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American Idol (season 16)
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American Idol
Season 16
Broadcast from
March 11 (2018-03-11) – May 21, 2018
Judges
Katy Perry
Luke Bryan
Lionel Richie
Host(s)
Ryan Seacrest
Broadcaster
ABC
Winner
Maddie Poppe
Origin
Clarksville, Iowa
Song
"Going Going Gone"
Genre(s)
Pop, Folk
Runner-up
Caleb Lee Hutchinson
Chronology
◀
2018
▶
The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges. Maddie Poppe from Clarksville, Iowa won the season on May 21, 2018, while her boyfriend Caleb Lee Hutchinson was runner-up. Poppe was the first female winner since Candice Glover in season twelve.
Contents
1 Background
2 Regional auditions
3 Hollywood Week
4 Showcase Round
5 Top 24
5.1 Group 1
5.2 Group 2
6 Live shows
6.1 Week 1: Top 14 (April 22 and 23)
6.2 Week 2: Top 10 – Disney Night (April 29)
6.3 Week 3: Top 7 – Prince/Birth Year Night (May 6)
6.4 Week 4: Top 5 – Carrie Underwood/Mothers' Day Dedications (May 13)
6.5 Week 5: Finale – Winner's Song/Reprise Song/Hometown Dedication (May 20 and 21)
7 Elimination chart
8 Reception
8.1 Ratings
8.2 Critical response
9 Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons
10 Concert tour
11 References
12 External links
Background
In early 2017, Variety reported that FremantleMedia was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network, Fox.[1] A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans.[2]
Then, in May 2017, it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program.[3] Later, ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and that American Idol would return for the 2017–18 television season.[4][5] On November 6, 2017, it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11, 2018.[6]
On July 20, 2017, it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan, that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season.[7]
On May 16, 2017, Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC.[8] On September 24, 2017, Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season.[9] On September 29, 2017, Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced.[10]
On February 21, 2018, it was announced that iHeartRadio radio personality Bobby Bones would be the mentor for the Top 24 this season.[11]
Radio Disney is broadcasting its first season of American Idol Insider.[citation needed]
On April 23, 2018, ABC announced that the April 29, May 6, and May 13 live shows of the season would air across all mainland U.S. time zones, a first for American Idol.[12]
Regional auditions
In June 2017, it was announced that American Idol would begin two bus tours in 19 cities, later increased to 22, for audition starting August 17, 2017.[13][14] Those who passed their first audition would go in front of the producers where they would be selected to appear before the judges in different cities. Instead of focusing on a city in each aired episode as in previous seasons, this season each episode showed a compilations of auditions from different cities.[15]
Episodes
City
Date
Venue
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 New York City October 3–4, 2017 Madison Square Garden[16]
2, 4, 5 New Orleans, Louisiana October 14, 2017 Mardi Gras World[17]
1, 3, 4, 5 Nashville, Tennessee October 19–20, 2017 Country Music Hall of Fame
2, 3, 5 Savannah, Georgia October 28–29, 2017 Kehoe Iron Works
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Los Angeles, California November 16–17, 2017 Hollywood and Highland Center[18]
During the live broadcast of the 2017 American Music Awards, three contestants who did not pass the audition in front of the judges were given one more chance to allow the public to vote for them.[19] The three candidates were Maris, Britney Holmes and Dominique Smith. The winner of the golden ticket to Hollywood was then revealed the following night on an episode of Dancing with the Stars. Lionel Richie appeared in the show announcing that the public vote was in favor of Britney Holmes, a 28-year-old vocal coach from Texas, who is headed to Hollywood as the first declared semifinalist of the season.[20]
Hollywood Week
Hollywood Week aired over two episodes on March 26 and April 1. It featured three rounds: Lines of 10, Group Round, and Solo Round. In the first round, each contestant sang individually, and after ten sang, they gathered in a line. Those who impressed the judges and the producers advanced to the next round where the contestants performed in groups of four or five, singing a song together.[21] The remaining auditionees who passed the group rounds performed their final solos to advance in the Showcase Round.
Showcase Round
The Showcase Round aired on April 2, which featured the top 50 performing for the judges and a live audience at Exchange LA, a nightclub in Los Angeles. The following day, the judges narrowed the number of contestants down from 50 to 24 in the Final Judgement. The top 24 contestants then moved on to perform solos and celebrity duets.[22][23][24]
The following is a list of the contestants who reached the Top 24 and the song they performed at the Showcase:
Color key:
Male contestant Female contestant
Order
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Audition city
Song[22][23][24]
1
Layla Spring 16 Marion County, Kentucky Nashville, Tennessee "Proud Mary"
2
Michael J. Woodard 20 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Los Angeles, California "You Oughta Know"
3
Gabby Barrett 17 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania New York City "Church Bells"
4
Michelle Sussett 22 Miami, Florida Los Angeles, California "24K Magic"
5
Dominique 26 Birmingham, Alabama New Orleans, Louisiana "Landslide"
6
Trevor McBane 22 Savanna, Oklahoma New Orleans, Louisiana "Wake Me Up"
7
Maddie Poppe 20 Clarksville, Iowa New York City "Me and Bobby McGee"
8
Ron Bultongez 21 Plano, Texas New York City "All I Want"
9
Alyssa Raghu 16 Orlando, Florida Los Angeles, California "Every Breath You Take"[25]
10
Catie Turner 17 Langhorne, Pennsylvania New York City "Bad Romance"
11
Jurnee 18 Denver, Colorado Savannah, Georgia "Never Enough"
12
Shannon O'Hara 17 Mooresville, North Carolina Savannah, Georgia "Unconditionally"
13
Kay Kay 18 Nashua, New Hampshire New York City "Brokenhearted"
14
Amelia Hammer Harris 26 Lexington, Kentucky Savannah, Georgia "Paint It Black"
15
Brandon Diaz 21 Ashburn, Virginia Los Angeles, California "Let's Get It On"
16
Adam Sanders (as Ada Vox) 24 San Antonio, Texas Savannah, Georgia "Creep"
17
Jonny Brenns 18 St. Augustine, Florida Savannah, Georgia "Lay Me Down"
18
Mara Justine 15 Galloway Township, New Jersey New York City "Something's Got a Hold on Me"
19
Caleb Lee Hutchinson 18 Dallas, Georgia Savannah, Georgia "I Was Wrong"
20
Garrett Jacobs 18 Bossier City, Louisiana New Orleans, Louisiana "Knock on Wood"
21
Cade Foehner 21 Shelbyville, Texas Savannah, Georgia "No Good"
22
Effie Passero 26 Modesto, California Los Angeles, California "The Dance"
23
Marcio Donaldson 28 Compton, California Los Angeles, California "If You Really Love Me"
24
Dennis Lorenzo 26 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania New York City "A Song for You"
Top 24
The Top 24 contestants were split into two groups of twelve. Prerecorded performances at the Academy in the Heart of LA of the first group aired on April 8 and the second group on April 15. On the following day each week, prerecorded performances of each contestant's duet aired, as did the judges' selection of seven contestants from each group to advance to the Top 14. Idol contestants were paired with celebrity singers as their duet partners. The artists who duetted with the Top 24 included: Banners, Aloe Blacc, Bishop Briggs, Cam, Colbie Caillat, Luis Fonsi, Andy Grammer, Lea Michele, Patrick Monahan, Rachel Platten, Bebe Rexha, Sugarland, and Allen Stone.[26]
Color key:
Contestant was chosen by the judges to move on to the live shows
Contestant was eliminated
Group 1
Date of airing[27][28]
Order
Contestant
Song[29][30]
Duet partner[30]
Result
Sunday, April 8
1 Dominique "Ain't Nobody" N/A N/A
2 Layla Spring "A Broken Wing" N/A N/A
3 Catie Turner "Call Me" N/A N/A
4 Dennis Lorenzo "Rude" N/A N/A
5 Michelle Sussett "If I Were a Boy" N/A N/A
6 Michael J. Woodard "Golden Slumbers" N/A N/A
7 Trevor McBane "Way Down We Go" N/A N/A
8 Jonny Brenns "Georgia" N/A N/A
9 Kay Kay "Love on the Brain" N/A N/A
10 Brandon Diaz "Hello" N/A N/A
11 Gabby Barrett "My Church" N/A N/A
12 Cade Foehner "All Along the Watchtower" N/A N/A
Monday, April 9
1 Catie Turner "Good to Be Alive (Hallelujah)" Andy Grammer Advanced
2 Cade Foehner "Never Tear Us Apart" Bishop Briggs Advanced
3 Layla Spring "Stuck Like Glue" Sugarland Eliminated
4 Dominique "Wake Me Up" Aloe Blacc Eliminated
5 Brandon Diaz "Despacito" Luis Fonsi Eliminated
6 Kay Kay "Drive By" Patrick Monahan Eliminated
7 Trevor McBane "River" Bishop Briggs Eliminated
8 Michelle Sussett "I Can't Make You Love Me" Luis Fonsi Advanced
9 Jonny Brenns "Back Home" Andy Grammer Advanced
10 Dennis Lorenzo "Unaware" Allen Stone Advanced
11 Michael J. Woodard "Angel in Blue Jeans" Patrick Monahan Advanced
12 Gabby Barrett "Stay" Sugarland Advanced
Group 2
Date of airing[31][32]
Order
Contestant
Song[33][34]
Duet partner[34]
Result
Sunday, April 15
1 Amelia Hammer Harris "Believer" N/A N/A
2 Garrett Jacobs "Treat You Better" N/A N/A
3 Maddie Poppe "Brand New Key" N/A N/A
4 Ada Vox "Feeling Good" N/A N/A
5 Caleb Lee Hutchinson "Die a Happy Man" N/A N/A
6 Effie Passero "Barracuda" N/A N/A
7 Alyssa Raghu "Stay" N/A N/A
8 Marcio Donaldson "Inseparable" N/A N/A
9 Mara Justine "Run to You" N/A N/A
10 Jurnee "Flashlight" N/A N/A
11 Shannon O'Hara "All I Ask" N/A N/A
12 Ron Bultongez "Dancing On My Own" N/A N/A
Monday, April 16
1 Caleb Lee Hutchinson "Meant to Be" Bebe Rexha Advanced
2 Ada Vox "Defying Gravity" Lea Michele Advanced
3 Maddie Poppe "Bubbly" Colbie Caillat Advanced
4 Ron Bultongez "Someone to You" Banners Eliminated
5 Amelia Hammer Harris "Me, Myself & I" Bebe Rexha Eliminated
6 Shannon O'Hara "Burning House" Cam Eliminated
7 Alyssa Raghu "Yellow" Banners Eliminated
8 Marcio Donaldson "What's Going On" Allen Stone Advanced
9 Jurnee "Run to You" Lea Michele Advanced
10 Garrett Jacobs "Lucky" Colbie Caillat Advanced
11 Mara Justine "Fight Song" Rachel Platten Advanced
12 Effie Passero "Diane" Cam Eliminated
Live shows
Color key:
Contestant was saved by America's vote
Contestant was eliminated
Week 1: Top 14 (April 22 and 23)
The Top 14 performances were taped on April 21, 2018, and aired on Sunday, April 22, followed with the live results on Monday, April 23.[citation needed]
Color key:
Contestant received the top six highest amount of votes and directly advanced to the Top 10
Contestant was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again for the judges
Contestant was immune from elimination and performed a "victory song"
Contestant was chosen by the judges to advanced to the Top 10
Contestant was eliminated
Date of airing
Order
Contestant
Song[35]
Result
Sunday, April 22
1 Caleb Lee Hutchinson "Midnight Train to Memphis" Advanced
2 Michelle Sussett "Friends" Not Chosen
3 Marcio Donaldson "It's a Miracle" Not Chosen
4 Mara Justine "This Is Me" Not Chosen
5 Garrett Jacobs "Raging Fire" Not Chosen
6 Ada Vox "The Show Must Go On" Not Chosen
7 Catie Turner "Take Me to Church" Advanced
8 Cade Foehner "Black Magic Woman" Advanced
9 Dennis Lorenzo "In My Blood" Not Chosen
10 Maddie Poppe "Homeward Bound" Advanced
11 Jurnee "Bang Bang" Not Chosen
12 Jonny Brenns "This Is Gospel" Not Chosen
13 Michael J. Woodard "Titanium" Advanced
14 Gabby Barrett "The Climb" Advanced
Monday, April 23
1 Maddie Poppe "Walk Like an Egyptian" Immune
2 Michelle Sussett "I'm a Dreamer" (original song) Judges' choice
3 Marcio Donaldson "Jealous" Eliminated
4 Cade Foehner "Bright Lights" Immune
5 Garrett Jacobs "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" Eliminated
6 Gabby Barrett "Little Red Wagon" Immune
7 Dennis Lorenzo "This Woman's Work" Judges' choice
8 Jonny Brenns "Demons" Eliminated
9 Caleb Lee Hutchinson "Gettin' You Home" Immune
10 Mara Justine "Love on the Brain" Eliminated
11 Jurnee "Never Enough" Judges' choice
12 Michael J. Woodard "Believe In Yourself" Immune
13 Catie Turner "Havana" Immune
14 Ada Vox "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" Judges' choice
Week 2: Top 10 – Disney Night (April 29)
The Top 10 performed Disney songs on Sunday, April 29, 2018. Idina Menzel served as a guest mentor.[36]
Order
Contestant
Song[37]
Result
1 Maddie Poppe "The Bare Necessities" Safe
2 Jurnee "How Far I'll Go" Safe
3 Cade Foehner "Kiss the Girl" Safe
4 Ada Vox "Circle of Life" Eliminated
5 Michelle Sussett "Remember Me" Eliminated
6 Gabby Barrett "Colors of the Wind" Safe
7 Michael J. Woodard "Beauty and the Beast" Safe
8 Caleb Lee Hutchinson "You've Got a Friend in Me" Safe
9 Catie Turner "Once Upon a Dream" Safe
10 Dennis Lorenzo "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" Eliminated
Non-competition performance
Order
Performers
Song
15.1 Katy Perry and the Top 10 "When You Wish Upon a Star"
Week 3: Top 7 – Prince/Birth Year Night (May 6)
The Top 7 performed tribute performances to the late Prince and songs from their birth years.[38] Nick Jonas served as a guest mentor.
Contestant
Order
Prince Song
Order
Birth Year Song
Result
Jurnee 1 "Kiss" 11 "Back at One" Eliminated
Gabby Barrett 10 "How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore?" 2 "I Hope You Dance" Safe
Michael J. Woodard 3 "I Would Die 4 U" 8 "My Heart Will Go On" Safe
Cade Foehner 9 "Jungle Love" 4 "Who Will Save Your Soul" Safe
Catie Turner 12 "Manic Monday" 5 "Oops!... I Did It Again" Eliminated
Caleb Lee Hutchinson 14 "When Doves Cry" 6 "Amazed" Safe
Maddie Poppe 7 "Nothing Compares 2 U" 13 "If It Makes You Happy" Safe
Week 4: Top 5 – Carrie Underwood/Mothers' Day Dedications (May 13)
The Top 5 performed songs by Carrie Underwood and songs dedicated to their mothers. Underwood served as mentor for the week and performed with the contestants.
Contestant
Order
Carrie Underwood Song
Order
Mother's Day Song
Result
Michael J. Woodard 1 "Flat on the Floor" 8 "Still I Rise" Eliminated
Gabby Barrett 2 "Last Name" 6 "I Have Nothing" Safe
Cade Foehner 3 "Undo It" 7 "Simple Man" Eliminated
Caleb Lee Hutchinson 4 "So Small" 9 "Stars in Alabama" Safe
Maddie Poppe 5 "I Told You So" 10 "God Only Knows" Safe
Non-competition performances
Order
Performer(s)
Song
17.1 Carrie Underwood and the Top 5 "See You Again"
17.2 Carrie Underwood "Cry Pretty"
Week 5: Finale – Winner's Song/Reprise Song/Hometown Dedication (May 20 and 21)
The Top 3 performed their winner’s song, a reprise of their favorite performance of the season and a song dedicated to their hometowns, which they visited. Bobby Bones returned as mentor this week.
Contestant
Order
Winner's Song
Order
Reprise Song
Order
Hometown Dedication
Result
Caleb Lee Hutchinson 1 "Johnny Cash Heart" 4 "Don't Close Your Eyes" 7 "Folsom Prison Blues" Runner-up
Gabby Barrett 2 "Rivers Deep" 5 "Little Red Wagon" 8 "Don't Stop Believin'" 3rd Place
Maddie Poppe 3 "Going Going Gone" 6 "Don't Ever Let Your Children Grow Up"
(original song) 9 "Landslide" Winner
Non-competition performances
Order
Performer(s)
Song [39]
18.1 Harper Grace "Yard Sale" (original song)
18.2 Jonny Brenns "Blue Jeans" (original song)
18.3 Michelle Sussett "I'm a Dreamer" (original song)
18.4 Catie Turner "21st Century Machine" (original song)
19.1 Lionel Richie with the Top 10 "All Night Long (All Night)"
19.2 Nick Jonas and DJ Mustard "Anywhere"
19.3 Nick Jonas with Jurnee "Jealous"
19.4 Luke Bryan "Sunrise, Sunburn, Sunset"
19.5 Luke Bryan with Gabby Barrett "Most People Are Good"
19.6 Gary Clark Jr. with Cade Foehner & Dennis Lorenzo "Bright Lights"
19.7 Kermit the Frog with Maddie Poppe "Rainbow Connection"
19.8 Darius Rucker with Caleb Lee Hutchinson "Wagon Wheel"
19.9 Bebe Rexha with the Top 3 "Meant to Be"
19.10 Layla Spring and her sister Dyxie with LeAnn Rimes "Blue"
19.11 Katy Perry with Catie Turner "Part of Me"
19.12 Yolanda Adams with Michael J. Woodard "What the World Needs Now Is Love"
19.13 Caleb Lee Hutchinson and Maddie Poppe "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World"
19.14 Patti LaBelle with Ada Vox "Lady Marmalade"
19.15 Maddie Poppe "Going Going Gone"
Elimination chart
Color key:
Females Males Top 24 Not Chosen Third place Runner-up Winner
Did Not Perform Public's vote Judge's save Immune Eliminated
Results per stage
Stage: Top 24 Live shows
Group 1 Group 2 Top 14 Wildcard Top 10 Top 7 Top 5 Finale
Date:
4/9
4/16
4/22
4/23
4/29
5/6
5/13
5/21
Place
Contestant
Result
1 Maddie Poppe Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Winner
2 Caleb Lee Hutchinson Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Runner-up
3 Gabby Barrett Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe 3rd place
4–5 Cade Foehner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated
Michael J. Woodard Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated
6–7 Jurnee Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Safe Eliminated
Catie Turner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Eliminated
8–10 Dennis Lorenzo Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated
Michelle Sussett Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated
Ada Vox Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated
11–14 Jonny Brenns Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated
Marcio Donaldson Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated
Garrett Jacobs Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated
Mara Justine Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated
15–24 Ron Bultongez Eliminated
Amelia Hammer Harris Eliminated
Shannon O'Hara Eliminated
Effie Passero Eliminated
Alyssa Raghu Eliminated
Kay Kay Alexis Eliminated
Brandon Diaz Eliminated
Trevor McBane Eliminated
Dominique Posey Eliminated
Layla Spring Eliminated
Reception
Ratings
No.
Title
Air date
Time slot (ET)
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18-49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18-49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Auditions, Part 1" March 11, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 2.3/8 10.48[40] 0.4 1.35 2.7 11.84[41]
2 "Auditions, Part 2" March 12, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.8/7 8.41[42] 0.4 1.36 2.2 9.77[43]
3 "Auditions, Part 3" March 18, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.8/6 7.81[44] 0.4 1.38 2.2 9.19[43]
4 "Auditions, Part 4" March 19, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.6/6 7.68[45] 0.5 1.94 2.1 9.59[46]
5 "Auditions, Part 5" March 25, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.7/6 7.51[47] 0.5 N/A 2.2 N/A[46]
6 "Hollywood Week, Part 1" March 26, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.7/6 7.80[48] 0.3 1.33 2.0 9.14[49]
7 "Hollywood Week, Part 2” April 1, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.6/6 7.48[50] 0.5 1.42 2.1 8.90[49]
8 "Showcase Round & Final Judgment” April 2, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.4/5 7.16[51] 0.4 1.53 1.8 8.69[52]
9 "Top 24 Solos, Part 1” April 8, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.5/6 7.23[53] 0.4 1.32 1.8 8.55[52]
10 "Top 24 Celebrity Duets, Part 1” April 9, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.6/6 7.72[54] 0.3 1.39 1.9 9.11[55]
11 "Top 24 Solos, Part 2” April 15, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.3/5 6.35[56] 0.4 1.28 1.7 7.63[55]
12 "Top 24 Celebrity Duets, Part 2” April 16, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.4/5 6.97[57] 0.2 1.15 1.6 8.12[58]
13 "Top 14 Perform” April 22, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.5/6 7.46[59] 0.3 1.24 1.8 8.71[58]
14 "Top 10 Reveal” April 23, 2018 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.4/5 7.61[60] 0.2 1.14 1.6 8.77[61]
15 "Top 10 Perform: Disney Night” April 29, 2018 Sunday 8:00 p.m. 1.9/7 8.77[62] 0.5 1.18 2.4 9.95[61][63]
16 "Top 7 Perform” May 6, 2018 1.8/7 8.65[64] N/A N/A N/A N/A
17 "Top 5 Perform” May 13, 2018 1.7/7 8.53[65] 0.3 1.23 2.0 9.76[66]
18 "Performance Finals” May 20, 2018 1.3/5 7.47[67] N/A N/A N/A N/A
19 "Grand Finale” May 21, 2018 Monday 9:00 p.m. 1.6/6 8.63[68] 0.3 1.27 1.9 9.95[69]
Critical response
On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the premiere episode holds an approval rating of 70% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 6.51/10.[70] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 60 out of 100 based on eight reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[71]
Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons
Mara Justine appeared on the ninth season of America's Got Talent as a Top 12 finalist.[72]
Brandon Diaz,[citation needed] Caleb Lee Hutchinson, Maddie Poppe and Cade Foehner failed to score a chair turn on the fourth, ninth, tenth and eleventh seasons of The Voice, respectively.[73][74][75]
Michael J. Woodard won Majors & Minors in 2012.[76]
Ada Vox auditioned as Adam Sanders on the twelfth season of American Idol.[citation needed]
Jurnee and Marcio Donaldson auditioned on the fifteenth season of American Idol.[citation needed]
Concert tour
American Idol Live! 2018
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Jump up ^ "110 (Top 24 Celebrity Duets) (4/9)" (Press release). ABC Press. April 4, 2018. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirkland, Justin (April 8, 2018). "American Idol recap: 'Top 24'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Swift, Andy (April 9, 2018). "American Idol Recap: Were the Right Singers Cut From the Top 24?". TVLine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Kirkland, Justin (April 15, 2018). "American Idol recap: 'Top 24: Part Two'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Fremont, Maggie (April 16, 2018). "American Idol recap: 'Top 24 Celebrity Duets'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (29 March 2018). "'This Is Us' finale increases its lead in week 25 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (20 March 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'NCIS: LA' and 'AFV' adjust up, 'Deception' and '60 Minutes' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (6 April 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 9, 2018). "Roseanne' premiere gets bigger in week 27 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (3 April 2018). "'Bob's Burgers' and 'Dateline' adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (3 April 2018). "'The Crossing' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 13, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory' edges closer to 'Roseanne' in week 28 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 23, 2018). "'Roseanne' stays on top in week 29 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 17, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'Little Big Shots' adjust up, 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' and 'Genius Junior' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 30, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' moves up in week 30 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 24, 2018). "'Timeless,' 'Family Guy' and all others hold: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 24, 2018). "'The Resident' adjusts up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Big Bang' reigns in week 31 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 1, 2018). "'The Simpsons' adjusts up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 8, 2018). "'America's Funniest Home Videos' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 15, 2018). "'American Idol' and 'Genius Junior' finale adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 21, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory' finale stays on top in week 33 broadcast Live +3 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 22, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'Family Guy' and 'Dateline' adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 22, 2018). "'Supergirl' and 'iZombie' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 7, 2018). "'Roseanne' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Upadhyaya, Kayla Kumari (September 28, 2015). "'The Voice': Night 3 of Blind Auditions Delivers Strong Artists and a Wedding Proposal". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ James, Bob (April 4, 2018). "American Idol Is Maddie Poppe's Second National TV Competition". KHAK. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Mark (March 6, 2018). "Meet Cade Foehner of American Idol Season 16". Idol Chatter/Voice Views. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Parker, Lyndsey (January 30, 2012). "Exclusive: Watch Michael Woodard's 'Majors & Minors' Winning Moment". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
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Poverty in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Poverty in Canada remains prevalent within some segments of society and according to a 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the rate of poverty in Canada, is among the highest of the OECD member nations, the world's wealthiest industrialized nations.[1] There is no official government definition and therefore, measure, for poverty in Canada. However, Dennis Raphael, author of Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life[2][3] reported that the United Nations Development Program, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and Canadian poverty researchers[notes 1][4] find that relative poverty is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations such as Canada."[1][5][6][7] In its report released the Conference Board.[8]
Currently, an income inequality measure known as low income cut-off (LICO) published by Statistics Canada is frequently used as a poverty rate and is 10.8% as of 2005.[9] The Central Intelligence Agency uses the LICO as the relative measure results in a higher poverty figure than an absolute one. The Fraser Institute, a conservative think-tank, alleges that the federal Canadian government exaggerates poverty rates, and publishes their own measure, known as the basic needs poverty measure. According to this measure, poverty has declined significantly over the past 60 years and is 4.9% as of 2004.[10][10] Statistics Canada has refused to endorse any metric as a measure of poverty, including the low-income cut off it publishes, without a mandate to do so from the federal government.
Some elements that work towards reducing poverty in Canada include Canada's strong economic growth, government transfers to persons of $164 billion per annum as of 2008,[11] universal medical and public education systems, and minimum wage laws in each of the provinces and territories of Canada.
In recent times, after a spike in poverty and low-income rates around the 1996 recession, relative poverty has continued to decline. Certain groups experience higher low-income rates. These include children,[12] families with single-parent mothers, aboriginals, the mentally ill, the physically handicapped, recent immigrants,[13][14] and students.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Definition of poverty
3 Measures of poverty in Canada
3.1 Absolute poverty measures
3.1.1 Basic needs poverty measure
3.1.2 Market basket measure
3.2 Relative poverty measures
3.2.1 Low-income cut-off (LICO)
3.2.2 Low Income Measure
3.2.3 Gini coefficient
4 Poverty reduction
5 Indigenous children in Canada
6 Assistance for poor people in Canada
6.1 Government transfers and intervention
6.1.1 Reduced tax burden
6.1.2 Social programs
6.1.3 Working income tax benefit
6.1.4 Child credits
6.1.5 Minimum wage laws
7 Notes
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
See also: Economic history of Canada and The Great Depression in Canada
Canada's history is marked by identified periods of growth and recession, and an evolving response of government intervention to assist low-income Canadians.
Reflecting the practice in the British Isles, organized assistance to the poor was largely the realm of churches.[15] In the early 20th century, the Catholic Encyclopedia reported that there were eighty-seven hospitals in Canada under the control and direction of various Catholic religious communities.[16]
After the Great Depression, Bennett and Mackenzie King spurred the first stages of Canada's welfare state, and the size and role of the government began to grow immensely over the next decades. Many social programs developed during this time designed to increase the Canadian citizen's quality of life.
According to one estimate, 15% of Canadians lived in poverty by 1961,[17] while at the end of the Sixties, Statistics Canada estimated that the number of Canadians living in poverty (using measurements drawn up by Jenny Podoluk) had fallen from about 25% of the population in 1961 to about 18% in 1969.[18] A Senate inquiry in 1969, however, estimated that as many as 1 in 4 Canadians were living in poverty that year.[19] From 1969 to 1982, the proportion of families with incomes below the poverty line fell from 20.8% to 13.9%.[20] According to one definition, nearly two-fifths of Canadians lived in poverty in 1951, falling slightly to more than one-fifth in 1961 and to slightly less than one-fifth by 1968.[21]
In recent years, newly arrived immigrants have higher than average low-income rates, although each immigrant arrival cohort year experiences a declining low-income rate over time.
Definition of poverty[edit]
The most widely discussed conceptual issue related to poverty is the definition of poverty, specifically the difference between absolute and relative poverty.[22][notes 2][5][23]
Measures of poverty in Canada[edit]
Further information: Measuring poverty
Canada has no official poverty measure because Statistics Canada has stated that unless politicians express a social consensus on the definition of poverty, there will be no measure because they feel that it is not Statistics Canada's role to determine what constitutes a necessity.[24] There is a debate on whether an absolute or relative measure is more useful. An absolute measure of poverty can provide insight on deprivation, or the inability to provide for basic needs, while a relative measure of poverty encompasses the issues of social exclusion and inequality.[25]
Some researchers and governments instead use multiple measures to measure the depth and extent of poverty in Canada.[26][27]
Absolute poverty measures[edit]
Basic needs poverty measure[edit]
Further information: Basic needs
Source: Fraser Institute
The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976.[28][29] "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. It influenced the programmes and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach."[28][29]
A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter and clothing.[30] Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and healthcare. Different agencies use different lists.
Professor Chris Sarlo, an economist at Nipissing University in North Bay, Canada and a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute, uses Statistics Canada's socio-economic databases, particularly the Survey of Household Spending to determine the cost of a list of household necessities. This is calculated for various communities across Canada and adjusted for family size. Sarlo's basic needs measure is based on various data sources including Statistics Canada's databases (for example Survey of Household Spending) and CMHC housing information to determine the cost of a list of household necessities (food, shelter, clothing, health care, personal care, essential furnishings, transportation and communication, laundry, home insurance, and miscellaneous) for various communities across Canada and then, based on family size, determines how many households have insufficient income to afford those necessities. Before 2004, the determination of the poverty rate was based on pre-tax income inclusive of government social program income such as welfare, employment insurance, and old-age pensions. Taxes were not particularly relevant as households at or beneath the poverty rate would pay little or no income tax. More recently, the after-tax incomes have been used as the indicator of household well-being. Like most measures, it is based on reported income and is therefore subject to error related to unreported employment and the underground economy. With this information, he determines the proportion of Canadian households that have insufficient income to afford those necessities. Based on his basic needs poverty threshold, the poverty rate has declined from about 12% of Canadian households to about 5% since the 1970s.[31] Based on Sarlo's basic needs, the poverty rate in Canada has fallen dramatically over the past 51 years. In 2004 it was 4.9%, representing 1.6 million Canadians.[10]
Market basket measure[edit]
The Government of Canada's Department of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada constructed their own absolute measure through the creation the Market Basket Measure (MBM) in 2003. The MBM costs a broader range of essential goods and services than the Fraser Institute measure.[32][33] MBM thresholds take into account community size, location and household and composition, estimating the disposable income required to meet basic needs.[34][35] Forty eight Canadian communities have been included in the measure.[27]
The government of Newfoundland and Labrador are now developing a market basket measure which is more granular, costing out a set of basic goods in over 400 communities in the province.[27]
Relative poverty measures[edit]
Further information: Economic inequality, Income inequality metrics, and Relative deprivation
Relative poverty measures, the most prominent being income distribution measures, also known as income inequality metrics, reveal information about disparities of income within a population. So, for instance, if a society becomes richer, even those in the bottom income bands may see their incomes rise as well. A measure which accounts for this rise, increasing with the average income of the society, is known as a "relative measure of poverty".[36] Relative poverty measures are considered by some to be the most useful for advanced industrial nations like Canada.[notes 3] According to a 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the rate of poverty in Canada, is among the highest of the OECD member nations, the world's wealthiest industrialized nations.[1] There is no official government definition and therefore, measure, for poverty in Canada. However, Dennis Raphael, author of Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life[2][3] reported that the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers[notes 1][4] find that relative poverty is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations such as Canada".[1][5][6][7][8]
In lieu of an official poverty measure, the LICO is regarded as a poverty measure by various groups. It has been referred to as "the most accepted measure" of poverty.[37] Internationally, the Low Income Measure and the Gini coefficient are a prominent income distribution metrics.
Low-income cut-off (LICO)[edit]
Source: Statistics Canada
Low-income cut-off (LICO) rates are often quoted by the media as a measure of poverty[37] even though Statistics Canada has stated it is not a poverty measure.[24] It is also used by statistics collators like the Central Intelligence Agency in lieu of an official measure, although the CIA also notes that it "results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies".[38]
The measure has been reported by Statistics Canada since the 1960s.[39] They were reported only in their "pre-tax" form until 2000, at which point Statistics Canada started to publish both pre and after-tax LICO rates. After-tax LICO rates have been retroactively calculated back to 1986. The measure is intended to represent an income threshold below which a family will likely devote a larger share of its income on the necessities of food shelter and clothing than the average family.[40] As of 2011, 8.8% of Canadians are in a family whose income is below the after-tax low-income cut-off.[41]
There are 7 family sizes and 5 community sizes, resulting in 35 total LICO groups, each one evaluated on a pre and after-tax basis (70 calculations in total). The LICO is currently set at 63% of the average family income within each group. This stems from the 1992 Family Expenditures Survey, which showed the average family spent 43% of its after-tax income on food, shelter and clothing, plus Statistics Canada added an additional 20% margin.
Statistics Canada prefers using the after-tax LICO over the pre-tax LICO "to draw conclusions about [families] overall economic well-being";[42] however, the pre-tax measures are needed depending on the study being conducted because some sources of data, such as the census, contain only pre-tax income information. It can also be useful to know the pre-tax income profile of groups before the effects of progressive tax rates.
Low Income Measure[edit]
The Low Income Measure is a purer measure of relative income. It is defined as 50% of median income, adjusted for family size. In effect, this measure indicates the percentage or number of people in the bottom income quartile.
It is considered an especially useful measure for international comparisons, and is popular with anti-poverty groups and some foreign governments (e.g., Ireland).[36] It results in a higher measure of poverty compared to other measures. In 2011, it was estimated to be 12.6% on an after-tax basis.[41]
Gini coefficient[edit]
Gini coefficient, income distribution by country.
Main article: Gini coefficient
The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: the numerator is the area between the Lorenz curve of the distribution and the uniform distribution line; the denominator is the area under the uniform distribution line. Thus, a low Gini coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal distribution. 0 corresponds to perfect equality (everyone having exactly the same income) and 1 corresponds to perfect inequality (where one person has all the income, while everyone else has zero income). The Gini coefficient requires that no one have a negative net income or wealth.
Serious consideration of the Gini coefficient for public policy implications is rare in Canada. Discussion of income inequality in the Canadian media generally implies that income inequality should be continually reduced as an objective, whereas international economists evaluating Gini coefficients generally focus on the idea of targeting an optimal range for the Gini coefficient. Some researchers have suggested the optimal Gini coefficient range is about .25-.40 (Wolfgang Kitterer, 2006, More Growth through Redistribution?). As of 2004, the Gini coefficient for Canada was estimated to be 0.315 on an after-tax basis.[43]
Poverty reduction[edit]
Several Canadian provinces are introducing poverty reduction strategies, following the examples set by the European Union, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Newfoundland & Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba are all developing provincial strategies. Quebec and Manitoba have enshrined their efforts in legislation. Newfoundland & Labrador has established a provincial ministry. Ontario has set a cabinet roundtable to address child poverty, as per the Liberals's campaign promise.
Because of these moves, each province is exploring the development of a measurement tool to track any progress made on reducing poverty, such as the use of a Deprivation Index.
As of 2015, there is no federal plan to reduce poverty.
Indigenous children in Canada[edit]
According to a left-wing think tank, the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, "Based on data from the 2006 census, this study found that the average child poverty rate for all children in Canada is 17%, while the average child poverty rate for all Indigenous children is more than twice that figure, at 40%." "50% — of status First Nations children live below the poverty line. This number grows to 62% in Manitoba and 64% in Saskatchewan."[44] The study referred to used the Low Income Measure as their definition for poverty, which always shows a high rate. Nonetheless, the much higher LIM statistics for indigenous families indicates a much higher level of poverty among that demographic.
Assistance for poor people in Canada[edit]
Government transfers and intervention[edit]
Reduced tax burden[edit]
See also: Income taxes in Canada
The Canadian income tax system is highly progressive. This can be seen by comparing the 2005 pre-tax low-income cut-off rate of 15.3%[45] with the after-tax rate of only 10.8%.[46] It is also evident in the Gini coefficient, which was estimated to be 0.428 on a pre-tax basis but only 0.315 on an after-tax basis.[43] The Conference Board of Canada 2013 study noted the Canadian system provides relief to the poor which contributes to lowering poverty rates in Canada. Their 2013 report stated that without Canada's tax system and transfers, the poverty rate would have been 23 per cent not the current 12 per cent.[4]
Social programs[edit]
See also: Social programs in Canada
The Conference Board of Canada 2013 study noted "that due to the tax system and transfers to the poor, income inequality is 27 per cent lower than it otherwise would be."[4] Canada has a wide range of government transfers to persons, which totaled $176.6 billion in 2009.[11] Some of the transfers designed to assist low-income people in Canada include Welfare and Old age security. There is also an extensive mandatory Employment Insurance program designed to assist workers who have become unemployed to lessen the chance of them falling into poverty.
In addition to government transfers, there are number of other publicly funded services and social programs that benefit those with low-incomes like Medicare, Public education for grade school; subsidized post-secondary education, Subsidized housing, and Employment equity programs, which often target various groups of people who are deemed to be susceptible to having low-incomes.
Working income tax benefit[edit]
Main article: Working income tax benefit (WITB)
See also: Welfare trap
The WITB was introduced in 2007 to encourage low income people to enter the labour force, and to provide them with increased financial support. The WITB has been expanded considerably since its introduction. As of 2012, it is worth up to $970 for a single individual, $1762 for couples and single parent families.[47] A person or couple must have at least $3,000 in employment income, and not be a student, to be eligible for WITB. Benefits increase, and then decrease, with income, and are completely clawed back at an income of $11,011 for singles, $15,205 for couples or single parents (in 2012).These credits are not taxed (see Income taxes in Canada#Income not taxed).
Child credits[edit]
Main article: Child tax credit
Low-income Canadians are eligible for the Canada Child Tax Benefit (a federal benefit), and provincial child tax credits or benefits and Québec family allowances. For example, Ontario pays a benefit scheduled to grow to $180 per month by 2011 for a family earnings less than $20,000 with two children.[48] These credits are not taxed (see Income taxes in Canada#Income not taxed).
Minimum wage laws[edit]
Main article: List of minimum wages in Canada
Under the Constitution of Canada, the responsibility for enacting and enforcing labour laws including minimum wages in Canada rests with the ten provinces, the three territories also having been granted this power by virtue of federal legislation. This means that each province and territory has its own minimum wage. The lowest general minimum wage currently in force is that of the Nova Scotia ($10.85/hour), the highest is that of Ontario ($14.00/hour).[49] Some provinces allow lower wages to be paid to liquor servers and other tip earners, and/or to inexperienced employees
Although listed here under assistance, some theories suggest that minimum wage laws are a net detriment to low-income people as a whole, because they reduce the attractiveness of hiring low-skilled staff (see Minimum wage#Debate over consequences).
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Conference Board of Canada "uses the OECD's relative measure of child poverty, which calculates the proportion of children living in households where disposable income is less than 50 per cent of the median in each country." The Conference Board 2013 cautioned that Canada's high poverty rate, ranks among the worst of the 17 countries they compared. "Canada's child poverty rate was 15.1 per cent, up from 12.8 per cent in the mid-1990s. Only the United States ranked lower.
Jump up ^ The book was described as "the most authoritative study of poverty and social exclusion in Britain at the start of the 21st century. It reports on the most comprehensive survey of poverty and social exclusion, ever to be undertaken in Britain: The Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey. This enormously rich data set records levels of poverty not just in terms of income and wealth but by including information about the goods and services which the British public say are necessary to avoid poverty."
Jump up ^ In 1992 Sarlo argued that the difference between absolute and relative poverty thresholds is artificial since "what is considered to be a necessity depends to some extent on the conditions in the larger society in which one is a member (Sarlo 1992: 19)." In 1992 and again in 2001 Sarlo clarified that the basic needs poverty line is not absolute but relative, since the poverty threshold must be "connected to the society in which people live" but that an "aspect of poverty remains timeless" (Sarlo 2001:11). This is the "irreducible core of necessities invariant through time:"..."water, food, shelter and clothing (Sarlo 1992: 19)" which remains the same through time but the "quantity and quality" are relative to one's society.
See also[edit]
Poverty by country
Campaign 2000
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries". Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2008. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Dennis Raphael Foreword by Rob Rainer and Jack Layton (13 April 2007). Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life (1st ed.). Canadian Scholars Press. ISBN 155130323X. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Dennis Raphael Foreword by Rob Rainer and Jack Layton (2011). Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life (1st ed.). Canadian Scholars Press. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Child Poverty". Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c Raphael, Dennis (June 2009). "Poverty, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and Advocacy Dilemmas". Canadian Journal of Nursing Research (CJNR). 41 (2): 7–18. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Child poverty in rich nations: Report card no. 6 (Report). Innocenti Research Centre. 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b Human development report: Capacity development: Empowering people and institutions (Report). Geneva: United Nations Development Program. 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Canada falling behind on poverty, inequality, says report of Canada ranked 7th out of 17 developed countries". CBC. February 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Poverty Measure in Canada Analysis". CBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Poverty in Canada 2006 update" (PDF). Fraser Institute. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Government transfer payments to persons Archived 2008-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 8 November 2007, URL accessed 4 December 2007
Jump up ^ Innocenti Report Card (PDF) (Report). UNICEF. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ The rise in low-income rates among immigrants in Canada Archived 2013-06-24 at the Wayback Machine., Analytical Studies Branch research paper series, Statistics Canada, June 2003, URL accessed 20 September 2006
Jump up ^ Chronic Low Income and Low-income Dynamics Among Recent Immigrants Archived 2009-10-01 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, January 2007, URL accessed 30 January 2007
Jump up ^ Poverty - A short history Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine., Tristat Resources, URL accessed 2 December 2007
Jump up ^ Poverty and Pauperism Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine., Catholic Encyclopedia, URL accessed 2 December 2007
Jump up ^ Brown, Craig (1 October 2012). "Illustrated History of Canada". McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ The Canadian economy: problems and policies by G. C. Ruggeri
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ Daniel Drache; Duncan Cameron, Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada (1985). The Other MacDonald Report: The Consensus on Canada's Future That the MacDonald Commission Left Out. James Lorimer & Company. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-88862-900-5. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Annual Report, United Church of Canada. Board of Evangelism and Social Service, 1970
Jump up ^ David Gordon (2006). Christina Pantazis; David Gordon; Ruth Levitas, eds. The concept and measurement of poverty. Poverty and social exclusion in Britain:The Millennium Survey. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. pp. 29–70.
Jump up ^ Richard Shillington (September 2011). "Defining Poverty and Determining the Number of Poor — Long-Term Trends". Tristat Resources. Missing or empty |url= (help)page=12
^ Jump up to: a b On poverty and low income Archived 2007-09-16 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 1997, URL accessed 2 December 2007
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Low Income in Canada: 2000-2006 Using the Market Basket Measure - October 2008 Archived 2009-06-22 at the Wayback Machine., Human Resources and Skills Development Canada
^ Jump up to: a b c Standing Committee on Human Resources, Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities Archived 2009-06-24 at the Wayback Machine., 17 April 2008
^ Jump up to: a b "The World Employment Programme at ILO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Jolly (October 1976). "The World Employment Conference: The Enthronement of Basic Needs". Development Policy Review. A9 (2): 31–44. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x.
Jump up ^ Denton, John A. (1990). Society and the official world: a reintroduction to sociology. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall. p. 17. ISBN 0-930390-94-6.
Jump up ^ Poverty in Canada: 2006 Update Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
Jump up ^ "What do we Mean by Poverty?". Shillington.ca. 1999-01-15. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Market Basket Measure Report now available". Rhdcc.gc.ca. 2005-03-07. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Low Income Incidence / Financial Security / Indicators of Well-being in Canada". .hrsdc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "LICOs - Absolute or relative poverty measure??". Canadiansocialresearch.net. 2008-06-04. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Poverty Measure in Canada Analysis Archived 2007-01-02 at the Wayback Machine., CBC, URL accessed 4 January 2007
Jump up ^ Population below poverty line Archived 2015-11-09 at the Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, updated on March 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ What's behind a poverty line? Archived 2007-12-14 at the Wayback Machine., Canadian Council on Social Development, 9 June 2000, URL accessed 2 December 2007
Jump up ^ Low Income Cut-offs for 2005 and Low Income Measures for 2004 Archived 2007-03-20 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 2006, URL accessed 2 December 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "Persons in low income, by economic family type". 0.statcan.gc.ca. 2013-06-27. Archived from the original on 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
Jump up ^ Low income definitions Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 2005, URL accessed 2 December 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Income Inequality and Redistribution in Canada: 1976 to 2004 Archived 2007-12-02 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 11 May 2007, URL accessed 2 December 2007
Jump up ^ Macdonald, David; Wilson, Daniel (June 2013). Poverty or Prosperity Indigenous Children in Canada (PDF) (Report). Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Persons in low income before tax, by prevalence in percent Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 1 May 2007, URL accessed 4 December 2007
Jump up ^ Persons in low income after tax, by prevalence in percent Archived 2007-11-23 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Canada, 1 May 2007, URL accessed 4 December 2007
Jump up ^ Woolley, Frances. "Five Years of the Working Income Tax Benefit". Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Making It A Little Easier For Low-Income Ontario Families Archived 2009-06-21 at the Wayback Machine., Government of Ontario press release, 22 February 2008, URL accessed 22 February 2008
Jump up ^ "Minimum Wage by Province". retailcouncil.org Retail Council of Canada. November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Coon, Garson George (1998). Examining beliefs about the causes of unemployment and poverty: An analysis of the causal models from the research literature (D.S.W. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
Jeffery, Heather Elizabeth (1999). The construction of homelessness as a social problem: Linking contributing factors, mediating factors and interventive strategies (M.S.W. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
Morrison, Susan M. (1992). Mothers and Other Making Change: Empowerment through self-help and social action (M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
Roberts, Alison J. Rice (2001). A qualitative study of presently and formerly homeless female adolescents (Ontario) (M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
Raphael, Dennis (2011), Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life, 2nd edition, Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN 1551303949
Snyder, Linda L. (2000). Women's employment initiatives as a means of addressing poverty: A comparative study of Canadian and Chilean examples (D.S.W. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
External links[edit]
Stats & Facts, Canadian Council on Social Development
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Poverty in Jamaica

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