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Maneki-neko
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A maneki-neko
The maneki-neko (Japanese: 招き猫, literally "beckoning cat") is a common Japanese figurine (lucky charm, talisman) which is often believed to bring good luck to the owner. In modern times, they are usually made of ceramic or plastic. The figurine depicts a cat (traditionally a calico Japanese Bobtail) beckoning with an upright paw, and is usually displayed in—often at the entrance of—shops, restaurants, pachinko parlors, and other businesses. Some of the sculptures are electric or battery-powered and have a slow-moving paw beckoning.
Maneki-neko comes in different colors, styles and degrees of ornateness. Common colors are white, black, gold and sometimes red. In addition to ceramic figurines, maneki-neko can be found as keychains, piggy banks, air fresheners, house-plant pots, and miscellaneous ornaments, as well as large statues. It is also sometimes called the "Chinese lucky cat" because of its popularity among Chinese merchants.
The less common variant of two arms raised at the same time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Common features
1.1 Gesture
1.2 Composition
2 Origins
2.1 History
2.2 Folktales
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 Notes
5.1 References
Common features[edit]
Gesture[edit]
To some Westerners (Italians and Spaniards are notable exceptions) it may seem as if the maneki-neko is waving rather than beckoning.[1][2] This is due to the difference in gestures and body language recognized by some Westerners and the Japanese. The Japanese beckoning gesture is made by holding up the hand, palm down, and repeatedly folding the fingers down and back, thus the cat's appearance. Some maneki-neko made specifically for some Western markets will have the cat's paw facing upwards, in a beckoning gesture that is more familiar to most Westerners.[3]
Maneki-neko can be found with either the right or left paw raised (and sometimes both). The significance of the right and left raised paw differs with time and place.[4] According to a general rule of thumb, statue with the left paw raised is meant to be displayed in drinking establishments, while the one with the right paw for all other places of business; another interpretation is that right is for home and left for business.[4]
Some maneki-neko feature battery- or solar-powered moving arms endlessly engaged in the beckoning gesture.
A happy orange maneki-neko with a collar and bib ringing a bell.
Maneki-neko with motorized arm beckons customers to buy lottery tickets in Tokyo, Japan
Composition[edit]
Antique examples of maneki-neko may be made of carved wood,stone and metal, handmade porcelain or cast iron.[4]
Origins[edit]
A wooden mold for a Maneki-Neko and Okiagari-Koboshi Daruma figure from the Edo Period, 18th century. Brooklyn Museum.
History[edit]
Fushimi clay doll by Tanka
"Joruri-machi Hanka no zu" by Utagawa Hiroshige, 1852
It is commonly believed that Maneki-neko originated in Tokyo (then named Edo), while some insist it was Kyoto.[4] Maneki-neko first appeared during the later part of the Edo period in Japan.[4] The earliest records of Maneki-neko appear in the Bukō nenpyō's (a chronology of Edo) entry dated 1852. The Utagawa Hiroshige's ukiyo-e, "Joruri-machi Hanka no zu", painted also in 1852, depicts the Marushime-neko, a variation of Maneki-neko, being sold at Senso temple, Tokyo. In 1876, during the Meiji era, it was mentioned in a newspaper article, and there is evidence that kimono-clad maneki-neko were distributed at a shrine in Osaka during this time. A 1902 advertisement for maneki-neko indicates that by the turn of the century they were popular.[5]
Beyond this the exact origins of maneki-neko are uncertain, though several folktales offer explanations.
Others have noted the similarities between the maneki-neko's gesture and that of a cat washing its face. There is a Japanese belief that a cat washing its face means a visitor will soon arrive. This belief may in turn be related to an even older Chinese proverb that states that if a cat washes its face, it will rain. Thus, it is possible a belief arose that a figure of a cat washing its face would bring in customers. In his Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, China's Tang Dynasty author Duan Chengshi (803?-863) wrote: "If a cat raises its paw over the ears and washes its face, then patrons will come".
Folktales[edit]
Maneki-neko is the subject of a number of folktales. Here are some of the most popular, explaining the cat's origins:
The stray cat and the shop: The operator of an impoverished shop (or inn, tavern, temple, etc.) takes in a starving, stray cat despite barely having enough to feed himself. In gratitude, the cat sits in the front of the store beckoning customers, thus bringing prosperity as a reward to the charitable proprietor. Ever after, the "beckoning cat" has been a symbol of good luck for small business owners.[4]
In popular culture[edit]
Chinese maneki-neko with a moving arm, which is electrically-powered by batteries.
Modern Japanese folklore suggests that keeping a talisman of good fortune, such as the maneki-neko, in bedrooms and places of study will bring about favorable results and life successes.
Because of its popularity in Chinese communities (including Chinatowns in the United States)[4] the maneki-neko is frequently mistaken for being Chinese in origin rather than Japanese, and is incorrectly referred to as a "Chinese lucky cat" [4] or jīnmāo ("golden cat").
The Pokémon named Meowth is based upon the maneki-neko.[6][dubious – discuss]
See also[edit]
Bakeneko
Catbus
Fukusuke
Jin Chan (Money Toad)
Kasha
Nekomata
Tanuki
Hello Kitty
Neko chigura
Daruma doll
Meowth (Pokémon)
Koban (coin)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Henry H. Calero (2005). The Power of Nonverbal Communication: How You Act is More Important Than what You Say. Silver Lake Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-56343-788-5.
Jump up ^ E. S. Wibbeke. "Gestures around the World". Globalbusinessleadership.com. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Shizuko Mishima. "Manekineko: Japanese Lucky Cats". Japan Travel. About.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Alan Pate (2008). "Maneki Neko: Feline Fact & Fiction". Daruma Magazine. Amagasaki, Japan: Takeguchi Momoko. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Mark Schumacher. "Maneki Neko: The Lucky Beckoning Cat". A to Z Photo Dictionary of Japanese Buddhist Statuary. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
Jump up ^ http://bulbanews.bulbagarden.net/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species:_Meowth
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maneki neko.
Dale-Green, Patricia, The Cult of the Cat (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1963). ISBN 978-0517175002
Daniels, Inge Maria, 2003. Scooping, raking, beckoning luck: luck, agency and the interdependence of people and things in Japan. Royal Anthropological Institute 9 (4), 619–638. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9655.2003.00166.x
Masuda, Koh, Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo, 1991).
Wellman, Laurel, Lucky Cat: He Brings You Good Luck (Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 2004). ISBN 0-8118-4121-9.

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Ozark (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ozark
Genre
Crime drama
Thriller
Created by
Bill Dubuque
Mark Williams
Starring
Jason Bateman
Laura Linney
Sofia Hublitz
Skylar Gaertner
Julia Garner
Jordana Spiro
Jason Butler Harner
Esai Morales
Peter Mullan
Lisa Emery
Composer(s)
Danny Bensi
Saunder Jurriaans
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jason Bateman
Chris Mundy
Bill Dubuque
Mark Williams
Production location(s)
Lake Allatoona, Georgia
Lake Lanier, Georgia
Running time
52–80 minutes
Production company(s)
Media Rights Capital
Aggregate Films
Zero Gravity Management
Headhunter Films
Man, Woman & Child Productions
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) – present
External links
Website
Ozark is an American crime drama web television series created by Bill Dubuque[1][2] and produced by Media Rights Capital.[3] Jason Bateman stars in the series; he also directed the first two and last two episodes of season 1.[4] The first season is composed of nine one-hour episodes and a final 80-minute episode;[3] it was released on Netflix on July 21, 2017.[5]
Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde, and Laura Linney portrays his wife, Wendy Byrde, a homemaker turned real estate agent.[6] The series was renewed for a 10-episode second season on August 15, 2017[7] which is set to be released on August 31, 2018.[8]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
3.1 Opening credits
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2017)
4.2 Season 2
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Financial planner Marty Byrde suddenly relocates the family from the Chicago suburb of Naperville to a summer resort community in the Missouri Ozarks[9] after a money laundering scheme goes wrong, and he must pay off a debt to a Mexican drug lord. When the Byrdes arrive, they become entangled with local criminals as well.[5]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jason Bateman as Marty Byrde, a self-employed accountant, based in Chicago. In 2007, he and his business partner began to launder money for a Mexican drug cartel.[4]
Laura Linney as Wendy Byrde (née Davis), Marty's wife, and Charlotte and Jonah's mother. After moving to the Ozarks, Wendy becomes a realtor.[6]
Sofia Hublitz as Charlotte Byrde, Marty and Wendy's 15-year-old daughter, who strives to return to Chicago.[4]
Skylar Gaertner as Jonah Byrde, Marty and Wendy's 13-year-old son.
Julia Garner as Ruth Langmore, a 19-year-old woman who is part of a local criminal family.[9]
Jordana Spiro as Rachel Garrison, a local hotel owner and Byrde's business partner
Jason Butler Harner as Roy Petty, an FBI agent investigating Marty
Esai Morales as Camino Del Rio, a ruthless crime lord for a Mexican cartel for whom Marty launders money
Peter Mullan as Jacob Snell, an established local crime lord
Lisa Emery as Darlene Snell, Jacob's wife
Janet McTeer a Chicago-based attorney (season 2)[10]
Recurring[edit]
Josh Randall as Bruce Liddell, Marty Byrde's Chicago business partner.
Harris Yulin as Buddy Dyker, the Byrdes' terminally ill tenant.
Marc Menchaca as Russ Langmore, Wyatt and Three's father, Ruth's uncle, and Boyd and Cade's brother.
Christopher James Baker as Boyd Langmore, uncle of Ruth, Wyatt and Three, and Russ and Cade's brother.
Charlie Tahan as Wyatt Langmore, Russ's elder son and Ruth's cousin.
Carson Holmes as Three Langmore, Russ's younger son and Ruth's cousin.
Trevor Long as Cade Langmore, Ruth's incarcerated father, brother of Russ and Boyd.
McKinley Belcher III as Trevor Evans, an FBI agent.
Robert C. Treveliar as Sheriff John Nix.
Kevin L. Johnson as Sam Dermody, a real estate agent in the Ozarks.
Adam Boyer as Bobby Dean, owner of the Lickety Splitz strip club.
Michael Mosley as Pastor Mason Young.
Bethany Anne Lind as Grace Young, Pastor Mason Young's pregnant wife.
Evan George Vourazeris as Tuck, employee at the Blue Cat and Jonah's first friend in the Ozarks.
Sharon Blackwood as Eugenia Dermody, Sam's controlling, overbearing mother who works for her son's real estate business.
Joseph Melendez as Garcia, an enforcer for Del.
Michael Tourek as Ash, an enforcer for the Snells.
Production[edit]
The show is set at a modest waterfront resort at Lake of the Ozarks, inspired by the Alhonna Resort and Marina, where series creator Dubuque worked as a dock hand while attending college in Missouri during the 1980s.[11] Most of the shooting locations are in the Atlanta area at Lake Allatoona and Lake Lanier, rather than at the Lake of the Ozarks, because of tax breaks offered by the state of Georgia.[12][13] The film crew constructed a set in Georgia after extensively studying the Alhonna Resort property.[11] Some scenes are filmed at Chicago locations.[14] Only a few scenes of the pilot were shot in the city of Lake Ozark, Missouri; these include shots of the locally famous "Welcome To Lake Of the Ozarks" sign and the "Injun Joe Muffler Man" statue. The series was renewed for a 10-episode second season on August 15, 2017.[7]
Opening credits[edit]
Graphic designer Fred Davis created a white letter 'O', which is featured on a black background at the beginning of each episode. Within the quartered circle of the 'O' are four symbols which foreshadow the main plot points in that episode.[15] Additionally, each of these hand-drawn symbolic images spell out the word "Ozark".[16]
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
2 10 August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31) August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31)
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
1 "Sugarwood" Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams
Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
2
2 "Blue Cat" Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams
Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
3
3 "My Dripping Sleep" Daniel Sackheim Ryan Farley July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
4
4 "Tonight We Improvise" Daniel Sackheim Paul Kolsby July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
5
5 "Ruling Days" Andrew Bernstein Martin Zimmerman July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
6
6 "Book of Ruth" Andrew Bernstein Whit Anderson July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
7
7 "Nest Box" Ellen Kuras Alyson Feltes July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
8
8 "Kaleidoscope" Ellen Kuras Ryan Farley July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
9
9 "Coffee, Black" Jason Bateman Whit Anderson July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
10
10 "The Toll" Jason Bateman Chris Mundy July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
Season 2[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date [17]
11
1 TBA Jason Bateman[18] TBA August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31)
12
2 TBA Jason Bateman[18] TBA August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31)
Reception[edit]
Ozark received positive reviews, with particular praise for Bateman's performance. On Metacritic, the series has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 66% approval rating, with an average score of 6.81/10 based on 59 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Ozark hasn't yet reached the same level as the classic crime dramas to which it will inevitably be compared, but its satisfyingly complex plot – and a gripping performance from Jason Bateman – suggest greater potential."[20]
Brian Lowry of CNN wrote, "While the fish-out-of-water concept is one of TV's oldest, Ozark carves out its own path with clever twists — including a late-in-the-run flashback explaining how the cartel came into his life — and the sheer strength of the performances."[21] TV critic Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote that Ozark is "smart, well-crafted, and says something," and that the series "comes together under Bateman's disarming and deceptively complex performance as Marty."[22] Tim Dowling of The Guardian wrote "Laura Linney is, as ever, magnificent".
Critics compared Ozark positively to Breaking Bad, both of which involve a seemingly normal protagonist suddenly immersed in a world of crime. According to Film Daily, "Once you get past the surface similarities, Ozark shines as something special and inventive, an intense crime opera where the scenery is as much the star as anyone in the cast."[23]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Awards
Category
Recipient
Outcome
Source
2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Jason Bateman Nominated [24]
Location Managers Guild Award Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television Wes Hagan, Kevin Dowling Won [25]
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Jason Bateman Pending
Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jason Bateman (for "The Toll") Pending
Daniel Sackheim (for "Tonight We Improvise") Pending
Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour) Ben Kutchins (for "The Toll") Pending
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program (One Hour or More) Derek R. Hill, John Richardson, & Chuck Potter (for "My Dripping Sleep") Pending
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Jason Bateman Nominated [24]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Laura Linney Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards New Series Whit Anderson, Bill Dubuque, Paul Kolsby, Mark Williams, Martin Zimmerman, Ryan Farley, Alyson Feltes and Chris Mundy Nominated [24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Johnson, Julie (March 2, 2016). "New Netflix Series 'Ozark' Starring Jason Bateman Slated to Debut in 2017". Inquisitr. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 25, 2016). "Netflix Picks Up Jason Bateman's Drama Series 'Ozark' From MRC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Netflix Lands Jason Bateman Drama 'Ozark'". The Hollywood Reporter. February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jason Bateman's New Series Goes To Netflix, Will Be Dark Dangerous Drama". Slashfilm. February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ozark trailer: Exclusive look at Netflix's gritty, dark new drug trade drama". The Independent. May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (July 27, 2016). "Laura Linney To Star In Jason Bateman's Netflix Drama Series 'Ozark'Ozark". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, Lesley (August 15, 2017). "'Ozark' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (2018-06-21). "'Ozark' Sets Season Two Premiere Date, Gives First Look At Netflix Drama". Deadline. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Roshanian, Arya (October 25, 2016). "Netflix Drama 'Ozark' Adds Julia Garner Opposite Jason Bateman and Laura Linney". Variety. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley. "'Ozark' Recruits Janet McTeer for Season 2 (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Keegan, Harrison (July 1, 2016). "Fame anticipated as Jason Bateman's Netflix series explores Lake of the Ozarks". Springfield News-Leader. Retrieved May 1, 2017. Some Hollywood types, including Bateman, have been visiting Alhonna — as well as area restaurants, attractions and police officials — this spring and summer scouting locations, taking photos and measuring dimensions.
Jump up ^ Watson, Nick (October 15, 2016). "Coming Netflix series to shoot scene at Flowery Branch restaurant". The Gainesville Times. Georgia (U.S. state). Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coyne, Amanda C. (February 2, 2017). "Jason Bateman Netflix series filming in Gwinnett County". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metz, Nina (August 19, 2016). "Netflix series 'Ozark' to film a few days next week in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wojdylo, Jesse. "Symbols in the O at the Beginning of Each Ozark Netflix Episode". Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Cobb, Kayla. "Here's What The Symbols in Ozark's Hypnotizing Opening Credits Mean". Decider.com. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ozark - Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Bartleet, Larry (21 June 2018). "'Ozark' season 2: trailer, release date, cast, news and everything you need to know". NME. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ozark – Season 1 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ozark: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (July 20, 2017). "Jason Bateman shines in Netflix's grim 'Ozark'". CNN. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (July 12, 2017). "TV Review: Netflix's 'Ozark,' Starring Jason Bateman and Laura Linney". Variety. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nature is the true star of Netflix's impressive Ozark". Film Daily. July 19, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ozark - Awards". IMDb.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caranicas, Peter (7 April 2018). "'Dunkirk,' 'Baby Driver' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards". Variety. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
External links[edit]
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Florida's congressional districts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Florida's congressional districts for the 115th Congress (2017-2019).[1]
Florida is divided into 27 congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives. After the 2010 Census, the number of Florida's seats was increased from 25 to 27 due to the State's increase in population, and subsequent reapportionment in 2012.
The districts are represented in the 115th United States Congress by 11 Democrats and 16 Republicans.
In 2010 more than 63 percent of Florida voters approved the initiated Amendments 5 and 6, known as the "Fair District Amendments," to the state constitution, over the objections of the Republican-controlled legislature. These are intended to promote fairness in congressional districts[2] and "prohibit lawmakers from intentionally drawing districts that favor incumbents or political parties."[3]
The legislature had adopted new districts in 2012 as a result of the 2010 census. Their product was soon challenged in early 2011 by groups who had worked for passage of the amendments, including the League of Women Voters and Common Cause.[3] The trial revealed much secret dealings by party operatives and lawmakers; the court set a new legal standard. At one point the court excluded the press and shut down the TV feed in order to allow three hours of testimony by a political operative.[3]
On July 9, 2014, a Florida judge ruled that state Republicans had illegally drawn the state's congressional districts. Judge Terry P. Lewis of Florida’s Second Judicial Circuit ordered that the 5th and 10th districts be redrawn.[4] On appeal, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on July 9, 2015 that several more districts had to be redrawn, and that the legislature had unconstitutionally worked to benefit the Republican Party. The historic ruling was considered likely to affect most of the state's 27 districts.[3]
On December 2, 2015 the state supreme court approved a remedial plan for districting for the 2016 elections.[5][6][7] All but Districts 1, 8, and 19 were altered in some way by the plan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current districts and representatives
2 Historical district boundaries
3 Obsolete districts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Current districts and representatives[edit]
List of members of the Florida United States House delegation, their terms, their district boundaries, and the districts' political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 27 members, including 11 Democrats, and 16 Republicans.
District
Representative
Party
CPVI
Incumbent time in office
District map
1st
Matt Gaetz (R-Fort Walton Beach) Republican R+22 January 3, 2017 – present
2nd
Neal Dunn (R-Panama City) Republican R+18 January 3, 2017 – present
3rd
Ted Yoho (R-Gainesville) Republican R+9 January 3, 2013 – present
4th
John Rutherford (R-Jacksonville) Republican R+17 January 3, 2017 – present
5th
Al Lawson (D-Tallahassee) Democratic D+12 January 3, 2017 – present
6th
Ron DeSantis (R-Palm Coast) Republican R+7 January 3, 2013 – present
7th
Stephanie Murphy (D-Winter Park) Democratic EVEN January 3, 2017 – present
8th
Bill Posey (R-Rockledge) Republican R+9 January 3, 2009 – present
9th
Darren Soto (D-Orlando) Democratic D+5 January 3, 2017 – present
10th
Val Demings (D-Orlando) Democratic D+11 January 3, 2017 – present
11th
Daniel Webster (R-Winter Garden) Republican R+11 January 3, 2011 – present
12th
Gus Bilirakis (R-Palm Harbor) Republican R+8 January 3, 2007 – present
13th
Charlie Crist (D-St. Petersburg) Democratic D+2 January 3, 2017 – present
14th
Kathy Castor (D-Tampa) Democratic D+7 January 3, 2007 – present
15th
Dennis A. Ross (R-Lakeland) Republican R+6 January 3, 2011 – present
16th
Vern Buchanan (R-Longboat Key) Republican R+7 January 3, 2007 – present
17th
Tom Rooney (R-Okeechobee) Republican R+13 January 3, 2009 – present
18th
Brian Mast (R-Hutchinson Island) Republican R+5 January 3, 2017 – present
19th
Francis Rooney (R-Naples) Republican R+13 January 3, 2017 – present
20th
Alcee Hastings (D-Miramar) Democratic D+31 January 3, 1993 – present
21st
Lois Frankel (D-West Palm Beach) Democratic D+9 January 3, 2013 – present
22nd
Ted Deutch (D-Boca Raton) Democratic D+6 April 13, 2010 – present
23rd
Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-Weston) Democratic D+11 January 3, 2005 – present
24th
Frederica Wilson (D-Miami Gardens) Democratic D+34 January 3, 2011 – present
25th
Mario Diaz-Balart (R-Miami) Republican R+4 January 3, 2003 – present
26th
Carlos Curbelo (R-Kendall) Republican D+6 January 3, 2015 – present
27th
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Miami) Republican D+5 August 29, 1989 – present
Historical district boundaries[edit]
Districts from 2013–2017
Districts from 2003–2013
Obsolete districts[edit]
Florida's at-large congressional district
Florida Territory's at-large congressional district
See also[edit]
List of United States congressional districts
United States portal
Florida portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cordeiro, Monivette. "Florida Supreme Court picks congressional district map". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Florida Congressional District Boundaries, Amendment 6 (2010)", Ballopedia
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mary Ellen Klas, "Florida Supreme Court orders new congressional map with eight districts to be redrawn", Tampa Bay Times, 9 July 2015, accessed 11 February 2016
Jump up ^ Alvarez, Lizette (2014-07-10). "Judge Rules G.O.P. Illegally Redrew Florida Districts". New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Madigan, Nick (2015-07-09). "Florida Court Finds Politics Determined District Lines". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ Klas, Mary Ellen (2015-07-09). "Florida Supreme Court orders new congressional map with eight districts to be redrawn". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Matt (2015-12-02). "Siding with redistricting plaintiffs, top court upends political landscape". POLITICO Florida. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Florida's congressional districts
Current districts
1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th • 12th • 13th • 14th • 15th • 16th • 17th • 18th • 19th • 20th • 21st • 22nd • 23rd • 24th • 25th • 26th • 27th
All districts
Territory
At-large
1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th • 12th • 13th • 14th • 15th • 16th • 17th • 18th • 19th • 20th • 21st • 22nd • 23rd • 24th • 25th • 26th • 27th
The Territory and At-large seats are obsolete.
See also
Florida's past and present Representatives, Senators, and Delegations
Recent U.S. House elections in Florida: 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018
All U.S. districts
Apportionment
Redistricting
Gerrymandering
[show]
v
t
e
Florida's current delegation to the United States Congress
Senators
Bill Nelson (D)
Marco Rubio (R)
Representatives
(ordered by district)
Matt Gaetz (R)
Neal Dunn (R)
Ted Yoho (R)
John Rutherford (R)
Al Lawson (D)
Ron DeSantis (R)
Stephanie Murphy (D)
Bill Posey (R)
Darren Soto (D)
Val Demings (D)
Daniel Webster (R)
Gus Bilirakis (R)
Charlie Crist (D)
Kathy Castor (D)
Dennis Ross (R)
Vern Buchanan (R)
Tom Rooney (R)
Brian Mast (R)
Francis Rooney (R)
Alcee Hastings (D)
Lois Frankel (D)
Ted Deutch (D)
Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D)
Frederica Wilson (D)
Mario Díaz-Balart (R)
Carlos Curbelo (R)
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R)
Other states' delegations
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Non-voting delegations
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
[show]
v
t
e
State of Florida
Tallahassee (capital)
Topics
Climate
Congressional districts
Delegations
Environment
Geology
Government
Law
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
Symbols
Flag
Seal
Tourist attractions
Transportation
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History
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Spanish Florida
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East Florida
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Florida Territory
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Geography
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South Florida
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Space Coast
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Tampa Bay Area
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Metro areas
Cape Coral–Fort Myers
Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach
Fort Walton Beach–Crestview–Destin
Gainesville
Jacksonville
Lakeland–Winter Haven
Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach
Naples–Marco Island
North Port–Bradenton–Sarasota
Ocala
Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford
Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton
Panama City–Lynn Haven–Panama City Beach
Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent
Port St. Lucie
Punta Gorda
Sebastian–Vero Beach
Tallahassee
Tampa-St. Petersburg–Clearwater
Largest cities
Jacksonville
Miami
Tampa
Orlando
St. Petersburg
Hialeah
Tallahassee
Port St. Lucie
Fort Lauderdale
West Palm Beach
Cape Coral
Pembroke Pines
Hollywood
Counties
Alachua
Baker
Bay
Bradford
Brevard
Broward
Calhoun
Charlotte
Citrus
Clay
Collier
Columbia
DeSoto
Dixie
Duval
Escambia
Flagler
Franklin
Gadsden
Gilchrist
Glades
Gulf
Hamilton
Hardee
Hendry
Hernando
Highlands
Hillsborough
Holmes
Indian River
Jackson
Jefferson
Lafayette
Lake
Lee
Leon
Levy
Liberty
Madison
Manatee
Marion
Martin
Miami‑Dade
Monroe
Nassau
Okaloosa
Okeechobee
Orange
Osceola
Palm Beach
Pasco
Pinellas
Polk
Putnam
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Seminole
St. Johns
St. Lucie
Sumter
Suwannee
Taylor
Union
Volusia
Wakulla
Walton
Washington
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida%27s_congressional_districts&oldid=810409314"
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Congressional districts of Florida
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text:
List of countries where Spanish is an official language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of territorial entities where Spanish is an official language. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2018.
Countries and territories where the Spanish language holds official status.
The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus a number of countries where Spanish, or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Official or national language
2 Significant minority language
2.1 Andorra
2.2 Belize
2.3 Gibraltar
2.4 United States
3 Historical language
3.1 Philippines
3.2 Western Sahara
3.3 Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands
4 Creole languages
5 Judeo-Spanish
6 International organizations
7 References
Official or national language[edit]
Spanish is the majority language in 21 sovereign states and several dependent territories, totaling around 440 million people.[1] It is additionally the main official language in Equatorial Guinea.
In these countries and territories, Spanish is the main or mostly used language of communication of the vast majority of the population; official documents are written chiefly or solely in that language; and it is taught in schools and utilized as the primary medium of instruction as part of the official curriculum.
Country/Territory
Status
Population
(2014)[2]
Regulatory body
More information
Mexico De facto[3] 120,286,655 Academia Mexicana de la Lengua Mexican Spanish
Colombia De jure[4] 48,400,388 Academia Colombiana de la Lengua Colombian Spanish
Spaina De jure[5] 47,737,941 Real Academia Española Peninsular Spanish
Argentina De facto[6] 43,024,374 Academia Argentina de Letras Rioplatense Spanish
Perub De jure[7] 30,147,935 Academia Peruana de la Lengua Peruvian Coast Spanish
Venezuela De jure[8] 28,868,486 Academia Venezolana de la Lengua Venezuelan Spanish
Chile De facto[9] 17,363,894 Academia Chilena de la Lengua Chilean Spanish
Ecuadorc De jure[10] 15,654,411 Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua Ecuadorian Spanish
Guatemala De jure[11] 14,647,083 Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua Guatemalan Spanish
Cuba De jure[12] 11,047,251 Academia Cubana de la Lengua Cuban Spanish
Boliviad De jure[13] 10,631,486 Academia Boliviana de la Lengua Bolivian Spanish
Dominican Republic De jure[14] 10,349,741 Academia Dominicana de la Lengua Dominican Spanish
Honduras De jure[15] 8,598,561 Academia Hondureña de la Lengua Honduran Spanish
Paraguaye De jure[16] 6,703,860 Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española Paraguayan Spanish
El Salvador De jure[17] 6,125,512 Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua Salvadoran Spanish
Nicaragua De facto[18] 5,848,641 Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua Nicaraguan Spanish
Costa Rica De jure[19] 4,755,234 Academia Costarricense de la Lengua Costa Rican Spanish
Puerto Ricof De jure[20] 3,620,897 Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española Puerto Rican Spanish
Panama De jure[21] 3,608,431 Academia Panameña de la Lengua Panamanian Spanish
Uruguay De facto[22] 3,332,972 Academia Nacional de Letras Uruguayan Spanish
Equatorial Guineag De jure[23] 1,722,254 Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española Equatoguinean Spanish
Total 442,476,007 Association of Spanish Language Academies
a In Spain, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level, while the languages of Basque, Catalan/Valencian, and Galician are co-official alongside Spanish in certain regions.
b In Peru, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level while Quechua and Aymara hold co-official status in selected regions.
c In Ecuador, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level while the Kichwa (Northern Quechua) and Shuar languages hold co-official status in selected regions.
d In Bolivia, the national constitution recognizes Spanish and various indigenous languages of Bolivia as official at the national level, though Spanish is predominant nationwide.
e In Paraguay, Spanish and the indigenous Guaraní are recognized as co-official at the national level and both are widely used in society.
f Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the U.S. where Spanish and English are the official languages and Spanish is the primary language.[20]
g In Equatorial Guinea, the Spanish, French, and Portuguese languages all hold official status at the national level, though Spanish is the primary language in the public sphere while Fang, Bube, Kombe, and other Bantu languages, as well as an English-based creole, are used at home and family settings. See Equatorial Guinea#Languages.
Population of the Spanish speaking countries (+ Puerto Rico) in 2011
Significant minority language[edit]
Though not an official language at the national level, Spanish is regularly spoken by significant minority populations in each of the nations and territories noted below. In each, public services and information are widely available in Spanish, as are various forms of printed and broadcast media.
Country
Population
(2014)[2]
Total speakers
Percentage Spanish-speaking
Andorra 85,458 29,907 35%
Belize 340,844 106,795 30%
Gibraltar 29,185 23,857 81%
United States 318,892,103 52,000,000 23%
Andorra[edit]
See also: Languages of Andorra
The Spanish language is not official but also holds a special status (in the education system, the media, and some official documents) in the Principality of Andorra which share land borders with Spain.[24]
Belize[edit]
See also: Languages of Belize
Spanish has no official recognition in the Central American nation of Belize, a Commonwealth realm where English is the official national language. However, the country shares land borders with Spanish-speaking Mexico and Guatemala and, per the 2010 Belizean census, Spanish is spoken by a sizable portion of the population; 30% claim Spanish as a mother tongue and about 50% of the population has working knowledge of the language.[25]
Gibraltar[edit]
See also: Languages of Gibraltar
The Spanish language is not official but also holds a special status (in the education system, the media, and some official documents) in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, which share land borders with Spain.[26]
United States[edit]
Main article: Spanish language in the United States
Spanish has been spoken in the United States for several centuries in the Southwest and Florida, which were all once part of New Spain. However, today only a tiny minority of Spanish speakers in the US trace their language back to those times; the overwhelming majority of speakers come from recent immigration. Only in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado has Spanish maintained speaking communities uninterruptedly since colonial times. [27] Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second-language speakers.[28] Though not official, Spanish has a special status for education in the U.S. state of New Mexico. [29] With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico.[30] Spanish is increasingly used alongside English nationwide in business and politics. In the United States, the language is regulated by the North American Academy of the Spanish Language.
Historical language[edit]
Philippines[edit]
Main article: Spanish language in the Philippines
See also: Philippine Spanish
Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of the Hispanic period in 1565 and through independence until a constitutional change in 1973. However, President Ferdinand Marcos had Spanish redesigned as an official language under Presidential Decree No. 156, dated 15 March 1973 and Spanish remained official until 1987, when it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.[31]
On 8 August 2007, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo announced that the Philippine government asked help from the Spanish Government in her plan to reintroduce Spanish as a required subject in the Philippine school system.[32] By 2012, the language was a compulsory subject at only a very select number of secondary schools.[33] In spite of government promotion of Spanish, less than 0.5% of the population are able to speak Spanish at least proficiently.[34]
While Spanish is designated as an optional government language in the Philippines, its usage is very limited and not present in everyday life.[35] In the country, Spanish is regulated by the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language.
Western Sahara[edit]
Spanish is a secondary official language, alongside Arabic, in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a former Spanish colony and now a partially recognized state, most of whose territory is occupied by Morocco. Spanish is not a native language in that country.[36][37]
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands[edit]
Spanish was spoken in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands until the United States took control of the island from Spanish in 1898. The indigenous language, Chamorro, still exhibits a strong Hispanic heritage, so much so that some people consider it a mixed Hispano-Austronesian language. [38]There is also much evidence of enduring Spanish culture and residual Spanish in the sense of people being able to sing songs in Spanish or use basic phrases in Spanish when speaking Chamorro.
Creole languages[edit]
Main article: Spanish-based creole languages
There are a number of Spanish-based creole languages. Chavacano is spoken in Zamboanga City in the Philippines and is a regional language.[39] Papiamento is the official language in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao; it has been classified as either a Spanish-based or a Portuguese-based creole.[40][41]
Chamorro is an Austronesian language with many Spanish loanwords; some scholars have considered it a creole, but the most authoritative sources deny this. [42]
Country
Creole language
Estimated speakers[43]
Year
Status
Aruba Papiamento ~100,000[44] N/A Official.[45]
Caribbean Netherlands Papiamento – – Official.[46]
Curaçao Papiamento 185,155[47] 1981 Official.[48]
Philippines Chavacano 689,000[47] 1992 Regional.[39]
Judeo-Spanish[edit]
Main article: Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish (sometimes known as Ladino or other names) is a language derived from medieval Spanish; it is still spoken by some Sephardi Jews, mainly in Israel.[49]
International organizations[edit]
United Nations (UN)
European Union (EU)
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
African Union (AU)
Central American Integration System (SICA)
Latin American Parliament (Parlatino)
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Mercosur
Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Latin Union
Pacific Alliance
Interpol
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Jump up ^ Mexico does not have an official language at the federal level [1]; however, Spanish is spoken by the majority.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Colombia, Art. 10
Jump up ^ Spanish Constitution, Art. 3-1
Jump up ^ The Argentine Constitution does not establish Spanish as an official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Peru, Art. 48
Jump up ^ Constitution of Venezuela, Art. 9
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Chile does not establish Spanish as an official language. However, Chilean legislation establishes that schools must teach students to communicate in the "Castilian language" (General Law on Education (Articles 29 and 30), Chile Library of Congress.)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Ecuador, Art. 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of Guatemala, Art. 143
Jump up ^ Constitution of Cuba Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine., Art. 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of Bolivia, Art. 5
Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Dominican Republic establish Spanish as it official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Honduras, Art. 6
Jump up ^ Constitution of Paraguay, Art. 140
Jump up ^ Constitution of El Salvador, Art. 62
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Nicaragua does not establish Spanish as an official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Costa Rica, Art. 76
^ Jump up to: a b Constitution of Puerto Rico Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Art. 3, Section 5: It is mandatory to be able to read and write in either English or Spanish in order to be a member of the Legislative Assembly.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Panama, Art. 7
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Uruguay does not establish Spanish as an official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Equatorial Guinea Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Art. 4
Jump up ^ "Observatori de l'Institut d'Estudis Andorrans" (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Statistical Institute of Belize: Belize Population and Housing Census 2010. Country Report. Belmopan 2013.
Jump up ^ <Constitution of Gibraltar Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Canfield, Delos Lincoln (1981). Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. The University of Chicago Press. p. 80. The main nuclei of Spanish speech in the United States are northern New Mexico / southern Colorado, the border territories from California through Texas, the Florida peninsula, New York City, and other large cities of the Northeast and Midwest. Only one of these, the New Mexico / Colorado dialect area, has maintained linguistic continuity since colonial days, and its speech goes back to about 1600.
Jump up ^ "US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ Language Rights and New Mexico Statehood By the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Jump up ^ "Más 'speak spanish' que en España". Retrieved 2007-10-06. (Spanish)
Jump up ^ Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
Jump up ^ "La presidenta filipina pedirá ayuda a España para oficializar el español" (in Spanish). MSN Noticias. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
Jump up ^ Legaspi, Amita O. (3 July 2012). "PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain's Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools". GMA News.
Jump up ^ Medium projection, Philippine Statistics Authority, 2010, archived from the original on 11 August 2011
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Philippines, Art. 14
Jump up ^ "Como saharauis queremos conservar el español". Lavozdegalicia.es. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
Jump up ^ "EL ESPAñOL EN LOS CAMPAMENTOS DE REFUGIADOS SAHARAUIS (TINDUF, ARGELIA)" (PDF). Cvc.cervantes.es. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
Jump up ^ {{cite web|url=http://eprints.ucm.es/3664/ |title=El elemento español en la lengua chamorra' |Madrid: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad Complutense
^ Jump up to: a b DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA News. July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Attila Narin (June 1998). "Papiamentu Facts". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 489. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X.
Jump up ^ Topping, Donald (1973). Chamorro Reference Grammar. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 6 and 7. ISBN 978-0-8248-0269-1.
Jump up ^ "Ethnologue". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Language" - Government of Aruba (official site) - 2010
Jump up ^ Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle; Bartens, Angela (2010). Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 268. ISBN 978-90-272-5258-6.
Jump up ^ "Tijdelijke wet officiële talen BES" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Retrieved 2010-10-24. Artikel 2: De officiële talen zijn het Engels, het Nederlands en het Papiamento. (English: Article 2: The official languages are English, Dutch and Papiamento)
^ Jump up to: a b Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial Archived 29 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Instituto Cervantes.
Jump up ^ "Nieuwsbrief 070313 – Papiaments officieel erkend". Nieuws.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ EJP | News | Western Europe | Judaeo-Spanish language revived Archived 29 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. Ejpress.org (19 September 2005). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
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Creole languages

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/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations
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Andean Community of Nations

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http://eprints.ucm.es/3664/
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http://www.ethnologue.com/
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http://www.ejpress.org/article/2998

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values: Template talk:Countries and languages lists

values: List of countries by the number of recognized official languages

values: List of countries where Arabic is an official language

values: List of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language

values: List of territorial entities where Afrikaans and Dutch are official languages

values: List of territorial entities where English is an official language

values: List of countries where French is an official language

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values: List of territorial entities where Malay is an official language

values: List of territorial entities where Portuguese is an official language

values: List of countries where Romanian is an official language

values: List of countries where Russian is an official language

values: List of territorial entities where Tamil is an official language

values: List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages

values: List of country names in various languages

values: List of country names in various languages (A–C)

values: List of country names in various languages (D–I)

values: List of country names in various languages (J–P)

values: List of country names in various languages (Q–Z)

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values: List of languages without official status

values: List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language

values: List of languages by number of native speakers

values: List of languages by total number of speakers

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English Speaking Union

values: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

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values: International Organization of Turkic Culture

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values: قائمة الدول المتخذة الإسبانية لغة رسمية – Arabic

values: Anexo:Países donde el español es idioma oficial – Spanish

values: Landoj kie la hispana lingvo estas oficiala – Esperanto

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values: Liste des pays ayant l'espagnol pour langue officielle – French

values: Daftar negara dengan bahasa Spanyol sebagai bahasa resmi – Indonesian

values: Valstis ar oficiālo spāņu valodu – Latvian

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values: الدول الناطقه بالاسبانيه كلغه رسميه – Egyptian Arabic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
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values: Lijst van landen waar Spaans een officiële taal is – Dutch

values: स्पेनी आधिकारिक भाषा हुने देशहरु – Nepali

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
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values: Listă de țări în care spaniola este limbă oficială – Romanian

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values: فہرست ممالک ہسپانوی بطور سرکاری زبان – Urdu

values: 西班牙语国家和地区列表 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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