text:
Michael Buffer
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"Let's get ready to rumble" redirects here. For the PJ & Duncan song, see Let's Get Ready to Rhumble.
Michael Buffer
Michael Buffer in Washington, D.C. at Fight For Children's "Fight Night 2007"
Born
(1944-11-02) November 2, 1944 (age 72)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Occupation
Ring announcer, actor
Years active
1982–present
Known for
"Let's Get Ready To Rumble!" catchphrase
Website
www.letsrumble.com
Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, "Let's get ready to rumble!", and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter's name. His half-brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Boxing
2.2 Wrestling
2.3 Other appearances
2.4 Trademark
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Buffer was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to an enlisted man in the United States Navy and his wife during World War II.[1] His parents divorced when he was 11 months of age, and Buffer was then raised by foster parents, a school bus driver and housewife, in the Philadelphia suburb of Roslyn.[2] He enlisted in the United States Army during the Vietnam War at age 20 and served until age 23. He held various jobs including a car salesman, then began a modeling career at age 32 before becoming a ring announcer at age 38.[1]
Career[edit]
Boxing[edit]
In 1982, Buffer began his career as a ring announcer. By 1983, he was announcing all boxing matches promoted by Bob Arum's Top Rank on ESPN, which gave him a national identity at a time when ring announcers were strictly locally hired talent.[3] By 1984, Buffer developed the catchphrase "Let's get ready to rumble" in his announcing, which gained enormous popularity. He began the process of obtaining a federal trademark for the phrase in the 1980s, which he acquired in 1992. Consequently, Buffer has earned in excess of $400 million with the license for his trademark.[4]
By the late 1980s, Buffer was the exclusive ring announcer for all bouts in Donald Trump-owned casinos. Trump said of Buffer, "He's great, he's the choice, he has a unique ability... I told my people, 'We got to have him.'"[2] Buffer's work was also admired by many of the boxing greats. Sugar Ray Leonard once said, "When [Buffer] introduces a fighter, it makes him want to fight."[5]
Buffer's fame has reunited him with long-lost family members. In 1989, Buffer was contacted by his birth-father, who introduced Buffer to Buffer's half-brothers after having seen him on television.[6] In the mid-1990s, Buffer brought on one of his half-brothers, Bruce Buffer, as his agent/manager. This grew into a business partnership to increase licensing productivity of the trademark.
Michael Buffer is currently the announcer for all HBO and RTL (Germany) boxing matches, along with Versus matches promoted by Top Rank.[7] He has also been the ring announcer for a number of boxing events shown on Sky Sports in the United Kingdom
Wrestling[edit]
Buffer was formerly the exclusive ring announcer for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) main events featuring Hulk Hogan or other top WCW talent until 2001, when the organization folded.[7] WCW's former parent company Time Warner owned through their pay-per-view subscription division HBO, which broadcast many matches from promoter Top Rank, of which Buffer is the lead ring announcer. The exclusivity of his contract with WCW prevented Buffer from announcing for other wrestling-type organizations, forcing him to stop announcing for the UFC (his only UFC cards were UFC 6 and UFC 7). However, when WCW ceased to exist, and Time Warner had no more affiliation with professional wrestling, Buffer was enabled to announce in other wrestling promotions. WWF wrestler Triple H created the phrase "Let's get ready to suck it!" as part of his D-Generation X act to mock Buffer while he was on WWF Raw's rival show WCW Monday Nitro during the Monday Night Wars.
On the August 18, 2007 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event, for the first time in more than six years, Buffer returned to pro-wrestling ring announcing duties at Madison Square Garden in a boxing match between pro boxer Evander Holyfield (who was substituting for Montel Vontavious Porter) and pro wrestler Matt Hardy. Buffer appears in the Royal Rumble 2008 commercial, in which he begins to say "Let's get ready to rumble!" only to be superkicked by Shawn Michaels, causing him to fall over. As well as being in the commercial for the event, he was the guest ring announcer during the Royal Rumble match itself.
Other appearances[edit]
During his career, Buffer has announced the University of Kentucky Athletics 2016 Big Blue Madness, the World Series, Stanley Cup Finals, NBA Finals, the Volunteer 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway, and NFL playoff games. He was a guest announcer at the 1999 Indianapolis 500. Buffer, like his brother Bruce, announced early UFC fights, starting at UFC 6 in 1995. He has appeared on various talk shows hosted by Jay Leno, David Letterman, Arsenio Hall, Conan O'Brien and Jimmy Kimmel. He has also appeared on Saturday Night Live, In Living Color, Mad TV and The Howard Stern Show.[8] He has been animated in The Simpsons, South Park, and Celebrity Deathmatch, he appears as featuring artist on "Let's Get Ready to Rumble" and "Go for It All!" by German eurodance group the K.O.'s and his voice was sampled in the Ant & Dec song "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble".[citation needed]
He has played himself in various films including Ready to Rumble and Rocky Balboa, and in 2008 Buffer appeared as Walbridge, the main villain in the comedy You Don't Mess with the Zohan.[7] Buffer is currently the host of Versus' boxing retro show Legends of the Ring, which is produced by Top Rank, Inc., where he is ring announcer for most of their top matches. He appeared on NBC's Deal or No Deal on December 10, 2007, and opened the finale of the seventh season of American Idol, a production of RTL. On July 19, 2008, he announced the Affliction: Banned mixed martial arts show. On November 10, 2008, Buffer started the heads-up action at the 2008 World Series of Poker final table with a modified version of his trademark statement, "Let's get ready to shuffle up and deal". Buffer also appears in the animated TV series Phineas and Ferb in the episode "Raging Bully", as the voice of the announcer for the big thumb-wrestling match with Phineas and Buford.[citation needed]
Buffer has been reproduced as an action figure in both Toy Biz's WCW line and Jakks Pacific's Rocky line. He recorded the introduction track for country artist Josh Turner's 2012 album, Punching Bag. In 2011 he made an appearance on the 12th season of Dancing with the Stars to announce Sugar Ray Leonard week 3 dance. In 2013, Buffer appeared in Progressive Insurance commercials, promoting their program of combining different coverages into one policy, with a parody of his famous phrase - "Let's get ready to bundle!"[citation needed]
Buffer has also served as ringside announcer for the syndicated television game show The Grudge Match, hosted by Steve Albert and Jesse Ventura.
Buffer appeared in the extended version of the Muppets webisode "Food Fight", where he is seen announcing the cooking competition between Gordon Ramsay and the Swedish Chef.
Buffer appeared at the University of Kentucky's men's basketball teams' legendary "Big Blue Madness" on October 14th, 2016. Instead of his traditional "Let's get ready to rumble!" Buffer announced the beginning of the event with "Let's get ready to roundball!".
He kept up this tradition on Saturday, January 28th when he announced his new rendition again at the perennial Blue Blood rivalry between the men's basketball teams of the University of Kentucky and the University of Kansas.
Trademark[edit]
Buffer began using the phrase "Let's get ready to rumble!" in 1984. By 1992, he acquired a federal trademark for the phrase. Buffer uses his famous phrase in various licensing deals including the platinum selling album Jock Jams by Tommy Boy Records, the video games Ready 2 Rumble Boxing, Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2 for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo 64, Dreamcast and Game Boy Advance and Greatest Heavyweights of the Ring for the Sega Genesis and numerous other products. In addition, he has used variations of the phrase in advertisements, including the popular commercial for Mega Millions in which he says "Let's get ready to Win Big!" and the Kraft Cheese commercial in which he says "Let's get ready to Crumble!" and most recently for Progressive Insurance in which he says "Let's get ready to bundle!" The phrase, "Are you ready to rumble?" is spoken in the 1957 television show Maverick, titled "Stage West" (episode 6, season one). by the stage coach driver to the passengers as he prepares to leave in the stage coach. As of 2009, the catchphrase has generated $400 million in revenue from licensing the trademark.[9]
Personal life[edit]
Buffer first wed at age 21. The marriage, which ended in divorce after seven years. He has two sons from his first marriage. More than 25 years passed before he remarried in 1999. He and his second wife divorced in 2003.[3]
On September 13, 2007, while making an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, he proposed to his current (third) wife, Christine. Buffer currently resides in Southern California. His half-brother Bruce Buffer is the announcer for leading mixed martial arts promotion, Ultimate Fighting Championship. Both Michael and Bruce are grandsons of late boxer Johnny Buff.[10]
In 2008 Buffer was treated for throat cancer.[11]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1988 Homeboy Ring announcer
1989 Harlem Nights Ring announcer
1990 Rocky V Himself/Ring announcer
1995 Virtuosity Emcee
1999 Play It to the Bone Himself/Ring announcer
2000 The Extreme Adventures of Super Dave Himself/Sports commentator Direct-to-video
Ready to Rumble Himself/Ring announcer
2003 More Than Famous Himself
Game Over Himself/Ring announcer
Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star Himself
2004 Fade to Black Himself
Against the Ropes Himself/Ring announcer
2005 The L.A. Riot Spectacular Himself
2006 Rocky Balboa Himself/Ring announcer
BoxinBuddies: Knockout Juvenile Diabetes Mik O' Tux Animated short
2008 Cornered: A Life Caught in the Ring Himself
You Don't Mess with the Zohan Grant Walbridge
2009 2012 Himself/Ring announcer
2010 Love and Other Drugs Pfizer Convention MC
The Fighter Fight announcer
2011 The Green Card Tour: Live from The O2 Arena Himself/Announcer Russell Peters direct-to-video comedy special
2012 Vanilla Ice Archive Himself
2013 Maravilla, la película Himself
Grudge Match Himself/Ring announcer
2015 Creed Himself/Ring announcer
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988-2017 HBO Boxing Himself/Ring announcer 57 episodes
1989 Showtime Championship Boxing Himself/Ring announcer Episode dated November 4, 1989
1991-1992 The Grudge Match Himself/Ring announcer
1991-2017 Sky Sports World Championship Boxing Himself/Master of Ceremonies
1992 Evander Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe Himself
1993 Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson Himself
1994 Evander Holyfield vs. Michael Moorer Himself
Saturday Night Live Himself Season 20 episode 9: "George Foreman/Hole"
Uncredited
1996 Weird Science Himself Season 4 episode 2: "Men in Tights"
The Simpsons Himself/Ring announcer Season 8 episode 3: "The Homer They Fall"
1998-2000 Celebrity Deathmatch Himself Pilot: "Deathbowl '98"
Season 2 episode 1: "Deathbowl '99"
Season 3 episode 1: "Deathbowl 2000"
1998 Monday Nitro Himself 3 episodes
South Park Himself Season 1 episode 10: "Damien"
1999-2012 ESPN Friday Night Fights Himself/Ring announcer
1999 Mad About You Announcer #2 Season 7 episode 17: "Separate Beds"
2000 Clerks Himself Season 1 episode 4: "A Dissertation on the American Justice System by People Who Have Never Been Inside a Courtroom, Let Alone Know Anything About the Law, But Have Seen Way Too Many Legal Thrillers"
2002-2013 Promi-Boxen Himself/Ring announcer
2002 Celebrity Boxing Himself/Ring announcer
Inside Schwartz Himself Episode: "It's All in the Footwork"
No official date for the episode as it went unaired
2003 Man vs. Beast Himself
Maximum Surge Himself/Ring announcer TV film
2004 Open Access Himself Season 1 episode 4: "Miami"
Jeopardy! Himself/Video clue presenter Season 20 episode 170: aired April 30, 2004
Las Vegas Himself/Contest announcer Season 1 episode 11: "Blood and Sand"
Season 1 episode 20: "The Strange Life of Bob"
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Himself Season 2 episode 10: "The Broadbent Family"
2005 50 Hottest Vegas Moments Himself
Entourage Himself Season 2 episode 6: "Chinatown"
2006 Legends of the Ring Himself/Host Unknown episodes
2007 Polizeistund' ade - Das Abschiedskonzert von Klaus & Klaus Himself
The World Awaits: De La Hoya vs. Mayweather Himself
Saturday Night's Main Event Himself Season 2 episode 2: August 18, 2007
BET Awards Himself
Janice & Abbey Himself Season 1 episode 5: "Success?"
Deal or No Deal Himself Season 3 episode 20: aired December 10, 2007
2008 Phineas and Ferb Event announcer Season 1 episode 6: "Raging Bully"
RAW Himself Season 16 episode 10
American Idol Himself Season 7 episode 41: The Final Two Perform
2009 Pacquiao vs. Hatton: The Battle of East and West Himself
The Great Debate Himself/Host/Emcee
2010 The Bold and the Beautiful Himself Episodes #5965 and #5966
2011 Lucian Bute: L'Homme, L'Athlète Himself
2012 America's Next Top Model Himself Cycle 18 episode 1: Kelly Osbourne
NBC Sports Network Fight Night Himself/Ring announcer
2013 Legendary Nights Himself Season 2 episode 1: "The Tale of Gatti-Ward"
2014 Who Is... Himself 1 episode
2015 30 for 30 Himself Episode: "Chasing Tyson"
2017 Mano a Mano: The Battle for Mexico Himself
Video Games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 Prize Fighter Himself/Announcer
1997 ClayFighter 63⅓ Announcer
1999 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing Himself
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Article Two – December 1998". Boxing Monthly. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Brien, Richard (June 1992). "Let's Get Ready to…". Sports Illustrated. 76: 72–78.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boxing - Columns - Thomas Hauser". Archived from the original on October 18, 2006.
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Terry (5 January 2017). "The Crazy World of Trademarks". Under the Influence. CBC Radio. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michael Buffer – iSB Keynote Speakers and Entertainment". Internationalspeakers.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Reporter". [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Michael Buffer". IMDb. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stern Show News". MarksFriggin.com. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ John Berman and Michael Milberger (November 9, 2009). "'Let's Get Ready to Rumble' Worth $400M". ABC News. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The voice of the octagon Boxing @ Yahoo! Sports".
Jump up ^ "Michael Buffer Battles Cancer".
External links[edit]
Official website
Michael Buffer on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 10057750
BNF: cb141600840 (data)
MusicBrainz: 3d4e1e45-2df2-4a48-8462-c9f6a68ffeb6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Buffer&oldid=804140483"
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Bowler hat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bowler hat, mid-20th century (PFF collection).
The bowler hat, also known as a bob hat, bombín or derby (USA),[1] is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown, created originally during 1849. The bowler, a protective and durable hat style, was popular with the British, Irish, and American working classes during the remaining 19th century, and later with the middle and upper classes in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the eastern United States.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Cultural significance in the British Isles
3 Outside the British Isles
4 In popular culture
5 Notable wearers
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Origins[edit]
The bowler hat is said to have been designed during 1849 by the London hat-makers Thomas and William Bowler to fulfill an order placed by the company of hatters James Lock & Co. of St James's.,[3] which had been commissioned by a customer to design a close-fitting, low-crowned hat to protect gamekeepers from low-hanging branches while on horseback at Holkham Hall, the estate of Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (seventh creation) in Norfolk. The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were knocked off easily and damaged.[3] The identity of the customer is less certain, with many suggesting it was William Coke.[4] However research performed by a younger relation of the 1st Earl casts doubt on this story, and it is now believed that the bowler was invented for Edward Coke, the younger brother of Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester.[2] When Edward Coke arrived in London on 17 December 1849 to collect his hat he reportedly placed it on the floor and stamped hard on it twice to test its strength; the hat withstood this test and Coke paid 12 shillings for it.[5]
Cultural significance in the British Isles[edit]
Members of the Orange Order celebrating The Twelfth, Belfast 2011
The bowler has had varying degrees of significance in British culture. Popular among the working classes in the 19th century, from the early 20th century, bowler hats were commonly associated with businessmen working in the financial districts, also known as "City Gents". The traditional wearing of bowler hats with City business attire ended during the 1980s.[6] During modern times bowlers are not common, although the so-called City Gent remains a stereotype of Englishmen, wearing a bowler and carrying a rolled umbrella. For this reason, two bowler-hatted men were used in the logo of the British building society (subsequently bank), Bradford & Bingley.[7]
In Scotland and Northern Ireland the bowler hat is worn traditionally by members of the main Loyalist fraternities such as the Orange Order, the Independent Loyal Orange Institution, the Royal Black Preceptory and the Apprentice Boys of Derry for their parades and annual celebrations.[8]
Outside the British Isles[edit]
The aviation-pioneering Wright brothers wearing their bowlers in 1910.
The bowler hat is a traditional part of womenswear among the Quechua and Aymara peoples of South America.
The bowler, not the cowboy hat or sombrero, was the most popular hat in the American West, prompting Lucius Beebe to call it "the hat that won the West".[9] Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse, or when sticking one's head out the window of a speeding train. It was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid. In America the hat came to be known commonly as the derby,[4] and American outlaw Marion Hedgepeth was commonly referred to as "the Derby Kid".
In South America, the bowler, known as bombín in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured such hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now made locally.[10]
In popular culture[edit]
English comedian Stan Laurel took his standard comic devices from the British music hall: the bowler hat, the deep comic gravity, and nonsensical understatement.[11]
The bowler hat became used famously by certain actors, such as Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Curly Howard, and John Cleese, and also by the fictional character of John Steed of The Avengers, played by Patrick Macnee.[3]
The British building society Bradford & Bingley registered more than 100 separate trademarks featuring the bowler hat, its long-running logo.[12] In 1995 the bank purchased, for £2,000, a bowler hat which had once belonged to Stan Laurel.[12]
The bowler is part of the Droog uniform that the English character Alex wears in A Clockwork Orange to the extent that contemporary fancy dress outfits for this character reference the bowler hat.[13][14]
There was a chain of restaurants in Los Angeles, California known as Brown Derby. The first and most famous of these was shaped like a derby.[15] A chain of Brown Derby restaurants in Ohio are still in business today.
Many paintings by the Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte feature bowler hats. The Son of Man consists of a man in a bowler hat standing in front of a wall. The man's face is largely obscured by a hovering green apple. Golconda depicts "raining men" all wearing bowler hats.
Choreographer Bob Fosse frequently incorporated bowler hats into his dance routines. This use of hats as a props, as seen in the 1972 movie Cabaret would become one of his trademarks.[16]
Notable wearers[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Plug Uglies, a nineteenth-century American street gang, wore bowler hats stuffed with cloth or wool to protect their heads while fighting.[17]
Matthew "Stymie" Beard of The Little Rascals wore a bowler hat.
John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin, often wore a bowler hat.
Charlie Chaplin wore a bowler hat as part of his 'Little Tramp' costume.[18]
Edward Coke, for whom the first bowler hat was designed.[2]
Alex, the protagonist of A Clockwork Orange, wears a bowler hat.[14]
Lou Costello of Abbott and Costello often wore a bowler hat.
Laurel and Hardy are known for wearing bowler hats.[19]
"Bowler Hat Guy," antagonist of the movie Meet the Robinsons, is named for his choice of hat.
John Steed of The Avengers wore a variety of bowler hats throughout the series.[20]
Mackie Messer in The Threepenny Opera wears a bowler hat.
Boy George often wore a bowler hat during the 1980s.[21]
Oddjob, Auric Goldfinger's manservant, uses his razor-edged bowler hat as a weapon In the 1964 James Bond movie Goldfinger.
John D. Rockerduck possesses the distinctive character trait of eating his bowler hat whenever he is defeated by Scrooge McDuck.
J. Wellington Wimpy wears a bowler hat.
Notable comic book characters who wear bowler hats include Timothy "Dum Dum" Dugan (Marvel Comics), Thomson and Thompson from The Adventures of Tintin series and The Riddler (DC Comics).[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hat Glossary
^ Jump up to: a b c "The history of the Bowler hat at Holkham" (PDF). Coke Estates Ltd.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bowler hat makes a comeback". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 25 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Roetzel, Bernhard (1999). Gentleman's Guide to Grooming and Style. Barnes & Noble.
Jump up ^ Swinnerton, Jo (2005). The History of Britain Companion. Robson. p. 42. ISBN 1-86105-914-0.
Jump up ^ "History of the Bowler Hat". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who'll get custody of Bradford and Bingley's bowler hat?". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowler Hats, Sashes and Banners: the Orange Order in Northern Ireland". Demotix. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Jump up ^ The Hat That Won the West. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Eigo, Tim. "Bolivian Americans". Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Jump up ^ McCabe, John (2004). The Comedy World of Stan Laurel. Robson. p. 143.
^ Jump up to: a b "Who'll get custody of Bradford and Bingley's bowler hat?". BBC News. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Amazon: Costumes: Clockwork Orange
^ Jump up to: a b IMDB: Clockwork Orange
Jump up ^ Rubay, Donnell. "The Rogue and the Little Lady: The romance of Wilson Mizner and Anita Loos". The Bernica Herald. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Bob Fosse
Jump up ^ The Hat House
Jump up ^ "Charlie Chaplin's bowler hat sold at auction". CBS News (New York). Retrieved 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ laurel and Hardy official website
Jump up ^ John Steed's Fashion. See also Herbert Johnson, who made the bowler for one of the series.
Jump up ^ Rettenmund, Matthew (1996). Totally Awesome 80s: A Lexicon of the Music, Videos, Movies, TV Shows, Stars, and Trends of That Decedent Decade. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 39. ISBN 0-31214-436-9.
Jump up ^ DC Comics: The Riddler
Further reading[edit]
Fred Miller Robinson, The Man in the Bowler Hat: His History and Iconography (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
"Whatever Became of the Derby Hat?" Lucius Beebe, Gourmet, May 1966.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bowler hats.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowler_hat&oldid=798518827"
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text:
Femur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Fima (disambiguation) or FEMA (disambiguation).
Femur
Position of femur (shown in red)
Left femur seen from behind.
Details
Origins
Gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius
Insertions
Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, iliopsoas, lateral rotator group, adductors of the hip
Articulations
hip: acetabulum of pelvis superiorly
knee: with the tibia and patella inferiorly
Identifiers
Latin
Os femoris, os longissimum
MeSH
D005269
TA
A02.5.04.001
FMA
9611
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The femur (/ˈfiːmər/, pl. femurs or femora /ˈfɛmərə/)[1][2] or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the human body.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Upper part
1.2 Body
1.3 Lower part
1.4 Development
2 Function
2.1 Muscle attachments
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Fractures
4 Other animals
4.1 Invertebrates
5 Additional images
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The femur is the only bone in the upper leg. The two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae. The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle. Human females have wider pelvic bones, causing their femora to converge more than in males. In the condition genu valgum (knock knee) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness). In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum, the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees.[3]
The femur is the longest and, by most measures, the strongest bone in the human body. Its length on average is 26.74% of a person's height,[4] a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation, and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject's height from an incomplete skeleton.
The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee.[3]
Upper part[edit]
Main article: Upper extremity of femur
The upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above, showing head, neck, and the greater and lesser trochanter
The upper or proximal extremity (close to the torso) contains the head, neck, the two trochanters and adjacent structures.[3]
The head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone, comprises two-thirds of a sphere. It has a small groove, or fovea, connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch. The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum. The neck is 4–5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara. Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated. In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound (deep) for the femoral artery.[3]
The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule. Here the two trochanters, greater and lesser trochanter, are found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front.[3]
A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line).
About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercel, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle.[5]
Body[edit]
Main article: Body of femur
The body of the femur (or shaft) is long, slender and almost cylindrical in form. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera which diverges proximal and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximal the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line. Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes; a lateral and medial border. These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces: One anterior, one medial and one lateral. Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated.[3]
The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge.[6] A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17–72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males.[7]
Lower part[edit]
Main article: Lower extremity of femur
Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below.
Left knee joint from behind, showing interior ligaments.
The lower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is larger than the upper extremity. It is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles.[3]
Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the Intercondylar fossa of femur, is present between them. The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The medial condyle is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the walls of the intercondyloid fossa. This fossa is limited above by a ridge, the intercondyloid line, and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface. The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall.[3]
The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial.[3]
Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the epicondyle. The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the gastrocnemius. The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint.[3]
Development[edit]
Main article: Limb development
The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development.[8]
By the sixth week of development, the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days.
Function[edit]
As the femur is the only bone in the thigh, it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints. Some biarticular muscles – which cross two joints, like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles – also originate from the femur. In all, 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur.
In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles. These compartments are named the anterior, medial and posterior fascial compartments.
Muscle attachments[edit]
Muscle attachments
(seen from the front)
Muscle attachments
(seen from the back)
Muscle Direction Attachment[9]
Iliacus muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter
Psoas major muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter
Gluteus maximus muscle Insertion Gluteal tuberosity
Gluteus medius muscle Insertion Lateral surface of greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus muscle Insertion Forefront of greater trochanter
Piriformis muscle Insertion Superior boundary of greater trochanter
Gemellus superior muscle Insertion Upper edge of Obturator internus's tendon (indirectly greater trochanter)
Obturator internus muscle Insertion Medial surface of greater trochanter
Gemellus inferior muscle Insertion Lower edge of Obturator internus's tendon (indirectly greater trochanter)
Quadratus femoris muscle Insertion Intertrochanteric crest
Obturator externus muscle Insertion Trochanteric fossa
Pectineus muscle Insertion Pectineal line
Adductor longus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera
Adductor brevis muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera
Adductor magnus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera and the adductor tubercle
Vastus lateralis muscle Origin Greater trochanter and lateral ridge of linea aspera
Vastus intermedius muscle Origin Front and lateral surface of femur
Vastus medialis muscle Origin Distal part of intertrochanteric line and medial ridge of linea aspera
Short head of biceps femoris Origin Lateral ridge of linea aspera
Popliteus muscle Origin Under the lateral epicondyle
Articularis genu muscle Origin Lower 1/4 of anterior femur deep to vastus intermedius
Gastrocnemius muscle Origin Behind the adductor tubercle, over the lateral epicondyle and the popliteal facies
Plantaris muscle Origin Over the lateral condyle
Clinical significance[edit]
Fractures[edit]
Main articles: Hip fracture and femoral fracture
A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head, femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture, especially when associated with osteoporosis. Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a traction splint.
Other animals[edit]
Femora of Moa chicks.
In primitive tetrapods, the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter, and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the adductor crest. The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms, reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum. The greater trochanter was present in the extinct archosaurs, as well as in modern birds and mammals, being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait. The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals, which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters. The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone.[10]
Some species of whales,[11] snakes, and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs.
One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period.
Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals, including some primates.[7]
Invertebrates[edit]
Main article: Arthropod leg
In invertebrate zoology the name femur appears in arthropodology. The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the most proximal of (usually) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda. The two basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter. This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology. In myriapodology another segment, the prefemur, connects the trochanter and femur.
Additional images[edit]
Position of femur (shown in red). Pelvis and patella are shown as semi-transparent.
View from behind.
View from the front.
Long Bone (Femur)
Muscles of thigh. Lateral view.
Muscles of thigh. Cross section.
Distribution forces of the femur
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Femora". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Femora". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 239–241. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ Feldesman, M.R., J.G. Kleckner, and J.K. Lundy. (November 1990). "The femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late-pleistocene fossil hominids". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 83 (3): 359–372. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330830309. PMID 2252082. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sunderland S (January 1938). "The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur". J. Anat. 72 (Pt 2): 309–12. PMC 1252427  . PMID 17104699.
Jump up ^ Lozanoff, Scott; Sciulli, Paul W; Schneider, Kim N (December 1985). "Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the human femur". J Anat. 143: 149–159. PMC 1166433  . PMID 3870721.
^ Jump up to: a b Bolanowski, Wojciech; Śmiszkiewicz-Skwarska, Alicja; Polguj, Michał; Jędrzejewski, Kazimierz S (2005). "The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur" (PDF). Folia Morphol. 64 (3): 168–175.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F. "Developmental Biology". 9th ed., 2010
Jump up ^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364–367. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 204–205. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Struthers, John (January 1881). "The Bones, Articulations, and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind-Limb of the Greenland Right-Whale (Balaena mysticetus)". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 15 (Pt 2): i1–176. PMC 1310010  . PMID 17231384.
External links[edit]
Media related to Femur at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Femur at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of thighbone at Wiktionary
hide
v
t
e
Bones of the human leg
Femur
upper extremity
head
fovea
neck
greater trochanter
fossa
lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
quadrate tubercle
shaft
linea aspera
upper medial: merges with intertrochanteric line
upper intermediate: pectineal line
upper lateral: gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter
lower extremity
adductor tubercle
patellar surface
epicondyles
lateral
medial
condyles
lateral
medial
intercondylar fossa
Tibia
upper extremity
Gerdy's tubercle
condyles
lateral
medial
intercondylar area
posterior
anterior
intercondylar eminence
lateral tubercle
medial tubercle
shaft
tuberosity
soleal line
lower extremity
medial malleolus
Anterior colliculus
Posterior colliculus
fibular notch
Fibula
lateral malleolus
Other
patella
apex
Foot
Tarsus
calcaneus
sustentaculum tali
calcaneal tubercle
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiform
medial
intermediate
lateral
Metatarsals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Other
Phalanges
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text:
Land O'Lakes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the American agricultural cooperative. For other uses, see Land O'Lakes (disambiguation).
Land O'Lakes
Type
Agricultural cooperative
Industry
Food and agriculture
Founded
July 8, 1921; 96 years ago (1921-07-08)
Headquarters
Arden Hills, Minnesota, U.S.
Key people
Christopher Policinski, (President & CEO)
Products
Dairy foods, animal nutrition, seed and crop protection
Revenue
$14.24 billion (2013)
Total assets
$6.75 billion (2013)
Members
4,535 farmer-owners (2013)
Number of employees
10,000
Website
www.landolakesinc.com
Land O'Lakes, Inc. is a member-owned agricultural cooperative based in the Minneapolis-St. Paul suburb of Arden Hills, Minnesota, focusing on the dairy industry. The co-op states that it has about 2,000 direct producer-members, 1,000 member-cooperatives, and about 10,000 employees who process and distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural producers;[1] handling 12 billion pounds of milk annually.[2] It is ranked third on the National Cooperative Bank Co-op 100 list of mutuals and cooperatives.[3] The co-op is one of the largest producers of butter and cheese in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Recent history
2 Corporate affairs
3 Brands
3.1 Dairy foods
3.2 Animal feed
3.3 Seed/crop protection
4 Northwest Food Products Transportation, L.L.C.
5 Butter packaging
6 Allegations of animal mistreatment by supplier
7 Licensing
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
History[edit]
Processing plant in Kiel, Wisconsin
Land O'Lakes was founded on July 8, 1921 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, by representatives from 320 co-op creameries as the Minnesota Cooperative Creameries Association. This organization aimed to improve marketing and quality of butter, and thus increase the profitability of dairying.
The Association developed and implemented the systematic inspection, grading and certification of butter from member creameries, resulting in greater uniformity of product. The improved quality and uniformity, and the reliability of its grading system, were touted in advertising materials. In 1924, the uniformly graded sweet cream butter was given the name "Land O'Lakes" after a contest, and the certificate forms used by the Association included the "Land O Lakes" marketing name (Minnesota's state nickname is "Land of 10,000 Lakes").
The name became so popular that the organization's public identity was often confused with its product name; thus, in 1926, the organization itself adopted the name "Land O'Lakes Creameries, Inc." and became eponymous with its product.
The co-op was often accused of unfair competition and false advertising in its early years,[citation needed] and compelled to defend its inspection and certification processes. Eventually, however, the sweet butter marketing strategy drove competitors either to match the quality of butter produced under the Land O'Lakes name or see their sales decline.[citation needed] Many competitors in the dairy products business copied the Land O'Lakes approach, and the certification of quality became a proven marketing technique in other product lines as well.
Recent history[edit]
The Land O'Lakes co-op has grown through numerous acquisitions, and now has a large business in farm supply in addition to dairy. In 2001, it paid $360 million - and assumed $130 million in debt - to take over animal feed producer Purina Mills, once part of Ralston Purina.[4] Purina Mills' new owner planned to merge the company with its Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed division but would keep the Purina name and logo.[5]
In 1978, Land O'Lakes got into the meatpacking business with the purchase of Spencer Beef.[6] It sold Spencer Beef in 1983 to Excel, now Cargill Meat Solutions.[7]
A federal court in 2002 ordered Land O'Lakes to pay $3 million for patent infringement to Dr William Pordy, the inventor of a type of dairy creamer.[8] An appeal court later overturned that ruling.[9]
Land O'Lakes took an ownership stake in egg producer MoArk in 1999; it took full ownership of the company in 2006.[10][11]
In August 2012, Land O'Lakes purchased refrigerated desserts manufacturer Kozy Shack Enterprises for an undisclosed sum.[12][13]
In December, 2013 Land O' Lakes acquired Geosys, an international satellite imagery and remote sensing service provider headquartered in Toulouse, France and having offices in São Paulo, Brazil, Melbourne, Australia, and Plymouth, Minnesota. Geosys continues to work with WinField to develop a web-based decision making tool enabling its members to view remote sensing maps based on Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI), a measure of green biomass. Users of the web-based platform can see, at the field level, the health of their crop and make decisions regarding crop inputs, as well as the ability to use precision farming (variable rate application) techniques. Geosys offers additional products and services globally.[14]
In June 2016 Land O'Lakes acquired the Thousand Oaks, California-based biofuels firm Ceres, Inc.[15]
Corporate affairs[edit]
The company's headquarters is in Arden Hills, Minnesota in suburban Minneapolis-St. Paul.[16] It also has offices in the adjoining suburb of Shoreview, Minnesota.[17]
Brands[edit]
The core businesses of the co-op are: Dairy Foods, Animal Feed, Seed/Crop Protection Products, Business Development Services and Layers/Eggs.[18]
Dairy foods[edit]
Land O Lakes (the apostrophe is purposely removed in product branding)
Alpine Lace
Land O' Lakes Food Service
Kozy Shack
Animal feed[edit]
Purina Animal Nutrition
Land O' Lakes Feed
Seed/crop protection[edit]
WinField United (merged with United Suppliers in Spring 2016)
Northwest Food Products Transportation, L.L.C.[edit]
A wholly owned subsidiary of Land O' Lakes based in Hudson, Wisconsin is the transportation arm responsible for the transportation of milk and finished dairy products. The firm manages its own private fleet of nearly 200 tanker trucks, a contract fleet of an additional 600 trucks, and the Land O’Lakes private fleet of nearly 1,700 trucks.[19]
Butter packaging[edit]
The recursive image shown on the Land O'Lakes butter packaging is an example of the Droste effect.
The Land O'Lakes Indian maiden, named Mia holding the butter box was painted in 1928 by Brown & Bigelow illustrator Arthur C. Hanson.[20] His original art hangs in the lobby of the Arden Hills office and depicts the maiden, Mia, in a pastoral scene with lakes, pines, flowers and grazing cows in the background. According to Land O'Lakes, the original Indian maiden, Mia, was "simplified and modernized" in 1939 by Jess Betlach and has undergone many minor modifications since as the enduring logo of the co-op. Red Lake Ojibwe artist Patrick DesJarlait updated Mia's image in the 1950s.[20][21] The package image is an example of the infinite-loop motif or Droste effect, in which the image is repeated, in theory infinitely, within itself.
Allegations of animal mistreatment by supplier[edit]
In September 2009, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) released an undercover video allegedly depicting animal abuse of dairy cows at a Pennsylvania supplier for Land O’Lakes, Inc. The video showed unclean conditions in the barn and milking parlor and cows with infections and illness.[22] The supplier’s employee was found not guilty of animal cruelty charges resulting from this incident[23] and an investigation by veterinarians hired by Land O’Lakes revealed no mistreatment of animals, but the veterinarians suggested that bedding, hygiene, ventilation and animal disposal practices be improved.[24] Land O'Lakes states that it is supportive of the dairy industry’s National Dairy F.A.R.M.: Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM) animal care standards.[25]
In May 2017, the animal rights organization Compassion Over Killing released undercover footage of cruelty to animals at Land O’Lakes supplier Mason Dixon Farms, which documented "cows being kicked in the face, punched in their sensitive udders, excessively shocked with an electric prod, jabbed with a pens andor elbows, and having their tails twisted or bent by workers."[26] The footage resulted in the firing of one employee.[27]
Licensing[edit]
Since August 2012, WhiteWave Foods has licensed the Land O'Lakes name and sold coffee creamers and fluid dairy products under the brand.[28]
See also[edit]
Minnesota portal
Companies portal
Food portal
List of dairy product companies in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Land O' Lakes Annual report
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Land O'Lakes, Inc". Retrieved 10 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "2010 NCB Co-op 100" (pdf). National Cooperative Bank.
Jump up ^ "COMPANY NEWS; LAND O'LAKES TO BUY A LEADING LIVESTOCK FEED COMPANY". The New York Times. 19 June 2001.
Jump up ^ Purina Mills Inc. acquired by Land O'Lakes of Arden Hills, Minn., Linda Tucci, St. Louis Business Journal, St Louis, MO, 23 December 2001. Retrieved: 25 February 2012
Jump up ^ "Land O'Lakes, Inc. History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Lucht, Gene (June 20, 1983). "What's next? Spencer Beef sale will bring changes, but not right away". Spencer Daily Reporter. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Land O' Lakes Ordered to Pay Inventor". The New York Times. 3 January 2002.
Jump up ^ "Appeal" (PDF). Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Markels, Alex (1 September 2002). "A Marketing Cry: Don't Fence Them In". The New York Times. Denver. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Winn, Mari (31 January 2006). "Land 'O Lakes now owns 100% of MoArk". Joplin Independent. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Land O'Lakes Closes Kozy Shack Acquisition" (Press release). Land O'Lakes. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Stych, Ed (18 July 2012). "Land O'Lakes buys dessert maker Kozy Shack". BizJournals.com. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Land O’Lakes, Inc., Acquires Geosys" December 4, 2013. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Land O'Lakes Acquires Ag Biotech Developer Ceres Inc". Hay & Forage Grower. June 21, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Contact Archived 2014-03-31 at the Wayback Machine.". Land O'Lakes. Retrieved on March 20, 2014. "Land O'Lakes, Inc. 4001 Lexington Ave. N Arden Hills, MN 55126-2998" - Directions (Archive)
Jump up ^ "Shoreview Office" (Archive) "Land O’Lakes, Inc. Shoreview Office 1080 County Road F West Shoreview, MN 55126 "
Jump up ^ "Businesses". Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Northwest Food Products Transportation Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine. at Land O'Lakes
^ Jump up to: a b Houze, Rebecca (2016). New Mythologies in Design and Culture: Reading Signs and Symbols in the Visual Landscape. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780857855213. p. 93.
Jump up ^ Anthes, Bill (2006). Native Moderns: American Indian Painting, 1940–1960. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822338666. p 99.
Jump up ^ "PETA: Cow Abuse at Land O' Lake Supplier". September 29, 2009. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Magistrate Judge ruling". March 18, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-23. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Land O'Lakes Investigation of Dairy Farm Concluded". October 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Land O'Lakes Member Cleared of Animal Cruelty Claims". March 19, 2010. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ "New COK Video Pours out Painful Truth about Dairy". Compassion Over Killing. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael Tanenbaum (May 10, 2017). "Undercover video at Pennsylvania dairy farm leads to employee's firing". Philly Voice. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dean Foods, Land O'Lakes expand strategic alliance. Eurofood. 15 Aug. 2002.
Bibliography[edit]
Land O'Lakes Corporate Website.
Kenneth D. Ruble. Men to Remember: How 100,000 Neighbors Made History. (Lakeside Press, 1947), a company-sponsored history of the early years of Land O' Lakes (1921–1945). See especially pp. 163–167 and 181-184, concerning the evolution of the name of the product into the company name.
External links[edit]
Official consumer site
Company site
WinField Solutions, LLC -- A Land O'Lakes company
Moark, LLC -- A Land O'Lakes company
Land O' Lakes Food Service
Land O' Lakes Feed
Alpine Lace
Kozy Shack
Purina Mills
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