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Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve
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Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve
IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)
Oolah Valley in the Itkillik Preserve
Location in northern Alaska
Location
Bettles, Alaska
Coordinates
67°47′N 153°18′W / 67.783°N 153.300°W / 67.783; -153.300Coordinates: 67°47′N 153°18′W / 67.783°N 153.300°W / 67.783; -153.300
Area
8,472,506 acres (34,287.02 km2)[1]
Established
December 2, 1980
Visitors
10,047 (in 2016)[2]
Governing body
National Park Service
Website
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is a U.S. National Park in Alaska. It is the northernmost national park in the U.S. (the entirety of the park lies north of the Arctic Circle) and the second largest at 8,472,506 acres (3,428,702 ha) (34,287 km²), slightly larger in area than Belgium. The park consists primarily of portions of the Brooks Range of mountains. It was first protected as a U.S. National Monument on December 1, 1978, before becoming a national park and preserve two years later in 1980 upon passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. A large part of the park is protected in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness which covers 7,167,192 acres (2,900,460 ha).[3] The wilderness area adjoins the Noatak Wilderness Area and together they form the largest contiguous wilderness in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Activities
2 Geography
2.1 Geology
3 Ecology
4 History
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Activities[edit]
Hikers in the Itkillik River drainage, a group of tilted sedimentary peaks in the central Brooks Range
There are no roads in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve. Owing to its remoteness and lack of supportive infrastructure, the park is the least visited national park in the U.S., and one of the least visited areas in the entire U.S. National Park System, which also includes national monuments, recreation areas, preserves and historic sites. In 2016, the park received just 10,047 visitors, while Grand Canyon National Park received nearly 6 million visitors (about 600 times as many) in the same year.[4]
Camping is permitted throughout the park, but may be restricted by easements when crossing Native Corporation lands within the park.
The park headquarters is in Fairbanks.[5][6] Park Service operations in the park are managed from the Bettles Ranger Station, to the south of the park.
Geography[edit]
Park map - also see resolution adjustable map
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve lies to the west of the Dalton Highway, centered on the Brooks Range and covering the north and south slopes of the mountains. The park includes the Endicott Mountains and part of the Schwatka Mountains. The majority of Gates of the Arctic is designated as national park, in which only subsistence hunting by local rural residents is permitted. Sport hunting is only permitted in the national preserve. To hunt and trap in the preserve, a person must have all required licenses and permits and follow all other state regulations.[7]
The eastern boundary of the park generally follows the Dalton Highway at a distance of a few miles, with the westernmost part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 10 miles (16 km) farther east. Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge is near the park's southeast boundary. Noatak National Preserve adjoins the western boundary, and the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska adjoins the northwest corner of the park. Almost all of the park is designated as wilderness, with the exception of areas around Anaktuvuk Pass. A detached portion of the park surrounds the outlying Fortress Mountain and Castle Mountain to the north of the park.[8]
Ten small communities outside the park's boundaries are classified as "resident zone communities" and depend on park resources for food and livelihood. They are Alatna, Allakaket, Ambler, Anaktuvuk Pass, Bettles/Evansville, Hughes, Kobuk, Nuiqsut, Shungnak, and Wiseman.[9] There are no established roads, trails, visitor facilities, or campgrounds in the park. The Dalton Highway (Alaska State Highway 11) comes within five miles (8 km) of the park's eastern boundary, but requires a river crossing to reach the park from the road.[6] The Arctic Interagency Visitor Center in nearby Coldfoot is open from late May to early September, providing information on the parks, preserves and refuges of the Brooks Range, Yukon Valley and the North Slope.[10] About 259,000 acres (105,000 ha) of the park and preserve are owned by native corporations or the State of Alaska. 7,263,000 acres (2,939,000 ha) are protected in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness.[11]
The park contains mountains such as the Arrigetch Peaks and Mount Igikpak. The park also features six Wild and Scenic Rivers:
Alatna River 83 miles (134 km)
John River 52 miles (84 km)
Kobuk River 110 miles (177 km)
the North Fork of the Koyukuk River 102 miles (164 km)
part of the Noatak River
Tinayguk River 44 miles (71 km)
Geology[edit]
Aerial view of mountains in summer
The park includes much of the central and eastern Brooks Range. It extends to the east as far as the Middle Fork of the Koyukuk River, which is paralleled by the Dalton Highway and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. The park straddles the continental divide, separating the drainages of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The northernmost section of the park includes small portions of the Arctic foothills tundra. The Brooks Range occupies the central section of the park, running on an east-west line. To the south of the Brooks Range the Ambler-Chandalar Ridge, with associated valleys and lakes, runs east-west. The southernmost portion of the park includes the Kobuk-Selawik Lowlands, with the headwaters of the Kobuk River. The Brooks Range has seen repeated glaciation, with the most recent called the Itkillik glaciation from about 24,000 years ago to roughly 1500 to 1200 years before the present.[11]
Ecology[edit]
Wolverine on the bank of the Noatak River
The boreal forest extends to about 68 degrees north latitude, characterized by black and white spruce mixed with poplar. To the north of that line, which coincides with the spine of the Brooks Range, lies cold-arid land that has been described as "Arctic desert." During the long winters temperatures can reach −75 °F (−59 °C), but can reach 90 °F (32 °C) for a short time in summer. The park lies above the Arctic circle.[11]
Fauna include foxes, black bears, bald eagles, Dall sheep, marmots, snowshoe hares, northern hawk-owls, muskoxen, golden eagles, Alaskan moose, brown bears, coyotes, Canadian lynxes, polar bears, peregrine falcons, muskrats, great horned owls, river otters, ospreys, beavers, and northwestern wolves. Caribou are common in the park, and one of Alaska's best known populations, the Porcupine herd, may spend some time in the park. Caribou are important as a food source to native peoples.[12] The park is also the northernmost range limit for the Dall sheep.[13] Grizzly bears are also present in the park and preserve. There are about 132 brown bears in the park and preserve, based on a density of about one bear per 100 square miles.[14]
History[edit]
Ancient seabed formations have weathered into cliffs, fins, pinnacles, and arches.
Nomadic peoples have inhabited the Brooks Range for as many as 12,500 years, living mainly on caribou and other wildlife. The Mesa site at Iteriak Creek has yielded evidence of occupation between 11,500 and 10,300 years before the present. Later sites from around 6,000 years before present have yielded projectile points, stone knives and net sinkers. The Arctic small tool tradition (ASTt) of about 4,500 BP has also been documented. A late phase of the ASTt from between 2500 and 950 BP, the Ipuitak phase, has been documented in the park at the Bateman Site at Itkillik Lake.[11]
The earliest Inupiat people appeared about 1200 AD at the coast and spread to the Brooks Range, becoming the Nunamiut.[11] The Nunamiut people, who had left much of their traditional homelands following a crash in the caribou populations in the early 1900s, resumed a relatively isolated subsistence way of life after returning to the mountains in the late 1930s. In 1949 the last two semi-nomadic bands came together in the valley of the Anaktuvuk River, and over the next decade established the community of Anaktuvuk Pass.[15] The Gwich'in people, a Northern Athabaskan group also lived in the area in the last 1000 years, moving south of the park in historic times.[11]
The Alaskan interior was not explored until the late 19th century, shortly before discovery of gold in the Klondike brought prospectors to Alaska. Some encampments of explorers and survey parties have been identified in the park. A few small mining operations were established in the early 20th century, never amounting to much.[11]
The park's name dates to 1929, when wilderness activist Bob Marshall, exploring the North Fork of the Koyukuk River, encountered a pair of mountains (Frigid Crags and Boreal Mountain), one on each side of the river. He christened this portal the "Gates of the Arctic." Marshall spent time in Wiseman during the early 1930s, publishing an account of the place in his 1933 book Arctic Village. In the 1940s writer and researcher Olaus Murie proposed that Alaskan lands be preserved.[16]
Proposals for a national park in the Brooks Range first emerged in the 1960s, and in 1968 a National Park Service survey team recommended the establishment of a 4,100,000-acre (1,700,000 ha) park in the area.[15] That year, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall recommended to President Lyndon B. Johnson that Johnson use the Antiquities Act to proclaim a national monument in the Brooks Range and other Alaskan locations, but Johnson declined. During the 1970s the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) prompted serious examination of the disposition of lands held by the federal government. A series of bills were considered to deal with conservation land proposals authorized under ANCSA, but the legislation that would become the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was held up in Congress in the late 1970s. Consequently, on December 1, 1978 President Jimmy Carter used the Antiquities Act to proclaim much of the proposed new Alaskan parklands as national monuments, including Gates of the Arctic National Monument. In 1980 Congress passed ANILCA, and the monument became Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve on December 2, 1980.[16]
Looking southwest across Galbraith Lake into the northern section of the preserve, from the Dalton Highway
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
Jump up ^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Gates of the Arctic Wilderness". Wilderness.net. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visitors". irma.nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Contact Us". Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve. National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Directions". Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve. National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hunting - Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve". National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gates of the Arctic Map" (PDF). Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve. National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Title 36: Parks, Forests, and Public Property". GPO Access. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Arctic Interagency Visitor Center". Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Gate of the Arctic National Park and Preserve". National Park Service. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Caribou". National Park Service. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dall's Sheep". National Park Service. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Brown Bears". National Park Service. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "An Anaktuvuk Pass History". Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve. National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Creation of Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve". Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve. National Park Service.
Bibliography[edit]
Marshall, Robert (1956), Alaska Wilderness, George Marshall ed., (2005 reprint), University of California Press ISBN 0-520-24498-2
Marshall, Robert (1933), Arctic Village. H. Smith and R. Haas, New York.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gates of the Arctic National Park.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gates of the Arctic National Park.
Gates Of The Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service site
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve at the National Park Service Alaska Regional Office
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values: بوابات الحديقة والمحمية الوطنية بالقطب الشمالي – Arabic

values: Порти на Арктика (национален парк) – Bulgarian

values: Parc i Reserva Nacionals de les Portes de l'Àrtic – Catalan

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Maryland Hunt Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Win Picture of 2013 Maryland Hunt Cup winner Professor Maxwell, Mark Beecher aboard.
The Maryland Hunt Cup is a Timber race, which is an American Steeplechase. It was first run on May 26[1] 1894[2] and won by Johnny Miller. Eight horses have won the race three times but no horse has won it four times.[3] It is considered one of the most difficult steeplechase races in the world.[4] Fred Winter, a famous English horse trainer who attended Jay Trump's 1966 race, was asked about bringing a horse over for the Maryland Hunt Cup, he responded "Why I wouldn't dare!"[5] Two undefeated winners, Jay Trump (1963, 1964 and 1966) and Ben Nevis II (1977, 1978), went on to win the Grand National in England. Both horses are in the Hall of Fame.
The Maryland Hunt Cup is four miles long with 22 timber fences. Its permanent home is in Worthington Valley, Maryland.[6] The 2013 edition of the race was the 117th running of the Maryland Hunt Cup.[7] The race has been run each year since 1894, except for three years during the Second World War, 1943 – 1945.
The 120th running of the race took place on Saturday, April 30, 2016. It's now always run on the last Saturday in April.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rivalry
3 Records
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Fence six of the Maryland Hunt Cup, 4-foot nine inches of solid timber.
The Maryland Hunt Cup was established in 1894 as a contest between two hunts, The Elkridge Fox Hunting Club and the Green Spring Fox Hunting Club, to determine the relative merits of the local hunting horses. In the first running of the race, the riders and owners had to come from either of the two hunt clubs. A year later the race was opened up to horses owned and ridden by members of any recognized Hunt Club in Maryland. In 1903 this was further expanded to horses owned and ridden by members of any Hunt Club in North America. Nowadays, there are no restrictions on where the horse and rider come from. Throughout its history, the Maryland Hunt Cup has been limited to amateur jockeys.[9]
In the late 1970s, women were allowed to ride in the race for the first time. The first female amateur jockey to win the race was Joy Slater on Cancottage in 1981. To prove this was no fluke, Slater and Cancottage repeated in 1982. Since then, other female riders to win this race included Blythe Miller and Anne Moran.
In 1922, a permanent location for the Maryland Hunt Cup was established in Worthington Valley, where it remains to this day. Prior to this date, the race was run at a variety of locations.[10]
The Maryland Hunt Cup is a timber race, which is a steeplechase run over solid timber fences. This form of steeplechasing is unique to North America. The timber fences mimic the hunt country over which many of these horses are prepared. The Maryland Hunt Cup is part of a series of timber races run in Maryland in the Spring, which also includes My Lady's Manor (second Saturday in April), and the Grand National (third Saturday in April). The Maryland Hunt Cup is known for the size of its timber fences, some of which are close to 5 feet tall. The third fence (4 feet and six inches) and 16th fence (4 feet and ten inches) are particularly challenging.[11]
Rivalry[edit]
During the 1960s, two horses dominated the Maryland Hunt Cup, Mountain Dew and Jay Trump. In 1962 Mountain Dew won the race, only to finish second the following year to Jay Trump. In 1964, Jay Trump was a repeat winner and Mountain Dew was again second. In 1965, Jay Trump went to England and won the English Grand National, which allowed Mountain Dew to regain his Maryland Hunt Cup crown. Jay Trump returned to the Maryland Hunt Cup in 1966 and won his third Cup, Mountain Dew was runner-up again. Jay Trump was retired after his 1966 victory, which allowed Mountain Dew the opportunity to win his third Cup in 1967, which he did. The rivalry between the two horses was not limited to the Maryland Hunt Cup. Mountain Dew also won six Grand National Point to Points (1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968), Jay Trump was second to Mountain Dew in this race in 1963 and 1966. Jay Trump won the 1964 edition of the Grand National Point to Point, Mountain Dew was third in that race. In the My Lady's Manor, the first of the three race timber series, Jay Trump won the 1964 and 1966 editions. In 1964 his rival, Mountain Dew, was second. [12]
Records[edit]
Leading horse:
Most wins, 3: Garry Owen (1901, 1902, 1907), Princeton (1903, 1905, 1906), Blockade (1938, 1939, 1940), Winton (1942, 1946, 1947), Pine Pep (1949, 1950, 1952), Mountain Dew (1962, 1965, 1967), Jay Trump (1963, 1964, 1966), Cancottage (1980, 1981, 1983)
Most starts, 8: The Squire (1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898 (1), 1899, 1900, 1904), Mountain Dew (1961, 1962 (1), 1963, 1964, 1965 (1), 1966, 1967 (1), 1968)
Leading jockey:
6 wins: Mikey Smithwick (1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954)
5 wins: Jervis Spencer Jr. (1901, 1902, 1907, 1915, 1919), Crompton "Tommy Smith" (1959, 1961, 1963, 1966) and Charles Fenwick Jr. (1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1987) [13]
Time:
The current course record is 8:25 and 3/5 set by Young Dubliner in 2002.[14]
Jay Trump and Ben Nevis II, both undefeated winners of the Maryland Hunt Cup that went on to win the English Grand National, set course records during one of their Maryland Hunt Cup triumphs.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup (Margaret Worrall, 1997)
Jump up ^ "100 Years of The Maryland Hunt Cup"
Jump up ^ "Maryland Hunt Cup winners"
Jump up ^ "Sport: Maryland Hunt Cup"
Jump up ^ Steeplechasing in America (National Steeplechase Association, 1966)
Jump up ^ "Maryland Hunt Cup History"
Jump up ^ "Your Photos: Twill Do Wins 2nd Hunt Cup"
Jump up ^ "Maryland Hunt Cup FAQ"
Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup (Margaret Worrall, 1997)
Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup (Margaret Worrall, 1997)
Jump up ^ "Maryland Hunt Cup"
Jump up ^ Steeplechasing in America (National Steeplechase Association, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968)
Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup (Margaret Worrall, 1997)
Jump up ^ "Looking Back-Maryland Hunt Cup "
External links[edit]
Maryland Hunt Cup
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_Hunt_Cup&oldid=795419038"
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