text:
Memory hierarchy
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Diagram of the computer memory hierarchy
In computer architecture, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance and controlling technologies.[1] Memory hierarchy affects performance in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions, and lower level programming constructs involving locality of reference.
Designing for high performance requires considering the restrictions of the memory hierarchy, i.e. the size and capabilities of each component. Each of the various components can be viewed as part of a hierarchy of memories (m1,m2,...,mn) in which each member mi is typically smaller and faster than the next highest member mi+1 of the hierarchy. To limit waiting by higher levels, a lower level will respond by filling a buffer and then signaling to activate the transfer.
There are four major storage levels.[1]
Internal – Processor registers and cache.
Main – the system RAM and controller cards.
On-line mass storage – Secondary storage.
Off-line bulk storage – Tertiary and Off-line storage.
This is a general memory hierarchy structuring. Many other structures are useful. For example, a paging algorithm may be considered as a level for virtual memory when designing a computer architecture, and one can include a level of nearline storage between online and offline storage.
Contents
1 Properties of the technologies in the memory hierarchy
2 Examples
3 See also
4 References
Properties of the technologies in the memory hierarchy[edit]
Adding complexity slows down the memory hierarchy.[2]
CMOx memory technology stretches the Flash space in the memory hierarchy[3]
One of the main ways to increase system performance is minimising how far down the memory hierarchy one has to go to manipulate data.[4]
Latency and bandwidth are two metrics associated with caches and. Neither of them is uniform, but is specific to a particular component of the memory hierarchy.[5]
Predicting where in the memory hierarchy the data resides is difficult.[5]
...the location in the memory hierarchy dictates the time required for the prefetch to occur.[5]
Examples[edit]
Memory hierarchy of an AMD Bulldozer server.
The number of levels in the memory hierarchy and the performance at each level has increased over time. The type of memory or storage components also change historically [6]. For example, the memory hierarchy of an Intel Haswell Mobile [7] processor circa 2013 is:
Processor registers – the fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle). A few thousand bytes in size
Cache
Level 0 (L0) Micro operations cache – 6 KiB [8] in size
Level 1 (L1) Instruction cache – 128 KiB in size
Level 1 (L1) Data cache – 128 KiB in size. Best access speed is around 700 GiB/second[9]
Level 2 (L2) Instruction and data (shared) – 1 MiB in size. Best access speed is around 200 GiB/second[9]
Level 3 (L3) Shared cache – 6 MiB in size. Best access speed is around 100 GB/second[9]
Level 4 (L4) Shared cache – 128 MiB in size. Best access speed is around 40 GB/second[9]
Main memory (Primary storage) – Gigabytes in size. Best access speed is around 10 GB/second.[9] In the case of a NUMA machine, access times may not be uniform
Disk storage (Secondary storage) – Terabytes in size. As of 2017, best access speed is from a consumer solid state drive is about 2000 MB/second [10]
Nearline storage (Tertiary storage) – Up to exabytes in size. As of 2013, best access speed is about 160 MB/second[11]
Offline storage
The lower levels of the hierarchy – from disks downwards – are also known as tiered storage. The formal distinction between online, nearline, and offline storage is:[12]
Online storage is immediately available for I/O.
Nearline storage is not immediately available, but can be made online quickly without human intervention.
Offline storage is not immediately available, and requires some human intervention to bring online.
For example, always-on spinning disks are online, while spinning disks that spin-down, such as massive array of idle disk (MAID), are nearline. Removable media such as tape cartridges that can be automatically loaded, as in a tape library, are nearline, while cartridges that must be manually loaded are offline.
Most modern CPUs are so fast that for most program workloads, the bottleneck is the locality of reference of memory accesses and the efficiency of the caching and memory transfer between different levels of the hierarchy[citation needed]. As a result, the CPU spends much of its time idling, waiting for memory I/O to complete. This is sometimes called the space cost, as a larger memory object is more likely to overflow a small/fast level and require use of a larger/slower level. The resulting load on memory use is known as pressure (respectively register pressure, cache pressure, and (main) memory pressure). Terms for data being missing from a higher level and needing to be fetched from a lower level are, respectively: register spilling (due to register pressure: register to cache), cache miss (cache to main memory), and (hard) page fault (main memory to disk).
Modern programming languages mainly assume two levels of memory, main memory and disk storage, though in assembly language and inline assemblers in languages such as C, registers can be directly accessed. Taking optimal advantage of the memory hierarchy requires the cooperation of programmers, hardware, and compilers (as well as underlying support from the operating system):
Programmers are responsible for moving data between disk and memory through file I/O.
Hardware is responsible for moving data between memory and caches.
Optimizing compilers are responsible for generating code that, when executed, will cause the hardware to use caches and registers efficiently.
Many programmers assume one level of memory. This works fine until the application hits a performance wall. Then the memory hierarchy will be assessed during code refactoring.
See also[edit]
Memory characteristics
Cache Hierarchy
Use of spatial and temporal locality: hierarchical memory
Buffer vs. cache
Cache hierarchy in a modern processor
Memory wall
Computer memory
Hierarchical storage management
Cloud storage
Memory access pattern
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Toy, Wing; Zee, Benjamin (1986). Computer Hardware/Software Architecture. Prentice Hall. p. 30. ISBN 0-13-163502-6.
Jump up ^ Write-combining
Jump up ^ "Memory Hierarchy". Unitity Semiconductor Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Pádraig Brady. "Multi-Core". Retrieved 16 September 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c van der Pas, Ruud (2002). Santa Clara, California: Sun Microsystems: 26. 817-0742-10 http://www.sun.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help); |contribution= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/
Jump up ^ Crothers, Brooke. "Dissecting Intel's top graphics in Apple's 15-inch MacBook Pro - CNET". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Intel's Haswell Architecture Analyzed: Building a New PC and a New Intel". AnandTech. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "SiSoftware Zone". Sisoftware.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Samsung 960 Pro M.2 NVMe SSD Review". storagereview.com. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Ultrium - LTO Technology - Ultrium GenerationsLTO". Lto.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ Pearson, Tony (2010). "Correct use of the term Nearline". IBM Developerworks, Inside System Storage. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
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text:
Mule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Mule (disambiguation).
Mule
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Tribe: Equini
Genus: Equus
Species: E. asinus♂ × E. caballus♀
Synonyms
Equus mulus
A grey mule
A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare).[1][2] Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes. Of the two F1 hybrids (first generation hybrids) between these two species, a mule is easier to obtain than a hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey (jenny) and a male horse (stallion).
The size of a mule and work to which it is put depend largely on the breeding of the mule's female parent (dam). Mules can be lightweight, medium weight, or when produced from draft horse mares, of moderately heavy weight.[3]:85–87 Mules are reputed to be more patient, hardy and long-lived than horses, and are described as less obstinate and more intelligent than donkeys.[4]:5
Contents
[hide]
1 Biology
2 Characteristics
2.1 Color and size variety
2.2 Distribution and use
3 Fertility
4 Modern usage
5 Trains
6 Clone
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Biology[edit]
The mule is valued because, while it has the size and ground-covering ability of its dam, it is stronger than a horse of similar size and inherits the endurance and disposition of the donkey sire, tending to require less food than a horse of similar size. Mules also tend to be more independent than most domesticated equines other than its parental species, the donkey.
The median weight range for a mule is between about 370 and 460 kg (820 and 1,000 lb).[5] While a few mules can carry live weight up to 160 kg (353 lb), the superiority of the mule becomes apparent in their additional endurance.[6]
In general, a mule can be packed with dead weight of up to 20% of its body weight, or approximately 90 kg (198 lb).[6] Although it depends on the individual animal, it has been reported that mules trained by the Army of Pakistan can carry up to 72 kilograms (159 lb) and walk 26 kilometres (16.2 mi) without resting.[7] The average equine in general can carry up to approximately 30% of its body weight in live weight, such as a rider.[8]
A female mule that has estrus cycles and thus, in theory, could carry a fetus, is called a "molly" or "Molly mule", though the term is sometimes used to refer to female mules in general. Pregnancy is rare, but can occasionally occur naturally as well as through embryo transfer. A male mule is properly called a horse mule, though often called a john mule, which is the correct term for a gelded mule. A young male mule is called a mule colt, and a young female is called a mule filly.[9]
Characteristics[edit]
With its short thick head, long ears, thin limbs, small narrow hooves, and short mane, the mule shares characteristics of a donkey. In height and body, shape of neck and rump, uniformity of coat, and teeth, it appears horse-like. The mule comes in all sizes, shapes and conformations. There are mules that resemble huge draft horses, sturdy quarter horses, fine-boned racing horses, shaggy ponies and more.
The mule is an example of hybrid vigor.[10] Charles Darwin wrote: "The mule always appears to me a most surprising animal. That a hybrid should possess more reason, memory, obstinacy, social affection, powers of muscular endurance, and length of life, than either of its parents, seems to indicate that art has here outdone nature."[11]
The mule inherits from its sire the traits of intelligence, sure-footedness, toughness, endurance, disposition, and natural cautiousness. From its dam it inherits speed, conformation, and agility.[12]:5–6,8 Mules are reputed to exhibit a higher cognitive intelligence than their parent species. That said, there is a lack of robust scientific evidence to back up these claims. There is preliminary data from at least two evidence based studies, but they rely on a limited set of specialized cognitive tests and a small number of subjects.[13][14] Mules are generally taller at the shoulder than donkeys and have better endurance than horses, although a lower top speed.[15][13]
Ancient Greek rhyton in the shape of a mule's head, made by Brygos, early 5th century BC. Jérôme Carcopino Museum, Department of Archaeology, Aleria
Handlers of working animals generally find mules preferable to horses: mules show more patience under the pressure of heavy weights, and their skin is harder and less sensitive than that of horses, rendering them more capable of resisting sun and rain. Their hooves are harder than horses', and they show a natural resistance to disease and insects. Many North American farmers with clay soil found mules superior as plow animals.
A mule does not sound exactly like a donkey or a horse. Instead, a mule makes a sound that is similar to a donkey's but also has the whinnying characteristics of a horse (often starts with a whinny, ends in a hee-haw). Mules sometimes whimper.
Color and size variety[edit]
Mules come in a variety of colors and sizes; these mules had a draft horse mare for a mother
Mules come in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors, from minis under 50 lb (23 kg) to maxis over 1,000 lb (454 kg), and in many different colors. The coats of mules come in the same varieties as those of horses. Common colors are sorrel, bay, black, and grey. Less common are white, roans, palomino, dun, and buckskin. Least common are paint mules or tobianos. Mules from Appaloosa mares produce wildly colored mules, much like their Appaloosa horse relatives, but with even wilder skewed colors. The Appaloosa color is produced by a complex of genes known as the Leopard complex (Lp). Mares homozygous for the Lp gene bred to any color donkey will produce a spotted mule.
A mule battery in the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–1880). Sepoys are sitting by the larger field guns.
Distribution and use[edit]
Mules historically were used by armies to transport supplies, occasionally as mobile firing platforms for smaller cannons, and to pull heavier field guns with wheels over mountainous trails such as in Afghanistan during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.[16]
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reports that China was the top market for mules in 2003, closely followed by Mexico and many Central and South American nations.
Fertility[edit]
Mules and hinnies have 63 chromosomes, a mixture of the horse's 64 and the donkey's 62. The different structure and number usually prevents the chromosomes from pairing up properly and creating successful embryos, rendering most mules infertile.
There are no recorded cases of fertile mule stallions. A few mare mules have produced offspring when mated with a purebred horse or donkey.[17][18] Herodotus gives an account of such an event as an ill omen of Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC: "There happened also a portent of another kind while he was still at Sardis,—a mule brought forth young and gave birth to a mule" (Herodotus The Histories 7:57), and a mule's giving birth was a frequently recorded portent in antiquity, although scientific writers also doubted whether the thing was really possible (see e.g. Aristotle, Historia animalium, 6.24; Varro, De re rustica, 2.1.28).
As of October 2002, there had been only 60 documented cases of mules birthing foals since 1527.[18] In China in 2001, a mare mule produced a filly.[19] In Morocco in early 2002 and Colorado in 2007, mare mules produced colts.[18][20][21] Blood and hair samples from the Colorado birth verified that the mother was indeed a mule and the foal was indeed her offspring.[21]
A 1939 article in the Journal of Heredity describes two offspring of a fertile mare mule named "Old Bec", which was owned at the time by the A&M College of Texas (now Texas A&M University) in the late 1920s. One of the foals was a female, sired by a jack. Unlike its mother, it was sterile. The other, sired by a five-gaited Saddlebred stallion, exhibited no characteristics of any donkey. That horse, a stallion, was bred to several mares, which gave birth to live foals that showed no characteristics of the donkey.[22]
A spotted mule
Modern usage[edit]
In the second half of the 20th century, widespread usage of mules declined in industrialized countries. The use of mules for farming and transportation of agricultural products largely gave way to modern tractors and trucks. However, in the United States, a dedicated number of mule breeders continued the tradition as a hobby and continued breeding the great lines of American Mammoth Jacks started in the United States by George Washington with the gift from the King of Spain of two Zamorano-Leonés donkeys. These hobby breeders began to utilize better mares for mule production until today's modern saddle mule emerged. Exhibition shows where mules pulled heavy loads have now been joined with mules competing in Western and English pleasure riding, as well as dressage and show jumping competition. There is now a cable TV show dedicated to the training of donkeys and mules. Mules, once snubbed at traditional horse shows, have been accepted for competition at the most exclusive horse shows in the world in all disciplines.
Mules are still used extensively to transport cargo in rugged roadless regions, such as the large wilderness areas of California's Sierra Nevada mountains or the Pasayten Wilderness of northern Washington state. Commercial pack mules are used recreationally, such as to supply mountaineering base camps, and also to supply trail building and maintenance crews, and backcountry footbridge building crews.[23] As of July 2014, there are at least sixteen commercial mule pack stations in business in the Sierra Nevada.[24] The Angeles chapter of the Sierra Club has a Mule Pack Section that organizes hiking trips with supplies carried by mules.[25]
Amish farmers, who reject tractors and most other modern technology for religious reasons, commonly use teams of six or eight mules to pull plows, disk harrows, and other farm equipment, though they use horses for pulling buggies on the road.
A British mule train during the Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa
During the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the United States used large numbers of mules to carry weapons and supplies over Afghanistan's rugged terrain to the mujahideen.[26] Use of mules by U.S. forces has continued during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2014), and the United States Marine Corps has conducted an 11-day Animal Packers Course since the 1960s at its Mountain Warfare Training Center located in the Sierra Nevada near Bridgeport, California.
Trains[edit]
Loading mules during exploration of the American West, from Frances Fuller Victor's 1887 book Eleven years in the Rocky Mountains and a life on the frontier.
Mules provide bulk transport almost anywhere.
A mule train is a connected or unconnected line of pack mules, usually carrying cargo. Because of the mule's ability to carry at least as much as a horse, their trait of being sure-footed along with their tolerance of poorer coarser foods and abilities to tolerate arid terrains, mule trains were common caravan organized means of animal powered bulk transport back into pre-classical times. In many climate and circumstantial instances, an equivalent string of pack horses would have to carry more fodder and sacks of high energy grains such as oats, so could carry less cargo. In modern times, strings of sure footed mules have been used to carry riders in dangerous but scenic back country terrain such as excursions into canyons.
Pack trains were instrumental in opening up the American West as the sure footed animals could carry up to 250 pounds, survive on rough forage,[a] did not require feed, and could operate in the arid higher elevations of the Rockies, serving as the main cargo means to the west from Missouri during the heyday of the North American fur trade.[b] Their use antedated the move west into the Rockies as colonial Americans sent out the first fur trappers and explorers past the Appalachians who were then followed west by high-risk-taking settlers by the 1750s (such as Daniel Boone) who led an increasing flood of emigrants that began pushing west over into southern New York, and through the gaps of the Allegheny into the Ohio Country (the lands of western Province of Virginia and the Province of Pennsylvania), into Tennessee and Kentucky before and especially after the American Revolution.
Mule trains have been part of working portions of transportation links as recently as 2005 by the World Food Programme.[27]
In the nineteenth century, twenty-mule teams, for instance, were teams of eighteen mules and two horses attached to large wagons that ferried borax out of Death Valley from 1883 to 1889. The wagons were among the largest ever pulled by draft animals, designed to carry 10 short tons (9 metric tons) of borax ore at a time.[28]
World War II British Army pack Mule Train in Italy
Working mule train, Nicaragua 1957-1961
1911 mule train in British Columbia
Grand Canyon on the South Kaibab trail
1868 mule train fording the Fraser River
St. Gotthard Pass, Switzerland about 1800
Clone[edit]
In 2003, researchers at University of Idaho and Utah State University produced the first mule clone as part of Project Idaho.[29] The research team included Gordon Woods, professor of animal and veterinary science at the University of Idaho; Kenneth L. White, Utah State University professor of animal science; and Dirk Vanderwall, University of Idaho assistant professor of animal and veterinary science. The baby mule, Idaho Gem, was born May 4. It was the first clone of a hybrid animal. Veterinary examinations of the foal and its surrogate mother showed them to be in good health soon after birth. The foal's DNA comes from a fetal cell culture first established in 1998 at the University of Idaho.
See also[edit]
African wild ass
Forty acres and a mule
No Mule's Fool
Headless Mule, a cursed woman in Brazilian folklore
Hinny, the reciprocal cross to the mule
Zebroid
Jennet, a small Spanish horse
Kiang, the Tibetan ass
Onager, the Asiatic wild ass
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ rough forage means mules, donkeys, and other asses, like many wild ungulates such as various deer species, can tolerate eating small shrubs, lichens and some branch-laden tree foliages and obtaining nutrition from such. In contrast, the digestive system of horses and to a lesser extent cattle are more dependent upon grasses, and evolved in climates where grasslands involved stands of grains and their high energy seed heads.
Jump up ^ The influence and effect of fur trading, especially for beaver pelts between 1500-1940, is hard to understand these days when there are dozens of optional synthetic fabrics added to the repertoire of natural fiber materials. Many of the latter would only become widely available through the development of machinery processing (cotton gin, spinning jenny, etc.), making their use economical and widespread. The waterproof qualities of beaver hats and coats was valuable in the days when transportation measured the six miles per hour of horsebacked travel as rapid transit.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mule Day: A Local Legacy". americaslibrary.gov. Library of Congress. 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ "What is a mule?". The Donkey Sanctuary.
Jump up ^ Ensminger, M. E. (1990). Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series (Sixth ed.). Danville, IL: Interstate. ISBN 0-8134-2883-1.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Louise A (2004). The Mule Men: A History of Stock Packing in the Sierra Nevada. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press. ISBN 0-87842-499-7.
Jump up ^ "Mule". The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General. XVII. Henry G. Allen and Company. 1888. p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hunter's Specialties: More With Wayne Carlton On Elk Hunting". hunterspec.com. Hunter's Specialties. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Khan, Aamer Ahmed (2005-10-19). "Beasts ease burden of quake victims". BBC. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
Jump up ^ American Endurance Ride Conference (November 2003). "Chapter 3, Section IV: Size". Endurance Rider's Handbook. AERC. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Longear Lingo". lovelongears.com. American Donkey and Mule Society. 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Chen, Z. Jeffrey; Birchler, James A., eds. (2013). Polyploid and Hybrid Genomics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-96037-0. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Darwin, Charles (1879). What Mr. Darwin Saw in His Voyage Round the World in the Ship 'Beagle'. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 33–34. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Hauer, John, ed. (2014). The Natural Superiority of Mules. Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-62636-166-9. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Proops, Leanne; Faith Burden; Britta Osthaus (2008-07-18). "Mule cognition: a case of hybrid vigor?" (PDF). Animal Cognition. 12 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1007/s10071-008-0172-1. PMID 18636282. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
Jump up ^ Giebel; et al. (1958). "Visuelles Lernvermögen bei Einhufern". Zool. Jb. 67: 487–520. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Purelyfacts http://purelyfacts.com/question/9/which-is-taller-a-mule-or-a-horse?DDA=77&DDB=55. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Caption of Mule Battery WDL11495.png Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Savory, Theodore H (1970). "The Mule". Scientific American. 223 (6): 102–109. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1270-102.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kay, Katty (2002-10-02). "Morocco's miracle mule". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ Rong, Ruizhang; Cai, Huedi; Yang, Xiuqin; Wei, Jun (October 1985). "Fertile mule in China and her unusual foal" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 78 (10): 821–25. PMC 1289946  . PMID 4045884. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Befuddling Birth: The Case of the Mule's Foal". National Public Radio. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Lofholm, Nancy (2007-09-19). "Mule's foal fools genetics with 'impossible' birth". Denver Post.
Jump up ^ Anderson, W. S. (1939). "Fertile Mare Mules". Journal of Heredity. 30 (12): 549–551. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Louise A (2004). The Mule Men: A History of Stock Packing in the Sierra Nevada. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press. ISBN 0-87842-499-7.
Jump up ^ "Members of the Eastern Sierra Packers". easternsierrapackers.com. Eastern Sierra Packers. 2009-01-18. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Mule Pack Section, Angeles Chapter, Sierra Club". angeles.sierraclub.org. Angeles Chapter Sierra Club. 2014-04-18. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Bearden, Milt (2003) The Main Enemy, The Inside story of the CIA's Final showdown with the KGB. Presidio Press. ISBN 0345472500
Jump up ^ "Mule train provides lifeline for remote quake survivors". www.wfp.org. World Food Programme.
Jump up ^ "Mules hauling a 22,000lb boiler". Texas State Library and Archives Commission.
Jump up ^ "Project Idaho". University of Idaho. 2003-05-29. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Sources[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mule". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 959–960.
Further reading[edit]
Arnold, Watson C. "The Mule: The Worker that 'Can't Get No Respect,'" Southwestern Historical Quarterly (2008) 112#1 pp: 34-50. online
Buchholz, Katharina (2013-08-16). "Colorado miracle mule foal lived short life, but was well-loved". Denver Post. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Ellenberg, George B. Mule South to Tractor South: Mules, Machines, and the Transformation of the Cotton South (University of Alabama Press. 2007) 219pp * Chandley, A. C.; Clarke, C. A. (1985). "Cum mula peperit". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 78 (10): 800–801. PMC 1289943  . PMID 4045882.
Loftus, Bill (August 2003). "It's a Mule: UI produces first equine clone". Here We Have Idaho: The University of Idaho Magazine. University of Idaho: 12–15. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Lukach, Mark (2013-09-11). "There Is a Man Wandering Around California With 3 Mules". The Atlantic. Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Rong, R.; Chandley, A. C.; Song, J.; McBeath, S.; Tan, P. P.; Bai, Q.; Speed, R. M. (1988). "A fertile mule and hinny in China". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 47 (3): 134–9. doi:10.1159/000132531. PMID 3378453.
Williams, John O; Speelman, Sanford R (1948). "Mule production". Farmers' Bulletin. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1341. Retrieved 2014-07-16. Hosted by the UNT Digital Library. Originally published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.
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GND: 4272518-5
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The Hunt for Red October (film)
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The Hunt for Red October
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John McTiernan
Produced by
Mace Neufeld
Screenplay by
Larry Ferguson
Donald E. Stewart
Based on
The Hunt for Red October
1984 novel
by Tom Clancy
Starring
Sean Connery
Alec Baldwin
Scott Glenn
James Earl Jones
Sam Neill
Music by
Basil Poledouris
Cinematography
Jan de Bont
Edited by
Dennis Virkler
John Wright
Production
companies
Mace Neufeld Productions
Nina Saxon Film Design
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
March 2, 1990 (1990-03-02) (United States)
Running time
135 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Russian
Budget
$30 million[2]
Box office
$200.5 million
The Hunt for Red October is a 1990 American espionage thriller film produced by Mace Neufeld, directed by John McTiernan, that stars Sean Connery, Alec Baldwin, Scott Glenn, James Earl Jones, and Sam Neill. The film is based on Tom Clancy's 1984 bestselling novel of the same name.
The story is set during the late Cold War era and involves a rogue Soviet naval captain who wishes to defect to the United States with his officers and the Soviet Navy's newest and most advanced nuclear missile submarine. An American CIA analyst correctly deduces his motive and must prove his theory to the U.S. Navy before a violent confrontation between the Soviet and the American navies spirals out of control.
The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios Paramount Pictures, Mace Neufeld Productions, and Nina Saxon Film Design. Theatrically, it was commercially distributed by Paramount Pictures and by the Paramount Home Entertainment division for home media markets. Following its wide theatrical release, the film was nominated for and won a number of accolades. At the 63rd Academy Awards, the film was honored with the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, along with nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing. On June 12, 1990, the original soundtrack, composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris, was released by MCA Records.
The Hunt for Red October received mostly positive reviews from critics and was the 6th top-grossing film of the year, generating $122 million in North America and more than $200 million worldwide in box office business. The film was the first in a series involving the fictional character Jack Ryan, played additionally by Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. Jack Ryan is also played by John Krasinski in the upcoming TV series Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
A Typhoon-class submarine, the same type as the fictional Red October (twelve meters longer and three meters wider than the standard Typhoons).
In November 1984, Soviet submarine captain Marko Ramius (Sean Connery) commands Red October, a new Typhoon-class nuclear missile submarine with a stealth "caterpillar drive", rendering it undetectable to passive sonar. Ramius leaves port to conduct exercises with attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, commanded by his former student Captain Tupolev (Stellan Skarsgård). Once at sea, Ramius secretly kills political officer Ivan Putin (Peter Firth) and relays false orders that they are to conduct missile drills off America's east coast.
The next morning, CIA analyst and former Marine, Jack Ryan (Alec Baldwin), after consulting with Vice Admiral James Greer (James Earl Jones), briefs United States government officials on Red October and the threat it poses. The U.S. fears Ramius plans an unauthorized nuclear strike against the United States. They also learn that the bulk of the Soviet Navy has been deployed to the Atlantic. In the briefing, Ryan hypothesizes that Ramius instead plans to defect. He is ordered to rendezvous with the American attack submarine USS Dallas to prove his theory. Meanwhile, Tupolev, though unable to track Red October, guesses his former mentor's route and sets a course to intercept. The Soviet fleet's intentions are unknown to the U.S., although their orders are to sink Red October.
Due to the actions of an unknown saboteur, Red October's caterpillar drive fails during risky maneuvers through a narrow undersea canyon. Petty Officer Jones (Courtney B. Vance), a sonar technician aboard Dallas, has discovered a way to detect Red October using underwater acoustics, and plots an intercept course. Ryan arranges a hazardous mid-ocean rendezvous to board Dallas, where he attempts to persuade its captain, Commander Bart Mancuso (Scott Glenn), to contact Ramius and determine his intentions.
The Soviet ambassador informs the U.S. government that Ramius is a renegade, and asks for help in sinking Red October. That order is sent to the U.S. fleet, including Dallas, which has found the Soviet submarine. Ryan, however, is convinced that Ramius plans to defect with his officers and convinces Mancuso to contact Ramius and offer assistance. Ramius, stunned that the Americans correctly guessed his plan, accepts. He then stages a nuclear reactor "emergency", ordering his crew to abandon ship. After a U.S. frigate is spotted, Ramius submerges. Meanwhile, Ryan, Mancuso, and Jones come aboard via a rescue sub, at which point Ramius requests asylum in the United States for himself and his officers.
Red October is suddenly attacked by V. K. Konovalov, which has tracked them across the Atlantic. As the two Soviet subs maneuver, one of Red October's cooks, Loginov (Arana), an undercover GRU agent and the secret saboteur, opens fire. He fatally wounds first officer Vasily Borodin (Sam Neill) before retreating to the nuclear missiles bay, pursued by Ryan and Ramius. Loginov shoots Ramius, wounding him, but Ryan kills Loginov before he can detonate a missile. Meanwhile, Red October makes evasive maneuvers with a diversion provided by Dallas, causing V. K. Konovalov to be destroyed by its own fired torpedo. The crew of Red October, now rescued, watch the explosion from the deck of the U.S. frigate; unaware of the second Soviet submarine, they believe that Ramius has sacrificed himself and scuttled Red October to avoid being boarded.
Ryan and Ramius, their subterfuge complete, navigate Red October to the Penobscot River in Maine. Ramius admits that the reason he defected was that after he was handed the plans for Red October, a nuclear war first strike weapon, he concluded that he could never support such an action. From atop the submarine's sail deck, Ramius, pleased to have made it to America, offers Ryan a quote from Christopher Columbus. Ryan nods in agreement and offers in return, "Welcome to the New World, sir".
Cast[edit]
Sean Connery as Captain 1st Rank Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius, Commanding Officer of Red October
Alec Baldwin as Jack Ryan, CIA intelligence analyst, author, Professor of Naval History at the United States Naval Academy
Scott Glenn as Commander Bart Mancuso, Commanding Officer of USS Dallas
Sam Neill as Captain 2nd Rank Vasily Borodin, Executive Officer of Red October
James Earl Jones as Vice Admiral James Greer, CIA Deputy Director - Intelligence (DDI)
Jeffrey Jones as Skip Tyler, a former submarine commander who identifies Red October's propulsion system
Joss Ackland as Ambassador Andrei Lysenko, Soviet Ambassador to the United States
Richard Jordan as Dr. Jeffrey Pelt, National Security Advisor
Tim Curry as Dr. Yevgeniy Petrov, Medical Officer on board Red October
Peter Firth as Senior Lieutenant Ivan Putin, Political Officer of Red October
Ronald Guttman as Senior Lieutenant Melekhin, Chief Engineer of Red October
Stellan Skarsgård as Captain 2nd Rank Viktor Tupolev, Commanding Officer of V.K. Konovalov
Fred Dalton Thompson as Rear Admiral (Lower Half) Joshua Painter, Commander of the Enterprise Carrier Battle Group
Courtney B. Vance as Sonar Technician Submarines Second Class(SS) Ronald Jones, Sonar operator of USS Dallas
Michael Welden as Captain-Lieutenant Gregoriy Kamarov, Navigator of Red October
Anthony Peck as Lieutenant Commander "Tommy" Thompson, Executive Officer of USS Dallas
Daniel Davis as Captain Charlie Davenport, Commanding Officer of USS Enterprise
Tomas Arana as Cook's Assistant Igor Loginov, Red October's cook, also a GRU agent
Peter Zinner as Admiral Yuri Ilyich Padorin, Chief Political Officer of the Soviet Navy
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Producer Mace Neufeld optioned Tom Clancy's novel after reading galley proofs in February 1985. Despite the book becoming a best seller, no Hollywood studio was interested because of its content. Neufeld said, "I read some of the reports from the other studios, and the story was too complicated to understand".[3] After a year and a half he finally got a high-level executive at Paramount Pictures to read Clancy's novel and agree to develop it into a film.
Screenwriters Larry Ferguson and Donald Stewart worked on the screenplay while Neufeld approached the U.S. Navy for approval. They feared top secret information or technology might be revealed. However, several admirals liked Clancy's book and reasoned that the film could do for submariners what Top Gun did for the Navy's jet fighter pilots.[3] Captain Michael Sherman, director of the Navy's western regional information office in Los Angeles, suggested changes to the script that would present the Navy in a positive light.[4]
The Navy gave the filmmakers access to several Los Angeles-class submarines, allowing them to photograph unclassified sections of both Chicago and Portsmouth to use in set and prop design. Louisville was used for the scene in which Baldwin is dropped from a helicopter to the submarine. Key cast and crew members rode along in subs, including Alec Baldwin and Scott Glenn, who took an overnight trip aboard the Salt Lake City commanded by then Commander Thomas B. Fargo. Glenn based his portrayal of Commander Bart Mancuso on Fargo.[3]
Casting[edit]
Some of the principal cast had previous military service which they drew on for their roles. Sean Connery had served in the Royal Navy, Scott Glenn in the United States Marine Corps and James Earl Jones in the United States Army. Baldwin and Glenn spent time on a Los Angeles-class submarine. Baldwin was trained to drive an attack submarine.[5] Some extras portraying the Dallas crew were serving submariners, including the pilot of the DSRV, Lt Cmdr George Billy, commander of the DSRV. Submariners from San Diego were cast as extras because it was easier to hire them than to train actors. Crew from USS La Jolla, including Lt Mark Draxton, took leave to participate in filming. According to an article in Sea Classics, at least two sailors from the Atlantic Fleet-based Dallas took leave and participated in the Pacific Fleet-supported filming. The crew of Houston called their month-long filming schedule the "Hunt for Red Ops." Houston made more than 40 emergency surfacing "blows" for rehearsal and for the cameras.[3]
Baldwin was approached in December 1988, but was not told for what role. Klaus Maria Brandauer was cast as Soviet sub commander Marko Ramius but two weeks into filming he quit due to a prior commitment.[3] The producers faxed the script to Sean Connery who, at first, declined because the script seemed implausible in portraying the Soviet Union as an ambitious naval power. He was missing the first page which set the story before Gorbachev's coming to power, when the events of the book would have seemed more plausible.[6] He arrived in L.A. on a Friday and was supposed to start filming on Monday but he requested a day to rehearse.[7] Principal photography began on April 3, 1989 with a $30 million budget.[7] The Navy lent the film crew Houston, Enterprise, two frigates (Wadsworth and Reuben James), helicopters, and a dry-dock crew.[4]
Filmmaker John Milius revised some of the film's script, writing a few speeches for Sean Connery and all of his Russian dialogue.[8] He was asked to rewrite the whole film but was only required to do the Russian sequences.[9] Rather than choosing between the realism of Russian dialog with subtitles, or the audience-friendly use of English (with or without Russian accents), the filmmakers compromised with a deliberate conceit. The film begins with the actors speaking Russian with English subtitles. But in an early scene, actor Peter Firth casually switches in mid-sentence to speaking in English on the word "Armageddon", which is the same spoken word in both languages. After that point, all the Soviets' dialogue is communicated in English. Connery continued using the Russian accent for the rest of the motion picture. Only towards the end of the film, at the beginning of the scene in which the Soviet and American submariners meet, do some of the actors speak in Russian again.
Filming[edit]
Filming in submarines was impractical. Instead, five soundstages on the Paramount backlot were used. Two 50-square-foot (4.6 m2) platforms housing mock-ups of Red October and Dallas were built, standing on hydraulic gimbals that simulated the sub's movements. Connery recalled, "It was very claustrophobic. There were 62 people in a very confined space, 45 feet above the stage floor. It got very hot on the sets, and I'm also prone to sea sickness. The set would tilt to 45 degrees. Very disturbing."[4] The veteran actor shot for four weeks and the rest of the production shot for additional months on location in Port Angeles, Washington and the waters off Los Angeles.[4]
USS Reuben James, where a number of flight deck scenes were filmed.
Made before sophisticated CGI became the norm in filmmaking, the film's opening sequence featured a long pull-out reveal of the immense titular Typhoon-class sub. It included a nearly full-scale, above-the-water-line mockup of the sub, constructed from two barges welded together. Each country's submarine had its own background color: Soviet submarines, such as Red October and V.K. Konovalov, had interiors in black with silver trim. American ships, such as Dallas and Enterprise, had grey interiors. However, during one scene when Dallas goes to a higher alert status it was flooded with red light. Early filming was aboard USS Reuben James in the area of the Juan de Fuca Strait and Puget Sound in March 1989. The ship operated out of U.S. Coast Guard Station Port Angeles. The SH-60B detachment from the Battlecats of HSL-43 operated out of NAS Whidbey Island, after being displaced by the filmcrew. Most underwater scenes were filmed using smoke with a model sub connected to 12 cables, giving precise, smooth control for turns. Computer effects, in their infancy, created bubbles and other effects such as particulates in the water.
By March 1990, just before the film's theatrical release, the Soviet Parliament removed the Communist Party from government, effectively ending the Cold War. Set during this period, there were concerns that with its end, the film would be irrelevant but Neufeld felt that it "never really represented a major problem".[7] To compensate for the change in the Soviet Union's political climate, an on-screen crawl appears at the beginning of the film stating that it takes place in 1984 during the Cold War.[7] Tony Seiniger designed the film's poster and drew inspiration from Soviet poster art, utilizing bold red, white and black graphics. According to him, the whole ad campaign was designed to have a "techno-suspense quality to it". The idea was to play up the thriller aspects and downplay the political elements.[7]
The film caused a minor sensation in the black projects submarine warfare technology community.[10][11] In one scene, where USS Dallas is chasing Red October through the submarine canyon, the crew can be heard calling out that they have various "milligal anomalies". This essentially revealed the use of gravimetry as a method of silent navigation in US submarines. Thought to be a billion dollar black project, the development of a full-tensor gravity gradiometer by Bell Aerospace was a classified technology at the time. It was thought to be deployed on only a few Ohio-class submarines after it was first developed in 1973. Bell Aerospace later sold the technology to Bell Geospace for oil exploration purposes.[12] The last Typhoon-class submarine was officially laid down in 1986, under the name TK-210, but according to sources was never finished and scrapped in 1990.[13]
Music[edit]
The Hunt for Red October (Music from the Motion Picture)
Film score by Basil Poledouris
Released
June 12, 1990
Length
29:48
Label
MCA Records
Jack Ryan soundtrack chronology
The Hunt for Red October
(1990) Patriot Games
(1992)Patriot Games1992
The musical score of The Hunt for Red October was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris. A soundtrack album composed of ten melodies was released on June 12, 1990.[14] The album is missing some of the musical moments present in the film, including the scene where the crew of Red October sings the Soviet national hymn. The soundtrack is limited due to the fact that it was originally compiled to fit the Compact Cassette. Later, it was remastered for the CD. An expanded version was released in late 2013 by Intrada Records. It features 40 additional minutes of the score, including the until then unreleased end titles.[15]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Hunt for Red October opened in 1,225 theaters on March 2, 1990, grossing $17 million on its opening weekend, more than half its budget.[2] The film went on to gross $122,012,643 in North America with a worldwide total of $200,512,643.[2]
Critical response[edit]
As of January 2014[update], the film held an 86% rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 66 critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, The Hunt for Red October received a score of 58 based on 17 reviews.[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[17]
Roger Ebert called the film "a skillful, efficient film that involves us in the clever and deceptive game being played",[18] while Gene Siskel commented on the film's technical achievement and Baldwin's convincing portrayal of Jack Ryan. Nick Schager, for Slant magazine's review, noted, "The Hunt for Red October is a thrilling edge-of-your-seat trifle that has admirably withstood the test of time".[19] In contrast however, Newsweek's David Ansen wrote, "But it's at the gut level that Red October disappoints. This smoother, impressively mounted machine is curiously ungripping. Like an overfilled kettle, it takes far too long to come to a boil".[20] Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, opined that "the characters, like the lethal hardware, are simply functions of the plot, which in this case seems to be a lot more complex than it really is".[21]
Accolades[edit]
The Hunt for Red October was nominated and won several awards in 1991. In addition, the film was also nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.[22]
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1991 63rd Academy Awards[23] Best Sound Editing Cecelia Hall, George Watters II Won
Best Sound Mixing Richard Bryce Goodman, Richard Overton, Kevin F. Cleary, Don J. Bassman Nominated
Best Film Editing Dennis Virkler, John Wright Nominated
1991 44th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Sean Connery Nominated
Best Production Design Terence Marsh Nominated
Best Sound Cecelia Hall, George Watters II, Richard Bryce Goodman, Don J. Bassman Nominated
1991 BMI Film Music Awards BMI Film Music Award Basil Poledouris Won
1991 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards Best Sound Editing – ADR ———— Won
See also[edit]
United States portal
Soviet Union portal
Cold War portal
Film portal
1980s portal
1990 in film
Video games based on the motion picture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Huntsman for Red October (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. March 15, 1990. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Hunt for Red October". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Thomas, Bob (March 2, 1990). "High-Tech Novel Took Five Years to Reach Screen". Associated Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Donohue, Cathryn (March 2, 1990). "Red October Surfaces as a Movie". The Washington Times.
Jump up ^ Scott, Walter. "5 Things You Didn't Know About Alec Baldwin". Parade. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Bob. "Submarine thriller surfaces with Connery in command". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kilday, Gregg (March 2, 1990). "Reds Sail Into the Sunset". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Plume, Ken (May 7, 2003). "An Interview with John Milius". IGN. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Segaloff, Nat, "John Milius: The Good Fights", Backstory 4: Interviews with Screenwriters of the 1970s and 1980s, Ed. Patrick McGilligan, Uni of California 2006 p 308
Jump up ^ "Hunt for Red October Article" (PDF). 53. CIA. Summer 2009. p. 24. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Gravity Gradiometry Article". Scientific American. June 1998. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Bell gradiometer history". BellGeospace. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Podvodnye Lodki, Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2002, ISBN 5-8172-0069-4
Jump up ^ McDonald, Steven. "The Hunt for Red October [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] – Overview". AllMusic. All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hunt for Red October, The". Intrada Records. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Jump up ^ "The Hunt for Red October". Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (March 2, 1990). "The Hunt for Red October". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
Jump up ^ Schager, Nick (2003). "The Hunt for Red October". Slant. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ansen, David (March 2, 1990). "The Hunt for Red October". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ "Reviews/Film; Connery as Captain of a Renegade Soviet Sub". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees
Jump up ^ "The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Hunt for Red October (film)
Official website
The Hunt for Red October on IMDb
The Hunt for Red October at the TCM Movie Database
The Hunt for Red October at AllMovie
The Hunt for Red October at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Hunt for Red October at Rotten Tomatoes
The Hunt for Red October at Box Office Mojo
"The Hunt for Red October". Paramount Pictures – via YouTube.
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Tom Clancy bibliography
Novels
by Tom Clancy
The Hunt for Red October (1984)
Patriot Games (1987)
The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
Clear and Present Danger (1989)
The Sum of All Fears (1991)
Without Remorse (1993)
Debt of Honor (1994)
Executive Orders (1996)
Rainbow Six (1998)
The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
Red Rabbit (2002)
The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)
Dead or Alive (2010)
Locked On (2011)
Threat Vector (2012)
Command Authority (2013)
by Mark Greaney
Support and Defend (2014)
Full Force and Effect (2014)
Commander in Chief (2015)
True Faith and Allegiance (2016)
by Grant Blackwood
Under Fire (2015)
Duty and Honor (2016)
by Mike Maden
Point of Contact (2017)
Line of Sight (2018)
by Marc Cameron
Power and Empire (2017)
Oath of Office (2018)
Film series
The Hunt for Red October (1990)
Patriot Games (1992)
Clear and Present Danger (1994)
The Sum of All Fears (2002)
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
Television series
Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan (2018)
Video games
The Hunt for Red October (1987)
The Hunt for Red October (1990, Amiga)
The Hunt for Red October (1991, NES)
The Sum of All Fears (2002)
Characters
Jack Ryan
John Clark
Red October
show
v
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e
Films directed by John McTiernan
Nomads (1986)
Predator (1987)
Die Hard (1988)
The Hunt for Red October (1990)
Medicine Man (1992)
Last Action Hero (1993)
Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995)
The 13th Warrior (1999)
The Thomas Crown Affair (1999)
Rollerball (2002)
Basic (2003)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2003007981
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunt_for_Red_October_(film)&oldid=852493606"
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values: The Hunt for Red October (disambiguation)

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True Faith and Allegiance (novel)

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