text:
Green
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the color. For other uses, see Green (disambiguation).
Green
Spectral coordinates
Wavelength
495–570 nm
Frequency
~575–525 THz
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#00FF00
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(0, 255, 0)
Source
sRGB approximation to NCS S 2060-G[a]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
You may need rendering support to display the Japanese text in this article correctly.
You may need rendering support to display the Persian text in this article correctly.
You may need rendering support to display the Vietnamese text in this article correctly.
Green is the color between blue and yellow on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm. In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors.
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow".[1] It is the color of living grass and leaves[2][3] and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature.[4] By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.
In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy.[4] In Europe and the U.S., green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness.[4] In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red.[5] Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States.[5] It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise.[6] It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and linguistic definitions
1.1 Languages where green and blue are one color
1.2 In nature and culture
2 In science
2.1 Color vision and colorimetry
2.2 Lasers
2.3 Pigments, food coloring and fireworks
2.4 Biology
2.5 Green eyes
3 In history and art
3.1 Prehistoric history
3.2 Ancient history
3.3 Postclassical history
3.4 Modern history
3.4.1 In the 18th and 19th century
3.4.2 In the 20th and 21st century
4 Symbolism and associations
4.1 Safety and permission
4.2 Nature, vivacity, and life
4.3 Springtime, freshness, and hope
4.4 Youth and inexperience
4.5 Calm, tolerance, and the agreeable
4.6 Jealousy and envy
4.7 Love and sexuality
4.8 Dragons, fairies, monsters, and devils
5 Theater
5.1 Poison and sickness
5.2 Social status, prosperity and the dollar
6 On flags
7 In politics
8 In religion
9 In gambling and sports
10 Idioms and expressions
11 Notes
12 See also
13 References
13.1 Cited texts
14 External links
Etymology and linguistic definitions
The word green has the same Germanic root as the words for grass and grow
The word green comes from the Middle English and Old English word grene, which, like the German word grün, has the same root as the words grass and grow.[7] It is from a Common Germanic *gronja-, which is also reflected in Old Norse grænn, Old High German gruoni (but unattested in East Germanic), ultimately from a PIE root *ghre- "to grow", and root-cognate with grass and to grow.[8] The first recorded use of the word as a color term in Old English dates to ca. AD 700.[9]
Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for "green". Related to virere "to grow" and ver "spring", it gave rise to words in several Romance languages, French vert, Italian verde (and English vert, verdure etc.).[10] Likewise the Slavic languages with zelenъ. Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός, chloros (cf. the color of chlorine), cognate with χλοερός "verdant" and χλόη "the green of new growth".
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden".[11] The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".[12]
Languages where green and blue are one color
Main article: Color term
In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green.[13] The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青". In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 緑 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors as other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, aoi, because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word aoi. Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit. "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây, lit. "leaf green").
"Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue).[14] (See distinction of green from blue)[15] These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word เขียว kheīyw, besides meaning "green", also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations.[16]
The Celtic languages had a term for "blue/green/grey", Proto-Celtic *glasto-, which gave rise to Old Irish glas "green, grey" and to Welsh glas "blue". This word is cognate with the Ancient Greek γλαυκός "bluish green", contrasting with χλωρός "yellowish green" discussed above.
In modern Japanese, the term for green is 緑, while the old term for "blue/green", blue (青, Ao) now means "blue". But in certain contexts, green is still conventionally referred to as 青, as in blue traffic light (青信号, ao shingō) and blue leaves (青葉, aoba), reflecting the absence of blue-green distinction in old Japanese (more accurately, the traditional Japanese color terminology grouped some shades of green with blue, and others with yellow tones).
The Persian language is traditionally lacking a black/blue/green distinction. The Persian word سبز sabz can mean "green", "black", or "dark". Thus, Persian erotic poetry, dark-skinned women are addressed as sabz-eh, as in phrases like سبز گندم گون sabz-eh-gandom-gun (literally "dark wheat colored") or سبز مليح sabz-eh-malih ("a dark beauty").[17] Similarly, in Sudanese Arabic, dark-skinned people are described as أخضر akhḍar, the term which in Standard Arabic stands unambiguously for "green".[18]
In nature and culture
Main article: Shades of green
Emerald green. The Gachala Emerald from the National Museum of Natural History, Washington.
Jade. A jade dragon from the Han Dynasty, China. Jade can be many different shades of green.
A 10th-century celadon pot from China (Musee Guimet, Paris). Celadon is a pale greyish green which takes its name from a character in the French romance Astrée by d'Urfe (1610).[19]
Malachite green. A giant malachite vase in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Lime green, Named for the lime fruit, inclines toward yellow.
Olive or olive green.
Olive drab was the standard color of U.S. Army combat uniforms from World War II through the Vietnam War.
Moss green. Saihō-ji (Kyoto), also known as the "Moss Garden", in Kyoto, Japan, begun in 1339
Teal takes its name from the color around the eyes of the Teal duck.
In science
Color vision and colorimetry
Color
Frequency Wavelength
violet 668–789 THz 380–450 nm
blue 606–668 THz 450–495 nm
green 526–606 THz 495–570 nm
yellow 508–526 THz 570–590 nm
orange 484–508 THz 590–620 nm
red 400–484 THz 620–750 nm
Green, blue and red are additive colors. All the colors you see on your computer screen are made by mixing them in different intensities.
In optics, the perception of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm. The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm, a blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a yellow-green; these are the peak locations of the rod and cone (scotopic and photopic, respectively) luminosity functions.[20]
The perception of greenness (in opposition to redness forming one of the opponent mechanisms in human color vision) is evoked by light which triggers the medium-wavelength M cone cells in the eye more than the long-wavelength L cones. Light which triggers this greenness response more than the yellowness or blueness of the other color opponent mechanism is called green. A green light source typically has a spectral power distribution dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 487–570 nm.[21]
Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types. In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause color blindness, including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as deuteranopia or red–green color blindness.[22] Green is restful to the eye. Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue.[23]
In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.[24]
In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.
Lasers
Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light.[25] An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green").[26] Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm.[27] Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.[28]
As of mid-2011, direct green laser diodes at 510 nm and 500 nm have become generally available,[29] although the price remains relatively prohibitive for widespread public use. The efficiency of these lasers (peak 3%)[citation needed] compared to that of DPSS green lasers (peak 35%)[citation needed] may also be limiting adoption of the diodes to niche uses.
Pigments, food coloring and fireworks
The Chicago River is dyed green every year to mark St. Patrick's Day
Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium.[30] Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment.[31] For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar.[32] Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.[33]
Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green.[34] Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.[31]
Green earth is a natural pigment used since the time of the Roman Empire. It is composed of clay colored by iron oxide, magnesium, aluminum silicate, or potassium. Large deposits were found in the South of France near Nice, and in Italy around Verona, on Cyprus, and in Bohemia. The clay was crushed, washed to remove impurities, then powdered. It was sometimes called Green of Verona.[35]
Mixtures of oxidized cobalt and zinc were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century.[36]
Cobalt green, sometimes known as Rinman's green or zinc green, is a translucent green pigment made by heating a mixture of cobalt (II) oxide and zinc oxide. Sven Rinman, a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780.[37] Green chrome oxide was a new synthetic green created by a chemist named Pannetier in Paris in about 1835. Emerald green was a synthetic deep green made in the 19th century by hydrating chrome oxide. It was also known as Guignet green.[31]
Fireworks typically use barium salts to create green sparks
There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials.[38] Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States.[39] Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.[40]
To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs.[41] Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames.[41] Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate.[41] Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.[41]
Biology
The chloroplasts of plant cells contain a high concentration of chlorophyll, making them appear green.
Frogs often appear green because light reflects off of a blue underlayer through a yellow upperlayer, filtering the light to be primarily green.
A yellow-naped Amazon parrot, colored green for camouflage in the jungle
The green huntsman spider is green due to the presence of bilin pigments in the spider's hemolymph and tissue fluids
Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green.[42] Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.[43]
Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment.[22] Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially.[22] Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin.[22] Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.
The green huntsman spider is green due to the presence of bilin pigments in the spider's hemolymph (circulatory system fluids) and tissue fluids.[44] It hunts insects in green vegetation, where it is well camouflaged.
Green eyes
Green eyes
Main article: Eye color
There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light.[45] Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe.[46][47] They can also be found in Southern Europe,[48] West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color.[49] A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men.[50] Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.[51]
In history and art
Prehistoric history
Neolithic cave paintings do not have traces of green pigments, but neolithic peoples in northern Europe did make a green dye for clothing, made from the leaves of the birch tree. it was of very poor quality, more brown than green. Ceramics from ancient Mesopotamia show people wearing vivid green costumes, but it is not known how the colors were produced.[52]
Ancient history
The gardens of ancient Egypt were symbols of rebirth. Tomb painting of the gardens of Amon at the temple of Karnak, from the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener. Early 14th century BC.
The Ancient Egyptian god Osiris, ruler of the underworld and of rebirth and regeneration, was typically shown with a green face. (Tomb of Nefertari, 1295–1253 BC)
Ancient Roman fresco of Flora, or Spring, from Stabiae (2nd century AD)
In Ancient Egypt, green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert; a paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.[52]
For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and the dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."[53]
In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens: cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among the four classic colors of Greek painting – red, yellow, black and white – and is rarely found in Greek art.[54]
The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards. The Romans made a fine green earth pigment that was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine.[55] By the second century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.[56]
Postclassical history
In the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck (1434), the rich green fabric of the dress showed the wealth and status of the family.
Duccio di Buoninsegna painted the faces in this painting (1308–1311) with an undercoat of green earth pigment. The surface pink has faded, making the faces look green today.
The green costume of the Mona Lisa shows she was from the gentry, not from the nobility.
In the 15th century "Saint Wolfgang and the Devil" by Michael Pacher, the Devil is green. Poets such as Chaucer also drew connections between the color green and the devil.[57]
In this 1503 painting by Perugino, malachite pigment was used to paint the bright green garments of the worshippers, while the background greens were painted in green earth pigments.
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession. Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families. The Mona Lisa wears green in her portrait, as does the bride in the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck.
Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with Reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.[58]
The pigments available to painters were more varied; monks in monasteries used verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts. They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green. They used green earth colors for backgrounds.
During the early Renaissance, painters such as Duccio di Buoninsegna learned to paint faces first with a green undercoat, then with pink, which gave the faces a more realistic hue. Over the centuries the pink has faded, making some of the faces look green.[59]
Modern history
In the 18th and 19th century
Dedham Vale (1802) by John Constable. The paintings of Constable romanticized the vivid green landscapes of England.
In the paintings of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875), the green of trees and nature became the central element of the painting, with the people secondary.
"Symphony in gray and green; The Ocean" by James McNeil Whistler (1866–1872).
The Night Cafe, (1888), by Vincent van Gogh, used red and green to express what Van Gogh called "the terrible human passions."
Émile Bernard – Still life with green teapot, cup and fruit, 1890
Louis Anquetin – Woman at the Champs-Élysées by night
Emperor Pedro II of Brazil wearing a dark green velvet mantle
The 18th and 19th century brought the discovery and production of synthetic green pigments and dyes, which rapidly replaced the earlier mineral and vegetable pigments and dyes. These new dyes were more stable and brilliant than the vegetable dyes, but some contained high levels of arsenic, and were eventually banned.
In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.
The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. One of the first to make color the central element of his picture was the American artist James McNeil Whistler, who created a series of paintings called "symphonies" or "noctures" of color, including "Symphony in gray and green; The Ocean" between 1866 and 1872.
The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."[60]
In the 20th and 21st century
In the 1980s green became a political symbol, the color of the Green Party in Germany and in many other European countries. It symbolized the environmental movement, and also a new politics of the left which rejected traditional socialism and communism. (See Politics section below.)
Symbolism and associations
Safety and permission
A green light is the universal symbol of permission to go
An agriculture company chooses green and yellow for their products. Three wheels on each hub enables this tractor to work wetter land.
Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights.[61] Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.
Nature, vivacity, and life
Green is the color most commonly associated in Europe and the U.S. with nature, vivacity and life.[62] It is the color of many environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace, and of the Green Parties in Europe. Many cities have designated a garden or park as a green space, and use green trash bins and containers. A green cross is commonly used to designate pharmacies in Europe.
In China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth.[63] In Thailand, the color green is considered auspicious for those born on a Wednesday day (light green for those born at night).[64]
Springtime, freshness, and hope
Green is the color most commonly associated in the U.S. and Europe with springtime, freshness, and hope.[65][b] Green is often used to symbolize rebirth and renewal and immortality. In Ancient Egypt; the god Osiris, king of the underworld, was depicted as green-skinned.[66] Green as the color of hope is connected with the color of springtime; hope represents the faith that things will improve after a period of difficulty, like the renewal of flowers and plants after the winter season.[6]
Youth and inexperience
Green the color most commonly associated in Europe and the U.S. with youth. It also often is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, probably by the analogy to immature and unripe fruit.[67][68][c] Examples include green cheese, a term for a fresh, unaged cheese, and greenhorn, an inexperienced person.
Calm, tolerance, and the agreeable
Surveys also show that green is the color most associated with the calm, the agreeable, and tolerance. Red is associated with heat, blue with cold, and green with an agreeable temperature. Red is associated with dry, blue with wet, and green, in the middle, with dampness. Red is the most active color, blue the most passive; green, in the middle, is the color of neutrality and calm, sometimes used in architecture and design for these reasons.[69] Blue and green together symbolize harmony and balance.[70]
Jealousy and envy
Green is often associated with jealousy and envy. The expression "green-eyed monster" was first used by William Shakespeare in Othello: "it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on." Shakespeare also used it in the Merchant of Venice, speaking of "green-eyed jealousy."[71]
Love and sexuality
Green today is not commonly associated in Europe and the United States with love and sexuality,[72] but in stories of the medieval period it sometimes represented love[73] and the base, natural desires of man.[74] It was the color of the serpent in the Garden of Eden who caused the downfall of Adam and Eve. However, for the troubadours, green was the color of growing love, and light green clothing was reserved for young women who were not yet married.[75]
In Persian and Sudanese poetry, dark-skinned women, called "green" women, were considered erotic.[18] The Chinese term for cuckold is "to wear a green hat."[76] This was because in ancient China, prostitutes were called "the family of the green lantern" and a prostitute's family would wear a green headscarf.[77]
In Victorian England, the color green was associated with homosexuality.[78]
Dragons, fairies, monsters, and devils
Saint Wolfgang and the Devil, by Michael Pacher.
A medieval illustration of a dragon (1460)
A Chinese dragon dance
A 20th-century depiction of a leprechaun
In legends, folk tales and films, fairies, dragons, monsters, and the devil are often shown as green.
In the Middle Ages, the devil was usually shown as either red, black or green. Dragons were usually green, because they had the heads, claws and tails of reptiles.
Modern Chinese dragons are also often green, but unlike European dragons, they are benevolent; Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck. The Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength. The dragon dance is a popular feature of Chinese festivals.
In Irish folklore and English folklore, the color was sometimes was associated with witchcraft, and with faeries and spirits.[79] The type of Irish fairy known as a leprechaun is commonly portrayed wearing a green suit, though before the 20th century he was usually described as wearing a red suit.
Theater
In the theater and in films, green was often connected with horror or ghost stories, and with corpses. The earliest films of Frankenstein were in black and white, but in the poster for the 1935 version The Bride of Frankenstein, the monster had a green face. Actor Bela Lugosi wore green-hued makeup for the role of Dracula in the 1927–1928 Broadway stage production.[80][81]
Poison and sickness
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[82][d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".
A green tinge in the skin is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness.[83] The expression 'green at the gills' means appearing sick. The color, when combined with gold, is sometimes seen as representing the fading of youth.[84] In some Far East cultures the color green is used as a symbol of sickness and/or nausea.[85]
Social status, prosperity and the dollar
The famous British fashion leader Beau Brummel wore a green tailcoat (1805)
The reverse of the United States one-dollar bill has been green since 1861, giving it the popular name greenback.
Green in Europe and the United States is sometimes associated with status and prosperity. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century it was often worn by bankers, merchants country gentlemen and others who were wealthy but not members of the nobility. The benches in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, where the landed gentry sat, are colored green.
In the United States green was connected with the dollar bill. Since 1861, the reverse side of the dollar bill has been green. Green was originally chosen because it deterred counterfeiters, who tried to use early camera equipment to duplicate banknotes. Also, since the banknotes were thin, the green on the back did not show through and muddle the pictures on the front of the banknote. Green continues to be used because the public now associates it with a strong and stable currency.[86]
One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Emerald City in this story is a place where everyone wears tinted glasses that make everything appear green. According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city’s color is used by the author, L. Frank Baum, to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold.[87]
On flags
The flag of Italy (1797) was modeled after the flag of France. It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, and the green came from the uniforms of the army of Milan.
The flag of Brazil (1889). The green color was inherited from the flag of the Empire of Brazil, where it represented the color of the House of Braganza.
The flag of Ireland (1919). The green represents the culture and traditions of Gaelic Ireland.[88][89]
The flag of India (1947). The green has been said at different times to represent the Muslim community of India, hope, or prosperity.
The flag of Bangladesh (1971). The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh
The Flag of Saudi Arabia (1973) has the green color of Islam. The inscription in Arabic says: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet,"
The flag of South Africa (1994) includes green, yellow and black, the colors of the African National Congress.
The former flag of Libya (1977–2011) was the only monochromatic flag in the world, with no design or details.
The flag of Nigeria (1960). The green represents the forests and natural wealth of the country.
The flag of Pakistan (1947). The green part represents the Muslim majority of the country.
The flag of Italy (1797) was modeled after the French tricolor. It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, whose capital was Milan; red and white were the colors of Milan, and green was the color of the military uniforms of the army of the Cisalpine Republic. Other versions say it is the color of the Italian landscape, or symbolizes hope.[90]
The flag of Brazil has a green field adapted from the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The green represented the royal family.
The flag of India was inspired by an earlier flag of the independence movement of Gandhi, which had a red band for Hinduism and a green band representing Islam, the second largest religion in India.[91]
The flag of Pakistan symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and equal rights of religious minorities where the larger portion (3:2 ratio) of flag is dark green representing Muslim majority (98% of total population) while a white vertical bar (3:1 ratio) at the mast representing equal rights for religious minorities and minority religions in country. The crescent and star symbolizes progress and bright future respectively.
The Flag of Bangladesh has a green field based on a similar flag used during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. It consists of a red disc on top of a green field. The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh.
Green is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of Pan-Africanism. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe. The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the Ethiopian flag, one of the oldest independent African countries. Green on some African flags represents the natural richness of Africa.[92]
Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas,[93] as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology.[94] The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details.[95] Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica,[96] and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria.[97] The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.[98]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Wearing of the Green
Green is a symbol of Ireland, which is often referred to as the "Emerald Isle". The color is particularly identified with the republican and nationalist traditions in modern times. It is used this way on the flag of the Republic of Ireland, in balance with white and the Protestant orange.[99] Green is a strong trend in the Irish holiday St. Patrick's Day.[100]
In politics
See also: Green politics
The green harp flag was the banner of Irish nationalism from the 17th century until the early 20th century.
The emblem of the Australian Greens. The party won 10% in the 2016 elections for the Australian Senate.
A demonstration by Les Verts, the green party of France, in Lyon.
The Rainbow Warrior, the ship of the Greenpeace environmental movement.
The first recorded green party was a political faction in Constantinople during the 6th century Byzantine Empire. which took its name from a popular chariot racing team. They were bitter opponents of the blue faction, which supported Emperor Justinian I and which had its own chariot racing team. In 532 AD rioting between the factions began after one race, which led to the massacre of green supporters and the destruction of much of the center of Constantinople.[101] (See Nika Riots).
Green was the traditional color of Irish nationalism, beginning in the 17th century. The green harp flag, with a traditional gaelic harp, became the symbol of the movement. It was the banner of the Society of United Irishmen, which organized the Irish Rebellion of 1798, calling for Irish independence. The uprising was suppressed with great bloodshed by the British army. When Ireland achieved independence in 1922, green was incorporated into the national flag.
In the 1970s green became the color of the third biggest Swiss Federal Council political party, the Swiss People's Party SVP. The ideology is Swiss nationalism, national conservatism, right-wing populism, economic liberalism, agrarianism, isolationism, euroscepticism. The SVP was founded on September 22, 1971 and has 90,000 members.[102]
In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 11% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.
Green parties in Europe have programs based on ecology, grassroots democracy, nonviolence, and social justice. Green parties are found in over one hundred countries, and most are members of the Global Green Network.[103]
Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization which emerged from the anti-nuclear and peace movements in the 1970s. Its ship, the Rainbow Warrior, frequently tried to interfere with nuclear tests and whaling operations. The movement now has branches in forty countries.
The Australian Greens party was founded in 1992. In the 2010 federal election, the party received 13% of the vote (more than 1.6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party.
Green is the color associated with Puerto Rico's Independence Party, the smallest of that country's three major political parties, which advocates Puerto Rican independence from the United States.
In religion
See also: Green in Islam
Green is the traditional color of Islam. According to tradition, the robe and banner of Muhammad were green, and according to the Koran (XVIII, 31 and LXXVI, 21) those fortunate enough to live in paradise wear green silk robes.[104][105][106] Muhammad is quoted in a hadith as saying that "water, greenery, and a beautiful face" were three universally good things.[107]
Al-Khidr ("The Green One"), was an important Qur'anic figure who was said to have met and traveled with Moses.[108] He was given that name because of his role as a diplomat and negotiator. Green was also considered to be the median color between light and obscurity.[105]
Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time.[109] In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost.[110] Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration.[111] In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.
In gambling and sports
A green belt in judo.
A baccarat palette and cards on a casino gambling table.
A 1929 Bentley colored British racing green.
A billiards table, colored green after the lawns where the ancestors of the game were originally played.
Gambling tables in a casino are traditionally green. The tradition is said to have started in gambling rooms in Venice in the 16th century.[112]
Billiards tables are traditionally covered with green woolen cloth. The first indoor tables, dating to the 15th century, were colored green after the grass courts used for the similar lawn games of the period.[113]
Green was the traditional color worn by hunters in the 19th century, particularly the shade called hunter green. In the 20th century most hunters began wearing the color olive drab, a shade of green, instead of hunter green.[114]
Green is a common color for sports teams. Well-known teams include A.S. Saint-Étienne of France, known as Les Verts (The Greens). A number of national soccer teams feature the color, with the color usually reflective of the teams' national flag.
British racing green was the international motor racing color of Britain from the early 1900s until the 1960s, when it was replaced by the colors of the sponsoring automobile companies.
A green belt in karate, taekwondo and judo symbolizes a level of proficiency in the sport.
Idioms and expressions
Having a green thumb. To be passionate about or talented at gardening. The expression was popularized beginning in 1925 by a BBC gardening program.[71]
Greenhorn. Someone who is inexperienced.
Green-eyed monster. Refers to jealousy. (See section above on jealousy and envy).
Greenmail. A term used in finance and corporate takeovers. It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman. It originated in the 1980s on Wall Street, and originates from the green of dollars.[71]
Green room. A room at a theater where actors rest when not onstage, or a room at a television studio where guests wait before going on-camera. It originated in the late 17th century from a room of that color at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.[71]
Greenwashing. Environmental activists sometimes use this term to describe the advertising of a company which promotes its positive environmental practices to cover up its environmental destruction.[115]
Green around the gills. A description of a person who looks physically ill.[116]
Going green. An expression commonly used to refer to preserving the natural environment, and participating in activities such as recycling materials.
Notes
Jump up ^ The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color 2060-G using the "NCS Navigator" tool at the NCS website.
Jump up ^ 62 percent of respondents surveyed associated green with springtime, (18 percent choosing yellow); 27 percent associated green with freshness (24 percent choosing blue.) 48 percent associated green with hope (18 percent choosing blue)[65]
Jump up ^ 22 percent of respondents surveyed associated green with youth, (16 percent choosing yellow)[68]
Jump up ^ In a survey cited, 45 percent of respondents associated green with toxicity, while 20 percent associated yellow.[82]
See also
Arts portal
Chemistry portal
Gardening portal
Shades of green
References
Jump up ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language World Publishing Company, 1964.
Jump up ^ "...in nature chiefly conspicuous as the colour of growing herbage and leaves..." (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.)
Jump up ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language World Publishing Company, 1964
^ Jump up to: a b c Heller 2009, pp. 87–104.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller 2009, p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller 2009, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, The World Publishing Company, New York, 1964.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul (1930). A Dictionary of Color New York: McGraw-Hill p. 196
Jump up ^ Pastoureau, Michel (2014). Green: The History of a Color. Princeton University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-691-15936-2.
Jump up ^ "Vasmer's dictionary of Slavic etymology". Starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sergei Starostin, Turkic etymology". Starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi, "Color Appearance and the Emergence and Evolution of Basic Color Lexicons", American Anthropologist, March 1999 [1]
Jump up ^ Berlin, Brent; Paul Kay (1999). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. The David Hume Series of Philosophy and Cognitive Sciences Reissues (new, revised ed.). Stanford, Cal.: CSLI Publications. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-57586-162-3. OCLC 807758450.
Jump up ^ Newman, Paul and Martha Ratliff (2001). Linguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66937-5. p. 105.
Jump up ^ "Search for 'เขียว'". English: Thai Dictionary OnLine. 4M System. 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ F. Steingass, A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary s.v. سبز
^ Jump up to: a b Carla N. Daughtry, "Greenness in the Field", Michigan Today, University of Michigan, Fall 1997 Archived June 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Webster's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition.
Jump up ^ "Human Vision and Color Perception". Olympus Microscopy Resource Center. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ More specifically, "blue green" 487–493 nm, "bluish green" 493–498 nm, "green" 498–530 nm, "yellowish green" 530–559 nm, "yellow green" 559–570 nm Kelly, Kenneth L. (1943). "Color Designations for Lights". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 33 (11): 627–32. doi:10.1364/josa.33.000627.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002. ISBN 0-85229-787-4
Jump up ^ Laird, Donald A. "Fatigue: Public Enemy Number One: What It Is and How to Fight It." The American Journal of Nursing (Sep 1933) 33.9 pp. 835–41.
Jump up ^ "Glossary Term: Color wheel". Sanford Corp. 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Laserglow – Green Lasers". Laserglow.com. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sams Laser FAQ". Sam Goldwasser. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Laserglow – DPSS Lasers". Laserglow.com. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Laserglow – Green lasers for Bird Control / Abatement". Laserglow.com. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Review: 510nm Direct Green Diodes / Build Photos (DGH-N1, DGH-N2) – Laser Pointer Forums – Discuss Laser Pointers". laserpointerforums.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr, & Kammerling, Robert C., 1991, Gemology, p. 203, John Wiley & Sons, New York
^ Jump up to: a b c A. F. Holleman and E. Wiberg "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press, 2001, New York.
Jump up ^ Hoffmeister and Rossman (1985). "A spectroscopic study of irradiation coloring of amazonite; structurally hydrous, Pb-bearing feldspar". Am. Mineral. 70: 794–804.
Jump up ^ "Malachite". WebExhibits. 2001. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Varichon 2000, pp. 214–15.
Jump up ^ Varichon 2000, pp. 210–11.
Jump up ^ "Cobalt green". WebExhibits. 2001. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Green Pigment Spins chip promise. August 2006, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4776479.stm
Jump up ^ Gilman, Victoria (August 25, 2003). "Food Coloring: Synthetic and natural additives impart a rainbow of possibilities to the foods we eat". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "E104 Quinoline Yellow, FD&C Yellow No.10". UK Food Guide. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "E142 Green S". UK Food Guide. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Firework Chemicals (list)". Sylighter, Inc. 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "If the sun's light peaks in the green, why do plants prefer to reflect green light (giving them their green color)? And in particular why do they prefer to absorb red light and with that not efficiently utilizing the sun's radiation?". University of Santa Barbara Science Line. The Regents of the University of California. 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldsworthy, A. (December 10, 1987). Why trees are green. New Scientist, 116 (1880) 48–52.
Jump up ^ Oxford, G. S.; Gillespie, R. G. (1998). "Evolution and ecology of spider coloration". Annual Review of Entomology. 43 (1): 619–43. PMID 15012400. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fox, Denis Llewellyn (1979). Biochromy: Natural Coloration of Living Things. University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-520-03699-9.
Jump up ^ Blue Eyes Versus Brown Eyes: A Primer on Eye Color. Eyedoctorguide.com. Retrieved on December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Why Do Europeans Have So Many Hair and Eye Colors?. Cogweb.ucla.edu. Retrieved on December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Herbert Risley, William Crooke, The People of India, (1999)
Jump up ^ Rafnsson V, Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H, Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH (2004). "Risk factors for malignant melanoma in an Icelandic population sample". Prev Med. 39 (2): 247–52. PMID 15226032. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.027.
Jump up ^ Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans. Retrieved on August 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gene Expression: NLSY blogging: Eye and hair color of Americans".
^ Jump up to: a b Anne Vachiron (2000), Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples, p. 196
Jump up ^ Anne Vachiron (2000), Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples, p. 203
Jump up ^ Gage 1993, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Anne Vachiron (2000), Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples, p. 214.
Jump up ^ Gage 1993, pp. 11–27.
Jump up ^ Robertson, D. W. Jr. "Why the Devil Wears Green." Modern Language Notes. (Nov 1954) 69.7 pp. 470–72
Jump up ^ Varichon 2000, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Pigments Through the Ages, http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html
Jump up ^ Vincent van Gogh, Corréspondénce general, number 533, cited by John Gage, Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary
Jump up ^ Eva Heller (2000), Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques, pp. 90. 47 percent of respondents surveyed associated green with nature and natural, 18 percent choosing white. 32 percent associated green with vivacity (20 percent chose yellow), and 40 percent with good health (20 percent with red)
Jump up ^ Yoon, Hong-Key. The Culture of Feng-Shui in Korea. Lexington: Lexington Books, 2006. ISBN 0-7391-1348-8 p. 27
Jump up ^ "Thai birth day colors and buddha image". United States Muay Thai Association Inc. October 16, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2009. An innovation of the Ayutthaya period.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller 2009, pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ de Vries, Ad (1976). Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. pp. 226–28. ISBN 0-7204-8021-3.
Jump up ^ "Results for "green"". Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Corp. 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller 2009, p. 92.
Jump up ^ See, for example Science Faculty building, UTS.
Jump up ^ Heller 2009, p. 90.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hendrickson, Robert (1999). Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Facts on File Inc. p. 6. ISBN 0-8160-3266-1.
Jump up ^ Heller 2009, pp. 42, 55.
Jump up ^ Chamberlin, Vernon A. "Symbolic Green: A Time-Honored Characterizing Device in Spanish Literature." Hispania. 51.1 (Mar 1968) pp. 29–37
Jump up ^ Goldhurst, William. "The Green and the Gold: The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green Knight." College English. 20.2 (Nov 1958) pp. 61–65 doi:10.2307/372161
Jump up ^ Heller 2009, pp. 92–93.
Jump up ^ Sommer, Matthew Harvey (2002). Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 0-8047-4559-5. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Varichon 2000, p. 205.
Jump up ^ "The Story of the Rainbow Flag". HALO Newsletter. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Williams, Margaret. The Pearl Poet, His Complete Works. Random House, 1967.
Jump up ^ Skal, David J. (1990). Hollywood Gothic: The Tangled Web of Dracula from Novel to Stage to Screen. Andre Deutch. p. 85. ISBN 0-233-98766-5.
Jump up ^ Why The Devil Wears Green, D. W. Robertson, Jr., Modern Language Notes, Vol. 69, No. 7. (Nov. 1954), pp. 470–72. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller 2009, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Ford, Mark. Self Improvement of Relationship Skills through Body Language. City: Llumina Press, 2004. ISBN 1-932303-79-0 p. 81
Jump up ^ Lewis, John S. "Gawain and the Green Knight." College English. 21.1 (Oct 1959) pp. 50–51
Jump up ^ Kalb, Ira. Creating Your Own Marketing Makes Good $ & Sense. K & A Press, 1989. ISBN 0-924050-01-2 p. 210
Jump up ^ "Currency Notes" on the website of the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Carruthers, Bruce G.; Sarah Babb. "The Color of Money and the Nature of Value: Greenbacks and Gold in Postbellum America." The American Journal of Sociology. (May 1996) 101.6 pp. 1556–91
Jump up ^ Taoiseach.gov.ie[dead link]
Jump up ^ 'National Flag' Department of the Taoiseach "Youth Zone" web page. Archived April 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana nº 174 del 28 luglio 2006.
Jump up ^ Heimer, Željko (July 2, 2006). "India". Flags of the World. Retrieved October 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ Murrell, Nathaniel et al. Chanting down Babylon. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. ISBN 1-56639-584-4 p. 135
Jump up ^ Friedland, Roger and Richard Hecht. To Rule Jerusalem. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 0-520-22092-7 p. 461
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Leslie C. Iran. ISBN 1-4042-5548-6 p. 22
Jump up ^ Symons, Mitchell. This Book...of More Perfectly Useless Information. New York: HarperEntertainment, 2005. ISBN 0-06-082823-4 p. 229
Jump up ^ Smith, Whitney. Flag Lore of All Nations. Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2001. ISBN 0-7613-1753-8 p. 49
Jump up ^ Amienyi, Osabuohien. Communicating National Integration. Ashgate Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-7546-4425-1 p. 43
Jump up ^ "The symbols of the republic". Lebanese Presidency Official Site. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Use of the National Flag" (RTF). Irish Government. Retrieved December 11, 2006. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The History of St. Patrick's Day". OttawaPlus. 2007. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Abridgement of D.M. Low, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1960, pp. 553–59
Jump up ^ [2] Archived August 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Global Greens Charter". Global Greens Conference. 2001. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Khalifa, Rashad (trans). "Sura 76, The Human (Al-Insaan)". Quran The Final Testament. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b John Gage (2006), La Couleur dans l'art, pp. 150–51
Jump up ^ Khalifa, Rashad (trans). "Sura 18, The Cave (Al-Kahf)". Quran The Final Testament. masjidtuscon. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Peter Lamborn. "Cloud papers for Philip Taaffe". Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ Catherine, David. "Al-Khidr, The Green Man". Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Diocese of The British Isles and Europe". Anglican Independent Communion. Archived from the original on November 29, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Liturgical Vestment Colors of the Orthodox Church". 2004. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ Collins, Ace and Clint Hansen. Stories behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003. ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p. 77
Jump up ^ * Pastoureau, Michel (2005). Le petit livre des couleurs. Editions du Panama. p. 66. ISBN 978-2-7578-0310-3.
Jump up ^ Everton, Clive (1986). The History of Snooker and Billiards (rev. ver. of The Story of Billiards and Snooker, 1979 ed.). Haywards Heath, UK: Partridge Pr. pp. 8–11. ISBN 1-85225-013-5.
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul (1930). A Dictionary of Color New York: McGraw-Hill p. 162 – Discussion of color Hunter Green
Jump up ^ Salley, Danielle (August 19, 2010). "Greenwashing: The Eco-Frenemy". Four Green Steps.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary
Cited texts
Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
External links
Find more aboutGreenat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Green All Over—slideshow by Life magazine
[show]
v
t
e
Electromagnetic spectrum
← higher frequencies longer wavelengths →
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Terahertz radiation
Microwave
Radio
Visible (optical)
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Microwaves
W band
V band
Q band
Ka band
K band
Ku band
X band
S band
C band
L band
Radio
EHF
SHF
UHF
VHF
HF
MF
LF
VLF
ULF
SLF
ELF
Wavelength types
Microwave
Shortwave
Medium wave
Longwave
[show]
v
t
e
Web colors
Hexadecimal
white gray (or grey) red yellow lime aqua (or cyan) blue fuchsia (or magenta)
silver black maroon olive green teal navy purple
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Shades of green
Apple green Asparagus Avocado Bright green British racing green Brunswick green Cal Poly green Castleton green Chartreuse Cyan
Midnight green Dark green Dark moss green Dark olive green Dark spring green Dartmouth green Emerald Fern green Forest green Green
Green-yellow Harlequin Hooker's green Honeydew Hunter green India green Islamic green Jungle green Kelly green Laurel green
Lawn green Light green Lime Lime green Mantis Malachite Mint Mint cream Moss green Myrtle green
Neon green Office green Olive Pakistan green Paris green Persian green Phthalo green Pigment green Pine green Pistachio
Reseda green Screamin' green Sea green Shamrock green Spring bud Spring green Teal Turquoise Viridian Yellow-green
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
[show]
v
t
e
Color topics
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Cyan
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Purple
Magenta
Pink
Brown
White
Gray
Black
Color science
Color physics
Electromagnetic spectrum
Light
Rainbow
Visible
Spectral colors
Chromophore
Structural coloration
Animal coloration
On Vision and Colors
Metamerism
Spectral power distribution
Color perception
Color vision
Color blindness
Achromatopsia
test
Tetrachromacy
Color constancy
Color term
Color depth
Color photography
Spot color
Color printing
Web colors
Color mapping
Color code
Color management
Chrominance
False color
Chroma key
Color balance
Color cast
Color temperature
Eigengrau
Color psychology
Color symbolism
Color preferences
Lüscher color test
Kruithof curve
Political color
National colors
Chromophobia
Chromotherapy
Color
philosophy
Color space
Color model
additive
subtractive
Color mixing
Primary color
Secondary color
Tertiary color (intermediate)
Quaternary color
Quinary color
Aggressive color (warm)
Receding color (cool)
Pastel colors
Color gradient
Color scheme
Color tool
Monochromatic colors
Complementary colors
Analogous colors
Achromatic colors (Neutral)
Polychromatic colors
Impossible colors
Light-on-dark
Tinctures in heraldry
Color theory
Chromaticity diagram
Color solid
Color wheel
Color triangle
Color analysis (art)
Color realism (art style)
Color terms
Basic terms
Blue
Green
Red
Yellow
Pink
Purple
Orange
Black
Gray
White
Brown
Cultural differences
Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
Blue–green distinction in language
Color history
Color in Chinese culture
Traditional colors of Japan
Human skin color
Color dimensions
Hue
Dichromatism
Colorfulness (chroma and saturation)
Tints and shades
Lightness (tone and value)
Grayscale
Color
organizations
Pantone
Color Marketing Group
The Color Association of the United States
International Colour Authority
International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
International Color Consortium
International Colour Association
Lists
List of colors: A–F
List of colors: G–M
List of colors: N–Z
List of colors (compact)
List of colors by shade
List of color palettes
List of color spaces
List of Crayola crayon colors
history
pencil colors
marker colors
Color chart
List of fictional colors
List of RAL colors
List of web colors
Related
Vision
Image processing
Multi-primary color display
Quattron
Qualia
Lighting
Local color (visual art)
Category
Portal
Index of color-related articles
Authority control
LCCN: sh85057206
GND: 4369677-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green&oldid=797957310"
Categories:
Shades of green
Color
Optical spectrum
Rainbow
Web colors
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2016
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use mdy dates from March 2016
Use American English from March 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013
Good articles
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Armãneashti
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Chamoru
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deitsch
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Furlan
Gaeilge
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kapampangan
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Ladino
Лакку
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Malti
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Мокшень
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Occitan
Олык марий
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
پښتو
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Sesotho sa Leboa
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Võro
文言
Winaray
Wolof
ייִדיש
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 August 2017, at 04:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

values: mw-indicator-good-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Green_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Green (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

values: text-align:center;line-height:12px; background-color:#00FF00; border: 0.1px solid #000000

values: Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg

values: Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg

values:
/wiki/Terahertz_(unit)
mw-redirect
Terahertz (unit)

values: position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%

values:
/wiki/SRGB_color_space
mw-redirect
SRGB color space

values:
mbox-text plainlist
vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;

values: background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;

values:
/wiki/Additive_primary_colors
mw-redirect
Additive primary colors

values:
/wiki/Common_Germanic
mw-redirect
Common Germanic

values:
Proto-Indo-European language
Unicode
ine
white-space: nowrap
ine

values: wikt:зелёный

values:
/wiki/Chinese_character
mw-redirect
Chinese character

values:
/wiki/Standard_Mandarin
mw-redirect
Standard Mandarin

values: Distinguishing blue from green in language

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Standard_Arabic
mw-redirect
Standard Arabic

values:
/wiki/Emerald_(color)
mw-redirect
Emerald (color)

values:
/wiki/Gachala_Emerald
mw-redirect
Gachala Emerald

values:
/wiki/Han_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Han Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Musee_Guimet
mw-redirect
Musee Guimet

values: sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light

values:
/wiki/Orange_(color)
mw-redirect
Orange (color)

values: float:right; width:400px; text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto; width:auto; margin-left:1em;

values:
/wiki/Additive_colors
mw-redirect
Additive colors

values:
/wiki/Color_blind
mw-redirect
Color blind

values:
/wiki/HSV_color_space
mw-redirect
HSV color space

values:
/wiki/Complementary_color
mw-redirect
Complementary color

values:
/wiki/Primary_colors
mw-redirect
Primary colors

values:
/wiki/Laser_light_shows
mw-redirect
Laser light shows

values:
/wiki/Non-lethal_weapons
mw-redirect
Non-lethal weapons

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)

values:
/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day
mw-redirect
St. Patrick's Day

values:
/wiki/Chrome_green
mw-redirect
Chrome green

values:
/wiki/Cafe_terrace_at_night
mw-redirect
Cafe terrace at night

values:
/wiki/Aluminum_silicate
mw-redirect
Aluminum silicate

values:
/wiki/Cupric_chloride
mw-redirect
Cupric chloride

values:
/wiki/Scarab_beetles
mw-redirect
Scarab beetles

values:
/wiki/Arnolfini_portrait
mw-redirect
Arnolfini portrait

values:
/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna
mw-redirect
Duccio di Buoninsegna

values:
/wiki/Saint_Wolfgang
mw-redirect
Saint Wolfgang

values:
/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)
mw-redirect
Plantain (cooking)

values:
/wiki/Broom_(shrub)
mw-redirect
Broom (shrub)

values:
/wiki/James_McNeil_Whistler
mw-redirect
James McNeil Whistler

values:
/wiki/Romantic_movement
mw-redirect
Romantic movement

values:
/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens
mw-redirect
Alliance '90/The Greens

values:
/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament
mw-redirect
Houses of Parliament

values:
/wiki/Green_Parties
mw-redirect
Green Parties

values:
/wiki/Merchant_of_Venice
mw-redirect
Merchant of Venice

values:
/wiki/Victorian_England
mw-redirect
Victorian England

values:
/wiki/Chinese_dragons
mw-redirect
Chinese dragons

values:
/wiki/Irish_folklore
mw-redirect
Irish folklore

values:
/wiki/The_Bride_of_Frankenstein
mw-redirect
The Bride of Frankenstein

values:
/wiki/Beau_Brummel
mw-redirect
Beau Brummel

values:
/wiki/Green_harp_flag
mw-redirect
Green harp flag

values:
/wiki/Gaelic_harp
mw-redirect
Gaelic harp

values:
/wiki/Ecology_movement
mw-redirect
Ecology movement

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church
mw-redirect
Eastern Catholic Church

values:
/wiki/Billiards_tables
mw-redirect
Billiards tables

values:
/wiki/Hunter_green
mw-redirect
Hunter green

values:
/wiki/A.S._Saint-%C3%89tienne
mw-redirect
A.S. Saint-Étienne

values:
nofollow
http://www.ncscolour.com/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/807758450

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
/wiki/F._Steingass
mw-redirect
F. Steingass

values: Journal of the Optical Society of America

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1364%2Fjosa.33.000627

values:
nofollow
external text
http://donklipstein.com/laserssl.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.laserglow.com/int-labOEM.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e104.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e142.htm

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15012400

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Frost_06.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226032

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2004.03.027

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.usmta.com/Thai-Birthday.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F372161

values:
nofollow
http://khidr.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aic.btik.com/p_Campaign.ikml

values:
/wiki/Transworld_(company)
mw-redirect
Transworld (company)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: width:12.5%; background:white; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:gray; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:red; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:yellow; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:lime; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:aqua; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:blue; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:fuchsia; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:silver; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:black; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:maroon; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:olive; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:green; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:teal; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:navy; border: 1px solid #000000

values: width:12.5%; background:purple; border: 1px solid #000000

values: ;background:#00FF00; color:black; border: 1px solid #000000;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: background:#00FF00; color:black; border: 1px solid #000000

values:
/wiki/Paris_Green
mw-redirect
Paris Green

values: font-size:smaller; background:transparent; border-top:#00FF00 1px solid;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Political_color
mw-redirect
Political color

values:
/wiki/National_colors
mw-redirect
National colors

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Basic_color_term
mw-redirect
Basic color term

values: Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate

values: The Color Association of the United States

values: International Commission on Illumination

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4369677-6

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use American English from March 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Green
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groen
Groen – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values: Зялёны колер – Belarusian

values: Зялёны колер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Зелен цвят – Bulgarian

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grea
Grea – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values: ལྗང་ཁུ། – Tibetan

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena
Zelena – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verd
Verd – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Симĕс тĕс – Chuvash

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betde
Betde – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyrdd
Gwyrdd – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n
Grøn – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie
Grie – Pennsylvania German
pdc
pdc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCn
Grün – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roheline
Roheline – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Πράσινο – Greek

values: Пиже (тюс) – Erzya

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdo
Verdo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berde
Berde – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert
Vert – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert
Vert – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas
Glas – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Կանաչ (գոյն, արեւմտահայերէն) – Armenian

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena
Zelena – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijau
Hijau – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кæрдæгхуыз – Ossetic

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijo
Ijo – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жасыл түс – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijani
Kijani – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8t
Vèt – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesk
Kesk – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жашыл түс – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedre
Vedre – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values: Щюллисса – Lak

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridis
Viridis – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verd
Verd – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B6ld
Zöld – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Зелена боја – Macedonian

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijau
Hijau – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berde
Berde – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Сянгяря – Moksha

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoxoctic
Xoxoctic – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values: हरियो – Nepali

values: वांगु – Newari

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91
緑 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values: Баьццара – Chechen

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n
Grøn – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verd
Verd – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values: زرغون – Pashto

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde
Verde – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27umir
Q'umir – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Зелёный цвет – Russian

values: От күөх өҥ – Sakha

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green
Green – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala
Tala – Northern Sotho
nso
nso
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virdi
Virdi – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values: කොළ පාට – Sinhala

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green
Green – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena
Zelena – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagaar
Cagaar – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Зелена боја – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeleno
Zeleno – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9jo
Héjo – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6n
Grön – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunti
Lunti – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பச்சை – Tamil

values: Яшел – Tatar

values: ఆకుపచ్చ – Telugu

values: สีเขียว – Thai

values: Сабз – Tajik

values: Зелений колір – Ukrainian

values: يېشىل رەڭ – Uyghur

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekloeg
Saekloeg – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdo
Verdo – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghaw
Lunghaw – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wert
Wert – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Green rootpage-Green skin-vector action-view