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World Heart Federation
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The World Heart Federation (WHF) is a nongovernmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. The World Heart Federation is committed to uniting its members and leads the global fight against heart disease and stroke, with a focus on low-and middle-income countries. The World Heart Federation is the world's only global body dedicated to leading the fight against heart disease and stroke via a united community of almost 200 member organizations that bring together the strength of medical societies and heart foundations, from more than 100 countries covering the regions of Asia-Pacific, Europe, East Mediterranean, the Americas and Africa.
Each year 17.3 million people die of cardiovascular disease, 80% in the developing world. The World Heart Federation exists to prevent and control these diseases through awareness campaigns and action, promoting the exchange of information, ideas and science among those involved in cardiovascular care, advocating for disease prevention and control by promoting healthy diets, physical activity and tobacco free living at an individual, community and policy maker level.
Contents
[hide]
1 About
1.1 History
1.2 Strategic Goal
1.3 Mission
1.4 Board 2015-2017
1.5 Continental Representatives
2 Awareness
2.1 Advocacy
2.1.1 Advocacy Goals
2.1.2 25 by 25
2.1.3 Global Health Agenda [1]
2.1.4 NCD Alliance
2.1.5 Healthy diet and physical activity
2.1.6 Eat for Goals!
2.2 Tobacco Control
3 Activities
3.1 World Congress of Cardiology
4 References
5 External links
About[edit]
History[edit]
The World Heart Federation traces its origins to the International Society of Cardiology, which was formed in 1946, and the International Cardiology Federation, founded in 1970. These two organizations merged in 1978 to form the International Society and Federation of Cardiology (ISFC). The ISFC changed its name to the World Heart Federation in 1998.[1]
Strategic Goal[edit]
The World Heart Federation urges greater action from policy makers, healthcare professionals, patient organizations and individuals to work together to reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke, and ensure people all over the world can have longer and better lives.
Mission[edit]
By 2025, to drive the WHO target for non-communicable disease mortality reduction by reducing premature deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) by at least 25%.
Board 2015-2017[edit]
President: Salim Yusuf, MBBS, DPhil, FRCPC, FRSC, Canada
Vice-President: Kingsley K. Akinroye, MD, Nigeria
President Elect: David A. Wood, MSc, FRCP, FRCPE, FFPHM, FESC, UK
Vice-President Elect : Tony Duncan, New Zealand
Past President: K. Srinath Reddy, MD, DM, MSc, India
Past Vice-President: Deborah Chen, Jamaica
Secretary and Treasure: Ronald Wayne Haddock, USA
Chair, Scientific Policy and Advocacy Committee:Jagat Narula, MD, DM, PhD, MACC, FRCP, USA
Chief Executive Officer: Johanna Ralston, Switzerland
At-large member: Dayi Hu, MD, FACC, FESC, China
Continental Representatives[edit]
Africa: Habib Gamra, MD, Tunisia
Africa: Bongani Mayosi, MD, PhD, South Africa
Asia-Pacific: Kui-Hian Sim, MD, Malaysia
Asia-Pacific: Mary Barry, Australia
Europe: Panos Vardas MD, PhD, FESC, FACC
Europe: Floris Italianer, MD, Netherlands
Inter-America: Marcia M. Barbosa, MD, PhD, Brazil
Inter-America: Yvonne García Richaud, Mexico
Global CVD Tasks Force: William A. Zoghbi, MD, FASE, FAHA, MACC, USA
Awareness[edit]
Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 31 per cent of all deaths causing 17.3 million people to die every year, with 80 per cent of deaths taking place in low- and middle-income countries.
Advocacy[edit]
Advocacy Goals[edit]
The unique position of the World Heart Federation has been successful in providing the heart advocacy movement with an overarching drive that brings together science, advocacy and evidence-based policy.
Endorsed by World Health Organization Member States at the 65th World Health Assembly, a global goal has been established to reduce premature deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 25 per cent by 2025. Because cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for nearly half of the global NCD burden, CVD and its risk factors must be adequately addressed in order to achieve this global goal.
25 by 25[edit]
25x25, achieving a 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease by 2025. In September 2011, the United Nations held a High-Level Meeting in New York on the subject of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. This was only the second time in its history that the UN held a summit on a health issue and its aims were to:
Increase the political prioritisation of NCDs, which cause two thirds of deaths globally
Recognise the impact of NCDs as not just a health issue, but also as a major economic burden and an obstacle to global development and sustainability
The outcome of the meeting was a Political Declaration signed by all the UN Member States that now represents the NCD roadmap. The first action step of the Declaration came in May 2012 when the 65th World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted a global target of 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases by 2025.
This led to the World Heart Federation recognising that achieving the 2025 targets would require a primary focus on cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke, and that all of the targets have a direct impact on CVD. The organization committed itself to supporting action to reduce premature mortality from CVD by 25% by 2025.
Global Health Agenda [1][edit]
By mobilizing its member network and participating in key advocacy events, including the World Health Assembly and UN meetings such as the UN Summit on NCDs in September 2011, the World Heart Federation reaches the decision-makers directly. United efforts have resulted in the Commonwealth Heads of Government issuing a landmark statement on NCDs thus committing fifty-four countries, representing a third of the world’s population, to work towards including NCDs in the global development agenda.
In September 2011, the UN held a landmark High-level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs).The meeting was attended by 28 heads of state, who pledged a commitment to reduce the global disease burden. Beginning in the summer of 2011, a technical working group developed a list of 10 proposed global targets and indicators. Nine of the 10 proposed targets were directly related to CVD, but missing from the list was a target on reducing physical inactivity. These targets are also explained in a WHO Discussion Paper found on the WHO website.
In May 2012, all 194 WHO Member States endorsed a historic target to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable disease (NCDs) by 25 per cent by 2025 during the 65th World Health Assembly (WHA). This is a landmark decision by the world’s highest global health deliberative body and marks a major milestone in the battle against NCDs. More information on the targets from the World Health Assembly can be read here.[2]
From 20–22 June 2012, the UN held the biggest development meeting of the year: the Rio +20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The conference was centered around two themes:
A green economy in the context of sustainable development poverty eradication
The institutional framework for sustainable development
The outcome document, entitled, Future We Want, can be read here.[3] The Rio + 20 conference resulted in: adoption of green economy policies, establishment of a high-level political forum and agreement to strengthen the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and adoption of the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production patterns. Additionally, the groundwork for the development of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was created. As a result of the conference, over 700 voluntary commitments and new partnerships were formed to advance sustainable development.[4][5]
NCD Alliance[edit]
In 2009, the World Heart Federation and its sister federations the International Diabetes Federation and the Union for International Cancer Control formed the Non‐Communicable Disease (NCD) Alliance. In early 2010 the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease joined the alliance. Together the NCD Alliance represents 880 member associations in more than 170 countries. The NCD Alliance mobilized civil society to campaign successfully for a United Nations (UN) Summit on NCDs, which was subsequently held in September 2011. Additionally, on 13 May 2010, the UN voted unanimously for the passage of resolution 64/265, ‘Prevention and control of non‐communicable diseases.’
Healthy diet and physical activity[edit]
As an advocate of putting cardiovascular disease and its risk factors on the global health agenda, the World Heart Federation strongly supports initiatives addressing obesity, healthy diet and physical activity. WHF recognizes the importance that both nutrition and physical activity play in preventing and reducing the risk cardiovascular disease.
Eat for Goals![edit]
Eat for Goals! is a cookery app which gives young people the opportunity to cook the same heart-healthy recipes as some of the world’s top footballers. Based on the successful Eat for Goals! book, the app encourages young people to eat healthily and lead an active lifestyle, in order to reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke.
The app now features three additional renowned players – Fernando Torres, Kelly Smith and Sergio Ramos – and their healthy and easy to do recipes. The app also presents a new section of snacks to offer healthy options between meals.
Eat for Goals! was originally created under the patronage of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), World Heart Federation and the European Commission.
The app shows young people how to cook the same healthy recipes as some of their favourite football stars, with the aim of encouraging them to eat healthily and lead an active lifestyle. Once the app is downloaded, young people aged 7+ are encouraged to ‘score a goal’ to see recipes from 11 of their favourite football legends: Frank Lampard, Cristiano Ronaldo, Carles Puyol, Steven Gerrard, Yaya Touré, Paul Pogba, Lotta Schelin, Rachel Yankey, Samuel Eto’o and now Fernando Torres, Kelly Smith and Sergio Ramos.
Each player shares what he or she loves to eat and gives the recipe for his or her favourite dish. As well as seeing what football stars like to eat, the app also provides interesting food facts and step-by-step instructions, making it easy for even the less-experienced to make delicious, healthy meals in no time at all!
Tobacco Control[edit]
Tobacco is responsible for close to six million deaths per year globally. As an advocate for reducing risk factors associated with cardiovascular deaths, the World Heart Federation supports strong limitations to active and passive smoking. In 2004, the World Heart Federation implemented, alongside other organizations, its own code of practice (based on WHO-endorsed code of practice) that aims at promoting tobacco limitations within the organization itself.
Activities[edit]
World Congress of Cardiology[edit]
The World Congress of Cardiology[6] held every other year, is a scientific conference of cardiologists from around the world, where the latest research is presented. The Congresses were held every four years from 1950 to 2006, and every two years since then. The aims of the World Congress of Cardiology are to share scientific research results and public outreach techniques with low- and middle-income countries, reach the maximum number of healthcare providers by integrating national and regional congresses, focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment and encourage interaction between physicians, patients, policy-makers and the public. The next World Congress of Cardiology Scientific Session will take place in Mexico City, Mexico from 4–7 June 2016.
The regular registration fee deadline is 13 May 2016.
"We look forward to welcoming you to Mexico City for a congress which we believe will feature one of the most innovative and action oriented programme, designed to meet the needs of cardiologists, other health workers and patients for the 21st century." Dr. Salim Yusuf, President of the World Heart Federation
About World Heart Day 2016 World Heart Day was founded in 2000 to inform people around the globe that heart disease and stroke are the world’s leading causes of death, claiming 17.5 million lives each year. World Heart Day takes place on 29 September every year. The theme of this year is power your life - we want everyone to understand what they can do to fuel their hearts and power their lives. We are also calling on global governments and policy makers to implement reliable, simple and fit-for-purpose surveillance systems for monitoring the burden and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This World Heart Day we’ve joined forces with Bupa and Philips to make World Heart Day more powerful than ever. With their support, we are raising awareness and encouraging individuals, families, communities and governments to take action and help us to achieve our goal of a 25% reduction in premature deaths from CVD by 2025. Together, we aim to help people everywhere to live longer, better, heart-healthy lives. For more information about World Heart Day 2016 including access to the campaign materials visit the website.
Past themes have included:
2015: Creating heart-healthy environments
2013: Take the road to a healthy heart
2011-2012: One World, One Heart, One Home
2009-2010: I Work with Heart
2008: Know your Risk
2007: Team Up for Healthy Hearts!
2006: How Young is Your Heart?
2005: Healthy Weight, Healthy Shape
2004: Children, Adolescents and Heart Disease
2003: Women, Heart Disease and Stroke
2002: What Shape are you in?
2001: A Heart for Life
2000: I Love my Heart: Let it beat!
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Herman A. Snellen, "Birth and Growth of the European Society of Cardiology". European Heart Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp 5-7.
Jump up ^ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA65/A65_54-en.pdf
Jump up ^ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1298
Jump up ^ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20
Jump up ^ http://www.uncsd2012.org/about.html
Jump up ^ World Congress of Cardiology website
External links[edit]
World Heart Federation Official Website
World Heart Day
Indian Heart Association
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Urmila
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Urmila (disambiguation).
Urmila
The four sons of Dasharatha circumbulate the altar during their marriage rites
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Urmila is a character in the Hindu epic Ramayana. She was daughter of King Janaka of Janakpur and his wife Queen Sunaina and also a younger sister of Sita. She was wife of Lakshmana, younger brother of Rama. They had two sons - Angada and Chandraketu.[1] When Lakshman went to exile along with Ram and Sita, Urmila was ready to accompany him but he hesitated and asked her to stay back in Ayodhya to take care of his aging parents. Urmila is notable for her unparalleled sacrifice called Urmila Nidra.[2]
In Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, there is a temple dedicated to Lakshman and Urmila. The temple was built in 1870 AD by the then ruler Balwant Singh of Bharatpur and is considered as a royal temple by the royal family of Bharatpur State.[3]
Urmila Nidra[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When Rama was exiled to the forest for fourteen years on Kaikeyi's insistence, Urmila tried to persuade Lakshmana to permit her to following him into exile but to no avail. Lakshmana reasoned that he will have no time for her in his day and night steadfast service to his brother and that Urmila's welfare was in staying back. He persuaded Urmila that her welfare would be a concern in the forest and could hinder his services to his brother. After much persuasion, Urmila reluctantly agreed to stay back contemplating,if she could serve her husband any way possible.
As the night fell on the first day of the exile, Lakshmana stood guard over Ram and Sita with a strong resolve not to sleep until the exile ended. As Lakshmana stood guard over his brother's dwelling, a resplendent goddess called Nidra Devi manifested before Lakshmana. On Lakshmana's enquiry, she introduced herself as the Goddess of Sleep and informed him that not sleeping for fourteen years is an act of defiance against nature. Lakshmana requested Nidra Devi for a way out so that he could carry out his Dharma towards his brother. Impressed by Lakshmana's devotion towards his brother, Nidra Devi put forth a workaround that if someone bears the burden of Lakshmana's share of sleep for fourteen years, he could have the exemption for fourteen years. Lakshmana requested Nidra Devi to approach his wife, Urmila, to help him.
In South India, Urmila Nidra is a term used to refer to deep sleep by a person who cannot be woken easily.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. UK: Penguin UK. ISBN 9788184752779.
Jump up ^ Reeja Radhakrishnan (28 March 2014). "Urmila, The Sleeping Princess". Indian Express. Chennai. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Laxman Ji". Government of Rajasthan. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Urmila, the sleeping princess - The New Indian Express
Lakshman's wife goes to sleep - Devlok
Further reading[edit]
Valmiki Ramayana, English verse translation by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao, K. M. K. Murthy et. al.
Ramayana, English verse translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith at the Project Gutenberg
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Abdomen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Abdomen
The human abdomen and organs which can be found beneath the surface
Details
Insertion
Rib cage
Vertebral column
Actions
Movement and support for the torso
Assistance with breathing
Protection for the inner organs
Postural support
Identifiers
Latin
Abdomen
MeSH
D000005
TA
A01.1.00.016
FMA
9577
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax.[1][2] The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Contents
1.2 Muscles
2 Function
2.1 Movement, breathing and other functions
2.2 Posture
3 Society and culture
4 Exercise
5 Clinical significance
5.1 Disease
5.2 Examination
5.2.1 Surface landmarks
5.2.1.1 Horizontal lines
5.2.1.2 Vertical lines
5.2.2 Regions
5.2.2.1 9-region scheme
5.2.2.2 4-region scheme
6 Other animals
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Contents[edit]
The relations of the viscera and large vessels of the abdomen, seen from behind.
The abdomen contains most of the tubelike organs of the digestive tract, as well as several solid organs. Hollow abdominal organs include the stomach, the small intestine, and the colon with its attached appendix. Organs such as the liver, its attached gallbladder, and the pancreas function in close association with the digestive tract and communicate with it via ducts. The spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands also lie within the abdomen, along with many blood vessels including the aorta and inferior vena cava. Anatomists may consider the urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries as either abdominal organs or as pelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the peritoneum. A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may cover only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. Anatomists call the latter type of organs retroperitoneal.
Digestive tract: Stomach, small intestine, large intestine with cecum and appendix
Accessory organs of the digestive tract: Liver, gallbladder and pancreas
Urinary system: Kidneys and ureters – but technically located in retroperitoneum – outside peritoneal membrane
Other organs: Spleen
Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some animals. For example, the stomach of ruminants (a suborder of mammals) is divided into four chambers – rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.[3] In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large cavity enclosed by the abdominal muscles, ventrally and laterally, and by the vertebral column dorsally. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is upper part of the pelvic cavity. It is attached to the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by a serous membrane known as the parietal peritoneum. This membrane is continuous with the visceral peritoneum lining the organs.[4] The abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of organs belonging, for instance, to the digestive tract and urinary system.
View of the various organs and blood-vessels in proximity with liver.
Liver lifted to show gall bladder and stomach in situ.
Muscles[edit]
(Left) Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body.
(Right) A male abdomen
There are three layers of the abdominal wall. They are, from the outside to the inside: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal.[5] The first three layers extend between the vertebral column, the lower ribs, the iliac crest and pubis of the hip. All of their fibers merge towards the midline and surround the rectus abdominis in a sheath before joining up on the opposite side at the linea alba. Strength is gained by the criss-crossing of fibers, such that the external oblique are downward and forward, the internal oblique upward and forward, and the transverse abdominal horizontally forward.[5]
The transverse abdominal muscle is flat and triangular, with its fibers running horizontally. It lies between the internal oblique and the underlying transverse fascia. It originates from Poupart's ligament, the inner lip of the ilium, the lumbar fascia and the inner surface of the cartilages of the six lower ribs. It inserts into the linea alba behind the rectus abdominis.
The rectus abdominis muscles are long and flat. The muscle is crossed by three fibrous bands called the tendinous intersections. The rectus abdominis is enclosed in a thick sheath formed, as described above, by fibers from each of the three muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. They originate at the pubis bone, run up the abdomen on either side of the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. In the region of the groin, the inguinal canal, a passage through the layers. This gap is where the testes can drop through the wall and where the fibrous cord from the uterus in the female runs. This is also where weakness can form, and cause inguinal hernias.[5]
The pyramidalis muscle is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the rectus abdominis. It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the linea alba halfway up to the navel.
Function[edit]
Abdominal organs anatomy.
Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of the alimentary tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, ileum, the cecum and the appendix, the ascending, transverse and descending colons, the sigmoid colon and the rectum. Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the liver, the kidneys, the pancreas and the spleen.
The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides), and anterior (front) walls.
Movement, breathing and other functions[edit]
The abdominal muscles have different important functions. They assist in the breathing process as accessory muscles of respiration. Moreover, these muscles serve as protection for the inner organs. Furthermore, together with the back muscles they provide postural support and are important in defining the form. When the glottis is closed and the thorax and pelvis are fixed, they are integral in the cough, urination, defecation, childbirth, vomit, and singing functions.[5] When the pelvis is fixed, they can initiate the movement of the trunk in a forward motion. They also prevent hyperextension. When the thorax is fixed, they can pull up the pelvis and finally, they can bend the vertebral column sideways and assist in the trunk's rotation.[5]
Posture[edit]
The transverse abdominus muscle is the deepest muscle, therefore, it cannot be touched from the outside. It can greatly affect the body posture. The internal obliques are also deep and also affect body posture. Both of them are involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the spine and are used to bend and support the spine from the front. The external obliques are more superficial and they are also involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the spine. Also they stabilize the spine when upright. The rectus abdominus muscle is not the most superficial abdominal muscle. The tendonous sheath extending from the external obliques cover the rectus abdominus. The Rectus abdominus is the muscle that very fit people develop into the 6-pack ab look. Although, it should really be a 10 pack as there are 5 vertical sections on each side. The 2 bottom sections are just above the pubic bone and usually not visible, hence, the 6 pack abs. The rectus abdominals' function is to bend one's back forward (flexion). The main work of the abdominal muscles is to bend the spine forward when contracting coencentrically.[6]
Society and culture[edit]
See also: Midriff and Navel in popular culture
Social and cultural perceptions of the outward appearance of the abdomen has varying significance around the world. Depending on the type of society, excess weight can be perceived as an indicator of wealth and prestige due to excess food, or as a sign of poor health due to lack of exercise. In many cultures, bare abdomens are distinctly sexualized and perceived similarly to breast cleavage.
Exercise[edit]
Main article: Abdominal exercise
Being a key element to support the spine and contribute to a good posture, it is important to properly exercise the abdominal muscles together with the back muscles as when weak or overly tight they can suffer painful spasms as well as injuries. When properly exercised, abdominal muscles contribute to improve posture and balance, reduce the likelihood of back pain episodes, reduce the severity of back pain, protect against injury by responding efficiently to stresses, help avoid some back surgeries, and help healing from a back problem or after spine surgery. Also, when strengthened, the abdominal muscles provide flexibility as well. The abdominal muscles can be worked out by practicing disciplines of general body strength such as Pilates, yoga, T'ai chi, and jogging among others. There are also specific routines to target each of these muscles.
Clinical significance[edit]
Abdominal obesity is a condition where abdominal fat or visceral fat, has built up excessively between the abdominal organs. This is associated with a higher risk of heart disease, asthma and type 2 diabetes.
Abdominal trauma is an injury to the abdomen and can involve damage to the abdominal organs. There is an associated risk of severe blood loss and infection.[7] Injury to the lower chest can cause injuries to the spleen and liver.[8]
A scaphoid abdomen is when the abdomen is sucked inwards.[9] In a newborn, it may represent a diaphragmatic hernia.[10] In general, it is indicative of malnutrition.[11]
Disease[edit]
Many gastrointestinal diseases affect the abdominal organs. These include stomach disease, liver disease, pancreatic disease, gallbladder and bile duct disease; intestinal diseases include enteritis, coeliac disease, diverticulitis, and IBS.
Examination[edit]
Different medical procedures can be used to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. These include endoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, enteroscopy, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and virtual colonoscopy. There are also a number of medical imaging techniques that can be used. Surface landmarks are important in the examination of the abdomen.
Surface landmarks[edit]
Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, from which organ locations are derived mainly from vertebra levels, ribs and the ilium.
In the mid-line a slight furrow extends from the xiphoid process above to the pubic symphysis below, representing the linea alba in the abdominal wall. At about its midpoint sits the umbilicus or navel. The rectus abdominis on each side of the linea alba stands out in muscular people. The outline of these muscles is interrupted by three or more transverse depressions indicating the tendinous intersections. There is usually one about the xiphoid process, one at the navel, and one in between. It is the combination of the linea alba and the tendinous intersections which form the abdominal "six-pack" sought after by many people.
The upper lateral limit of the abdomen is the subcostal margin (at or near the subcostal plane) formed by the cartilages of the false ribs (8, 9, 10) joining one another. The lower lateral limit is the anterior crest of the ilium and Poupart's ligament, which runs from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the spine of the pubis. These lower limits are marked by visible grooves. Just above the pubic spines on either side are the external abdominal rings, which are openings in the muscular wall of the abdomen through which the spermatic cord emerges in the male, and through which an inguinal hernia may rupture.
One method by which the location of the abdominal contents can be appreciated is to draw three horizontal and two vertical lines.
Horizontal lines[edit]
Front of abdomen, showing markings for duodenum, pancreas, and kidneys.
The highest of the former is the transpyloric line of C. Addison, which is situated halfway between the suprasternal notch and the top of the pubic symphysis, and often cuts the pyloric opening of the stomach an inch to the right of the mid-line. The hilum of each kidney is a little below it, while its left end approximately touches the lower limit of the spleen. It corresponds to the first lumbar vertebra behind.
The second line is the subcostal line, drawn from the lowest point of the subcostal arch (tenth rib). It corresponds to the upper part of the third lumbar vertebra, and it is an inch or so above the umbilicus. It indicates roughly the transverse colon, the lower ends of the kidneys, and the upper limit of the transverse (3rd) part of the duodenum.
The third line is called the intertubercular line, and runs across between the two rough tubercles, which can be felt on the outer lip of the crest of the ilium about two and a half inches (60 mm) from the anterior superior spine. This line corresponds to the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and passes through or just above the ileo-caecal valve, where the small intestine joins the large.
Vertical lines[edit]
The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway between the anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side, vertically upward to the costal margin.
The right one is the most valuable, as the ileo-caecal valve is situated where it cuts the intertubercular line. The orifice of the appendix lies an inch lower, at McBurney's point. In its upper part, the vertical line meets the transpyloric line at the lower margin of the ribs, usually the ninth, and here the gallbladder is situated.
The left mid-Poupart line corresponds in its upper three-quarters to the inner edge of the descending colon.
The right subcostal margin corresponds to the lower limit of the liver, while the right nipple is about half an inch above its upper limit.
Regions[edit]
9-region scheme[edit]
Surface lines of the front of the thorax and abdomen.
These three horizontal and two vertical lines divide the abdomen into nine "regions." (Note that "hypo" means "below" and "epi" means "above", while "chondron" means "cartilage" (in this case, the cartilage of the rib) and "gaster" means stomach. The reversal of "left" and "right" is intentional, because the anatomical designations reflect the patient's own right and left.)
right hypochondriac/hypochondrium epigastric/epigastrium left hypochondriac/hypochondrium
right lumbar/flank/latus/lateral umbilical left lumbar/flank/latus/lateral
right inguinal/iliac hypogastric/suprapubic left inguinal/iliac
The right iliac fossa (RIF) is a common site of pain and tenderness in patients who have appendicitis. The fossa is named for the underlying iliac fossa of the hip bone, and thus is somewhat imprecise. Most of the anatomical structures that will produce pain and tenderness in this region are not in fact in the concavity of the ileum. However, the term is in common usage.
4-region scheme[edit]
Main article: Quadrant (abdomen)
Quadrants of the abdomen.
Another way of dividing the abdomen is by using 4 quadrants:
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Side-by-side comparison of 4- and 9-region schemes.
Other animals[edit]
The analogous gross morphologies of a human and an ant
In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma, itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster.
The invertebrate abdomen is built up of a series of upper plates known as tergites and lower plates known as sternites, the whole being held together by a tough yet stretchable membrane.
The abdomen contains the insect's digestive tract and reproductive organs, it consists of eleven segments in most orders of insects though the eleventh segment is absent in the adult of most higher orders. The number of these segments does vary from species to species with the number of segments visible reduced to only seven in the common honeybee. In the Collembola (Springtails) the abdomen has only six segments.
The abdomen is sometimes highly modified. In Apocrita (bees, ants and wasps), the first segment of the abdomen is fused to the thorax and is called the propodeum. In ants the second segment forms the narrow petiole. Some ants have an additional postpetiole segment, and the remaining segments form the bulbous gaster.[12] The petiole and gaster (abdominal segments 2 and onward) are collectively called the metasoma.
Unlike other arthropods, insects possess no legs on the abdomen in adult form, though the Protura do have rudimentary leg-like appendages on the first three abdominal segments, and Archaeognatha possess small, articulated "styli" which are sometimes considered to be rudimentary appendages. Many larval insects including the Lepidoptera and the Symphyta (Sawflies) have fleshy appendages called prolegs on their abdominal segments (as well as their more familiar thoracic legs), which allow them to grip onto the edges of plant leaves as they walk around.
In arachnids (spiders, scorpions and relatives), the term "abdomen" is used interchangeably with "opisthosoma" ("hind body"), which is the body section posterior to that bearing the legs and head (the prosoma or cephalothorax).
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Abdominal fat
Abdominal trauma
Abdominal wall
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abdomen. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Accessed: 22 October 2007
Jump up ^ Abdomen. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition. Accessed: 22 October 2007
Jump up ^ "Ruminant." The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. Accessed: 22 October 2007
Jump up ^ Peritoneum. The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. Accessed: 22 October 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Abdominal cavity". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
Jump up ^ "The Abdominal Muscle Group". Retrieved 2010-07-13.
Jump up ^ Jansen JO, Yule SR, Loudon MA (April 2008). "Investigation of blunt abdominal trauma". BMJ. 336 (7650): 938–42. doi:10.1136/bmj.39534.686192.80. PMC 2335258  . PMID 18436949.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Jonathon; Illingworth, RN; Graham, CA; Clancy, MJ; Robertson, CE (2006). Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-19-920607-0.
Jump up ^ al.], consultants Daniel Albert ... [et (2012). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Durward, Heather; Baston, Helen (2001). Examination of the newborn: a practical guide. New York: Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-415-19184-5.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Charles (1990). "Chapter 93: Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, and Percussion of the Abdomen". In Walker, HK; Hall, WD; JW, Hurst. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Glossary of Descriptive Terminology". Desertants.org. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
External links[edit]
Look up abdomen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdomen.
"Abdomen". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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text:
Last Forever
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Last Forever"
How I Met Your Mother episodes
Ted finally meets the Mother.
Episode nos.
Season 9
Episodes 23 (Part 1)
Episode 24 (Part 2)
Directed by
Pamela Fryman
Written by
Carter Bays and Craig Thomas
Original air date(s)
March 31, 2014 (2014-03-31)
Guest appearance(s)
Jim Nantz as Himself
Judith Drake as Bernice
Lyndsy Fonseca as Daughter
David Henrie as Son
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The End of the Aisle" Next →
—
"Last Forever" is the final episode of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The episode serves as the 23rd and 24th episode of season nine, and the 207th and 208th episode overall; the episode's two parts are classified as two separate episodes. It aired on March 31, 2014.
"Last Forever" received a polarized response from fans and TV critics, primarily in regard to the final twist ending, the relationship between Ted and Robin, and the fate of the series' titular mother.[1] Many viewers expressed considerable disdain for the apparent disregard for character development, while some praised it for tying up loose ends.[2][3][4][5][6] However, additional praise was directed to the acting, especially Neil Patrick Harris's performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Part 1
1.2 Part 2
2 Production
3 Critical reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Part 1[edit]
In a flashback to September 2005, Ted (Josh Radnor), Marshall (Jason Segel), Lily (Alyson Hannigan) and Barney (Neil Patrick Harris) accept Robin (Cobie Smulders) into their group. Lily, optimistic about Robin's friendship, decrees that Ted and Barney cannot hook up with her unless they marry her, and Barney scoffs at the idea.
In May 2013, Ted discusses his move to Chicago with Marshall and Lily at Barney and Robin's wedding reception. Meanwhile, Barney recognizes the bass player—already introduced in previous episodes as the Mother (Cristin Milioti)—as the woman who advised him to pursue Robin. He approaches Ted with the intent to introduce her to him, but Ted declines the idea. After the group sadly bids Ted farewell, he goes to the Farhampton train station, where an elderly lady (Judith Drake) asks Ted many questions about destiny and spots the Mother standing nearby. Ted insists he can't talk to her because he's moving. The next night, Marshall and Lily are surprised to see Ted sitting at their table in MacLaren's. He tells them that he met a girl, which they approve after finding out she is the bass player from the wedding.
In 2015, Ted, now engaged, meets Robin and Barney at MacLaren's to discuss wedding ideas. As Robin goes to buy drinks, Barney admits their marriage is suffering because of Robin's rising career, which requires her to travel frequently. The Mother arrives and tells Ted they have to delay their wedding because she is pregnant.
In May 2016, Ted and the Mother host a get-together with the rest of the gang. Marshall is miserable at his new job, having been forced to return to being a corporate lawyer. Barney and Robin reveal that after three years of marriage, they have divorced. The mood turns positive when Barney realizes that Marshall and Lily are expecting their third child, but Lily is worried about the group breaking apart. Together they promise they will all be there for the big moments and will remain friends.
In October 2016, Marshall and Lily decide to move out of their old apartment and put together a final Halloween roof party. Robin is sad to see Ted and the Mother with matching "hanging chad" outfits, alongside Barney who has returned to his womanizing ways. She decides to leave and confesses to Lily that she can't be in the group any longer as she has outgrown them and still has unresolved feelings for Ted, which devastates Lily.
Part 2[edit]
In 2018, Barney gets ready for another night at MacLaren's, even though Ted and Lily, both being parents, aren't intending to stay out late. Marshall arrives and announces he is replacing a retiring judge in Queens, which prompts a celebration. When Barney attempts to score with a young woman, Lily blasts him for fully regressing into his previous self. After Barney defends his behavior by telling her that he will never make it work with anyone except Robin, Lily relents and Barney leaves to enjoy his night.
In 2019, Ted, the Mother, Marshall and Lily are at Robots Versus Wrestlers. A depressed Barney shows up to say that while he recently completed a “perfect month" using a new Playbook, the last woman is pregnant with his child. Sometime later, Ted runs into Robin, now a famous news reporter, while showing Penny the GNB building he designed. Marshall, Lily, and Ted gather at the birth of Barney's daughter, Ellie. Despite his initial misgivings, Barney is moved to tears.
At Ted and the Mother’s house, Ted re-proposes to the Mother, and says they are getting married the following Thursday. Before the wedding, the gang meets up at MacLaren’s, and Marshall announces he is running for the New York State Supreme Court. Barney sees two young women at the bar and scolds them for dressing inappropriately, which genuinely surprised Lily. While reconciling with the gang, Robin admits to Ted that after initially declining to come, the Mother told her to reconsider. Lily gives a toast praising Ted for all he has been through, and Future Ted narrates how he never stopped loving the Mother for a second, even when she became terminally ill and died in 2024.
Returning the story to May 2013, Ted gets the courage to introduce himself to the bass player, and she invites him underneath her yellow umbrella. The two engage in a conversation where she tells Ted she remembers him on his first day as a professor, and reveals her name is Tracy McConnell. Their conversation continue as the train arrives.
In 2030, when Future Ted finishes his story, Penny (Lyndsy Fonseca) and Luke (David Henrie) deduce that it was actually about how he still has feelings for their "Aunt" Robin, and give their blessings to continue his relationship with her. Ted decides to go to her apartment with the blue French horn, presenting it the same way he had 25 years earlier. Robin, who is revealed to be living alone, seems moved, and they both smile at each other.
Production[edit]
Before writing the episode, Carter Bays and Craig Thomas decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms for inspiration. They said that they crafted the last ten minutes of the series right from the start. In February 2014, Bays tweeted that he found a rough draft of the series finale that he first wrote in 2006.[7]
The scene involving Ted's future children (Lyndsy Fonseca and David Henrie) was secretly shot in 2006 during the production of Season 2.[8] This was primarily done so the teenage characters would not age, since Fonseca and Henrie were adults by the time the final episode aired.[9] The scene was filmed on a set closed to everyone except Bays, Thomas, executive producer/director Pamela Fryman, a camera operator, and Fonseca and Henrie, who signed non-disclosure agreements. Fonseca stated that she had forgotten the details of the scene in the years since its filming, while Henrie said, "I do remember. I think I remember. We’ll see."[10][11] Josh Radnor was also told some parts of the finale from the start,[12] but neither he nor the rest of the cast were informed how the series would end.[13] Radnor, not Bob Saget, plays future Ted when he appears on camera. When asked whether he should have played the role, Saget said that Radnor doing so "felt appropriate to me. It's not The Matrix, it's where Ted CGI's into a narrator of his voice that was done as a sweet way to tell his story from almost his conscience from the future of his own life".[14]
Before the airing of the series finale, debates raged amongst fans concerning the fate of Ted and the Mother, fueled by scenes from "Vesuvius" and other previous episodes that seemed to point to a tragic ending.[15]
According to tweets from Alyson Hannigan, approximately 18 minutes of the original episode had to be cut to fit the broadcast time. One cut sequence features Lily paying back Marshall regarding a bet on whether Ted and Robin end up together, first referenced in the episode "No Pressure".[16] Other cut scenes feature Robin, wearing her Robin Sparkles jeans jacket over her wedding dress, singing "Let's Go to The Mall" with the Mother's band at the wedding reception,[17] and a "one-second" montage showing Tracy's funeral.[18]
An alternative cut of the ending appeared on the season nine DVD and the box set. It did not contain any new footage, but is edited in a way that changes the fates of Ted, Tracy and Robin. The voiceover is performed by Saget, rather than Radnor, and is completely different.
Everything but the Girl's acoustic cover of the Tom Waits song "Downtown Train" was used in the scene where Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station. Music supervisor Andy Gowan says that Carter Bays "basically put it in the script, and wrote that script with that song in mind"; Gowan described the song as "heartbreakingly beautiful" and captured both the "sweet and romantic" and the "somber, dark part" of the scene.[19]
"Heaven" by The Walkmen features in the final scene of "Last Forever". Gowan said that "it seemed like it was written for our show". Gowan had suggested the song before, especially for use in the season 8 premiere, and said that when he pitched it for use in the season 9 finale, "[the song] was just the one that resonated with all of us the most".[19]
Critical reception[edit]
"Last Forever" received a polarizing reaction from fans and critics alike, with the majority opinion being negative.[1] Many viewers expressed considerable dissatisfaction regarding the resolution of Ted's story, his relationship to Robin, and the fate of the titular mother.[2] Additionally, the season-long buildup for Barney and Robin's wedding and their divorce 10 minutes into the next episode was criticized. Fans took to social media, such as Tumblr and Twitter, to express their disappointment. Some fans joked that the episode was an early April Fools' joke, because it aired on March 31.[20][21]
Some fans of the show called on CBS to commission the creators of the show via a change.org petition to rewrite and reshoot the finale. As of April 2, 2014[update], the petition had received more than 5,000 signatures.[22] On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternative ending, from the same filmed material, would be included on the Season 9 DVD.[23]
Bill Kuchman of Popculturology said that the success of Milioti as the Mother made it hard to write the character away so quickly, saying, "Thanks to the show’s writing staff and Cristin Milioti, HIMYM had a huge victory on its hands with The Mother. Asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request."[24] Kuchman noted that "[over] the course of this final season, HIMYM made us care about Tracy. It made us believe that she and Ted belonged together. It was earned. That's why it was sad to see HIMYM just brush Tracy away."[25]
Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+, saying, "The hour finale was a strange ride, marvelous in some ways, confounding in others. Endings are difficult, and I don’t think any objective assessment would say they nailed this one."[26] Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was more blunt in saying that "Bays and Thomas simply looked like shitty long-term planners, unable to understand that getting the audience so invested in the Barney and Robin coupling or in Tracy as a character would make it all the harder when the series finale abruptly dissolved the former and treated the latter’s death as an aside in the narration. That the show never seemed to suggest Ted mourned her feels like a vital betrayal of his character."[27]
Alan Sepinwall of HitFix cited three reasons why Bays and Thomas should not have stuck with the ending they had originally envisioned at the start: the show's lengthy run forced them to stretch out events like Barney's and Robin's wedding, which would have to be quickly undone in the finale; the chemistry between Cobie Smulders and Neil Patrick Harris caused many fans to become deeply invested in Robin and Barney's relationship more than Robin and Ted's; and the casting of Cristin Milioti as the Mother caused fans to become invested in that character as well.[28] Sepinwall stated that "so much of what was terrible here was terrible because Bays and Thomas had a very specific vision for the ending of their show and would not — or, perhaps, after they filmed the kids' reactions, could not — deviate from it. And based on the initial reaction I've seen to the episode, it's going to forever sour the opinion many fans of the show had for it."[28]
Joyce Eng of TV Guide said that she'd prefer Ted not to have ended up with Robin, but "as I consider the romantics that co-creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas are, it's obvious they would bring this long, winding love story full circle back to the person Ted wanted to be with when we met him. And The Mother — excuse us, Tracy — is reunited with her first true love, Max, too." Though the Mother served as a "cheap plot device" to a degree, Eng said that "Ted's time with her also taught him nothing lasts forever, nothing's perfect. And he needs to move on with his life, but that doesn't make his relationship with The Mother any less important. I don't think the Ted of 2005 would've done the same."[29]
Andrew Meola from MStars praised the episode, saying "I couldn't believe that they actually killed the Mother. But I let it sit for a bit, and then I felt something profoundly beautiful come out of this last hour of How I Met Your Mother."[30]
In an interview with David Letterman, Neil Patrick Harris declared himself a fan of the way the finale ended the series: "Some people just hated it, and I think that that's a compliment to the show in a weird way because it means that they have grown up with these characters and feel like they wanted it to go a certain way, though I think it's great. But our show really did cross the line between funny funny and really serious, and that was kind of the balance that this show had. And as the show grew up, and as we grew up in the show, it ended in a more adult way and I think it was a nice, reflective, kind of sad, but happy ending to a long, long story."[31]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "HIMYM Tomatometer Watch: Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by 'Last Forever'". Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Akuna, Kirsten (March 31, 2014). "Fans Are Not Happy With The 'How I Met Your Mother' Series Finale". Business Insider. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ James Poniewozik (March 31, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother Watch: Mate and Switch". Time Magazine. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A wedding, a funeral and a French horn... How I Met Your Mother delivers a legendary series finale". Mail Online. Daily Mail. April 1, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How I Met Your Mother: the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending". Guardian. April 1, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Henry Hanks (April 1, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' ends a legendary run". CNN. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Harnick (February 7, 2014). ""First Look" at How I Met Your Mother Series Finale: Carter Bays Has Been Writing It Since 2006!". E! Online. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barney writes a book, Barney + Robin, Ted + Stella and other 'How I Met Your Mother' news". Chicago Tribune. July 19, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2017. He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother. That scene will be included in the show's series finale"
Jump up ^ "'How I Met Your Mother's' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney's Breakup, Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn". Zap2it.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vlada Gelman (September 29, 2013). "Farewell, How I Met Your Mother: Ted's 'Daughter' and 'Son' Spill 7 Behind-the-Scenes Secrets". TV Line. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Climatic End To 'HIMYM' Shot Eight Years Ago," from AP/TVNewsCheck, January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell (March 24, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother': Josh Radnor Has Always Known (Part of) How It All Ends". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rachel Maresca (March 24, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' stars were left guessing about the sitcom's finale". The New York Daily News. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bob Saget (April 4, 2014). "I'm Bob Saget...comedian, actor and author of the new book DIRTY DADDY....ask me anything!". Reddit. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Margaret Eby (March 4, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' hints at tragic series finale". The New York Daily News. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "alyson hannigan on Twitter: ""@TMillz55: @alydenisof @HIMYM_CBS I do believe lily owes Marshall money though! @jasonsegel" YES & that scene was CUT!!! :(((."". Twitter. March 31, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Erin Strecker (April 3, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' finale cut a Robin Sparkles performance". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (April 26, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother Star: "Heart-Wrenching" Funeral, Cut from Finale, May Have Softened Blow". TVLine. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ashley Lee (April 1, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' Series Finale: The Story Behind the Music (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caroline Westbrook (April 1, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother finally answers its own question in last ever episode – but fans aren't happy". Retrieved August 13, 2017. How I Met Your Mother’s ending left many fans wanting – and others suggesting it was all an April Fool's joke.
Jump up ^ Kaitlin Thomas (April 1, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother Series Finale Review: Well, That Happened". Retrieved August 13, 2017. I might eventually come around to accepting the fact "Last Forever" wasn't just a one-day-early April Fool's Day prank.
Jump up ^ Tierney McAfee (April 2, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' Ending Petition — Fans Want To Officially Change Finale". Hollywood Life. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Carter Bays on Twitter: "Update for those who've been asking: Alt #himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set."". Twitter. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (April 1, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' 'Last Forever' Recap: A Divisive Finale and What It Means for 'HIMYM'". Popculturology. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). "'HIMYM' Finale Instant Reaction". Popculturology. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (March 31, 2014). "Last Forever". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff (April 1, 2014). "Does How I Met Your Mother's finale ruin it for all time?". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan Sepinwall (March 31, 2014). "Series finale review: 'How I Met Your Mother' - 'Last Forever': How they conned us all". HitFix. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joyce Eng (March 31, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother: Was It a Legendary Finale?". TV Guide. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrew Meola (March 31, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother 'Last Forever' Review: And that, kids..." Mstarz.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Last Forever: Part One on IMDb
Last Forever: Part Two on IMDb
[hide]
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How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
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Season 9
"The Locket"
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