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History of Papua New Guinea
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Part of a series on the
History of Papua New Guinea
Prehistory
Early history
British New Guinea
German New Guinea
Australian mandate
World War II
Territorial merger
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea portal
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The prehistory of Papua New Guinea can be traced to about 60,000 years ago, when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. The written history began when European navigators first sighted New Guinea in the early part of the 16th century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Archaeology
2 European contact
3 Territory of Papua
4 German New Guinea
5 Territory of New Guinea
6 Exploration of Mandated Territory of New Guinea
6.1 Akmana Expedition 1929–1930
7 World War II
8 The Territory of Papua and New Guinea
9 Independence
10 Notes
11 Further reading
11.1 Primary sources
12 External links
Archaeology[edit]
See also: Ambum stone
Regions of Oceania: Australasia, Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. Australasia include the Australian landmass (including Tasmania), New Zealand, and New Guinea.
Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea perhaps 60,000 years ago, although this is under debate.[1][2] They came probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an Ice Age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. Although the first arrivals were hunters and gatherers, early evidence shows that people managed the forest environment to provide food. There also are indications of neolithic gardening having been practiced at Kuk at the same time that agriculture was developing in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Today's staples – sweet potatoes and pigs – were later arrivals, but shellfish and fish have long been mainstays of coastal dwellers' diets. Recent archaeological research suggests that 50,000 years ago people may have occupied sites in the highlands at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), rather than being restricted to warmer coastal areas.[3]
European contact[edit]
A typical map from the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography. Australasia during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (ca. 1590s–1720s): including Nova Guinea (New Guinea), Nova Hollandia (mainland Australia), Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), and Nova Zeelandia (New Zealand).
When Europeans first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and nearby islands, whose technologies included bone, wood, and stone tools, had a productive agricultural system. They traded along the coast (mainly in pottery, shell ornaments and foodstuffs) and in the interior (exchanging forest products for shells and other sea products).
The first known Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific in the early part of the 16th century. In 1526–1527 the Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes accidentally came upon the principal island and is credited with naming it "Papua", after a Malay word for the frizzled quality of Melanesian people's hair. The Spaniard Yñigo Ortiz de Retez applied the term "New Guinea" to the island in 1545 because of a perceived resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast.
Although European navigators visited the islands and explored their coastlines thereafter, European researchers knew little of the inhabitants until the 1870s, when Russian anthropologist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai made a number of expeditions to New Guinea, spending several years living among native tribes, and described their way of life in a comprehensive treatise.
British flag raised in Queensland 1883
Territory of Papua[edit]
Main article: Territory of Papua
In 1883, the Colony of Queensland tried to annex the southern half of eastern New Guinea, but the British government did not approve. However, when Germany began settlements in the north a British protectorate was proclaimed in 1884 over the southern coast of New Guinea and its adjacent islands. The protectorate, called British New Guinea, was annexed outright on 4 September 1888. The possession was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1902. Following the passage of the Papua Act in 1905, British New Guinea became the Territory of Papua, and formal Australian administration began in 1906, although Papua remained under their control a British possession until the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975.[4]
There was little economic activity in Papua. Australia administered it separately under the Papua Act until it was invaded by the Empire of Japan in 1941, and civil administration suspended. During the Pacific War, Papua was governed by an Australian military administration from Port Moresby, where General Douglas MacArthur occasionally made his headquarters.
Flag under German control of New Guinea.
German New Guinea[edit]
Main article: German New Guinea
Hoisting the German flag at Mioko in 1884
With Europe's growing desire for coconut oil, Godeffroy's of Hamburg, the largest trading firm in the Pacific, began trading for copra in the New Guinea Islands. In 1884, the German Empire formally took possession of the northeast quarter of the island and put its administration in the hands of a chartered trading company formed for the purpose, the German New Guinea Company. In the charter granted to this company by the German Imperial Government in May 1885, it was given the power to exercise sovereign rights over the territory and other "unoccupied" lands in the name of the government, and the ability to "negotiate" directly with the native inhabitants. Relationships with foreign powers were retained as the preserve of the German government. The Neu Guinea Kompanie paid for the local governmental institutions directly, in return for the concessions which had been awarded to it. In 1899, the German imperial government assumed direct control of the territory, thereafter known as German New Guinea.
New Guinea was basically a business venture. Thousands of local workers were hired as cheap labor on cocoa and copra plantations. In 1899, the German government took control of the colony from the New Guinea company of Berlin. Education was in the hands of missionaries. In 1914 when the First World War broke out Australia seized the German colony. The plantations were given to Australian war veterans and in 1921 the League of Nations gave Australia a trusteeship over New Guinea. The plantations and gold mining generated a degree of prosperity.[5]
Territory of New Guinea[edit]
Main article: Territory of New Guinea
The Commonwealth of Australia assumed a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the former German territory of New Guinea in 1920. It was administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in December 1941 brought about the suspension of Australian civil administration. Much of the Territory of New Guinea, including the islands of Bougainville and New Britain, was occupied by Japanese forces before being recaptured by Australian and American forces during the final months of the war (see New Guinea campaign).
Exploration of Mandated Territory of New Guinea[edit]
Akmana Expedition 1929–1930[edit]
‘The exploration of Papua–New Guinea has been a continuing process. Even today (October 2017) new groups of people occasionally are still contacted. Not until recent years has New Guinea’s exploration been planned; much of it has been the work of miners, labour recruiters, missionaries, adventurers, with different objectives in mind. Many of these people have been doers, not recorders of facts, with the result that our knowledge of the territory’s exploration has not kept pace with the exploration itself.’[6]
An exception is the record of the Akmana Gold Prospecting Company’s Field Party which carried out two expeditions from September to December 1929 and from mid February to the end of June 1930.[7] They journeyed on the "Banyandah", a cruiser of 12 metres (38 ft) from Madang up the coast to the mouth of the Sepik River, travelling along that river to Marienberg and Moim, then along the Karosameri River to the Karrawaddi River and on to the Arrabundio River and Yemas, after which it was necessary to transport their stores and equipment by pinnace, canoe and ultimately on foot to their Mountain Base on the upper Arrabundio River.
During their first expedition the Akmana Field Party prospected the tributaries of the Arrabundio and then trekked across a spur of the Central Mountain Range to sample the Upper Karrawaddi River. Retracing their steps to the Arrabundio they then headed out across another spur of the Central Mountain Range to the Junction of the Yuat River with the Jimmi and Baiyer Rivers, again without finding gold in sufficient quantity. Returning to Madang at the end of December 1929, several of the party went back to Sydney to obtain instructions from the Akmana Gold Prospecting Company.
In mid February 1930 the second expedition quickly returned to their Mountain Base and on across the mountains to the junction of the Yuat with the Baiyer and Jimmi Rivers. They prospected south along the Baiyer River to its junction with the Maramuni and Tarua Rivers, where they established a palisaded forward camp naming the place ‘Akmana Junction.’ From this base they prospected along the Maramuni River and its tributaries, again without success. Finally they prospected the Tarua River south past the tributary which flows to Waipai, once more without success and on the advice of mining engineer Seale, it was decided there was nothing to justify further exploration. They had not progressed to any country on the southern watershed through which the early explorers and prospectors travelled to the Hagan Range and Wabag. The party returned to Madang, sailing for Sydney on 3 July 1930.
After leading the first expedition, Sam Freeman did not return and Reg Beazley became party leader of the second expedition, with Pontey Seale mining engineer, Bill MacGregor and Beazley prospectors and recruiters, and Ernie Shepherd in charge of transport and supplies, prospecting when opportunity arose. They had all served overseas during World War I with the AIF on the western front, in Egypt and the Levant and had previously been to New Guinea. In 1926 Freeman was near Marienberg with Ormildah drilling for oil; Shepherd was with Dr. Wade and R.J. Winters on their geological survey of an oil lease of 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) in the Bogia and Nubio to Ramu region and up the Sepik River to Kubka 100 km (60 mi) above Ambunto. Beazley was drilling test sites for oil with Matahower in the lower Sepik and he and McGregor recruited labour on the Sepik and explored grass country to Wee Wak. Beazley also prospected the Arrabundio for gold and on his promising report to Freeman, Akmana Gold Prospecting Coy was floated in 1928.
The Akmana Gold Prospecting Field Party made contact with many peoples they called: grass country people, head hunters, pygmies, wig–men, Kanakas, Poomani. These contacts were often with the help of Drybow/Dribu, a leader and spokesman of the wig–men, a most intelligent man of goodwill, with a quiet authority that brought forth friendly cooperation. ‘We made a peaceful entry into this new country, establishing a reputation for fair trade and decent behaviour ... but gold was our interest and we had traced the rivers and tributaries as far as practicable where conditions and results justified the effort and found nothing worthwhile. In the many years since, there have been quite a few reports of prospecting parties in the area. But nothing of note has been reported: So we did not leave much behind, it seems.’[8]
‘Members of the Akmana party donated wigs they had brought back to various museums. Two of them went to The Australian Museum, Sydney (from Beazley and Shepherd). Current records at the Australian Museum show that Beazley’s wig, described as “a cap composed of human hair from the headwaters of the U–at River, Central Mountains, Mandated Territory of NG”, was lodged on 31 January 1930, presumably on his quick visit to Sydney after the first expedition. Shepherd presented another wig to Father Kirschbaum, who wanted to send it to Germany. The wigs at The Australian Museum were later confused with some brought out of the Highlands 10 years afterwards by Jim Taylor during his Hagen–Sepik patrol, and wrongly attributed to him when put on display. Seale presented two wigs to the National Museum Canberra in 1930.’[9]
World War II[edit]
Australian troops at Milne Bay, Papua.The Australian garrison was the first to inflict defeat on the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II at the Battle of Milne Bay of Aug–Sep 1942.
New Guinea Volunteer Rifles with captured Japanese flag, 1942
An Australian soldier, Private George "Dick" Whittington, is aided by Papuan orderly Raphael Oimbari, near Buna on 25 December 1942.
Main article: New Guinea Campaign
Shortly after the start of the Pacific War, the island of New Guinea was invaded by the Japanese. Most of West Papua, at that time known as Dutch New Guinea, was occupied, as were large parts of the Territory of New Guinea (the former German New Guinea, which was also under Australian rule after World War I), but Papua was protected to a large extent by its southern location and the near-impassable Owen Stanley Ranges to the north.
The New Guinea campaign opened with the battles for New Britain and New Ireland in the Territory of New Guinea in 1942. Rabaul, the capital of the Territory was overwhelmed on 22–23 January and was established as a major Japanese base from whence they landed on mainland New Guinea and advanced towards Port Moresby and Australia.[10] Having had their initial effort to capture Port Moresby by a seaborne invasion disrupted by the U.S. Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese attempted a landward invasion from the north via the Kokoda Trail. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges.[11] Local Papuans, called Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels by the Australians, assisted and escorted injured Australian troops down the Kokoda trail. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theatre.
The Japanese were driven back. The bitter Battle of Buna-Gona followed in which Australian and United States forces attacked the main Japanese beachheads in New Guinea, at Buna, Sanananda and Gona. Facing tropical disease, difficult terrain and well constructed Japanese defences, the allies only secured victory with heavy casualties.[12]
In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of Papua. They were beaten back by the Australian Army, and the Battle of Milne Bay is remembered as the first outright defeat on Japanese land forces during World War II.[13] The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces.[14] The Supreme Commander of operations was the United States General Douglas MacArthur, with Australian General Thomas Blamey taking a direct role in planning and operations being essentially directed by staff at New Guinea Force headquarters in Port Moresby.[15] Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the largely Australian force and the Japanese 18th Army based in New Guinea until the Japanese surrender in 1945.
The New Guinea campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War. In all, some 200,000 Japanese soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the campaign against approximately 7,000 Australian and 7,000 American service personnel.[16]
The Territory of Papua and New Guinea[edit]
Following the surrender of the Japanese in 1945, civil administration of Papua as well as New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act, (1945–46), Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union.
The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 formally approved the placing of New Guinea under the international trusteeship system and confirmed the administrative union under the title of The Territory of Papua and New Guinea. The Act provided for a Legislative Council (established in 1951), a judicial organization, a public service, and a system of local government, with Sir Donald Cleland as administrator. Cleland remained in the position till his retirement in 1967, then remaining in Port Moresby until his death in 1975.[17] The House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea replaced the Legislative Council in 1963, and after elections on 15 February, opened on 8 June 1964. In 1972, the name of the territory was changed to Papua New Guinea. Australia's change of policy towards Papua New Guinea largely commenced with the invitation from the Australian Government to the World Bank to send a mission to the Territory to advise on measures to be taken towards its economic development and political preparation. The mission's report, The Economic Development of the Territory of Papua New Guinea, published in 1964, set out the framework upon which much of later economic policy, up to and beyond independence, proceeded.
Independence[edit]
Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare, who pledged to lead the country to self-government and then to independence. Papua New Guinea became self-governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975. The country joined the United Nations (UN) on 10 October 1975 by way of Security Council Resolution 375 and General Assembly resolution 3368. The 1977 national elections confirmed Michael Somare as Prime Minister at the head of a coalition led by the Pangu Party. However, his government lost a vote of confidence in 1980 and was replaced by a new cabinet headed by Sir Julius Chan as prime minister. The 1982 elections increased Pangu's plurality, and parliament again chose Somare as prime minister. In November 1985, the Somare government lost another vote of no confidence, and the parliamentary majority elected Paias Wingti, at the head of a five-party coalition, as prime minister. A coalition, headed by Wingti, was victorious in very close elections in July 1987. In July 1988, a no-confidence vote toppled Wingti and brought to power Rabbie Namaliu, who a few weeks earlier had replaced Somare as leader of the Pangu Party.
Such reversals of fortune and a revolving-door succession of prime ministers continue to characterize Papua New Guinea's national politics. A plethora of political parties, coalition governments, shifting party loyalties and motions of no confidence in the leadership all lend an air of instability to political proceedings.
Under legislation intended to enhance stability, new governments remain immune from no-confidence votes for the first 18 months of their incumbency.
A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville claimed some 20,000 lives. The rebellion began in early 1989, active hostilities ended with a truce in October 1997 and a permanent ceasefire was signed in April 1998. A peace agreement between the Government and ex-combatants was signed in August 2001. A regional peace-monitoring force and a UN observer mission monitors the government and provincial leaders who have established an interim administration and are working toward complete surrender of weapons, the election of a provincial government and an eventual referendum on independence.
Although close relations have been maintained since peaceful independence and Australia remains the largest bilateral aid donor to Papua New Guinea, relations with Australia have recently shown signs of strain. While on an official visit in March 2005, the PNG Prime Minister, Michael Somare, was asked to submit to a security check and remove his shoes upon arriving at the airport in Brisbane. Despite demands from the PNG government that Australia apologize, the latter refused. Additionally, problems have arisen with regard to Australia's latest aid package for the country. Valued at A$760 million, the program was to tackle crime and corruption in PNG by sending 200 Australian police to Port Moresby and installing 40 Australian officials within the national bureaucracy. However, after the first detachment of police arrived, Papua New Guinea's high court ruled that the arrangement was unconstitutional, and the police returned home. A new arrangement, by which only 30 officers will serve as a training force for the local force has been described by the Australian foreign minister as "second-best".[18]
Political divisions of New Guinea
The government and rebels negotiated a peace agreement that established the Bougainville Autonomous District and Province. The autonomous Bougainville elected Joseph Kabui as president in 2005, who served until his death in 2008. He was succeeded by his deputy John Tabinaman as acting president while an election to fill the unexpired term was organised. James Tanis won that election in December 2008 and served until the inauguration of John Momis, the winner of the 2010 elections. As part of the current peace settlement, a referendum on independence is planned to be held in Bougainville sometime before mid-2020. Preparations were underway in 2015.[19][20]
Numerous Chinese have worked and lived in Papua New Guinea, establishing Chinese-majority communities. Chinese merchants became established in the islands before European exploration. Anti-Chinese rioting involving tens of thousands of people broke out in May 2009. The initial spark was a fight between ethnic Chinese and Papua New Guinean workers at a nickel factory under construction by a Chinese company. Native resentment against Chinese ownership of numerous small businesses and their commercial monopoly in the islands led to the rioting. The Chinese have long been merchants in Papua New Guinea.[21][22] On the same year, Papua New Guinea asked various Southeast nations for their support for Papua New Guinea's full membership bid in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Indonesia supported the bid after Papua New Guinea supported Indonesia's hold on West Papua. However, Christian-majority Philippines and Buddhist-majority Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia have expressed displeasure over Papua New Guinea's anti-LGBT laws, stating that equality-friendly Timor-Leste would most likely be a more feasible ASEAN member state in the future.[23][24]
In 2012, despite a refugee crisis between the borders of Papua New Guinea and West Papua, the country was steadfast in its support to Indonesia, which promised Papua New Guinea a bigger role in ASEAN in the future. By 2017, the Indonesian-led genocide against West Papuan natives peaked with almost 25% of the native population killed within a 50-year period.[25][26] The realization caused massive backlash from Oceania nations against Papua New Guinea's policy on West Papua. In January 2017, Papua New Guinea gave citizenship to 138 West Papuan refugees in a bid to calm tensions.[27] In September 2017, Papua New Guinea rejected the West Papuan Independence Petition in the United Nations General Assembly, to the pleasure of Indonesia.[28]
From April to March 2018, a chain of earthquakes hit Papua New Guinea, causing various damages. Various nations from Oceania, Australia, the Philippines, and Timor-Leste immediately sent aid to the country.[29][30]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ J.F. O’Connella, J. Allen (9 November 2003). "Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea): a review of recent research" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31: 835–853. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.11.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Alan J. Redd1, Mark Stoneking (September 1999). "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australian and Papua New Guinean Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (3): 808–828. doi:10.1086/302533. PMC 1377989  . PMID 10441589.
Jump up ^ "Early humans lived in PNG highlands 50,000 years ago". Reuters. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
Jump up ^ John Waiko. Short History of Papua New Guinea' (1993)
Jump up ^ John Dademo Waiko, Papua New Guinea: A History of Our Times (2003)
Jump up ^ Stuart Inder, Editor "Pacific Islands Monthly" April 1971 p. 40 Introduction
Jump up ^ Ernest Alfred Shepherd, 'Akmana: A new name in the continuing story of New Guinea exploration' "Pacific Islands Monthly" April 1971 pp. 41–9
Jump up ^ Ernest Alfred Shepherd, "Akmana: A new name in the continuing story of New Guinea exploration" Pacific Islands Monthly April 1971 p. 49
Jump up ^ Ernest Alfred Shepherd, "Akmana: A new name in the continuing story of New Guinea exploration" Pacific Islands Monthly April 1971 p.49
Jump up ^ http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/C6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979?OpenDocument
Jump up ^ http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_291.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_340.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_345.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/23/new-guinea-offensive/
Jump up ^ http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/23/new-guinea-offensive/
Jump up ^ http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/58EBD6D993E15CE8CA256D05002671FD?OpenDocument
Jump up ^ H. N. Nelson, 'Cleland, Sir Donald Mackinnon (1901–1975)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 13, Melbourne University Press, 1993, pp 440–441.
Jump up ^ "Thirty Years On". The Economist. 25 August 2005. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Australia's interest in Bougainville's independence is far from locals' wishes", The Guardian. 20 May 2015
Jump up ^ "Bougainville makes first preparations for referendum". Radio New Zealand. 17 April 2015
Jump up ^ Callick, Rowan (23 May 2009). "Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea's anti-Chinese riots". The Australian. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Overseas and under siege", The Economist, 11 August 2009
Jump up ^ "Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid | News | GMA News Online". Gmanetwork.com. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Papua New Guinea keen to join ASEAN | The Brunei Times". bt.com.bn. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-18/png-resettles-hundreds-of-west-papuan-asylum-seekers/7259438
Jump up ^ https://medium.com/namorong-report/can-the-next-png-government-do-better-on-west-papua-8a2259995236
Jump up ^ https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/333382/png-grants-citizenship-to-138-west-papuan-refugees
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/30/west-papua-independence-petition-is-rebuffed-at-un
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/05/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-un-pulls-out-aid-workers-from-violence-hit-region
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/08/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-anger-grows-among-forgotten-victims
Further reading[edit]
Biskup, Peter, B. Jinks and H. Nelson. A Short History of New Guinea (1970)
Connell, John. Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for Development (1997) online
Gash, Noel. A pictorial history of New Guinea (1975)
Golson, Jack. 50,000 years of New Guinea history (1966)
Griffin, James. Papua New Guinea: A political history (1979)
Knauft, Bruce M. South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic (1993) excerpt and text search
McCosker, Anne. Masked Eden: A History of the Australians in New Guinea (1998)
Waiko. John. Short History of Papua New Guinea' (1993)
Waiko, John Dademo. Papua New Guinea: A History of Our Times (2003)
Zimmer-Tamakoshi, Laura, ed. Modern Papua New Guinea (1998) online
Primary sources[edit]
Jinks, Brian, ed. Readings in New Guinea history (1973)
Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea (2002) famous anthropological account of the Trobriand Islanders; based on field work in 1910s online
Visser, Leontine, ed. Governing New Guinea: An Oral History of Papuan Administrators, 1950-1990 (2012)
Whitaker, J.L. et al. eds. Documents and readings in New Guinea history: Pre-history to 1889 (1975)
External links[edit]
U.S. State Department Background Note: Papua New Guinea
The Royal Papua and New Guinea Constabulary a Pictorial History Web Page 1885-1975
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text:
Because I Love You (The Postman Song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
Single by Stevie B
from the album Love & Emotion
B-side
"Love Me for Life"
Released
September 1, 1990
Format
CD single, CD maxi, 7" single,
12" maxi
Recorded
1988
Genre
Pop
Length
5:00 (Album version)
3:46 (Radio version)
Label
LMR (Lefrak-Moelis Records) / RCA
Songwriter(s)
Warren Allen Brooks
Producer(s)
Stevie B
Stevie B singles chronology
"Love & Emotion"
(1990) "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
(1990) "I'll Be by Your Side"
(1991)
"Love & Emotion"
(1990) "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
(1990) "I'll Be by Your Side"
(1991)
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" is a song recorded by Stevie B. The song peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December, 1990[1] spending four weeks at number one and spending two weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart,[2] as well. It reached number six on the UK Singles Chart and number eight on the Australian Singles Chart.
The song is listed at number 64 on Billboard's Top 100 songs for the 55th Anniversary of the Hot 100 chart.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listings
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
2.3 Decade-end charts
2.4 Certifications
3 Groove Coverage version
3.1 Versions
3.2 Charts
4 Other versions
5 References
Track listings[edit]
CD single
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" (radio edit) – 3:46
"Love Me for Life" (radio edit) – 3:06
CD maxi
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" (radio edit) – 3:46
"Love Me for Life" (radio edit) – 3:06
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" – 5:00
"Love Me for Life" – 5:16
7" single
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" (radio edit) – 3:46
"Love Me for Life" (radio edit) – 3:06
12" maxi
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" – 5:00
"Love Me for Life" – 5:16
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1990–91)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[4] 8
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary[5] 2
Canadian RPM Singles Chart[6] 7
Dutch Top 40[7] 3
French SNEP Singles Chart[4] 8
German Singles Chart[4] 9
Irish Singles Chart[8] 7
New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart[4] 9
Norwegian Singles Chart[4] 4
Swedish Singles Chart[4] 4
Swiss Singles Chart[4] 22
UK Singles Chart[9] 6
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[10] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Rank
Australian Singles Chart[11] 49
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary[12] 31
Canadian RPM Singles Chart[13] 70
Dutch Top 40[7] 39
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 12
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 72
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
United States[16] Gold April 12, 1991 500,000
Preceded by
"I'm Your Baby Tonight" by Whitney Houston Billboard Hot 100 number one single
December 8–29, 1990 Succeeded by
"Justify My Love" by Madonna
Preceded by
"You Gotta Love Someone" by Elton John Billboard Adult Contemporary (chart) number-one single
January 19–26, 1991 Succeeded by
"The First Time" by Surface
Groove Coverage version[edit]
"Because I Love You"
Single by Groove Coverage
from the album Greatest Hits
Released
September 14, 2007
Format
Vinyl,
12" single
Genre
Trance, electronic
Label
Zeitgeist (Universal)
Suprime:Music
Songwriter(s)
Warren Allen Brooks
Producer(s)
Axel Konrad, Ole Wierk
Groove Coverage singles chronology
"21st Century Digital Girl"
(2006) "Because I Love You"
(2007)
"21st Century Digital Girl"
(2006) "Because I Love You"
(2007)
"Because I Love You" is the first single from German trance group Groove Coverage's Greatest Hits album. Like most of Groove Coverage's songs it is sung by Mell, with Verena providing vocals during the song's bridge.
Versions[edit]
Because I Love You (Radio Version) 3:09
Because I Love You (Radio Version With Synth) 3:37
Because I Love You (Pop Mix) 3:08
Because I Love You (Club Mix Short) 3:45
Because I Love You (Extended Mix) 6:19
Because I Love You (Club Mix) 5:22
Because I Love You (Bootleg Mix Short) 3:20
Because I Love You (Bootleg Mix) 5:37
Because I Love You (Elektrofachgeschäft Mix Short) 3:11
Because I Love You (Elektrofachgeschäft Mix) 5:10
Because I Love You (Rocco & Bass T's Jump Mix) 5:12
Because I Love You (DJ Kaya Remix) 6:16
Because I Love You (Flip & Fill Remix) 5.28
Charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17] 58
Germany (Official German Charts)[18] 72
Other versions[edit]
In 1992, saxophonist Richard Elliot covered the song from his album Soul Embrace.[19]
In 2002, German disc jockey and electronic music producer Marko Albrecht (mostly known as Mark 'Oh) covered this song on his single album Because I Love You: Mark'Oh meets Digital Rockers.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=December 8, 1990
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 232.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Because I Love You (the Postman Song)", in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved April 7, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary – Volume 53, No. 8, January 26, 1991". RPM Music Publications Ltd. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 53, No. 8, January 26, 1991". RPM Music Publications Ltd. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Single top 100 over 1991" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite (Retrieved April 7, 2008)
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com (Retrieved April 7, 2008)
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard Allmusic.com (Retrieved June 28, 2008)
Jump up ^ 1991 Australian Singles Chart aria.com (Retrieved July 28, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary – Volume 53, No. 8, December 21, 1991". RPM Music Publications Ltd. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 55, No. 3, December 21, 1991". RPM Music Publications Ltd. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1991". Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade – The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s. Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ US certifications riaa.com Archived June 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved July 28, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Groove Coverage – Because I Love You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Groove Coverage Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Soul Embrace overview". Allmusic.com.
[show]
v
t
e
Stevie B
Studio albums
Party Your Body (1988)
In My Eyes (1988)
Love & Emotion (1990)
Healing (1992)
Funky Melody (1994)
It's So Good (2000)
The Terminator (2009)
Compilation albums
B-Sides And Outtakes (2009)
Singles
"Party Your Body"
"Dreamin' of Love"
"Spring Love (Come Back to Me)"
"I Wanna Be the One"
"In My Eyes"
"Girl I Am Searching for You"
"Because I Love You"
"Love & Emotion"
"I'll Be by Your Side"
"Pump That Body"
[show]
v
t
e
Groove Coverage
Ole Wierk
Axel Konrad
DJ Novus
Mell
Verena Rehm
Studio albums
Covergirl (2002)
7 Years and 50 Days (2004)
21st Century (2006)
Riot on the Dancefloor (2012)
Compilations
Best of Groove Coverage (2005)
Greatest Hits (2007)
EPs
Poison EP (2004)
Singles
"Hit Me"
"Are U Ready"
"Moonlight Shadow"
"God Is a Girl"
"Poison"
"The End"
"7 Years and 50 Days"
"Runaway"
"She"
"Holy Virgin"
"On the Radio"
"21st Century Digital Girl"
"Because I Love You"
"Innocent"
"Angeline"
"Think About the Way" (feat. Rameez)
Related articles
Universal Records
Sony Music Entertainment
Columbia Records
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Because_I_Love_You_(The_Postman_Song)&oldid=806760257"
Categories:
1990 songs
1990 singles
2007 singles
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Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles
Hidden categories:
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text:
Walk the Line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song, see I Walk the Line. For other uses, see Walk the Line (disambiguation).
Walk the Line
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
James Mangold
Produced by
James Keach
Cathy Konrad
Written by
Gill Dennis
James Mangold
Based on
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words and Cash: The Autobiography
by Johnny Cash
Starring
Joaquin Phoenix
Reese Witherspoon
Ginnifer Goodwin
Robert Patrick
Dallas Roberts
Music by
T Bone Burnett
Cinematography
Phedon Papamichael
Edited by
Michael McCusker
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
September 4, 2005 (2005-09-04) (Telluride Film Festival)
November 18, 2005 (2005-11-18) (United States)
Running time
136 minutes
(theatrical cut)
153 minutes
(extended cut)
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$28 million
Box office
$186.4 million
Walk the Line is a 2005 American biographical drama film directed by James Mangold and based on the early life and career of singer Johnny Cash. The film stars Joaquin Phoenix, Reese Witherspoon, Ginnifer Goodwin, and Robert Patrick.
The film focuses on Cash's early life, his romance with June Carter, and his ascent to the country music scene, as based on his autobiographies. The screenplay was written by Mangold and Gill Dennis. The film's production budget is estimated to have been US$28 million.[1]
Walk the Line previewed at the Telluride Film Festival on September 4, 2005, and went into wide release on November 18. The film was nominated for five Oscars at the 78th Academy Awards, including Best Actor (Phoenix), Best Actress (Witherspoon, which she won), and Best Costume Design (Arianne Phillips). The film grossed more than $186 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development and pre-production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Reception
4.3 Accolades
5 Home media
6 Soundtrack
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1968, as an audience of inmates at Folsom State Prison cheer for Johnny Cash's band, he waits backstage near a table saw, reminding him of his early life.
In 1944, Johnny, then known as J.R., is raised on a cotton farm in Dyess, Arkansas with his brother Jack, father Ray, and mother Carrie. J.R. is known for his singing of hymns, while his brother Jack trains himself to become a pastor. While Jack is sawing wood for a neighbor with a table saw, J.R. goes fishing until he is spotted by his father for wandering off. Both J.R. and Ray return home to see Jack dying after being severely injured by the saw in an accident. In 1950, J.R. enlists in the Air Force as Johnny Cash, and is stationed in West Germany. He purchases a guitar, and in 1952, finds solace in writing songs, one of which he develops as "Folsom Prison Blues".
After his discharge, Cash returns to the United States and marries his girlfriend, Vivian Liberto. The couple moves to Memphis, Tennessee, where Cash works as a door-to-door salesman to support his growing family. He walks past a recording studio, which inspires him to organize a band to play gospel music. Cash's band auditions for Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Records. After they play "Folsom Prison Blues", the band receives a contract, and launch to stardom at the beginning of the rock and roll era.
The band begins touring as Johnny Cash and the Tennessee Two. On tour, Johnny meets June Carter, with whom he falls in love. Cash begins spending more time with June, who divorces her first husband, Carl Smith. After his attempt to woo June fails, Cash starts abusing drugs and alcohol. After his behavior reaches a bottom during a performance with June, they separate.
Later, over Vivian's objections, Johnny persuades June to come out of semi-retirement, and tour with him. The tour is a success, but backstage, Vivian becomes critical of June's influence. After one performance in Las Vegas, Johnny and June sleep together. The next morning, she notices Johnny taking pills, and doubts her choices. At that evening's concert, Johnny, upset by June's apparent rejection, behaves erratically, and eventually passes out on stage. June disposes of Johnny's drugs, and begins to write "Ring of Fire", describing her feelings for him and her pain at watching him descend into addiction.
Returning to California, Cash travels to Mexico to purchase more drugs, and is arrested. Cash's marriage to Vivian implodes; the pair divorce and Cash moves to Nashville in 1966. Trying to reconcile with June, Johnny purchases a large house near a lake in Hendersonville. His parents and the extended Carter family arrive for Thanksgiving, at which time Ray dismisses his son's achievements and behavior. After the meal, June's mother encourages her daughter to help Cash. He goes into detox and wakes with June; she says they have been given a second chance. Though not married, the two begin spending most of their time with each other.
Cash discovers that most of his fan mail is from prisoners, who are impressed with his outlaw image. He proposes to Columbia Records that he will record an album live inside Folsom Prison. Despite Columbia's doubts, Cash says that he will perform, and his label can use the tapes if they wish. At the Folsom Prison concert, Cash says that he has been sympathetic to prisoners, explaining that his arrest for drug possession helped him to relate to them. With this success, Cash embarks on a tour with June and his band. On the bus, he stops to talk with June and proposes to her, but she turns him down. At the next concert, June says she will only speak with him on stage. Cash later performs "Ring of Fire" on stage. After the song, Cash invites June to a duet and stops in the middle, saying he cannot sing "Jackson" any more unless June agrees to marry him. June accepts and they share a passionate embrace on stage.
Cast[edit]
Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny Cash
Reese Witherspoon as June Carter
Ginnifer Goodwin as Vivian Liberto, Johnny's first wife
Robert Patrick as Ray Cash, Johnny's father
Hailey Anne Nelson as Rosanne Cash, Johnny's oldest daughter
Dallas Roberts as Sam Phillips, the founder, owner, and producer of Sun Records
Dan John Miller as Luther Perkins, Johnny's first guitarist
Johnny Holiday as Carl Perkins
Larry Bagby as Marshall Grant, Johnny's bassist
Shelby Lynne as Carrie Cash, Johnny's mother
Sandra Ellis Lafferty as Maybelle Addington Carter, June's mother
Tyler Hilton as Elvis Presley
Waylon Payne as Jerry Lee Lewis
Shooter Jennings as Waylon Jennings, Johnny's future bandmate
Clay Steakley as Fluke Holland, Johnny's drummer
Johnathan Rice as Roy Orbison
Lucas Till as Jack Cash, Johnny's brother
Ridge Canipe as young Johnny Cash
James Keach as Folsom Prison Warden
Development and pre-production[edit]
The film has its origins in a 1993 episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.,[2] That year, Cash was a guest star on the show, where he and June Carter became friends with Jane Seymour, the star of the show, and Seymour's husband James Keach who was directing the episode. By the mid-1990s, Cash had asked Keach to make a film of his life; he and Seymour began the process with a series of interviews.[2] In 1997, the interviews had been the basis of a screenplay written by Gill Dennis, with input from Keach; two years later, still lacking any studio interest, Keach contacted James Mangold, who had been "angling to become involved in the project for two years."[2] Mangold and his wife, producer Cathy Konrad, developed the script for Sony, and by 2001, they had a script they thought they could pitch to a studio. Sony and others turned it down, but Fox 2000 agreed to make the film.[2]
The film was in part based on two autobiographies, both of which were optioned: Man in Black (1975) and Cash: The Autobiography (1997), though the film "burrows deep into painful territory that Mr. Cash barely explored."[2]
Phoenix met Cash months before hearing about the film. When he read the script, he felt there were at least ten other actors who would be better in the role.[3] To prepare for her role as June Carter, Witherspoon watched several videos of the singer; she also listened to her singing and telling stories to get her voice right.[4]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
Walk the Line was released on November 18, 2005, in 2,961 theaters, grossing $22.3 million on its opening weekend. It went on to earn $119.5 million in North America and $66.9 million in the rest of the world for a total of $186.4 million, well above its $28 million budget, making it a box office success.[5] It was the all-time highest grossing music biopic until Straight Outta Compton surpassed it in 2015.
Reception[edit]
Critics generally responded with positive reviews, garnering an 82% on Rotten Tomatoes. The two lead performances received rave reviews, particularly Witherspoon's, whose performance is described by critics as her best work to date. Roger Ebert praised Witherspoon for her "boundless energy" and predicted her to win the Academy Award for Best Actress.[6][7] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Carina Chocano wrote, "Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon do first-rate work — they sing, they twang, they play new-to-them instruments, they crackle with wit and charisma, and they give off so much sexual heat it's a wonder they don't burst into flames".[8]
A. O. Scott, in his review for The New York Times, had problems with Phoenix's performance: "Even though his singing voice doesn't match the original - how could it? - he is most convincing in concert, when his shoulders tighten and he cocks his head to one side. Otherwise, he seems stuck in the kind of off-the-rack psychological straitjacket in which Hollywood likes to confine troubled geniuses".[9] In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "A lot of credit for Phoenix's performance has to go to Mangold, who has always been good at finding the bleak melodrama in taciturn souls ... If Mangold's new movie has a problem, it's that he and co-screenwriter Gill Dennis sometimes walk the lines of the inspirational biography too rigorously".[10]
Andrew Sarris, in his review for The New York Observer praised Witherspoon for her "spine-tingling feistiness", and wrote, "This feat has belatedly placed it (in my mind, at least) among a mere handful of more-than-Oscar-worthy performances this year".[11] Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "while Witherspoon, a fine singer herself, makes Carter immensely likable, a fountain of warmth and cheer, given how sweetly she meshes with Phoenix her romantic reticence isn't really filled in".[12] Baltimore Sun reviewer Michael Sragow wrote, "What Phoenix and Witherspoon accomplish in this movie is transcendent. They act with every bone and inch of flesh and facial plane, and each tone and waver of their voice. They do their own singing with a startling mastery of country music's narrative musicianship".[13] In his review for Sight and Sound, Mark Kermode wrote, "Standing ovations, too, for Witherspoon, who has perhaps the tougher task of lending depth and darkness to the role of June, whose frighteningly chipper stage act - a musical-comedy hybrid - constantly courts (but never marries) mockery".[14]
Some critics found the film too constrained by Hollywood plot formulas of love and loss, ignoring the last twenty years of Cash's life and other more socio-politically controversial reasons he was considered "the man in black".[15]
Rosanne Cash was quite critical of the film. She saw a rough edit and described the experience like "having a root canal without anaesthetic".[citation needed] Her half-brother John Carter Cash was instrumental in having the filmmakers remove two scenes that were not flattering to her mother. Furthermore, she said, "The movie was painful. The three of them [in the film] were not recognizable to me as my parents in any way. But the scenes were recognizable, and the storyline, so the whole thing was fraught with sadness because they all had just died, and I had this resistance to seeing the screen version of my childhood".[16]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Walk the Line
Academy Awards
1. Best Actress in a Leading Role (Reese Witherspoon)
Golden Globe Awards
1. Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
2. Best Actor in a Leading Role – Musical or Comedy (Joaquin Phoenix)
3. Best Actress in a Leading Role – Musical or Comedy (Reese Witherspoon)
BAFTA Awards
1. Best Actress (Reese Witherspoon)
2. Best Sound
Witherspoon's performance was repeatedly recognized, including an Academy Award for Best Actress[17] and other awards such as:
BAFTA Award as Best Actress
Broadcast Film Critic Award as Best Actress
Golden Globe Award as Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
National Society of Film Critics Award as Best Actress
Online Film Critics Society award as Best Actress
Satellite Award as Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
Screen Actors Guild Award as Best Actress
Film critic Andrew Sarris ranked Walk the Line number seven in top films of 2005 and cited Reese Witherspoon as the best female performance of the year.[18] Witherspoon was also voted Favorite Leading Lady at the 2006 People's Choice Awards.[19] David Ansen of Newsweek ranked Witherspoon as one of the five best actresses of 2005.[20]
Home media[edit]
On February 28, 2006, a single-disc DVD and a two-disc collector edition DVD were released; these editions sold three million copies on their first day of release.[21] On March 25, 2008, a two-disc 'extended cut' DVD was released for region one. The feature on disc one is 17 minutes longer than the theatrical release, and disc two features eight extended musical sequences with introductions and documentaries about the making of the film. The film has been released on Blu-ray Disc in France, Sweden and the UK in the form of its extended cut. The American Blu-ray features the shorter theatrical cut.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Walk the Line (soundtrack)
Wind-up Records released the soundtrack in November 2005. It featured nine songs performed by Joaquin Phoenix, four songs by Reese Witherspoon, two songs by Tyler Hilton, and one song each by Waylon Payne, Johnathan Rice, and Shooter Jennings. The album received a Grammy at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Walk the Line (2005)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Waxman, Sharon (October 16, 2005). "The Secrets That Lie Beyond the Ring of Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Joaquin Phoenix Talks About 'Walk the Line'". Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Reese Witherspoon Talks About 'Walk the Line'". Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Walk the Line". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 18, 2005). "Walk the Line". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (February 18, 2006). "Ebert's Oscar Predictions (2006)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
Jump up ^ Chocano, Carina (November 18, 2005). "Walk the Line". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (November 18, 2005). "The Man in Black, on Stage and Off". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (November 18, 2005). "A Phoenix in the Ring of Fire". Time. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Sarris, Andrew (January 8, 2006). "Funny, Fiftysomething Pierce Returns as The Matador". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (November 16, 2005). "Walk the Line". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Sragow, Michael (November 18, 2005). "A Walk to see and remember". Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ Kermode, Mark (February 2006). "Walk the Line". Sight and Sound. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Harsin, Jayson. "Walking the Fine Line". Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
Jump up ^ Garfield, Simon (February 5, 2006). "Family ties". The Observer. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
Jump up ^ Sarris, Andrew (January 5, 2006). "Who and What I Liked in 2005: Viggo, Violence, Reese, 2046". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards". Movie City News. Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ansen, David (December 19, 2005). "The Five Best Actresses". Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Walk the Line (2005)". MovieWeb. Retrieved 2015-04-09.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Walk the Line
Official website
Walk the Line on IMDb
Walk the Line at AllMovie
Walk the Line at Box Office Mojo
Walk the Line at Rotten Tomatoes
Walk the Line at Metacritic
[show]
v
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e
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
An American in Paris (1951)
With a Song in My Heart (1952)
Carmen Jones (1954)
Guys and Dolls (1955)
The King and I (1956)
Les Girls (1957)
Gigi / Auntie Mame (1958)
Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot (1959)
Song Without End / The Apartment (1960)
West Side Story / A Majority of One (1961)
The Music Man / That Touch of Mink (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
My Fair Lady (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966)
The Graduate (1967)
Oliver! (1968)
The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969)
MASH (1970)
Fiddler on the Roof (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
American Graffiti (1973)
The Longest Yard (1974)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
A Star Is Born (1976)
The Goodbye Girl (1977)
Heaven Can Wait (1978)
Breaking Away (1979)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
Arthur (1981)
Tootsie (1982)
Yentl (1983)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Prizzi's Honor (1985)
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Hope and Glory (1987)
Working Girl (1988)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Green Card (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
The Player (1992)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
The Lion King (1994)
Babe (1995)
Evita (1996)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Almost Famous (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Chicago (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Walk the Line (2005)
Dreamgirls (2006)
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)
The Hangover (2009)
The Kids Are All Right (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Les Misérables (2012)
American Hustle (2013)
The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)
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La La Land (2016)
[show]
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Satellite Award for Best Film
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(1996–2009, retired)
Evita (1996)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
Being John Malkovich (1999)
Nurse Betty (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Walk the Line (2005)
Dreamgirls (2006)
Juno (2007)
Happy-Go-Lucky (2008)
Nine (2009)
Motion Picture Drama
(1996–2009, retired)
Fargo (1996)
Titanic (1997)
The Thin Red Line (1998)
The Insider (1999)
Traffic (2000)
In the Bedroom (2001)
Far from Heaven (2002)
In America (2003)
Hotel Rwanda (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
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[show]
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Johnny Cash
Studio albums
With His Hot and Blue Guitar
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Greatest!
Songs of Our Soil
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Now, There Was a Song!
Now Here's Johnny Cash
The Sound of Johnny Cash
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The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash
I Walk the Line
Orange Blossom Special
Everybody Loves a Nut
Happiness Is You
Old Golden Throat
More of Old Golden Throat
Hello, I'm Johnny Cash
The World of Johnny Cash
Man in Black
A Thing Called Love
Any Old Wind That Blows
Ragged Old Flag
The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me
John R. Cash
Look at Them Beans
One Piece at a Time
The Last Gunfighter Ballad
I Would Like to See You Again
Gone Girl
Silver
Rockabilly Blues
The Baron
The Adventures of Johnny Cash
Johnny 99
Rainbow
Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town
Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series
Water from the Wells of Home
Boom Chicka Boom
The Mystery of Life
American Recordings
Unchained
American III: Solitary Man
American IV: The Man Comes Around
Personal File
American V: A Hundred Highways
American VI: Ain't No Grave
Out Among the Stars
Concept albums
Ride This Train
Blood, Sweat and Tears
Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian
Sings the Ballads of the True West
From Sea to Shining Sea
America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song
The Johnny Cash Children's Album
The Rambler
Gospel albums
Hymns by Johnny Cash
Hymns from the Heart
The Holy Land
The Gospel Road (film soundtrack)
Sings Precious Memories
A Believer Sings the Truth
Believe in Him
Return to the Promised Land (video soundtrack)
My Mother's Hymn Book
Christmas albums
The Christmas Spirit
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Collaborations
The Lure of the Grand Canyon
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Johnny Cash and His Woman
The Legend of Jesse James
The Survivors Live
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VH1 Storytellers
Live albums
At Folsom Prison
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På Österåker
Strawberry Cake
Koncert v Praze (In Prague–Live)
At Madison Square Garden
A Concert Behind Prison Walls
Non-gospel soundtracks
I Walk the Line
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
Compilations
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Heart of Cash
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Sunday Morning Coming Down
International Superstar
Five Feet High and Rising
Destination Victoria Station
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
The Unissued Johnny Cash
Johnny & June
Tall Man
Encore
Biggest Hits
The Man in Black 1954–1958
The Man in Black 1959–1962
Come Along and Ride This Train
The Essential Johnny Cash (1992)
Wanted Man
The Man in Black 1963–1969
The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits
16 Biggest Hits
Love, God, Murder
The Essential Johnny Cash (2002)
Unearthed
The Legend
The Legend of Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash: Patriot
16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash
The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II
The Complete Columbia Album Collection
Songs
"25 Minutes to Go"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Any Old Wind That Blows"
"The Ballad of Boot Hill"
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
"Big River"
"Blistered"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"Busted"
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"Cocaine Blues"
"Cry! Cry! Cry!"
"Daddy Sang Bass"
"Dark as a Dungeon"
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"The Folk Singer"
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"Forty Shades of Green"
"Get Rhythm"
"Give My Love to Rose"
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"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Greystone Chapel"
"Guess Things Happen That Way"
"Hey, Porter"
"Home of the Blues"
"Hurt"
"I Couldn't Keep from Crying"
"I Love You Because"
"I Still Miss Someone"
"I Walk the Line"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"In My Life"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"It Ain't Me Babe"
"Jackson"
"Kate"
"The Man Comes Around"
"Man in Black"
"The Matador"
"Oh Lonesome Me"
"One Piece at a Time"
"Oney"
"Orange Blossom Special"
"The One on the Right Is on the Left"
"Remember the Alamo"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Ring of Fire"
"Rock Island Line"
"So Doggone Lonesome"
"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang"
"A Thing Called Love"
"Understand Your Man"
"What Is Truth"
"What'd I Say"
Television
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Related
Albums discography
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Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words
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[show]
v
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Films directed by James Mangold
Heavy (1995)
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Girl, Interrupted (1999)
Kate & Leopold (2001)
Identity (2003)
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3:10 to Yuma (2007)
Knight and Day (2010)
The Wolverine (2013)
Logan (2017)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_the_Line&oldid=808189044"
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values: السير على الخط (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Да преминеш границата – Bulgarian

values: سربه‌راه باش – Persian

values: Quando l'amore brucia l'anima - Walk the Line – Italian

values: הולך בדרכי (סרט, 2005) – Hebrew

values: იარე ზღვარზე – Georgian

values: ウォーク・ザ・ライン/君につづく道 – Japanese

values: Переступить черту (фильм, 2005) – Russian

values: Ход по ивици – Serbian

values: Переступити межу (фільм) – Ukrainian

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