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Mad Max (2015 video game)
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Mad Max
Developer(s)
Avalanche Studios
Publisher(s)
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Director(s)
Frank Rooke
Producer(s)
John Fuller
Designer(s)
Magnus Nedfors
Programmer(s)
Fredrik Lönn
Artist(s)
Martin Bergquist
Writer(s)
Odd Ahlgren
Composer(s)
Mats Lundgren
Series
Mad Max
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Linux
macOS
Release
1 September 2015[show]
Windows, PS4, XB1
NA: 1 September 2015
UK: 1 September 2015
AU: 2 September 2015
NZ: 3 September 2015
EU: 4 September 2015
Linux, macOS
WW: 20 October 2016
Genre(s)
Action-adventure, vehicular combat
Mode(s)
Single-player
Mad Max is an action-adventure video game based on the Mad Max franchise. Developed by Avalanche Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, it was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2015. Feral Interactive published the game's macOS and Linux versions. In the game, players control Max Rockatansky as he progresses through the wasteland building a vehicle, his "Magnum Opus", to do battle with a gang of raiders, led by Scabrous Scrotus, and to reach the storied "Plains of Silence", where he hopes to find peace. Mad Max emphasizes vehicular combat, in which players can use weapon and armor upgrades on their car to fight enemies. It is set in an open post-apocalyptic wasteland consisting of deserts, canyons, and caves.
Two other Mad Max games, developed by Cory Barlog and Interplay Entertainment respectively, were in production before the announcement of this game, but neither of them were successfully released. Although Mad Max is not based on the film series, it was inspired by its universe, and franchise creator George Miller was consulted during the game's pre-production. Avalanche Studios found developing a vehicular-combat video game a challenge because of their inexperience with creating that type of game. Announced at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo, the game was re-tooled during development and the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were canceled.
Originally planned for release in 2014, it was released in September the following year, several months after the theatrical release of Mad Max: Fury Road, the fourth film in the series. Mad Max received overall mixed reviews from critics. Although the game's environment, direction, vehicular combat, and graphics were praised, its quest design and story were criticized. The game became the eighth best-selling retail game in the US in September 2015.
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development
3.1 Release
4 Reception
4.1 Pre-release
4.2 Post-release
4.3 Sales
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Gameplay screenshot showcasing vehicular combat
Mad Max is an action-adventure game set in an open world post-apocalyptic environment, emphasizing vehicular combat, in which the player is the eponymous Mad Max (Bren Foster). According to its publisher, up to 60 percent of the game focuses on driving.[1] Some weapons and tools, including flamethrowers and turbo boosts, are mounted directly onto the Magnum Opus, while others, such as a grappling hook and sniper rifle, are used in conjunction with the vehicle by Chumbucket, Max's assistant, or Max himself. Max's Magnum Opus, with its V8 engine and powerful ramming ability, can destroy enemies' vehicles and weaponry.[2] When simultaneously driving and aiming, the game changes to slow motion[3] to allow the player to toggle between targets. Although Mad Max primarily uses a third-person perspective, the player can switch to first-person view when fighting enemies while driving the Magnum Opus.[4] Chumbucket repairs the car when instructed to do so or when the player exits.[5]
To encourage exploration, the Magnum Opus can be upgraded with materials scavenged from the desert, by hijacking enemies' cars or collecting their car parts.[1][6] An enemy can jump on top of the Magnum Opus to make it explode, but the player can avoid that by surrounding the car with hazards such as spikes.[2] The player can access the garage screen throughout the game, allowing them to customize the Magnum Opus. Max's garage can change and modify the car's engine, chassis, wheels, body work, paint job, and its "shell".[7] Upgrading one aspect of the car will negatively affect other aspects; upgrading the engine will allow Max to drive faster, but handling will be more difficult.[8] The sound produced by the engine changes when the player changes, adds, or remove parts of the Magnum Opus.[9] Max, his armor, and weapons are customisable;[10] the player can unlock new skills and upgrades for him as he progresses through the game and earns experience points.[11] Max is also customisable, with his clothing, appearance, fighting skills, and weapons being modifiable. Griffa, a wasteland wanderer, also offers Max tokens which can be used to upgrade his abilities.[12]
Although the game has many choices (such as playing stealthily or aggressively), it emphasizes action over stealth.[13] Mad Max features a variety of weapons, including Max's iconic shotgun, but ammunition is scarce and the game emphasizes melee combat over firearms.[14] One weapon is the explosive Thunderstick, which can be lanced into an enemy's chest.[15] The game has a free-flow combat system combining professional wrestling attacks and boxing techniques, similar to Warner Bros.' previous Batman: Arkham video-game series (in which indicators on enemies' heads remind the player when to strike, counter or make finishing moves). Attacks by Max during his "frenzied" state are more powerful than usual.[16][17]
Mad Max's landscape consists of canyons, caves, deserts, and abandoned wastelands. The game's world is divided into several regions, with each having its own backstory and landscape. Unique landmarks and ruins can be discovered in each region. Side activities such as races, time trials,[18] invading enemy fortresses, and eliminating enemy convoys can be found in each region. A region's threat level is lowered by completing these activities, facilitating its navigation.[16] Each region has a boss, who can be found and defeated in their base.[19] Some of the game's strongholds are friendly, and eliminating hostile strongholds gives Max additional quests and rewards.[20] These strongholds can be upgraded, offering Max different benefits such as helping Max to collect scraps when the game is turned off, or restoring Max's health and shotgun ammo upon visits.[21] Max can ascend in a hot-air balloon (permanently attached to the ground) to look for new objectives and locations. After seeing the objectives through binoculars, they are highlighted on the map.[6] Max can be guided by Chumbucket in strategically completing his objectives.[22][23] Max is accompanied by a dog companion called Dinki-Di, who can help players detect land mines.[24] Max has limited climbing abilities, and objects that he can climb are highlighted in yellow.[21]
Most resources in the game are scarce except for gasoline, which is needed for driving. The player can collect one jerrycan at a time, storing it in the back of the Magnum Opus,[25] and can find collectibles (history relics) throughout the game. The relics are primarily photos and notes of the wasteland before the apocalypse.[26] Food and water are vital to Max's survival; the player can collect them in the wasteland and use them to replenish their health.[27] Max can also eat small animals, such as rodents, and maggots from decomposing corpses, to replenish his health, and areas where he can find food and supplies have crows flying around them.[28] The player can venture into the Big Nothing, an uncharted, volatile area of the wasteland with dangerous sandstorms and no food or water in which rare parts for the Magnum Opus can be found. According to Avalanche, due to the "Big Nothing", the game's map is infinite.[29] A dynamic day-night cycle, a weather system and a variety of environmental hazards are included in the game,[30] whose terrain is affected by weather and natural disasters.[1]
Plot[edit]
In search of fuel, highway patrol officer-turned-survivalist Max Rockatansky journeys to the Plains of Silence. His voyage takes an unexpected turn when he runs into a group of War Boys led by Scabrous Scrotus (Travis Willingham), psychotic son of Immortan Joe (Fred Tatasciore) and ruler of Gastown. Scrotus and the War Boys run Max off the road and steal his clothes, supplies, weapons and car, leaving him to die in the desert. Max chases them and challenges Scrotus to a duel on the Land Mover. Scrotus sticks his dog on Max but fails and is brutally kicked off the moving Land Mover by him. He stabs Scrotus in the head with his own chainsaw but is no match for Scrotus, who kicks Max and his dog out of the Land Mover.[31]
With his dog, Max obtains a weapon and clothes from a dead Wastelander. Wandering around the desert, Max finds an overzealous, hunchbacked mechanic named Chumbucket (Jason Spisak) who calls him the Driver. Chumbucket leads Max to Scrotus and the War Boys and tells him that he built a car, the Magnum Opus, which has a few missing parts; Max agrees to search for them. Max must first liberate Wasteland leaders' territories from the War Boys: Jeet (Josh Keaton), whose stronghold is in an old lighthouse, and Gut Gash (Liam O'Brien), whose followers believe that they will be protected from a flood in their ship stronghold. His stronghold is the remains of an oil tanker. He must penetrate the Jaw, a massive gate protected by War Boys, with the Magnum Opus outfitted with the Thunderpoon (an exploding harpoon). Max and Chumbucket must then save Pink Eye (Adrienne Barbeau), a woman whose mechanical skill rivals Chumbucket's, from an invasion led by Stank Gum—one of Scrotus' Top Dogs—of her silo base.
Searching for a V8 engine for the Magnum Opus, Max learns about a race in Gastown with a Big Chief V8 as a prize. After winning the race against Stank Gum (Yuri Lowenthal) and defeating the fighter Tenderloin in a Thunderdome duel, Max receives the engine and the concubine Hope (Courtenay Taylor). His victory is short-lived; Scrotus delivers the prize and attacks him. After he is shot with a crossbow and thrown down a mine shaft Max is saved by Hope, who takes him to the Organic Mechanic and Scab (Orion Acaba)—also known as the Bloodbag. While Max is undergoing surgery, he has a hallucination that his wedding to Hope is officiated by Chumbucket and a man with a dog's head. When he wakes up, he and Hope steal the Big Chief; they drive to the temple of Deep Friah (Robin Atkin Downes), a friendly fire cultist.
At the temple Hope asks Max to find her daughter, Glory (Madison Carlon), who had fled to Buzzard territory. He eventually agrees, and travels to the Underdune. After Max rescues Glory from the Buzzards he returns to the temple to discover that Chumbucket, in a fit of jealous rage, had brought the Magnum Opus back to his old home in the south. Max follows him in one of Deep Friah's cars, but learns that Scrotus and Stank Gum had arrived first. They tortured Chumbucket, who revealed Hope and Glory's location and their ties to Max. Max kills Stank Gum, rushes back to the temple and finds Hope hanged to death and Glory (who had also been tortured) on the floor. Glory soon dies too, and Max swears vengeance against Scrotus.
He returns to Gastown and learns Scrotus' location from Scab. Max and Chumbucket find Scrotus driving around the Purgatory Flatlands, an area far away from the Great White and use the Magnum Opus to crash the Land Mover, which is pushed to the edge of a cliff. Max wants to push the Mover off the cliff with the Magnum Opus but is opposed by Chumbucket, who considers himself the car's protector. Ignoring Chumbucket, he rams the Mover at full speed; Chumbucket dies, and the Land Mover and Magnum Opus are destroyed. Scrotus escapes with the Interceptor, Max's car at the start of the game, and challenges him. Max wins the battle, pulling the chainsaw blade out of Scrotus' head and killing him. The game ends with Max entering the Interceptor and placing a picture of his family on the dashboard before he leaves for parts unknown.
Development[edit]
George Miller provided input during the game's pre-production period.
A video game set in the Mad Max universe was mentioned by franchise creator George Miller in a 2008 interview.[32] Miller joined God of War II director Cory Barlog to develop the game after Barlog left Sony Computer Entertainment. The project was originally intended as a tie-in with a Mad Max animated film which would be released simultaneously. The film's production was suspended to allow adequate production time for the game.[33] After Barlog announced in 2008 that a publisher for the game was being sought, no further information about the project was forthcoming.[34] In 2010, Barlog was a consultant for Avalanche Studios, leaving in 2012 for Crystal Dynamics.[35] A Fury Road tie-in video game was in development by Interplay Entertainment, but was scrapped when Electronic Arts acquired the franchise's video-game rights for $20 million.[36]
On 14 February 2013, a blurry screenshot of the game was released by Avalanche Studios founder and CEO Christofer Sundberg.[37] The game was announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 on 10 June at Sony's press conference, with a scheduled 2014 release for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.[38] Although Sundberg said during the expo that Miller and Barlog's project was not the Mad Max game announced by Avalanche, he later said that Barlog had worked on a Mad Max game at Avalanche.[39] Despite the unclear relationship between the projects, according to the game's design director, Miller had collaborated with Avalanche during the game's pre-production in mid-2011.[34] Despite having Miller to offer input, Warner Bros. inclined to give lots of creative freedom to Avalanche. Full production of the game began before May 2012.[40]
In April 2014, Avalanche announced that Mad Max would be delayed until the following year,[41] making it one of the titles released during Avalanche's "biggest year since [its] inception".[42][43] The game was retooled during development.[44][45] Despite its release that year, the game is not directly connected to 2015's Mad Max: Fury Road and was not intended to be a tie-in;[46] its setting and story are original.[13] This decision was made because the game's publisher, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, believed that a standalone game was more beneficial to players than a "play-the-movie game" after the success of its Batman: Arkham series.[44] Locations which have appeared in the films, such as Gas Town and Thunderdome, are featured in the game.[47][48] Unlike previous Avalanche games, such as Just Cause 2, the game's tone is more mature[49] and its narrative is emphasized.[50]
Similar to the films, Max seldom speaks or expresses emotion; his thoughts are reflected by his actions. The team aimed at developing a complex character and personality for him. According to the game's director, Max is traumatized by past experiences (such as losing his family); this makes him "insane", "unstable", and "mad". These qualities are reflected in the game's "rage" mode, in which Max inflicts additional damage on enemies.[51] Chumbucket, Max's mechanic and companion, is obsessed with the Magnum Opus; according to the game's lead writer, he "has a pseudo-religious/sexual relationship with engines".[52] Scabrous Scrotus, the game's main antagonist, is a warlord designed as a "bloodthirsty monster that only can find solace from his own pain through the suffering of others".[53] Enemies' faces are painted and scarred; according to game director Frank Rooke, their appearance "is kind of the approach of how this civilization merged into this kind of state".[53]
Lead designer Emil Krafting said that gameplay was the top priority during development. Like the Just Cause series, Mad Max's developer aimed to give players autonomy by providing tools to create their own events.[54] The studios intended to build a dynamic world, creating "a seamless series of events".[25] The game was inspired by the atmosphere of the Mad Max universe, rather than a particular film in the series. According to Avalanche, they did not plan to be influenced by other post-apocalyptic video games such as Fallout, Rage, and Borderlands since most of those games were inspired by the original Mad Max.[31] The company said that the game's vehicular combat posed a challenge because of their inexperience with that type of game.[31] The car customization system was designed to increase the game's fun factor and give players more freedom.[55]
Regions feature different landmarks to create a variety of environments. The developers used vibrant colors to depict the sky in contrast to the brown ground.
The game's world was inspired by the Just Cause series, which features large sandboxes for players to explore. Avalanche Studios CEO Christofer Sundberg hoped that players would compare Mad Max's desert setting to the western setting of Red Dead Redemption. The game world is scaled according to gameplay density and frequency; the development team emphasized creating a world with choices and distractions, rather than focusing on size.[44] Designed as dead, threatening, and hostile, it is also exciting and engaging (encouraging exploration).[56] One challenge faced by the developers was building a wasteland with a variety of environments, since Mad Max is Avalanche's first post-apocalyptic game.[31] They spent most of their time designing ground and terrain variations to minimize repetition in the landscape.[44] Since the game is set in a desert, the team used vibrant colors for the sky.[57] Avalanche Studios sent a team to a Costa Rican jungle to inspect local landscapes and environments in preparation for creating the world of Mad Max, particularly its sky.[58] Like the films, the game does not identify the apocalypse; its developers wanted to give "a sense of mystery" to the wasteland so players could imagine how the wasteland evolved.[59] Garages allowing players to upgrade and repair their cars were originally intended to be featured in the game. The idea was later scrapped, since the studio thought the element "interfered with gameplay".[28]
Mad Max is powered by Apex Engine (formerly known as Avalanche Engine), an in-house proprietary engine developed by Avalanche and also used in Just Cause 2.[60] According to lead graphics designer Alvar Jansson, new graphical features were introduced to the engine during the development of Mad Max and it was designed and optimized for open-world games.[61] The team also worked on improving the world's draw distance and ensuring that gameplay across the three major platforms have no significant difference.[55]
Gaming journalists invited to preview a private gameplay demonstration at E3 2013 noted that Max had an American accent, rather than the Australian accent of the film series, and fans protested his new American voice; Avalanche Studios later confirmed that he would have an Australian accent.[62][63][64][65] The game's setting is described as "wasteland creole", with elements of a number of civilizations, so its characters have a variety of accents.[66]
Release[edit]
Mad Max was released on 1 September 2015 in North America and the United Kingdom, 2 September in Australia, 3 September in New Zealand and 4 September in Europe for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.[67][68] It was announced on 3 May 2015 that the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions had been cancelled due to hardware restrictions, but a Linux port was announced.[69] The game was released for Linux and macOS on 20 October 2016.[70]
Players who pre-ordered the game could receive the Ripper, an additional Magnum Opus design.[71] The Ripper, a steelbook, collector's box, mini-license plate and Blu-ray copy of Mad Max: Fury Road were included in the Post-Apocalypse Edition.[72] PlayStation 4-version purchasers could access a Road Warrior Survival Kit,[73] with twelve hood ornaments for the Magnum Opus,[74] exclusively until 30 November 2015.[75] To promote Mad Max, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment sponsored launch events. In Australia, the company invited artists to create artwork on their vehicles with dust.[76] They joined Uber for a Seattle promotion in which Uber users could access a free ride "straight from the post-apocalypse". The offer was free, since "dollars are worthless in the wasteland".[77]
Reception[edit]
Pre-release[edit]
Before release, Mad Max received positive reviews. Game Revolution called its gameplay "exhilarating, fast, violent, and fun" and said it would be the title that fans of the series would want to play.[78] Hardcore Gamer thought the game could be "the biggest surprise of 2015" and praised its vehicle customization, which it compared to the ship customization of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag.[79] According to IGN, Mad Max was 2015's Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor.[80] PC Gamer expressed concern that the game "is trying to be too many things at once"[19] and some critics compared it negatively to the critically acclaimed film Mad Max: Fury Road.[81][82]
Post-release[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PC) 73/100[83]
(XONE) 72/100[84]
(PS4) 69/100[85]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 7/10[86]
Eurogamer Recommended[87]
Game Informer 7.5/10[88]
GameSpot 6/10[90]
GamesRadar+ [89]
GameTrailers 7.4/10[91]
IGN 8.4/10[92]
Polygon 5.5/10[93]
Mad Max received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[83][84][85]
Its story received a mixed response. Brandin Tyrrel of IGN found the story surprising and genuine, despite most of the action occurring later in the game. Tyrrel wrote that the characters have different personalities and distinct qualities, and considered them the "true star" of the game.[54] According to Chris Carter of Destructoid, the game's story engages the player.[86] Leon Hurley of GamesRadar found the overall story weak and "barely exist[ing] for the majority of the game", but thought the game's climax was exciting.[89] Matt Bertz of Game Informer also criticized the story, calling it thin and light, and called the voice actors' performances uneven.[88]
Mad Max's world design received generally positive reviews. According to Brandin Tyrrel, it captured the films' savage tone and the game's sandbox was a "gorgeous" setting for players to explore.[92] GamesRadar's Leon Hurley praised the game's scale, which he compared to The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt.[89] Martin Robinson of Eurogamer compared its scale favorably to Avalanche's previous Just Cause game series, and opined that Avalanche had successfully combined the Mad Max universe with an open-world game design.[87] Matt Bertz praised the game's inhospitable atmosphere, commending Avalanche for adding a variety of styles and a vibrant sky to an otherwise-boring sandbox. Daniel Bloodworth of GameTrailers echoed Bertz, calling each region unique and distinct. Bloodworth also praised Avalanche for its efforts in crafting the world. Peter Brown of GameSpot praised Mad Max's natural disasters, writing that it set a new standard for in-game weather effects.[90] Philip Kollar of Polygon criticized the game's layout, writing that every location in the game feels identical and its bland environments discourage exploration.[93]
Tyrrel considered the vehicular combat one of the game's best elements, adding a layer of creativity. Brown praised the car action, calling it intense, complex, and unpredictable, but criticized the over-simplistic and shallow on-foot combat.[90] Carter compared the game's vehicular controls to the best racing games, and commended its handling. He also praised the car mechanics, writing that it has offered players a cinematic experience.[86] Tyrrel liked the additions to the game's combat (such as the introduction of weapons and the Fury mode), writing that they added depth to the combat.[92] Hurley praised the game's progression system, which he found satisfying, and the balance between vehicular and on-foot combat.[89] Bloodworth wrote that the melee combat used a "tried-and-true system" which worked well, despite awkward camera angles. Kollar criticized the boss fights, which he thought lacked variety.[93]
Other gameplay aspects received mixed reviews. Tyrrel praised the customization system for Max and the Magnum Opus, since the customization impacts the gameplay and makes the overall experience more rewarding;[92] Kollar echoed this.[93] Brown criticized the game for failing to offer much challenge or a sense of accomplishment to players. He called the health system a redundant addition in which resources, such as water and food, play an insignificant role and can be neglected by players. Brown also criticized the scrap-collecting system, writing that it frustrated most players and slowed the game's pace.[90] However, Robinson wrote that those elements reflect the barbarian nature of the wasteland. He praised its world design (which he thought echoed the films), describing it as "a world of twisted metal and sudden violence that's there to be survived rather than conquered".[87] Bloodworth criticized the game's stronghold system, which he called repetitive. Brown criticized the game's lack of a climbing system, which hinders movement;[88] this was echoed by Carter.[86]
Mad Max's quest design also received mixed reviews. Tyrrel praised the content and activities scattered across the world, calling the activities engaging for most players. However, he disliked the repetition which dragged down their replay value.[92] Hurley found it easy for players to become confused in the game's early stages, since the objectives are unclear.[89] Brown criticized the structure of several quests which force players to use a certain method, removing freedom and creativity.[90] Chris Carter of Destructoid wrote that the game brought nothing new to the genre, and its quests and features were too similar to typical Ubisoft open-world design.[86]
The game had some technical problems when it was released. Tyrrel noted an unstable frame rate and occasional texture pop-up,[92] and Kollar identified audio problems.[93]
Sales[edit]
Mad Max was the second-best selling game in the United Kingdom in its first week of release on the UK software retail chart, only behind Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, which was released the same day.[94] According to the NPD Group, it was the eighth-best selling game in the US in September 2015.[95]
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Jump up ^ Mejia, Ozzie (22 August 2013). "Mad Max not a movie tie-in, says Avalanche game designer". Shacknews. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Turi, Tim (21 May 2015). "10 Things Mad Max: Fury Road Shares With The Upcoming Game". Game Informer. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Rad, Chloi (23 April 2015). "Mad Max Trailer Reveals Thunderdome, The Iconic Caged Arena From The Third Film". IGN. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Crecente, Brian (12 February 2014). "Just Cause, Mad Max and the future of Avalanche Studios". Polygon. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Kubba, Sinan (22 August 2013). "Mad Max story is standalone because 'movie tie-in games tend to be bad'". Joystiq. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Turi, Tim (23 March 2015). "Meet Mad Max, Saint Of The Wasteland". Game Informer. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (25 March 2015). "Meet The Weirdos Of Mad Max's Wasteland: Chumbucket". Game Informer. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Cork, Jeff (25 March 2015). "Meet The Weirdos Of Mad Max's Wasteland: Scrotus' Minions". Game Informer. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Reilly, Luke (28 October 2015). "Mad Max Not Looking for Inspiration From Fallout, Rage Or Borderlands". IGN. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Cook, Dave (2 September 2013). "Mad Max: an open world destruction derby of pain – interview". VG247. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean (26 May 2015). "Mad Max video game reveals a desert full of danger (hands-on preview)". VentureBeat. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Gmyrek, Roland (27 August 2013). "Interview: Avalanche's John Fuller On Mad Max". Gematsu. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Michael (4 December 2013). "Avalanche Studios Teases Just Cause 3 With New Development Video". Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarker, Samit (4 December 2013). "Mad Max devs on maintaining the game world's 'sense of mystery'". Polygon. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Will (17 October 2013). "From Just Cause to Mad Max – Avalanche ten years on". Develop. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Papadopoulos, John (10 May 2015). "Avalanche on Avalanche Engine's Future, Tech Features, DX12 & Dynamic Tessellation Plans". Dark Side of Gaming. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Karl (16 April 2012). "Max mad as Australian accent scrubbed". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Pearlman, Jonathan. "'American' Mad Max angers Australians". Telegraph. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Serrels, Mark (14 June 2013). "The New Mad Max Game Looks Great But... | Kotaku Australia". Kotaku.com.au. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Dyer, Mitch (3 July 2013). "Avalanche: Mad Max Will Have Australian Accent After All". IGN. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (11 March 2015). "Where Is Mad Max's Wasteland, And Does It Fit With The Films?". Game Informer. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (3 March 2015). "April Cover Revealed – Mad Max". Game Informer. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Pacific, MCV (5 March 2015). "New pre-order bonus for Mad Max unveiled". MCV Pacific. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ McElroy, Justin (3 March 2015). "Mad Max game canned on Xbox 360 and PS3, other versions dated". Polygon. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Jump up ^ McKeand, Kirk (20 October 2016). "What a lovely day! Mad Max releases for Mac and Linux". PCGamesN. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany (3 March 2015). "Mad Max release date set for September, PS3 and Xbox 360 versions canned". VG247. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Hillier, Brenna (17 July 2015). "Mad Max Post-Apocalypse Edition includes Blu-ray, license plate". VG247. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarker, Samit (10 June 2015). "Mad Max game coming in 2014 to PC, PS4, Xbox One, PS3, Xbox 360 from Avalanche Studios (update)". Polygon. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (27 August 2015). "Mad Max PS4-Exclusive Content Revealed". GameSpot. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (27 August 2015). "Mad Max Gets Road Warrior-Themed Hood Ornaments On PS4". Game Informer. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Farrelly, Steve (31 August 2015). "Mad Max Dust Art Helps Celebrate the Game's Release in Australia". AusGamers. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Vincent, James (31 August 2015). "Uber is offering Mad Max rides in Seattle". The Verge. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Blake (19 June 2015). "Mad Max Preview". Game Revolution. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Jason (5 May 2015). "Mad Max Could Be the Biggest Surprise of 2015". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Hatfield, Daemon (24 April 2015). "Game Scoop! Mad Max Is The New Shadow Of Mordor". IGN. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ John Agnello, Anthony (26 May 2015). "'Mad Max' the game lacks the charm and detail of 'Fury Road'". Joystiq. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Moore, Bd (16 June 2015). "Mad Max Game Isn't Nearly As Fun As The Movie". Wired.co.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mad Max for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mad Max for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mad Max for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carter, Chris (2 September 2015). "Review: Mad Max". Destructoid. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson, Martin (1 September 2015). "Mad Max review: Fast and Furiosa". Eurogamer. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bertz, Matt (31 August 2015). "Mad Max review: Desert Sessions In Repetition". Game Informer. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hurley, Leon (31 August 2015). "Mad Max review: World Is Fire And Blood". GamesRadar. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brown, Peter (31 August 2015). "Mad Max Review: Hit The Road, Max". GameSpot. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Bloodworth, Daniel (3 September 2015). "Mad Max – Review". GameTrailers. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Tyrrel, Brandin (31 August 2015). "Mad Max Review: Give Me Fire, Give Me Fuel". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kollar, Philip (31 August 2015). "Mad Max Review: Wasted Land". Polygon. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Orry, James (7 September 2015). "UK Video Game Charts: Metal Gear Solid 5: The Phantom Pain beats Mad Max to the UK No.1". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Grubb, Jeff (19 October 2015). "September 2015 NPD: NBA, NFL games have big month as hardware sputters". VentureBeat. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
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Marriage license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Marriage License from the State of Georgia
A marriage license is a document issued, either by a church or state authority, authorizing a couple to marry. The procedure for obtaining a license varies between countries and has changed over time. Marriage licenses began to be issued in the Middle Ages, to permit a marriage which would otherwise be illegal (for instance, if the necessary period of notice for the marriage had not been given).
Today, they are a legal requirement in some jurisdictions and may also serve as the record of the marriage itself, if signed by the couple and witnessed.
In other jurisdictions, a license is not required. In some jurisdictions, a "pardon" can be obtained for marrying without a license, and in some jurisdictions, common-law marriages and marriage by cohabitation and representation are also recognized. These do not require a marriage license. There are also some jurisdictions where marriage licenses do not exist at all and a marriage certificate is given to the couple after the marriage ceremony had taken place.
Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that "Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 United Kingdom
2.1 England & Wales
2.2 Scotland
3 United States
3.1 Controversy in the USA
4 The Netherlands and Belgium
5 Mexico
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
For most of Western history, marriage was a private contract between two families. Until the 16th century, Christian churches accepted the validity of a marriage on the basis of a couple’s declarations. If two people claimed that they had exchanged marital vows—even without witnesses—the Catholic Church accepted that they were validly married[citation needed].
Some states in the US hold that public cohabitation can be sufficient evidence of a valid marriage. Marriage license application records from government authorities are widely available starting from the mid-19th century. Some are available dating from the 17th century in colonial America.[2] Marriage licenses have been required since 1639 in Massachusetts, with their use gradually expanding to other jurisdictions.[3]
United Kingdom[edit]
England & Wales[edit]
A requirement for banns of marriage was introduced to England and Wales by the Church in 1215. This required a public announcement of a forthcoming marriage, in the couple's parish church, for three Sundays prior to the wedding and gave an opportunity for any objections to the marriage to be voiced (for example, that one of the parties was already married or that the couple was related within a prohibited degree), but a failure to call banns did not affect the validity of the marriage.
Marriage licences were introduced in the 14th century, to allow the usual notice period under banns to be waived, on payment of a fee and accompanied by a sworn declaration, that there was no canonical impediment to the marriage. Licences were usually granted by an archbishop, bishop or archdeacon. There could be a number of reasons for a couple to obtain a licence: they might wish to marry quickly (and avoid the three weeks' delay by the calling of banns); they might wish to marry in a parish away from their home parish; or, because a licence required a higher payment than banns, they might choose to obtain one as a status symbol.
There were two kinds of marriage licences that could be issued: the usual was known as a common licence and named one or two parishes where the wedding could take place, within the jurisdiction of the person who issued the licence. The other was the special licence, which could only be granted by the Archbishop of Canterbury or his officials and allowed the marriage to take place in any church.
To obtain a marriage licence, the couple, or more usually the bridegroom, had to swear that there was no just cause or impediment why they should not marry. This was the marriage allegation. A bond was also lodged with the church authorities for a sum of money to be paid if it turned out that the marriage was contrary to Canon Law. The bishop kept the allegation and bond and issued the licence to the groom, who then gave it to the vicar of the church where they were to get married. There was no obligation for the vicar to keep the licence and many were simply destroyed. Hence, few historical examples of marriage licences, in England and Wales, survive. However, the allegations and bonds were usually retained and are an important source for English genealogy.
Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 affirmed this existing ecclesiastical law and built it into statutory law. From this date, a marriage was only legally valid, if it followed the calling of banns in church or the obtaining of a licence —the only exceptions being Jewish and Quaker marriages, whose legality was also recognised. From the date of Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act up to 1837, the ceremony was required to be performed in a consecrated building.
Since 1 July 1837, civil marriages have been a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act 1836, which provided the statutory basis for regulating and recording marriages. So, today, a couple has a choice between being married in the Anglican Church, after the calling of banns or obtaining a licence or else, they can give "Notice of Marriage" to a civil registrar. In this latter case, the notice is publicly posted for 15 days, after which a civil marriage can take place. Marriages may take place in churches other than Anglican churches, but these are governed by civil marriage law and notice must be given to the civil registrar in the same way. The marriage may then take place without a registrar being present if the church itself is registered for marriages and the minister or priest is an Authorised Person for marriages.
The licence does not record the marriage itself, only the permission for a marriage to take place. Since 1837, the proof of a marriage has been by a marriage certificate, issued at the ceremony; before then, it was by the recording of the marriage in a parish register.
The provisions on civil marriage in the 1836 Act were repealed by the Marriage Act 1949. The Marriage Act 1949 re-enacted and re-stated the law on marriage in England and Wales.
Scotland[edit]
Marriage law and practice in Scotland differs from that in England and Wales. Historically, it was always considered legal and binding for a couple to marry by making public promises, without a formal ceremony but this form has not been available since 1940. More recently "marriage by cohabitation with repute" has also been abolished for any relationship commenced since 2006. Church marriages "without proclamation" are somewhat analogous to the English "marriages by licence", although the permission to perform them is not a church matter. Religious marriages in Scotland have never had a restriction on the place in which they are performed. Marriages in Scotland normally require between 2 and 6 weeks’ notice to the district registrar depending on the previous marital status and other procedural matters usually involving the country of residence and the nationality of the parties. Marriages with less than the normal amount of notice require the permission of the Registrar General.
United States[edit]
In the United States, until the mid-19th century, common-law marriages were recognized as valid, but thereafter some states began to invalidate common-law marriages. Common-law marriages, if recognized, are valid, notwithstanding the absence of a marriage license. North Carolina and Tennessee (which originally was western North Carolina) never recognized marriage at the common law as valid without a license unless entered into in other states. They have always recognized otherwise valid marriages (except bigamous, polygamous, interracial, or same-sex) entered into in conformity with the law of other states, territories and nations.[citation needed]
The specifications for obtaining a marriage license vary between states. In general, however, both parties must appear in person at the time the license is obtained; be of marriageable age (i.e., over 18 years; lower in some states with the consent of a parent); present proper identification (typically a driver's license, state ID card, birth certificate or passport; more documentation may be required for those born outside of the United States); and neither must be married to anyone else (proof of spouse's death or divorce may be required for someone who had been previously married in some states).
The US states of Florida, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Indiana, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, Mississippi, California, New York,[4][5] and the District of Columbia once required blood tests before issuing a marriage license, but such requirements have since been abolished. The tests were mainly used to check for previous or current bouts of syphilis and rubella (German measles); other diseases that have been screened for before marriage in some cases have included tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and HIV, the last of which is the only one of those three that is detectable using a blood test.[4]
Many states require 1 to 6 days to pass between the granting of the license and the marriage ceremony. After the marriage ceremony, both spouses and the officiant sign the marriage license (some states also require a witness). The officiant or couple then files for a certified copy of the marriage license and a marriage certificate with the appropriate authority. Some states also have a requirement that a license be filed within a certain time after its issuance, typically 30 or 60 days, following which a new license must be obtained.
Marriage licenses in the United States fall under the jurisdiction of the state in which the ceremony is performed; however, the marriage is generally recognized across the country. The state in which they are married holds the record of that marriage. Traditionally, working with law enforcement was the only means of searching and accessing marriage license information across state lines.[6]
Controversy in the USA[edit]
Some groups and individuals believe that the requirement to obtain a marriage license is unnecessary or immoral. The Libertarian Party, for instance, believes that marriage should be a matter of personal liberty, not requiring permission from the state.[7][8] Individuals that align with this libertarian stance argue that marriage is a right, and that by allowing the state to exercise control over marriage, it falsely presupposes that we merely have the privilege, not the right, to marry. As an example of a right (as opposed to a privilege), those that are born in the US receive a birth certificate (certifying that they have been born), not a birth license (which would give them license so they could be born). Some Christian groups also argue that a marriage is a contract between a man and a woman presided over by God, so no authorization from the state is required. Some US states have started citing the state specifically as a party in the marriage contract[9] which is seen by some as an infringement.[10]
Marriage licenses have also been the subject of controversy for affected minority groups. California's Proposition 8 has been the subject of heavy criticism by advocates of same-sex marriage,[11] including the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community whose ability to marry is often limited by the aforementioned state intervention. This changed on June 26, 2015, with the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges. However, the state and federal intervention still continues to limit the ability of members of other minority religious groups from marrying according to the dictates of their religious tenets, as is the case with Islamic polygamy, for example. Polyamorous and polyandrous marriages are, likewise, still prohibited.[12]
In October 2009, Keith Bardwell, a Louisiana justice of the peace, refused to issue a marriage license to an interracial couple, prompting civil liberties groups, such as the NAACP and ACLU, to call for his resignation or firing.[13][14] Bardwell resigned his office on November 3.[15]
In the state of Pennsylvania, self-uniting marriage licenses are available which require only the signatures of the bride and groom and witnesses. Although this is an accommodation for a Quaker wedding, any couple is able to apply for it.
The Netherlands and Belgium[edit]
In the Netherlands and Belgium, couples intending to marry are required to register their intention beforehand, a process called "ondertrouw".
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, only civil marriage is recognized as legal. Persons wishing to do so may also have a religious ceremony, but it has no legal effect and does not replace in any way the legal binding civil marriage. A civil wedding in Mexico is fully valid for legal purpose in the U.S. The Mexican civil registry does not issue marriage licences, it issues marriage certificates, because under Latin law, marriage is a legal right, not requiring a permit, marriages are performed without charge at the premises of the "Registro Civil" at the municipality hall of most counties and state houses in Mexico.[16]
See also[edit]
Banns of marriage
Birth certificate
Death certificate
Marriage certificate
World Service Authority - issues World Marriage Certificates in the Quaker tradition, allowing every couple (both heterosexual and homosexual) over 18 to marry themselves
People
Robert Stewart Sparks, in charge of Los Angeles, California, marriage-license division, 20th century
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking. The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy. Provo, UT: Ancestry, 2006. Pages 87 to 103.
Jump up ^ (PDF) Legislative Guide to Marriage Law, Iowa Legislative Services, Legal Services Division.
^ Jump up to: a b (PDF) Mississippi Legislature Regular Session 2012
Jump up ^ Shmerling, Robert H. (March 11, 2003). "The truth about premarital blood testing". InteliHealth. Archived from the original on October 20, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Marriage Records Records Retrieval". Retrieved 2011-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Platform". Libertarian Party.
Jump up ^ Michael Badnarik. Michael Badnarik's Constitution Class. Event occurs at 00:06:43. Retrieved 2010-07-26. If you go to a wedding, how many people are in that contract? Well you've got the man, you've got the woman, but that's not all you've also got the state! The state is there, giving you permission. Why? Because you asked.
Jump up ^ "Marriage — public". ohiolegalservices.org.
Jump up ^ Arguments against marriage licenses, from Mercy Seat church, Wisconsin
Jump up ^ The Christian Science Monitor. "Same-sex marriage activists seek repeal of California's Prop. 8". The Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ "Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy". NPR.org. 27 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Justice stands by refusal to give interracial couple license to wed". cnn.com.
Jump up ^ "Heat Builds in Interracial Marriage Denial". cbsnews.com. 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Justice of peace in marriage flap resigns". United Press International. November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ . http://www.mexicolaw.com/Marriage%20in%20Mexico.htm
References[edit]
Mark D. Herber, Ancestral Trails: The complete guide to British genealogy and family history, Sutton Publishing, 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1418-1
C. R. Chapman & P. M. Litton, Marriage laws, rites, records and customs, Lochin Publishing, 1996
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, American Uniform Marriage and Marriage License Act, Railway Printing Company, 1911 (Note, this is a "model act", not an actual law passed by Congress or individual states.)
http://www.mexicolaw.com/Marriage%20in%20Mexico.htm
External links[edit]
"Complete guide to getting copies of marriage licenses by US State". vitalrecordsguide.com.
"Information on blood tests, waiting periods, and length of time for which the license is valid in the United States". FindLaw.
"Marriage license information by city and county in the US". marriagelicensenow.org.
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