text:
List of VFL/AFL players to have played 300 games
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This is a list of players who have played 300 or more games in the Australian Football League (AFL), previously known as the Victorian Football League (VFL).[1] This list includes only senior home-and-away matches and finals; representative games (i.e. State of Origin or International Rules), pre-season and Night Series games are excluded from the totals.
The AFL is the successor to the VFL, explaining the overwhelming representation of Victorian clubs. This list of players is often colloquially referred to as the 300 club.
Contents
1 AFL Life Membership
2 List of players
3 Games record holder
4 Most time teammates
5 See also
6 References
AFL Life Membership[edit]
Individuals who have participated as a player, coach and/or umpire in 300 senior games in league-sanctioned games — including home-and-away, pre-season, state representative, and International rules games — are awarded life membership of the AFL.[2]
List of players[edit]
Current to the end of round 10, 2018
^ Active AFL player
Player
Games
Club(s)
Career span
Brent Harvey 432 North Melbourne 1996–2016
Michael Tuck 426 Hawthorn 1972–1991
Kevin Bartlett 403 Richmond 1965–1983
Dustin Fletcher 400 Essendon 1993–2015
Robert Harvey 383 St Kilda 1988–2008
Simon Madden 378 Essendon 1974–1992
Craig Bradley 375 Carlton 1986–2002
Adam Goodes 372 Sydney 1999–2015
Bernie Quinlan 366 Footscray (177)
Fitzroy (189) 1969–1977
1978–1986
Brad Johnson 364 Western Bulldogs 1994–2010
John Blakey 359 Fitzroy (135)
North Melbourne (224) 1985–1992
1993–2002
Bruce Doull 356 Carlton 1969–1986
Paul Roos 356 Fitzroy (269)
Sydney (87) 1982–1994
1995–1998
Matthew Pavlich 353 Fremantle 2000–2016
Shaun Burgoyne^ 351 Port Adelaide (157)
Hawthorn (194) 2002–2009
2010–present
Doug Hawkins 350 Footscray (329)
Fitzroy (21) 1978–1994
1995
Chris Grant 341 Western Bulldogs 1990–2007
Andrew McLeod 340 Adelaide 1995–2010
John Rantall 336 South Melbourne (260)
North Melbourne (70)
Fitzroy (6) 1963–72, 1976-79
1973–1975
1980
Nick Riewoldt 336 St Kilda 2001–2017
Kevin Murray 333 Fitzroy 1955–1974
David Cloke 333 Richmond (219)
Collingwood (114) 1974–1982, 1990–1991
1983–1989
Leigh Matthews 332 Hawthorn 1969–1985
Justin Madden 332 Essendon (45)
Carlton (287) 1980–1982
1983–1996
Corey Enright 332 Geelong 2001–2016
Drew Petrie 332 North Melbourne (316)
West Coast (16) 2001-2016
2017
Gary Dempsey 329 Footscray (207)
North Melbourne (122) 1967–1978
1979–1984
Sam Mitchell 329 Hawthorn (307)
West Coast (22) 2002–2016
2017
John Nicholls 328 Carlton 1957–1974
Barry Round 328 Footscray (135)
South Melbourne (193) 1969–1975
1976–1985
Brendon Goddard^ 326 St Kilda (205)
Essendon (121) 2003-2012
2013-present
Ian Nankervis 325 Geelong 1967–1983
Jason Akermanis 325 Brisbane Bears (38)
Brisbane Lions (210)
Western Bulldogs (77) 1995–1996
1997–2006
2007–2010
Jude Bolton 325 Sydney 1999–2013
Paul Salmon 324 Essendon (224)
Hawthorn (100) 1983–1995, 2002
1996–2000
Scott West 324 Western Bulldogs 1993–2008
Nathan Burke 323 St Kilda 1987–2003
Simon Black 322 Brisbane Lions 1998–2013
Nick Dal Santo 322 St Kilda (260)
North Melbourne (62) 2002–2013
2014–2016
E.J. "Ted" Whitten 321 Footscray 1951–1970
Stewart Loewe 321 St Kilda 1986–2002
Tyson Edwards 321 Adelaide 1995–2010
Dick Reynolds 320 Essendon 1933-1951
Luke Hodge^ 318 Hawthorn (305)
Brisbane Lions (13) 2002-2017
2018-present
Marcus Ashcroft 318 Brisbane Bears (152)
Brisbane Lions (166) 1989–1996
1997–2003
Jarrad McVeigh^ 313 Sydney 2004-present
Terry Daniher 313 South Melbourne (19)
Essendon (294) 1976–1977
1978–1992
Tony Shaw 313 Collingwood 1977–1994
Roger Merrett 313 Essendon (149)
Brisbane Bears (164) 1978–1987
1988–1996
James Kelly 313 Geelong (273)
Essendon (40) 2002-2015
2016-2017
Gary Ablett Jr.^ 312 Geelong (202)
Gold Coast (110) 2002-2010, 2018-present
2011-2017
Jack Dyer 312 Richmond 1931–1949
Stephen Silvagni 312 Carlton 1985–2001
Mark Ricciuto 312 Adelaide 1993–2007
Robert Murphy 312 Western Bulldogs 2000-2017
Ben Hart 311 Adelaide 1992–2006
Glenn Archer 311 North Melbourne 1992–2007
Scott Thompson 308 Melbourne (39)
Adelaide (269) 2001–2004
2005–2017
Tim Watson 307 Essendon 1977–1994
Gordon Coventry 306 Collingwood 1920–1937
Wayne Schimmelbusch 306 North Melbourne 1973–1987
Alastair Lynch 306 Fitzroy (120)
Brisbane Bears (32)
Brisbane Lions (154) 1988–1993
1994–1996
1997–2004
Paul Williams 306 Collingwood (189)
Sydney (117) 1991–2000
2001–2006
David Neitz 306 Melbourne 1993–2008
Adam Simpson 306 North Melbourne 1995–2009
Shane Crawford 305 Hawthorn 1993–2008
Jimmy Bartel 305 Geelong 2002–2016
Russell Greene 304 St Kilda (120)
Hawthorn (184) 1974–1980
1980–1988
Chris Langford 303 Hawthorn 1983–1997
Michael O'Loughlin 303 Sydney 1995–2009
Don Scott 302 Hawthorn 1967–1981
Luke Power 302 Brisbane Lions (282)
Greater Western Sydney (20) 1998–2011
2012
Len Thompson 301 Collingwood (268)
South Melbourne (20)
Fitzroy (13) 1965–1978
1979
1980
Shannon Grant 301 Sydney (58)
North Melbourne (243) 1995–1997
1998–2008
Sam Newman 300 Geelong 1964–1980
Francis Bourke 300 Richmond 1967–1981
Barry Breen 300 St Kilda 1965–1982
Kelvin Moore 300 Hawthorn 1970–1984
Garry Foulds 300 Essendon 1974–1989
Mick Martyn 300 North Melbourne (287)
Carlton (13) 1988–2002
2003
Rohan Smith 300 Western Bulldogs 1992–2006
Gavin Wanganeen 300 Essendon (127)
Port Adelaide (173) 1991–1996
1997–2006
Kane Cornes 300 Port Adelaide 2001–2015
Kade Simpson^ 300 Carlton 2003-present
Games record holder[edit]
This is a list of players who have held the record for total number of games played in the VFL/AFL at senior level, from 1897 starting with the first player to reach 100 games.
Player
Games
Club(s)
Career span
Record surpassed [3]
Charlie Pannam 193 Collingwood (179)
Richmond (14) 1897-1907
1908 (First VFL/AFL Player to reach 100 games)
Fred Elliott 209 Melbourne (12)
Carlton (197) 1899
1900-1901; 1903-1911 1910: Grand Final
Jock McHale 261 Collingwood 1903-1920 1914: Round 10
Vic Thorp 263 Richmond 1910-1925 1925: Round 15
Gordon Coventry 306 Collingwood 1920-1937 1935: Round 11
Jack Dyer 312 Richmond 1931-1949 1949: Round 9
Dick Reynolds 320 Essendon 1933-1951 1950: Round 14
Ted Whitten 321 Footscray 1951-1970 1970: Round 5
John Nicholls 328 Carlton 1957-1974 1974: Round 9
Kevin Murray 333 Fitzroy 1955-1964; 1967-1974 1974: Round 18
John Rantall 336 South Melbourne (260)
North Melbourne (70)
Fitzroy (6) 1963-1972; 1976-1979
1973-1975
1980 1980: Round 7
Kevin Bartlett 403 Richmond 1965-1983 1980: Qualifying Final
Michael Tuck 426 Hawthorn 1972-1991 1990: Round 22
Brent Harvey 432 North Melbourne 1996–2016 2016: Round 19
Current to January 1, 2017
Most time teammates[edit]
List of player pairs playing 300 or more games together
Player
Games
Club(s)
Career span
Tyson Edwards & Andrew McLeod 307 Adelaide 1995–2010
Jude Bolton & Adam Goodes 301 Sydney 1999–2013
See also[edit]
Australian rules footballers with 200 games for one club
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "All Time Records – 200 Games". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Witham, Jennifer (29 January 2009). "AFL announces 10 life membership inductees". AFL.com.au. Australian Football League. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ SEN Inside Football (Vol.46 No.26 / Issue 1529 / July 28 - August 3, 2016 / Page 3)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_VFL/AFL_players_to_have_played_300_games&oldid=852632653"
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Chemical decomposition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler compounds.[1] Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis.
The details of a decomposition process are not always well defined but some of the process is understood; much energy is needed to break bonds. Since all decomposition reactions break apart the bonds holding it together in order to produce into its simpler basic parts, the reactions would require some form of this energy in varying degrees. Because of this fundamental rule, it is known that most of these reactions are endothermic although exceptions do exist.
The stability of a chemical compound is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions such as heat, radiation, humidity, or the acidity of a solvent. Because of this chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. However chemical decomposition is being used in a growing number of ways.
For example this method is employed for several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally decomposition reactions are used today for a number of other reasons in the production of a wide variety of products. One of these is the explosive breakdown reaction of sodium azide [(NaN3)2] into nitrogen gas (N2) and sodium (Na). It is this process which powers the life-saving airbags present in virtually all of today's automobiles.[2]
Of the six known basic decomposition reactions, this discussion will focus on what are referred to as the 'three broad types' and considered to be the most common. These three are the thermal, electrolytic, and catalytic decomposition reactions.[3]
Contents
1 Reaction formula
1.1 Additional examples
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Reaction formula[edit]
In the breakdown of a compound into its constituent parts, the generalized reaction for chemical decomposition is:
AB → A + B
An example is the electrolysis of water to the gases hydrogen and oxygen:
2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Additional examples[edit]
Play media
An experiment describing catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. A concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution can be easily decomposed to water and oxygen.
An example of a spontaneous (without addition of an external energy source) decomposition is that of hydrogen peroxide which slowly decomposes into water and oxygen (see video at right):
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
It should also be noted that this reaction is one of the exceptions to the endothermic nature of decomposition reactions.
Other reactions involving decomposition do require the input of external energy. This energy can be in the form of heat, radiation, electricity, or light. The latter being the reason some chemical compounds, such as many prescription medicines, are kept and stored in dark bottles which reduce or eliminate the possibility of light reaching them and initiating decomposition.
When heated, carbonates will decompose. A notable exception is carbonic acid, (H2CO3).[4] Commonly seen as the "fizz" in carbonated beverages, carbonic acid will spontaneously decompose over time into carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is written as:
H2CO3 → H2O + CO2
Other carbonates will decompose when heated to produce their corresponding metal oxide and carbon dioxide.[5] The following equation is an example, where M represents the given metal:
MCO3 → MO + CO2
A specific example is that involving calcium carbonate:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Metal chlorates also decompose when heated. In this type of decomposition reaction, a metal chloride and oxygen gas are the products. Here, again, M represents the metal:
2 MClO3 → 2 MCl+ 3 O2
A common decomposition of a chlorate is in the reaction of potassium chlorate where oxygen is the product. This can be written as:
2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
See also[edit]
Analytical chemistry
Thermal decomposition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Helmenstine, Anne Marie (June 11, 2016). "What Is a Decomposition or Analysis Reaction in Chemistry?". Chemical Decomposition Reaction (Website). Retrieved 2017-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Chemical reactions in Everyday life". prezi.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
Jump up ^ Lindsay, K (May 1, 2014). "Types of Decomposition Reactions". Learning Tools For Free. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ ibburke (2011-03-27). "Decomposition of Carbonic Acid Culminating by Elizabeth Burke". ibburke. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
Jump up ^ Walker, MS (2016) [Available now]. "Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions". Quizlet.com/MSWalker22 (Audio-Video Online Lecture). Online Series in Organic Chemistry. Retrieved 2017-03-04. (Registration required (help)).
External links[edit]
Look up chemical decomposition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chemical decomposition.
https://quizlet.com/42968634/types-of-decomposition-reactions-flash-cards/ PDF
Biodegradation database
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Democracy in America
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This article is about the book written by Tocqueville. For the actual system of government of the United States, see Politics of the United States.
Democracy in America
Title page of Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville, printed at New York, 1838
Author
Alexis de Tocqueville
Original title
De la démocratie en Amérique
Language
French
Publisher
Saunders and Otley (London)
Publication date
1835–1840
De La Démocratie en Amérique (French pronunciation: [dəla demɔkʁasi ɑ̃n‿ameˈʁik]; published in two volumes, the first in 1835[1] and the second in 1840)[2] is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville. Its title translates as On Democracy in America, but English translations are usually simply entitled Democracy in America. In the book, Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years.
In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont were sent by the French government to study the American prison system. In his later letters Tocqueville indicates that he and Beaumont used their official business as a pretext to study American society instead.[3] They arrived in New York City in May of that year and spent nine months traveling the United States, studying the prisons, and collecting information on American society, including its religious, political, and economic character. The two also briefly visited Canada, spending a few days in the summer of 1831 in what was then Lower Canada (modern-day Quebec) and Upper Canada (modern-day Ontario).
After they returned to France in February 1832, Tocqueville and Beaumont submitted their report, Du système pénitentiaire aux États-Unis et de son application en France, in 1833. When the first edition was published, Beaumont, sympathetic to social justice, was working on another book, Marie, ou, L'esclavage aux Etats-Unis (two volumes, 1835), a social critique and novel describing the separation of races in a moral society and the conditions of slaves in the United States. Before finishing Democracy in America, Tocqueville believed that Beaumont's study of the United States would prove more comprehensive and penetrating.[4]
Contents
1 Purpose
2 Main themes
2.1 The Puritan Founding
2.2 The Federal Constitution
2.3 Situation of women
3 Summary
4 Impact
5 Translated versions of Democracy in America and effects on meaning
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Bibliography
8.1 Translations
8.2 French studies
9 External links
Purpose[edit]
He begins his book by describing the change in social conditions taking place. He observed that over the previous seven hundred years the social and economic conditions of men had become more equal. The aristocracy, Tocqueville believed, was gradually disappearing as the modern world experienced the beneficial effects of equality. Tocqueville traced the development of equality to a number of factors, such as granting all men permission to enter the clergy, widespread economic opportunity resulting from the growth of trade and commerce, the royal sale of titles of nobility as a monarchical fundraising tool, and the abolition of primogeniture.[5]
Tocqueville described this revolution as a "providential fact"[5] of an "irresistible revolution," leading some to criticize the determinism found in the book. However, based on Tocqueville's correspondences with friends and colleagues, Marvin Zetterbaum, Professor Emeritus at University of California Davis, concludes that the Frenchman never accepted democracy as determined or inevitable. He did, however, consider equality more just and therefore found himself among its partisans.[6]
Given the social state that was emerging, Tocqueville believed that a "new political science" would be needed, in order to:
[I]nstruct democracy, if possible to reanimate its beliefs, to purify its motives, to regulate its movements, to substitute little by little the science of affairs for its inexperience, and knowledge of its true instincts for its blind instincts; to adapt its government to time and place; to modify it according to circumstances and men: such is the first duty imposed on those who direct society in our day.[7]
The remainder of the book can be interpreted as an attempt to accomplish this goal thereby giving advice to those people who would experience this change in social states.
Main themes[edit]
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2011)
The Puritan Founding[edit]
Tocqueville begins his study of the U.S. by explaining the contribution of the Puritans. According to him, the Puritans established the U.S. democratic social state of equality. They arrived equals in education and were all middle class. In addition, Tocqueville observes that they contributed a synthesis of religion and political liberty in America that was uncommon in Europe, particularly in France. He calls the Puritan Founding the "seed" of his entire work.
The Federal Constitution[edit]
Tocqueville believed that the Puritans established the principle of sovereignty of the people in the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. The American Revolution then popularized this principle, followed by the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which developed institutions to manage popular will. While Tocqueville speaks highly of the U.S. Constitution, he believes that the mores, or "habits of mind" of the U.S. people play a more prominent role in the protection of freedom. These include:
Township democracy
Mores, laws, and circumstances
Tyranny of the majority
Religion and beliefs
The family
Individualism
Associations
Self-interest rightly understood
Materialism
Situation of women[edit]
Tocqueville was one of the first social critics to examine the situation of U.S. women and to identify the concept of Separate Spheres.[8] The section Influence of Democracy on Manners Properly So Called of the second volume is devoted to his observations of women's status in U.S. society. He writes: "In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other, but in two pathways that are always different."[9]
He argues that the collapse of aristocracy lessened the patriarchal rule in the family where fathers would control daughters' marriages, meaning that women had the option of remaining unmarried and retaining a higher degree of independence. Married women, by contrast, lost all independence "in the bonds of matrimony" as "in America paternal discipline [by the woman's father] is very relaxed and the conjugal tie very strict".[10]
Because of his own view that a woman could not act on a level equal to a man, he saw a woman as needing her father's support to retain independence in marriage. Consistent with this limited view of the potential of women to act as equals to men, as well as his apparently missing on his travels seeing the nurturing roles that many men in the United States played, particularly in the Delaware Valley region of cultures where there was a lot of influence by Society of Friends as well as a tradition of male and female equality, Tocqueville considered the separate spheres of women and men a positive development, stating:[8]
"As for myself, I do not hesitate to avow that although the women of the United States are confined within the narrow circle of domestic life, and their situation is in some respects one of extreme dependence, I have nowhere seen women occupying a loftier position; and if I were asked, (...) to what the singular prosperity and growing strength of that people ought mainly to be attributed, I should reply,—to the superiority of their women."[11]
Summary[edit]
The primary focus of Democracy in America is an analysis of why republican representative democracy has succeeded in the United States while failing in so many other places. Tocqueville seeks to apply the functional aspects of democracy in the United States to what he sees as the failings of democracy in his native France.[12]
Tocqueville speculates on the future of democracy in the United States, discussing possible threats to democracy and possible dangers of democracy. These include his belief that democracy has a tendency to degenerate into "soft despotism" as well as the risk of developing a tyranny of the majority. He observes that the strong role religion played in the United States was due to its separation from the government, a separation all parties found agreeable. He contrasts this to France where there was what he perceived to be an unhealthy antagonism between democrats and the religious, which he relates to the connection between church and state. Tocqueville also outlines the possible excesses of passion for equality among men, foreshadowing the totalitarian states of the twentieth century.
Insightful analysis of political society was supplemented in the second volume by description of civil society as a sphere of private and civilian affairs.[13]
Tocqueville observed that social mechanisms have paradoxes, as in what later became known as the Tocqueville effect: "social frustration increases as social conditions improve".[14] He wrote that this growing hatred of social privilege, as social conditions improve, leads to the state concentrating more power to itself.
Tocqueville's views on the United States took a darker turn after 1840, however, as made evident in Aurelian Craiutu's Tocqueville on America after 1840: Letters and Other Writings.
Impact[edit]
Democracy in America was published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the other in 1840. It was immediately popular in both Europe and the United States, while also having a profound impact on the French population. By the twentieth century, it had become a classic work of political science, social science, and history. It is a commonly assigned reading for undergraduates of American universities majoring in the political or social sciences, and part of the introductory political theory syllabus at Cambridge, Oxford, Princeton and other institutions. In the introduction to his translation of the book, Harvard Professor Harvey C. Mansfield calls it "at once the best book ever written on democracy and the best book ever written on America."[15]
Tocqueville's work is often acclaimed for making a number of astute predictions. He anticipates the potential acrimony over the abolition of slavery that would tear apart the United States and lead to the American Civil War as well as the eventual superpower rivalry between the United States and Russia, which exploded after World War II and spawned the Cold War.
Noting the rise of the industrial sector in the American economy, Tocqueville, some scholars have argued, also correctly predicted that an industrial aristocracy would rise from the ownership of labor. He warned that '...friends of democracy must keep an anxious eye peeled in this direction at all times', observing that the route of industry was the gate by which a newfound wealthy class might potentially dominate, although he himself believed that an industrial aristocracy would differ from the formal aristocracy of the past.
On the other hand, Tocqueville proved shortsighted in noting that a democracy's equality of conditions stifles literary development. In spending several chapters lamenting the state of the arts in America, he fails to envision the literary Renaissance that would shortly arrive in the form of such major writers as Edgar Allan Poe, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman. Equally, in dismissing the country's interest in science as limited to pedestrian applications for streamlining the production of material goods, he failed to imagine America's burgeoning appetite for pure scientific research and discovery.
According to Tocqueville, democracy had some unfavorable consequences: the tyranny of the majority over thought, a preoccupation with material goods, and isolated individuals.
Translated versions of Democracy in America and effects on meaning[edit]
Henry Reeve, translated 1835[16]
This translation was completed by Reeve and later revised by Francis Bowen. In 1945, it was reissued in a modern edition by Alfred A. Knopf edited and with an extensive historical essay by Phillips Bradley.
George Lawrence, translated in 1966 with an introduction by J. P. Mayer[17]
Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, translated circa 2000[18]
Gerald Bevan, translated circa 2003[19]
Arthur Goldhammer, translated circa 2004[20]
James T. Schleifer, edited by Eduardo Nolla and published by Liberty Fund in March 2010[21]
Bilingual edition based on the authoritative edition of the original French-language text.
See also[edit]
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America
Economic sociology
Tocqueville effect
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ de Tocqueville, Alexis (1835). De la démocratie en Amérique. I (1 ed.). Paris: Librairie de Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 24 June 2015. via Gallica; de Tocqueville, Alexis (1835). De la démocratie en Amérique. II (1 ed.). Paris: Librairie de Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 24 June 2015. via Gallica
Jump up ^ de Tocqueville, Alexis (1840). De la démocratie en Amérique. III (1 ed.). Paris: Librairie de Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 24 June 2015. via Gallica; de Tocqueville, Alexis (1840). De la démocratie en Amérique. IV (1 ed.). Paris: Librairie de Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 24 June 2015. via Gallica
Jump up ^ Johri, Vikram. "'Alexis de Tocqueville': the first French critic of the US". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Tocqueville, Alexis de (2000). Democracy in America. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. p. 13. ISBN 0-226-80532-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Tocqueville, Alexis de (2000). Democracy in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80532-8.
Jump up ^ Zetterbaum, Marvin (1967). Tocqueville and the problem of democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Jump up ^ Tocqueville, Alexis de (2000). Democracy in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-226-80532-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Kerber, Linda K. (1988). "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History". The Journal of American History. University of North Carolina Press. 75 (1): 9–39. doi:10.2307/1889653. Full text available online
Jump up ^ Tocqueville, Alexis de (1840). "Chapter XII: How the Americans understand the Equality of the sexes". Democracy in America. London: Saunders and Otley. p. 101.
Jump up ^ Tocqueville, Alexis de (1840). "Chapter X: The young Woman in the Character of a Wife". Democracy in America. London: Saunders and Otley. pp. 79–81.
Jump up ^ Tocqueville, Alexis de (1840). "Chapter XII: How the Americans understand the Equality of the sexes". Democracy in America. London: Saunders and Otley. p. 106.
Jump up ^ L. Jaume, Tocqueville, Fayard 2008
Jump up ^ Zaleski, Pawel. "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality". Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte. Felix Meiner Verlag emocratie liberale, Paris, Mare et Martin, 2007. 50.
Jump up ^ Swedberg, Richard (2009). Tocqueville's Political Economy. Princeton University Press. p. 260. ISBN 9781400830084.
Jump up ^ Tocqueville, Alexis de (2000). Democracy in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80532-8.
Jump up ^ "Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Note on the Translation". Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ ASIN 0060956666
Jump up ^ http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo3612682.html[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ ASIN 0140447601
Jump up ^ "Democracy in America: Translator's Note – Arthur Goldhammer". Loa.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Democracy in America De la Démocratie en Amérique". Libertyfund.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Bibliography[edit]
Manent, Pierre. Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy (1996)
Morton, F. L. "Sexual Equality and the Family in Tocqueville's Democracy in America," Canadian Journal of Political Science (1984) 17#2 pp. 309–324 in JSTOR
Schleifer, James T. The Chicago Companion to Tocqueville's Democracy in America (U of Chicago Press, 2012)
Schneck, Stephen. "New Readings of Tocqueville's America: Lessons for Democracy," Polity (1992) 25#2 pp. 283–298 in JSTOR
Welch, Cheryl B. ed. Cambridge Companion to Tocqueville (2006) excerpt and text search
Zetterbaum, Marvin. Tocqueville and the Problem of Democracy (1967)
Translations[edit]
Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Arthur Goldhammer, trans.; Olivier Zunz, ed.) (The Library of America, 2004) ISBN 1-931082-54-5
Tocqueville, Democracy in America (George Lawrence, trans.; J. P. Mayer, ed.; New York: Perennial Classics, 2000)
Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Harvey Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, trans., ed.; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000)
French studies[edit]
Jean-Louis Benoît, Tocqueville Moraliste, Paris, Honore champion, 2004.
Arnaud Coutant, Tocqueville et la Constitution democratique, Paris, Mare et Martin, 2008.
A. Coutant, Une Critique republicaine de la democratie liberale, Paris, Mare et Martin, 2007.
Laurence Guellec, Tocqueville : l'apprentissage de la liberté, Michalon, 1996.
Lucien Jaume, Tocqueville, les sources aristocratiques de la liberte, Bayard, 2008.
Eric Keslassy, le liberalisme de Tocqueville à l'epreuve du paupérisme, L'Harmattan, 2000
F. Melonio, Tocqueville et les Français, 1993.
External links[edit]
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
De la démocratie en Amérique
Democracy in America, complete, at The University of Adelaide Library
1831 Notes of Alexis de Tocqueville in Lower Canada
Democracy in America, the full book text (Note: this is public domain)
Democracy in America, Volume 1 at Project Gutenberg
Democracy in America, Volume 2 at Project Gutenberg
Booknotes, February 26, 1995 – Interview with Alan Ryan on the writing of the introduction to the 1994 edition of Democracy in America. (Page includes transcript)
Booknotes, December 17, 2000 – Interview with Harvey Mansfield on the 2000 University of Chicago Press edition of Democracy in America, which he and his wife, Delba Winthrop, translated and edited. (Page includes transcript)
Audiolivre : De la démocratie en Amérique. Première partie. (7h 31min) (en français)
Alexis de Tocqueville: Tyranny of the Majority EDSITEment from the National Endowment for the Humanities
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I Can't Hold Back
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"I Can't Hold Back"
Single by Survivor
from the album Vital Signs
B-side
"I See You In Everyone"
Released
1984
Genre
Rock
Label
Scotti Brothers
Songwriter(s)
Jim Peterik, Frankie Sullivan
Producer(s)
Ron Nevison
Survivor singles chronology
"The Moment of Truth"
(1984) "I Can't Hold Back"
(1984) "High on You"
(1985)
"The Moment of Truth"
(1984) "I Can't Hold Back"
(1984) "High on You"
(1985)
"I Can't Hold Back" is a song recorded by the rock band Survivor. It was the first hit single from their 1984 album Vital Signs (their first album with vocalist Jimi Jamison). The song peaked at #13 in December 1984 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also peaked at #1 for three weeks on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
The song is featured twice in the film Paul Blart: Mall Cop as the love theme between the characters Paul and Amy.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 616.
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Bill Syniar
Mickey Curry
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Klem Hayes
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Chris Grove
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"Eye of the Tiger"
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Related articles
The Ides of March
Pride of Lions
Book:Survivor

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Timeline of the American Revolution
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Timeline of the American Revolution — timeline of the political upheaval in the 18th century in which Thirteen Colonies in North America joined together for independence from the British Empire, and after victory in the Revolutionary War combined to form the United States of America. The American Revolution includes political, social, and military aspects. The revolutionary era is generally considered to have begun with the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 and ended with the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights in 1791. The military phase of the revolution, the American Revolutionary War, lasted from 1775 to 1783.
Contents
1 1760s
1.1 1760
1.2 1761
1.3 1763
1.4 1764
1.5 1765
1.6 1766
1.7 1767
1.8 1768
1.9 1769
2 1770s
2.1 1770
2.2 1771
2.3 1772
2.4 1773
2.5 1774
2.6 1775
2.7 1776
2.8 1777
2.9 1778
2.10 1779
3 1780s
3.1 1780
3.2 1781
3.3 1782
3.4 1784
3.5 1785
3.6 1787
3.7 1788
3.8 1789
3.8.1 Presidency of George Washington
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
1760s[edit]
1760[edit]
Pierre de Rigaud, Governor of New France, capitulates (September 8) to Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst. This ends most fighting in North America between France and Great Britain in the French and Indian War. Amherst becomes the First British Governor-General of territories that would later become Canada plus lands (Ohio Country and Illinois Country) west of the American Colonies.
King George II of Great Britain dies (October 25) and is succeeded by his grandson George III.
1761[edit]
New England Planters immigrate to Nova Scotia, Canada (1759-1768) to take up lands left vacant after the Expulsion of the Acadians.
1763[edit]
The Treaty of Paris (February 10) formally ends the French and Indian War. France cedes most of its territories in North America to Great Britain, but Louisiana west of the Mississippi River is ceded to Spain.
Previously allied with France, Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region resist the policies of the British under Amherst. Pontiac's Rebellion begins, lasting until 1766.
The extent of America's territorial growth prior to the Revolution. The westward border established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 is shown.
King George's Royal Proclamation of 1763 (October 7) establishes administration in territories newly ceded by France. To prevent further violence between settlers and Native Americans, the Proclamation sets a western boundary on the American colonies.
The Navigation Acts are re-enforced by George Grenville as a part of his attempt to reassert unified economic control over the British Empire following the Seven Years' War.
1764[edit]
The Sugar Act (April 5), intended to raise revenues, and the Currency Act (September 1), prohibiting the colonies from issuing paper money, are passed by Parliament. These Acts, coming during the economic slump that followed the French and Indian War, are resented by the colonists and lead to protests.
1765[edit]
To help defray the cost of keeping troops in America, Parliament enacts (March 22) the Stamp Act, imposing a tax on many types of printed materials used in the colonies. Seen as a violation of rights, the Act sparks violent demonstrations in several Colonies. Virginia's House of Burgesses adopts (May 29) the Virginia Resolves claiming that, under British law, Virginians could be taxed only by an assembly to which they had elected representatives.
Delegates from nine colonies attend the Stamp Act Congress which adopts (October 19) a Declaration of Rights and Grievances and petitions Parliament and the king to repeal the Act.
Parliament enacts (March 24) the Quartering Act, requiring the Colonies to provide housing, food, and other provisions to British troops. The act is resisted or circumvented in most of the colonies. In 1767 and again in 1769, Parliament suspended the governor and legislature of New York for failure to comply.
1766[edit]
The British Parliament repeals (March 18) the unpopular Stamp Act of the previous year, but, in the simultaneous Declaratory Act, asserts its "full power and authority to make laws and statutes ... to bind the colonies and people of America ... in all cases whatsoever".
Liberty Pole erected in New York City commons in celebration of the Stamp Act repeal (May 21). An intermittent skirmish with the British garrison over the removal of this and other poles, and their replacement by the Sons of Liberty, rages until the Province of New York is under the control of the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress in 1775
1767[edit]
The Townshend Acts, named for Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, are passed by Parliament (June 29), placing duties on many items imported into America.
1768[edit]
In April, Britain's Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Hillsborough, orders colonial governors to stop their own assemblies from endorsing Adams' circular letter. Hillsborough also orders the governor of Massachusetts to dissolve the general court if the Massachusetts assembly does not revoke the letter. By month's end, the assemblies of New Hampshire, Connecticut and New Jersey have endorsed the letter.
In May, a British warship armed with 50 cannon sails into Boston harbor after a call for help from custom commissioners who are constantly being harassed by Boston agitators. In June, a customs official is locked up in the cabin of Liberty, a sloop owned by John Hancock. Imported wine is then unloaded illegally into Boston without payment of duties. Following this incident, customs officials seize Hancock's sloop. After threats of violence from Bostonians, the customs officials escape to an island off Boston, then request the intervention of British troops.
In July, the governor of Massachusetts dissolves the general court after the legislature defies his order to revoke Adams' circular letter. In August, in Boston and New York, merchants agree to boycott most British goods until the Townshend Acts are repealed. In September, at a town meeting in Boston, residents are urged to arm themselves. Later in September, English warships sail into Boston Harbor, then two regiments of English infantry land in Boston and set up permanent residence to keep order.
1769[edit]
To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York broadside published by the local Sons of Liberty (c. December)
1770s[edit]
1770[edit]
Golden Hill incident in which British troops wound civilians, including one death (January 19)
Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain (January 28)
The Boston Massacre, an engraving by patriot Paul Revere.
Boston Massacre (March 5)
1771[edit]
Battle of Alamance in North Carolina (May 16)
1772[edit]
Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence
Gaspee Affair (June 9)
The Watauga Association in what would become Tennessee declares itself independent.
1773[edit]
Parliament passes the Tea Act (May 10)
Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York published by local Sons of Liberty (December 15)
Boston Tea Party (December 16)
1774[edit]
Benjamin Franklin, Massachusetts' agent in London, is questioned before Parliament
Lord Dunmore's War
British pass Intolerable Acts, including:
Boston Port Act (March 31)
Administration of Justice Act (May 20),
Massachusetts Government Act (May 20),
A second Quartering Act (June 2), and
Quebec Act
The Powder Alarm, General Gage's secret raid on the Cambridge powder magazine (September 1)
The First Continental Congress meets; twelve colonies send delegates
The burning of Peggy Stewart (October 19)
Petition to the King (October 26)
Greenwich Tea Party (December 22)
1775[edit]
Battles of Lexington and Concord.
Battles of Lexington and Concord, followed by the Siege of Boston (April 19)
Gunpowder Incident (April 20)
Skenesboro, New York (now Whitehall, New York) captured by Lieutenant Samuel Herrick. (May 9)
Fort Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys. (May 10)
Second Continental Congress meets (May 10)
Congress votes to create Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and appointed George Washington of Virginia as commanding general. This would later become the modern United States Army(June 14)
Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17)
Washington arrives in Cambridge, Massachusetts to take command of the Continental Army (July 2)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms issued (July 6)
Olive Branch Petition sent to King George III (July 8)
Continental Marines established by Continental Congress. They would become the modern day United States Marine Corps (November 10)
Henry Knox transported fifty-nine captured cannon (taken from Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point) from upstate New York to Boston, Massachusetts. Trip took 56 days to complete. (December 5, 1775 to January 24, 1776)
1776[edit]
New Hampshire ratifies the first state constitution
Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense (January 10)
Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge (February 27)
Battle of Nassau (March 3–4)
Fortification of Dorchester Heights results in British forces evacuating Boston (March 4–5)
British evacuate Boston (March 17)
The Newly formed Continental Army departs its first winter encampment at Cambridge, Massachusetts (April)
Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet (June 29)
Second Continental Congress enacts (July 2) a resolution declaring independence from the British Empire, and then approves (July 4) the written Declaration of Independence.
Sons of Liberty order African slaves to topple statue of King George III in Bowling Green (New York City) (July 9)
Battle of Long Island, a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn (August 27)
British prison ships begin in Wallabout Bay, New York
Staten Island Peace Conference (September 11)
Landing at Kip's Bay (September 15)
Battle of Harlem Heights (September 16)
Great Fire of New York (September 21–22)
Nathan Hale captured and executed for espionage (September 22)
Battle of Valcour Island (October 11)
Battle of White Plains (October 29)
Battle of Fort Washington (November 16)
Battle of Fort Lee (November 20)
Battle of Iron Works Hill (December 23 – December 26)
Washington Crossing the Delaware, painting 1851 by Emanuel Leutze
Battle of Trenton (December 26)
1777[edit]
Battle of the Assunpink Creek, also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, (January 2)
Battle of Princeton (January 3)
Continental Army enters second winter encampment of the war at Morristown (January 6)
Forage War (January – March):
Battle of Millstone (January 20)
Battle of Drake's Farm (February 1)
Battle of Quibbletown (February 8)
Battle of Spanktown (February 23)
Battle of Bound Brook (April 13)
Sybil Ludington, 16-year-old daughter of American Colonel Henry Ludington, makes a 40-mile (64 km) ride in the early hours of the night (April 26)
British regulars, under Major General William Tryon, burn and loot Danbury, Connecticut (April 26)
Battle of Ridgefield (April 27)
Middlebrook encampment (May 28 – July 2)
Battle of Short Hills (June 26)
Fort Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans due to advancing British troops placing cannon on Mount Defiance. (July 5)
British retake Fort Ticonderoga. (July 6)
Battle of Hubbardton (July 7)
Delegates in Vermont, which was not one of the Thirteen Colonies, establish a republic and adopt (July 8) a constitution—the first in what is now the territory of the United States to prohibit slavery. (Vermont would become the fourteenth state in 1791.)
Battle of Oriskany (August 6)
Battle of Bennington (August 16)
Battle of Brandywine (September 11)
Battle of Paoli (Paoli Massacre) (September 20)
British occupation of Philadelphia (September 26)
Battle of Germantown (October 4)
Surrender of General Burgoyne, 1821 painting by John Trumbull
Two Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7) conclude with the surrender of the British army under General Burgoyne.
Battle of Red Bank (October 22)
Articles of Confederation adopted by the Second Continental Congress (November 15)
Capture of Fort Mifflin, (November 16) and Fort Mercer, (November 18)
Battle of White Marsh (December 5 – December 8)
Battle of Matson's Ford (December 11)
1777–1778 – Continental Army in third winter quarters at Valley Forge (December 19 – June 19)
1778[edit]
Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Treaty of Alliance with France (February 6)
Battle of Barren Hill (May 20)
British occupation of Philadelphia ends (June)
Battle of Monmouth (June 28)
Capture of Savannah (December 28) British successfully launch their southern strategy
1778–1779 – Majority of Continental Army in fourth winter quarters at Middlebrook encampment (November 30 – June 3)
1778-1779 - Major General Israel Putnam choses Redding, Connecticut as his winter encampment to keep an eye on the storehouses in Danbury, Connecticut.
1779[edit]
Siege of Fort Vincennes (February 23–25)
Tryon's raid (July 3 - July 14)
Tryon's division lands in East Haven, Connecticut,met with spirited resistance from a band of local militia, take Black Rock Fort (July 5)
Battle of Fairfield Destroy 54 barns, 47 storehouses, burned 83 homes, two churches, and municipal buildings including a schoolhouse, the courthouse and the local jail (July 7)
Battle of Norwalk weakly opposed by about 50 local militia, easily dispersed. The destruction of the village and its commercial infrastructure destroyed (July 11)
Battle of Stony Point (July 16)
Battle of Paulus Hook (August 19)
1779–1780 Continental Army in fifth winter quarters at Morristown (December–May)
1780s[edit]
1780[edit]
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1820 painting by John Trumbull
January 15 – Congress establishes the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture to provide for final adjudication of appeals from state court prize cases involving disposition of ships and cargo allegedly seized from the British.
January 28 – A stockade known as Fort Nashborough is founded on the banks of the Cumberland River.Two years later the site is renamed Nashville.
February 1 – Some 8,000 British forces under General Henry Clinton arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, from New York.
February 1 – New York cedes to Congress its western claims, including territory west of Lake Ontario. In 1792 New York will sell the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania
March 14 – Bombardment of Fort Charlotte: After a two-week siege, Spanish general, colonial governor of Louisiana, and Viceroy of New Spain Bernardo de Gálvez captures Fort Charlotte, taking the port of Mobile (in present-day Alabama) from the British. Fort Charlotte was the last remaining British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana. Its fall drove the British from the western reaches of West Florida and reduced the British military presence in West Florida to its capital, Pensacola.
April 8 – Siege of Charleston: British Army troops under General Henry Clinton and naval forces under Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot besiege Charleston, South Carolina. British ships sail past Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to occupy Charleston Harbor. Washington will order reinforcements to Charleston, but the city falls on May 12 in what is arguably the worst American defeat of the war.
May 6 – Siege of Charleston: Fort Moultrie falls to the British.
May 12 – Siege of Charleston: American General Benjamin Lincoln surrenders Charleston to the British. The British lose 255 men while capturing a large American garrison.
May 29 – Battle of Waxhaws: A clash between Continental Army forces under Abraham Buford and a mainly Loyalist force led by Banastre Tarleton occurs near Lancaster, South Carolina in the Waxhaws area (close to present-day Buford). The British destroyed the American forces.
June 6 – Battle of Connecticut Farms
June 23 – Battle of Springfield. With the attempted British invasion of New Jersey stopped at Connecticut Farms and Springfield, major fighting in the North ends.
June 27 - Robert Morris is appointed Superintendent of Finance, a post akin to Prime Minister, by Congress.
August 16 - Battle of Camden. British General Cornwallis gains a humiliating victory over Gates in South Carolina.
September 23 – John André captured and the treason of Benedict Arnold is exposed
September 26 - Battle of Charlotte
October 7 – Battle of King's Mountain
December - Continental Army enters sixth winter with encampments in New York’s Hudson Highlands and Pompton and Morristown New Jersey
1781[edit]
January 17 - Battle of Cowpens
March 1 – Articles of Confederation ratified
March 15 – Battle of Guilford Court House
September 5 - Battle of the Chesapeake
September 6 - Battle of Groton Heights
September 8 - Battle of Eutaw Springs
October 19 – The British surrender at Yorktown
December 31 – Bank of North America chartered
December - Continental Army returns to Hudson Highlands and Morristown New Jersey for its seventh winter encampment.
1782[edit]
February 27 – The British House of Commons votes against further war, informally recognizing American independence.
August 27 - Battle of the Combahee River
September 11-13, - Siege of Fort Henry (1782)
November - Continental Army moves into its eighth and final winter quarters, at the New Windsor Cantonment and in the Hudson Highlands
November 30 - preliminary Articles of Peace are signed by British negotiator Richard Oswald and representatives of the United States of America.
December 14 – British evacuate Charleston, South Carolina
1783
Washington's Entry into New York by Currier & Ives
September 3 – The Treaty of Paris (1783) ends the American Revolutionary War
November 25 – The British evacuate New York, marking the end of British rule, and General George Washington triumphantly returns with the Continental Army.
1784[edit]
January 14 – The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the Congress.
Jay–Gardoqui Treaty
April 9 – The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the British
May 12 – Ratified treaties are exchanged in Paris between the two nations.
August – "The state of Frankland," later known as Franklin, secedes from North Carolina
November 1 - Robert Morris resigns as Superintendent of Finance and is not replaced.
1785[edit]
Treaty of Hopewell (November 28)
Congress refuses admission of Franklin to the Union
1786
Shays' Rebellion
Annapolis Convention fails
1787[edit]
Northwest Ordinance
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy.
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ratify the Constitution
1788[edit]
North Carolina reasserted it claim to its Overmountain region, at which time Franklin ceases to exist.
Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia and New York ratify the Constitution
United States Constitution goes into effect
November 2 -Cyrus Griffin resigns as "President of the United States in Congress Assembled", and with the exceptions of John Jay and John Knox remaining as Secretaries of Foreign Affairs and War respectively; and Michael Hillegas remaining as Treasurer, the United States of America temporarily ceases to exist.
The first federal Elections for the House of Representatives begin.
1789[edit]
United States presidential election, 1788-89, George Washington is elected president; John Adams elected vice president
March 4: The First Congress attempts to convene for the first time.
Congress formally convenes.
results of Presidential election certified.
John Adams becomes Vice President
Presidency of George Washington[edit]
George Washington becomes the first President;
Charles Thomson resigns as secretary of Congress in July 1789 and hands over the Great Seal, bringing an end to the Confederation Congress.
The First United States Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Hamilton tariff
November 21 – North Carolina becomes the 12th state to ratify the Constitution, with a vote of 194–77
See also[edit]
Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War
Timeline of Colonial America
Timeline of the United States
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, and Richard Alan Ryerson, eds. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 vol. 2006)
Morris, Richard B. Encyclopedia of American History (7th ed. 1996)
External links[edit]
Theamericanrevolution.org: Timeline of the American Revolution
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
American Revolution.

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