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Public libraries in North America
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Patrons studying and reading at the New York City Public Library.
A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are also civil servants.
Contents
1 United States
1.1 First libraries
1.2 Changing roles of libraries
1.3 Carnegie libraries
2 Canada
3 See also
4 Further reading
4.1 United States
4.1.1 Historiography
4.2 Canada
5 References
6 External links
United States[edit]
Street sign commonly used to point the way to a public library
As the United States developed from the 18th century to today, growing more populous and wealthier, factors such as a push for education and desire to share knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated large book collections.[1]
First libraries[edit]
William James Sidis in The Tribes and the States claims the public library, as such, was an American invention.[2]
There were parish (parochial) libraries open in Anglican churches all over the American colonies. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, founded in 1701, subsidized libraries as a regular part of their missionary activity whenever they sent a priest to an Anglican mission or church that did not have a library already.[3] There would thus have been parish libraries at the 289 Anglican churches, and at various missions.[4]
Bates Hall reading room in the Boston Public Library.
Libraries often display exhibits inside and outside the structures, as this sculpture of a little girl reading at the public library in Trinidad, Colorado.
According to Edmund Farwell Slafter, the first public library was founded in Boston by the Rev. John Checkley at the Old State House sometime between 1711 when Boston's Old State House was built, and 1725.[5] In a letter to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bennet, dated June 15, 1725, Checkley wrote:
"In a short Time I propose to send you an account of the charitable Society of the Church of England, and of the public Library erected here: the laying the Foundation of both which, I have been (thanks to my good God) the happy tho' unworthy Instrument."[5]
The library was destroyed when the Old State House interior was consumed by fire on December 9, 1747, when many books, papers, and records were destroyed.
There is evidence of other and possibly earlier public libraries. The Rev. John Sharpe, who had traveled as a missionary priest over the colonies from Maryland to Connecticut, thought the parish library in New York inadequate. He devised an advanced plan for a public library in New York City open to all. In a letter on March 11, 1713 he notes there were already at least four public libraries in the colonies including the one in Boston:
"Another thing which is very much wanted here is a public Library, which would very much advance both learning and piety. Such there are at Charles Town in Carolina, Annapolis in Mary Land, at Philadelphia and Boston. Some books have been formerly sent to New York but as parochial they remain in the hands of the Incumbent."[6]
He proposed the institution should be "publick and provincial" and "open every day in the week at convenient hours," when "all men may have liberty to read in the Library."
Just before returning to England in 1713 after a decade spent as a missionary priest in America, he left behind 238 of his volumes to be "given for the laying of a foundation of a Public Library." However, it wasn't until thirty years after Sharp left America that a dozen men in 1754 founded the New York Society Library with Sharp's books as its core. His advanced dream of a library open every day was not to be accomplished in New York until 1791.[6]
In 1729, New York City formed its first public library. It was started with a donation of books from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. The Collection of Dr. Millington was presented for the library. Most but not all works were in relation to religion.[7][8]
In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and the other members of the discussion club the Junto founded the Library Company of Philadelphia partly as a means to settle arguments and partly as a means to advance themselves through sharing information. Franklin's subscription library allowed members to buy "shares" and combined funds were used to buy more books; in return, members could borrow books and use the library. Today, the Library Company continues to exist as a nonprofit, independent research library.
A town in Massachusetts named itself Franklin after the famous Pennsylvanian. For this honor, Franklin donated 116 books to the town in lieu of a requested church bell.[9] Franklin's town meeting voted to lend the books to all Franklin inhabitants free of charge in 1790, and this small collection can therefore be considered the first public library in the United States and is now known as the Franklin Public Library.[10]
Dr. Jesse Torrey, Jr., of New Lebanon, New York, was one of the earliest advocates for free public libraries. In 1804 at the age of seventeen, he established the New Lebanon Juvenile Society for the Acquisition of Knowledge. The social library operated under a suggested user fee and was open to any youth between the ages of twelve and twenty-one. In 1817, Torrey published The Intellectual Torch, a treatise advocating for a national system of free public libraries. Torrey's plan included a tax on the import and export of alcohol to support local free schools and libraries.[11]
Peterborough Town Library, the first completely tax-supported public library in the United States, Peterborough, New Hampshire
The first free public library supported by taxation in the world was the Peterborough, New Hampshire Town Library which was founded at town meeting on April 9, 1833.[12] Many sources claim to have been the first, such as Boston's Public Library, which was the second, established in 1852. The Boston Public Library opened on March 20, 1854.[13] The first free continuous children's library in the United States was funded privately, founded in 1835 in Arlington, Massachusetts.[14]
New York lawyer, governor and bibliophile Samuel J. Tilden bequeathed millions to build the New York Public Library. He believed Americans should have access to books and a free education if desired. In 1902, one account suggested "the village library is growing more and more an indispensable adjunct to American village life."[15]
The public library in Summit, New Jersey
Libraries have been started with wills from other benefactors. For example, the Bacon Free Library in South Natick, Massachusetts, was founded in 1881 after a benefactor left $15,000 in a will; it has operated as a public library since then.[16] Women's clubs in the late 1880s and early 1900s supported the creation of libraries in their communities.[17][18][19]
Once the idea of the public library as an agency worthy of taxation was broadly established during the 19th and early 20th centuries, librarians through actions of the American Library Association and its division devoted to public libraries, the Public Library Association, sought ways to identify standards and guidelines to ensure quality service.[20] Legislation such as the Library Services Act and the Library Services and Construction Act ensured that unserved areas and unserved groups would have access to library services.[21]
A "school district public library" is a type of public library with a service district overlapping a school district. Votes related to library governance and funding, as well as the collection of levied taxes, are administered by the school district.[22]
In 2009, with the Great Recession, many public libraries had budget shortfalls. The library in Darby, Pennsylvania, found expenses were greater than revenues from local property taxes, state funds, and investment income; it was on the risk of closing, according to a newspaper report.[23]
Changing roles of libraries[edit]
The former Williams Free Library in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin features an architectural style called Richardsonian Romanesque.
In many towns and small cities before 1900, local boosters operated social libraries, which were open by subscription. The middle classes patronized them, borrowed bestsellers and old classics, and came to know the other book lovers in town. These libraries became the forerunners of the public library.[24]
Butte, Montana was perhaps the largest, richest and rowdiest mining camp in the American West. City boosters opened a public library in 1893. Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling." It was also designed to promote middle-class values and to convince Easterners that Butte was a cultivated city.[25] Quite apart from the Wild West, civic boosters hailed the opening of a public library as a landmark in their upward march of civilization and civility.[26]
Chicago Public Library, 1991
As VanSlyck (1989) shows, the last years of the 19th century saw acceptance of the idea that libraries should be available to the American public free of charge. However the design of the idealized free library was at the center of a prolonged and heated debate. On one hand, wealthy philanthropists favored grandiose monuments that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. They wanted a grandiose showcase that created a grand vista through a double-height, alcoved bookhall with domestically-scaled reading rooms, perhaps dominated by the donor's portrait over the fireplace. Typical examples were the New York Public Library and the Chicago Public Library. Librarians considered that grand design inefficient, and too expensive to maintain.[27] The Brumback Library in Van Wert, Ohio claims to be the first county library in US.[28]
Melvil Dewey instituted a traveling library system for upstate New York in 1892. The idea spread rapidly in the North. By 1898 there were over a hundred traveling libraries in Wisconsin alone, 534 in New York.
Carnegie libraries[edit]
Main article: Carnegie library
Andrew Carnegie, born to poverty taught himself and became a leading industrialist and philanthropist. Among his many philanthropies was the public library—he built and furnished a library if the city agreed to maintain and staff it. He gave over $60 million, which was a vast fortune in 20th-century dollars.[29] Carnegie envisioned that libraries would "bring books and information to all people."[30]
A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to universities. 1,689 were built in the United States, 660 in Britain and Ireland, 125 in Canada, and others in Australia, New Zealand, and elsewhere. By 1930, half the American public libraries had been built by Carnegie.[31]
Carnegie was attached to free libraries since his days as a young messenger-boy in Pittsburgh, when each Saturday he borrowed a new book from one. Carnegie systematically funded 2,507 libraries throughout the English-speaking world. James Bertram, Carnegie's chief aide from 1894 to 1914 administered the library program, issued guidelines and instituted an architectural review process.[32]
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. The Carnegie buildings typically followed a standardized style called "Carnegie Classic": a rectangular, T-shaped or L-shaped structure of stone or brick, with rusticated stone foundations and low-pitched, hipped roofs, with space allocated by function and efficiency.[27]
His libraries served not only as free circulating collections of books, magazines and newspapers, but also provided classrooms for growing school districts, Red Cross stations, and public meeting spaces, not to mention permanent jobs for the graduates of newly formed library schools. Academic libraries were built for 108 colleges. Usually there was no charge to read or borrow; in New Zealand, however, local taxes were too low to support libraries and most charged subscription fees to their users. The arrangements were always the same: Carnegie would provide the funds for the building but only after the municipal government had provided a site for the building and had passed an ordinance for the purchase of books and future maintenance of the library through taxation. This policy was in accord with Carnegie's philosophy that the dispensation of wealth for the benefit of society must never be in the form of free charity but rather must be as a buttress to the community's responsibility for its own welfare.
In 1901, Carnegie offered to donate $100,000 to the city of Richmond, Virginia, for a public library. The city council had to furnish a site for the building and guarantee that $10,000 in municipal funds would be budgeted for the library each year. Despite the support from the majority of Richmond's civic leaders, the city council rejected Carnegie's offer. A combination of aversion to new taxes, fear of modernization, and fear that Carnegie might require the city to admit black patrons to his library account for the local government's refusal.[33] A Richmond Public Library did open in 1924 with alternative sources of funding.[34] In a municipal election in 1904 union leaders in Wheeling, West Virginia, blocked the acceptance of a Carnegie library. The Detroit Library subsisted on library fines and inadequate city funds; Carnegie offered $750,000 in 1901 but was turned down because it was "tainted money"; after nine more years of underfunding Detroit took the money.
Canada[edit]
The Toronto Reference Library, centrepiece of the Toronto Public Library system
The new Halifax Central Library.
Young girl reading a book, Central Circulating Library at College and St. George Streets, Toronto, Ontario, circa 1930-1960.
In 1779 Governor Frederick Haldimand founded the first subscription library in Québec City, Canada. Canada's small libraries were mostly held by rich families or religious institutions, and the general public was not admitted. "Haldimand's library, like other subscription libraries, appealed primarily to an urban elite",[35] Haldimand's library later merged with the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec (established in 1824), which displays the original Québec Library collection within its library. This and similar association/social libraries were examples of early prototypes of public libraries. They were public in that membership was allowed regardless of class or religion, and many in Canada eventually evolved into free public libraries.[36]
"Subsequently legislative collections were established in 1791 in Upper and in 1792 in Lower Canada ; and in 1796 the first public library was founded in Montreal. In 1800, libraries were established in King's College, Nova Scotia, and at Niagara, where the first public library in Upper Canada operated for twenty years, in spite of losses during the War of 1812.".[37]
In Saint John, New Brunswick in 1883, following the efforts of Colonel James Domville in procuring a collection of materials to replace the many private collections lost in the Great Fire of Saint John, New Brunswick the first free, tax-supported public library was established. Guelph, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario opened public libraries that same year as well.[36] Due to Canada's size and diversity, the development of the modern Canadian public library was more of a slow evolution than a quick transition as each of the provinces' specific conditions (geographic, economic, cultural, demographic, etc.) had first to be addressed.[36] The public library therefore took on many forms in Canada's earlier years; the three most prevalent of these forms were school-district libraries, Mechanics Institutes, and association/social libraries (see reference to Literary and Historical Society of Quebec above).[36]
In 1850, school-district libraries were initiated in Canada. Public servant Joseph Howe started one in Nova Scotia, and politician Egerton Ryerson started one in Ontario. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island followed suit in 1858 and 1877, respectively. The hope was that both children and adults could benefit from the local school authorities, where financial assistance was provided from colonial legislatures, but the departments of education proved to be too centralizing for locals and this practiced was phased out.[38] Mechanics Institutes also contained libraries that the working class could access inexpensively. The first Canadian library of its kind was established in 1828 in Montréal, Québec. Other communities took up this idea as well – notably those in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Hamilton, Ontario, Toronto, Ontario and Victoria, British Columbia. Like the school-district libraries, these institutes eventually ceased or were replaced by public libraries.[39]
The public library that opened in Toronto, Ontario, was mostly due to a campaign by city alderman John Hallam. James Bain became the first chief librarian, and built a comprehensive collection of Canadian literature and history. The Toronto Public Library was one of the first libraries to choose free status, and it was the largest of them all.[40] Its development flourished after 1900 when Carnegie grants began to aid in building construction and the expansion of collections and services. During this time, open access and children's departments were introduced, and standard cataloguing and classification systems were adopted.[41] Many of the original branches, funded by a Carnegie grant, still stand and continue to be operated by the Toronto Public Library.[42] Other provinces were affected by Carnegie as well and followed Ontario's lead in legislating tax support for library services. British Columbia acted in 1891, Manitoba in 1899, Saskatchewan in 1906, and in Alberta, the first legislation officially passed by the legislative assembly was the Library Act.[43] The act was passed March 15, 1907.[44][45] The next provinces to follow were New Brunswick in 1929, Newfoundland in 1935, Prince Edward Island in 1936, Nova Scotia in 1937, Québec in 1959, and then the Northwest Territories in 1966.[40]
As they stand today, public libraries in Canada are "governed by provincial statues and are primarily financed by municipal tax revenues and other local income, with provincial grants supplementing local funding. [They are also] the responsibility of a local or regional library board with authority to appoint or dismiss employees, control library property, establish policies, and budget for library operations."[41] Though the services offered vary from local branch to local branch, public libraries in Canada are not only places to read and borrow books; they are also hubs of community services, such as early reading programs, computer access, and tutoring and literacy help for children and adults.[46][47]
Throughout the years, Canadian libraries have been subject to the political and economic influence of the nation. During World War II, public libraries experienced development setbacks, but expansion resumed in 1945. Then, in the 1960s, Canadian public libraries felt the benefits of the era's emphasis on education – service expanded, buildings were remodeled or constructed from scratch, and Centennial Grants were provided in order to improve the system. This period of growth ended in due to[further explanation needed] the inflationary period in the 1970s and the two recessions during the 1980s.[41] However, in the late 1990s this trend reversed and the National Core Library Statistics Program reported in 1999 that public libraries served 28.5 million municipal residents – a total of 93% of the Canadian population.[48] Nevertheless, in 2011 the tides turned for public libraries in Canada once again, specifically in Toronto. The city is now undergoing a heated debate regarding Mayor Rob Ford's proposed budget cuts for the Toronto Public Library, which is currently one of the most efficient public library systems in all of North America.[49]
See also[edit]
Public libraries for Britain and the rest of the world
Further reading[edit]
Dawson, Robert. (2014). The Public Library: A Photographic Essay. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press.
McCook, Kathleen de la Peña. Introduction to Public Librarianship, (3rd ed. ALA-Neal-Schuman, 2018)
Wedgeworth, Robert, et al. eds. (1993). World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services (3rd ed.). American Library Association. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
United States[edit]
Bobinski, George S. Carnegie Libraries: their history and impact on American public library development. (American Library Association 1969) ISBN 0-8389-0022-4
Bryan, Alice Isabel. The public librarian: a report of the public library inquiry (Columbia University Press, 1952)
Carrier, Esther Jane. Fiction in public libraries, 1876–1900 (Scarecrow Press, 1965)
Ditzion, Sydney. Arsenals of a Democratic Culture: A Social History of the American Public Library Movement in New England and the Middle Atlantic States from 1850 to 1900 (Chicago: American Library Association 1947)
Garrison, Dee. Apostles of Culture: the public librarian and American society, 1876–1920. (Free Press (1979) ISBN 0-02-693850-2
Glynn, Tom, Reading Publics: New York City's Public Libraries, 1754-1911 (Fordham University Press, 2015). xii, 447 pp.
Jones, Theodore. Carnegie Libraries Across America: A Public Legacy (1997)
Martin, Lowell A. Enrichment: A History of the Public Library in the United States in the Twentieth Century (2003)
Martin, Lowell Arthur, et al. Library response to urban change: a study of the Chicago Public Library (Chicago: American Library Association, 1969)
McMullen, Haynes. American Libraries before 1876 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000)
Mickelson, Peter. "American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie." Journal of Library History (1975) 10#2 pp 117–138.
Rose, Ernestine. The public library in American life (Columbia University Press, 1954)
Shera, Jesse Hauk. Foundations of the public library;: The origins of the public library movement in New England, 1629–1885 (1965)
Spencer, Gwladys. The Chicago public library: origins and backgrounds (Gregg Press, 1972)
Watson, Paula D. "Founding mothers: The contribution of women's organizations to public library development in the United States." Library Quarterly (1994): 233-269. in JSTOR
Whitehill, Walter Muir. Boston Public Library: A Centennial History (Harvard University Press, 1956)
Wiegand, Wayne A. Main Street Public Library: Community Places and Reading Spaces in the Rural Heartland, 1876–1956 (University of Iowa Press, 2011)
Wiegand, Wayne A. A Part of Our Lives: A History of the American Public Library (Oxford University press, 2015).
Williamson, William Landram. William Frederick Poole and the Modern Library Movement (Columbia University Press, 1963)
Willis, Catherine J. Boston Public Library (Arcadia Publishing, 2011)
Historiography[edit]
Davis, Donald G. Jr and Tucker, John Mark. American Library History: a comprehensive guide to the literature. (ABC-CLIO, 1989) ISBN 0-87436-142-7
Harris, Michael H. and Davis, Donald G. Jr. American Library History: a bibliography. Austin: University of Texas (1978). ISBN 0-292-70332-5
Harris, Michael H. "Library history: a critical essay on the in-print literature." Journal of Library History (1967): 117-125. in jSTOR
Wiegand, Wayne A. "American Library History Literature, 1947–1997: Theoretical Perspectives?." Libraries & Culture (2000): 4-34. in JSTOR
Canada[edit]
Bruce, Lorne. Free books for all: The public library movement in Ontario, 1850–1930 (Dundurn, 1994) excerpt
Bruce, Lorne. Places to Grow: Public Libraries and Communities in Ontario, 1930-2000 (Guelph, 2011) excerpt
Bruce, Lorne. "Professionalization, Gender, and Librarianship in Ontario, 1920-75." Library & Information History 28.2 (2012): 117-134.
Harrison, Tanja. "The Courage to Connect: Mary Kinley Ingraham and the Development of Libraries in the Maritimes." Library & Information History 28.2 (2012): 75-102.
McKechnie, Lynne. "Patricia Spereman and the beginning of Canadian public library work with children." Libraries & culture (1999): 135-150. online
Ridington, John, et al. Libraries in Canada: A study of library conditions and needs (Ryerson press, 1933)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Peter Dobkin Hall, "'To Make Us Bold and Learn to Read—To Be Friends to Each Other, and Friends to the World': Libraries and the Origins of Civil Society in the United States," in Donald G. Davis Jr., ed., Libraries and Philanthropy (Austin: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Texas, 1998).
^ Jump up to: a b Abigail A. van Slyck, "The Utmost Amount of Effectiv [sic] Accommodation": Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1991) 50#4 pp. 359-383 in JSTOR
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Jump up ^ "On October 13th, 1924, after more than 20 years of effort, a group of civic activists opened the Richmond Public Library. The late Major Lewis Ginter's former home at 901 West Franklin Street served as the first location. By 1930 a new art deco building had been constructed on Franklin Street between 1st and 2nd and was named the Dooley Library for Mrs. Sallie May Dooley whose will contained both $500,000 for the library "
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public libraries in the United States.
Security Issues in Ohio Public Libraries
"Go Ahead, Name Them: America's Best Public Libraries" from the American Library Association
Hennen's American Public Library Ratings
Public libraries in the United States of America; their history, condition, and management. Special report, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education (1876) at Internet Archive,
Public library statistics from the U.S. National Center for Education Statistics
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A Star Is Born (1937 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Star Is Born
Original theatrical poster
Directed by
William A. Wellman
Produced by
David O. Selznick
Written by
William A. Wellman
Robert Carson
Dorothy Parker
Alan Campbell
Starring
Janet Gaynor
Fredric March
Music by
Max Steiner
Cinematography
W. Howard Greene
Edited by
James E. Newcom
Anson Stevenson
Production
company
Selznick International Pictures
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
April 20, 1937 (1937-04-20)
[1]
Running time
111 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1.2 million[2]
Box office
over $2 million[2]
A Star Is Born is a 1937 American Technicolor romantic drama film produced by David O. Selznick, directed by William A. Wellman from a script by Wellman, Robert Carson, Dorothy Parker, and Alan Campbell, and starring Janet Gaynor (in her only Technicolor film) as an aspiring Hollywood actress, and Fredric March (in his Technicolor debut) as a fading movie star who helps launch her career. The supporting cast features Adolphe Menjou, May Robson, Andy Devine, Lionel Stander, and Owen Moore.
The film was remade three times: in 1954 (directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Garland and James Mason), in 1976 (directed by Frank Pierson and starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson), and in 2018 (starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, who also directed).
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Background
5 Soundtrack
6 Reception
7 Academy Awards
8 Adaptations to other media
9 Remakes
10 Ownership and copyright status
11 Home media
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Plot[edit]
Janet Gaynor in A Star Is Born (1937)
North Dakota farm girl Esther Victoria Blodgett yearns to become a Hollywood actress. Although her aunt and father discourage such thoughts, Esther's grandmother gives Esther her savings to follow her dream.
Esther goes to Hollywood and tries to land a job as an extra, but so many others have had the same idea that the casting agency has stopped accepting applications. Esther is told that her chances of becoming a star are one in 100,000. She befriends a new resident at her boarding house, assistant director Danny McGuire, himself out of work. When Danny and Esther go to a concert to celebrate Danny's employment, Esther has her first encounter with Norman Maine, an actor she admires greatly. Norman has been a major star for years, but his alcoholism has sent his career into a downward spiral.
Danny gets Esther a one-time waitressing job at a fancy Hollywood party. While serving hors d’œuvre, she catches Norman's eye. He gets his longtime producer and good friend, Oliver Niles, to give her a screen test. Impressed, Oliver gives her a new name ("Vicki Lester") and a contract. She practices her few lines for her first tiny role.
When the studio has trouble finding a female lead for Norman's current film, entitled The Enchanted Hour, Norman persuades Oliver to cast Esther. The film makes her an overnight success, even as viewers continue to lose interest in Norman.
Norman proposes to Esther; she accepts when he promises to give up drinking. They elope without publicity, much to press agent Matt Libby's disgust, and enjoy a trailer-camping honeymoon in the mountains. When they return, Esther's popularity continues to skyrocket, while Norman realizes his own career is over, despite Oliver's attempts to help him. Norman stays sober for a while, but his frustration over his situation finally pushes him over the edge. He starts drinking again. When Esther wins the industry's top award (the Academy Award for Best Actress), he interrupts her acceptance speech by drunkenly demanding three awards for the worst acting of the year.
A stay at a sanatorium seems to cure Norman's increasingly disruptive alcoholism, but a chance encounter with Libby gives the press agent an opportunity to vent his long-concealed contempt and dislike for Norman. Norman goes on a four-day drinking binge and winds up arrested for drunk driving. In court, the judge sentences him to 90 days of incarceration, but Esther pleads with the judge to put Norman under her care. The judge, who is impressed with Esther's acting success, suspends Norman's sentence and puts Norman's custody into Esther's hands. Esther decides to give up her career in order to devote herself to his rehabilitation. After Norman overhears her discussing her plan with Oliver, he drowns himself in the Pacific Ocean.
Shattered, Esther decides to quit and go home. Soon afterward, her grandmother shows up once she hears Esther is quitting. Her grandmother tells her of a letter Norman sent her when they got married. The letter stated how proud he was of Esther, and how much he loved her. Because of her grandmother's words, and the reminder of Norman's deep love, Esther is convinced to stay in show business. At the premiere of her next film at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, when Esther is asked to say a few words into the microphone to her many fans listening across the world, she announces, "Hello, everybody. This is Mrs. Norman Maine."
March and Gaynor
Cast[edit]
Janet Gaynor as Esther Blodgett/Vicki Lester
Fredric March as Norman Maine
Adolphe Menjou as Oliver Niles
May Robson as Grandmother Lettie
Andy Devine as Daniel "Danny" McGuire
Lionel Stander as Matt Libby
Owen Moore as Casey Burke
Peggy Wood as Miss Phillips
Elizabeth Jenns as Anita Regis
Edgar Kennedy as Pop Randall
J. C. Nugent as Mr. Blodgett
Guinn "Big Boy" Williams as posture coach
Clara Blandick as Aunt Mattie (uncredited)
Jonathan Hale as Night Court Judge (uncredited)
Lillian Harmer as wardrobe woman (uncredited)
Carole Landis as girl in beret at Santa Anita bar (uncredited)
George Chandler as Delivery Man (uncredited)
Production[edit]
A Star Is Born was filmed from October to December 1936 with an estimated budget of $1,173,639,[3] and premiered in Los Angeles, California, on April 20, 1937, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[4][5] The film's New York premiere took place two days later at Radio City Music Hall.[6]
It is not known how much Dorothy Parker contributed to the finished script. When she first saw the film, Parker was proud of her contribution and boasted about both the script and the film, but in later life she believed that she had contributed nothing of significance.[7]
Early in their careers, Budd Schulberg (then a script reader for David O. Selznick) and Ring Lardner, Jr. (who was working in Selznick's publicity department) were assigned to write some additional dialogue for the film, a collaboration which produced Janet Gaynor's (and the film's) final words: "This is Mrs. Norman Maine." The line was used again in the 1954 Warner Bros. musical remake starring Judy Garland and James Mason.[8] George Cukor, who directed the remake, suggested adding the scene in the 1937 film where Menjou offers the fading star a supporting role.
Adolphe Menjou (left) and
Andy Devine (right) from the film's trailer
Background[edit]
Some film historians believe that the marriage of Barbara Stanwyck and Frank Fay was the film's real-life inspiration. John Bowers has also been identified as inspiration for the Norman Maine character and the dramatic suicide-by-drowning scene near the end of the film (Bowers drowned in November 1936). The film contains several inside jokes, including Gaynor's brief imitations of Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn, and Mae West; the "Crawford Smear", referring to Joan Crawford's lipstick; and the revelation that the glamorous Norman Maine's real last name is Hinkle. (Hinkle was the real last name of silent film star Agnes Ayres, and not far removed from Fredric March's real last name, Bickel.)
This film also has many similarities to the earlier film What Price Hollywood? (1932), released by RKO Radio Pictures. The 1932 film's original title was The Truth About Hollywood based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns. St. Johns loosely based her plot on the experiences of actress Colleen Moore and her husband, alcoholic producer John McCormick (1893–1961), and the life and death of director Tom Forman, who committed suicide following a nervous breakdown.[9]
Four years after What Price Hollywood? was released, Selznick approached George Cukor and asked him to direct A Star Is Born. Cukor felt the plot was too similar to What Price Hollywood? so he declined. RKO executives considered filing a plagiarism suit against Selznick International Pictures because of the similarities in the story, but eventually chose not to take legal action. Cukor later directed the 1954 musical remake starring Judy Garland.[10][11]
A common Hollywood myth about the film is that Lana Turner appeared as an extra in one of the scenes in the film. Turner often denied the myth over the years, mentioning that she was discovered several months after the picture had finished production.
March in the trailer
Soundtrack[edit]
"A Star is Born", sung by Buddy Clark with the orchestra of Eddy Duchin. The lyrics were written by Dorothy Dick to the music of Max Steiner.
Reception[edit]
Contemporary reviews were very positive. Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times called the film "one of the year's best shows" as well as "good entertainment by any standards, including the artistic, and convincing proof that Hollywood need not travel to Ruritania for its plots; there is drama aplenty in its own backyard."[12] Variety raved: "A smash which unquestionably will rate among the half dozen best of the season ... While the story is somewhat reminiscent of other behind-the-scene yarns, the manner of its telling makes it convincing and distinguished."[13] Harrison's Reports called it "a powerful human interest drama" and "great entertainment."[14] Film Daily said it was "superbly done in all departments,"[15] and John Mosher of The New Yorker called it "a pleasant movie" with "many nice touches."[16]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 100% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[17]
By the end of 1939 the film had earned a profit of $181,000.[2]
Academy Awards[edit]
At the 10th Academy Awards, A Star is Born was nominated in seven categories, winning in one.[18] Wellman won the award for original story, the only Oscar he was to win during his career.[19] W. Howard Greene received an honorary Academy Award for the film's color photography; this award was recommended by a committee of leading cinematographers after viewing all the color pictures made during the year.[20]
Wins
Best Writing (Original Story): William Wellman, Robert Carson
Special Award: W. Howard Greene
Nominations
Outstanding Production: Selznick International Pictures; the first color film to be nominated for best picture.
Best Director: William Wellman
Best Actor: Fredric March
Best Actress: Janet Gaynor
Best Assistant Director: Eric Stacey
Best Writing (Screenplay): Dorothy Parker, Alan Campbell, Robert Carson
Adaptations to other media[edit]
At the time of the release of the film, a 15-minute transcription – a pre-recorded radio show issued on 16-inch disc – promoting the film's release was made. The narrated promotional radio show included sound clips from the film. The show was recorded and released through the World Broadcasting System, with disc matrix number H-1636-2.
The film was adapted as a radio play on the September 13, 1937, episode of Lux Radio Theater with Robert Montgomery and Janet Gaynor, the November 17, 1940, episode of The Screen Guild Theater starring Loretta Young and Burgess Meredith, the December 28, 1942, episode of Lux Radio Theater with Judy Garland and Walter Pidgeon, the June 29, 1946, episode of Academy Award Theater, starring Fredric March,[21] the May 23, 1948, episode of the Ford Theatre and the June 16, 1950, episode of Screen Director's Playhouse starring Fredric March.
Remakes[edit]
A Star Is Born has been remade three times, in 1954 with Judy Garland and James Mason, in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson, and in 2018 with Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. Production on the 2018 version began in 2017, with the film released on October 5, 2018.[22]
Play media
The entire film
Ownership and copyright status[edit]
See also: List of films in the public domain in the United States
Selznick International Pictures dissolved leaving the film's rights to financier John Hay Whitney. Whitney then sold the film to Film Classics, Inc. in 1943. With declining rerun revenue, Film Classics place the film up for sale with producer Edward L. Alperson with the intent to remake the film. Instead Alperson sold the film's copyright including film, story, screenplay, and score to Warner Bros. in 1953.[23] Warner in 1954 issued the first remake.[24] In 1965, the film entered the public domain in the United States because Warner did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.[25][26] The original 35mm master elements remain with Warner Bros. The rights to the film's story, screenplay, and score also remain with Warner Bros.; thus it still has exclusive rights to all three remakes as well as any future remakes.[24]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on Blu-ray in the US by Kino Lorber Inc. on February 2012, featuring an edition authorized by the estate of David O. Selznick from the collection of George Eastman House.
See also[edit]
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931-1940. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 2368–2369. ISBN 0-520-07908-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomson, David (1993). Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick. Abacus. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-349-10523-9.
Jump up ^ Brown, Gene (1995). Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from its Beginnings to the Present. New York: MacMillan. p. 135. ISBN 0-02-860429-6.
Jump up ^ "1937". GraumansChinese.org. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Courageous' Set For Two-A-Day on Coast". Variety. New York: Variety, Inc.: 21 April 7, 1937.
Jump up ^ "The Broadway Parade". Film Daily. New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc.: 2 April 19, 1937.
Jump up ^ Meade, Marion (1989). Dorothy Parker: What Fresh Hell Is This?. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-101-46219-5.
Jump up ^ McGilligan, Patrick (1997). "Ring Lardner, Jr.: American Skeptic". Backstory 3: Interviews with Screenwriters of the 60s. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved September 4, 2015 – via California Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "What Price Hollywood?". TV Guide. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ McGilligan, Patrick (1991). George Cukor: A Double Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-05419-X.
Jump up ^ Levy, Emanuel (1994). George Cukor: Master of Elegance. New York: William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-11246-3.
Jump up ^ Nugent, Frank S. (April 23, 1937). "Movie Review - A Star is Born". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Film reviews". Variety. New York: Variety, Inc.: 15 April 28, 1937.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born". Harrison's Reports. New York: Harrison's Reports, Inc.: 71 May 1, 1937.
Jump up ^ "Reviews". Film Daily. New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc.: 7 April 23, 1937.
Jump up ^ Mosher, John (May 1, 1937). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. New York: F-R Publishing Corp.: 81.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born (1937)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 10th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts an Sciences (oscars.org). Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Booker, Keith M. (2011). Historical Dictionary of American Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-8108-7459-6.
Jump up ^ Franks, Don (2004). Entertainment Awards: A Music, Cinema, Theatre and Broadcasting Guide, 1928 through 2003 (3rd ed.). McFarland. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4766-0806-8.
Jump up ^ "Those Were The Days". Nostalgia Digest. 41 (3): 32–39. Summer 2015.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Derek (December 20, 2017). "Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Matthew (March 6, 2017). "11 Classic Films in the Public Domain". Mental Floss. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayes, David (ed.). "Classic Film Museum, Inc. vs Warner Bros. Inc". Citations and Case Summaries. Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site (copyrightdata.com). Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fishman, Stephen (2014). The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. Nolo. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4133-2028-2.
Jump up ^ Pierce, David (June 2007). "Forgotten Faces: Why Some of Our Cinema Heritage Is Part of the Public Domain". Film History: An International Journal. 19 (2): 125–43. doi:10.2979/FIL.2007.19.2.125. ISSN 0892-2160. JSTOR 25165419. OCLC 15122313.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Star Is Born (1937 film).
A Star Is Born on IMDb
A Star Is Born is available for free download at the Internet Archive
A Star Is Born at AllMovie
A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database
A Star Is Born at the American Film Institute Catalog
Streaming audio
A Star Is Born on Lux Radio Theater: September 13, 1937
A Star Is Born on Screen Guild Theater: November 17, 1940
A Star Is Born on Lux Radio Theater: December 28, 1942
A Star Is Born on Academy Award Theater: June 29, 1946
A Star Is Born on Ford Theater: May 23, 1948
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VIAF: 182657814
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values: مولد نجم (فيلم 1937) – Arabic

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values: A Star Is Born (película de 1937) – Spanish

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values: ستاره‌ای متولد شده‌است (فیلم ۱۹۳۷) – Persian

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values: Une étoile est née (film, 1937) – French

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values: Csillag születik (film, 1937) – Hungarian

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values: Звезда родилась (фильм, 1937) – Russian

values: Звезда је рођена (филм из 1937) – Serbian

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values: A Star Is Born (film, 1937) – Serbo-Croatian

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values: Bir Yıldız Doğuyor (film, 1937) – Turkish

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