ireland, each community uses its own flags, murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory, often in a manner that is deliberately provocative.[46] Kerb-stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red, white and blue,[47] while in nationalist and republican areas kerb-stones may be painted green, white and orange, although this is a much less frequent occurrence.[48] Elements of both communities fly "their" flag from chimneys, tall buildings and lamp-posts on roads.[49]
Under the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement, it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland. The Agreement stated that:
All participants acknowledge the sensitivity of the use of symbols and emblems for public purposes, and the need in particular in creating the new institutions to ensure that such symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division.[50]
Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement — that Northern Ireland's constitutional status cannot change without a majority favouring it — by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland.[51][52][53] Nationalists maintain that the Agreement means that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted, or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the UK's flag on government buildings.[54] However the tricolour is never flown from official buildings, alone or alongside the UK's flag. A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast, Alex Maskey, displayed both flags in his own offices causing some controversy.[55][56]
Protocol[edit]
The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag. Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements. It is expected, however, that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it. The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag. The Department's role, therefore, is an advisory one.[57]
Irish Flag outside Department Store in Dublin showing EU flag to its left, or right as seen by an approaching observer
With respect to the display, placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags, the Department has made a number of suggestions. No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag. When the flag is carried with another flag, or flags, it should be carried in the place of honour — that is on the marching right, or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag, or, as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching, on the immediate right of the national flag. In the event of a display of crossed staffs, the national flag should be to the right and to the fore — that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag. Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags.[58]
When the group of flags of the European Union are flown, the sequence is alphabetical, based on the first letter of the country's name. The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group. An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group, as seen by an observer.[58] With regard to international flags; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height, the national flag should be first on the right of the line — that is on the observer's left as he or she faces the flags. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag, or as seen by an observer, on the immediate right of the national flag. Where, however, an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others, the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right, or as seen by an observer, on the first flagstaff on the left. Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location. In all cases, the national flag should be in the place of honour. When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background, the green should be on the right (an observer's left) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position. When displayed on a platform, the national flag should be above and behind the speaker's desk. While being carried, the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies.[58]
In raising or lowering, the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground. When being hoisted to half-mast, the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half-mast position.[59] It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered.[60] On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered, or when it is passing by in a parade, all present should face it, stand to attention and salute. Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute. Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention. The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by. Where more than one national flag is carried, the salute should be given only to the leading flag.[61] When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag, all present should face the national flag, stand to attention and salute it, remaining at the salute until the last note of the music.[61]
When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display, and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect.[62] The national flag, when used as a decoration, should always be treated with due respect. It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table. When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations, the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff. Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions. Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions.[63]
Michael Collins lying in state by John Lavery showing the green of the flag towards the head
The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset, except on the occasion of public meetings, processions, or funerals, when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions.[63][64] When displayed on a platform, the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker’s desk, nor should it be draped over the platform. The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans, logos, lettering or pictures of any kind on it, for example at sporting events. The flag should not be draped on cars, trains, boats or other modes of transport; it should not be carried flat, but should always be carried aloft and free, except when used to drape a coffin; on such an occasion, the green should be at the head of the coffin. The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland (including former presidents), soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty, and other notables accorded state funerals, such as Roger Casement in 1965, or Kevin Barry in 2001. Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground, trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles.[65]
Irish flag flying from the General Post Office in Dublin
It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings. The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings, and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings. The national flag is flown over buildings including: the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin; Leinster House, the seat of the Irish parliament, when parliament is in session; Irish courts and state buildings; Irish military installations, at home and abroad; and Garda Síochána (police) stations. The national flag is also flown on Saint Patrick's Day (the national holiday), Easter Sunday and Easter Monday (in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916), and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July. On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles, and many private individuals and concerns also fly it. The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations. The national flag is frequently flown at half-mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole. The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half-mast. Where the national flag is flown at half-mast no other flag should be half-masted.[66]
See also[edit]
Ireland portal
Coat of arms of Ireland
Cross-border flag for Ireland
List of flags of Ireland
Flag of Northern Ireland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Library. "National Flag". Taoiseach.gov.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Home". Taoiseach.gov.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Sean Duffy, The Concise History of Ireland, 2005
Jump up ^ Rick Steve's Ireland 2008
Jump up ^ "West Cork man raised Tricolour on historic day". Irish Examiner. 4 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c The National Flag: Design[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ Symbols in Northern Ireland – Flags Used in the Region CAIN Web Service. Retrieved on 8 November 2011
Jump up ^ Sugden, John & Harvie, Scott (1995). Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland, Centre for the Study of Conflict, School of History, Philosophy and Politics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Ulster. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Article 7 of the Constitution of Ireland (1st July 1937).
^ Jump up to: a b c "The National Flag" (PDF). Department of the Taoiseach. 2013.
Jump up ^ "Colour of the Flag – Ireland". flagspot.net. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c PANTONE. "PANTONE 347 U - Find a Pantone Color | Quick Online Color Tool". www.pantone.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c PANTONE. "PANTONE 151 U - Find a Pantone Color | Quick Online Color Tool". www.pantone.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
Jump up ^ [1] King James II leader at Battle of Boyne
Jump up ^ https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/The_National_Flag.pdf
Jump up ^ National Flag, Department of the Taoiseach
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h The National Flag, Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ Subject to the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, 2004.
Jump up ^ The national Flag Department of the Taoiseach
Jump up ^ See, for example: Long Journey Home by Elvis Costello and Paddy Moloney.
Jump up ^ See, for example, the lyrics and commentary on the following Irish rebel songs: Green White and Gold; The Dying Rebel. Archived 14 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ others, The Zen Cart™ Team and. "County Coat of Arms Irish Flag buy discounted Irish flags with family crest for Irish family reunion [] - $24.00 : A Bit O Blarney.com Celtic Jewelry Shop, serving online since 1999". Abitoblarney.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Photographic image" (PNG). S1.thejournal.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andries Burgers Ireland: Green Flag, Flags of the World (21 May 2006), citing G. A. Hayes-McCoy, A History of Irish Flags from earliest times (1979).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ireland, Flags of the World, 2001. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Tricolour Flag of Ireland, Your Irish Culture, 2007. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.Archived 2008
Jump up ^ Contrary to popular belief, the tricolour was not the actual flag of the Easter Rising, although it had been flown from the General Post Office; that flag was a green flag featuring in gold a harp and the words "Irish Republic".
Jump up ^ Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony (1979). A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times. Academy Press, Dublin. ISBN 978-0-906187-01-2.
Jump up ^ "NAI DFA 26/102: Extracts from the report of the Irish delegation to the Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations (September 1923)". Documents on Irish Foreign Policy. 2 (1923–1926). Royal Irish Academy. September 2000. No. 134. ISBN 1-874045-83-6. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Public Record Office document DO 117/100, written in 1928.
^ Jump up to: a b c Merchant Shipping Bill, 1947—Second Stage. (20 November 1947) Dáil debates Vol.108 No.15 p.23
Jump up ^ Forde, Frank (2000). The Long Watch. Island Books. p. 108. ISBN 1-902602-42-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Dáil debates Vol. 33 No. 17 p.7 cc.2290–95 20 March 1930
Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 53 No. 7 p.4 21 June 1934
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Pat (2010). Liffey Ships. Mercier Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-85635-685-5.
Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol.81 No.14 p.23 20 February 1941
Jump up ^ Forde, Frank (2000). The Long Watch. Island Books. p. 2. ISBN 1-902602-42-0.
Jump up ^ McRonald, Malcolm (2007). The Irish Boats. 3, Liverpool to Belfast. Tempus. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7524-4235-8.
Jump up ^ Share, Bernard (1978). The Emergency. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 99. ISBN 0-71710-916-X.
Jump up ^ Sections 2 and 14, Merchant Shipping Act, 1947 Irish Statute Book
Jump up ^ FitzGerald, Garret. Ireland, Partition of, Encarta, 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007. Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 31 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flags Used in Northern Ireland, Conflict Archive on the Internet, 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954, Conflict Archive on the Internet, 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Andrew (1969). Holy War in Belfast — "1964: The Tricolour Riots". Anvil Press. ISBN 0-900068-10-8.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), Flags of the World, 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Ewart, Shirley & Schubotz, Dirk (2004). Voices behind the Statistics: Young People’s Views of Sectarianism in Northern Ireland, National Children's Bureau, p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Loyalist paramilitary flags explosion", BBC News Online, 21 June 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Brown, Kris. & MacGinty, Roger (2003). "Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland", Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 83–108.
Jump up ^ Bryan, Dr. Dominic & Stevenson, Dr. Clifford (2006). Flags Monitoring Project 2006: Preliminary Findings, Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University, Belfast. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ The Belfast Agreement 1998, Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Robin (July 2000). Flagging concern: The Controversy over Flags and Emblems, Democratic Dialogue, Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Official Report of Tuesday 6 June 2000, Northern Ireland Assembly, 6 June 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Report on Draft Regulations proposed under Article 3 of the Flags (Northern Ireland) Order 2000, Northern Ireland Assembly, 17 October 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Alex Maskey Motion 39 – flags and emblems, SinnFein.ie, 17 February 2006. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tricolour raised in City Hall", BBC News Online, 4 September 2002. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Should Belfast have its own flag?, BBC News Talking Point, 5 September 2002. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Guidelines for use of the National Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
^ Jump up to: a b c The National Flag: Display, placing and precedence[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ A flag is at half-mast in any position below the top of the staff but never below the middle point of the staff. As a general guide, the half-mast position may be taken as that where the top of the flag is the depth of the flag below the top of the staff.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Hoisting and lowering the Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
^ Jump up to: a b The National Flag: Saluting the Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Worn-out Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
^ Jump up to: a b The National Flag: Respect for the National Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ For military purposes, sunrise occurs at 8:00 a.m. between March and October, and at 8:30 a.m. between November and February. Sunset is deemed to occur at: 3:30 p.m. in January and December; 4:30 p.m. in February and November; 5:30 p.m. in March and October; 6:00 p.m. in April; 7:00 p.m. in May and September; and 8:00 p.m. between June and August.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Practices to avoid[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Occasions on which the National Flag is flown[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
External links[edit]
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Coffee ground vomiting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coffee ground vomitus refers to a particular appearance of vomit. Within organic heme molecules of red blood cells is the element iron, and when this iron has been exposed for some time to gastric acid, it becomes oxidized. This reaction causes the vomitus to look like ground coffee. Coffee-ground vomitus is a classic sign of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A peptic ulcer, for example, may bleed into the stomach and produce coffee-ground vomitus. There are many causes that can result in this reaction, with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being particularly common. These drugs can interfere with the stomach's natural defenses against the strongly acidic environment, causing damage to the mucosa that can result in bleeding. Therefore, it is recommended that these class of drugs should be taken with food or on a full stomach. Certain types of illnesses, however, can cause this type of vomiting, and in these cases medical attention is required immediately.
When bright red blood is vomited, it is termed hematemesis. Hematemesis, in contrast to coffee ground vomitus, suggests that upper gastrointestinal bleeding is more acute or more severe, or originates more proximally than the stomach (for example, in the esophagus due to a Mallory-Weiss tear). This condition may be a medical emergency and urgent care may be required.[1]
Oxidized blood from an upper gastrointestinal bleed can also be excreted in stool. It produces blackened, "tarry" stools known as melena.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vomiting blood". Mayo Clinic.
External links[edit]
Coffee Ground Vomitus
[hide]
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Symptoms and signs: digestive system and abdomen (R10–R19, 787,789)
Upper
Nausea
Vomiting
Heartburn
Aerophagia
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oropharyngeal
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Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Mallet-Guy sign
Puddle sign
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_ground_vomiting&oldid=777339793"
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John Roberts (actor)
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
John Roberts
John Roberts in 2016.
Born
(1971-11-10) November 10, 1971 (age 45)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S
Nationality
American
Years active
2006–present
Notable works and roles
Linda Belcher on Bob's Burgers
John Roberts (born November 10, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and writer. Roberts currently portrays the role of Linda Belcher on the FOX animated comedy primetime series Bob's Burgers.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Roberts provides the voice of Linda in the FOX animated prime time comedy Bob's Burgers. He has appeared several times on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Watch What Happens: Live, has co-written a pilot for MTV with Bob Odenkirk, and performed in two national tours for Margaret Cho as well as her Showtime special. John first gained attention as one of the standout performer/writers on the YouTube follow up "Jackie & Debra" which won The Comedy Smalls award in London. He has over 20 million hits on YouTube and has made videos with the likes of Debbie Harry and David Cross. He performs several times a year at NYC's Joe's Pub and has signed a publishing deal with French Kiss Records.
Personal life[edit]
Roberts was born in Brooklyn, New York.
Filmography[edit]
Good Day New York
It's on with Alexa Chung
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
Eugene!
Bob's Burgers (voice)
Archer (guest voice)
Gravity Falls (guest voice)
The Awesomes (guest voice)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ FOX Broadcasting Company – Bob's Burgers TV Show – Bob's Burgers TV Series – Bob's Burgers Episode Guide
External links[edit]
John Roberts on Twitter
Video on YouTube
John Roberts at the Internet Movie Database
This article about an American actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Et tu, Brute?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"You Too Brutus" redirects here. For 2015 Malayalam language film, see You Too Brutus (film).
Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini
Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning "and you, Brutus?", made famous by its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is uttered by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Brutus at the moment of the former's assassination. The Latin expression first occurs in Elizabethan literary texts.[1] The quotation is widely used in the English-speaking world to signify the unexpected betrayal by a person, such as a friend.
Caesar utters these words in Act III, scene 2, as he is being stabbed to death, having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus among the assassins. However, there is no reason to think that the historic Caesar said these words.[2][3]
The name "Brutus", a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e.[4]
Context[edit]
On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BCE, Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's friend and protégé. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he supposedly spoke those words and resigned himself to his fate.
The historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty. The Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σὺ, τέκνον;".[5][6] The phrase means "You too, child?" or "You too, young man?".[7]
Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[8]
In the play Julius Caesar (1599), Caesar says "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar!"[9] Shakespeare was making use of a phrase already in use: for example it is said, by Edmond Malone, to have appeared in a work that has been lost: Richard Eedes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582. It also occurs in The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixt, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 3.[10][11]
Interpretation[edit]
It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or threat.[12] One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[13] There is a poem by Horace, Satires; Book I, Satire 7, written approximately 30 BCE, that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression "E-t t-u Br-u-t-e", (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion".[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, John (1998). Fighting for Rome: Poets and Caesars, History, and Civil War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58026-9.
Jump up ^ Henle, Robert J., S.J. Henle Latin Year 1 Chicago: Loyola Press 1945
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William (1960). S.F. Johnson; Alfred Harbage, eds. Julius Caesar. Penguin Books. p. 74.
Jump up ^ Gill, N. S., "Latin – Vocative endings", About.com, retrieved 2012-09-16
Jump up ^ ...uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito; etsi tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse "καὶ σύ, τέκνον". De Vita Caesarum, Liber I, Divus Iulius, LXXXII.
Jump up ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Julius Caesar 82.2
Jump up ^ Billows, Richard A. (2009). Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome. London: Routledge. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-415-33314-6.
Jump up ^ Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, Life of Caesar 66.9
Jump up ^ Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, Line 77
Jump up ^ Dyce, Alexander (1866). The Works of William Shakespeare. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 648.
Jump up ^ Garber, Marjorie. Shakespeare's Ghost Writers: Literature as Uncanny Causality. Routledge, 2010. ISBN 9781135154899. p. 72-73
Jump up ^ Woodman, A.J. (2006). "Tiberius and the Taste of Power: The Year 33 in Tacitus". Classical Quarterly. 56 (1): 175–189. doi:10.1017/S0009838806000140.
Jump up ^ Woodman, A. J. The Annals of Tacitus: Books 5–6; Volume 55 of Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge University Press, 2016. ISBN 9781316757314.
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Worker bee
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Worker bees (with queen)
A worker bee is any female (eusocial) bee that lacks the full reproductive capacity of the colony's queen bee; under most circumstances, this is correlated to an increase in certain non-reproductive activities relative to a queen, as well. Worker bees occur in many bee species other than honey bees, but this is by far the most familiar colloquial use of the term.
Workers gather pollen into the pollen baskets on their back legs, to carry back to the hive where it is used as food for the developing brood. Pollen carried on their bodies may be carried to another flower where a small portion can rub off onto the pistil, resulting in cross pollination. Almost all of civilization's food supply (maize is a noteworthy exception) depends greatly on crop pollination by honey bees, whether directly eaten or used as forage crops for animals that produce milk and meat. Nectar is sucked up through the proboscis, mixed with enzymes in the stomach, and carried back to the hive, where it is stored in wax cells and evaporated into honey.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life cycle
2 Swarming behavior
3 Progression of tasks
3.1 Cell cleaning (days 1–2)
3.2 Nurse bee (days 3–11)
3.3 Wax production (days 12–17)
4 Worker activities
4.1 Honey sealing
4.2 Drone feeding
4.3 Queen Attendants (days 7-12)
4.4 Honeycomb building
4.5 Pollen packing
4.6 Propolizing
4.7 Mortuary bees
4.8 Fanning bees
4.9 Water carriers
4.10 Guard bees
4.11 Foraging bees (days 22–42)
5 Genetic characteristics
6 Stinger
7 Stingless bees
8 Symbolism
9 References
10 External links
11 See also
Life cycle[edit]
Honey bee workers keep the hive temperature uniform in the critical brood area (where new bees are raised). This is in the centre frames of the brood box. Workers must maintain the hive's brood chamber at 34.4 °C to incubate the eggs. If it is too hot, they collect water and deposit it around the hive, then fan air through with their wings causing cooling by evaporation. If it is too cold, they cluster together to generate body heat. This is an example of homeostasis.
The life of all honey bees starts as an egg, which is laid by the queen in the bottom of a wax cell in the brood area of a hive. A worker egg hatches after three days into a larva. Nurse bees feed it royal jelly at first, then pollen and honey for six days. It then becomes an inactive pupa.
During its 14 days as a pupa, sealed in a capped cell, it grows into a worker (female) bee, emerging on the 21st day. In most species of honey bees, workers do everything but lay eggs and mate, though Cape honey bee workers can lay eggs. They build the comb from wax extruded from glands under their abdomen. When fully developed, they perform a number of tasks (see below).
Type
Egg
Larva
Cell capped
Pupa
Average Developmental Period
(Days until emergence)
Start of Fertility
Body Length
Hatching Weight
Worker up to Day 3 up to Day 9 Day 9 Day 10 until emergence (Day 11 or 12 last moult) 21 days
(range: 18–22 days)
N/A 12–15 mm nearly 100 mg
Swarming behavior[edit]
When a colony absconds (all bees leave the colony) or divides and so creates a swarm and then establishes a new colony, the bees must regress in their behaviour in order to establish the first generation in the new home. The most urgent task will be the creation of new beeswax for comb. Beekeepers take advantage of this by introducing swarms into new or existing colonies where they will draw comb.[citation needed] Comb is much more difficult to come by than honey and requires about six times the energy to create. A newly hived swarm on bars (top bar hive) or empty foundation (Langstroth box hive) will often be fed sugar water, which they can then rapidly consume to create wax for new comb. (Mature hives cannot be so fed as they will store it in place of nectar, although a wintering hive may have to be fed if insufficient honey was left by the beekeeper.)
Progression of tasks[edit]
Cell cleaning (days 1–2)[edit]
Brood cells must be cleaned before the next use. Cells will be inspected by the queen and if unsatisfactory they will not be used. Worker bees in the cleaning phase will perform this cleaning. If the cells are not clean, the worker bee must do it again and again.
Nurse bee (days 3–11)[edit]
Nurse bees feed the worker larvae worker jelly which is secreted from glands that produce royal jelly. They will also go into the special cells to create a semi-royal jelly that is similar to the royal but it tastes more like honey.
Advanced Nurse Bees (days 6–11)
Nurse Bees will then feed royal jelly to the queen larva and drones receive worker jelly for 1 to 3 days at which time they are started on a diet of honey
Wax production (days 12–17)[edit]
Wax bees build cells from wax, repair old cells, and store nectar and pollen brought in by other workers. Early in the worker's career she will exude wax from the space between several of her abdominal segments. Four sets of wax glands, situated inside the last four ventral segments of the abdomen, produce wax for comb construction.
Worker activities[edit]
Honey sealing[edit]
Mature honey, sufficiently dried, is sealed tightly with wax to prevent absorption of moisture from the air by workers deputized to do this.
Drone feeding[edit]
Drones do not feed themselves when they are young; they are fed by workers and then when the drone bees get older they feed themselves from the honey supply.
Queen Attendants (days 7-12)[edit]
Queen attendants take care of the queen by feeding and grooming her. Yet, even more important is their incidental role in spreading Queen Mandibular Pheromone (QMP) throughout the hive. This is a pheromone given off by queen. After coming into contact with the queen, the attendants spread QMP throughout the hive, which is a signal to the rest of the bees that the hive still has a viable queen.
Honeycomb building[edit]
Workers will take wax from wax producing workers and build the comb with it.
Pollen packing[edit]
Pollen brought into the hive for feeding the brood is also stored. It must be packed firmly into comb cells and mixed with a small amount of honey so that it will not spoil. Unlike honey, which does not support bacterial life, stored pollen will become rancid without proper care. It has to be kept in honey cells.
Propolizing[edit]
The walls of the hive are covered with a thin coating of propolis, a resinous substance obtained from plants. In combination with enzymes added by the worker this has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Propolis is used to aid with ventilation and at the entrances of hives.
Some bees add excess mud to the mixture, making it geopropolis, such as in the bee Melipona scutellaris.[1] Geopropolis displays antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity and has been proven to be a source of antibiofilm agents. It also presents selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells.[2]
Mortuary bees[edit]
Dead bees and failed larvae must be removed from the hive to prevent disease and allow cells to be reused. They will be carried some distance from the hive by mortuary bees.
Fanning bees[edit]
Worker bees fan the hive, cooling it with evaporated water brought by water carriers.[citation needed] They direct airflow into the hive or out of the hive depending on need.
Water carriers[edit]
When the hive is in danger of overheating, these bees will obtain water, usually from within a short distance from the hive and bring it back to spread on the backs of fanning bees. The worker bee has a crop separate from the nectar crop for this purpose.
Guard bees[edit]
Guard bees will stand at the front of the hive entrance, defending it from any invaders such as wasps. The number of guards varies from season to season and from species to species. Entrance size and daily traffic also play an integral role in the number of guard bees present. Guard bees of the species Tetragonisca angustula and Schwarziana quadripunctata are examples of eusocial bees that have been observed hovering at their nest entrances, providing more protection against intruders.[3][4]
Foraging bees (days 22–42)[edit]
The forager and scout bees travel up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to a nectar source, pollen source or to collect propolis.
Genetic characteristics[edit]
In most common bee species, worker bees are infertile due to enforced altruistic kin selection,[5] and thus never reproduce. Workers are nevertheless considered female for anatomical and genetic reasons. Genetically, a worker bee does not differ from a queen bee and can even become a laying worker bee, but in most species will produce only male (drone) offspring. Whether a larva becomes a worker or a queen depends on the kind of food it is given after the first three days of its larval form.
Stinger[edit]
Main article: Bee sting
The stinger of a black honeybee torn off its body and attached to a protecting dress
The worker bee's stinger is a complex organ that allows a bee to defend itself and the hive from most mammals. Attacking bees aim for the face by sensing regions with high levels of carbon dioxide (like mosquitos). Bee stings against mammals and birds typically leave the stinger embedded in the victim due to the structure of flesh and the stinger's barbs. In this case, the venom bulb stays with the stinger and continues to pump. Upon losing its stinger, the bee will subsequently die since the portion where the stinger bulb was removed rips out part of its insides.
The barbs on the stinger will not catch on most animals besides mammals and birds, which means that such animals can be stung many times by the same bee.
Stingless bees[edit]
Main article: Stingless bee
There are many bees in this group, native to all continents except for Europe and Antarctica, that have workers which do not have stingers. These bees are not defenseless, however, as they can bite with their mandibles, occasionally releasing caustic secretions at the same time, similar to the defenses of some ants.
Symbolism[edit]
Bee art in Manchester's Northern Quarter
The worker bee is a symbol of Manchester, England.[6][7] It was adopted as a motif for Manchester during the Industrial Revolution, at a time when Manchester was taking a leading role in new forms of mass production, and symbolises Mancunians' hard work during this era and Manchester being a hive of activity in the 19th century.[8][9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Adriana, Pianaro (2007). "Chemical Changes Associated with the Invasion of a Melipona scutellaris Colony by Melipona rufiventris Workers". Journal of Chemical Ecology. doi:10.1007/s10886-007-9274-5.
Jump up ^ Cunha, Marcos Guilherme da; Franchin, Marcelo; Galvão, LíviaCâmaradeCarvalho; Ruiz, AnaLúciaTascaGóis de; Carvalho, João Ernesto de; Ikegaki, Masarahu; Alencar, Severino Matias de; Koo, Hyun; Rosalen, Pedro Luiz (2013-01-28). "Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee Melipona scutellaris geopropolis". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 13 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-13-23. ISSN 1472-6882. PMC 3568042  . PMID 23356696.
Jump up ^ Segers, Francisca (17 January 2015). "Soldier production in a stingless bee depends on rearing location and nurse behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 69 (4): 613–623. doi:10.1007/s00265-015-1872-6.
Jump up ^ Couvillon, M.J.; Wenseleers, T.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, L.; Nogueira-Neto, P.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2007). "Comparative Study in Stingless Bees (Meliponini) Demonstrates that Nest Entrance Size Predicts Traffic and Defensivity". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 21 (1): 194–201. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01457.x. PMID 18021200.
Jump up ^ Ratnieks, F. L. W.; Helantera, H. (2009). "The evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1533): 3169. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0129. PMC 2781879  . PMID 19805425.
Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/07/13/man-utd-city-wear-worker-bee-emblem-friendly-raise-money-manchester/
Jump up ^ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-bee-symbol-meaning-tattoo-11793163
Jump up ^ "Why the worker bee is a symbol of Manchester". inews.co.uk. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
Jump up ^ "'Peaceful but not to be messed with' – how the bee came to symbolise Manchester". The Guardian. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
The Honey Files: A Bee’s Life, A Teaching Guide, National Honey Board, 2001
Organization of a bee colony, FAO
External links[edit]
Worker Bees
See also[edit]
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