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She Talks to Angels
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"She Talks to Angels"
Single by The Black Crowes
from the album Shake Your Money Maker
Released
1991
Recorded
1989
Genre
Rock
Length
5:29
4:00 (music video)
Label
Def American
Songwriter(s)
Chris and Rich Robinson
Producer(s)
George Drakoulias
The Black Crowes singles chronology
"Twice As Hard"
(1990) "She Talks to Angels"
(1991) "Remedy"
(1992)
"Twice As Hard"
(1990) "She Talks to Angels"
(1991) "Remedy"
(1992)
"She Talks to Angels" is a song by the rock band The Black Crowes. It is the eighth track on their 1990 debut album Shake Your Money Maker and was released as the album's fourth single. The song made it to 30 on the US Hot 100.[1] The song hit number one on the US Album Rock Tracks chart and number 70 on the UK Singles Chart in 1991.
In 2010, Chris Robinson explained in a webisode (part of a promotional internet series for their 2010 Croweology album) that the song is loosely based on a "goth girl" he was acquainted with in Atlanta who was "into heroin".[2]
The song was covered by Brent Smith and Zach Myers of American hard rock band Shinedown on their 2014 Acoustic Sessions EP.[3]
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1990s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Songfacts website[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Webisode interview on YouTube[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Brent Smith & Zach Myers release Acoustic Covers EP". Retrieved 30 April 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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Jeff Cease
Eddie Harsch
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Bill Dobrow
Paul Stacey
Rob Clores
Adam MacDougall
Luther Dickinson
Jackie Greene
Studio albums
Shake Your Money Maker
The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion
Amorica
Three Snakes and One Charm
By Your Side
Lions
Warpaint
Before the Frost...Until the Freeze
Croweology
Live albums
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Video albums
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Compilations
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Greatest Hits 1990–1999: A Tribute to a Work in Progress...
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Singles
"Jealous Again"
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"Twice As Hard"
"She Talks to Angels"
"Remedy"
"Sting Me"
"Wiser Time"
"Blackberry"
"Only a Fool"
"Soul Singing"
Related bands
Chris Robinson Brotherhood
The Magpie Salute
Trigger Hippy
Hookah Brown
Related articles
Discography

This 1990s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Girdling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Girdling in Lille, Northern France
Girdling, also called ring-barking is the complete removal of a strip of bark (consisting of cork cambium or "phellogen", phloem, cambium and sometimes going into the xylem) from around the entire circumference of either a branch or trunk of a woody plant. Girdling results in the death of the area above the girdle over time. A branch completely girdled will fail and when the main trunk of a tree is girdled, the entire tree will die, if it cannot regrow from above to bridge the wound. Among the causes of girdling are human practices, including forestry, horticulture, and vandalism. Foresters use the practice of girdling to thin forests. Girdling can also be caused by herbivorous mammals feeding on plant bark and by birds and insects, both of which can effectively girdle a tree by boring rows of adjacent holes.
Orchardists use girdling as a cultural technique to yield larger fruit or set fruit, often called cincturing used in agriculture. Only the layer just under the bark is removed for this technique.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Forestry and horticulture
2 Agriculture
3 By animals
4 By vines
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Forestry and horticulture[edit]
Yellowing of alder leaves due to girdling.
Like all vascular plants, trees use two vascular tissues for transportation of water and nutrients: the xylem (also known as the wood) and the phloem (the innermost layer of the bark). Girdling results in the removal of the phloem, and death occurs from the inability of the leaves to transport sugars (primarily sucrose) to the roots. In this process, the xylem is left untouched, and the tree can usually still temporarily transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Trees normally sprout shoots below the wound; if not, the roots die. Death occurs when the roots can no longer produce ATP and transport nutrients upwards through the xylem. (The formation of new shoots below the wound can be prevented by painting the wound with herbicide.[2])
Ring barking techniques have been developed to disrupt or impede sugar transport in phloem, stimulating early flower production and increasing fruiting, and for controlling plant size, reducing the need for pruning.[3]
Girdling is a slow process compared to felling and is often used only when necessary, such as in the removal of an individual tree from an ecologically protected area without damaging surrounding growth.
Accidental girdling is also possible and some activities must be performed with care. Saplings which are tied to a supporting stake may be girdled as they grow, due to friction caused by contact with the tie. If ropes are tied frequently to a tree (e.g. to tether an animal or moor a boat), the friction of the rope can also lead to the removal of bark.
The practice of girdling has been known in Europe for some time.[4] Another example is the girdling of selective Douglas-fir trees in some Northern California oak woodlands, such as Annadel State Park,[5] in order to prevent that fir from massive invasion of the mixed oak woodland.
Girdling can be used to create standing dead wood, or snags. This can provide a valuable habitat for a variety of wildlife, including insects and nesting birds.
Agriculture[edit]
Grape vines and their canopies
Girdling is also used as a technique to force a fruit-bearing plant to bear larger fruit. A farmer would place a girdle (bark removal) at base of a large branch or at the trunk. Thus, all sugars manufactured by the leaves have no sinks but the fruit, which grows to above the normal size. For grapes girdling or cincturing is used to make the grapes large and sweeter on the grape canopy and are sold as girdled grapes. Flowering and fruit setting is a problem on some trees; girdling may improve yield in the same way. The "damage" done by girdling restricts the movement of nutrients to the roots, thus the carbohydrates produced in the leaves do not go to the roots for storage. Girdling temporarily stops tree growth. Root pruning, an ancient Asian practice, and other controlled damaging, such as driving nails into the trunk or beating the branches and trunk, produce results that are similar to girdling. Girdling is commonly used on grape, avocado, apple, litchi, mango, citrus and other trees. Girdling is normally only done to healthy trees that did not yield well the previous year. Care must be used not to damage sapwood that may kill the tree or vine. Trees normally heal in four to five weeks after cincturing. Painting the cut can protect against fungus and pests.[6][7][8][9]
By animals[edit]
Holes drilled by Red-naped Sapsucker in Platanus wrightii - an Arizona Sycamore
Both herbivores and birds can effectively girdle trees in the process of normal feeding.
In North America, voles in particular are prone to damaging trees by girdling both their roots and trunk.[10] Among North American birds, the sapsuckers are the most common girdlers of trees. While sapsuckers will bore holes in tree trunks to feed upon insects, they also make parallel rings of holes in order to eat sap that collects in the openings or to feed it to their young. They most frequently attack pine, birch, maple, spruce and fruit trees and do the most damage during breeding season and territory establishment between February and June.[11]
The feeding activity of beavers are a major source of girdled trees near water sources.
Many kinds of deer inadvertently girdle trees by rubbing their antlers on saplings and mature trees.
One of several ways rabbits damage the environment in Australia is by girdling.[12]
By vines[edit]
Trees can be girdled by climbing, twining, and ground-creeping (rampant) vines. There are several invasive species that harm trees in this way and cause significant damage to forest canopy and the health of ecosystems dependent on it. Oriental Bittersweet, Oriental Wisteria, and English Ivy all can damage and kill trees by girdling.
See also[edit]
Debarking (lumber)
Forest pathology
Pruning
grafting
Arborist
Coppicing
Fruit tree forms
Lopping
Pollarding
Pruning fruit trees
Topiary
Dead hedge (which can be made from pruned branches to attract insects for hibernation and pollination)
Annual growth cycle of grapevines
Propagation of grapevines
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Girdling.
Jump up ^ Powell, Arlie A. (May 1996). "Girdling Peach Trees in the Southeast". The Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Auburn University. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
Jump up ^ Randall B. Heiligmann, "Controlling Undesirable Trees, Shrubs, and Vines in Your Woodland," Ohio State University; Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Jump up ^ Coombs, Blackburn-Maze,Cracknell, Bentley (1992) The Complete Book Of Pruning p.23 ISBN 0-7063-7235-2
Jump up ^ United States Division of Entomology (1901), Bulletin no 28, Published by U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington DC. Books.google.com. 2008-01-23. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ info@globaltwitcher.com. "C. Michael Hogan (2008): ''Douglas-fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii'', globalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Strõmberg". Globaltwitcher.auderis.se. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ A Review of Vine Girdling, by Bill Peacock, Tulare County Farm Advisor, The University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare County
Jump up ^ Remove all phloem tissue when girdling for table grape quality, Sep 1, 2001, Jennifer Hashim Kern County, Calif., Farm Advisor, Western Farm Press
Jump up ^ South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 1995. 18:54-55, Increasing Yield of Young Hass Avocado Trees using the Cincturing Technique, C.R. Hackney, M. Boshoff and M.J. Slabbert
Jump up ^ Cincturing reduces macca tree growth, From the September 2012 edition of Agriculture Today.
Jump up ^ http://snohomish.wsu.edu/garden/vertchap.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/tyk/2008/tyk01.html
Jump up ^ Australian Encyclopaedia, Vol, VII, Grolier Society, Sydney
External links[edit]
Girdling Effects
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Home Run Derby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the Major League Baseball contest. For the 1960 television show, see Home Run Derby (TV series).
Frequency
Annual
Location
Varies (site of MLB All-Star Game)
Inaugurated
1985
Most Recent
July 16, 2018 (Nationals Park, Washington, D.C.)
Next Event
July 8, 2019 (Progressive Field, Cleveland)
Current Champion
Bryce Harper
Current runner-up
Kyle Schwarber
Participants
American League and National League baseball players
Organized by
Major League Baseball
v
t
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The Home Run Derby is an annual home run hitting contest in Major League Baseball (MLB) customarily held the day before the MLB All-Star Game, which places the contest on a Monday in July. Since the inaugural derby in 1985, the event has seen several rule changes, evolving from a short outs-based competition, to multiple rounds, and eventually a bracket-style timed event.
Contents
1 History
2 Overview
2.1 Format
2.1.1 1985–1990
2.1.2 1991–2005
2.1.3 2006–2013
2.1.4 2014
2.1.5 Since 2015
2.2 Gold balls
3 Television and radio coverage
3.1 Most watched Home Run Derbys
4 Winners
5 Records
5.1 Most home runs in a single round
5.2 Most single-derby home runs
5.3 Most all-time home runs
5.4 Wins by team
6 Complete scoreboard
6.1 1980s
6.1.1 1985
6.1.2 1986
6.1.3 1987
6.1.4 1988
6.1.5 1989
6.2 1990s
6.2.1 1990
6.2.2 1991
6.2.3 1992
6.2.4 1993
6.2.5 1994
6.2.6 1995
6.2.7 1996
6.2.8 1997
6.2.9 1998
6.2.10 1999
6.3 2000s
6.3.1 2000
6.3.2 2001
6.3.3 2002
6.3.4 2003
6.3.5 2004
6.3.6 2005
6.3.7 2006
6.3.8 2007
6.3.9 2008
6.3.10 2009
6.4 2010s
6.4.1 2010
6.4.2 2011
6.4.3 2012
6.4.4 2013
6.4.5 2014
6.4.6 2015 Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati)
6.4.7 2016 Petco Park (San Diego)
6.4.8 2017 Marlins Park (Miami)
6.4.9 2018 Nationals Park (Washington)
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
2008 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby
The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s, when it was not televised. Prior to 1991, the Home Run Derby was structured as a two-inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning, allowing for the possibility of ties. It is now one of the most-watched events broadcast on ESPN.[1][2][3]
In 2000, a "match play"-style format was instituted for the second round. The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players, as did the players with the second- and third-most totals. The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals. This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition.
The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players. The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league, and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league, respectively. In 1996, the field was again expanded to ten players, five from each league (though in 1997, the AL had six contestants to the NL's four).
In 2000, the field reverted to the current four-player-per-league format. The only exception was 2005, when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues. The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic, played in March 2006.[citation needed] In 2006, the selection of four players from each league resumed. In 2011, the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides.[citation needed]
Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005, who won the Derby with a then-record 41 homers, including a then-record 24 in the first round. The first-round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton, who hit 28 home runs. Though Hamilton's performance was notable for the length of his home runs,[citation needed] he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round. The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton, who finished with a total of 61 home runs, defeating Todd Frazier in the final round. Only two participants, Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton, have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All-Star game itself.[4]
Overview[edit]
Format[edit]
The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985.
1985–1990[edit]
In the early years of the Home Run Derby, 4-10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate. Each player was given 2 "innings" to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs. For the derby, an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run. The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings.
1991–2005[edit]
Beginning in 1991, the format changed to a 3-round contest. From 1991–2006, 8-10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round. The tally reset for each round, with the top four advancing to the second round, and the top two advancing to the final.
In honor of the World Baseball Classic, the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries. The format remained the same.
2006–2013[edit]
The format changed slightly in 2006. Instead of the tally resetting for each round, it was only reset before the final round. Therefore, the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2, and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals.
2014[edit]
The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014, as MLB sought to speed-up the contest and increase the drama. In the new bracket format, five players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1, with each players having seven "outs." The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second-round bye, and the players with the second- and third-highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off. The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner, and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner. The final featured the winner of each league. Each round stands alone, with the score reset for each round.[5] Ties in any round are broken by a 3-swing swing-off. If the players remain tied, the players engage in a sudden-death swing-off until one player homers.[6]
Since 2015[edit]
The format was changed once again in 2015. The most significant change was the elimination of "outs", which was replaced by a time limit. Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given five minutes to hit as many home runs as possible. The winner of each head-to-head matchup advances, until a final winner is determined. If a tie occurs in any match-up, three sets of tiebreakers are employed: first, a 90-second swing-off decides the winner; second, best-of-3-swing swing-off; thereafter, sudden-death swingoffs until a winner is determined. Further, a player can get "bonus time" in the last minute of each round. During that time, the clock stops for each home run, and doesn't restart until a swing does not result in a home run. Additional bonus time could be earned for distance. Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet (128.0 m) are given an extra minute of bonus time. An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet (144.8 m).[7]
Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from five minutes per round to four minutes. The clock was not stopped in the final minute, and bonus time was only granted for hitting two home runs of over 425 feet (129.5 m).[8]
The format was tweaked slightly in 2016. The four-minute round length returned, while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet (134.1 m) or longer. The additional time was removed, while the swing-off (which was not required) was reduced to one minute.[9] Each batter is allowed one time-out during each round, and two in the finals.
By 2017 the first tie-breaker was restored back to 90 seconds.
Gold balls[edit]
From 2005–2013, a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs (in 2014 when the T-Mobile Ball came into play, six; since 2015, during the final minute). If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball, Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 (a reference to the "21" in "Century 21") per home run to charity (MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals). In both 2005 and 2006, $294,000 was raised for the charities, equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year. State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run (one dollar for each of State Farm's agencies), to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America. In the 2007 event, fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000, and ten ($170,000) were hit in the 2008 event. For 2009, State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers, and $517,000 was collected. For 2010, the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected. Since 2014 any homer hit off a T-Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T-Mobile and MLB, to Team Rubicon.
Television and radio coverage[edit]
On July 11, 1988, the day before the Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Cincinnati, TBS televised the annual All-Star Gala[10] from the Cincinnati Zoo. Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews. The broadcast's big draw would've been the Home Run Derby, which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon, and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage. Unfortunately, the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain.
The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same-day delayed basis,[11] with the first live telecast in 1998. Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast, it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours. Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN, including his catchphrase, "Back back back…Gone!". Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit, and does not say "Gone!" until the ball lands.
The 2008 Derby was the year's most highly rated basic cable program.[12]
Because of the game's TV popularity, invited players have felt pressure to participate. Notably, Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998, partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before. After a discussion with ESPN's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson, Griffey changed his mind, and then won the Derby at Coors Field.[13]
In Spanish, the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes.[14]
ESPN Radio also carries the event annually.[15]
Most watched Home Run Derbys[edit]
Rank
Year
Winner
Ballpark
Viewers (millions)[16]
1 2008 Justin Morneau Yankee Stadium 9.1
2 2017 Aaron Judge Marlins Park 8.6
3 2009 Prince Fielder Busch Stadium 8.3
4 2004 Miguel Tejada Minute Maid Park 7.7
5 2002 Jason Giambi Miller Park 7.7
6 2015 Todd Frazier Great American Ball Park 7.1
7 2012 Prince Fielder Kauffman Stadium 6.9
8 2007 Vladimir Guerrero AT&T Park 6.8
9 2006 Ryan Howard PNC Park 6.8
10 2013 Yoenis Céspedes Citi Field 6.7
Winners[edit]
Prince Fielder accepting his second trophy in 2012
Key
^
Indicates multiple winners in the same year
Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Year
Winner
Team
League
Stadium
1985
Dave Parker
Cincinnati Reds NL Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (MIN)
1986^
Wally Joyner
California Angels AL Astrodome (HOU)
Darryl Strawberry
New York Mets NL
1987
Andre Dawson
Chicago Cubs NL Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (OAK)
1988 Cancelled due to rain
1989
Eric Davis
Cincinnati Reds NL Anaheim Stadium (CAL)
1990
Ryne Sandberg
Chicago Cubs NL Wrigley Field (CHC)
1991
Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore Orioles AL SkyDome (TOR)
1992
Mark McGwire
Oakland Athletics AL Jack Murphy Stadium (SD)
1993
Juan González
Texas Rangers AL Oriole Park at Camden Yards (BAL)
1994
Ken Griffey Jr. (1)
Seattle Mariners AL Three Rivers Stadium (PIT)
1995
Frank Thomas
Chicago White Sox AL The Ballpark in Arlington (TEX)
1996
Barry Bonds
San Francisco Giants NL Veterans Stadium (PHI)
1997
Tino Martinez
New York Yankees AL Jacobs Field (CLE)
1998
Ken Griffey Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners AL Coors Field (COL)
1999
Ken Griffey Jr. (3)
Seattle Mariners AL Fenway Park (BOS)
2000
Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs NL Turner Field (ATL)
2001
Luis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks NL Safeco Field (SEA)
2002
Jason Giambi
New York Yankees AL Miller Park (MIL)
2003
Garret Anderson
Anaheim Angels AL U.S. Cellular Field (CHW)
2004
Miguel Tejada
Baltimore Orioles AL Minute Maid Park (HOU)
2005
Bobby Abreu
Philadelphia Phillies NL Comerica Park (DET)
2006
Ryan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies NL PNC Park (PIT)
2007
Vladimir Guerrero
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL AT&T Park (SF)
2008
Justin Morneau
Minnesota Twins AL Yankee Stadium (NYY)
2009
Prince Fielder (1)
Milwaukee Brewers NL Busch Stadium (STL)
2010
David Ortiz
Boston Red Sox AL Angel Stadium of Anaheim (LAA)
2011
Robinson Canó
New York Yankees AL Chase Field (ARI)
2012
Prince Fielder (2)
Detroit Tigers AL Kauffman Stadium (KC)
2013
Yoenis Céspedes (1)
Oakland Athletics AL Citi Field (NYM)
2014
Yoenis Céspedes (2)
Oakland Athletics AL Target Field (MIN)
2015
Todd Frazier
Cincinnati Reds NL Great American Ball Park (CIN)
2016
Giancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins NL Petco Park (SD)
2017
Aaron Judge
New York Yankees AL Marlins Park (MIA)
2018
Bryce Harper
Washington Nationals NL Nationals Park (WAS)
Records[edit]
Most home runs in a single round[edit]
Josh Hamilton (2008 First Round) – 28
Bobby Abreu (2005 First Round), Giancarlo Stanton (2016 First Round) – 24
Aaron Judge (2017 First Round) – 23
Justin Bour (2017 First Round) – 22
Kyle Schwarber (2018 Second Round) – 21
Most single-derby home runs[edit]
Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.
Giancarlo Stanton (2016) – 61
Kyle Schwarber (2018) – 55
Aaron Judge (2017) – 47
Bryce Harper (2018) – 45
Todd Frazier (2016) – 42
Bobby Abreu (2005) – 41
Joc Pederson (2015), Todd Frazier (2015) – 39
Rhys Hoskins (2018) – 37
Josh Hamilton (2008) – 35
David Ortiz (2010), Robinson Canó (2011), Yoenis Céspedes (2013), Miguel Sanó (2017) – 32
Most all-time home runs[edit]
Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.
Todd Frazier – 91
Giancarlo Stanton – 83
Prince Fielder – 81
David Ortiz – 77
Albert Pujols – 71
Ken Griffey Jr. – 70
Bryce Harper – 69
Jason Giambi – 67
Sammy Sosa – 65
Yoenis Céspedes – 60
Wins by team[edit]
Rank
Team
Wins
Years
1
New York Yankees 4 1997, 2002, 2011, 2017
2
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 3 1986*, 2003, 2007
Oakland Athletics 3 1992, 2013, 2014
Chicago Cubs 3 1987, 1990, 2000
Seattle Mariners 3 1994, 1998, 1999
Cincinnati Reds 3 1985, 1989, 2015
3
Baltimore Orioles 2 1991, 2004
Philadelphia Phillies 2 2005, 2006
4
New York Mets 1 1986*
Texas Rangers 1 1993
Chicago White Sox 1 1995
San Francisco Giants 1 1996
Arizona Diamondbacks 1 2001
Minnesota Twins 1 2008
Milwaukee Brewers 1 2009
Boston Red Sox 1 2010
Detroit Tigers 1 2012
Miami Marlins 1 2016
Washington Nationals 1 2018
5
Atlanta Braves 0
Cleveland Indians 0
Colorado Rockies 0
Houston Astros 0
Kansas City Royals 0
Los Angeles Dodgers 0
Pittsburgh Pirates 0
St. Louis Cardinals 0
San Diego Padres 0
Tampa Bay Rays 0
Toronto Blue Jays 0
*In 1986, Wally Joyner of the California Angels and Darryl Strawberry of the New York Mets were declared co-champions.
Complete scoreboard[edit]
Key
Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
1980s[edit]
1985[edit]
The Metrodome, Minneapolis—A.L. 17, N.L. 16
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Jim Rice Boston 4
Eddie Murray Baltimore 4
Carlton Fisk Chicago 4
Tom Brunansky Minnesota 4
Cal Ripken Jr. Baltimore 1
National League
Dave Parker Cincinnati 6
Dale Murphy Atlanta 4
Steve Garvey San Diego 2
Ryne Sandberg Chicago 2
Jack Clark St. Louis 2
1986[edit]
Astrodome, Houston—N.L. 8, A.L. 7
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Wally Joyner California 4
Jesse Barfield Toronto 2
Jose Canseco Oakland 1
National League
Darryl Strawberry New York 4
Dave Parker Cincinnati 3
Hubie Brooks Montreal 1
1987[edit]
Oakland Coliseum, Oakland—N.L. 6, A.L. 2
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
George Bell Toronto 1
Mark McGwire Oakland 1
National League
Andre Dawson Chicago 4
Ozzie Virgil Jr. Atlanta 2
1988[edit]
Home Run Derby canceled due to rain.
1989[edit]
Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim—N.L. 9, A.L. 5
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Rubén Sierra Texas 3
Mickey Tettleton Baltimore 1
Bo Jackson Kansas City 1
Gary Gaetti Minnesota 0
National League
Eric Davis Cincinnati 3
Glenn Davis Houston 2
Howard Johnson New York 2
Kevin Mitchell San Francisco 2
1990s[edit]
1990[edit]
Wrigley Field, Chicago—N.L. 4, A.L. 1
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Mark McGwire Oakland 1
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 0
Jose Canseco Oakland 0
Cecil Fielder Detroit 0
National League
Ryne Sandberg Chicago 3
Matt Williams San Francisco 1
Bobby Bonilla Pittsburgh 0
Darryl Strawberry New York 0
1991[edit]
SkyDome, Toronto—A.L. 20, N.L. 7
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Cal Ripken Jr. Baltimore 12
Cecil Fielder Detroit 4
Joe Carter Toronto 2
Danny Tartabull Kansas City 2
National League
Paul O'Neill Cincinnati 5
George Bell Chicago 2
Chris Sabo Cincinnati 0
Howard Johnson New York 0
1992[edit]
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego—A.L. 27, N.L. 13
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Mark McGwire Oakland 12
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 7
Joe Carter Toronto 4
Cal Ripken Jr. Baltimore 4
National League
Larry Walker Montreal 4
Gary Sheffield San Diego 4
Fred McGriff San Diego 3
Barry Bonds Pittsburgh 2
1993[edit]
Camden Yards, Baltimore—A.L. 20, N.L. 12
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Juan González Texas 7
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 7 *
Cecil Fielder Detroit 4
Albert Belle Cleveland 3
National League
Barry Bonds San Francisco 5
Bobby Bonilla New York 5
David Justice Atlanta 2
Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0
* Lost in playoff to Gonzalez
1994[edit]
Three Rivers Stadium, Pittsburgh—A.L. 17, N.L. 11
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 7
Rubén Sierra Oakland 4
Frank Thomas Chicago 4
Albert Belle Cleveland 2
National League
Fred McGriff Atlanta 5
Jeff Bagwell Houston 3
Dante Bichette Colorado 3
Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0
1995[edit]
The Ballpark in Arlington, Arlington—A.L. 40, N.L. 12
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Frank Thomas Chicago 15 *
Albert Belle Cleveland 16
Mo Vaughn Boston 6
Manny Ramirez Cleveland 3
National League
Ron Gant Cincinnati 3
Sammy Sosa Chicago 2
Reggie Sanders Cincinnati 2
Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles 2
* Beat Belle in finals
1996[edit]
Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia—A.L. 36, N.L. 23
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Mark McGwire Oakland 15
Brady Anderson Baltimore 11
Jay Buhner Seattle 8
Joe Carter Toronto 2
Greg Vaughn Milwaukee 0
National League
Barry Bonds San Francisco 17
Henry Rodríguez Montreal 3
Jeff Bagwell Houston 2
Ellis Burks Colorado 1
Gary Sheffield Florida 0
1997[edit]
Jacobs Field, Cleveland—A.L. 32, N.L. 29
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Tino Martinez New York 16 *
Mark McGwire Oakland 7
Brady Anderson Baltimore 4
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 3
Nomar Garciaparra Boston 0
Jim Thome Cleveland 0
National League
Larry Walker Colorado 19
Jeff Bagwell Houston 5
Chipper Jones Atlanta 3
Ray Lankford St. Louis 2
* Beat Walker in finals
1998[edit]
Coors Field, Denver—A.L. 53, N.L. 29
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 19
Rafael Palmeiro Baltimore 10
Jim Thome Cleveland 17
Alex Rodriguez Seattle 5
Damion Easley Detroit 2
National League
Vinny Castilla Colorado 12
Moisés Alou Houston 7
Javy López Atlanta 5
Mark McGwire St. Louis 4
Chipper Jones Atlanta 1
1999[edit]
Fenway Park, Boston—N.L. 39, A.L. 23
Player
Team
Home runs
American League
Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle 16
Nomar Garciaparra Boston 2
B. J. Surhoff Baltimore 2
Shawn Green Toronto 2
John Jaha Oakland 1
National League
Jeromy Burnitz Milwaukee 14
Mark McGwire St. Louis 16 *
Jeff Bagwell Houston 6
Larry Walker Colorado 2
Sammy Sosa Chicago 1
* Lost to Burnitz in round 2
2000s[edit]
2000[edit]
Turner Field, Atlanta—N.L. 41, A.L. 21
Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total
Sammy Sosa Cubs 6 11 9 26
Ken Griffey Jr. Reds 6 3 2 11
Carl Everett Red Sox 6 6 – 12
Carlos Delgado Blue Jays 5 1 – 6
Edgar Martínez Mariners 2 – – 2
Chipper Jones Braves 2 – – 2
Vladimir Guerrero Expos 2 – – 2
Iván Rodríguez Rangers 1 – – 1
Semifinals Finals
1
Ken Griffey Jr.
3
4 Carlos Delgado 1
1
Ken Griffey Jr.
2
3 Sammy Sosa 9
2 Carl Everett 6
3 Sammy Sosa 11
2001[edit]
Safeco Field, Seattle—N.L. 41, A.L. 25
Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals
Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks 5 5 6 16
Sammy Sosa Cubs 3 8 2 13
Jason Giambi Athletics 14 6 – 20
Barry Bonds Giants 7 3 – 10
Bret Boone Mariners 3 – – 3
Todd Helton Rockies 2 – – 2
Alex Rodriguez Rangers 2 – – 2
Troy Glaus Angels 0 – – 0
Semifinals Finals
1 Jason Giambi 6
4 Sammy Sosa 8
4 Sammy Sosa 2
3 Luis Gonzalez 6
2 Barry Bonds 3
3 Luis Gonzalez 5
2002[edit]
Miller Park, Milwaukee—A.L. 42, N.L. 31
Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals
Jason Giambi Yankees 11 6 7 24
Sammy Sosa Cubs 12 5 1 18
Paul Konerko White Sox 6 6 – 12
Richie Sexson Brewers 6 4 – 10
Torii Hunter Twins 3 – – 3
Barry Bonds Giants 2 – – 2
Alex Rodriguez Rangers 2 – – 2
Lance Berkman Astros 1 – – 1
Semifinals Finals
1 Sammy Sosa 5
4 Richie Sexson 4
1 Jason Giambi 7
2 Sammy Sosa 1
2 Jason Giambi 7
3 Paul Konerko 6
* Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off
2003[edit]
U.S. Cellular Field, Chicago—A.L. 47, N.L. 39
Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total
Garret Anderson Angels 7 6 9 22
Albert Pujols Cardinals 4 14 8 26
Jason Giambi Yankees 12 11 – 23
Jim Edmonds Cardinals 4 4 – 8
Gary Sheffield Braves 4 – – 4
Carlos Delgado Blue Jays 2 – – 3
Richie Sexson Brewers 1 – – 1
Bret Boone Mariners 0 – – 0
Semifinals Finals
1 Jason Giambi 11
4 Albert Pujols 14
4 Albert Pujols 8
2 Garret Anderson 9
2 Garret Anderson 6
3 Jim Edmonds 4
2004[edit]
Minute Maid Park, Houston—A.L. 47, N.L. 41
Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total
Miguel Tejada Orioles 7 15 5 27
Lance Berkman Astros 7 10 4 21
Rafael Palmeiro Orioles 9 5 – 14
Barry Bonds Giants 8 3 – 11
Sammy Sosa Cubs 5 – – 5
Jim Thome Phillies 4 – – 4
Hank Blalock Rangers 3 – – 3
David Ortiz Red Sox 3 – – 3
2005[edit]
Comerica Park, Detroit—N.L. 66, A.L. 42
Player
Home Country
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals
Bobby Abreu Venezuela Phillies 24 6 11 41*
Iván Rodríguez Puerto Rico Tigers 7 8 5 20
David Ortiz Dominican Republic Red Sox 17 3 – 20
Carlos Lee Panama Brewers 11 4 – 15
Hee-seop Choi South Korea Dodgers 5 – – 5
Andruw Jones Netherlands Braves 5 – – 5
Mark Teixeira USA Rangers 2 – – 2
Jason Bay Canada Pirates 0 – – 0
* Total rounds record.
2006[edit]
PNC Park, Pittsburgh—N.L. 62, A.L. 24
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Ryan Howard Phillies 8 10 18 5 23
David Wright Mets 16 2 18 4 22
Miguel Cabrera Marlins 9 6 15 – 15
David Ortiz Red Sox 10 3 13 – 13
Jermaine Dye White Sox 7 – 7 – 7
Lance Berkman Astros 3 – 3 – 3
Miguel Tejada Orioles 3 – 3 – 3
Troy Glaus Blue Jays 1 – 1 – 1
2007[edit]
AT&T Park, San Francisco—A.L. 42, N.L. 32
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Vladimir Guerrero Angels 5 9 14 3a 17
Alex Ríos Blue Jays 5 12 17 2 19
Matt Holliday Rockies 5 8 13 – 13
Albert Pujols Cardinals 4 (2) 9 13 – 13
Justin Morneau Twins 4 (1) – 4 – 4
Prince Fielder Brewers 3 – 3 – 3
Ryan Howard Phillies 3 – 3 – 3
Magglio Ordóñez Tigers 2 – 2 – 2
Notes:
^a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run.
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.
2008[edit]
Yankee Stadium, New York—A.L. 66, N.L. 39
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Justin Morneau Twins 8 9 17 5 22
Josh Hamilton Rangers 28a 4b 32 3 35
Lance Berkman Astros 8 6 14 – 14
Ryan Braun Brewers 7 7 14 – 14
Dan Uggla Marlins 6 – 6 – 6
Grady Sizemore Indians 6 – 6 – 6
Chase Utley Phillies 5 – 5 – 5
Evan Longoria Rays 3 – 3 – 3
Notes:
^a New single round record.
^b Voluntarily ended round with four outs.
2009[edit]
Busch Stadium, St. Louis—N.L. 51, A.L. 31
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Prince Fielder Brewers 11 6 17 6 23
Nelson Cruz Rangers 11 5 16 5 21
Ryan Howard Phillies 7 8 15 – 15
Albert Pujols Cardinals 5 (2) 6 11 – 11
Carlos Peña Rays 5 (1) – 5 – 5
Joe Mauer Twins 5 (0) – 5 – 5
Adrian Gonzalez Padres 2 – 2 – 2
Brandon Inge Tigers 0 – 0 – 0
Notes:
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.
2010s[edit]
2010[edit]
Angel Stadium of Anaheim, Anaheim—A.L. 50, N.L. 45
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
David Ortiz Red Sox 8 13 21 11 32
Hanley Ramírez Marlins 9 12 21 5 26
Corey Hart Brewers 13 0 13 – 13
Miguel Cabrera Tigers 7 5 12 – 12
Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 – 5 – 5
Nick Swisher Yankees 4 – 4 – 4
Vernon Wells Blue Jays 2 – 2 – 2
Chris Young Diamondbacks 1 – 1 – 1
2011[edit]
Chase Field, Phoenix—A.L. 76, N.L. 19
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Robinson Canó Yankees 8 12 20 12 32
Adrian Gonzalez Red Sox 9 11 20 11 31
Prince Fielder Brewers 5 (5) 4 9 – 9
David Ortiz Red Sox 5 (4) 4 9 – 9
Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 (2) – 5 – 5
José Bautista Blue Jays 4 – 4 – 4
Rickie Weeks Jr. Brewers 3 – 3 – 3
Matt Kemp Dodgers 2 – 2 – 2
Notes:
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.
2012[edit]
Kauffman Stadium, Kansas City—A.L. 61, N.L. 21
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Prince Fielder Tigers 5 11 16 12 28
José Bautista Blue Jays 11 2 13 (2) 7 20
Mark Trumbo Angels 7 6 13 (1) — 13
Carlos Beltrán Cardinals 7 5 12 — 12
Carlos González Rockies 4 — 4 — 4
Andrew McCutchen Pirates 4 — 4 — 4
Matt Kemp Dodgers 1 — 1 — 1
Robinson Canó Yankees 0 — 0 — 0
Notes:
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.
2013[edit]
Citi Field, New York—A.L. 53, N.L. 50
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total
Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 17 6 23 9a 32
Bryce Harper Nationals 8 8 16 8 24
Michael Cuddyer Rockies 7 8 15 — 15
Chris Davis Orioles 8 4 12 — 12
Pedro Álvarez Pirates 6 — 6 — 6
Prince Fielder Tigers 5 — 5 — 5
David Wright Mets 5 — 5 — 5
Robinson Canó Yankees 4 — 4 — 4
Note:
^a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run.
2014[edit]
Target Field, Minneapolis — A.L. 54, N.L. 24
American League
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total
Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 3 (2) 9 7 9 28
José Bautista Blue Jays 10 * 4 − 14
Adam Jones Orioles 4 3 − − 7
Josh Donaldson Athletics 3 (1) − − − 3
Brian Dozier Twins 2 − − − 2
National League
Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total
Todd Frazier Reds 2 (1) 6 1 1 10
Giancarlo Stanton Marlins 6 * 0 − 6
Troy Tulowitzki Rockies 4 2 − − 6
Justin Morneau Rockies 2 (0) − − − 2
Yasiel Puig Dodgers 0 − − − 0
* designates bye round.
(designates swing off home runs).
Round 2 Round 3 (Semifinals) Finals
American League 1 José Bautista 4
2 Adam Jones 3 3 Yoenis Céspedes 7
3 Yoenis Céspedes 9 3 Yoenis Céspedes 9
3 Todd Frazier 1
National League 1 Giancarlo Stanton 0
2 Troy Tulowitzki 2 3 Todd Frazier 1
3 Todd Frazier 6
2015 Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati)[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals
1 Albert Pujols (LAA) 10
8 Kris Bryant (CHC) 9
1 Albert Pujols 11
4 Joc Pederson 12
4 Joc Pederson (LAD) 13
5 Manny Machado (BAL) 12
4 Joc Pederson 14
2 Todd Frazier 15
3 Josh Donaldson (TOR) 9
6 Anthony Rizzo (CHC) 8
3 Josh Donaldson 9
2 Todd Frazier 10
2 Todd Frazier (CIN) 14
7 Prince Fielder (TEX) 13
2016 Petco Park (San Diego)[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals
1 Mark Trumbo (BAL) 16
8 Corey Seager (LAD) 15
1 Mark Trumbo 14
5 Giancarlo Stanton 17
4 Robinson Canó (SEA) 7
5 Giancarlo Stanton (MIA) 24
5 Giancarlo Stanton 20
2 Todd Frazier 13
3 Adam Duvall (CIN) 11
6 Wil Myers (SD) 10
3 Adam Duvall 15
2 Todd Frazier 16
2 Todd Frazier (CWS) 13
7 Carlos González (COL) 12
2017 Marlins Park (Miami)[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals
1 Giancarlo Stanton (MIA) 16
8 Gary Sánchez (NYY) 17
8 Gary Sánchez 10
5 Miguel Sanó 11
4 Mike Moustakas (KC) 10
5 Miguel Sanó (MIN) 11
5 Miguel Sanó 10
2 Aaron Judge 11
3 Cody Bellinger (LAD) 15
6 Charlie Blackmon (COL) 14
3 Cody Bellinger 12
2 Aaron Judge 13
2 Aaron Judge (NYY) 23
7 Justin Bour (MIA) 22
2018 Nationals Park (Washington)[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals
1 Jesús Aguilar (MIL) 12
8 Rhys Hoskins (PHI) 17
8 Rhys Hoskins 20
5 Kyle Schwarber 21
4 Alex Bregman (HOU) 15
5 Kyle Schwarber (CHC) 16
5 Kyle Schwarber 18
2 Bryce Harper 19
3 Max Muncy (LAD) 17
6 Javier Báez (CHC) 16
3 Max Muncy 12
2 Bryce Harper 13
2 Bryce Harper (WAS) 13
7 Freddie Freeman (ATL) 12
See also[edit]
List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game winners
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baker, Jim (Jul 7, 1999). "Baseball; ESPN rift with MLB a real derby; Dispute heats up over credentials". Boston Herald. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Home Run Derby on ESPN is No. 1 on cable TV". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. July 23, 2008. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hiestand, Michael (July 7, 2009). "ESPN adds new graphics for Home Run Derby coverage". USA Today. Retrieved July 16, 2013. Monday's Home Run Derby— often cable TV's highest-rated summer event
Jump up ^ Castrovince, Anthony (July 16, 2013). "Cespedes beats Harper to claim Derby title". MLB.com.
Jump up ^ Derby to feature bracketed play as part of new format
Jump up ^ Keeney, Tim. "HR Derby Gets New Format, Rules". Retrieved 2016-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Home Run Derby to introduce new format". Major League Baseball.
Jump up ^ Corcoran, Cliff. "Home Run Derby Five-Minute Guide: Everything you need to know". www.si.com. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
Jump up ^ Silverman, Steve. "Home Run Derby 2016: Participants, Breakdown of New Rules for All-Star Showcase". Retrieved 2016-07-12.
Jump up ^ "The last time Cincinnati hosted the MLB All-Star Game, things got weird". The Sporting News.
Jump up ^ "Home Run Derby 2010: Most Memorable Derby Moments". Bleacher Report. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
Jump up ^ Multichannel.com
Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Jump up ^ MLB.com (July 7, 2015). "2015 Gillette Home Run Derby Presented By Head & Shoulders Exclusively on ESPN". ESPNMediazone.com. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ MLB.com (July 11, 2011). "Home Run Derby press conference". MLB Advanced Media, LP. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Relatively speaking, viewers still love the Home Run Derby (2002-2016 viewership)". sportstvratings.com. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
External links[edit]
MLB.com: Home Run Derby History
Baseball-Almanac.com: Home Run Derby Results and Analysis
Baseball Research Journal, SABR, "Home Run Derby Curse, Fact or Fiction?" by Joseph McCollum and Marcus Jaiclin
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text:
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
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Part of a series on
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Portugal was the leading country in the European exploration of the world in the 15th century. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the Earth outside Europe into Castilian and Portuguese global territorial hemispheres for exclusive conquest and colonization. Portugal colonized parts of South America (mostly Brazil), but also made some unsuccessful attempts to colonize North America in present-day Canada.
Contents
[hide]
1 Settlements in North America
2 Colonization of Brazil
3 Caribbean merchants
4 Colonization of Uruguay
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Settlements in North America[edit]
Portuguese North America (in present-day Canada); Vaz Dourado, c.1576.
Based on the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area visited by the Genoese explorer John Cabot in 1497 and 1498 on behalf of the Crown of England.[1] To that end, in 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the northeast Atlantic coast and Greenland, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.[2] Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502, the Corte-Real brothers explored and charted Greenland and what is today the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire. Fragmentary evidence also suggests a previous expedition in 1473 by João Vaz Corte-Real, their father, with other Europeans, to Terra Nova do Bacalhau (Newfoundland of the Codfish) in North America.[2][3] The possible voyage of 1473 and several other possible pre-Columbian expeditions to North America in the 15th century, mostly from the Azores in the case of the Portuguese (included in donation royal letters), remain matters of great controversy for scholars. Their existence is based on brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages.
In 1506, King Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.[4] João Álvares Fagundes and Pêro de Barcelos established fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521. These were later abandoned, however, when Portuguese colonizers began to focus their efforts mainly on South America. Nonetheless, the Portuguese-founded towns of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, St. Peter's, St. John's, Conception Bay and surrounding areas of east Canada remains important as a cultural region, even today.[5]
Colonization of Brazil[edit]
In 1549, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil, where they were provincial captaincies of Brazil; Luís Teixeira, 1574.
Main article: Colonial Brazil
In April 1500, the second Portuguese India Armada, headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral, with a crew of expert captains, including Bartolomeu Dias and Nicolau Coelho, encountered the Brazilian coast as it swung westward in the Atlantic while performing a large "volta do mar" to avoid becalming in the Gulf of Guinea. On 21 April 1500, a mountain was seen that was named Monte Pascoal, and on 22 April, Cabral landed on the coast, in Porto Seguro. Believing the land to be an island, he named it Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross).[6] The previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India already recorded several signs of land near its western open Atlantic Ocean route, in 1497. It has also been suggested that Duarte Pacheco Pereira may have discovered the coasts of Brazil in 1498, possible its northeast, but the exact area of the expedition and the explored regions remain unclear. On the other hand, some historians have suggested that the Portuguese may have encountered the South American bulge earlier while sailing the "volta do mar" (in the Southwest Atlantic), hence the insistence of King John II in moving the line west of the line agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.[7] From the east coast, the fleet then turned eastward to resume the journey to the southern tip of Africa and India. Landing in the New World and reaching Asia, the expedition connected four continents for the first time in history.[8]
In 1501–1502, an expedition led by Gonçalo Coelho (or André Gonçalves and/or Gaspar de Lemos), sailed south along the coast of South America to the bay of present-day Rio de Janeiro. Among his crew was the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci. According to Vespucci, the expedition reached the latitude "South Pole elevation 52° S" in the "cold" latitudes of what is now Patagonia, near the Strait of Magellan, before turning back. Vespucci wrote that they headed toward the southwest-south, following "a long, unbending coastline". This seems controversial, since he changed part of his description in the subsequent letter (stating that around 32° S, they made a shift to open sea, to south-southeast), maintaining, however, that they reached a similar 50° S latitude.[9][10]
Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer in four Spanish and Portuguese exploratory voyages. The expeditions became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to him, published between 1502 and 1504. His last two voyages to the east and southern east coasts of South America, by Portugal, especially the expedition of 1501-1502 to Brazil and beyond, and its meeting with Cabral`s ships and men (who had touched the South American, African and Asian continents) on the African coast, at Bezeguiche (the bay of Dakar, Senegal), listening the accounts of its sailors (then returning to Portugal), were the most decisive for his "New World" hypothesis. Vespucci suggested that the newly discovered lands (especially what is today South America/Brazil) were not the Indies but a "New World",[11] the Mundus novus, Latin title of a contemporary document based on Vespucci letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, which had become widely popular in Europe.[12]
Around 1508 or 1511-1512, Portuguese captains reached and explored the River Plate estuary in the present-day Uruguay and Argentina, and went as far south as the present-day Gulf of San Matias at 42°S (recorded in the Newen Zeytung auss Pressilandt meaning "New Tidings from the Land of Brazil").[13][14] Some historians have attributed this voyage to Coelho and Vespucci years before, but a good part of historians and researchers, through the sparse and comparative documentation, identify the captains and the experienced pilot of the India run ("the best Pilot of Portugal" and a "best friend" of the Fugger's Agent), with Diogo Ribeiro, Estevão Frois and the pilot João de Lisboa. The explorers also reported that after going by the 40th parallel to south, along the coast, they found a "land" or "point extending into the sea", and further south, a Gulf.[15][16]
This and the following expeditions of Cristóvão Jacques to the River Plate and into the Parana River in 1521; and of Martim Afonso de Sousa and his brother Pero Lopes de Sousa, in 1530-1532, from the Amazon river, to Lagoa dos Patos and to the rivers Plate and Paraná, reinforced and demonstrated Portuguese interest in the River Plate.
Permanent habitation in Brazil did not begin until São Vicente was founded in 1532 by Martim Afonso de Sousa, although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, used as a dye. São Vicente, by its democratic municipal prerogatives (in the tradition of Portuguese municipalism since the Middle Ages) and by the general elections to its first Câmara (City Council) on August 22, 1532, is symbolically considered the birthplace of democracy in the Americas.
From 1534 to 1536, 15 Captaincy colonies were created in Portuguese America. The captaincies were autonomous, and mostly private, colonies of the Portuguese Empire, each owned and run by a Captain-major.
In 1549, due to their failure and limited success, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil. The captaincy colonies were reorganized as provincial districts to the Governorate. The captaincies continued to be ruled by their hereditary captain-majors but they now reported to the Governor-General of Brazil. The new system was implemented so that Portuguese America could be managed correctly and provide a steady and wealthy income for the Portuguese Empire. The capital of the new governorate established its capital at São Salvador and the first Jesuits arrived the same year.
With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native and later African slaves.
From 1565 through 1567, Mem de Sá, the third Governor General of Brazil, successfully destroyed a ten-year-old French colony called France Antarctique, at Guanabara Bay. He and his nephew, Estácio de Sá, then founded the city of Rio de Janeiro in March 1567.
In 1621, Philip II of Portugal divided the Governorate General of Brazil into two separate and autonomous colonies, the State of Maranhão and the State of Brazil. Regarding this period it is preferable to refer to "Portuguese America" rather than "Portuguese Brazil" or "Colonial Brazil", as the states were two separate colonies, each with their own governor general and government.
Between 1630 and 1654, the Netherlands came to control part of Brazil's Northeast region, with their capital in Recife. The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese.
In 1751, the State of Maranhão was restructured into the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, with a new capital and government.
In 1772, the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão was split into two new states, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí. The new states would fare poorly and only last 3 years.
In 1775, the three colonies of Portuguese America (the State of Brazil, the State of Maranhão and Piauí; and the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro) were united into a singular colony, under the State of Brazil. This arrangement would last until the end of Colonial Brazil. As a result, Brazil did not split into several countries, as happened to its Spanish-speaking neighbors.
Caribbean merchants[edit]
The Early Navigators practically have been to the entire Caribbean, from The Bahamas to Jamaica. Papiamento, one of the languages spoken in the islands, is a mixture of Portuguese and African languages.[17]
Portuguese merchants have been trading in the West Indies. To such an extent, that, for instance, for the Portuguese town of Póvoa de Varzim, most of its seafarers dying abroad, most of the deaths occurred in the Route of the Antilles, in the West Indies. At the turn of the 17th century, with the union with Castile, the Spanish kings favored the free movement of the people, and other lands of the New World, such as Peru and the Gulf of Mexico, were open to the Portuguese merchants.[18]
Colonization of Uruguay[edit]
The Portuguese founded the first Uruguayan city, Colónia do Sacramento.[19]
See also[edit]
Atlantic World
Barbados
Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
Portuguese Guyanese
Colonial Brazil
Portuguese in Mexico
Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (archives in Lisbon documenting Portuguese Empire, including the Americas)
Former colonies and territories in Canada
History of Brazil
Jesuit Reductions
Portugal in the period of discoveries
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Cabot's voyage of 1498". Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage). 2000. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Bailey Bailey Wallys Diffie (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415-1580. U of Minnesota Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-8166-0782-2.
Jump up ^ Vigneras, L.-A. (1979) [1966]. "Corte-Real, Miguel". In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Jump up ^ "PORTUGUESE BULLS, FIRST IN NORTH AMERICA". Dr. Manuel Luciano da Silva. 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting/About_Our_Town/History
Jump up ^ N. McAlister, Lyle. (1984) Spain and Portugal in the New World: 1492–1700. p. 75.
Jump up ^ Crow 1992, p. 136.
Jump up ^ [1] Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Bailey Wallys Diffie and George D. Winius - Page 187, University of Minnesota Press, 1977
Jump up ^ [2] The Invention of America. Indiana University Press. pp. 106–107, by Edmundo O'Gorman
Jump up ^ [3] Imago Mvndi -Brill Archive - Leiden, Editorial Board. Leo Bagrow, Stokholm - New light on Vespucci`s third voyage, By R. Levillier pp. 40-45
Jump up ^ Arciniegas 1978, pp. 295–300.
Jump up ^ Diffie 1977, pp. 458.
Jump up ^ Bethell, Leslie (1984). The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 1, Colonial Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 257. [4]
Jump up ^ Laguarda Trias, Rolando A. (1988). Pilotos portugueses en el Rio de La Plata durante el siglo XVI. Coimbra: UC Biblioteca Geral 1. pp. 59–61. [5]
Jump up ^ Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt (in ancient german and portuguese) Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt
Jump up ^ Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate. The Spanish Lake. Canberra: ANU E Press, 2004. p. 37. [6]
Jump up ^ http://guardian.co.tt/letters/2011/06/13/portuguese-caribbean
Jump up ^ Amorim, Manuel (2003). A Póvoa Antiga. Na Linha do horizonte - Biblioteca Poveira CMPV.
Jump up ^ http://www.exploringuruguay.com/cool-stuff/uruguay-facts-2/
External links[edit]
The Corte-Real explorations of North America in the official Library and Archives Canada website.
Vigneras, L.-A. (1979) [1966]. "Fagundes, João Álvares". In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
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Portuguese overseas empire
[show]
North Africa
15th century
1415–1640 Ceuta
1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662 Tangier
1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century Ouadane
1488–1541 Safim (Safi)
1489 Graciosa
16th century
1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)
1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah)
[show]
Sub-Saharan Africa
15th century
1455–1633 Anguim
1462–1975 Cape Verde
1470–1975 São Tomé1
1471–1975 Príncipe1
1474–1778 Annobón
1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast
1508–15472 Madagascar3
1498–1540 Mascarene Islands
16th century
1500–1630 Malindi
1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659 Saint Helena
1503–1698 Zanzibar
1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511 Socotra
1557–1578 Accra
1575–1975 Portuguese Angola
1588–1974 Cacheu4
1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa)
17th century
1645–1888 Ziguinchor
1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá
1687–1974 Bissau4
18th century
1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa)
1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
19th century
1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea
1885–1974 Portuguese Congo5
1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
2 Or 1600.
3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.
[show]
Middle East [Persian Gulf]
16th century
1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas)
1507–1643 Sohar
1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648 Quriyat
1515–? Qalhat
1515–1650 Muscat
1515?–? Barka
1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529? Qatif
1521?–1551? Tarut Island
1550–1551 Qatif
1588–1648 Matrah
17th century
1620–? Khor Fakkan
1621?–? As Sib
1621–1622 Qeshm
1623–? Khasab
1623–? Libedia
1624–? Kalba
1624–? Madha
1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–? Bandar-e Kong
[show]
Indian subcontinent
15th century
1498–1545
Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)
16th century
Portuguese India
• 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)
• 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)
• 1502–1658
1659–1661
Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)
• 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961 Goa
• 1512–1525
1750
Calicut
(Kozhikode)
• 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740 Chaul
(Portuguese India)
• 1523–1662 Mylapore
• 1528–1666
Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)
• 1531–1571 Chaul
• 1531–1571 Chalé
• 1534–1601 Salsette Island
• 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535 Ponnani
• 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612 Surat
• 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961 Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659 Mangalore
(Portuguese India)
• 1579–1632 Hugli
• 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521 Maldives
1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573 Maldives
17th century
Portuguese India
• 1687–1749 Mylapore
18th century
Portuguese India
• 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
[show]
East Asia and Oceania
16th century
1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]
1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575 Ternate
• 1576–1605 Ambon
• 1578–1650 Tidore
1512–1665 Makassar
1557–1999 Macau [China]
1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan]
17th century
1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1
19th century
Portuguese Macau
• 1864–1999 Coloane
• 1851–1999 Taipa
• 1890–1999 Ilha Verde
20th century
Portuguese Macau
• 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
[show]
North America & North Atlantic
15th century [Atlantic islands]
1420 Madeira
1432 Azores
16th century [Canada]
1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
1500–1579? Labrador
1516–1579? Nova Scotia
[show]
South America & Antilles
16th century
1500–1822 Brazil
• 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572 Brazil
• 1572–1578 Bahia
• 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607 Brazil
• 1621–1815 Brazil
1536–1620 Barbados
17th century
1621–1751 Maranhão
1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento
18th century
1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão
1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí
19th century
1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay)
1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)
Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies
Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese colonial architecture
Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
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