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Willis Tower
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Willis Tower
The Willis Tower, then known as the Sears Tower, in 1998
Willis Tower
Location in Chicago
Willis Tower
Location in Illinois
Willis Tower
Location in the United States
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Former names
Sears Tower (1973–2009)
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1973 to 1998[I]
Preceded by
World Trade Center (1970)
Surpassed by
Petronas Twin Towers
General information
Status
Complete
Type
Office, observation, communication
Architectural style
International
Location
233 S. Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
United States
Coordinates
41°52′44″N 87°38′09″W / 41.8789°N 87.6358°W / 41.8789; -87.6358Coordinates: 41°52′44″N 87°38′09″W / 41.8789°N 87.6358°W / 41.8789; -87.6358
Current tenants
United Airlines
Named for
Willis Group
Sears (1973–2009)
Construction started
1970; 48 years ago (1970)
Completed
1973; 45 years ago (1973)
Owner
Blackstone Group[1]
Height
Architectural
442.1 m (1,450 ft)[2]
Tip
527 m (1,729 ft)[2]
Top floor
412.7 m (1,354 ft)[2]
Technical details
Floor count
108[3] (+3 basement floors), 110 floors including mechanical.
Floor area
416,000 m2 (4,477,800 sq ft)[2]
Lifts/elevators
104,[2] with 16 double-decker elevators, made by Westinghouse, modernized by Schindler Group
Design and construction
Architect
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill[2]
Fazlur Rahman Khan
Bruce Graham
Main contractor
Morse Diesel International
References
I. ^ Willis Tower at Emporis
[2]
The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as the Sears Tower, is a 110-story,[4] 1,450-foot (442.1 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.[3] At completion in 1973, it surpassed the World Trade Center towers in New York to become the tallest building in the world, a title it held for nearly 25 years; it remained the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere until the completion of a new building at the World Trade Center site in 2014. The building is considered a seminal achievement for its designer Fazlur Rahman Khan.[5] The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere – and the 16th-tallest in the world. More than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicago's most-popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the tower's space.
As of December 2013[update], the building's largest tenant is United Airlines, which moved its corporate headquarters from the United Building at 77 West Wacker Drive in 2012 and today occupies around 20 floors with its headquarters and operations center.[6][7]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Planning and construction
1.2 Suits filed to halt construction
1.3 Post-opening
1.4 Plans
2 Skydeck
3 Height
3.1 Position in Chicago's skyline
3.2 Climbing
4 Naming rights
5 Figures and statistics
6 Broadcasting
6.1 Radio stations
6.2 Television stations
7 Cultural depictions
7.1 Film and television
7.2 Other
8 Image gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History
Planning and construction
Breakdown of the bundled tube structure of Willis Tower with simplified floor plans
In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, with about 350,000 employees.[8] Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicago's Loop. Sears asked its outside counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow (now known as Arnstein & Lehr, LLP) to suggest a location. The firm consulted with local and federal authorities and the applicable law, then offered Sears two options: the Goose Island area northwest of downtown, and a two-block area bounded by Franklin Street on the east, Jackson Boulevard on the south, Wacker Drive on the west and Adams Street on the north, with Quincy Street running through the middle from east to west.
This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained and Quincy Street vacated.[9] The next step was to acquire the property; a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel.[10] Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property.[11]
Sears, which needed 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of office space for its planned consolidation and predicted that growth would require yet more, commissioned architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) to produce a structure to be one of the largest office buildings in the world. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square "tubes" (each essentially a separate building), clustered in a 3×3 matrix forming a square base with 225-foot (69 m) sides.[12] All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, and the remaining seven continue up. At the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end. The remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor.
The Sears Tower during its construction, in 1973
The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khan's bundled tube structure.[13] This innovative design was structurally efficient and economic: at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area.[14] This structural system would prove highly influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa.[15][16] To honor Khan's contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him[17] for the lobby of the Willis Tower.
A sculpture honoring Fazlur Khan at the Willis Tower
Sears executives decided that the space they would immediately occupy should be efficiently designed to house their Merchandise Group, and that floor space for future growth would be rented out to smaller firms and businesses until Sears could retake it. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a smaller plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive and marketable to prospective lessees. Smaller floorplates required a taller structure to yield sufficient square footage. Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m2) floors in the lower part of the building, and gradually tapered areas of floorplates in a series of setbacks, which would give the Sears Tower its distinctive look.
As Sears continued to offer optimistic projections for growth, the tower's proposed floor count rapidly increased into the low hundreds, surpassing the height of New York's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world's tallest building. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to protect air traffic. The financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts. Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971. The structure was completed in May 1973. The construction cost about US$150 million at the time,[18] equivalent to $830 million in 2018.[19] By comparison, Taipei 101, built in 2004 in Taiwan, cost around the equivalent of US$2.21 billion in 2018 dollars.[20]
Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th–32nd, 64th–65th, 88th–89th, and 104th–108th floors. These are louvres that allow ventilation for service equipment and obscure the structure's belt trusses. Even though regulations did not require a fire sprinkler system, the building was equipped with one from the beginning. There are around 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building, installed at a cost of $4 million.[21]
In February 1982, two television antennas were added to the structure, increasing its total height to 1,707 feet (520.3 m). The western antenna was later extended, bringing the overall height to 1,729 feet (527 m)[2] on June 5, 2000, to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ-TV.
Suits filed to halt construction
As the construction of the building neared the 50th floor, lawsuits for an injunction were filed seeking to stop the building from exceeding 67 floors. The suits alleged that above that point television reception would deteriorate and cause property values to plummet. The first suit was filed by the State's Attorney in neighboring Lake County on March 17, 1972. A second suit was filed on March 28 in the Cook County Circuit Court by the Villages of Skokie, Northbrook and Deerfield, Illinois.[22]
Sears filed motions to dismiss the Lake County and the Cook County lawsuits and on May 17, 1972, Judge LaVerne Dickson, Chief of the Lake County Circuit Court dismissed the suit, saying, "I find nothing that gives television viewers the right to reception without interference. They will have to find some other means of ensuring reception such as taller antennas."[23] The Lake County State's Attorney filed a Notice of Appeal and the Supreme Court agreed to permit bypassing the appellate court and to hear the matter on an expedited basis. The State's Attorney then asked the Illinois Supreme Court for a temporary injunction to stop the construction and his request was denied.[24] On June 12, Judge Charles R. Barrett granted Sears' motion to dismiss the suit filed by the three Chicago suburbs on the grounds that interference with television reception caused by construction of the Sears building did not violate constitutional rights and that the suburbs involved in the suit do not have any right to undistorted television reception. This decision was also appealed and consolidated with the Lake County appeal with the Supreme Court of Illinois.[25]
Meanwhile, an Illinois Citizens' Committee for Broadcasting requested the Federal Communications Commission to halt construction so that the building would not interfere with area television reception. On May 26, 1972, the Commission declined to take action on the grounds that it did not have jurisdiction to do so.
On June 30, 1972, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the previous rulings by Lake and Cook County Circuit Courts, by a letter order with a written opinion to follow.[26] On September 8, 1972, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the decision by the Federal Communications Commission to dismiss the complaint brought by the Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting charging that the building would drastically affect reception in the Chicago market and requesting the FCC to halt construction.[27] The Supreme Court of Illinois written opinion was filed on September 20, 1972. In affirming the judgments of lower courts the Court held, "Considering the foregoing, it is clear to us that absent legislation to the contrary defendant has a propriety right to construct a building to its desired height and that completion of the project would not constitute a nuisance under the circumstances of this case." [28]
Post-opening
Willis Tower at dusk, seen from the Loop
Willis Tower from across the Chicago River
Sears' optimistic growth projections were not met. Competition from its traditional rivals (like Montgomery Ward) continued, with new competition by retailing giants such as Kmart, Kohl's, and Walmart. The fortunes of Sears & Roebuck declined in the 1970s as the company lost market share; its management grew more cautious.[29] Nor did the Sears Tower draw as many tenants as Sears had hoped. The tower stood half-vacant for a decade as a surplus of office space was erected in Chicago in the 1980s.
In 1990, the law firm of Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move out of its space in the Sears Tower and into a development that would become 77 West Wacker Drive, rebuffing Sears' attempts to entice the firm to stay.[30] Two years later, Sears began moving its own offices out of the Sears Tower.[citation needed]
In 1994, Sears sold the building to Boston-based AEW Capital Management, with financing from MetLife. At the time, it was one-third vacant. By 1995, Sears had completely left the building, moving to a new office campus in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.[31]
In 1997, Toronto-based TrizecHahn Corporation (the owner of the CN Tower at the time) purchased the building for $110 million, and assumption of $4 million in liabilities, and a $734 million mortgage.[32][33] In 2003, Trizec surrendered the building to lender MetLife.[34]
In 2004, MetLife sold the building to a group of investors, including New York-based Joseph Chetrit, Joseph Moinian, Lloyd Goldman, Joseph Cayre and Jeffrey Feil, and Skokie, Illinois-based American Landmark Properties.[35] The quoted price was $840 million, with $825 million held in a mortgage.[36]
In June 2006, seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plotting to destroy the tower. Deputy FBI Director John Pistole described their plot as "more aspirational than operational".[37][38] The case went to court in October 2007;[39] after three trials, five of the suspects were convicted and two were acquitted.[40] The alleged leader of the group, Narseal Batiste, was sentenced to 13½ years in prison in November 2009.[41]
Plans
In February 2009, the owners announced they were considering a plan to paint the structure silver; this plan was later dropped. The paint would have "rebranded" the building and highlighted its advances in energy efficiency. The estimated cost was $50 million.[42]
Since 2007, the building owners have been considering building a hotel on the north side of Jackson, between Wacker and Franklin, at the plaza that is the entrance to the tower's observation deck. The tower's parking garage is beneath the plaza. Building owners say the second building was considered in the original design. The plan was eventually cancelled as city zoning does not permit construction of such a tall tower there.[43]
Although Sears' naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009, London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building, and obtained the building's naming rights.[44] On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed Willis Tower.[45] On August 13, 2012, United Airlines announced it would move its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower.[6]
In 2015, the Blackstone Group completed purchase of the tower for a reported $1.3 billion, the highest price ever paid for a U.S. property outside New York City. The new owners are considering several plans for further site developments.[46]
Skydeck
The Willis Tower observation deck, called the Skydeck, opened on June 22, 1974. Located on the tower's 103rd floor, it is 1,353 feet (412.4 m) high, making it the highest observation deck in the United States and one of Chicago's most famous tourist attractions. Tourists can experience how the building sways on a windy day. They also can see far over the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan to Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin on a clear day. Elevators take tourists to the top in about 60 seconds, and allow tourists to feel the pressure change as they rise up. The Skydeck competes with the John Hancock Center's observation floor a mile and a half away, which is 323 feet (98.5 m) lower. Some 1.7 million tourists visit the Skydeck annually. A second Skydeck on the 99th floor is also used if the 103rd floor is closed. The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard.
In January 2009, Willis Tower's owners began a major renovation of the Skydeck, including the installation of retractable glass balconies, which can be extended approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) from the facade of the 103rd floor, overlooking South Wacker Drive. The all-glass boxes, informally dubbed "The Ledge", allow visitors to look through the glass floor to the street 1,353 feet (412 m) below. The boxes, which can bear 5 short tons (4.5 metric tons) of weight, opened to the public on July 2, 2009.[47][48] On May 29, 2014, the laminated glass covering the floor of one of the glass boxes shattered while visitors were sitting on it, but caused no injuries. The broken glass was replaced within days, and tourist operations resumed as before.[49]
Three glass bottom skyboxes (top right) on the west façade of Willis Tower at the 103rd floor
View looking down from glass balcony
Glass balcony at the skydeck
Panorama of Chicago skyline as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck
Sunset on Chicago Skyline view from the Skydeck
Height
Height comparison of Willis Tower with other tall structures. From left to right: Burj Khalifa, Dubai; CN Tower, Toronto; Willis Tower, Chicago
The Willis Tower remains the second tallest building in the Americas (after One World Trade Center) and the Western Hemisphere. With a pinnacle height of 1,729 feet (527 m), it is the third-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas, as it is 86 feet (26.2 m) shorter than Toronto's CN Tower. Willis Tower is the eighth-tallest freestanding structure in the world by pinnacle height.
At 1,482.6 feet (451.9 m) tall, including decorative spires, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, laid claim to replacing the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world in 1998. Not everyone agreed, and in the ensuing controversy, four different categories of "tallest building" were created.[50] Of these, Petronas was the tallest in the first category (height to top of architectural elements, meaning spires but not antennas), giving it the title of world's tallest building.
Taipei 101 in Taiwan claimed the record in three of the four categories in 2004 to become recognized as the tallest building in the world. Taipei 101 surpassed the Petronas Twin Towers in spire height and the Sears Tower in roof height and highest occupied floor. The Sears Tower retained one record: its antenna exceeded Taipei 101's spire in height. In 2008, the Shanghai World Financial Center claimed the records of tallest building by roof and highest occupied floor.
On August 12, 2007, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates was reported by its developers to have surpassed the Sears Tower in all height categories.[51]
Upon completion, One World Trade Center in New York City surpassed the Willis Tower through its structural and pinnacle heights, but not by roof, observation deck elevation, or highest occupied floor.[52]
Until 2000, the Sears Tower did not hold the record for being the tallest building by pinnacle height. From 1969 to 1978, this record was held by the John Hancock Center, whose antenna reached a height of 1,500 feet (457.2 m), or 49 feet (14.9 m) taller than the Sears Tower's original height of 1,450 feet (442.1 m). In 1978, One World Trade Center became taller by pinnacle height due to the addition of a 359 feet (109.4 m) antenna, which brought its total height to 1,727 feet (526.4 m). In 1982, two antennas were installed on top of the Sears Tower which brought its total height to 1,707 feet (520.3 m), making it taller than the John Hancock Center but not One World Trade Center. However, the extension of the Sears Tower's western antenna in June 2000 to 1,729 feet (527 m) allowed it to just barely claim the title of tallest building by pinnacle height.
Position in Chicago's skyline
Climbing
On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, wearing a homemade Spider-Man suit while using suction cups, camming devices, and sky hooks, and despite several attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him, made the first successful outside ascent of the Sears Tower. Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven-hour climb, and he was later charged with trespassing. Goodwin stated that the reason he made the climb was to call attention to shortcomings in high-rise rescue and firefighting techniques. After a lengthy interrogation by Chicago's District Attorney and Fire Commissioner, Goodwin was officially released from prison.[53][54][55]
In August 1999, French urban climber Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and bare feet, scaled the building's exterior glass and steel wall all the way to the top. A thick fog settled in near the end of his climb, making the last 20 stories of the building's glass and steel exterior slippery.[56]
Naming rights
West facade and entrance
Although Sears sold the Tower in 1994 and had completely vacated it by 1995, the company retained the naming rights to the building through 2003. The new owners were rebuffed in renaming deals with CDW Corp in 2005 and the U.S. Olympic Committee in 2008. London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings, Ltd. leased more than 140,000 square feet (13,000 m2) of space on three floors in 2009. A Willis spokesman said the naming rights were obtained as part of the negotiations at no cost to Willis,[57][58][59] and the building was renamed Willis Tower on July 16, 2009.[60]
The naming rights are valid for 15 years, so it is possible that the building's name could change again in 2024 or later.[61] The Chicago Tribune joked that the building's new name reminded them of the oft-repeated "What you talkin' 'bout, Willis?" catchphrase from the 1980s American television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes[60] and considered the name-change ill-advised in "a city with a deep appreciation of tradition and a healthy ego, where some Chicagoans still mourn the switch from Marshall Field's to Macy's".[62] This feeling was confirmed in a July 16, 2009 CNN article in which some Chicago area residents expressed reluctance to accept the Willis Tower name,[63] and in an article that appeared in the October 2010 issue of Chicago magazine that ranked the building among Chicago's 40 most important, the author pointedly refused to acknowledge the name change and referred to the building as the "Sears Tower".[64] Time magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes and pointed to negative press coverage by local news outlets and online petitions from angry residents.[65] The naming rights issue continued into 2013, when Eric Zorn noted in the Chicago Tribune that "We're stubborn about such things. This month marked four years since the former Sears Tower was re-christened Willis Tower, and the new name has yet to stick."[66]
Figures and statistics
The top of Willis Tower is the highest point in Illinois. The tip of its highest antenna is 1,729 feet (527 m) above street level or 2,325 feet (708.7 m) above sea level, its roof is 1,450 feet 7 inches (442.14 m) above street level or 2,046 feet (623.6 m) above sea level, the 103rd floor observation deck (The Sky deck) is 1,353 feet (412 m) above street level or 1,948 feet (593.8 m) above sea level, the Franklin Street entrance is 595 feet (181.4 m) above sea level. (The highest natural point in Illinois is the Charles Mound, at 1,235 feet (376.4 m) above sea level.)
The building leans about 4 inches (10.2 cm) towards the west due to its slightly asymmetrical design, placing unequal loads on its foundation.[citation needed]
The design for Willis Tower incorporates nine steel-unit square tubes in a 3 tube by 3 tube arrangement, with each tube having the footprint of 75 ft × 75 ft (22.9 m × 22.9 m). Willis Tower was the first building for which this design was used. The design allows future growth of extra height to the tower if wanted or needed.[67]
The restrooms on the 103rd floor, at 1,353 feet (412.4 m) high, are the highest (relative to street level) in the Western Hemisphere.[68]
The design was inspired by an advertisement for a package of cigarettes.[69]
The Franklin Street entrance is the point from which all building heights are measured. The Wacker Drive entrance is six feet higher than the Franklin Street entrance, lower Wacker Drive/Lower Level 1 is approximately 17 feet, 6 inches lower than the Wacker Drive entrance and 11 feet, six inches lower than Franklin Street. The 103rd floor observation deck is 1,354 feet above the Franklin Street entrance. The glass ledges in the Skydeck are on a raised platform 18 inches higher than the rest of the 103rd floor or 1,349 feet, six inches above the Wacker Drive entrance, 1,355 feet, six inches above the Franklin Street entrance and 1,367 feet above lower Wacker Drive/Lower Level 1. The Skydeck elevators rise from Lower Level 2 which gives a total rise of approximately 1,382 feet to the 103rd floor.
The building's total building area stands at 351,846 m2 (3,787,200 sq ft)[70]
It remains the world's tallest steel-construction building. All taller buildings use concrete or composite construction.[71]
Broadcasting
Many broadcast station transmitters are located at the top of Willis Tower. Each list is ranked by height from the top down. Stations at the same height on the same mast indicate the use of a diplexer into the same shared antenna. Due to its extreme height, FM stations (all class B) are very limited in power output.
Radio stations
East mast
482 m:
WLIT FM 93.9 MHz main, 4.0 kW, AMFM
WEBG FM 95.5 backup, 3.1 kW, AMFM
480 m: WBMX FM 104.3 main, 4.1 kW, CBS Radio
476 m: WTMX FM 101.9 main, 4.2 kW, Hubbard
474 m: WBBM FM 96.3 main, 4.2 kW, CBS Radio
472 m:
WKSC FM 103.5 main, 4.3 kW, AMFM
WGCI FM 107.5 main, 3.7 kW, AMFM
470 m: WFMT FM 98.7, 6.0 kW
468 m: WLS FM 94.7 main, 4.4 kW
FCC query[72]
West mast
460 & 451 m:
WFMT FM 98.7 backups
443 m:
WBBM-FM 96.3 backup
WBMX 104.3 backup
unknown: W264BF 100.7 MHz, 2 W, Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa
table of allotments: **WLIT, WLS, WBBM, WTMX, WBMX, WCFS
FCC query[73]
Also, NOAA Weather Radio station KWO39 transmits off the top of Willis Tower, at 162.550 MHz. KWO39, programmed by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Chicago, is equipped with Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME), which sets off a siren on specially-programmed weather radios to alert of an impending hazard, such as a tornado or civil emergency.
Television stations
East mast
515 m:
WLS-TV 7 analog, 55 kW, ABC Owned Television Stations (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WLS-TV 7 permanent digital, 4.75 kW
510 m:
WCPX-TV 43 digital, 200 kW, Ion Media Networks
WCPX-TV 38 analog, 3630 kW, Ion Media Networks (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WJYS TV 36 digital, 145 kW, Oxford Media Group
WCIU-TV 27 digital, 15.1 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
509 m:
WXFT-TV 59 temporary digital, 200 kW, Univision Communications
WXFT-TV 50 permanent digital, 230 kW, Univision Communications
498 m:
WTTW TV 11 analog, 60.3 kW, Window To the World Communications (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WBBM-TV 12 digital, 8 kW, CBS Television Stations
480 m:
WFLD TV 31 digital backup, 475 kW, Fox Television Stations
WPWR-TV 51 digital backup, 508 kW, Fox Television Stations
478 m: WGN-TV 19 digital backup, 310/229 kW, Tribune Broadcasting
474 m:
WTTW TV 47 digital backup, 150 kW, Window To the World Communications
WLS-TV 52 digital backup, 220 kW, ABC Owned Television Stations
unknown: WESV-LD 40 digital, 37.2 kW, Trinity Christian Center of Santa Ana
FCC query[74]
West mast
523 m: WPWR-TV 51 digital, 1000 kW, Fox Television Stations
514 m, WLS-TV 52 temporary digital, 153.6 kW, ABC Owned Television Stations
508 m, WMAQ-TV 29 digital, 350 kW, NBC Owned Television Stations
494 m:
WMAQ-TV 5 analog, 20 kW (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WPWR-TV 50 analog, 5000 kW (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WXFT-TV 60 analog, 5000 kW, (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
475 m: WFLD TV 31 digital, 690/1000 kW, Fox Television Stations
473 m: WCIU-TV 26 analog, 5000 kW (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
472 m:
WCIU-TV 27 digital, 590 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
WSNS-TV 44 analog 5000 kW, NBC Owned Television Stations (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WSNS-TV 45 digital 467/665 kW, NBC Owned Television Stations
465 m: WTTW TV 47 digital, 300 kW, Window To the World Communications
455 m: WJYS TV 36 digital, 50 kW, Oxford Media Group
453 m: WGN-TV 19 digital, 645 kW, Tribune Broadcasting
unknown:
WWME-CD 39 digital, 4.4 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
WEDE-CD 34 digital, 50 kW, First United
WMEU-CA 48 analog STA, 150 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
WMEU-LD 32 digital, 15 kW
FCC query[75]
Cultural depictions
Willis Tower as viewed from Chicago's Chinatown
Film and television
The building has appeared in numerous films and television shows set in Chicago such as Ferris Bueller's Day Off, where Ferris and company watch the streets of Chicago from the observation deck.[76] The television show Late Night with Conan O'Brien introduced a character called The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing when the show visited Chicago in 2006.[77] The building is also featured in History Channel's Life After People, in which it and other human-made landmarks suffer from neglect without humans around, and it collapses two hundred years after people are gone.[78] In an episode of the television series Monk, Adrian Monk tries to conquer his fear of heights by imagining that he is on top of the Sears Tower. Also, in an episode of Kenan and Kel, Kenan Rockmore and Kel Kimble decide to climb to the top of the Sears Tower, so that Kenan can declare his love for a girl.
The Chicago Franchise frequently features locations where the Tower is visible in the distance.
In the movie Category 6: Day of Destruction, the tower is damaged by a tornado.
In "1969", a Season 2 episode of the science-fiction series Stargate SG-1, the SG-1 team accidentally travels back in time to the titular year. At one point, the team travels though Chicago and the Sears Tower is shown (erroneously, since construction did not begin on the tower until two years later in 1971).
In the 2004 film I, Robot, the tower is shown updated in the year 2035 with new triangular antennas. The tower is shown surpassed in height by the USR (United States Robotics) Building.
In the 2008 film The Dark Knight, the tower is part of Gotham City.
In the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, the tower is featured in a number of scenes. The most notable one is when the N.E.S.T team tries to enter the city using V-22 Osprey helicopters. They use Willis Tower for cover before using wing suits to descend into the city streets. In the movie, the tower is shown to be severely damaged by the Decepticon invasion of the city.
In the 2013 film Man of Steel, the tower's interior and parts of its exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet.[79]
In the 2014 film Divergent, the tower is shown abandoned and decayed in a future Chicago.
In the 2015 film Jupiter Ascending, the tower is featured prominently as the place where Caine and Jupiter await a spaceship to lift them off the planet.
In the 2018 film Rampage, the Energyne corporation is headquartered in the building, and uses tower's antenna to broadcast an echolocation signal that would bring three mutated monsters to town. After the antenna is destroyed by the beasts, the entire building topples to the ground.
Other
Older versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator would begin with the player on the runway of Meigs Field, facing a virtual version of the tower.
In Sufjan Stevens' 2005 album Illinois, the tower is referenced in the track "Seer's Tower", whose title is a play on the tower's now-former name, Sears Tower.
Image gallery
Sears Tower in 2007
Willis Tower as seen from John Hancock Center observation deck
900 North Michigan, Park Tower, the John Hancock Center, the Trump Tower, and Aon Center (L-R) as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck.
Westward view from Willis Tower
View down to South Wacker Drive from the Skydeck
A view of Willis Tower at dusk
A ground-level view of the multiple balconies at Willis Tower Skydeck
View of Willis Tower from John Hancock Center
The Eisenhower Espressway and Jane Byrne Interchange (looking west from Willis Tower)
View of Lake Michigan from Willis Tower
See also
Chicago portal
Illinois portal
Architecture portal
Architecture of Chicago
List of buildings with 100 floors or more
List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
List of tallest buildings by U.S. state
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
List of tallest buildings in the United States
List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
List of tallest towers in the world
Sears, Roebuck and Company Complex
References
Jump up ^ de la Merced, Michael J. (March 16, 2014). "Blackstone Group Purchases Landmark Willis Tower in Chicago". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Willis Tower – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The tower has 108 stories as counted by standard methods, though the building's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110. Emporis.com Retrieved on June 7, 2008
Jump up ^ "History and Facts - Willis Tower". willistower.com.
Jump up ^ "Five things you need to know about pioneering architect Fazlur Rahman Khan". The Independent. London. April 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Archived August 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Brett (December 16, 2013). "A Day with United Management: Elite Status, Mileage Devaluation, and Increasing Change Fees". The Cranky Flier. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kerch, Steve (October 20, 1991). "This job is a tall order: Sears Tower project is the height of redevelopment." Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Arnstein & Lehr, The First 120 Years
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Jump up ^ "The Tallest Skyscraper", Time, June 11, 1973
Jump up ^ Richard G. Weingardt (2005). Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7844-7121-0.
Jump up ^ National Academy of Engineering (1979). Memorial Tributes. National Academies. NAP:14723.
Jump up ^ "Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity". Telegraph. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings". Constructionweekonline.com. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fazlur Khan Sculpture". SEAOI. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Sears Tower", Wonders of the World, PBS Databank. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Inflation Calculator – Find US Dollar's Value from 1913–2015". US Inflation Calculator.
Jump up ^ The Times-News, February 15, 1975
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Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, September 12, 1972; Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission, 467 F. 2d 1397 (7th Cir. 1972).
Jump up ^ Peo. Ex Rel. Hoogasiam v. Sears Robebuck, Ill. 52 L. 2d 301 (1972).
Jump up ^ For information on this transformation, see Donald R. Katz The Big Store: Inside the Crisis and Revolution at Sears, New York (Viking), 1987.
Jump up ^ "77 W. Wacker ready to go." Chicago Sun-Times. March 12, 1990. Retrieved on November 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sears Picks Hoffman Estates". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ Cliff Edwards, Associated Press. "TrizecHahn buys control of Chicago's Sears Tower World's 2d-tallest building sold for $110m", The Boston Globe, December 4, 1997. Retrieved February 25, 2009 from HighBeam Research
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower may be for sale", Crains Chicago Business, October 31, 1997
Jump up ^ "Trizec to sell its last local asset", Crain's Chicago Business, September 27, 2006
Jump up ^ "BIZ BRIEFS", Chicago Sun-Times, May 1, 2004. Retrieved February 25, 2009 from HighBeam Research
Jump up ^ "MetLife to Complete Sale of Chicago's Sears Tower", Chicago Tribune (Chicago, IL), April 30, 2004. Retrieved February 25, 2009 from HighBeam Research
Jump up ^ "FBI Killed Plot in Talking Stage". New York Times, June 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Seven charged over 'Chicago plot'". BBC News, June 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower 'plot trial' begins", BBC News, October 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Five guilty in Chicago bomb plot", BBC News, May 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower bomb plot leader Narseal Batiste jailed", BBC News, November 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower in silver?", Chicago Sun-Times, February 25, 2009 Archived February 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ David Roeder. "Tall order for Tower?; Sears Tower owners to press city for zoning change, subsidy to add 2nd building as part of mega-million-dollar project next to landmark", Chicago Sun-Times, October 12, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2009 from HighBeam Research
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower Being Renamed". Chicago Breaking News. March 12, 2009
Jump up ^ "Tallest Building in Western Hemisphere is Renamed Willis Tower" (Press release). Willis Group. July 16, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Subscription Center".
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower unveils 103rd floor glass balconies", USA Today, July 1, 2009
Jump up ^ "The Ledge at Skydeck Chicago". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011. SOM.com Project Page
Jump up ^ BJ Lutz (May 30, 2014). "Coating on Willis Tower Skydeck's Ledge Cracks Under Tourists". Nbcchicago.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burj Khalifa surpasses the height of Sears Tower in Chicago". Visitdubai.info. December 9, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Freedom Tower ("World Trade Center 1")". NYC Tower. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Cubs History and News – Welcome to Just One Bad Century". Justonebadcentury.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower in Chicago Is Scaled by Stunt Man". Chicago (Ill): New York Times. May 26, 1981. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Spiderman scales Sears Tower w/Stan Lee interview". YouTube. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Spiderman' scales Sears Tower in Chicago – August 20, 1999". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower name to change to Willis Tower". Chicago Tribune. March 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower Now Willis". Chicago Tribune. July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Corfman, Thomas A. (March 11, 2009). "Willis could get Sears Tower naming rights". Chicago Real Estate Daily. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Podmolik, Mary Ellen (July 16, 2009). "Sears Tower name change: Building today officially becomes Willis Tower". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burns, Greg (July 16, 2009). "Burns on Business, Willis Wants to be Part of Chicago by Way of Jersey". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Podmolik, Mary Ellen (2009). "Sears Tower name change has few Chicago fans – Willis Tower may have trouble winning over public". Chicago Tribune. The Tribune Company (March 13, 2009).
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower Now Named Willis Tower". CNN. July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Geoffrey (2010). "Top 40 Buildings in Chicago". Chicago. The Tribune Company (October 2010).
Jump up ^ Suddath, Claire (February 8, 2010). "Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes: It's the Sears Tower". TIME. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zorn, Eric (2013). "Change of Subject – 'Thillens Stadium' is no more". Chicago Tribune. The Tribune Company (June 24, 2013).
Jump up ^ "Sears Tower". Tallest Building in the World. September 2, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Why Was the Sears Tower Built?". Whyguides.com. June 5, 2000. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ The History Channel; Modern Marvels (series); episode: The Sears Tower
Jump up ^ "CrediFi". Sears Tower. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World". Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "FM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA". Fcc.gov. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "FM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA". Fcc.gov. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV Query Results – Video Division (FCC) USA". Fcc.gov. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV Query Results – Video Division (FCC) USA". Fcc.gov. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Filming Locations for Ferris Bueller's Day Off". Movie-locations.com. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing". Nbc5.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keith Darcé (January 31, 2007). "Madison Avenue turns to Main Street | The San Diego Union-Tribune". Signonsandiego.com. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Merrion, Paul (September 7, 2011). "Willis Tower, CBOT Building star in Superman filming". ChicagoBusiness. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willis Tower.
Official website Willis Tower office-space leasing website
Willis Tower Skydeck website
Willis Tower on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
Willis Tower at Emporis
Willis Tower at Structurae

Records
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108 floors
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World's tallest building rooftop
442 m
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Tallest building in the United States
442 m
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First Holy Name Cathedral (75 m) (1854)
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Chicago Board of Trade Building (98 m) (1885)
Masonic Temple Building (92 m) (1895)
Montgomery Ward Building (120 m) (1899)
Wrigley Building (134 m) (1922)
Chicago Temple Building (173 m) (1924)
Chicago Board of Trade Building (184 m) (1930)
Richard J. Daley Center (198 m) (1965)
John Hancock Center (344 m) (1969)
Aon Center (346 m) (1973)
Willis Tower (442 m) (1974)
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text:
Brian Johnston
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Brian Johnston, see Brian Johnston (disambiguation).
Brian Johnston
Born
Brian Alexander Johnston
(1912-06-24)24 June 1912
Little Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England
Died
5 January 1994(1994-01-05) (aged 81)
Westminster, London, England
Nationality
British
Other names
Johnners
Occupation
Radio commentator, author, television personality
Years active
1946–1993
Known for
BBC cricket commentator
Spouse(s)
Pauline Tozer
Children
5
Brian Alexander Johnston CBE, MC (24 June 1912 – 5 January 1994), affectionately known as Johnners, was a British cricket commentator, author, and television presenter. He was most prominently associated with the BBC during a career which lasted from 1946 until his death in January 1994.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Education
3 Pre-war employment
4 Second World War
5 BBC career
5.1 General light entertainment
5.2 Cricket commentator
5.3 Down Your Way
5.4 Commentary humour
6 Apartheid in South Africa
7 Other TV and film work
8 One-man live performances
9 Personal life
10 Death
11 The Johnners Club
12 Bibliography
13 References
14 External links
Early life[edit]
Born at the Old Rectory, Little Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, the youngest of four children (elder siblings were Anne, Michael and Christopher). His paternal grandfather, Sir Reginald Johnston, had been Governor of the Bank of England between 1909 and 1911.[1] The World War II airborne division commander Frederick 'Boy' Browning was his first cousin.[2] On 27 August 1922, his father, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Evelyn Johnston, DSO, MC, who managed the family coffee business, drowned at Widemouth Sands near Bude, Cornwall at the age of 44.[3] In 1924, his mother married one of her husband's military colleagues, Captain Marcus Scully, who became his stepfather. After the marriage ended in divorce, she reverted to her original married name.
Education[edit]
He was educated at Temple Grove Preparatory School (1920–25)[4] and then at Eton (1925–31), where he played cricket for the school's 2nd XI. He subsequently went on to New College, Oxford (1931–34), where he graduated with a third in History in 1934.[5] At Oxford he was a keen cricketer, keeping wicket for his college team, Oxford Authentics, and also for the Eton Ramblers and I Zingari, but he never managed to progress to the Varsity side.
Pre-war employment[edit]
After Oxford he joined the family's coffee business, where he worked until 1939 but admitted years later that he had little interest or liking for the work. After a year at head office in the City of London he was transferred to the Hamburg office in 1935 as Germany was an important market for Brazilian coffee. The following year he travelled to Santos in Brazil[6] where he worked in the company office for 18 months. However, in 1938 he was struck down with an acute neurological condition and had to return to London. After several months convalescence he returned to the City office in October but resigned the following year to join the army on the outbreak of the Second World War.
Second World War[edit]
In September 1939 Johnston joined the 2nd Battalion Grenadier Guards, and was sent for officer training to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Following this, he was posted to the Grenadiers Training Battalion, based at Windsor, in the spring of 1940, where he served as a Technical Adjutant. They were due to join the British Expeditionary Force in France during May but these plans were overtaken by the retreat from Dunkirk. He remained stationed in the United Kingdom until the invasion of Europe in the summer of 1944, when his battalion landed at Arromanches on the Normandy coast some three weeks after D Day.[7] In the winter of 1944 and early spring of 1945 Johnston and his armoured division were in the thick of the allied advance, crossing the Rhine and fighting their way up to Bremen and Hamburg. He was later awarded the Military Cross in 1946 for his actions as technical adjutant after the battalion crossed the Rhine. Tanks were frequently stranded in the marshy ground and he was responsible for recovering them and also battle-damaged tanks, often under fire.[8][9]
BBC career[edit]
Brian Johnston joined the BBC in January 1946 and began his cricket commentating career at Lord's for BBC Television in June 1946 at the England v India Test match.
General light entertainment[edit]
In these early years, Johnston was an occasional presenter of other BBC shows, including Come Dancing and All Your Own. Between 1948 and 1952 Johnston presented a live broadcast segment Let's Go Somewhere as part of the Saturday night radio series In Town Tonight. In some he stayed alone in the Chamber of Horrors, rode a circus horse, lay under a passing train, was hauled out of the sea by a helicopter and was attacked by a police dog.
He was also part of the radio commentating team for major state occasions such as the funeral of King George VI in 1952, the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, the Sovereign's annual birthday parade, the annual El Alamein reunion and in due course the royal weddings of Princess Margaret, Princess Anne and the Prince of Wales. He also appeared on other radio programmes such as Sporting Chance, Treble Chance, Twenty Questions, Married To Fame, Hancock's Half Hour and occasionally as an outside broadcast interviewer for the Today programme.
Cricket commentator[edit]
Johnston became a regular member of the TV commentary team and, in addition, became BBC cricket correspondent in 1963. In that year he also met and mentored his future TMS colleague the late Christopher Martin-Jenkins, who sought his advice about how to become a cricket commentator while still at school. From 1965 onwards Johnston split his commentary duties between television (three Tests) and radio (two Tests) each summer. In 1970 Johnston was dropped from the TV commentary team and he retired from the BBC two years later on his sixtieth birthday. However, he continued to appear in a freelance capacity as a member of the team for the radio broadcasts, Test Match Special (TMS) for the next 22 years. Johnston was responsible for a number of the TMS traditions, including the creation, often using the so-called Oxford "-er", of the nicknames of fellow commentators (for example, Jonathan Agnew is still known as "Aggers", Henry Blofeld as "Blowers", and the late Bill Frindall ("the Bearded Wonder") as "Bearders"). He once complained on air that he had missed his cake at tea during one match, and was subsequently inundated with cakes from listeners. The TMS team has continued to receive cakes from listeners ever since.
Down Your Way[edit]
In 1972 he was asked to stand in as the host of the long-running Sunday evening radio programme Down Your Way (first broadcast in 1946) when Franklin Engelmann, who had hosted the programme since 1953, died very suddenly. He went on to host a further ten editions before leaving to commence his last full-time summer as the BBC cricket correspondent. He was compulsorily retired from the BBC in September of that year having reached his 60th birthday. He was then contracted in a freelance capacity to host Down Your Way on a permanent basis since four other hosts trialled over the summer had proved to be less popular than him. He went on to present this programme for 15 years before bowing out on his 733rd show (equalling Engelmann's tenure) in May 1987 just before his 75th birthday. The final show featured Lord's Cricket Ground and included an interview with his old friend Denis Compton. A valedictory photograph was taken showing Johnston standing in front of the Lord's scoreboard, which showed 733 under the icon of Last Man to commemorate the event.
Thereafter the programme continued to be broadcast for a further five years, with a different celebrity host every week, before it was finally taken off the air in 1992.
Commentary humour[edit]
Johnston was renowned for his on-air schoolboy humour and puns. In one incident during a Test match at the Oval in 1991, Jonathan Agnew suggested that when Ian Botham was out hit wicket, trying to hurdle the stumps, it was because he had failed to "get his leg over" (a British slang term meaning to have sex). Johnston carried on commentating and giggling for 30 seconds before dissolving into helpless laughter.[10][11]
Among his other gaffes were: "There's Neil Harvey standing at leg slip with his legs wide apart, waiting for a tickle", which he uttered when Harvey was representing Australia at the Headingley Test in 1961.[12]
The oft-cited quote "The bowler's Holding, the batsman's Willey" supposedly occurred when Michael Holding of the West Indies was bowling to Peter Willey of England in a Test match at The Oval in 1976. Johnston claimed not to have noticed saying anything odd during the match, and that he was only alerted to his gaffe by a letter from "a lady" named "Miss Mainpiece".[12][13] According to Christopher Martin-Jenkins,[14] his Cricinfo biography,[15] and the biography by Johnston's son Barry,[16] Johnston never actually made the remark. Barry Johnston says "It was too good a pun to resist ... but Brian never actually said that he had spoken the words on air." Holding himself has expressed his doubt about the phrase ever being said, pointing out that no recording of it exists. Henry Blofeld and former TMS Producer Peter Baxter said that Johnston did not come up with the phrase and did not say it during commentary.[17]
Apartheid in South Africa[edit]
During 1970 and 1983, Johnston said that he disapproved of the boycotts of South Africa by England cricket teams as he believed that sport and politics should not be mixed.[18] He had disagreements with John Arlott who backed the boycotts. Apartheid was ended shortly after Johnston's death.
Other TV and film work[edit]
Johnston variously presented and participated in a wide range of BBC radio and television programmes. These included the Royal Command Performance of The Good Life in 1978. Johnston was also one of the presenters of the Channel 4 magazine programme for the over sixties for several years Years Ahead along with Robert Dougall, Zena Skinner and Paul Lewis. He appeared as himself in the 1952 British film Derby Day.
He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1982 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews in London's Sloane Square.
One-man live performances[edit]
Johnston was a great fan of the British Music Hall and revelled in its often mildly risqué "schoolboy humour". An Evening with Johnners, a one-man show that he performed towards the end of his life, was recorded and released, and reached number 46 on the UK Albums Chart in March 1994, two months after his death.[19]
Personal life[edit]
On 22 April 1948 Johnston married Pauline Tozer, sister of his former army colleague Gordon. They had five children (Andrew, Clare, Barry, Ian and Joanna). His youngest daughter, Joanna, has Down's Syndrome. He was appointed OBE in 1983 and CBE in 1991.
Death[edit]
In the autumn of 1993 Johnston undertook a series of UK theatre tours, entertaining live audiences as a raconteur. On the morning of 2 December 1993, whilst in a taxi going to Paddington station en route to Bristol where he was due to fill a speaking engagement, he suffered a massive heart attack. The taxi driver drove him straight to the nearest Maida Vale hospital where he was revived after suffering a cardiac arrest. When he was revived, Johnston was moved to St Mary's Hospital, Paddington where he remained until 14 December. He was then transferred to the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers until he was discharged on 23 December. A few days later, Johnston met the taxi driver at his home and thanked him. However, he was re-admitted to hospital on 4 January.
Brian Johnston died at 6.30am on the morning of 5 January 1994, at the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers in Marylebone, London.[20] The Daily Telegraph described him as "the greatest natural broadcaster of them all" and John Major, the contemporaneous British Prime Minister and cricket fan, said that "Summers simply won't be the same without him". A memorial service was held in a packed Westminster Abbey on 16 May 1994 with over 2,000 people present.
The Johnners Club[edit]
As a memorial to Johnston, his family together with some eminent members from cricket and broadcasting, established a trust fund to further causes close to Johnston's heart. The Brian Johnston Memorial Trust was established in 1995 to promote cricket in schools and youth clubs, to help young cricketers requiring financial support and to promote disabled cricket. The trust is now part of the Lord's Taverners. The Johnners Club was also established in his memory at the same time and currently has over 350 members, plus a further 100 regular supporters. The Trust’s income is boosted significantly from the proceeds of the annual Johnners Club Dinner, member subscriptions, and general donations.
Bibliography[edit]
Autobiography: It's Been a Lot of Fun (published by WH Allen in 1974, with an updated version appearing in 1985)
Autobiography: Someone who was: reflections on a life of happiness and fun (first published by Methuen in 1992 with reprints in the same year)[21]
Let's Go Somewhere
Stumped for a Tale
The Wit of Cricket
Armchair Cricket (co-authored with Roy Webber)[22]
It's a Funny Game
Rain Stops Play
Brian Johnston's Guide to Cricket
Chatterboxes
Now Here's a Funny Thing
It's Been a Piece of Cake
The Tale of Billy Bouncer (with Tony Hart)
Brian Johnston's Down Your Way
Forty-Five Summers
I Say, I Say, I Say
Views from the Boundary (edited by Peter Baxter)
More Views From the Boundary: Celebrity Interviews from the Commentary Box (edited by Peter Baxter)[23]
Summers Will Never Be The Same: A Tribute to Brian Johnston (edited by Christopher Martin-Jenkins and Pat Gibson)[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Johnston, Barry (2003). Johnners: The Life of Brian. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 9. ISBN 0-340-82470-0.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Brian (1992). Someone Who Was. London: Methuen. p. 66. ISBN 0-7493-1099-5.
Jump up ^ The Times (Monday, 4 September 1922), p. 5; (Wednesday, 30 August 1922), p. 15.
Jump up ^ Brian Johnston, A Further Slice of Johnners (2011, ISBN 1448114071), p. 7
Jump up ^ Johnston, Brian (1974). It's Been a Lot of Fun. London: W.H.Allen. pp. 45 and 52. ISBN 0-491-01471-6.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Brian (1974). It's Been a Lot of Fun. London: W.H.Allen. p. 56. ISBN 0-491-01471-6.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Brian (1998). Letters Home 1926-1945. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 316. ISBN 0-297-84127-0.
Jump up ^ "No. 37442". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 January 1946. p. 638.
Jump up ^ "Recommendation for Award for Johnston, Brian Alexander". Discovery. The National Archives. 24 January 1946. Retrieved 18 July 2013. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Listen to mp3.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Johnston, Brian (1984). Chatterboxes: My Friends the Commentators. London: W H Allen & Co. ISBN 0-352-31493-1.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Brian (1990). It's Been a Piece of Cake. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-7493-0293-3.
Jump up ^ Martin-Jenkins, Christopher (1990). Ball by Ball - The Story of Cricket Broadcasting. Grafton Books. p. 160. ISBN 0-246-13568-9.
Jump up ^ "Brian Johnston | Cricket Players and Officials | ESPN Cricinfo". content-uk.cricinfo.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Barry (2003). Johnners - The Life of Brian. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 367. ISBN 0-340-82471-9.
Jump up ^ "Blofeld & Baxter "The bowler's Holding the batsman's Willey"". Youtube. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brian Johnston | England Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 287. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ GRO Register of Deaths: JAN 1994 B29C 7 WESTMINSTER - Brian Alexander Johnston, DoB = 24 June 1912 aged 81
Jump up ^ Taken from the book in question
Jump up ^ First published BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) - No date given, but c. 1960 in small paperback
Jump up ^ A Book published by Methuen in 1993 and reprinted several times and sub-titled of BBC Test Match Special
Jump up ^ First published by Partridge Press (UK) and reprinted several times in 1994
Heald, Tim (1995). Brian Johnston: The Authorised Biography, Methuen. ISBN 0-413-69320-1.
External links[edit]
BBC Test Match Special Legends
Official Brian Johnston web site
Blind Cricket
Brian Johnston Memorial Trust
Brian Johnston interviews Ben Travers
Brian Johnston's appearance on This Is Your Life
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GND: 122657438
ISNI: 0000 0001 1488 3535
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Johnston&oldid=833913275"
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