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Real-time Transport Protocol
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The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a network protocol for delivering audio and video over IP networks. RTP is used extensively in communication and entertainment systems that involve streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference applications, television services and web-based push-to-talk features.
RTP typically runs over User Datagram Protocol (UDP). RTP is used in conjunction with the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP). While RTP carries the media streams (e.g., audio and video), RTCP is used to monitor transmission statistics and quality of service (QoS) and aids synchronization of multiple streams. RTP is one of the technical foundations of Voice over IP and in this context is often used in conjunction with a signaling protocol such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) which establishes connections across the network.
RTP was developed by the Audio-Video Transport Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and first published in 1996 as RFC 1889, superseded by RFC 3550 in 2003.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Protocol components
1.2 Sessions
2 Profiles and payload formats
3 Packet header
4 RTP-based systems
5 Standards documents
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
RTP is designed for end-to-end, real-time, transfer of streaming media. The protocol provides facilities for jitter compensation and detection of out of sequence arrival in data, which are common during transmissions on an IP network. RTP allows data transfer to multiple destinations through IP multicast.[1] RTP is regarded as the primary standard for audio/video transport in IP networks and is used with an associated profile and payload format.[2]
Real-time multimedia streaming applications require timely delivery of information and often can tolerate some packet loss to achieve this goal. For example, loss of a packet in audio application may result in loss of a fraction of a second of audio data, which can be made unnoticeable with suitable error concealment algorithms.[3] The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), although standardized for RTP use,[4] is not normally used in RTP applications because TCP favors reliability over timeliness. Instead the majority of the RTP implementations are built on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).[3] Other transport protocols specifically designed for multimedia sessions are SCTP[5] and DCCP,[6] although, as of 2010[update], they are not in widespread use.[citation needed]
RTP was developed by the Audio/Video Transport working group of the IETF standards organization. RTP is used in conjunction with other protocols such as H.323 and RTSP.[2] The RTP standard defines a pair of protocols: RTP and RTCP. RTP is used for transfer of multimedia data, and the RTCP is used to periodically send control information and QoS parameters.[7]
RTP is also used in the transport layer of WebRTC.
Protocol components[edit]
The RTP specification describes two sub-protocols, RTP and RTCP.
The data transfer protocol, RTP, facilitates the transfer of real-time data. Information provided by this protocol include timestamps (for synchronization), sequence numbers (for packet loss and reordering detection) and the payload format which indicates the encoded format of the data.[8]
The control protocol RTCP is used to specify quality of service (QoS) feedback and synchronization between the media streams. The bandwidth of RTCP traffic compared to RTP is small, typically around 5%.[8][9]
RTP sessions are typically initiated between communicating peers using a signaling protocol, such as H.323, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), or Jingle (XMPP). These protocols may use the Session Description Protocol to negotiate the parameters for the sessions.
Sessions[edit]
An RTP session is established for each multimedia stream. A session consists of an IP address with a pair of ports for RTP and RTCP. For example, audio and video streams use separate RTP sessions, enabling a receiver to deselect a particular stream.[10] The ports which form a session are negotiated using other protocols such as RTSP (using SDP in the setup method)[11] and SIP.
The specification recommends that RTP port numbers are chosen to be even and that each associated RTCP port be the next higher odd number.[12]:68 However, a single port is chosen for RTP and RTCP in applications that multiplex the protocols.[13] RTP and RTCP typically use unprivileged UDP ports (1024 to 65535),[14] but may also use other transport protocols, most notably, SCTP and DCCP, as the protocol design is transport independent.
Profiles and payload formats[edit]
See also: RTP audio video profile
One of the design considerations of RTP is to carry a range of multimedia formats and allow new formats without revising the RTP standard. The design of RTP is based on the architectural principle known as application level framing (ALF). The information required by a specific application's needs is not included in the generic RTP header, but is instead provided through RTP profiles and payload formats.[7] For each class of application (e.g., audio, video), RTP defines a profile and one or more associated payload formats.[7] A complete specification of RTP for a particular application usage requires profile and payload format specifications.[12]:71
The profile defines the codecs used to encode the payload data and their mapping to payload format codes in the field Payload Type (PT) of the RTP header. Each profile is accompanied by several payload format specifications, each of which describes the transport of a particular encoded data.[2] The audio payload formats include G.711, G.723, G.726, G.729, GSM, QCELP, MP3, and DTMF, and the video payload formats include H.261, H.263, H.264, and MPEG-1/MPEG-2.[15] The mapping of MPEG-4 audio/video streams to RTP packets is specified in RFC 3016, and H.263 video payloads are described in RFC 2429.[16]
Examples of RTP Profiles include:
The RTP profile for Audio and video conferences with minimal control (RFC 3551) defines a set of static payload type assignments, and a mechanism for mapping between a payload format, and a payload type identifier (in header) using Session Description Protocol (SDP).
The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) (RFC 3711) defines a profile of RTP that provides cryptographic services for the transfer of payload data.[17]
The experimental Control Data Profile for RTP (RTP/CDP[18]) for machine-to-machine communications.
Packet header[edit]
RTP packet header
Offsets
Octet
0
1
2
3
Octet
Bit [a]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
0
Version P X CC M PT Sequence number
4
32
Timestamp
8
64
SSRC identifier
12
96
CSRC identifiers
...
12+4×CC
96+32×CC
Profile-specific extension header ID Extension header length
16+4×CC
128+32×CC
Extension header
...
The RTP header has a minimum size of 12 bytes. After the header, optional header extensions may be present. This is followed by the RTP payload, the format of which is determined by the particular class of application.[19] The fields in the header are as follows:
Version: (2 bits) Indicates the version of the protocol. Current version is 2.[20]
P (Padding): (1 bit) Used to indicate if there are extra padding bytes at the end of the RTP packet. A padding might be used to fill up a block of certain size, for example as required by an encryption algorithm. The last byte of the padding contains the number of padding bytes that were added (including itself).[12]:12[20]
X (Extension): (1 bit) Indicates presence of an Extension header between standard header and payload data. This is application or profile specific.[20]
CC (CSRC count): (4 bits) Contains the number of CSRC identifiers (defined below) that follow the fixed header.[12]:12
M (Marker): (1 bit) Used at the application level and defined by a profile. If it is set, it means that the current data has some special relevance for the application.[12]:13
PT (Payload type): (7 bits) Indicates the format of the payload and determines its interpretation by the application. This is specified by an RTP profile. For example, see RTP Profile for audio and video conferences with minimal control (RFC 3551).[21]
Sequence number: (16 bits) The sequence number is incremented by one for each RTP data packet sent and is to be used by the receiver to detect packet loss and to restore packet sequence. The RTP does not specify any action on packet loss; it is left to the application to take appropriate action. For example, video applications may play the last known frame in place of the missing frame.[22] According to RFC 3550, the initial value of the sequence number should be random to make known-plaintext attacks on encryption more difficult.[12]:13 RTP provides no guarantee of delivery, but the presence of sequence numbers makes it possible to detect missing packets.[1]
Timestamp: (32 bits) Used to enable the receiver to play back the received samples at appropriate intervals. When several media streams are present, the timestamps are independent in each stream, and may not be relied upon for media synchronization. The granularity of the timing is application specific. For example, an audio application that samples data once every 125 µs (8 kHz, a common sample rate in digital telephony) would use that value as its clock resolution. The clock granularity is one of the details that is specified in the RTP profile for an application.[22]
SSRC: (32 bits) Synchronization source identifier uniquely identifies the source of a stream. The synchronization sources within the same RTP session will be unique.[12]:15
CSRC: (32 bits each) Contributing source IDs enumerate contributing sources to a stream which has been generated from multiple sources.[12]:15
Header extension: (optional) The first 32-bit word contains a profile-specific identifier (16 bits) and a length specifier (16 bits) that indicates the length of the extension (EHL = extension header length) in 32-bit units, excluding the 32 bits of the extension header.[12]:17
RTP-based systems[edit]
A functional network-based system includes other protocols and standards in conjunction with RTP. Protocols such as SIP, Jingle, RTSP, H.225 and H.245 are used for session initiation, control and termination. Other standards, such as H.264, MPEG and H.263, are used to encode the payload data as specified via RTP Profile.[23]
An RTP sender captures the multimedia data, then encodes, frames and transmits it as RTP packets with appropriate timestamps and increasing sequence numbers. Depending on the RTP profile in use, the sender may set the Payload Type field. The RTP receiver captures the RTP packets, detects missing packets, and may reorder packets. It decodes the frames according to the payload format and presents the stream to its user.[23]
Standards documents[edit]
RFC 1889, RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, Obsoleted by RFC 3550.
RFC 3550, Standard 64, RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications
RFC 3551, Standard 65, RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control
RFC 3190, RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio
RFC 6184, RTP Payload Format for H.264 Video
RFC 4103, RTP Payload Format for Text Conversation
RFC 3640, RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams
RFC 6416, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams
RFC 2250, RTP Payload Format for MPEG1/MPEG2 Video
RFC 4175, RTP Payload Format for Uncompressed Video
RFC 6295, RTP Payload Format for MIDI
RFC 4696, An Implementation Guide for RTP MIDI
RFC 7587, RTP Payload Format for the Opus Speech and Audio Codec
RFC 7656, A Taxonomy of Semantics and Mechanisms for Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources
See also[edit]
Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
Real Time Streaming Protocol
Real Data Transport
ZRTP
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bits are ordered most significant to least significant; bit offset 0 is the most significant bit of the first octet. Octets are transmitted in network order. Bit transmission order is medium dependent.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Daniel Hardy (2002). Network. De Boeck Université. p. 298.
^ Jump up to: a b c Perkins 2003, p. 55
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins 2003, p. 46
Jump up ^ RFC 4571
Jump up ^ Farrel, Adrian (2004). The Internet and its protocols. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-55860-913-6.
Jump up ^ Ozaktas, Haldun M.; Levent Onural (2007). THREE-DIMENSIONAL TELEVISION. Springer. p. 356. ISBN 978-3-540-72531-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Larry L. Peterson (2007). Computer Networks. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 430. ISBN 1-55860-832-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins 2003, p. 56
Jump up ^ Peterson 2007, p. 435
Jump up ^ Zurawski, Richard (2004). "RTP, RTCP and RTSP protocols". The industrial information technology handbook. CRC Press. pp. 28–7. ISBN 978-0-8493-1985-3.
Jump up ^ RFC 4566: SDP: Session Description Protocol, M. Handley, V. Jacobson, C. Perkins, IETF (July 2006)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i RFC 3550
Jump up ^ Multiplexing RTP Data and Control Packets on a Single Port. IETF. April 2010. RFC 5761. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5761. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Collins, Daniel (2002). "Transporting Voice by using IP". Carrier grade voice over IP. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 47. ISBN 0-07-136326-2.
Jump up ^ Perkins 2003, p. 60
Jump up ^ Chou, Philip A.; Mihaela van der Schaar (2007). Multimedia over IP and wireless networks. Academic Press. pp. 514. ISBN 0-12-088480-1.
Jump up ^ Perkins 2003, p. 367
Jump up ^ Breese, Finley (2010). Serial Communication over RTP/CDP. BoD - Books on Demand. pp. [1]. ISBN 978-3-8391-8460-8.
Jump up ^ Peterson 2007, p. 430
^ Jump up to: a b c Peterson 2007, p. 431
Jump up ^ Perkins 2003, p. 59
^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, p.432
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins 2003, pp. 11–13
Perkins, Colin (2003), RTP, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-672-32249-5
Peterson, Larry L.; Davie, Bruce S. (2007), Computer Networks (4 ed.), Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 978-0-12-374013-7
"RTP". Network Protocols Handbook. Javvin Technologies. 2005. ISBN 978-0-9740945-2-6.
"RTP". Broadband Networks. Ministry of Human resources, India. 2008.
External links[edit]
oRTP, RTP library from Linphone written in C
Henning Schulzrinne's RTP page (including FAQ)
GNU ccRTP
JRTPLIB, a C++ RTP library
Managed Media Aggregation: .NET C# RFC compliant implementation of RTP / RTCP written in completely managed code.
LScube project, providing a full streaming suite including experimental SCTP capability
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Sam Claflin
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Sam Claflin
Claflin at the London premiere of The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 in November 2014
Born
Samuel George Claflin
(1986-06-27) 27 June 1986 (age 32)
Ipswich, Suffolk, England
Residence
Chiswick, London, England
Education
Costessey High School
Norwich City College
Alma mater
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2010–present
Home town
Norwich, Norfolk, England
Spouse(s)
Laura Haddock (m. 2013)
Children
2
Samuel George Claflin (born 27 June 1986) is an English actor. He is known for portraying Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games film series, Philip Swift in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, and Will Traynor in Me Before You.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Sam Claflin was born in Ipswich, Suffolk,[1] the third boy of a family of four boys for Mark, a finance officer, and Sue Claflin, a classroom assistant. He has two older brothers, Benjamin and Daniel, and a younger brother, Joseph (born 1989), who is also an actor.[2][3] He grew up in Norwich, Norfolk.
As a child, he had an interest in football. He played throughout his childhood until he broke his ankle, an injury that he felt would prevent him from playing professionally. After some persuasion from his parents and a teacher with whom he'd made an impression during his high school play at Costessey High School, he pursued acting.[1][4]
A member of the Norwich City School of Excellence,[5] in 2003, he took up Performing Arts at Norwich City College.[4] Claflin subsequently graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2009.[6]
Career[edit]
Claflin at the Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides premiere in May 2011
Claflin made his acting debut in 2010, when he appeared in two television miniseries—in The Pillars of the Earth as Richard and in Any Human Heart as young Logan Mountstuart. In March 2011, he was cast as Thomas in Seventh Son, a film adaptation of The Spook's Apprentice,[7] but dropped for unknown reasons and was replaced by Ben Barnes.[8] His next appearance came in April 2011, when he portrayed footballer Duncan Edwards in the BBC TV drama United, which was centred on the events of the 1958 Munich air disaster, in which Edwards was fatally injured.
In April 2010, he was cast as Phillip Swift, a missionary that falls in love with the mermaid Syrena (portrayed by Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey), in 2011's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, the fourth instalment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. For the film, he received a nomination in the 17th Empire Awards for "Best Male Newcomer."[9] In 2012, he appeared as Jack in the six-episode miniseries White Heat. Later that year, he played a supporting role in the 2012 film Snow White and the Huntsman, as William, Snow White's childhood friend. He received a nomination in the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for the category "Best Movie Breakout." Also in 2012, he was cast in the lead role in Hammer Films' The Quiet Ones, which was filmed in mid-2013 and was released in April 2014.[10]
On 22 August 2012, Lionsgate announced that Claflin had been cast as Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games film series, starting with The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.[11][12] Director of Catching Fire, Francis Lawrence, stated of Claflin's performance during filming: "Finnick's an interesting character. At first he feels like a bit of a flirt and there's a little bit of sexual tension, but really you kind of fall in love with the guy and you see that there's a real deep emotional side to him. It's one of the reasons I really hired him in the first place was that it's where his character goes in the next couple of stories and I just think he did a fantastic job."[13] The film was released in November 2013 to general acclaim and Claflin's portrayal of Finnick received positive reviews.[14][15] Claflin reprised the role in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, released in November 2014, and Part 2, released in November 2015.[16]
In February 2013, it was announced that Claflin was cast as Alex in the film adaptation of Cecelia Ahern's novel Where Rainbows End, distributed as Love, Rosie in some territories.[17] The following month, he starred in the TV film Mary and Martha as Ben, which was broadcast by BBC One.[18] He received critical acclaim for his role as Oxford University student Alistair Ryle in the British dramatic thriller The Riot Club with Charlotte O'Sullivan of the London Evening Standard saying "Claflin captures his character's vitriol very well" and Laura Dibdin of Digital Spy saying "Claflin brings intrigue and vulnerability to offset the sense of entitlement thus making Alistair the film's most fascinating character".
In 2016, Claflin reprised his role as William, Snow White's childhood friend, in several scenes of the sequel The Huntsman: Winter's War. The same year, he starred in Me Before You, the film adaptation of the novel of the same name, in which he played William Traynor.[19][20] Claflin gained further critical acclaim for his role of Captain Stanhope in the war drama Journey's End (2017) and Adrift (2018).
Personal life[edit]
In 2011, Claflin started dating actress Laura Haddock.[21] In a 2012 interview, he said of Haddock, "She's my female counterpart is the best way to describe her." She is my mum,She reminds me of my mum so much which I think - a guy will know, right? It's important. Your mum knows like everything." Claflin states that, after he first met her, he called his agent to exclaim that he had just met the woman he wanted to marry. The two married in July 2013 in a private ceremony.[22][23][24] They have two children: a son (2015) and daughter (2018).[25]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Philip Swift
2012 Snow White and the Huntsman William
2013 The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Finnick Odair
2014 The Quiet Ones Brian McNeil
The Riot Club Alistair Ryle
Love, Rosie Alex Stewart
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 Finnick Odair
2015 The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
2016 The Huntsman: Winter's War William Cameo
Me Before You Will Traynor
Their Finest Tom Buckley
2017 My Cousin Rachel Philip Ashley
Journey's End Captain Stanhope
2018 Adrift Richard Sharp
Red Shoes & the 7 Dwarfs Merlin (voice) Post-production
The Nightingale Hawkins Post-production
2019 The Corrupted[26][27] Liam Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 The Pillars of the Earth Richard of Kingsbridge Miniseries; 8 episodes
2010 The Lost Future Kaleb Television film
2010 Any Human Heart Young Logan Mountstuart Miniseries; 4 episodes
2011 United Duncan Edwards Television film
2012 White Heat Young Jack Walsh Miniseries; 6 episodes
2013 Mary and Martha Ben Television film
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2012 Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Nominated
2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Breakout Snow White and the Huntsman Nominated
2014 Empire Awards Best Supporting Actor The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Nominated
2014 MTV Movie Awards Best Shirtless Performance The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Nominated
2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Scene Stealer The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Nominated
2014 Glamour Awards Man of the Year Won
2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Liplock (shared with Emilia Clarke) Me Before You Nominated
2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Tearjerker (shared with Emilia Clarke)[28] Me Before You Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Sam Claflin Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sam Claflin". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Anything you can do... – Rising star Joe aims to follow in brother Sam Claflin's footsteps - News - Norwich Evening News". Eveningnews24.co.uk. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Peter (20 November 2010). "Former Costessey pupil lands major Manchester United film role". Norwich Evening News. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Film star wanted to play football for Norwich City". Eveningnews24.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Cornet, Roth. "Interview: Sam Claflin Talks 'Snow White and the Huntsman'". ScreenRant.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (31 March 2011). "'Seventh Son' finds young leads". Variety. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (24 June 2011). "Ben Barnes Lands Lead Opposite Jeff Bridges In Warner Bros' 'Seventh Son'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Best Male Newcomer". Empire. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart (11 May 2012). "Sam Claflin Signs up for 'The Quiet Ones'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (22 August 2012). "'Catching Fire' Casts Sam Claflin as Finnick". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach (22 August 2012). "Sam Claflin Cast as Finnick in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire". Us Weekly. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Bentley, Josh; Josh Horowitz (21 July 2013). "'Catching Fire': How Sam Claflin Captured Finnick's 'Sexual Tension'". MTV. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (22 November 2013). "Review: 'Catching Fire' smoothly exciting". CNN. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Morris, Christopher (4 December 2013). "Hunger Games: Mockingjay shooting site under construction". Yahoo. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cecelia Ahern's 'Love, Rosie' To Be Adapted - GalleyCat". Mediabistro.com. 2013-02-14. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
Jump up ^ Danny Cohen, Controller, BBC One (2012-07-17). "Media Centre - Hilary Swank and Brenda Blethyn to star in new film for BBC One". BBC. Retrieved 2013-11-21. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke films Me Before You with Matthew Lewis".
Jump up ^ Geier, Thom (7 May 2015). "Sam Claflin Returns for 'The Huntsman' Without Kristen Stewart's Snow White". TheWrap. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sam Claflin: "I'm very gentlemanly"". Yahoo. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sam Claflin, "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" star, marries Laura Haddock". CBS News. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sam Claflin, Hunger Games Star, Marries Actress Laura Haddock in Private Ceremony". 1 August 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Cumming, Ed. "Sam Claflin: 'I hate being offered heart-throb after heart-throb'". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sam Claflin and Laura Haddock Welcome First Child". People. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sam-claflin-joins-timothy-spall-corrupted-1081912
Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/news/noel-clarke-sam-claflin-hugh-bonneville-the-corrupted-1202728723/
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach (April 6, 2017). "Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations". E!. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam Claflin.
Sam Claflin on IMDb
Sam Claflin at Biography.com
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National Disaster Management Authority (India)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
National Disaster Management Authority
राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्रभाग
Agency overview
Formed
2005
Type
Agency
Jurisdiction
Government of India
Headquarters
NDMA Bhavan, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi
Annual budget
₹3.56 billion (US$56 million) (Planned, 2013-14)[1]
Agency executive
Narendra Modi, Prime Minister
Parent department
Ministry of Home Affairs
Website
www.ndma.gov.in
National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs whose primary purpose is to coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.[2] NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India in may 30 2005.[3] The Prime Minister is the ex-officio chairperson of it . The agency is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best-practices and coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.[4]
By a 9-member board chaired by the Prime Minister of India. The remainder of the board consists of members nominated based on their expertise in areas such as, planning, infrastructure management, communications, meteorology and natural sciences. The day-to-day management of the agency is overseen by the office of the Vice Chair.[5]
NDMA is operationally organized into the following divisions:
Policy & Planning
Mitigation
Operations & Communications
Administration
Capacity Building
Government............
NDMA equips and trains other Government officials, institutions and the community in mitigation for and response during a crisis situation or a disaster. It operates the National Institute of Disaster Management, which develops practices, delivers hands-on training and organizes drills for disaster management. It also equips and trains disaster management cells at the state and local levels.[6]
NDMA also collaborates with the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy to impart training to administration and police officers in planning and incident response. It monitors and develops guidelines for the local Firefighting Services across the country.[7] It collaborates with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in developing emergency health and ambulance services. Specifically, it focuses on capacity building in dealing with mass casualty at local hospitals.[8]
Functions and responsibilities
NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:[9]-
Lay down policies on disaster management;
Approve the National Plan;
Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;
Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster management;
Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;
Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;
Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider necessary;
Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management.
Contents
[hide]
1 Programs
2 NDMA Guidelines
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Programs[edit]
NDMA runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations. These include the National Cyclone Risk Management Project,[10] School Safety Project,[11] Decision Support System and others. India Disaster Response Summit recently held on 9 November 2017 held at New Delhi. This Summit was jointly organised by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and social networking site Facebook. India has become the first country to partner with Facebook on disaster response.
NDMA Guidelines[edit]
AT NDMA Official Site:[12]-
Guidelines for Preparation of Action Plan – Prevention and Management of Heat-Wave
Guidelines on Management of School Safety:
Guidelines on Management of Hospital Safety
Guidelines on Minimum Standards for Shelter, Food, Water, Sanitation, Medical Cover in Relief Camps
Guidelines on Management of Earthquakes
Guidelines on Management of Tsunamis
Guidelines on Management of Cyclones
Guidelines on Management of Flood
Guidelines on Management of Urban Flooding
Guidelines On Drought Management
Guidelines On Landslide and snow avalanches
Guidelines for Nuclear attack disaster.
Guidelines on Chemical Disaster (Industrial)
Guidelines for Chemical(Terrorism) Disaster )
Guidelines on Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management
Guidelines for Biological Disaster
Guidelines for Psycho-Social Support
Guidelines on Formulation of State DM Plans
Guidelines for Incident Response System
Guidelines for National Disaster Management Information and Communication System
Guidelines for Scaling, Type of Equipment and Training of Fire Services
Guidelines for Seismic Retrofitting of Deficient Buildings and Structures.
See also[edit]
National Disaster Response Force
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Plan Budget". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "NDMA Vision". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Evolution of NDMA". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Functions and Responsibilities". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ Parliament of India (23 December 2005). "Disaster Management Act, 2005, [23rd December, 2005.] NO. 53 OF 2005" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Capacity Building and is bhavin Training". National Disaster Management Authority. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fire Services". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Trauma Care". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/about-ndma/roles-responsibilities.html
Jump up ^ "National Cyclone Risk Management Project". National Disaster Management Authority. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "School Safety Project". National Disaster Management Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ http://ndma.gov.in/en/ndma-guidelines.html
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Natural disasters in India
Floods and
flash floods
2000 India-Bangladesh floods
Gohna Lake dam-burst
Maharashtra floods of 2005
Ladakh floods
North Indian floods 2007
North Indian floods 2013
2014 India–Pakistan floods
June 2015 Gujarat flood
July 2015 Gujarat flood
2015 South Indian floods
2017 Gujarat flood
Landslides
Amarnath Yatra tragedy
Mumbai landslide
Karanjadi train crash
Malin landslide
Malpa landslide
Vaibhavwadi train crash
Tsunamis
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (effect on India)
Storms
General
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
Specific
1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
2010 Eastern Indian storm
Others
National Disaster Response Force
Effects of global warming on South Asia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Disaster_Management_Authority_(India)&oldid=825476332"
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Government agencies of India
Ministry of Home Affairs (India)
Organisations based in Delhi
Government agencies established in 2005
Emergency management in India
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Cheaper by the Dozen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Cheaper by the Dozen (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cheaper by The Dozen
First edition cover (Thomas Y. Crowell Co.)
Author
Frank B. Gilbreth, Jr., and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey
Language
English
Genre
Autobiography
Publisher
Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
Publication date
1948
Media type
Print
Pages
237
ISBN
0-06-076313-2
Followed by
Belles on Their Toes (1950 book; 1952 film)
Cheaper by the Dozen is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, published in 1948. The novel recounts the authors' childhood lives growing up in a household of 12 kids. The bestselling book was later adapted into a feature film by Twentieth Century Fox in 1950 and followed up by the sequel, Belles on Their Toes (1950), which was adapted as a 1952 film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Adaptations
3 Contemporary appraisals
4 References
5 Further reading
Plot[edit]
The book tells the story of time and motion study and efficiency experts Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth, and their children (said to be 11 at the start of the movie and 11 actually appear on film, but a 12th is born by the end,), as they reside in Montclair, New Jersey for many years. This fictionalized version tells the story of real-life pioneering industrial/organizational psychologist Lillian Gilbreth, her husband, and children. Lillian Gilbreth was described in the 1940s as “a genius in the art of living.”[1] The film was based on the best-selling biographical novel that two of her twelve children wrote about their childhoods. Gilbreth’s home doubled as a sort of real-world laboratory that tested her and her husband Frank’s ideas about efficiency.[2]
The title comes from one of Frank Sr.'s favorite jokes: it often happened that when he and his family were out driving and stopped at a red light, a pedestrian would ask, "Hey, Mister! How come you got so many kids?" Gilbreth would pretend to ponder the question carefully, and then, just as the light turned green, would say, "Well, they come cheaper by the dozen, you know," and drive off.
In real life, the Gilbreths' second eldest child, Mary, died of diphtheria at age five. The book does not explicitly explain the absence of Mary Gilbreth.[3] It was not until the sequel, Belles on Their Toes, was published in 1950 that her death is mentioned in a footnote.
Adaptations[edit]
Cheaper by the Dozen was made into a 1950 motion picture, starring Clifton Webb and Myrna Loy as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
Cheaper by the Dozen (1992) has been adapted as a stage play by Christopher Sergel. It played at Grey Lite Theatre in 1992, directed by Lori David.[4]
Cheaper by the Dozen has been adapted as a musical, dramatized by Christopher Sergel with a score by David Rogers and Mark Bucci.[5]
Cheaper by the Dozen (2003) and Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (2005), starring comedians Steve Martin and Bonnie Hunt, make a few references to the 1950 film. On the cover of Kate’s book, the title is shown to be Cheaper by the Dozen, and the author’s maiden name Gilbreth (the name of the real family in the book upon which the 1950 film was based). During a game of Apple Schmear, Nora tells Hank that her "Great Grandma Gilbreth" invented the game. Furthermore, Lorraine and Tom argue about how much time she should be allotted in front of the mirror in the mornings. He allots her a few extra minutes, connecting back to the time efficiency specialist that the father, Frank Gilbreth, was in the 1950 film.
Contemporary appraisals[edit]
Re-reading the book in 2003, Pulitzer Prize-winning critic Jonathan Yardley wrote in The Washington Post: "[I]t is a joy to report that Cheaper by the Dozen still reads remarkably well. ... The prose ... is unadorned and matter of fact, and its organizational structure is a bit difficult to detect, but what matters most is that it is a touching family portrait that also happens to be very, very funny."[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carol., Kennedy, (2007-01-01). Guide to the management gurus. Random House Business. ISBN 9781905211029. OCLC 655247876.
Jump up ^ Carol., Kennedy, (2007-01-01). Guide to the management gurus. Random House Business. ISBN 9781905211029. OCLC 655247876.
Jump up ^ Tamny, Elizabeth M. (1 January 2004). "Cheaper by Eleven?". Chicago Reader.
Jump up ^ "Cheaper by the Dozen". Dramatic Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Cheaper by the Dozen (musical)". Dramatic Publishing. ISBN 0871295601.
Jump up ^ Yardley, Jonathan (August 25, 2003). "Second Reading - Gold by a Couple: 'Cheaper by the Dozen'". The Washington Post.
Further reading[edit]
Gilbreth, Frank B., Jr. (Summer 1991). "The Gilbreth 'Bug-lights'". Historic Nantucket. 39 (2). Nantucket Historical Association. pp. 20–22. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) (Article by Frank Jr. about their summer home on Nantucket Island.)
"The Gilbreths: An Extraordinary American Family". , comprehensive family and professional history.
[hide]
v
t
e
Gilbreth family
Family members
Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr.
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
Ernestine Gilbreth Carey
Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr.
Robert Moller Gilbreth
Scientific management
Time and motion study
The Psychology of Management
Therblig
Family memoirs
Cheaper by the Dozen
Belles on Their Toes
Film adaptations
Cheaper by the Dozen (1950 film)
Belles on Their Toes
Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)
Cheaper by the Dozen 2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheaper_by_the_Dozen&oldid=840882507"
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Time and motion study
Thomas Y. Crowell Co. books
Novels set in New Jersey
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This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 19:18.
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