text:
List of United States Representatives from New Jersey
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The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of New Jersey. For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States Congressional Delegations from New Jersey. The list of names should be complete, but other data may be incomplete.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current representatives
2 List of representatives
3 Living former Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey
4 Key
5 Notes
Current representatives[edit]
New Jersey's 1st district: Donald Norcross (D) (since 2014)
New Jersey's 2nd district: Frank LoBiondo (R) (since 1995)
New Jersey's 3rd district: Tom MacArthur (R) (since 2015)
New Jersey's 4th district: Chris Smith (R) (since 1981)
New Jersey's 5th district: Josh Gottheimer (D) (since 2017)
New Jersey's 6th district: Frank Pallone (D) (since 1988)
New Jersey's 7th district: Leonard Lance (R) (since 2009)
New Jersey's 8th district: Albio Sires (D) (since 2006)
New Jersey's 9th district: Bill Pascrell (D) (since 1997)
New Jersey's 10th district: Donald Payne, Jr. (D) (since 2012)
New Jersey's 11th district: Rodney Frelinghuysen (R) (since 1995)
New Jersey's 12th district: Bonnie Watson Coleman (D) (since 2015)
List of representatives[edit]
Representative
Party
District
Years
Electoral history
Ernest R. Ackerman Republican 5th 1919 – 1931 Died
Hugh J. Addonizio Democratic 11th 1949 – 1962 Resigned to become Mayor of Newark
John Adler Democratic 3rd 2009 – 2011 Defeated for reelection
Garnett B. Adrain Democratic 3rd 1857 – 1861 Not a candidate for re-election
Henry C. Allen Republican 6th 1905 – 1907 Not a candidate for re-election
Rob Andrews Democratic 1st 1990 – 2014 Resigned
Stewart H. Appleby Republican 3rd 1925 – 1927 Not a candidate for re-election
Theodore F. Appleby Republican 3rd 1921 – 1923 Defeated, re-elected, but died before taking office.
James C. Auchincloss Republican 3rd 1943 – 1965 Not a candidate for re-election
Oscar L. Auf Der Heide Democratic 11th 1925 – 1933 Not a candidate for re-election
14th 1933 – 1935
John Bancker Aycrigg Whig At-large 1837 – 1839 Elected in 1840
Retired
1841 – 1843 Not a candidate for re-election

Isaac Bacharach Republican 2nd 1915 – 1937 [Data unknown/missing.]
Ezra Baker Democratic-Republican At-large 1815 – 1817 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacob T. Baker Democratic 2nd 1913 – 1915 [Data unknown/missing.]
Ephraim Bateman Democratic-Republican At-large 1815 – 1823 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Beatty Pro-Administration At-large 1793 – 1795 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles D. Beckwith Republican 5th 1889 – 1891 [Data unknown/missing.]
Benjamin Bennet Democratic-Republican At-large 1815 – 1819 [Data unknown/missing.]
Allan Benny Democratic 9th 1903 – 1905 [Data unknown/missing.]
Christopher A. Bergen Republican 1st 1889 – 1893 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Bines Democratic-Republican 3rd 1814 – 1815 [Data unknown/missing.]
William F. Birch Republican 5th 1918 – 1919 [Data unknown/missing.]
John T. Bird Democratic 3rd 1869 – 1873 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Bishop Opposition 3rd 1855 – 1857 [Data unknown/missing.]
John L. Blake Republican 6th 1879 – 1881 [Data unknown/missing.]
Joseph Bloomfield Democratic-Republican At-large 1817 – 1821 [Data unknown/missing.]
Elias Boudinot Pro-Administration At-large 1789 – 1795 First elected in 1789
Re-elected in 1790
Re-elected in 1792
Retired
Adam Boyd Democratic-Republican At-large 1803 – 1805 [Data unknown/missing.]
1808 – 1813 [Data unknown/missing.]
Robert G. Bremner Democratic 7th 1913 – 1914 Died
John H. Brewer Republican 2nd 1881 – 1885 [Data unknown/missing.]
Lewis A. Brigham Republican 7th 1879 – 1881 [Data unknown/missing.]
George H. Brown Whig 4th 1851 – 1853 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles Browne Democratic 4th 1923 – 1925 [Data unknown/missing.]
William J. Browning Republican 1st 1911 – 1920 Died
James Buchanan Republican 2nd 1885 – 1893 [Data unknown/missing.]
Cornelius A. Cadmus Democratic 5th 1891 – 1895 [Data unknown/missing.]
Lambert Cadwalader Pro-Administration At-large 1789 – 1791 [Data unknown/missing.]
1793 – 1795
William T. Cahill Republican 1st 1959 – 1967 Resigned to become Governor of New Jersey
6th 1967 – 1970
Gordon Canfield Republican 8th 1941 – 1961 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Henry Capstick Republican 5th 1915 – 1918 Died
Clifford P. Case Republican 6th 1945 – 1953 Resigned to become president of Ford Foundation's Fund for the Republic
George Cassedy Democratic-Republican At-large 1821 – 1823 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacksonian
Democratic-Republican 1823 – 1825
Jacksonian 1825 – 1827
Peter A. Cavicchia Republican 9th 1931 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
11th 1933 – 1937
William Chetwood Whig At-large 1836 – 1837 [Data unknown/missing.]
Abraham Clark Pro-Administration At-large 1791 – 1794 Died
Alvah A. Clark Democratic 4th 1877 – 1881 [Data unknown/missing.]
Amos Clark, Jr. Republican 3rd 1873 – 1875 [Data unknown/missing.]
Isaiah D. Clawson Opposition 1st 1855 – 1857 [Data unknown/missing.]
Republican 1857 – 1859
Orestes Cleveland Democratic 5th 1869 – 1871 [Data unknown/missing.]
George T. Cobb Democratic 4th 1861 – 1863 [Data unknown/missing.]
Bonnie Watson Coleman Democratic 12th 2015 – Incumbent
Lewis Condict Democratic-Republican At-large 1811 – 1813 [Data unknown/missing.]
1st 1813 – 1815
At-large 1815 – 1817
1821 – 1823 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacksonian
Democratic-Republican 1823 – 1825
Adams 1825 – 1829
Anti-Jacksonian 1829 – 1833
John Condit Democratic-Republican 1st 1799 – 1801 [Data unknown/missing.]
At-large 1801 – 1803
1819 – 1819 Resigned after being appointed assistant collector of the Port of New York
Silas Condit Anti-Jacksonian At-large 1831 – 1833 [Data unknown/missing.]
Richard M. Cooper Anti-Jacksonian At-large 1829 – 1833 [Data unknown/missing.]
William R. Cooper Democratic At-large 1839 – 1841 [Data unknown/missing.]
Johnston Cornish Democratic 4th 1893 – 1895 [Data unknown/missing.]
James A. Courter Republican 13th 1979 – 1983 [Data unknown/missing.]
12th 1983 – 1991
James Cox Democratic-Republican At-large 1809 – 1810 Died
William Coxe, Jr. Federalist At-large 1813 – 1815 [Data unknown/missing.]
Augustus W. Cutler Democratic 5th 1875 – 1879 [Data unknown/missing.]
William D. Daly Democratic 7th 1899 – 1900 Died
Dominick V. Daniels Democratic 14th 1959 – 1977 [Data unknown/missing.]
Ezra Darby Democratic-Republican At-large 1805 – 1808 Died
Franklin Davenport Federalist 5th 1799 – 1801 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jonathan Dayton Federalist At-large 1791 – 1799 [Data unknown/missing.]
Vincent J. Dellay Republican/Democratic 14th 1957 – 1959 Changed party affiliation sometime in 1958
Philemon Dickerson Jacksonian At-large 1833 – 1836 First elected in 1832
Re-elected in 1834
Resigned to become Governor of New Jersey
Democratic 1839 – 1841 Elected in 1838
Lost re-election
Samuel A. Dobbins Republican 2nd 1873 – 1877 [Data unknown/missing.]
Dow H. Drukker Republican 7th 1914 – 1919 [Data unknown/missing.]
John T. Dunn Democratic 8th 1893 – 1895 [Data unknown/missing.]
Bernard J. Dwyer Democratic 15th 1981 – 1983 [Data unknown/missing.]
6th 1983 – 1993
Florence P. Dwyer Republican 6th 1957 – 1967 [Data unknown/missing.]
12th 1967 – 1973
John J. Eagan Democratic 11th 1913 – 1921 [Data unknown/missing.]
1923 – 1925 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles A. Eaton Republican 4th 1925 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
5th 1933 – 1953
Joseph E. Edsall Democratic 4th 1845 – 1847 [Data unknown/missing.]
3rd 1847 – 1849
Ebenezer Elmer Democratic-Republican At-large 1801 – 1807 [Data unknown/missing.]
Lucius Q.C. Elmer Democratic 1st 1843 – 1845 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas D. English Democratic 6th 1891 – 1895 [Data unknown/missing.]
Isaac G. Farlee Democratic 3rd 1843 – 1845 [Data unknown/missing.]
Millicent H. Fenwick Republican 5th 1975 – 1983 [Data unknown/missing.]
Michael A. Ferguson Republican 7th 2001 – 2009 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas M. Ferrell Democratic 1st 1883 – 1885 [Data unknown/missing.]
William H.F. Fiedler Democratic 6th 1883 – 1885 [Data unknown/missing.]
George B. Fielder Democratic 7th 1893 – 1895 [Data unknown/missing.]
De Witt C. Flanagan Democratic 4th 1902 – 1903 [Data unknown/missing.]
James J. Florio Democratic 1st 1975 – 1990 Resigned after being elected Governor of New Jersey
Samuel C. Forker Democratic 2nd 1871 – 1873 [Data unknown/missing.]
Edwin B. Forsythe Republican 6th 1970 – 1983 Died
13th 1983 – 1984
Franklin W. Fort Republican 9th 1925 – 1931 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles N. Fowler Republican 8th 1895 – 1903 [Data unknown/missing.]
5th 1903 – 1911
Samuel Fowler Jacksonian At-large 1833 – 1837 [Data unknown/missing.]
Samuel Fowler Democratic 4th 1889 – 1893 [Data unknown/missing.]
Robert D. Franks Republican 7th 1993 – 2001 [Data unknown/missing.]
Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr. Republican 5th 1953 – 1975 [Data unknown/missing.]
Rodney Frelinghuysen Republican 11th 1995 – Incumbent
Cornelius E. Gallagher Democratic 13th 1959 – 1973 [Data unknown/missing.]
Dean A. Gallo Republican 11th 1985 – 1994 Died
John J. Gardner Republican 2nd 1893 – 1913 [Data unknown/missing.]
Scott Garrett Republican 5th 2003 – 2017 [Data unknown/missing.]
Daniel Garrison Jacksonian Democratic-Republican At-large 1823 – 1825 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacksonian 1825 – 1827
Jacob A. Geissenhainer Democratic 3rd 1889 – 1895 [Data unknown/missing.]
Elmer H. Geran Democratic 3rd 1923 – 1925 [Data unknown/missing.]
Milton W. Glenn Republican 2nd 1957 – 1965 [Data unknown/missing.]
Josh Gottheimer Democratic 5th 2017 – present Incumbent
Edward W. Gray Republican 6th 1915 – 1919 [Data unknown/missing.]
Robert S. Green Democratic 3rd 1885 – 1887 Resigned after being elected Governor of New Jersey
Dudley S. Gregory Whig 5th 1847 – 1849 [Data unknown/missing.]
Frank J. Guarini, Jr. Democratic 14th 1979 – 1993 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles Haight Democratic 2nd 1867 – 1871 [Data unknown/missing.]
George A. Halsey Republican 5th 1867 – 1869 [Data unknown/missing.]
1871 – 1873 [Data unknown/missing.]
William Halstead Whig At-large 1837 – 1839 Elected in 1836
Re-elected in 1838, but the House declined to seat him[1]
1841 – 1843 Re-elected in 1840
[Data unknown/missing.]
James A. Hamill Democratic 10th 1907 – 1913 [Data unknown/missing.]
12th 1913 – 1921
Robert Hamilton Democratic 4th 1873 – 1877 [Data unknown/missing.]
James G. Hampton Whig 1st 1845 – 1849 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas M. Hand Republican 2nd 1945 – 1956 Died
Augustus A. Hardenbergh Democratic 7th 1875 – 1879 [Data unknown/missing.]
1881 – 1883 [Data unknown/missing.]
Henry S. Harris Democratic 4th 1881 – 1883 [Data unknown/missing.]
Archibald C. Hart Democratic 6th 1912 – 1913 [Data unknown/missing.]
8th 1913 – 1917 [Data unknown/missing.]
Edward J. Hart Democratic 14th 1935 – 1955 [Data unknown/missing.]
Fred A. Hartley, Jr. Republican 8th 1929 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
10th 1933 – 1949
Andrew K. Hay Whig 1st 1849 – 1851 [Data unknown/missing.]
John W. Hazelton Republican 1st 1871 – 1875 [Data unknown/missing.]
William Helms Democratic-Republican At-large 1801 – 1811 [Data unknown/missing.]
Henry Helstoski Democratic 9th 1965 – 1977 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Henderson Federalist At-large 1795 – 1797 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Hill Republican 4th 1867 – 1873 [Data unknown/missing.]
5th 1881 – 1883 [Data unknown/missing.]
George Hires Republican 1st 1885 – 1889 [Data unknown/missing.]
Harold G. Hoffman Republican 3rd 1927 – 1931 [Data unknown/missing.]
George Holcombe Democratic-Republican At-large 1821 – 1823 Died
Jacksonian Democratic-Republican 1823 – 1825
Jacksonian 1825 – 1828
Harold C. Hollenbeck Republican 9th 1977 – 1983 [Data unknown/missing.]
Rush D. Holt, Jr. Democratic 12th 1999 – 2015
James J. Howard Democratic 3rd 1965 – 1988 Died
Benjamin F. Howell Republican 3rd 1895 – 1911 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles R. Howell Democratic 4th 1949 – 1955 [Data unknown/missing.]
Benjamin F. Howey Republican 4th 1883 – 1885 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacob Hufty Democratic-Republican At-large 1809 – 1813 Died
Federalist 3rd 1813 – 1814
Thomas H. Hughes Anti-Jacksonian At-large 1829 – 1833 [Data unknown/missing.]
William Hughes Democratic 6th 1903 – 1905 [Data unknown/missing.]
1907 – 1912 Resigned after being appointed as judge of the court of common pleas of Passaic County
William J. Hughes Democratic 2nd 1975 – 1995 [Data unknown/missing.]
John E. Hunt Republican 1st 1967 – 1975 [Data unknown/missing.]
Elijah C. Hutchinson Republican 4th 1915 – 1923 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Huyler Democratic 4th 1857 – 1859 [Data unknown/missing.]
James H. Imlay Federalist At-large 1797 – 1799 [Data unknown/missing.]
4th 1799 – 1801
Walter S. Jeffries Republican 2nd 1939 – 1941 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles S. Joelson Democratic 8th 1961 – 1969 Resigned to become a judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey
Phineas Jones Republican 6th 1881 – 1883 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Kean Republican 3rd 1883 – 1885 [Data unknown/missing.]
1887 – 1889 [Data unknown/missing.]
Robert W. Kean Republican 12th 1939 – 1959 [Data unknown/missing.]
Edward A. Kenney Democratic 9th 1933 – 1938 Died
Joseph Kille Democratic At-large 1839 – 1841 [Data unknown/missing.]
James G. King Whig 5th 1849 – 1851 [Data unknown/missing.]
Eugene F. Kinkead Democratic 9th 1909 – 1913 Resigned after becoming Sheriff of Hudson County
8th 1913 – 1915
Charles Kinsey Democratic-Republican At-large 1817 – 1819 [Data unknown/missing.]
1820 – 1821 [Data unknown/missing.]
Littleton Kirkpatrick Democratic 4th 1843 – 1845 [Data unknown/missing.]
Aaron Kitchell Pro-Administration At-large 1791 – 1793 [Data unknown/missing.]
1795 – 1795 [Data unknown/missing.]
Federalist 1795 – 1797
Democratic-Republican 1799 – 1801 [Data unknown/missing.]
Herbert Klein Democratic 8th 1993 – 1995 [Data unknown/missing.]
Paul J. Krebs Democratic 12th 1965 – 1967 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Lambert Democratic-Republican At-large 1805 – 1809 [Data unknown/missing.]
Leonard Lance Republican 7th 2009 – Incumbent
William M. Lanning Republican 4th 1903 – 1904 Resigned to accept position as judge of United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
Eugene W. Leake Democratic 9th 1907 – 1909 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Lee Jacksonian At-large 1833 – 1837 [Data unknown/missing.]
Joseph A. LeFante Democratic 14th 1977 – 1978 Resigned
Frederick R. Lehlbach Republican 10th 1915 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
12th 1933 – 1937
Herman Lehlbach Republican 6th 1885 – 1891 [Data unknown/missing.]
Samuel Lilly Democratic 3rd 1853 – 1855 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Linn Democratic-Republican 3rd 1799 – 1801 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Linn Democratic-Republican At-large 1817 – 1821 Died
Frank LoBiondo Republican 2nd 1995 – Incumbent
Henry C. Loudenslager Republican 1st 1893 – 1911 Died
Tom MacArthur Republican 3rd 2015 – Incumbent
Andrew Maguire Democratic 7th 1975 – 1981 [Data unknown/missing.]
Joseph J. Maraziti Republican 13th 1973 – 1975 [Data unknown/missing.]
Lewis J. Martin Democratic 6th 1913 – 1913 Died
William J. Martini Republican 8th 1995 – 1997 [Data unknown/missing.]
Frank A. Mathews, Jr. Republican 4th 1945 – 1949 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Matlack Democratic-Republican At-large 1821 – 1823 [Data unknown/missing.]
Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican 1823 – 1825
George C. Maxwell Democratic-Republican At-large 1811 – 1813 [Data unknown/missing.]
John P. B. Maxwell Whig At-large 1837 – 1839 Elected in 1836
Re-elected in 1838, but the House declined to seat him[1]
1841 – 1843 Re-elected in 1840
[Data unknown/missing.]
William McAdoo Democratic 7th 1883 – 1891 [Data unknown/missing.]
Walter I. McCoy Democratic 8th 1911 – 1913 Resigned after being appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia
9th 1913 – 1914
Allan L. McDermott Democratic 7th 1900 – 1903 [Data unknown/missing.]
10th 1903 – 1907
Edward F. McDonald Democratic 7th 1891 – 1892 Died
Thomas McEwan, Jr. Republican 7th 1895 – 1899 [Data unknown/missing.]
Cornelius A. McGlennon Democratic 8th 1919 – 1921 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas C. McGrath, Jr. Democratic 2nd 1965 – 1967 [Data unknown/missing.]
Donald H. McLean Republican 6th 1933 – 1945 [Data unknown/missing.]
Frank J. McNulty Democratic 8th 1923 – 1925 [Data unknown/missing.]
Bob Menendez Democratic 13th 1993 – 2006 Resigned after being appointed to the US Senate
Helen S. Meyner Democratic 13th 1975 – 1979 [Data unknown/missing.]
George Middleton Democratic 2nd 1863 – 1865 [Data unknown/missing.]
Daniel F. Minahan Democratic 9th 1919 – 1921 [Data unknown/missing.]
1923 – 1925 [Data unknown/missing.]
Joseph G. Minish Democratic 11th 1963 – 1985 [Data unknown/missing.]
Paul J. Moore Democratic 8th 1927 – 1929 [Data unknown/missing.]
William Moore Republican 1st 1867 – 1871 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Morgan Democratic-Republican At-large 1811 – 1813 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Mott Democratic-Republican At-large 1801 – 1805 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Newbold Democratic-Republican At-large 1807 – 1813 [Data unknown/missing.]
William A. Newell Whig 2nd 1847 – 1851 [Data unknown/missing.]
Republican 1865 – 1867 [Data unknown/missing.]
John T. Nixon Republican 1st 1859 – 1863 [Data unknown/missing.]

Donald Norcross Democratic 1st 2014 – Incumbent
Mary T. Norton Democratic 12th 1925 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
13th 1933 – 1951
Charles F. X. O'Brien Democratic 12th 1921 – 1925 [Data unknown/missing.]
Edward L. O'Neill Democratic 11th 1937 – 1939 [Data unknown/missing.]
Archibald E. Olpp Republican 11th 1921 – 1923 [Data unknown/missing.]
Frank C. Osmers, Jr. Republican 9th 1939 – 1943 [Data unknown/missing.]
1951 – 1965 [Data unknown/missing.]
Frank Pallone Democratic 3rd 1988 – 1993 Incumbent
6th 1993 –
Michael J. Pappas Republican 12th 1997 – 1999 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Parker Jacksonian At-large 1833 – 1837 [Data unknown/missing.]
Richard W. Parker Republican 6th 1895 – 1903 [Data unknown/missing.]
7th 1903 – 1911
9th 1914 – 1919 [Data unknown/missing.]
1921 – 1923 [Data unknown/missing.]
Bill Pascrell Democratic 8th 1997 – 2013 Incumbent
9th 2013 –
Edward J. Patten Democratic 15th 1963 – 1981 [Data unknown/missing.]
Francis F. Patterson, Jr. Republican 1st 1920 – 1927 [Data unknown/missing.]
Donald M. Payne Democratic 10th 1989 – 2012 Died
Donald M. Payne, Jr. Democratic 10th 2012 – Incumbent
Thomas B. Peddie Republican 6th 1877 – 1879 [Data unknown/missing.]
Alexander C. M. Pennington Whig 5th 1853 – 1855 [Data unknown/missing.]
Opposition 1855 – 1857
William Pennington Republican 5th 1859 – 1861 [Data unknown/missing.]
Randolph Perkins Republican 6th 1921 – 1933 Died
7th 1933 – 1936
Nehemiah Perry Democratic 5th 1861 – 1865 [Data unknown/missing.]
William W. Phelps Republican 5th 1873 – 1875 [Data unknown/missing.]
1883 – 1889 [Data unknown/missing.]
James N. Pidcock Democratic 4th 1885 – 1889 [Data unknown/missing.]
Isaac Pierson Adams At-large 1827 – 1829 [Data unknown/missing.]
Anti-Jacksonian 1829 – 1831
Mahlon Pitney Republican 4th 1895 – 1899 Resigned after being elected to the state Senate
D. Lane Powers Republican 4th 1933 – 1945 Resigned to become a member of the Public Utilities Commission of New Jersey
Le Gage Pratt Democratic 8th 1907 – 1909 [Data unknown/missing.]
Rodman M. Price Democratic 5th 1851 – 1853 [Data unknown/missing.]
John H. Pugh Republican 2nd 1877 – 1879 [Data unknown/missing.]
Amos H. Radcliffe Republican 7th 1919 – 1923 [Data unknown/missing.]
John R. Ramsey Republican 6th 1917 – 1921 [Data unknown/missing.]
James F. Randolph Adams At-large 1828 – 1829 [Data unknown/missing.]
Anti-Jacksonian 1829 – 1833
Joseph F. Randolph Whig At-large 1837 – 1843 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jetur R. Riggs Democratic 4th 1859 – 1861 [Data unknown/missing.]
Matthew J. Rinaldo Republican 12th 1973 – 1983 [Data unknown/missing.]
7th 1983 – 1993
George R. Robbins Opposition 2nd 1855 – 1857 [Data unknown/missing.]
Republican 1857 – 1859
George M. Robeson Republican 1st 1879 – 1883 [Data unknown/missing.]
Peter W. Rodino, Jr. Democratic 10th 1949 – 1989 [Data unknown/missing.]
Robert A. Roe Democratic 8th 1969 – 1993 [Data unknown/missing.]
Andrew J. Rogers Democratic 4th 1863 – 1867 [Data unknown/missing.]
Miles Ross Democratic 3rd 1875 – 1883 [Data unknown/missing.]
Steve Rothman Democratic 9th 1997 – 2013 [Data unknown/missing.]
Marge Roukema Republican 7th 1981 – 1983 [Data unknown/missing.]
5th 1983 – 2003
John Runk Whig 3rd 1845 – 1847 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jon Runyan Republican 3rd 2011 – 2015
Daniel B. Ryall Democratic At-large 1839 – 1841 [Data unknown/missing.]
Joshua S. Salmon Democratic 4th 1899 – 1902 Died
Charles W. Sandman, Jr. Republican 2nd 1967 – 1975 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jim Saxton Republican 13th 1984 – 1993 [Data unknown/missing.]
3rd 1993 – 2009
Ferdinand Schureman Schenck Jacksonian At-large 1833 – 1837 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Schureman Pro-Administration At-large 1789 – 1791 Retired when elected U.S. Senator
Federalist 1797 – 1799 [Data unknown/missing.]
2nd 1813 – 1815 [Data unknown/missing.]
Isaac W. Scudder Republican 7th 1873 – 1875 [Data unknown/missing.]
John A. Scudder Democratic-Republican At-large 1810 – 1811 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas J. Scully Democratic 3rd 1911 – 1921 [Data unknown/missing.]
George N. Seger Republican 7th 1923 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
8th 1933 – 1940
William N. Shinn Jacksonian At-large 1833 – 1837 [Data unknown/missing.]
Alfred D. Sieminski Democratic 13th 1951 – 1959 [Data unknown/missing.]
Clement H. Sinnickson Republican 1st 1875 – 1879 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Sinnickson Pro-Administration At-large 1789 – 1791 [Data unknown/missing.]
Federalist 1797 – 1799 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Sinnickson Adams At-large 1828 – 1829 [Data unknown/missing.]
Albio Sires Democratic 13th 2006 – 2013 First elected to finish Bob Menendez's term
Incumbent
8th 2013 –
Charles Sitgreaves Democratic 3rd 1865 – 1869 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles Skelton Democratic 2nd 1851 – 1855 [Data unknown/missing.]
James Sloan Democratic-Republican At-large 1803 – 1809 [Data unknown/missing.]
Bernard Smith Democratic-Republican At-large 1819 – 1821 [Data unknown/missing.]
Chris Smith Republican 4th 1981 – Incumbent
Hezekiah B. Smith Democratic 2nd 1879 – 1881 [Data unknown/missing.]
Isaac Smith Federalist At-large 1795 – 1797 [Data unknown/missing.]
Henry Southard Democratic-Republican At-large 1801 – 1811 [Data unknown/missing.]
1815 – 1821 [Data unknown/missing.]
Isaac Southard Anti-Jacksonian At-large 1831 – 1833 [Data unknown/missing.]
John F. Starr Republican 1st 1863 – 1867 [Data unknown/missing.]
William G. Steele Democratic 3rd 1861 – 1865 [Data unknown/missing.]
James F. Stewart Republican 5th 1895 – 1903 [Data unknown/missing.]
Percy H. Stewart Democratic 5th 1931 – 1933 [Data unknown/missing.]
Richard Stockton Federalist 2nd 1813 – 1815 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles C. Stratton Whig At-large 1837 – 1839 Elected in 1836
Re-elected in 1838, but the House declined to seat him[1]
1841 – 1843 Re-elected in 1840
Retired
John L. N. Stratton Republican 2nd 1859 – 1863 [Data unknown/missing.]
Nathan T. Stratton Democratic 1st 1851 – 1855 [Data unknown/missing.]
Frank L. Sundstrom Republican 11th 1943 – 1949 [Data unknown/missing.]
William H. Sutphin Democratic 3rd 1931 – 1943 [Data unknown/missing.]
Samuel Swan Democratic-Republican At-large 1821 – 1823 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacksonian Democratic-Republican 1823 – 1825
Adams 1825 – 1829
Anti-Jacksonian 1829 – 1831
George Sykes Democratic 2nd 1843 – 1845 [Data unknown/missing.]
1845 – 1847 [Data unknown/missing.]
Herbert W. Taylor Republican 8th 1921 – 1923 [Data unknown/missing.]
1925 – 1927
Frederick H. Teese Democratic 6th 1875 – 1877 [Data unknown/missing.]
J. Parnell Thomas Republican 7th 1937 – 1950 Resigned
Frank Thompson, Jr. Democratic 4th 1955 – 1980 Resigned
Hedge Thompson Adams At-large 1827 – 1828 Died
Mark Thomson Federalist At-large 1795 – 1799 [Data unknown/missing.]
Robert G. Torricelli Democratic 9th 1983 – 1997 [Data unknown/missing.]
Harry Lancaster Towe Republican 9th 1943 – 1951 resigned to become assistant attorney general of New Jersey
Frank W. Towey, Jr. Democratic 12th 1937 – 1939 [Data unknown/missing.]
Edward W. Townsend Democratic 7th 1911 – 1913 [Data unknown/missing.]
10th 1913 – 1915
Ebenezer Tucker Adams At-large 1825 – 1829 Retired
T. James Tumulty Democratic 14th 1955 – 1957 [Data unknown/missing.]
William E. Tuttle, Jr. Democratic 5th 1911 – 1915 [Data unknown/missing.]
George Vail Democratic 4th 1853 – 1857 [Data unknown/missing.]
John Van Dyke Whig 4th 1847 – 1851 [Data unknown/missing.]
Marshall Van Winkle Republican 9th 1905 – 1907 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles H. Voorhis Republican 5th 1879 – 1881 [Data unknown/missing.]
Albert L. Vreeland Republican 11th 1939 – 1943 [Data unknown/missing.]
Peter D. Vroom Democratic At-large 1839 – 1841 [Data unknown/missing.]
George M. Wallhauser Republican 12th 1959 – 1965 [Data unknown/missing.]
Allan B. Walsh Democratic 4th 1913 – 1915 [Data unknown/missing.]
Marcus L. Ward Republican 6th 1873 – 1875 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas Ward Democratic-Republican 1st 1813 – 1815 [Data unknown/missing.]
At-large 1815 – 1817
Elmer H. Wene Democratic 2nd 1937 – 1939 [Data unknown/missing.]
1941 – 1945 [Data unknown/missing.]
William B. Widnall Republican 7th 1950 – 1974 Resigned
Isaac Wildrick Democratic 3rd 1849 – 1853 [Data unknown/missing.]
William H. Wiley Republican 8th 1903 – 1907 [Data unknown/missing.]
1909 – 1911 [Data unknown/missing.]
Harrison A. Williams, Jr. Democratic 6th 1953 – 1957 [Data unknown/missing.]
Charles A. Wolverton Republican 1st 1927 – 1959 [Data unknown/missing.]
Ira W. Wood Republican 4th 1904 – 1913 [Data unknown/missing.]
Jacob R. Wortendyke Democratic 5th 1857 – 1859 [Data unknown/missing.]
Edwin R. V. Wright Democratic 5th 1865 – 1867 [Data unknown/missing.]
Samuel G. Wright Whig 2nd 1845 – 1845 Died
William Wright Whig 5th 1843 – 1847 [Data unknown/missing.]
Thomas J. Yorke Whig At-large 1837 – 1839 Elected in 1836
Re-elected in 1838, but the House declined to seat him[1]
1841 – 1843 Re-elected in 1840
[Data unknown/missing.]
Richard Zimmer Republican 12th 1991 – 1997 [Data unknown/missing.]
Living former Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey[edit]
As of January 2017[update], there are nineteen former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. State of New Jersey who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was Marge Roukema (1981–2003) on November 12, 2014. The most recently serving representative to die was John Adler (2009–2011) on April 4, 2011.

Representative
Term of office
District
Date of birth (and age)
Cornelius E. Gallagher 1959–1973 13th (1921-03-02) March 2, 1921 (age 96)
James Florio 1975–1990 1st (1937-08-29) August 29, 1937 (age 80)
William J. Hughes 1975–1995 2nd (1932-10-17) October 17, 1932 (age 85)
Harold C. Hollenbeck 1977–1983 9th (1938-12-29) December 29, 1938 (age 79)
Frank J. Guarini 1979–1993 14th (1924-08-20) August 20, 1924 (age 93)
Jim Courter 1979–1991 13th (1973–1983)
12th (1983–1991) (1941-10-14) October 14, 1941 (age 76)
Robert Torricelli 1983–1997 9th (1951-08-27) August 27, 1951 (age 66)
Jim Saxton 1984–2009 13th (1984–1993)
3rd (1993–2009) (1943-01-22) January 22, 1943 (age 75)
Richard Zimmer 1991–1997 12th (1944-08-16) August 16, 1944 (age 73)
Herbert Klein 1993–1995 8th (1930-06-24) June 24, 1930 (age 87)
Bob Menendez 1993–2006 13th (1954-01-01) January 1, 1954 (age 64)
Rob Andrews 1990–2014 1st (1957-08-04) August 4, 1957 (age 60)
William J. Martini 1995–1997 8th (1947-02-10) February 10, 1947 (age 71)
Michael J. Pappas 1997–1999 12th (1960-12-29) December 29, 1960 (age 57)
Steve Rothman 1997–2013 9th (1952-10-14) October 14, 1952 (age 65)
Rush D. Holt, Jr. 1999–2015 9th (1948-10-15) October 15, 1948 (age 69)
Mike Ferguson 2001–2009 7th (1970-07-22) July 22, 1970 (age 47)
Scott Garrett 2003–2017 5th (1959-07-09) July 9, 1959 (age 58)
Jon Runyan 2011–2015 3rd (1973-11-27) November 27, 1973 (age 44)
Key[edit]
Key to party colors and abbreviations for members of the U.S. Congress
American (Know Nothing) (K-N)
Adams (A),
Anti-Jacksonian (Anti-J),
National Republican (NR)
Anti-Administration (Anti-Admin)
Anti-Masonic (Anti-M)
Conservative (Con)
Democratic (D)
Dixiecrat (Dix),
States' rights (SR)
Democratic-Republican (D-R)
Farmer–Labor (FL)
Federalist (F)
Free Soil (FS)
Free Silver (FSv)
Fusion (FU)
Greenback (GB)
Jacksonian (J)
Nonpartisan League (NPL)
Nullifier (N)
Opposition (O)
Populist (Pop)
Pro-Administration (Pro-Admin)
Progressive (Prog)
Prohibition (Proh)
Readjuster (Rea)
Republican (R)
Socialist (Soc)
Unionist (U)
Whig (W)
Independent,
None,
or Unaffiliated
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d See Broad Seal War
House of Representatives List of Members
[show]
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Lists of United States congressional delegations
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Other
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State of New Jersey
Trenton (capital)
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[show]
v
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Years in New Jersey (1787–present)
Pre-1787
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_Jersey&oldid=825481177"
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John H. Brewer

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John Henry Capstick

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Amos Clark, Jr.

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Adams Party (United States)

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William R. Cooper

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James A. Courter

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James Cox (Representative)

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William Coxe, Jr.

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William D. Daly

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Charles A. Eaton

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Lucius Q.C. Elmer

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Thomas D. English

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Millicent H. Fenwick

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William H.F. Fiedler

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George B. Fielder

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James J. Florio

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Franklin W. Fort

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Robert D. Franks

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Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr.

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Cornelius E. Gallagher

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Dean A. Gallo

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Jacob A. Geissenhainer

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Robert S. Green

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Frank J. Guarini, Jr.

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Thomas M. Hand

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Augustus A. Hardenbergh

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Fred A. Hartley, Jr.

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Rush D. Holt, Jr.

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Benjamin F. Howell

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Benjamin F. Howey

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William Hughes (senator)

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James H. Imlay

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Charles S. Joelson

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Robert W. Kean

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Edward A. Kenney

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Frank A. Mathews, Jr.

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John P. B. Maxwell

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William McAdoo (New Jersey)

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Allan L. McDermott

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Thomas McEwan, Jr.

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Cornelius A. McGlennon

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Thomas C. McGrath, Jr.

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Frank J. McNulty

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Helen S. Meyner

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Joseph G. Minish

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Mary T. Norton

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Frank C. Osmers, Jr.

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Michael J. Pappas

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Francis F. Patterson, Jr.

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Donald M. Payne, Jr.

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Thomas B. Peddie

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Nehemiah Perry (congressman)

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Joseph F. Randolph

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Matthew J. Rinaldo

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Peter W. Rodino, Jr.

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Daniel B. Ryall

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Charles W. Sandman, Jr.

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William N. Shinn

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Alfred D. Sieminski

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Clement H. Sinnickson

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Hezekiah B. Smith

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Percy H. Stewart

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Frank L. Sundstrom

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Frederick H. Teese

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Frank Thompson, Jr.

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Robert G. Torricelli

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Frank W. Towey, Jr.

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William E. Tuttle, Jr.

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Peter D. Vroom

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Marcus L. Ward

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Gollum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the fictional character. For the animated being from Jewish folklore, see Golem. For other uses, see Gollum (disambiguation).
"Smeagol" redirects here. For the sea slug, see Smeagol (gastropod).
Gollum
Tolkien's legendarium character
Aliases
Sméagol, Slinker, Sneak, Stinker, Trahald ("true" Westron name)
Race
Hobbit
Book(s)
The Hobbit
The Fellowship of the Ring
The Two Towers
The Return of the King
Unfinished Tales
Gollum is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He was introduced in the 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, and became an important supporting character in its sequel, The Lord of the Rings. Gollum was a Stoor Hobbit[1] of the River-folk, who lived near the Gladden Fields.[2] Originally known as Sméagol, he was corrupted by the One Ring and later named Gollum after his habit of making "a horrible swallowing noise in his throat".[3]
In Appendix F of The Lord of the Rings, the name Sméagol is said to be a "translation" of the actual Middle-earth name Trahald (having to do with the idea of "burrowing", and rendered with a name based on Old English smygel of similar meaning).[4] Several critics speculate that Beowulf’s Grendel could have been an inspiration for Gollum due to the many parallels between them such as their affinity for water, their isolation from society due to personal choices, and their bestial description.[5] Although Tolkien has never explicitly stated this, he has accredited Beowulf as one of his “most valued sources” when writing The Hobbit. [6]
The Ring, which Gollum referred to as "my precious" or "precious", extended his life far beyond natural limits. Centuries of the Ring's influence twisted Gollum's body and mind, and, by the time of the novels, he had "come to love and hate the Ring, just as he loved and hated himself." Throughout the story, Gollum was torn between his lust for the Ring and his desire to be free of it. Bilbo Baggins found the Ring and took it for his own, and Gollum afterwards pursued it for the rest of his life. Gollum finally seized the Ring from Frodo Baggins at the Cracks of Doom in Orodruin in Mordor; but he fell into the fires of the volcano, where both he and the Ring were destroyed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
1.1 The Hobbit
1.2 The Lord of the Rings
1.2.1 The Fellowship of the Ring
1.2.2 The Two Towers
1.2.3 The Return of the King
2 Physical appearance and characteristics
2.1 Personality
2.2 Speech
2.3 Age
3 Adaptations
3.1 Film and stage
3.2 In other media
3.3 Court incident
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Appearances[edit]
The Hobbit[edit]
Gollum was first introduced in the Hobbit as "a small, slimy creature" who lived on a small island in the centre of an underground lake at the roots of the Misty Mountains. He survived on cave fish, which he caught from his small boat, and small goblins who strayed too far from the stronghold of the Great Goblin. Over the years, his eyes adapted to the dark and became "lamp-like", shining with a sickly pale light.
Bilbo Baggins stumbled upon Gollum's lair, having found Gollum's ring in the network of goblin tunnels leading down to the lake. At his wits' end in the dark, Bilbo agreed to a riddle game with Gollum on the chance of being shown the way out of the mountains. In the first edition of The Hobbit, Gollum was characterized as being less bound to the Ring than in later versions; he offered to give the Ring to Bilbo if he lost the riddle game, and he showed Bilbo the way out of the mountains after losing. To fit the concept of the ruling Ring that emerged during the writing of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien revised later editions of The Hobbit:[7] the version of the story given in the first edition became the lie that Bilbo made up to justify his possession of the Ring to the Dwarves and Gandalf.[8] In the new version Gollum pretended that he would show Bilbo the way out if he lost the riddle-game, but he actually planned to use the Ring to kill and eat the hobbit. Discovering the Ring missing, he suddenly realized the answer to Bilbo's last riddle — "What have I got in my pocket?" — and flew into a rage. Bilbo inadvertently discovered the Ring's power of invisibility as he fled, allowing him to follow Gollum undetected to a back entrance of the caves. Gollum was convinced that Bilbo knew the way out all along, and hoped to intercept him near the entrance, lest the goblins apprehend Bilbo and find the Ring. Bilbo at first thought to kill Gollum in order to escape, but was overcome with pity, and so merely leaped over him. As Bilbo escaped, Gollum cried out, "Thief, Thief, Thief! Baggins! We hates it, we hates it, we hates it forever!"
The Lord of the Rings[edit]
The Fellowship of the Ring[edit]
The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, explains that Gollum's real name was Sméagol, and he had once been a member of the secluded branch of the early Stoorish Hobbits. He spent the early years of his life with his extended family under a matriarch, his grandmother.[9] On Sméagol's birthday, he and his relative[9] Déagol went fishing in the Gladden Fields north of Lothlórien. There, Déagol found the Ring in the riverbed after being pulled into the water by a fish. Sméagol fell immediately under the Ring's influence and demanded it as a birthday present; when Déagol refused, Sméagol strangled him. Sméagol later used the Ring for thieving, spying and antagonizing his friends and relatives, who nicknamed him "Gollum" for the swallowing noise he made in his throat, until his grandmother expelled him from the family. He wandered in the wilderness for a few years until he finally retreated to a deep cavern in the Misty Mountains.[10] The Ring's malignant influence twisted his body and mind, and prolonged his life well beyond its natural limits.
Gollum left his cave in pursuit of Bilbo a few years after losing the Ring, but the trail was cold. He made his way to the edge of Mordor, where he met the monstrous spider Shelob and became her spy, worshipping her and bringing her food. He was eventually captured by Sauron's forces and tortured, revealing to Sauron the names of "Baggins" and "the Shire". His testimony alerted the Dark Lord of Mordor to the existence and significance of Hobbits in general and the Baggins family in particular. He was freed, but was soon caught by Gandalf and Aragorn, who interrogated him about the Ring and placed him in the care of the Wood Elves of Mirkwood. He escaped them (with the help of Sauron's Orcs) and descended into Moria.
Gollum picked up the trail and began following the Fellowship of the Ring in Moria, only to be spotted or heard by Frodo Baggins (younger cousin and heir of Bilbo, as well as the Bearer of the Ring), Gandalf, and Aragorn on several occasions. Gollum continued trailing the Fellowship to the edge of Lórien. Gollum began following them again as they left and followed them all the way to Rauros, then pursued Frodo and Samwise Gamgee across the Emyn Muil when they struck out on their own towards Mordor.
The Two Towers[edit]
In The Two Towers, Frodo and Sam confronted Gollum in the Emyn Muil; Gollum nearly strangled Sam, but Frodo subdued him with his Elvish sword, Sting, which had once belonged to Bilbo. Frodo tied an Elvish rope around Gollum's ankle as a leash, but the mere touch of the rope pained him. Taking pity on the wretched creature, just as Bilbo once had, Frodo made Gollum swear to help them. Agreeing to the oath, Gollum swore by the "precious" itself, and Frodo released him. The unlikely company, guided by Gollum, made their way to the Black Gate, the main entrance to Mordor. Frodo's kindness brought out Gollum's better nature, and he made at least some effort to keep his promise. Sam, however, despised Gollum upon sight, and often warned Frodo of the creature's deception and slipperiness.
When they reached the Black Gate and found it well-guarded, Gollum offered to lead them toward an alternate entrance into Mordor. Along the way, Frodo and Sam were seized by Faramir, and Gollum slipped away uncaught (but not unseen) and followed them. When Frodo allowed Faramir to briefly take Gollum prisoner in order to spare his life, Gollum felt betrayed, and began plotting against his new "master". Faramir found out that Gollum was taking them to Cirith Ungol, and warned Frodo and Sam of the evil of that place, as well as the treachery he sensed in Gollum.
Frodo, Sam, and Gollum left Faramir and began climbing the stairs to Cirith Ungol in the border-mountains of the Ephel Dúath. Gollum slipped away and visited Shelob, planning to feed the Hobbits to her and then get the Ring for himself when she was done. When he returned, he found the Hobbits asleep, and the sight of Frodo sleeping nearly moved Gollum to repent. However, Sam woke up and spoke harshly to him, and the opportunity for redemption was lost. Gollum followed through with his plan and led Frodo and Sam into Shelob's Lair. There, Frodo was stung by the giant spider, taken prisoner by Orcs, and hauled to the Tower of Cirith Ungol.
The Return of the King[edit]
In The Return of the King, Sam single-handedly rescued Frodo from Cirith Ungol and, dressed in scavenged Orc-armour, the two began to make their way across the plateau of Gorgoroth. They finally arrived, against all odds, at Mount Doom, the only place where the Ring could be destroyed. However, Gollum had secretly followed them all the way, seeking a chance to surprise them and take the Ring. When Frodo and Sam had almost reached their destination, Gollum attacked them, but Frodo threw him down. Sam faced Gollum on his own, letting Frodo continue up the mountain to finish their mission. Like Bilbo and Frodo before him, Sam spared Gollum's life out of pity, and turned his back on the beaten (but still wily) creature and followed Frodo.
Moments later, Frodo stood on the edge of the Crack of Doom, but was unwilling to destroy the Ring, claiming it for himself and putting it on. Gollum struck again, and struggled with the invisible Frodo. Finally, Gollum bit off Frodo's finger and seized the Ring. He gloated over his "prize", dancing madly, but stepped over the edge and fell into the lava, taking the Ring with him with a last cry of "Precious!" Thus, the Ring was destroyed and Sauron defeated. Sam cursed Gollum after his death, but Frodo urged his friend to forgive him, as without him the quest would have failed and the War of the Ring would have been lost. Tolkien later wrote that it was direct intervention by Eru, Middle-earth's version of God, that led to Gollum's "accident".[11]
Physical appearance and characteristics[edit]
An artist's impression of Gollum,
by Frederic Bennett.
In the first edition of The Hobbit Tolkien made no reference to Gollum's size, leading several illustrators to portray him as being very large.[12] Tolkien realized the omission, and clarified in later editions that he was of average Hobbit size. The Lord of the Rings characterizes him as slightly larger than Samwise Gamgee.
Tolkien describes Gollum as either dark, bone-white or sallow; at one point the Men of Ithilien mistake his silhouette seen from a distance for that of a tailless black squirrel. In a manuscript written to guide illustrators to the appearance of his characters, Tolkien explained this by saying that Gollum had pale skin, but wore dark clothes and was often seen in poor light.[13] The Hobbit states he has pockets, in which he keeps a tooth-sharpening-rock, goblin teeth, wet shells, and a scrap of bat wing.
The Hobbit describes him as thin, with only six teeth sharpened into points.[14] Comparing him to Shelob, one of the Orcs describes him as "rather like a spider himself, or perhaps like a starved frog."
Gollum is described as "a small slimy creature" (in The Hobbit), and emaciated and gaunt, but possessing a vicious, wiry strength. In The Fellowship of the Ring, Aragorn states "his malice gives him a strength hardly to be imagined." In The Two Towers, Gollum's grip is described as "soft, but horribly strong" as he wrestles with Sam.
Personality[edit]
Besides his appearance, in personality Gollum is described by Tolkien in the chapter "The Taming of Sméagol", after he had been captured by Sam and Frodo:
For that moment a change, which lasted for some time, came over him. He spoke with less hissing and whining, and he spoke to his companions direct, not to his precious self. He would cringe and flinch, if they stepped near him or made any sudden movement, and he avoided the touch of their elven-cloaks; but he was friendly, and indeed pitifully anxious to please. He would cackle with laughter and caper if any jest was made, or even if Frodo spoke kindly to him, and weep if Frodo rebuked him.[15]
Gollum hated everything Elf-made. In The Two Towers, Sam bound Gollum's leg with Elven rope, which caused Gollum excruciating pain. He was also unable or unwilling to eat lembas bread.
Speech[edit]
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Gollum speaks in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the third person, and frequently talks to himself. When not referring to himself in third person, he sometimes speaks of himself in the plural as "we", hinting at his split personality. The rare occasions when he actually says "I" are interpreted by Frodo as an indication that Sméagol's better self has the upper hand. Gollum also uses his own versions of words similar to the original words. He usually adds -es to the end of a plural, resulting in words such as "hobbitses" instead of hobbits, "Bagginses" instead of Baggins, or "birdses" instead of birds. When forming the present tense of verbs, he frequently extends the third person singular ending -s to other persons and numbers, resulting in constructions like "we hates it" (by analogy with "he hates it"). In general, Gollum is represented as very fond of sibilants, often drawing them out. Within Tolkien's larger scheme, English in the books represents the Westron or Common Tongue of Middle-earth. Gollum is thus understood to have spoken Westron in a non-standard way, which is then translated as non-standard English. Since he is often described as hissing, the fondness for sibilants was apparently an actual feature of his idiosyncratic Westron.
Age[edit]
Due to the influence of the One Ring, Gollum's life was extended far beyond that of other members of his clan. An average Hobbit lifespan is over 100 years, but a span of 556 years separates Gollum's finding of the Ring in T.A. 2463 and its destruction in T.A. 3019, by which time he would have been approaching an age of 600 years.[16]
Adaptations[edit]
Film and stage[edit]
Gollum in Rankin/Bass's animated version of The Hobbit
Gollum in Ralph Bakshi's animated version of The Lord of the Rings
Gollum in Peter Jackson's live-action version of The Lord of the Rings. He was voiced and performed by Andy Serkis.
In the Rankin/Bass adaptations of The Hobbit (1977) and The Return of the King (1980), Gollum appears as a frog-like creature with large, lamp-like eyes. His voice is provided by Brother Theodore. Despite Tolkien's description,[13] Gollum is portrayed as almost naked, save for a loin-cloth.
In Ralph Bakshi's animated film of The Lord of the Rings (1978), the voice of Gollum was supplied by Peter Woodthorpe, who also reprised the role in the BBC's 1981 radio serial.
In the Soviet-era television film Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Бэггинса, Хоббита (The Fairytale Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins, The Hobbit), Gollum is portrayed by Igor Dmitriev.
Kari Väänänen portrayed Gollum (Finnish: Klonkku) in the 1993 live-action television miniseries Hobitit [The Hobbits] that was produced and broadcast by the Finnish network Yle.[17]
In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Gollum is a CGI character voiced and performed by actor Andy Serkis. He is smaller than both Frodo and Sam. Barely glimpsed in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), he becomes a central character in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003). The CGI character was built around Serkis' facial features, voice, and acting choices. Serkis based the iconic "gollum" throat noise on the sound of his cat coughing up hairballs.[18] Using a digital puppet created by Jason Schleifer and Bay Raitt at Weta Digital, animators created Gollum's performance using a mixture of motion capture data recorded from Serkis and the traditional animation process of Key frame, along with the laborious process of digitally rotoscoping Serkis' image and replacing it with the digital Gollum's in a technique coined rotoanimation.[19] This work required a large number of digital artists. As in the animated depictions of the character, Gollum is shown as virtually naked save for a loincloth in the trilogy.
In The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Serkis himself appears in a flashback scene as Sméagol before his degeneration into Gollum. This scene was originally earmarked for The Two Towers, but was held back because the screenwriters felt audiences would relate better to the original Sméagol once they were more familiar with who he became. The decision to include this scene meant that Raitt and Jamie Beswarick had to redesign Gollum's face for the second and third movies so that it would more closely resemble Serkis'. The brief glimpses in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring are of an earlier model of Gollum.
In Jackson's films, Gollum has a split personality: the childlike "Sméagol" and the evil "Gollum". Screenwriters Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens included scenes in The Two Towers, The Return of the King and An Unexpected Journey in which "Gollum" and "Sméagol" argue, with Serkis slightly altering his voice and body language to play the two as separate entities. His dual personality was also emphasized by different pupil dilation — "Gollum" has small, piercing pupils and "Sméagol" larger, noticeably dilated pupils — and by positioning the two on different sides of the screen.
Serkis and Gollum appeared on the 2003 MTV Movie Awards, when Gollum won "Best Virtual Performance" and went on to deliver an obscenity-laden acceptance speech in character.[20] The speech itself was so well received that it won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form.[21] This clip can be found as an easter egg in The Two Towers DVD.[22] Wizard Magazine rated Jackson's Gollum as the 62nd greatest villain of all time, from among 100 villains from film, television, comics and video games.[23] In addition, Serkis as Gollum was placed thirteenth on Empire's "100 Greatest Movie Characters of all Time".[24] He was also ranked the Number 1 pick in the Watchmojo.com Top 10 lists of "Motion Capture Performances" and "Villains Destroyed by the Power they Sought".
Serkis once again played Gollum in the prequel film The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, released in 2012. In the film, Gollum drops the ring while killing a goblin, rather than having lost the ring by the time Bilbo finds it.[25] Gollum also appears in The Hunt for Gollum, the independently-produced 2009 prequel to the Jackson films directed by Chris Bouchard. Bouchard's CGI Gollum is directly inspired by Gollum in the Jackson films.
In Canada, Gollum was portrayed by Michael Therriault in the three-hour stage production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 in Toronto.
Gollum also appears in a three-part comic book adaptation of The Hobbit, scripted by Chuck Dixon and Sean Deming and illustrated by David Wenzel. It was first published by Eclipse Comics in 1989. A reprint collected in one volume was released by Unwin Paperbacks in 1990 and by Del Rey Books in 2001.
In other media[edit]
A graffiti art depiction of Gollum on the East Side Gallery of the Berlin Wall (2008)
Gollum is referenced in the song "Ramble On" by Led Zeppelin on their 1969 album Led Zeppelin II. In the 2011 film Attack the Block, the invading aliens are referred to as "gollums."
In Sierra Entertainment's The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring, a real-time strategy game based solely on the book, Gollum is a playable hero unit for the Minions of Sauron. Legolas and a guard of archers track him through Mirkwood, fighting giant spiders along the way.
In The Hobbit video game by Vivendi Universal, released in 2003, Gollum appears in one cutscene depicting the scene in which he and Bilbo play the riddle game before Gollum discovers that Bilbo has the ring and inadvertently leads Bilbo out of the Misty Mountains.
In The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring video game by Surreal Software, also based only on the book, Gollum appears in a cutscene when the Fellowship of the Ring is within Moria, and is shown half hidden behind debris muttering to himself. He also appears during the final level at Amon Hen; when the user is playing as Aragorn, Gollum appears on a cliff edge muttering to himself and walks away, and then does the same on another cliff edge. Then the player heads to a small island and a cutscene can be shown with a conversation between Aragorn and Gollum, in which Gollum throws a fish at him; it becomes his weapon for the final mission, as well as the most powerful weapon in the game.
He also appears in Electronic Arts' games based on the Jackson films. In the real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth, Gollum is a playable hero unit for Mordor. In its sequel, The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, which is also based on the film series, he is not playable. Instead, he walks around the map cloaked, carrying the Ring. When killed, he drops the Ring for a player to claim. When the Ring is returned to the player's fortress, they may summon a special "Ring Hero" — Galadriel for good factions and Sauron for evil. He also appears in the action game The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (based on the 2003 film), voiced by Andy Serkis. He is an NPC who accompanies Frodo and Sam (the player) as the game progresses, but at Mount Doom becomes the final boss, whom the player must throw into the lava below. In the Game Boy version of The Return of the King, he is a playable bonus character.
He appears in the video game Middle-Earth: Shadow of Mordor, voiced by Liam O'Brien.
A Lego minifig version of Gollum, in his design from Andy Serkis' character, is playable in Lego The Lord of the Rings, (with archive voice dialogues of Andy Serkis), where he also serves as the final boss, and in Lego Dimensions. His abilities include acrobatic skills and a boomerang fish. Liam O'Brien reprises the voice role.
A new species of cave-dwelling harvestmen first described in 2015 was named Iandumoema smeagol in reference to Gollum.[26]
A genus of small sea slugs was named Smeagol[27] in reference to the original name of the Tolkien character. The genus contains five species of air-breathing sea slugs which live in inter-tidal zones in the shores of New Zealand and Australia.
Court incident[edit]
In 2014, Turkish physician Bilgin Çiftçi shared an image comparing Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to Gollum. As a result of administrative investigation, he was expelled from service.[28] In 2015, Erdoğan sued Çiftçi for insulting him, demanding 2-years imprisonment.[29] The court started an investigation to determine if comparing someone with Gollum is offensive. Peter Jackson, the creator of the character in movie adaptations, defended the pictures and said all these pictures are actually "Smeagol", not the evil Gollum.[30] Jackson expanded on the difference, saying that "Sméagol is a joyful, sweet, character. Sméagol does not lie, deceive, or attempt to manipulate others. He is not evil, conniving, or malicious – these personality traits belong to Gollum, who should never be confused with Sméagol. Sméagol would never dream of wielding power over those weaker than himself. He is not a bully. In fact he's very loveable."[31] Elijah Wood called the incident "horrifying".[32] Many Turkish citizens also defended the physician on social media.
See also[edit]
Middle-earth portal
Fictional characters portal
Andy Serkis
Misty Mountains
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), Christopher Tolkien, ed., Unfinished Tales, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Part Three, IV. "The Hunt for the Ring", p 353, note 9, ISBN 0-395-29917-9 . In a letter quoted by Christopher Tolkien, Tolkien refers to Déagol and Sméagol as Stoors.
Jump up ^ "Gollum". Lord of the Rings Fantasy World. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937), Douglas A. Anderson, ed., The Annotated Hobbit, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 2002), "Riddles in the Dark", ISBN 0-618-13470-0
Jump up ^ See definition: Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote. "smygel". An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Online). Prague: Charles University. - a derivation of the verb smúgan, which is the basis for the name of Smaug, the dragon
Jump up ^ Nelson, Brent. "Cain-Leviathan Typology in Gollum and Grendel." Extrapolation, vol. 49, no.3, 2008, p. 466
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. "The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien." Ed. Humphrey Carpenter with Christopher Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. p. 141
Jump up ^ "Tolkien Library".
Jump up ^ "Tolkien FAQ".
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #214, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), p. 234, ISBN 0-395-08254-4
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
Jump up ^ Anderson, Douglas The Annotated Hobbit, "Riddles in the Dark".
^ Jump up to: a b Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (2005), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, London: HarperCollins, pg 447, ISBN 0-00-720907-X
Jump up ^ "Teeth! teeth! my preciousss; but we has only six!" Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937), Douglas A. Anderson, ed., The Annotated Hobbit, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 2002), ISBN 0-618-13470-0
Jump up ^ Return of the King 1955, Appendix A: I (iv), pp. 335–6
Jump up ^ "Sméagol". The Encyclopedia of Arda. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kajava, Jukka (29 March 1993). "Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa" [Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to live in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Serkis, Andy (2003). Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic. London: Harper Collins. p. 4. ISBN 0-618-39104-5.
Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Special Extended DVD Edition, The Appendices Part Three: The Journey Continues (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2002.
Jump up ^ Quotes from the 2003 MTV Movie Awards - Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ "2004 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ YouTube - MTV Movie Awards - Best Animated Character Two Towers Gollum
Jump up ^ Wizard #177
Jump up ^ "13. Gollum". Empire Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Winning, Josh. "Andy Serkis Will Direct The Hobbit's second unit" Total Film. 7 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael; Bichuette, Maria Elina (18 November 2015). "A new highly specialized cave harvestman from Brazil and the first blind species of the genus: Iandumoema smeagol sp. n. (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)". ZooKeys (537): 79–95.
Jump up ^ Tillier, S.; Ponder, W. F. (1992). "New species of Smeagol from Australia and New Zealand, with discussion of the affinities of the genus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 58 (2): 135–155. doi:10.1093/mollus/58.2.135.
Jump up ^ "Erdoğan’a hakarette ‘Gollum’ cezası: Doktor memuriyetten men edildi". Diken. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Barnett, David (December 4, 2015). "Is being compared to Gollum the ultimate insult... or precious praise?". The Guardian. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Is Gollum good or bad? Peter Jackson wades into Turkish court debate after judge demands character assessment". The Independent. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Shaheen, Kareem (December 4, 2015). "Erdoğan's 'Gollum insult' a mistake, says Lord of the Rings director". The Guardian. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Elijah Wood wades into Turkish court investigation into whether comparing President Erdoğan to Gollum is offensive". The Independent. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gollum (Middle-earth).
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Gollum on IMDb
"Gollum". Tolkien Gateway.
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