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Standing (law)
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In law, standing or locus standi is the term for the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case. Standing exists from one of three causes:
The party is directly subject to an adverse effect by the statute or action in question, and the harm suffered will continue unless the court grants relief in the form of damages or a finding that the law either does not apply to the party or that the law is void or can be nullified. This is called the "something to lose" doctrine, in which the party has standing because they directly will be harmed by the conditions for which they are asking the court for relief.
The party is not directly harmed by the conditions by which they are petitioning the court for relief but asks for it because the harm involved has some reasonable relation to their situation, and the continued existence of the harm may affect others who might not be able to ask a court for relief. In the United States, this is the grounds for asking for a law to be struck down as violating the First Amendment, because while the plaintiff might not be directly affected, the law might so adversely affect others that one might never know what was not done or created by those who fear they would become subject to the law – the so-called "chilling effects" doctrine.
The party is granted automatic standing by act of law.[1] Under some environmental laws in the United States, a party may sue someone causing pollution to certain waterways without a federal permit, even if the party suing is not harmed by the pollution being generated. The law allows them to receive attorney's fees if they substantially prevail in the action. In some U.S. states, a person who believes a book, film or other work of art is obscene may sue in their own name to have the work banned directly without having to ask a District Attorney to do so.
In the United States, the current doctrine is that a person cannot bring a suit challenging the constitutionality of a law unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that he/she/it is or will "imminently" be harmed by the law. Otherwise, the court will rule that the plaintiff "lacks standing" to bring the suit, and will dismiss the case without considering the merits of the claim of unconstitutionality. To have a court declare a law unconstitutional, there must be a valid reason for the lawsuit. The party suing must have something to lose in order to sue unless it has automatic standing by action of law.
Contents
[hide]
1 International courts
2 Canada
2.1 Public interest standing
3 United Kingdom
4 Australia
5 United States
5.1 Standing requirements
5.2 Prudential limitations
5.3 Recent development of the doctrine
5.4 Taxpayer standing
5.5 Standing to challenge statutes
5.6 Ballot measures
5.7 State law
5.7.1 California
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
International courts[edit]
The Council of Europe created the first international court before which individuals have automatic locus standi.[2]
Canada[edit]
In Canadian administrative law, whether an individual has standing to bring an application for judicial review, or an appeal from the decision of a tribunal, is governed by the language of the particular statute under which the application or the appeal is brought. Some statutes provide for a narrow right of standing while others provide for a broader right of standing.[3]
Frequently a litigant wishes to bring a civil action for a declaratory judgment against a public body or official. This is considered an aspect of administrative law, sometimes with a constitutional dimension, as when the litigant seeks to have legislation declared unconstitutional.
Public interest standing[edit]
The Supreme Court of Canada developed the concept of public interest standing in three constitutional cases commonly called "the Standing trilogy": Thorson v. Attorney General of Canada,[4] Nova Scotia Board of Censors v. McNeil,[5] and Minister of Justice v. Borowski.[6] The trilogy was summarized as follows in Canadian Council of Churches v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration):[7]
It has been seen that when public interest standing is sought, consideration must be given to three aspects. First, is there a serious issue raised as to the invalidity of legislation in question? Second, has it been established that the plaintiff is directly affected by the legislation or if not does the plaintiff have a genuine interest in its validity? Third, is there another reasonable and effective way to bring the issue before the court?[8]
Public-interest standing is also available in non-constitutional cases, as the Court found in Finlay v. Canada (Minister of Finance).[9]
United Kingdom[edit]
In British administrative law, the applicant needs to have a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relates.[10] This sufficient interest requirement has been construed liberally by the courts. As Lord Diplock put it:[11]
"[i]t would...be a grave danger to escape lacuna in our system of public law if a pressure group...or even a single public spirited taxpayer, were prevented by outdated technical rules of locus standi from bringing the matter to the attention of the court to vindicate the rule of law and get the unlawful conduct stopped."
Australia[edit]
Australia has a Common law understanding of locus standi or standing which is expressed in statutes such as the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 and common law decisions of the High Court of Australia especially the case Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth (1980).[12] At common law, the test for standing is whether the plaintiff has a 'special interest in the subject matter of the action'.[12] Under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 to have standing the applicant must be ‘a person who is aggrieved’,[13] defined as ‘a person whose interests are adversely affected’ by the decision or conduct complained of.[14] This has generally been interpreted in accordance with the common law test.[15]
There is no open standing,[16][12] unless statute allows it,[17] or represents needs of a specified class of people.[18][19] The issue is one of remoteness.[20][21][22]
Standing may apply to class of aggrieved people,[19] where essentially the closeness of the plaintiff to the subject matter is the test.[23] Furthermore, a plaintiff must show that he or she has been specially affected in comparison with the public at large.[19]
Also, while there is no open standing per se, prerogative writs like certiorari,[24] writ of prohibition, quo warranto[22] and habeas corpus[25] have a low burden in establishing standing.[16]
Australian courts also recognise amicus curiae (friend of the court),[20][26] and the various Attorneys Generals have a presumed standing in administrative law cases.[20]
United States[edit]
United States Federal
Civil Procedure doctrines
Justiciability
Advisory opinions
Standing
Ripeness
Mootness
Political questions
Jurisdiction
Subject-matter
Federal-question
Diversity
Amount in controversy
Supplemental
Removal
Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
Personal
In personam
In rem
Quasi in rem
Federalism
Erie doctrine
Abstention

Sovereign immunity
Abrogation
Rooker–Feldman doctrine
Adequate and independent
state ground
v
t
e
In United States law, the Supreme Court has stated, "In essence the question of standing is whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues."[27]
There are a number of requirements that a plaintiff must establish to have standing before a federal court. Some are based on the case or controversy requirement of the judicial power of Article Three of the United States Constitution, § 2, cl.1. As stated there, "The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases . . .[and] to Controversies . . ." The requirement that a plaintiff have standing to sue is a limit on the role of the judiciary and the law of Article III standing is built on the idea of separation of powers.[28] Federal courts may exercise power only "in the last resort, and as a necessity".[29]
The American doctrine of standing is assumed as having begun with the case of Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447 (1923). However, legal standing truly rests its first prudential origins in Fairchild v. Hughes, (1922) which was authored by Justice Brandeis. In Fairchild, a citizen sued the Secretary of State and the Attorney General to challenge the procedures by which the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. Prior to it, the doctrine was that all persons had a right to pursue a private prosecution of a public right.[30] Since then the doctrine has been embedded in judicial rules and some statutes.
In 2011, in Bond v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a criminal defendant charged with violating a federal statue does have standing to challenge the constitutionality of that statute under the Tenth Amendment.
Standing requirements[edit]
There are three standing requirements:
Injury-in-fact: The plaintiff must have suffered or imminently will suffer injury—an invasion of a legally protected interest that is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent (that is, neither conjectural nor hypothetical; not abstract).[31] The injury can be either economic, non-economic, or both.
Causation: There must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of, so that the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant and not the result of the independent action of some third party who is not before the court.[32]
Redressability: It must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that a favorable court decision will redress the injury.[33]
Prudential limitations[edit]
Additionally, there are three major prudential (judicially created) standing principles. Congress can override these principles via statute:
Prohibition of Third-party standing: A party may only assert his or her own rights and cannot raise the claims of a third party who is not before the court; exceptions exist where the third party has interchangeable economic interests with the injured party, or a person unprotected by a particular law sues to challenge the oversweeping of the law into the rights of others. For example, a party suing over a law prohibiting certain types of visual material, may sue because the 1st Amendment rights of theirs, and others engaged in similar displays, might be damaged.

Additionally, third parties who do not have standing may be able to sue under the next friend doctrine if the third party is an infant, mentally handicapped, or not a party to a contract. One example of a statutory exception to the prohibition of third party standing exists in the qui tam provision of the Civil False Claims Act.[34]
Prohibition of generalized grievances: A plaintiff cannot sue if the injury is widely shared in an undifferentiated way with many people. For example, the general rule is that there is no federal taxpayer standing, as complaints about the spending of federal funds are too remote from the process of acquiring them. Such grievances are ordinarily more appropriately addressed in the representative branches.
Zone of interest test: There are in fact two tests used by the United States Supreme Court for the zone of interest
Zone of injury - The injury is the kind of injury that Congress expected might be addressed under the statute.[35]
Zone of interests - The party is arguably within the zone of interest protected by the statute or constitutional provision.[36]
Recent development of the doctrine[edit]
In 1984, the Supreme Court reviewed and further outlined the standing requirements in a major ruling concerning the meaning of the three standing requirements of injury, causation, and redressability.[37]
In the suit, parents of black public school children alleged that the Internal Revenue Service was not enforcing standards and procedures that would deny tax-exempt status to racially discriminatory private schools. The Court found that the plaintiffs did not have the standing necessary to bring suit.[38] Although the Court established a significant injury for one of the claims, it found the causation of the injury (the nexus between the defendant’s actions and the plaintiff’s injuries) to be too attenuated.[38] "The injury alleged was not fairly traceable to the Government conduct respondents challenge as unlawful".[39]
In another major standing case, Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992), the Supreme Court elaborated on the redressability requirement for standing.[33] The case involved a challenge to a rule promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior interpreting §7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). The rule rendered §7 of the ESA applicable only to actions within the United States or on the high seas. The Court found that the plaintiffs did not have the standing necessary to bring suit, because no injury had been established.[40] The injury claimed by the plaintiffs was that damage would be caused to certain species of animals and that this in turn injures the plaintiffs by the reduced likelihood that the plaintiffs would see the species in the future. The court insisted though that the plaintiffs had to show how damage to the species would produce imminent injury to the plaintiffs.[41] The Court found that the plaintiffs did not sustain this burden of proof. "The 'injury in fact' test requires more than an injury to a cognizable interest. It requires that the party seeking review be himself among the injured".[42] The injury must be imminent and not hypothetical.
Beyond failing to show injury, the Court found that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate the standing requirement of redressability.[43] The Court pointed out that the respondents chose to challenge a more generalized level of government action, "the invalidation of which would affect all overseas projects". This programmatic approach has "obvious difficulties insofar as proof of causation or redressability is concerned".
In a 2000 case, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens, 529 U.S. 765 (2000),[44] the United States Supreme Court endorsed the "partial assignment" approach to qui tam relator standing to sue under the False Claims Act — allowing private individuals to sue on behalf of the U.S. government for injuries suffered solely by the government.[45]
Taxpayer standing[edit]
The initial case that established the doctrine of standing, Frothingham v. Mellon, was a taxpayer standing case.
Taxpayer standing is the concept that any person who pays taxes should have standing to file a lawsuit against the taxing body if that body allocates funds in a way that the taxpayer feels is improper. The United States Supreme Court has held that taxpayer standing is not by itself a sufficient basis for standing against the United States government, unless the narrower Flast test is met.[46] The Court has consistently found that the conduct of the federal government is too far removed from individual taxpayer returns for any injury to the taxpayer to be traced to the use of tax revenues, e.g., United States v. Richardson.
In DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno,[47] the Court extended this analysis to state governments as well. However, the Supreme Court has also held that taxpayer standing is constitutionally sufficient to sue a municipal government in a federal court.[citation needed]
States are also protected against lawsuits by their sovereign immunity. Even where states waive their sovereign immunity, they may nonetheless have their own rules limiting standing against simple taxpayer standing against the state. Furthermore, states have the power to determine what will constitute standing for a litigant to be heard in a state court, and may deny access to the courts premised on taxpayer standing alone.
In Florida, a taxpayer has standing to sue if the state government is acting unconstitutionally with respect to public funds, or if government action is causing some special injury to the taxpayer that is not shared by taxpayers in general. In Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia has more or less adopted a similar rule. An individual taxpayer generally has standing to challenge an act of a city or county where they live, but does not have general standing to challenge state expenditures.
Standing to challenge statutes[edit]
With limited exceptions, a party cannot have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute unless he will be subjected to the provisions of that statute. There are some exceptions, however; for example, courts will accept First Amendment challenges to a statute on overbreadth grounds, where a person who is only partially affected by a statute can challenge the parts that do not affect him on the grounds that laws that restrict speech have a chilling effect on other people's right to free speech.
The only other way someone can have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute is if the existence of the statute would otherwise deprive him of a right or a privilege even if the statute itself would not apply to him. The Virginia Supreme Court made this point clear in the case of Martin v. Ziherl 607 S.E.2d 367 (Va. 2005). Martin and Ziherl were girlfriend and boyfriend and engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse when Martin discovered that Ziherl had infected her with herpes, even though he knew he was infected and did not inform her of this. She sued him for damages, but because (at the time the case was filed) it was illegal to commit "fornication" (sexual intercourse between a man and a woman who are not married), Ziherl argued that Martin could not sue him because joint tortfeasors - those involved in committing a crime - cannot sue each other over acts occurring as a result of a criminal act (Zysk v. Zysk, 404 S.E.2d 721 (Va. 1990)). Martin argued in rebuttal that because of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas (finding that state's sodomy law unconstitutional), Virginia's anti-fornication law was also unconstitutional for the reasons cited in Lawrence. Martin argued, therefore, she could, in fact, sue Ziherl for damages.
Lower courts decided that because the Commonwealth's Attorney doesn't prosecute fornication cases and no one had been prosecuted for fornication anywhere in Virginia in over 100 years, Martin had no risk of prosecution and thus lacked standing to challenge the statute. Martin appealed. Since Martin had something to lose - the ability to sue Ziherl for damages - if the statute is upheld, she had standing to challenge the constitutionality of the statute even though the possibility of her being prosecuted for violating it was zero. Since the U.S. Supreme Court in Lawrence has found that there is a privacy right in one's private, noncommercial sexual practices, the Virginia Supreme Court decided that the statute against fornication was unconstitutional. The finding gave Martin standing to sue Ziherl since the decision in Zysk was no longer applicable.
However, the only reason Martin had standing to challenge the statute was that she had something to lose if it stayed on the books.
Ballot measures[edit]
In Hollingsworth v. Perry, the Supreme Court ruled that being the proponents of a ballot measure is not by itself enough to confer legal standing. In that case, Proposition 8 had banned same-sex marriage in California, a ban that was ruled unconstitutional. The Supreme Court ruled that the proponents of Proposition 8 has no standing in court since they failed to show that they were harmed by the decision.
State law[edit]
State law on standing differs substantially from federal law and varies considerably from state to state.
California[edit]
On December 29, 2009, the California Court of Appeal for the Sixth District ruled that California Code of Civil Procedure Section 367 cannot be read as imposing a federal-style standing doctrine on California's code pleading system of civil procedure.[48] In California, the fundamental inquiry is always whether the plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded a cause of action, not whether the plaintiff has some entitlement to judicial action separate from proof of the substantive merits of the claim advanced.[48] The court acknowledged that the word "standing" is often sloppily used to refer to what is really jus tertii, and held that jus tertii in state law is not the same thing as the federal standing doctrine.[48]
See also[edit]
Injunction
Merit
Actio popularis
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving standing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lee, Evan; Mason Ellis, Josephine (December 3, 2012). "The Standing Doctrine's Dirty Little Secret". Northwestern Law Review. 107: 169. SSRN 2027130  .
Jump up ^ Smith, Rhona K. M., Textbook on International Human Rights. 4th Edition. 2010.
Jump up ^ For example, under s. 18(1) the Federal Court Act, an application for review may be made by "anyone directly affected by the matter in respect of which the relief is sought".
Jump up ^ Thorson v. Attorney General of Canada, [1975] 1 S.C.R. 138.
Jump up ^ Nova Scotia Board of Censors v. McNeil, [1976] 2 S.C.R. 265.
Jump up ^ Minister of Justice v. Borowski, [1981] 2 S.C.R. 575.
Jump up ^ Canadian Council of Churches v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1992] 1 S.C.R. 236
Jump up ^ http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1992/1992rcs1-236/1992rcs1-236.html
Jump up ^ Finlay v. Canada (Minister of Finance), [1986] 2 S.C.R. 607 [1].
Jump up ^ Senior Courts Act 1981 s.31(3).
Jump up ^ Inland Revenue Commissioners Appellants v National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd. Respondents [1982] A.C. 617.
^ Jump up to: a b c Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth [1980] HCA 53, (1980) 146 CLR 493 (13 February 1980).
Jump up ^ Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) s 5.
Jump up ^ Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) s 3(4).
Jump up ^ Right To Life Association (NSW) Inc v Secretary, Department of Human Services and Health and Family Planning Inc (Vic) [1995] FCA 1060, (1995) 128 ALR 238, Federal Court (Australia).
^ Jump up to: a b Standing in public interest cases, Queensland Public Interest Law Clearing House Incorporated
Jump up ^ Sinclair v Marybourough Mining Warden [1975] HCA 17, (1975) 132 CLR 473 (28 May 1975), High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ Justice Brian J Preston,Standing to Sue at Common Law in Australia.
^ Jump up to: a b c Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd [1981] HCA 50, (1981) 149 CLR 27 (18 September 1981), High Court (Australia).
^ Jump up to: a b c Kelly, M (2009). Administrative Law Law Briefs. Pearson Education Australia. ISBN 9780733994302. .
Jump up ^ see Transurban v Allan [1999] FCA 1723, (1999) 95 FCR 553 (10 December 1999), Federal Court (Australia).
^ Jump up to: a b Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd [2000] HCA 11, (2000) 200 CLR 591 (9 March 2000), High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ See also Ogle v Strickland (1986) 13 FCR 306, Federal Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ re Smith; Ex parte Rundle (1991) 6 WAR 295, Supreme Court (WA, Australia).
Jump up ^ Ruddock v Vadarlis (Tampa case) [2001] FCA 1329, (2001) 110 FCR 491 (18 September 2001), Federal Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ US tobacco v Minister for Consumer Affairs [1988] FCA 213, (1988) 20 FCR 520 (24 June 1988), Federal Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975).
Jump up ^ Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 752 (1984).
Jump up ^ Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 752 (1984).
Jump up ^ The Metaphor of Standing and the Problem of Self-Governance, by Steven L. Winter, 40 Stan. L. Rev. 1371, July, 1988.
Jump up ^ Varma, Corey (2016). "The Presumption of Injury: Giving Data Breach Victims 'A Leg To Stand On'". Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law. 32 (4).
Jump up ^ For example, Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency (global warming caused by EPA's refusal to regulate carbon dioxide emissions satisfied element of causation for Massachusetts's alleged injury of loss of coastland).
^ Jump up to: a b Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992).
Jump up ^ Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens, 529 U.S. 765 (2000)
Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11 (1998).
Jump up ^ Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737 (1984).
Jump up ^ Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. at 752 (1984).
^ Jump up to: a b Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. at 755 (1984).
Jump up ^ Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. at 757 (1984).
Jump up ^ Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562.
Jump up ^ Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 564.
Jump up ^ Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 563.
Jump up ^ Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 568.
Jump up ^ Text of Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens
Jump up ^ Nathan D. Sturycz, The King and I?: An Examination of the Interest Qui Tam Relators Represent and the Implications for Future False Claims Act Litigation, 28 St. Louis Pub. L. Rev. 459 (2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1537749. For the general standing rule, Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
Jump up ^ Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968).
Jump up ^ 547 U.S. 332 (2006).
^ Jump up to: a b c Jasmine Networks, Inc. v. Superior Court (Marvell Semiconductor, Inc.), 180 Cal. App. 4th 980 (2009).
External links[edit]
Article on the history of standing in Canada
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List of average human height worldwide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.
As with any statistical data, the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons:
Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than its measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.[1][2][3][4]
Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.
Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 cm (4 1⁄2 in) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany.[5] Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups.
Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 cm (1 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 cm (1 in) taller[6] than the national average.[7] As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries.
A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population.
The height of persons can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.61 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day.[8] Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies.
Data is representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.[a]
Note: Letters in grey indicate non-measured height.
Country/Region
Average male height
Average female height
Stature ratio
(male to female)
Sample population /
age range
Share of
pop. over 18
covered[9][10][11]
Methodology
Year
Source
Albania 174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–29 (N= m:649 f:1,806) 23.5% Measured 2008–2009 [12][13]
Argentina N/A 159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 19–49 60.4% Measured 2004–2005 [14]
Argentina 174.46 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.01 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 Healthy, 18 (N= m:90 f:97, SD= m:7.43 cm (3 in) f:6.99 cm (3 in)) 2.9% Measured 1998–2001 [15]
Armenia N/A 158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,218, SD= f:5.7 cm (2 in)) 48.6% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Australia 175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18+ 100.0% Measured 2011–2012 [17]
Australia 177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18–24 12.4% Measured 2011–2012 [17]
Austria 179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–49 54.3% Measured 2006 [18]
Austria 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–24 7.7% Measured 2006 [18]
Austria 178.80 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A 1.07 30–34 7.8% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Austria 179.2 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 167.6 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.07 21 (N= m:53 f:69, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in)) 1.5% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Azerbaijan 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.04 16+ 106.5% Measured 2005 [21]
Bahrain 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) 154.2 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) 1.07 19+ (N= m:1,120 f:1,181, SD= m:9.0 cm (3 1⁄2 in) f:7.8 cm (3 in)) 97.7% Measured 2002 [22]
Bahrain 171.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18 1.9% Measured 2009 [23][24]
Bangladesh N/A 150.6 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:7,368, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in)) 56.2% Self-reported 2007 [16]
Belgium 178.70 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.1% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Belgium 178.6 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 168.1 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.06 21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) 1.7% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Benin N/A 159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:11,015, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.5% Self-reported 2006 [16]
Bolivia N/A 151.8 cm (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:10,302, SD= f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.6% Self-reported 2003 [16]
Bolivia 160.0 cm (5 ft 3 in) 142.2 cm (4 ft 8 in) 1.13 Aymara, 20–29 N/A Measured 1970 [25]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 183.9 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in) 171.1 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 1.07 Students at UBL,19–32 (N= m:178 f:34, SD= m:7.11 cm (3 in) f:6.56 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.4%[26] Measured 2014 [27]
Brazil 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18+ (N= m:62,037 f:65,696) 100.0% Measured 2009 [28][29]
Brazil 173.0 cm (5 ft 8 in) 161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 (N= m:8,299 f:7,938) 13.0% Measured 2009 [28]
Brazil – Urban 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 (N= m:6,360 f:6,305) 10.9% Measured 2009 [28]
Brazil – Rural 170.9 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 (N= m:1,939 f:1,633) 2.1% Measured 2009 [28]
Bulgaria 175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) 163.2 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 N/A N/A N/A 2010 [30]
Bulgaria – Sofia 178.1 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 N/A N/A N/A 2010 [30]
Burkina Faso N/A 161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:7,337, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.5% Self-reported 2003 [16]
Cambodia N/A 152.4 cm (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:5,081, SD= f:5.4 cm (2 in)) 52.2% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Cameroon – Urban 170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.06 15+ (N= m:3,746 f:5,078) 53.6% Measured 2003 [31]
Cameroon – Urban 172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.06 35-44 (N= m:558 f:1,156) 8.7% Measured 2003 [31]
Canada 175.1 cm (5 ft 9 in) 162.3 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–79 94.7% Measured 2007–2009 [32]
Canada 176.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 25–44 36.5% Measured 2005 [3]
Central African Republic N/A 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,408, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 50.0% Self-reported 1994 [16]
Chad N/A 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 51.9% Self-reported 2004 [16]
Chile 169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) 156.1 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.09 15+ 107.2% Measured 2009–2010 [33]
Chile 171.2 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.09 25–44 41.2% Measured 2009–2010 [33]
Chile 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 15–24 23.7% Measured 2009–2010 [33]
China, People's Republic of 167.1 cm (5 ft 6 in) 155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18+ 100.0% Measured 2012 [34]
China, Mainland 172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) 160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 19 2.1% Measured 2010 [35]
China, People's Republic of – Urban 170.2 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.6 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 17 0.6% Measured 2002 [36]
China, People's Republic of – Rural 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 157.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.06 17 1.6% Measured 2002 [36]
China, People's Republic of – Beijing 174.7 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 21 0.2%[37] Measured 2010 [38]
China, People's Republic of – Sichuan 169.2 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 0.7%[39] Measured 2010 [40]
Colombia 170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18–22 (N= m:1,528,875 f:1,468,110) 14.1% Measured 2002 [41]
Colombia N/A 155.0 cm (5 ft 1 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:22,947, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.8% Self-reported 2004 [16]
Comoros N/A 154.8 cm (5 ft 1 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:644, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 49.8% Self-reported 1996 [16]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the N/A 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,727, SD= f:8.0 cm (3 in)) 52.7% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Congo, Republic of the N/A 159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:3,922, SD= f:8.1 cm (3 in)) 55.7% Self-reported 2007 [16]
Croatia 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) 166.49 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18 (N= m:358 f:360, SD= m:6.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.6% Measured 2006–2008 [42]
Cuba – Urban 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.08 15+ 79.2% Measured 1999 [43]
Czech Republic 180.31 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.22 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 17 1.6% Measured 2001 [44]
Denmark 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–20 (N= m:38,025) 5.3% Measured 2012 [45]
Denmark 181.4 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30 1.5% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Denmark 182.6 cm (6 ft 0 in) 168.7 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.08 23 (N= m:–20 f:20–49, SD= m:NA f:7.4 cm (3 in)) 1.6% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Dinaric Alps 185.6 cm (6 ft 1 in) 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 1.08 17 N/A Measured 2005 [46]
Dominican Republic 172.7 cm (5 ft 8 in) 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,763, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.8% Self-reported 2014 [47]
El Salvador N/A 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 50.9% Self-reported 2007 [16]
Egypt 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 (N= m:845 f:1,059) 16.6% Measured 2008 [48]
Egypt N/A 159.5 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:13,813, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.2% Self-reported 2008 [16]
Estonia 179.1 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 17 2.3% Measured 2003 [49]
Ethiopia N/A 157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:3,868, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.8% Self-reported 1997 [16]
Europe 177.6 cm (5 ft 10 in)[50] N/A N/A 17–29[51] N/A Measured and Self-reported 2001–2012 [12]
Finland 178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 25–34 (N= m/f:2,305) 19.0% Measured 1994 [52]
Finland 180.7 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 −25 (N= m/f:26,636) 9.2% Measured 2010–2011 [52][53]
Finland 177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.4% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
France 175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–70 (N= m/f:11,562) 85.9% Measured 2003–2004 [54][55]
France 174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20+ 96.6% Measured 2001 [7]
France 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 20–29 17.5% Measured 2001 [7]
France 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.3% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Gabon N/A 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,576, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.1% Self-reported 2000 [16]
Gambia – Rural 168.0 cm (5 ft 6 in) 157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.06 21–49 (N= m:9,559 f:13,160, SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in)) N/A Measured 1950–1974 [56]
Germany 175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in) 162.8 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–79 (N= m/f:19,768) 94.3% Measured 2007 [5]
Germany 178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 166.1 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18–37 29.2% Measured 2007 [5]
Germany – Urban[57] 180.6 cm (5 ft 11 in) 168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18–37 7.1%[58] Measured 2007 [5]
Germany 180.17 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A 30–34 7.2% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Germany 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18+ (N= m:25,112 f:25,560) 100.0% Self-reported 2009 [59]
Germany 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 18–25 (N= m:2,501 f:2,227) 11.3% Self-reported 2009 [59]
Ghana N/A 159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,958, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.4% Self-reported 2008 [16]
Ghana 169.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–29 14.7% Measured 1987–1989 [60]
Greece 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.07 18–49 56.3% Measured 2003 [18]
Greece 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 8.5% Measured 2003 [18]
Greece 178.06 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–26 (N= m:3,982, SD= m:7.05 cm (3 in)) 13.7% Measured 2006–2007 [61]
Greece 177.29 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A 30–34 9.5% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Greece 178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) 166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) 1.8% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Guatemala N/A 147.3 cm (4 ft 10 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,773, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.3% Self-reported 1998 [16]
Guinea N/A 158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,563, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.9% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Haiti N/A 158.6 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,932, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.8% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Honduras N/A 152.0 cm (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:11,219, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.3% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Hong Kong 171.7 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18 (N= m:468 f:453, SD= m:5.5 cm (2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) 1.4% Measured 2006 [62]
Hong Kong 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.08 University students, 19–20 (N= m:291 f:200, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.2 cm (2 in)) 0.6%[63] Measured 2005 [64]
Hungary 176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 Adults N/A Measured 2000s [65]
Hungary 177.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A 18 (N= m:1,080, SD= m:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.7% Measured 2005 [66]
India 164.7 cm (5 ft 5 in) 151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.08 20–49 (N= m:69,245 f:118,796) 69.8% Measured 2005–2006 [67]
Iceland 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 20–49 43.6% Self-reported 2007 [18]
India – Rural 161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 152.1 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.06 17+ (SD= m:7.0 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 72.1% Measured 2007 [68]
India 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 152.6 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.09 20 3.0% Predicted 2005–2006 [68]
Indonesia 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) 147 cm (4 ft 10 in) 1.07 50+ (N= m:2,041 f:2,396, Median= m:158 cm (5 ft 2 in) f:147 cm (4 ft 10 in)) 22.5% Self-reported 1997 [69]
Iran 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) 157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 21+ (N= m/f:89,532, SD= m:8.05 cm (3 in) f:7.22 cm (3 in)) 88.1% Measured 2005 [70]
Iran 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.09 21–25 17.9% Measured 2005 [70]
Iraq – Baghdad 165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in) 155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.06 18–44 (N= m:700 f:800, SD= m:5.6 cm (2 in) f:16.0 cm (6 1⁄2 in)) 76.3% Measured 1999–2000 [71]
Ireland 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 20–49 61.8% Measured 2007 [18]
Ireland 179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.10 20–24 10.4% Measured 2007 [18]
Ireland 176.60 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30 1.7% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Ireland 177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 21 (N= m:54 f:20–49, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.6 cm (3 in)) 2.4% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Israel 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18–21 9.7% Measured 2010 [72]
Italy 176.5 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 18 1.4% Measured 1999–2004 [12][24][73]
Italy 174.48 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30 1.6% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Italy 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 167.8 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.06 21 (N= m:106 f:92, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.4% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Ivory Coast 170.1 cm (5 ft 7 in) 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–29 (SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.67 cm (2 in)) 14.6% Measured 1985–1987 [60]
Ivory Coast N/A 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.4% Self-reported 1998 [16]
Jamaica 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 160.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–74 71.4% Measured 1994–1996 [74]
Japan 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 20–49 47.2% Measured 2005 [18]
Japan 172.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.70 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–24 (N= m:1,708 f:1,559, SD= m:5.42 cm (2 in) f:5.30 cm (2 in)) 7.2% Measured 2004 [75]
Japan 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 17 1.2% Measured 2013 [76]
Jordan N/A 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,484, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.6% Self-reported 2007 [16]
Kazakhstan N/A 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.7% Self-reported 1999 [16]
Kenya 170.0 cm (5 ft 7 in) N/A N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.7% Summary 2016 [77]
Kenya N/A 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,856, SD= f:7.3 cm (3 in)) 52.5% Survey 2016 [16][77]
Korea, NorthNorth Korea 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 154.9 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Defectors, 20–39 (N= m/f:1,075) 46.4% Measured 2005 [78]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 20+ (N= m:2,750 f:2,445, Median= m:170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.40 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 96.5% Measured 2010 [79]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.08 20–24 (N= m:378 f:298, Median= m:174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:160.5 cm (5 ft 3 in), SD= m:5.16 cm (2 in) f:5.26 cm (2 in)) 8.0% Measured 2010 [79]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:363,827) 3.8% Measured 2014 [80]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea – Seoul 173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:65,876) 0.8% Measured 2014 [80]
Kyrgyzstan N/A 158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,424, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.4% Self-reported 1997 [16]
Lesotho N/A 157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,879, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 49.8% Self-reported 2004 [16]
Liberia N/A 157.3 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,281, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.8% Self-reported 2006 [16]
Lithuania 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:197 SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 14.7% Measured 2005[81] [82]
Lithuania – Urban 178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:91 SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 9.9% Measured 2005[81] [82]
Lithuania – Rural 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:106 SD= m:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 4.9% Measured 2005[81] [82]
Lithuania 181.3 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 18 2.1% Measured 2001 [83]
Madagascar N/A 154.3 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:5,024, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.6% Self-reported 2003 [16]
Malawi – Urban 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 16–60 (N= m:583 f:315, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:9.4 cm (3 1⁄2 in)) 101.1% Measured 2000 [84]
Malaysia 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 154.7 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Malay, 20–24 (N= m:749 f:893, Median= m:166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) f:155 cm (5 ft 1 in), SD= m:6.46 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.04 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 9.7%[85] Measured 1996 [86]
Malaysia 168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.07 Chinese, 20–24 (N= m:407 f:453, Median= m:169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) f:158 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.98 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.72 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 4.1%[85] Measured 1996 [86]
Malaysia 169.1 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 155.4 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.09 Indian, 20–24 (N= m:113 f:140, Median= m:168 cm (5 ft 6 in) f:156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in), SD= m:5.84 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.18 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.2%[85] Measured 1996 [86]
Malaysia 163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.08 Other indigenous, 20–24 (N= m:257 f:380, Median= m:163 cm (5 ft 4 in) f:152 cm (5 ft 0 in), SD= m:6.26 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.95 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.4%[85] Measured 1996 [86]
Mali – Southern Mali 171.3 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 Rural adults (N= m:121 f:320, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) N/A Measured 1992 [87]
Malta 169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in) 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.06 18+ 100.0% Self-reported 2003 [88]
Malta 175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–34 17.5% Self-reported 2003 [88]
Mexico 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 154 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–49 69.4% Measured 2006 [18]
Mexico 169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.08 20–24 14.5% Measured 2006 [18]
Mexico 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Middle & upper classes, young adults N/A Measured N/A [89]
Mexico – Bajío 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Adults N/A Measured N/A [90]
Mexico – Central N/A 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 26–39 N/A Measured N/A [90]
Mexico – Morelos 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.08 18–76 1.6%[91] Self-reported 1998–1999 [92]
Moldova N/A 161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,757, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 45.9% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Mongolia 168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.07 25–34 (N= m:158 f:181) 27.6% Measured 2006 [93]
Montenegro 183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in) 168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.09 Students at UCG,18–37 (N= m:178 f:107, SD= m:7.06 cm (3 in) f:5.27 cm (2 in)) 3.2%[94] Measured 2011 [24]
Morocco N/A 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:10,334, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.7% Self-reported 2003 [16]
Mozambique N/A 156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:6,912, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.0% Self-reported 2003 [16]
Namibia N/A 160.7 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:5,575, SD= f:7.1 cm (3 in)) 50.4% Self-reported 2006 [16]
Nepal 163.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) 150.8 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:6,280, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in)) 52.9% Self-reported 2006 [16]
Netherlands 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.07 Caucasians,16–18[95] (N= m:37 f:52, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in)) 3.7%[96] Measured 2003 [97]
Netherlands 182.70 cm (6 ft 0 in) N/A N/A 30–34 7.8% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Netherlands 180.8 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 20+ 96.8% Self-reported 2010 [9][29][98]
Netherlands 183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in) 169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in) 1.08 20–30 16.9% Self-reported 2010 [98]
Netherlands 183.8 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in) 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 1.08 21 (N= m:74 f:50, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.5% Self-reported 2009 [99]
New Zealand 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–49 56.9% Measured 2007 [18]
New Zealand 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 20–24 9.1% Measured 2007 [18]
Nicaragua N/A 153.7 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 54.1% Self-reported 2001 [16]
Nigeria 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.04 18–74 98.6% Measured 1994–1996 [74]
Nigeria 167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.04 20–29 (N= m:139 f:76, SD= m:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) 33.2% Measured 2011 [100]
Norway 180.0 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:18,297) 36.0% Measured 2011 [101]
Norway – Vest-Agder 181.7 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:770) 1.33% Measured 2011 [101]
Norway – Oslo 179.8 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:1,297) 4.78% Measured 2011 [101]
Norway – Finnmark 177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:218) 0.54% Measured 2011 [101]
Norway 179.63 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.5% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Norway 180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–85 (N= m:1534 f:1743) 93.6% Self-reported 2008–2009 [9][29][102]
Norway 182.4 cm (6 ft 0 in) 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.09 20–25 (SD= m:5.3 cm (2 in) f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 9.5% Self-reported 2008–2009 [102]
Norway 181.6 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 168.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 26–35 (SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 17.0% Self-reported 2008–2009 [102]
Peru 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1.09 20+ 93.8% Measured 2005 [103]
Philippines 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) N/A N/A 18+ - Measured 1980 [104]
Poland 178.7 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18 (N= m:846 f:1,126) 1.6% Measured 2010 [105]
Portugal 173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 18 (N= m:696) 1.5% Measured 2008 [12][106]
Portugal 172.30 cm (5 ft 8 in) N/A N/A 30–34 9.7% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Portugal 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 161 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.06 20–50 56.7% Self-reported 2001 [18]
Portugal 173.7 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.06 21 (N= m:87 f:106, SD= m:8.2 cm (3 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) 1.9% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Qatar 170.8 cm (5 ft 7 in) 161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.06 18 1.9% Measured 2005 [24][107]
Rwanda N/A 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:3,202, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.2% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Romania 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.10 N/A N/A Measured 2007 [108]
Russia 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.1 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 24 1.9% Measured 2004 [24][109]
Samoa N/A 166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) N/A 18–28 (N= f:55 SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 32.6% Measured 2004 [110]
Saudi Arabia 168.9 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 156.3 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18 3.0% Measured 2010 [24][111]
Senegal N/A 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,533, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.4% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Serbia 182.0 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.09 Students at UNS,18–30 (N= m:318 f:76, SD= m:6.74 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.88 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.7%[112] Measured 2012 [113]
Singapore 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 Chinese students at TP,16–18[114] (N= m:52 f:49, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in)) 0.3%[115][116] Measured 2003 [97]
Slovakia 179.4 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18 2.0% Measured 2004 [117]
Slovenia – Ljubljana 180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.4 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 19 0.2%[118] Measured 2011 [119]
South Africa 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.06 19 (N= m:121 f:118) 3.6% Measured 2003 [120]
Sri Lanka 163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151.4 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18+ (N= m:1,768 f:2,709, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 100.0% Measured 2005–2006 [121]
Sri Lanka 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 154.0 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18–29 (N= m:312 f:427, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 30.7% Measured 2005–2006 [121]
Spain 173.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) N/A N/A 18–70 (N= m:1,298 [122][123] ) 88.2% Measured 2013–2014 [124][125]
Spain N/A 159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 18–70 (N= f:8,217 [126][127] ) 83.5% Measured 2007–2008 [29][123][124][127]
Spain 175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in) N/A N/A 18–34 (N= m:554-1,061 [123][128] ) 26.8% Measured 2013–2014 [124][125][129][130]
Spain N/A 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 18–19 (N= f:656 [127][131] ) 2.4% Measured 2007–2008 [123][124][127]
Spain 175.5 cm (5 ft 9 in) N/A N/A 30–34 11.1% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Spain 174 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.07 20–49 57.0% Self-reported 2007 [18]
Spain 176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.06 20–24 7.5% Self-reported 2007 [18]
Spain 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) 166.2 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 21 (N= m:111 f:94, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.8% Self-reported 2001 [20]
Swaziland N/A 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,612, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 51.0% Self-reported 2006 [16]
Sweden 181.5 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.09 20–29 15.6% Measured 2008 [132]
Sweden 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A 30 8.0% Estimates 1976–1980 [19]
Sweden 177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 20–74 86.3% Self-reported 1987–1994 [133]
Switzerland 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19 (N= m:12,447, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in), SD= m:6.52 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.5% Measured 2009 [134]
Switzerland 175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–74 88.8% Self-reported 1987–1994 [133]
Taiwan 171.4 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 17 (N= m:200 f:200) 1.7% Measured 2011 [135][136][137]
Tanzania N/A 156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:6,033, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.8% Self-reported 2004 [16]
Thailand 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 STOU students, 15–19 (N= m:839 f:1,636, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.2%[138] Self-reported 2005 [139]
Togo N/A 159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,728, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.4% Self-reported 1998 [16]
Tonga 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.07 40 (N= m:241 f:299) 1.5% Measured 2001 [140]
Turkey 173.6 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20-22 (N= m:322 f:247) 8.3% Measured 2007 [12][24][141]
Turkey – Ankara 174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.10 18–59 (N= m:703 f:512, Median= m:169.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 5.1%[142] Measured 2004–2006 [143]
Turkey – Ankara 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 18–29 (N= m:390 f:163, Median= m:173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in), SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.0 cm (3 in)) 2.0%[142] Measured 2004–2006 [143]
Turkey N/A 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:5.6 cm (2 in)) 54.5% Self-reported 2003 [16]
Uganda N/A 159.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,666, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.4% Self-reported 2006 [16]
United Arab Emirates 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.11 N/A N/A N/A N/A [144]
United Kingdom – England 175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 16+ (N= m:3,154 f:3,956) 103.2%[145] Measured 2012 [4]
United Kingdom – England 177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 25–34 (N= m:415 f:611) 17.2%[145] Measured 2012 [4]
United Kingdom – Scotland 175.0 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 16+ (N= m:2,512 f:3,180, Median= m:174.8 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)) 103.0%[145] Measured 2008 [146]
United Kingdom – Scotland 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 25–34 (N= m:286 f:413, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.9 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)) 15.7%[145] Measured 2008 [146]
United Kingdom – Wales 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 16+ 103.2%[145] Self-reported 2009 [147]
United States 175.7 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.09 All Americans, 20+ (N= m:5,232 f:5,547, Median= m:175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)) 69% Measured 2011–2014 [148]
United States 176.4 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 All Americans, 20–29 (N= m:937 f:928, Median= m:176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) f:162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in)) 13.9% Measured 2011–2014 [148]
United States – African Americans 177.4 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 African Americans, 20–39 (N= m:405 f:418, Median= m:177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)) 3.4%[149] Measured 2011–2014 [148]
United States – Hispanic and Latino Americans 172.4 cm (5 ft 8 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.08 Hispanic/Latino Americans, 20–39 (N= m:385 f:428, Median= m:172.3 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)) 4.4%[149] Measured 2011–2014 [148]
United States – Mexican Americans 172.2 cm (5 ft 8 in) 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.09 Mexican Americans, 20–39 (N= m:233 f:247, Median= m:172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)) 2.8%[149] Measured 2011–2014 [148]
United States – Asian Americans 172.3 cm (5 ft 8 in) 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.09 Non-Hispanic Asians, 20–39 (N= m:260 f:272, Median= m:172.2 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in)) 1.3%[149] Measured 2011–2014 [148]
United States – Non-Hispanic whites 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 165.0 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 Non-Hispanic White Americans, 20–39 (N= m:715 f:689, Median= m:178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in)) 17.1%[149] Measured 2011–2014 [148]
Uruguay 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 Adults (N= m:2,249 f:2,114) N/A Measured 1990 [150]
Uzbekistan N/A 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,635, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.6% Self-reported 1996 [16]
Vietnam 162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in) 152.2 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.07 25–29 (SD= m:5.39 cm (2 in) f:5.39 cm (2 in)) 15.9% Measured 1992–1993 [60]
Vietnam 165.7 cm (5 ft 5 in) 155.2 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Students, 20–25 (N= m:1,000 f:1,000, SD= m:6.55 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.32 cm (2 in)) 2.0%[151] Measured 2006–2007 [152]
Zambia N/A 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,091, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.2% Self-reported 2007 [16]
Zimbabwe N/A 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,746, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 47.3% Self-reported 2005 [16]
Notes
Jump up ^ In this case, data that are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population are those that factor in over 50% of the country or region's population aged 18 or over.
References
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^ Jump up to: a b Shields, Margot; Gorber, Sarah Connor & Tremblay, Mark S. (2009). "Methodological Issues in Anthropometry: Self-reported versus Measured Height and Weight" (PDF). Proceedings of Statistic s Canada Symposium 2008. Data Collection: Challenges, Achievements and New Directions.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moody, Alison (18 December 2013). "10: Adult anthropometric measures, overweight and obesity". In Craig, Rachel; Mindell, Jennifer. Health Survey for England – 2012 (PDF) (Report). Volume 1: Health, social care and lifestyles. Health and Social Care Information Centre. p. 20. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
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Jump up ^ Although the mean height of university students are slightly shorter than the national mean height aged 20–29 in this study.
^ Jump up to: a b c Herpin, Nicolas (2003). "La taille des hommes: son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle" (PDF). Économie et Statistique. 361 (1): 71–90. doi:10.3406/estat.2003.7355.
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Jump up ^ "Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005". Today.az. 2005-05-07. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
Jump up ^ "NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY FOR ADULT BAHRAINIS AGED 19 YEARS AND ABOVE" (PDF). Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain. 2002. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
Jump up ^ Gharib NM, Shah P (2009). "Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain.". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 29 (supplement 4): 258–69. PMC 2841452  . PMID 19584585.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bjelica D, et al. "Body height and its estimation utilising arm span measurements in Montenegrin adults" (PDF). Anthropological Notebooks. 18 (2): 69–83.
Jump up ^ Bogin, Barry (1999). Patterns of Human Growth. Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-0-521-56438-0.
Jump up ^ Enrollment at UBL from University of Banja Luka 30 years of the University, University of Montenegro.
Jump up ^ Popović S, et al. (2015). "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults" (PDF). Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 4 (1): 29–36.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares" (PDF). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Note: Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups.
^ Jump up to: a b "Софиянци: високи, главно непушачи, средно дебели". Bnews.bg. 2010-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC (2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey". BMC Public Health. 6: 228. PMC 1579217  . PMID 16970806. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228.
Jump up ^ Shields, Margot; Gorber, Sarah Connor; Janssen, Ian & Tremblay, Mark S. (2011). "Bias in self-reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys: An update on correction equations for adult" (PDF). Health reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada, Centre canadien d'information sur la sante. 22 (3): 35–45. PMID 22106788.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Capítulo V: Resultados" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Growing is tied to big problems". The Standard. Sing Tao Newspaper Limited. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "2010年国民体质监测公报". Retrieved 2013-05-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Yang XG, Li YP, Ma GS, Hu XQ, Wang JZ, Cui ZH, Wang ZH, Yu WT, Yang ZX, Zhai FY (2005). "[Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 26 (7): 489–93. PMID 16334998.
Jump up ^ Beijing's population in 2010 from Beijing Shi General Information, GEOHIVE.
Jump up ^ 北京市2010年国民体质监测结果公报
Jump up ^ Sichuan's population in 2010 from Sichuan Province General Information, GEOHIVE.
Jump up ^ 2010年四川省第三次国民体质监测公报
Jump up ^ Meisel, Adolfo & Vega, Margarita. "A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910–2002" (PDF). Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics, Venice International University, Venice, Italy, July 8–11, 2004.
Jump up ^ Jureša, Vesna; Musil, Vera & Kujundžić Tiljak, Mirjana (2012). "Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years". Collegium Antropologicum. 36 (supplement 1).
Jump up ^ "CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA". II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles, 2001 (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba. 2008. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Vignerová, J.; Brabec, M.; Bláha, P. (2006). "Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth" (PDF). Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun;4(2):237-52. Epub 2005 Dec 20. Economics and Human Biology. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height" (PDF). Forsvarets rekruttering, Kingdom of Denmark. 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
Jump up ^ Pineau JC, Delamarche P, Bozinovic S (2005). "[Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps]". C. R. Biol. (in French). 328 (9): 841–6. PMID 16168365. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004. . Note: Authors added +1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth.
Jump up ^ "A century of trends in adult human height".
Jump up ^ Egypt – Demographic and Health Survey 2008.
Jump up ^ Lintsi M, Kaarma H (2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Economics and Human Biology. 4 (1): 89–103. PMID 15993666. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007.
Jump up ^ In this study, the average height of European males is calculated as a weighted average of 42 European Nations' mean hegiht.
Jump up ^ Data for 17 year olds are added extra 1 cm (1⁄2 in) because of unfinished growth.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen, Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Uudet kasvukäyrät". thl.fi. 2011. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
Jump up ^ "La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration" (PDF). ifth.org. 2006-02-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2013. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Mode & Couture" (PDF). Educatel une formation pour chaque projet. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
Jump up ^ Sear, Rebecca. "Size, body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia: a life history perspective" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ In this survey, the urban area is composed by 38 most populated cities from Berlin to Rostock, being approximately 24% of total German population.
Jump up ^ Germany's regional population in 2011 from Gemeinden in Deutschland nach Bevölkerung am 31.12.2011 auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und früherer Zählungen im Excel-Format, Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis).
^ Jump up to: a b "Mikrozensus – Fragen zur Gesundheit – Körpermaße der Bevölkerung" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden. 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
Jump up ^ Papadimitriou A, Fytanidis G, Douros K, Papadimitriou DT, Nicolaidou P, Fretzayas A (2008). "Greek young men grow taller". Acta Paediatrica. 97 (8): 1105–7. PMID 18477057. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00855.x.
Jump up ^ So HK, Nelson EA, Li AM, Wong EM, Lau JT, Guldan GS, Mak KH, Wang Y, Fok TF, Sung RY (2008). "Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children" (PDF). BMC Public Health. 8: 320. PMC 2572616  . PMID 18803873. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-320.
Jump up ^ The university participation rate is approximately 20% in 2005. Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education, Committee on Self-financing Post-secondary Education
Jump up ^ "CHEST Journal | Article". Journal.publications.chestnet.org. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)[dead link]
Jump up ^ Mészáros Z, Mészáros J, Völgyi E, Sziva A, Pampakas P, Prókai A, Szmodis M (2008). "Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys: Differences between 1980–2005". Journal of physiological anthropology. 27 (5): 241–5. PMID 18838839. doi:10.2114/jpa2.27.241.
Jump up ^ Mamidi, RS; Kulkarni, B; Singh, A (2011). "Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes". Food and nutrition bulletin. 32 (1): 23–34. PMID 21560461.
^ Jump up to: a b Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K (2002). "Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (11): 1119–25. PMID 12428178. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601457.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia Family Life Survey,1997". Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Haghdoost, AA; Mirzazadeh, A & Alikhani, S (2008). "Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984" (PDF). Iranian J Publ Health. 37 (1): 1–7.
Jump up ^ Tawfeek H (2002). "Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad, Iraq" (PDF). Food and nutrition bulletin. 23 (4): 402–6. PMID 16619749. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "נתוני גובה ממוצע". Health-pages.co.il. 2007-05-07. Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
Jump up ^ Cacciari; et al. (2006). "Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr).". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 29: 581–93. PMID 16957405. doi:10.1007/BF03344156.
^ Jump up to: a b Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Osotimehin B, Forrester T (1998). "Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African-Americans". Diabetes Care. 21 (11): 1836–42. PMID 9802730. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.11.1836.
Jump up ^ "Official Statistics by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology." (PDF). Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Official Statistics by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. e-stat.go.jp" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kenyans becoming shorter: Study". Daily Nation. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Post unification discrimination potential". Yeolchae. 2006-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "사이즈 코리아 남성/여성 연령대별 표준체형 지수". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "징병검사 현황 – 신장 분포, 청별". Korean Statistical Information Service. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c Note: In this study, the subjects' height was measured twice. The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm. When they measured the same group after a year, the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm
^ Jump up to: a b c "Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics" (PDF). medicina.kmu.lt. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
Jump up ^ Tutkuviene J. (2005). "Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians". Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht uber die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur. 63 (1): 29–44. JSTOR 29542614. PMID 15830586.
Jump up ^ Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS (2000). "Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians". East African Medical Journal. 77 (7): 364–8. PMID 12862154. doi:10.4314/eamj.v77i7.46663.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ethnic population ratio (1995) from Historical Overview of Malaysia's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education, Hazri Jamil.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lim TO, Ding LM, Zaki M, et al. (March 2000). "Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults" (PDF). Med. J. Malaysia. 55 (1): 108–28. PMID 11072496. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Katherine A. Dettwyler (July 1992). "Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 (3): 309–321. PMID 1642319. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880306. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE.....". News Release. National Statistics Office – Malta. 2003-12-10. Note: A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results: the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm (5' 4.9") compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm (5' 6.7").[citation needed][dead link]
Jump up ^ Aumenta la estatura de los jóvenes A study published by the University of Guadalajara
^ Jump up to: a b "¿Cuánto miden los mexicanos?". Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
Jump up ^ Morelos and Mexico's population in 2000 from National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI).
Jump up ^ Ignacio Osuna-Ramírez, M; et al. (March–April 2006). "Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana: la precisión del autorreporte" (PDF). Salud pública de méxico. 48 (2): 94–103. doi:10.1590/S0036-36342006000200003.
Jump up ^ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006. WHO (2007). ISBN 9992998040
Jump up ^ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students, University of Montenegro.
Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5(±0.7) for male and 17.6(±0.6) for female. Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18.
Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014, IndexMundi.
^ Jump up to: a b Deurenberg P, Bhaskaran K, Lian PL (2003). "Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 12 (3): 261–5. PMID 14505987.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reported height, 20 years or older, Central Bureau of Statistics, 15 February 2012". Statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
Jump up ^ Schönbeck, Yvonne; Talma, Henk; Van Dommelen, Paula; Bakker, Boudewijn; Buitendijk, Simone E.; Hirasing, Remy A.; Van Buuren, Stef (2012). "The world's tallest nation has stopped growing taller: The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009". Pediatric Research. 73 (3): 371–7. PMID 23222908. doi:10.1038/pr.2012.189.
Jump up ^ Ter Goon D, et al. (2011). "The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults" (PDF). Kinesiology. 43 (1): 38–43.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Statistisk årbok 2011" (PDF). Statistics Norway. 2011. p. 126. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge" (PDF). Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs. 2009. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005" (PDF). Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (DEVAN), Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS). 5 June 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
Jump up ^ https://ourworldindata.org/human-height/
Jump up ^ Kułaga Z, Litwin M, Tkaczyk M, Palczewska I, Zajączkowska M, Zwolińska D, Krynicki T, Wasilewska A, Moczulska A, Morawiec-Knysak A, Barwicka K, Grajda A, Gurzkowska B, Napieralska E, Pan H (2011). "Polish 2010 growth references for school-aged children and adolescents". European journal of pediatrics. 170 (5): 599–609. PMC 3078309  . PMID 20972688. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1329-x. Note: The values represent averages, not medians listed in the study.
Jump up ^ Sardinha; et al. (2010). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth: A study in a representative sample of 10–18-year-old children and adolescents". International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, Informa Healthcare. 6: e124–8. PMID 20919807. doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.490263.
Jump up ^ Bener A1, Kamal AA. (2008). "Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6–18 years.". Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 23 (supplement 3): 250–8. PMID 16262022.
Jump up ^ Evenimente Sibiul 2007
Jump up ^ Brainerd E. (2006). "Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union:An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data" (PDF). William Davidson Institute Working Paper.
Jump up ^ "Body Size and Composition, Lifestyle and Health Among Native Samoan Women" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ El Mouzan; et al. (2010). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 30 (supplement 3): 203–208. PMC 2886870  . PMID 20427936. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.62833.
Jump up ^ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures, University of Novi Sad.
Jump up ^ Popovic S, et al. (2013). "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults" (PDF). Int. J. Morphol. 31 (1): 271–279. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022013000100043.
Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5(±0.6). Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18.
Jump up ^ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic, UNI AGENTS.
Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014, indexMundi.
Jump up ^ Ševčíková, Ľ.; Nováková, J.; Hamade, J. and Tatara, M. (2004) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov [Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years]. In: Životné podmienky a zdravie [Living conditions and health]. Editor: Ľubica Ághová. Bratislava.
Jump up ^ Ljubljana's population in 2011 from UNdata, United Nations.
Jump up ^ Starc G, Strel J. "Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school-aged children and adolescents" (PDF). Anthropological Notebooks. 17 (3): 89–100. |lastauthoramp=yes
Jump up ^ "SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY – 2003" (PDF). doh.gov.za. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Jayawardana, M.A. Naveen A.A.D.; Constantine, Godwin R.; Sheriff, M.H. Rezvi; Matthews, David R.; Katulanda, Prasad (2010). "Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka" (PDF). Economics and Human Biology. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583(12–70) and the ratio of subjects aged 18–70 is 82%.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12.
Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415(12–70), and the ratio of subjects aged 18–70 is 78.9%.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España" (PDF). Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008-02-07.
Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583(12–70), the ratio of subjects aged 18–29 is 35% and the one between 30–49 is 32%. Therefore the ratio between 18–34 is between 35–67%.
Jump up ^ (2015). 20minutos.es. "El español medio mide 173 centímetros y el 46,7% de ellos presenta un peso normal"
Jump up ^ "Las tallas del hombre español medio". EL MUNDO. 2015-03-12.
Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 (12–70) and the ratio of subjects aged 18–19 is 6.3%.
Jump up ^ "Svenskarna längre och tyngre". Dagens Nyheter. 2008-02-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Cavelaars, A.E.J.M., Kunst, A.E., Geurts, J.J.M., Crialesi, R., Grotvedt, L., Helmert U. (2000). "Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries". Annals of Human Biology. 27 (4): 407–21. PMID 10942348. doi:10.1080/03014460050044883. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Staub, Kaspar; Rühli, Frank; Woitek, Ulrich; Pfister, Christian (2011). "The average height of 18- and 19-year-old conscripts (N=458,322) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009, and the secular height trend since 1878". Swiss Medical Weekly. doi:10.4414/smw.2011.13238. Retrieved 9 August 2011. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan – 2011". Ministry of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Survey explanation – 2011". Ministry of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Methodology – 2011". Ministry of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ Enrollment at STOU from Institutional Profile: Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, ICDE.
Jump up ^ Jordan S, Lim L, Seubsman SA, Bain C, Sleigh A (2012). "Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990" (PDF). Journal of epidemiology and community health. 66 (1): 75–80. PMC 3230828  . PMID 20805198. doi:10.1136/jech.2010.113043.
Jump up ^ "Differences in body composition between Tongans and Australians: time to rethink the healthy weight ranges?" (PDF). International Journal of Obesity. 25: 1806–1814. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801822. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Iseri A.; Arslan N. (2008). "Obesity in adults in Turkey: age and regional effects.". European Journal of Public Health. 19 (supplement 1): 91–4. PMID 19091784. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn107.
^ Jump up to: a b Ankara's population in 2000 from Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities, CITY POPULATION.
^ Jump up to: a b Özer, Basak Koca (2008). "Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults". Anthropological Science. 116 (3): 191–199. doi:10.1537/ase.061213.
Jump up ^ Abdulrazzaq, Yousef M; Moussa, Mohamed A; Nagelkerke, Nicolaas (2008). "National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates". J Epidemiol. 18 (6): 295–303. PMID 19075495. doi:10.2188/jea.JE2008037.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census, Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Scottish Health Survey 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
Jump up ^ "The Welsh Health Survey 2009, p. 58" (PDF). Wales.gov.uk. 2010-09-15. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g US Dept. of Health and Human Services; et al. (August 2016). "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014" (PDF). National Health Statistics Reports. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts Archived 2008-04-21 at the Wayback Machine., United States Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ "Cruzada por lo alto: los petisos denuncian dura discriminación" (in Spanish). El País. 2006-05-27.
Jump up ^ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009. Viet Nam: Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project (HESDP), Asian Development Bank
Jump up ^ Hung, Mai Van & Park, Sunyoung (2008). "The impact of environment on morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese and South Korean students" (PDF). VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology. 24: 50–55.
External links
A century of trends in adult human height by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
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