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What Hurts the Most
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"What Hurts the Most"
Song by Mark Wills
from the album And the Crowd Goes Wild
Released
October 21, 2003
Genre
Country pop
Length
3:47
Label
Mercury Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Jeffrey Steele
Steve Robson
Producer(s)
Chris Lindsey
Mark Wills
And the Crowd Goes Wild track listing
"Prisoner of the Highway"
(4) "What Hurts the Most"
(5) "What She Sees in Me"
(6)
"What Hurts the Most" is a song written by American songwriter Jeffrey Steele and English songwriter Steve Robson. Initially recorded by country music artist Mark Wills in 2003 on his album And the Crowd Goes Wild, it was covered by Bellefire a year later. However, the first version to be released as a single was by pop singer Jo O'Meara in 2005, from the album Relentless. Later that year, country band Rascal Flatts covered the song as well, releasing it as the first single from the 2006 album Me and My Gang, topping the U.S country and adult contemporary charts with it. German band Cascada later had international chart success with the song in 2007. It was also covered by Eden in 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Jo O'Meara version
2.1 Track listing
2.2 Charts
3 Rascal Flatts version
3.1 Music video
3.2 Song information
3.3 Personnel
3.4 Charts
3.5 Year-end charts
4 Cascada version
4.1 Background and composition
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Chart performance
4.4 Music video
4.5 Credits and personnel
4.6 Track listing
4.7 Versions
4.8 Release history
4.9 Charts and certifications
4.9.1 Charts
4.9.2 Year-end charts
4.9.3 Certifications
5 References
6 External links
Content[edit]
Jeffrey Steele co-wrote the song with Steve Robson, with whom he also co-wrote Rascal Flatts' 2002 single "These Days". Robson presented Steele with an unfinished track, and Steele decided to come up with lyrics to finish the track. Originally, he had wanted to write a song about the loss of his father, but instead went with a more universal theme of lost love.[1] After singing the lyrics, he decided that he liked how sad the song sounded, when Robson suggested that it be recorded in a higher key to sound more emotional.[1]
Mark Wills was the first artist to record the song,[1] doing so on his 2003 album And the Crowd Goes Wild. Jo O'Meara, a pop singer, released the song in 2005 and had chart success with it in the United Kingdom. Faith Hill had also intended to include the song on her 2005 album Fireflies, and although she had recorded the song, her version did not make the final cut.[1] Rascal Flatts then recorded the song as well, and per producer Dann Huff's suggestion, it made their album Me and My Gang.[1] Wills' rendition of the song, though never a single, peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Hot Digital Songs charts in 2006 in the wake of Rascal Flatts' success with it.
Jo O'Meara version[edit]
"What Hurts the Most"
Single by Jo O'Meara
from the album Relentless
B-side
"The First Time"
"Never Meant to Break Your Heart"
"Let's Love"
Released
September 26, 2005
Format
CD single
Recorded
2005
Genre
Pop rock
Length
3:29
Label
Sanctuary
Songwriter(s)
Jeffrey Steele
Steve Robson
Producer(s)
Brian Rawling
Music video
"What Hurts The Most" (Official video) on YouTube
British singer Jo O'Meara, who was originally the leader of the pop music band S Club 7, released the song in 2005 as her first solo single, becoming the first artist to release it as a single. It was the lead single from her debut album Relentless. O'Meara's version peaked at number thirteen in the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing[edit]
CD 1
"What Hurts the Most" – 3:21
"The First Time" – 4:11
CD 2
"What Hurts the Most" – 3:21
"Never Meant to Break Your Heart" – 4:28
"Let's Love" (Metro Mix) – 5:40
"What Hurts the Most" (CD-ROM Video)
Charts[edit]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[2] 26
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[3] 11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[4] 13
Rascal Flatts version[edit]
"What Hurts the Most"
Single by Rascal Flatts
from the album Me and My Gang
Released
January 9, 2006
Format
CD single
Recorded
2005
Genre
Country
country pop
Length
3:34
Label
Lyric Street
Songwriter(s)
Jeffrey Steele
Steve Robson
Producer(s)
Dann Huff
Rascal Flatts singles chronology
"Skin (Sarabeth)"
(2005) "What Hurts the Most"
(2006) "Me and My Gang"
(2006)
"Skin (Sarabeth)"
(2005) "What Hurts the Most"
(2006) "Me and My Gang"
(2006)
In 2006, country music trio Rascal Flatts released the song as a single from their album Me and My Gang, and it became their fifth number-one single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It also peaked at number 6 on the all-genre Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's first top 10 pop hit. In addition, the song reached number one on the Adult Contemporary charts. Rascal Flatts also performed the song live with Kelly Clarkson at the Academy of Country Music Awards in 2006.
Rascal Flatts' recording earned two nominations for the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, in the categories of Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, and Best Country Song.
As of the chart dated January 30, 2010, the song topped the 2 million mark in paid downloads. This makes Rascal Flatts the first country group to top the 2 million mark with two songs.[5] As of the chart dated April 16, 2011, the song has sold 2.28 million in the US.[6]
Music video[edit]
The music video of this song starts with a young girl crying over the loss of her boyfriend. She expresses anger for her father who she blames for making her boyfriend leave, resulting in his demise in a car accident. The girl's very hurt mother watches her daughter's anger for her father and cries as she feels helplessness over this unfortunate situation. Over the course of the video, there are scenes of the band playing, flashbacks of the couple, and the girl trying to go about her life. A scene in which with the girl is vomiting in her bathroom and holding her stomach implies that she became pregnant right before her lover's death. The video ends with the girl running up to the boy's wooden cross memorial on the side of the road, to kneel down and say that she saw him, answering his question asked earlier in the video "What do you see?" when they were talking about the future. The music video was directed by Shaun Silva in early 2006.
Song information[edit]
Rascal Flatts' version of the song is in the key of F minor, with a vocal range of E♭3-C 5. The main chord pattern is Fm-D♭-A♭-E♭.[7]
Personnel[edit]
From Me and My Gang liner notes.[8]
Tim Akers – keyboards
Jay DeMarcus – bass guitar
Paul Franklin – steel guitar
Dann Huff – guitars
Charlie Judge – keyboards
Gary LeVox – lead vocals
Chris McHugh – drums
Joe Don Rooney – guitars
Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle, banjo
Charts[edit]
Chart (2006–07)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Singles Chart) 45
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 103
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 6
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[10] 22
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[11] 1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[12] 9
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[13] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2006)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[14] 4
Preceded by
"Living in Fast Forward" by Kenny Chesney Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one single
April 8–29, 2006 Succeeded by
"Who Says You Can't Go Home" by Bon Jovi and Jennifer Nettles
Preceded by
"Unwritten" by Natasha Bedingfield
"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear" by Hall & Oates Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one single
November 18, 2006
December 2–16, 2006
January 13 – February 10, 2007 Succeeded by
"Unwritten" by Natasha Bedingfield
"Jingle Bells" by Kimberley Locke "Unwritten" by Natasha Bedingfield
Cascada version[edit]
"What Hurts the Most"
Single by Cascada
from the album Perfect Day
Released
November 21, 2007 (2007-11-21)
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2007
Genre
Eurodance
progressive trance[15]
Length
3:39
Label
Zooland
Songwriter(s)
Jeffrey Steele
Steve Robson
Producer(s)
Manuel Reuter
Yann Peifer
Cascada singles chronology
"Last Christmas"
(2007) "What Hurts the Most"
(2007) "What Do You Want from Me?"
(2008)
"Last Christmas"
(2007) "What Hurts the Most"
(2007) "What Do You Want from Me?"
(2008)
Music video
"What Hurts The Most" (Official video) on YouTube
Background and composition[edit]
In 2007, German Eurodance trio Cascada recorded a cover of "What Hurts the Most" for their second studio album, Perfect Day (2007). The cover was produced and recorded by band members Yanou and DJ Manian at Plazmatek Studio Cologne in Cologne, Germany. The song serves as the first single from Perfect Day (2007). It was first released in Sweden on November 21, 2007 in digital and physical formats, through Zooland Records.[16][17] The song was later released in the United Kingdom as a digital single on December 3, 2007 and as a CD single a week later, through All Around the World. The releases featured remixes by several disc jockeys, including Darren Styles, Spencer & Hill and Flip & Fill.[18][19] "What Hurts the Most" was solicited to mainstream radio stations on December 11, 2007 in the United States, following its digital and physical release within the two weeks before. In Germany, the cover was released as a CD and digital single on January 4, 2008, through Zeitgeist.[20]
In contrast to the original version, Cascada's cover of "What Hurts the Most" deviates from the country sound and replaces it with Europop electronic beats and elements typical of DJ Manian and Yanou productions.[21] However, the song opens with an acoustic guitar playing and Horler's vocals being reverbed by electropop synths.[21] Sharon Mawer of AllMusic noted that despite the heavy electronic beats, lead singer Natalie Horler's vocals are never dominated by the music.[21] According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by BPJ Administration, the song is composed in a key of F# minor while carrying a tempo of 144 beats per minute. Horler's vocals range between a high register of A3 to a low register of C#5.[22]
Critical reception[edit]
Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy gave the song a three-star rating, saying that "it's not as good as previous single 'Everytime We Touch' for sure, but its teasing, lucid intro, which bursts into the hand-clap-inducing, hip-swiveling chorus after a flurry of robotic drum beats is certainly a good giggle."[23] Kurt Kirton of About.com named it one of the album's standout tracks.[24] Chuck Taylor of Billboard gave "What Hurts the Most" a positive review, writing that "this track is remixed into a frothy uptempo anthem, complete with requisite percussive thump and an exulted vocal (with 12 mixes in all) that leaves the lyric's potential heartbreak in the dust." Taylor ended his review, asking "Wouldn't it be wondrous if American programmers renewed their vow in 2008 to put variety on the airwaves—or do we really need a fifth entry in the top 10 from T-Pain?"[25]
Chart performance[edit]
In Sweden, Cascada's cover of "What Hurts the Most" debuted on the Swedish Singles Chart on November 22, 2007 at number five, where it peaked.[26] The song fell to number eight the next week, where it stalled on the chart for three weeks.[26] On December 13, 2007, the song debuted and peaked on the Irish Singles Chart at number six.[27] In the United Kingdom, the song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number sixteen on December 9, 2007.[28] In the following week, the song reached a peak of number ten.[28] It exited the chart at nineteen weeks, logging its last week at number eighty-five.[28] On March 22, 2008, the cover debuted and peaked on the French Singles Chart at number two. The song fell to number four in the following weeks and eventually fell off of the chart after twenty-seven weeks.
On January 26, 2008, the band's cover of "What Hurts the Most" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety-five.[29] The song rose to number eighty in the following week.[30] On March 22, 2008, the cover peaked at number fifty-two.[31] The song serves as Cascada's lowest-charting single on the Hot 100 as well as their lowest-charting lead single.[31] Aside from charting on the Hot 100, the song managed to peak at the top of Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and at number twenty-eight on the US Billboard Pop Songs.[32] Despite its low peak on the Hot 100, the song managed to sell more than 500,000 downloads, earning a Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America in October 2009.[33] In Canada, the song managed to peak at number fifty-four and lasted on the chart for eleven weeks.[34]
Music video[edit]
The music video for "What Hurts the Most" was filmed in Los Angeles was released on January 24, 2008 to the US digital markets.
International version
The video opens with Horler sitting in a studio apartment living room holding a note saying "I can't sorry". It moves to a scene, that is intercut throughout the video, where Horler is seen performing in front of a lit up brick wall. When the first verse begins, Horler leaves the room to open the door, allowing her friends to enter. One friend sees the note and tears it up in disgust. More friends came into the apartment and soon began partying. After the chorus ends, the video moves to a tattoo parlor, where Horler receives a tattoo. As the second chorus commences, she is against a wall, appearing heartbroken, while her former love interest gestures toward the wall, attempting to try to reach out to her. Scenes of the house party continue to play throughout the rest of the video. Near the end of the second chorus, Horler is sitting against a white brick, with mascara running from her eyes, telling that she was crying. On the wall is a window in which the love interest appears to be frustrated. As the song approaches the last chorus, the house party ends with the guests exiting Horler's apartment. The video ends with Horler opening the door to see her former lover, who exchanges a smile with her, and shutting the door on him, leaving with a smile on her face.
US version
The video opens with Horler sitting in a studio apartment living room holding a note saying "I can't sorry". It moves to a scene, that is intercut throughout the video, where Horler is seen performing in front of a lit up brick wall. The first minute of the video features Horler singing in the living room. As the song approaches the chorus, Horler leaves the room and moves to a secluded room where she is seen crying. In that scene, there is also an opening that shows an image of the protagonist's former lover starring into the opening. After the chorus ends, Horler sits at a tattoo parlor while the artists gives her a tattoo. She is then seen sitting against a wall while the love interest gestures to the other side, attempting to reach out to her. As the video nears the final chorus, Horler is at a house party with her friends, appearing lonely and heartbroken.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Recorded and produced at Plazmatek Studio Cologne in Cologne, Germany
Songwriting – Jeffrey Steele, Steve Robson
Production – Manuel Reuter, Yann Peifer
Vocals – Natalie Horler
Credits taken from Perfect Day liner notes.[35]
Track listing[edit]
Yanou's Candlelight Mix (Ballad) – 3:56
Radio edit – 3:41
Topmodelz Radio Edit – 3:47
Spencer & Hill Radio Edit – 3:30
Original Extended – 5:17
Extended Club Mix – 5:07
Spencer & Hill Club Remix – 7:00
"Last Christmas" (G. Michael) – 3:53
Versions[edit]
"What Hurts the Most" (Radio Edit) – 3:41
"What Hurts the Most" (Fugitives Megura Radio Edit) – 3:51
"What Hurts the Most" (Spencer & Hill Radio Edit) – 3:31
"What Hurts the Most" (Topmodelz Radio Edit) – 3:47
"What Hurts the Most" (Yanou's Candlelight Mix) – 3:56
"What Hurts the Most" (Extended Mix) – 5:18
"What Hurts the Most" (Spencer Hill Remix) – 7:00
"What Hurts the Most" (K-Klass Remix) – 6:05
"What Hurts the Most" (Top Modelz Remix) – 5:35
"What Hurts the Most" (Fugitives Megura Remix) – 5:58
"What Hurts the Most" (Ultrabeat Remix) – 5:52
"What Hurts the Most" (Darren Styles Remix) – 6:16
"What Hurts the Most" (Riff & Rays Remix) – 8:30
"What Hurts the Most" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 5:50
"What Hurts the Most" (Club Mix) – 5:07
"What Hurts the Most" (Spencer & Hill Dub Mix) – 6:00
"What Hurts the Most" (2-4 Grooves Remix) – 6:47
"What Hurts the Most" (Club Radio Edit) – 3:30
"What Hurts the Most" (DJ Uto Remix) – 3:26
"What Hurts the Most" (AL Storm Remix) – 4:30 [only on a compilation CD Ultimate Hardcore Volume 3]
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Sweden November 21, 2007
CD
digital download
Bonnier
United Kingdom December 4, 2007 Digital download All Around the World
December 10, 2007 CD single
United States November 27, 2007 Digital download Robbins
December 4, 2007 CD single
Germany January 3, 2008
CD
digital download
Zooland
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2007–08)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[36] 3
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[37] 5
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[34] 54
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[38] 25
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[39] 8
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[40] 2
France (SNEP)[41] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[42] 9
Hungary (Dance Top 40)[43] 5
Ireland (IRMA)[27] 6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[44] 35
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[45] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26] 5
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[46] 85
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[28] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[31] 52
US Dance Airplay (Billboard)[47] 1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32] 28
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
Germany (Media Control AG)[48] 95
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[49]
Gold 500,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[50]
Silver 200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Calabria 2007" by Enur featuring Natasja Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one single
February 2, 2008 Succeeded by
"Let Me Think About It" by Ida Corr vs Fedde le Grand
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Jeffrey Steele Reveals the Story Behind "What Hurts the Most"". Great American Country. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 38, 2005". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Week Ending Jan. 17, 2010: 21 Million Lady Gaga Fans Can't Be Wrong". Chart Watch. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chart Watch Extra: Lady A Makes Country History". Chart Watch. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "What Hurts the Most sheet music". MusicNotes.com. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Me and My Gang (CD liner notes). Rascal Flatts. Lyric Street Records. 2006. 165058.
Jump up ^ "Rascal Flatts Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Rascal Flatts Chart History (Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Rascal Flatts Chart History (Hot Country Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Rascal Flatts Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Rascal Flatts Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2006: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "What Hurts the Most - Cascada". AllMusic. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Cascada - What Hurts the Most". iTunes (SE). Apple. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cascada - What Hurts the Most (CD) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cascada - What Hurts the Most". iTunes (GB). Apple. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cascada – What Hurts The Most (CD) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cascada - What Hurts the Most (CD) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mawer, Sharon. "Perfect Day - Cascada". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cascada - What Hurts the Most Sheet Music (Digital Download)". Musicnotes.com. BPJ Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Alex (December 4, 2007). "Cascada: "What Hurts the Most" - Music Singles Review". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Kirton, Kurt. "Cascada - Perfect Day". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Chuck. "What Hurts the Most". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Swedishcharts.com – Cascada – What Hurts the Most". Singles Top 100.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chart Track: Week 50, 2007". Irish Singles Chart.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 (January 26, 2008)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 (February 2, 2008)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cascada Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cascada Chart History (Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications - Cascada - What Hurts the Most". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cascada Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Cascada – Perfect Day (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Cascada – What Hurts the Most" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Cascada – What Hurts the Most" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200814 into search.
Jump up ^ "Cascada – Chart history" European Hot 100 for Cascada.
Jump up ^ "Cascada: What Hurts the Most" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Cascada – What Hurts the Most" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Cascada Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Dance Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Cascada – What Hurts the Most" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200815 into search.
Jump up ^ "Cascada Album & Song Chart History". Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay for Cascada. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "MTV | Single Jahrescharts 2008". MTV. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Cascada – What Hurts the Most". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 19 June 2012. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Cascada – What Hurts the Most". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 5 September 2015. Enter What Hurts the Most in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Mark Wills
Studio albums
Mark Wills
Wish You Were Here
Permanently
Loving Every Minute
And the Crowd Goes Wild
Familiar Stranger
Looking for America
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
The Best of Mark Wills
20th Century Masters
Live at Billy Bob's Texas
The Definitive Collection
2nd Time Around
Notable singles
"Jacob's Ladder"
"High Low and In Between"
"Places I've Never Been"
"I Do (Cherish You)"
"Don't Laugh at Me"
"Wish You Were Here"
"She's in Love"
"Back at One"
"Almost Doesn't Count"
"Loving Every Minute"
"I'm Not Gonna Do Anything Without You" (with Jamie O'Neal)
"19 Somethin'"
"When You Think of Me"
"And the Crowd Goes Wild"
"That's a Woman"
Other Songs
"Somebody"
"What Hurts the Most"
Related topics
Discography
[show]
v
t
e
Rascal Flatts singles
Rascal Flatts
"Prayin' for Daylight"
"This Everyday Love"
"While You Loved Me"
"I'm Movin' On"
Melt
"These Days"
"Love You Out Loud"
"I Melt"
"Mayberry"
Feels Like Today
"Feels Like Today"
"Bless the Broken Road"
"Fast Cars and Freedom"
"Skin (Sarabeth)"
Me and My Gang
"What Hurts the Most"
"Me and My Gang"
"My Wish"
"Stand"
Still Feels Good
"Take Me There"
"Winner at a Losing Game"
"Every Day"
"Bob That Head"
"Here"
Unstoppable
"Here Comes Goodbye"
"Summer Nights"
"Why"
"Unstoppable"
Nothing Like This
"Why Wait"
"I Won't Let Go"
"Easy" (with Natasha Bedingfield)
Changed
"Banjo"
"Come Wake Me Up"
"Changed"
Rewind
"Rewind"
"Payback"
"Riot"
"I Like the Sound of That"
Back to Us
"Yours If You Want It"
"Back to Us"
Other songs
"Life Is a Highway"
"That Should Be Me" (with Justin Bieber)
"Words I Couldn't Say"
[show]
v
t
e
Cascada
Natalie Horler
DJ Manian
Yanou
Studio albums
Everytime We Touch (2006)
Perfect Day (2007)
Evacuate the Dancefloor (2009)
Original Me (2011)
Compilation albums
The Greatest Hits (2011)
Back on the Dancefloor (2012)
The Best of Cascada (2013)
Acoustic Sessions (2013)
Remix albums
The Remix Album (2006)
Holiday albums
It's Christmas Time (2012)
Singles
"Miracle"
"Everytime We Touch"
"Ready for Love"
"Last Christmas"
"What Do You Want from Me?"
"Faded"
"Perfect Day"
"Evacuate the Dancefloor"
"Fever"
"Dangerous"
"Pyromania"
"San Francisco"
"Au Revoir"
"Night Nurse"
"Summer of Love"
"Glorious"
"The World Is In My Hands"
"Madness"
Related articles
Discography
Robbins Entertainment
All Around The World
UK Tours
Siria
Carlprit
Book
Category
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Long title
An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
Nicknames
Fair Housing Act, Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
Enacted by
the 90th United States Congress
Effective
April 11, 1968
Citations
Public law
90-284 1981 U.S.C. § 1996b
Statutes at Large
82 Stat. 73
Codification
Titles amended
42
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 2516 by Emanuel Celler (D–NY) on January 7, 1967
Committee consideration by Judiciary
Passed the House on August 16, 1967 (326–93)
Passed the Senate on March 12, 1968 (71–20) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on April 10, 1968 (250–172)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1968
Major amendments
Section 1983
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974
Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988
United States Supreme Court cases
Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.
President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968, (Pub.L. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73, enacted April 11, 1968), also known as the Fair Housing Act, is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, religion, or national origin and made it a federal crime to “by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone … by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin.”[1] The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had previously signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law.
Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly known as the Fair Housing Act and was meant as a follow‑up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions.[2] The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, gender; since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.
Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act via section 1983[3] to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits).
Titles II through VII comprised the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes[4] (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code).
A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot". This provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence".[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Political context
2 Types of banned discrimination
3 Subsequent legislative and judicial changes
4 Lawful discrimination
5 Housing discrimination
6 Social steering
6.1 Case studies
7 Redlining
8 Segregation Index
9 Legislation
10 Sexual orientation and gender identity
11 Violations of the Fair Housing Act
12 Hate crimes provisions
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
Political context[edit]
One impetus for the law's passage came from the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. Also influential was the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act in California, which had been backed by the NAACP and CORE.[6][7] and the 1967 Milwaukee fair housing campaigns led by James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council.[8] Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years, a federal fair housing bill was the most filibusted legislation in US history.[9] It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards.[6] A proposed "Civil Rights Act of 1966" collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision. Mondale commented that:
A lot of [previous] civil rights [legislation] was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace...This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. This was civil rights getting personal.":[9]
Two developments revived the bill.[9] The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots strongly recommended "a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law",[10][11] and was cited regularly by congress members arguing for the legislation.[12] The final breakthrough came with the April 4, 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the civil unrest across the country following King's death.[13][14] On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Fair Housing Act.[15] The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8.[16] With newly urgent attention from legislative director Joseph Califano and Democratic Speaker of the House John McCormack, the bill (which was previously stalled) passed the House by a wide margin on April 10.[13][17]
Types of banned discrimination[edit]
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of discrimination:
Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his/her race, color, religion or national origin. People with disabilities and families with children were added to the list of protected classes by the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988; gender was added in 1974 (see below).
Discrimination against a person in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling.
Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference of discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin (amended by Congress as part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 to include sex[18] and, as of 1988, people with disabilities and families with children.)
Coercing, threatening, intimidating, or interfering with a person's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of [fair housing] rights.
Subsequent legislative and judicial changes[edit]
In 1988 Congress voted to weaken the ability of plaintiffs to prosecute cases of discriminatory treatment in housing. But the Fair Housing Act was also amended in 1988 to allow plaintiffs' attorneys to recover attorney's fees. Additionally, the 1988 amendment added people with disabilities and families with children to the classes covered by the Act.
In the early 1990s, in Trouillon v. City of Hawthorne, the Legal Defense and Education Fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully challenged an urban renewal plan on the basis of race discrimination by bringing suit under the Fair Housing Act. Previous litigation under the Act had largely been limited to discrimination in buying or renting housing.
Although he ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, Judge Davis nevertheless disputed the allegations of discrimination. He said he based his ruling in part on the city's failure to prove that the area had a higher crime rate and lower property values than other parts of the city. The city "did not act in bad faith or fraudulently", Davis wrote. It "did not discriminate against any minority or low or moderate income person and did not violate any person's Due Process, Equal Protection or other Civil Rights".[19]
Lawful discrimination[edit]
Only certain kinds of discrimination are covered by fair housing laws. Landlords are not required by law to rent to any tenant who applies for a property. Landlords can select tenants based on objective business criteria, such as the applicant's ability to pay the rent and take care of the property. Landlords can lawfully discriminate against tenants with bad credit histories or low incomes, and (except in some areas) do not have to rent to tenants who will be receiving Section 8 vouchers. Landlords must be consistent in the screening, treat tenants who are inside and outside the protected classes in the same manner, and should document any legitimate business reason for not renting to a prospective tenant. As of 2010, no federal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is provided, but these protections do exist in some localities.[citation needed]
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development has stated that buyers and renters may discriminate and may request real estate agents representing them to limit home searches to parameters that are discriminatory.[20] The primary purpose of the Fair Housing Act is to protect the buyer's (and renter's) right to seek a dwelling anywhere they choose. It protects the buyer's right to discriminate by prohibiting certain discriminatory acts by sellers, landlords, and real estate agents.
Housing discrimination[edit]
Further information: Housing discrimination and Fair housing
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 defines housing discrimination as the “refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his race, color, religion, or national origin”. Title VIII of this Act is commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Later, the disabled and families with children were added to this list.[18] The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is charged with administering and enforcing this law.
Social steering[edit]
See also: Racial steering
Social steering is a form of housing discrimination that involves housing authorities, real estate companies and even local governments steering certain groups of people, often minorities, into certain areas of a city. According to Realestateagent.com, it is “directing a particular race to a certain neighborhood and away from others. An example is a real estate broker steering a black family away from a white neighborhood”. Some types of housing projects can be taken as examples of steering.
Often housing projects concentrate poor minorities into a few buildings or blocks, concentrating the population and isolating them from most of the city. Often the areas where the steering tends to concentrate certain groups of people lack city resources that other parts of the city may have. For example, in Los Angeles, the "ghetto" is not wired into key information circuits like the rest of the city such as education and cultural media.
In the 1950s, governments across America took initiatives to destroy so-called slums and ghettos of the cities, and put up housing projects in place. These multistory, high-density projects were where whites began to push blacks who were dislocated by destruction of slums, also heavily avoided by the white population. Despite the Fair Housing Act, which included cases like Gautreaux and Shannon which prohibited placing projects exclusively in black neighborhoods, the trend did not end.[21]
Social steering can also be outside the economic institutions of real-estate a government policy decisions to build projects. Often the people living in a neighborhood may not be so friendly to people moving in that are different from them. For example, in 1985 an interracial couple moved into an all-white neighborhood in Philadelphia. Upon arrival there was an angry mob waving torches and protesting the arrival of a person of color.[22] The attitudes of people in certain neighborhoods therefore can also contribute to the segregation and steering of people of certain backgrounds.
Before the Fair Housing Act many minorities were met with blatantly racist objects of deterrence such as signs in the neighborhood or at real estate companies explicitly saying they do not accept certain minorities. However, after the Fair Housing Act, steering took on the role of a subtle fashion, where realtors deceive and lie making it harder to learn about or rent/buy homes in certain neighborhoods. The minorities are guided or “steered” into neighborhoods with certain characteristics of economics and race.
Case studies[edit]
A Cleveland study revealed that 10% of companies in the 1970s practiced racial steering.[23] As recently as 2006 there was an investigation of a real estate company in Chicago, where African-American and white testers attempted to buy condominiums. White testers were shown many more properties—around 36—while the African American testers only got to see on average 7.[24] This led to the Coldwell Banker vs. Illinois Attorney General (2006) case.
Another Detroit study showed that whites were rarely shown homes in non-white neighborhoods unless they asked to see them. There are numerous cases and studies done that show the more subtle end of racial and social steering after the Fair Housing Act. On the average, 50% of the time African-Americans are discriminated against when searching for housing.[25]
Redlining[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Redlining
Redlining is related to steering because it is denying financial support and services to neighborhoods based on race, ethnicity, or economic status.[26] Rather than subtly steering individual families towards certain areas or only giving them information on certain racial areas, redlining was a blatant but legally tolerated criterion for financial institutions to decide where to invest. Originating in the New Deal, this procedure was a protocol for deciding where federal, state and city funds would go for financial services. Affluent middle- and upper-middle-class white areas were outlined in green on a map, meaning that financial services were clear to be rendered and these areas were desirable for investment. Racial areas, specifically African-American neighborhoods, were outlined in red, meaning they were undesirable neighborhood whose denizens were poor and racially mixed. These maps were used by banking institutions to construct guidelines for lending money. As a consequence, many of these redlined areas, which were also typically located in urban environments as whites tended to move out to the suburbs of America, experienced deterioration on a rapid scale. Since these areas have been neglected and redlined and cannot receive funds from banks to revitalize, they cannot attract businesses, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty. The poverty often leads to crime, and neighborhoods become further neglected because they continue to be unattractive to outside investment, and continue to be redlined by banks. Thus private banks and financial institutions as well as the U.S. government are accused of being responsible for these practices in several instances, which before the Fair Housing Act were widespread and blatant throughout the United States. Redlining is still practiced today on a more subtle level. Instead of having official maps circulated to institutions, which is illegal, the public domain may tend to ignore poor neighborhoods by denying basic public services.
Segregation Index[edit]
Nancy A. Denton and Douglass S. Massey devised a segregation index to measure the degree of segregation of African-Americans and whites according to income levels. Their objective was to show that the discrimination of African Americans when it comes to housing was not related to income level, which many thought to be true. Many have argued that continuing segregation is due to African Americans generally making less money, which means they cannot afford to live in the same neighborhoods as affluent whites. But as the segregation index by Denton and Massey showed, blacks still remained highly segregated from whites no matter what the income level was. For example, in 1980, black families earning $25,000 a year or less had an index level of 86 while those earning $50,000 or more had an index level of 83. This trend was common throughout most major metropolitan areas, especially prevalent in the northern cities. The goal of this index was to show that upward economic mobility did not affect the level of segregation in America’s cities. It should be noted that Denton and Massey also surveyed Hispanics and Asians, and found on average the indices to be 64 which meant the poorest Hispanics and Asians were still less segregated than the most affluent blacks. Leslie Carr notes that in 1990, 74 percent of whites live in suburbs, while most African Americans and Hispanics live in urban areas, and that African Americans were a majority population in 14 cities (with populations over 100,000).[27] The purpose of this study was to show that housing practices are indeed racially and not economically discriminatory.
Legislation[edit]
Civil Rights Act of 1866
This is the law that declared all people born in the United States are legally citizens. This means they could rent, hold, sell and buy property. This law was meant to help former slaves, and those who refused to grant these new rights to slaves were guilty and punishable under law. The penalty was a fine of $1000 or a maximum of one year in jail.
Fair Housing Act of 1968 (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968)
Extends the protection to color, religion, sex and national origin.
The New York State Human Rights Law
Extends the protection to marital status and age, aimed to prevent non-racial discrimination.
Section 236 and 237 of the New York State Property Law
Further extends the protection to include dwellings with children and mobile home parks. This is meant to protect renters and sellers from discriminating based on number of children in a family. Currently the Fair Housing Act protects against discrimination of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. The law applies to all types of housing, rental homes, apartments, condos and houses. The only exception to the act is when an owner of a small rental building lives in the same building he lets. Since he owns the building and also resides there, he can decide who lives there.
Sexual orientation and gender identity[edit]
Sexual orientation and gender identity are not protected under the Fair Housing Act; federal law in general does not protect gays and lesbians or other sexual minorities (transgender or transsexual) against discrimination in private housing. There are twenty two states that have passed laws prohibiting discrimination in housing based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The states that have passed fair housing laws in regards to both sexual orientation and gender identity are:[when?] California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont and Washington State. In addition to the states above, the following three states prohibit discrimination in housing based on sexual orientation only: New Hampshire, New York and Wisconsin.[28] Additionally, Austin, Texas has passed a law making discrimination based on sexual orientation illegal.[29]
In 2012, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity issued a regulation to prohibit LGBT discrimination in federally assisted housing programs. The new regulations ensure that the Department's core housing programs are open to all eligible persons, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.
Violations of the Fair Housing Act[edit]
There are an estimated 2 million cases of housing discrimination each year according to HUD. The National Fair Housing Alliance, the largest fair housing non-profit in the country, estimates that number to be closer to 4 million per year, excluding instances of discrimination due to disability or familial status.[30] The actual number of Fair Housing Act violations is likely much higher than 4 million annually. However, between the years of 1989 and 1992 only 17 of these went to court nationwide. Redlining is still a major problem despite the legislation passed making it illegal. Studies and investigations have shown that minorities who apply for mortgages are rejected 3 times as much as Caucasians. According to one Federal Reserve Board study, among higher income applicants, the denial rates were as follows:
African-Americans: 21.4%
Latinos: 15.8%
Asians: 11.2%
Whites: 8.5%
Housing projects have also come under fire by researchers and NGOs alike. Housing advocates Elizabeth Julian and Michael Daniel state:
in addition to the inequality in the actual housing provided to low-income African-American families under the federal programs, the neighborhoods in which they receive assistance are usually subject to various adverse conditions not found in the neighborhoods surrounding the housing units in which whites receive the same assistance. These conditions include inferior city-provided facilities and services, little or no new or newer residential housing, large numbers of seriously substandard structures, noxious environmental conditions, substandard or completely absent neighborhood service facilities, high crime rates, inadequate access to job centers, and little or no investment of new capital in the area by public and private entities.
Thus, this discrimination goes beyond being poor because white housing projects receive more attention and public investment, making housing discrimination overall a racial problem.
Although several legal measures have been taken to protect all kinds of people against housing discrimination in the U.S., still the most commonly targeted and largest victims are African-Americans.
Hate crimes provisions[edit]
Main article: Hate crime laws in the United States
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 also enacted 18 U.S.C. § 245(b)(2), which permits federal prosecution of anyone who "willingly injures, intimidates or interferes with another person, or attempts to do so, by force because of the other person's race, color, religion or national origin" [1] because of the victim's attempt to engage in one of six types of federally protected activities, such as attending school, patronizing a public place/facility, applying for employment, acting as a juror in a state court or voting.
Persons violating this law face a fine or imprisonment of up to one year, or both. If bodily injury results or if such acts of intimidation involve the use of firearms, explosives or fire, individuals can receive prison terms of up to 10 years, while crimes involving kidnapping, sexual assault, or murder can be punishable by life in prison or the death penalty.[31]
Though sexual orientation and gender identity are also excluded from this law, they are included in a more recent Federal hate-crime law, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
See also[edit]
Discrimination portal
Executive Order 11063
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Rumford Fair Housing Act (1963 California law)
Protests of 1968
Housing discrimination (United States)
Racial segregation in the United States
Public housing in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Bronski; Ann Pellegrini; Michael Amico (October 2, 2013). "Hate Crime Laws Don’t Prevent Violence Against LGBT People". The Nation. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, & 1988". findUSlaw. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "42 USC § 1983 – Civil action for deprivation of rights". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text, US House of Representatives website
Jump up ^ Peter Babcox; Noam Chomsky; Judy Collins; Harvey Cox; Edgar Z. Friedenberg; et al. (19 June 1969). "The Committee to Defend the Conspiracy". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Darren Miles "Everett Dirksen’s Role in Civil Rights Legislation" Western Illinois Historical Review, Vol. I Spring 2009
Jump up ^ Erin Eberlin "What is Fair Housing?" About.com
Jump up ^ Burt Folkart "James Groppi, Ex-Priest, Civil Rights Activist, Dies" The Los Angeles Times, November 05, 1985|B
^ Jump up to: a b c Nikole Hannah-Jones, "Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law" Propublica, Oct. 28, 2012,
Jump up ^ "REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERS SUMMARY OF REPORT"
Jump up ^ Matthew J. Termine "Promoting Residential Integration Through the Fair Housing Act" 79 Fordham Law Review 1367 (2011).
Jump up ^ "Selected U.S. Senate proceedings and debates on fair housing, 1965-1971" University of Minnesota Law Library
^ Jump up to: a b Kotz, Nick (2005). "14. Another Martyr". Judgment days : Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the laws that changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 417. ISBN 0-618-08825-3.
Jump up ^ "History of Fair Housing" US Department of Housing and Urban Development
Jump up ^ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (5 April 1968). "182 – Letter to the Speaker of the House Urging Enactment of the Fair Housing Bill". American Presidency Project. Retrieved 19 July 2012. We should pass the Fair Housing law when the Congress convenes next week.
Jump up ^ Honorable Charles Mathias, Jr. “Fair Housing Legislation: Not an Easy Row To Hoe” US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research
Jump up ^ Risen, Clay (April 2008). "The Unmaking of the President: Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy". Smithsonian Magazine. p. 3,5 and 6 in online version. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ Kim Kowsky, TIMES, July 10, 1992
Jump up ^ letter from HUD to Jill D. Levine, Esq. dated 10-02-1996 http://www.reintel.com/letters.htm
Jump up ^ Squires, 1993 p. 24.
Jump up ^ Massey, Douglass, 1993 p.109.
Jump up ^ Carr, 1997 p. 124.
Jump up ^ Carr, 1997 p. 125.
Jump up ^ Squires, 1992 p. 44.
Jump up ^ Squires, 1992
Jump up ^ Massey, Denton, 1993
Jump up ^ "State Housing Laws and Policies" (PDF). Retrieved 25 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "City of Austin Equal Employment / Fair Housing Office". Retrieved 3 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dr. King's Dream Denied: Forty Years of Failed Federal Enforcement: 2008 Fair Housing Trends Report." National Fair Housing Alliance. April 8, 2008
Jump up ^ "Civil Rights Statutes". Archived from the original on 2010-09-14.
References[edit]
Carr, Leslie. Color Blind Racism. Sage Publications Inc, 1997.
United States. Committee on National Statistics. Measuring Housing Discrimination in a National Study. NY: GPO, 2000.
Hartman, Kristyn (22 August 2006). "Major Realty Firm Accused Of Racial Discrimination". CBS2Chicago. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 26 Apr 2008.
Cole, Yoji (2 February 2007). "Racial Steering? Black Family Says They Were Kept Out of Gross Pointe". Diversity Inc Magazine. Diversity Inc. Retrieved 21 Apr 2008.
Scott, Janny (11 October 2006). "Report Alleges Bias by a Real Estate Giant". New York Times. Retrieved 23 Apr 2008.
Squires, Gregory D.. From Redlining to Reinvestment. 2. Temple University Press, 1992.
American Civil Liberties Union, Humans Rights Violations in the United States. Human Rights Watch. United States Library of Congress, 1993.
Massey, Douglass. "Racial Discrimination in Housing: A moving Target." Social Problems 52(2005): 148–151.
Williams, Richard, Reynold Nesiba, and Eileen Diaz McConnell. "The Changing Face of Inequality In Home Mortgage Lending." Social Problems 52(2005): 181–207.
Henderson, A. Scott (2001). "Race Matters: The Folks Next Door". Reviews in American History. 29 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1353/rah.2001.0008.
Massey, Douglass, and Nancy Denton. American Apartheid. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1993.
"Understanding Your Rights: Housing Discrimination". FindLaw For the Public. Find Law. 7 May 2008.
Further reading[edit]
Harvey, James C. (1973). Black Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration. University Press of Mississippi, 1973. ISBN 9780878050215.
External links[edit]
HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
File a Housing Discrimination Complaint
Fair Housing Act
Fair Housing letters
National Fair Housing Advocate Online
Facts About Housing Discrimination Laws in Connecticut
Lyndon Baines Jonhson Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Act, April 11, 1968 from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
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American University of Antigua
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American University of Antigua College of Medicine
Type
Private, for-profit
Established
2004
President
Neal S. Simon, J.D.
Students
1,400 (graduates as of 2015)
Location
St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
Website
www.auamed.org
American University of Antigua (AUA) is a private medical institution of higher education located in Antigua and Barbuda.[1] The sole program at AUA is the College of Medicine.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Accreditations and Approvals
3 Campus
4 Agreements
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
AUA was co-founded by Neal S. Simon,[2] a lawyer and former president of Ross University. AUA began instruction in 2002.[3] In 2008, Manipal Education and Medical Group purchased the college from New York based Greater Caribbean Learning Resources, Inc. and formed Maniple Education Americas, LLC.[4][5] In 2006, AUA College of Medicine was approved by the New York State Education Department and, in 2011, recognized by the Medical Board of California.
Accreditations and Approvals[edit]
The College of Medicine is listed in the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory and the AVICENNA Directory for medicine.[6]
In 2012, AUA was approved by the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (AAPI) as the leader in international medical education, the only medical school with this approval.[7]
In 2015, access to the Federal Direct Student Loan Program was granted to American students at AUA. Only 4 other offshore private Caribbean medical schools have access to the program.[8]
Campus[edit]
In January 2010, AUA opened its 17-acre (69,000 m2) campus. The $60 million facility houses more than 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2) of classrooms, a simulation lab, a multi-story library, study rooms, an amphitheater, a courtyard, a gym, tennis courts, and administrative and faculty offices.
In August 2011, AUA announced plans for an $18 million expansion of the Antigua campus.[9] The expansion will bring the campus to a total of 27-acres.[10]
Agreements[edit]
In 2013, AUA signed a landmark affiliation agreement with the Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine that allows AUA clinical students to complete all of their core clinical rotations in the Greater Miami Area.[11]
See also[edit]
International medical graduate
List of medical schools in the Caribbean
List of universities in Antigua and Barbuda
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Provisional Accreditation, American University of Antigua College of Medicine". CAAM-HP. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Payne, Donald M. (25 May 2006). "Commending American University of Antigua For Its Leadership And Innovative Ideas". Congressional Record, V. 152,PT.7. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Health in Antigua and Barbud: Schools of Medicine in Antigua and Barbuda, American University of Antigua College of Medicine. General Books LLC. 2010. ISBN 9781158693146.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Sarah (5 December 2008). "Manipal Education buys out Antigua University". Economic Times India. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Puni, Deepshikha (8 August 2011). "The worldly wise; International campuses have made Manipal University a global education brand". India Today. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "American University of Antigua College of Medicine". Faimer. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://article.wn.com/view/2012/09/12/AAPI_Approves_AUA_as_the_Leader_in_International_Medical_Edu_u/
Jump up ^ https://www.auamed.org/admissions/tuition-and-financial-services/#financial-aid
Jump up ^ Butler, Rory (9 August 2011). "AUA to expand after approval from California". Antigua Observer. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.auamed.org/content/campus-expansion
Jump up ^ http://antiguachronicle.net/tech2/item/997-aua-signs-landmark-clinical-clerkship-agreement-with-florida-international-university
External links[edit]
American University of Antigua College of Medicine
Coordinates: 17°09′32″N 61°47′50″W / 17.158803°N 61.797355°W / 17.158803; -61.797355
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_University_of_Antigua&oldid=822917811"
Categories:
Schools of medicine in Antigua and Barbuda
St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
Manipal Education and Medical Group
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This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 07:09.
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