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Reservoir Dogs
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This article is about the film. For the video game, see Reservoir Dogs (video game). For the song, see Reservoir Dogs (Bliss n Eso song).
"Mr. Blonde" and "Mr. Pink" redirect here. For the video game characters, see Perfect Dark.
Reservoir Dogs
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Quentin Tarantino
Produced by
Lawrence Bender
Written by
Quentin Tarantino
Starring
Harvey Keitel
Tim Roth
Chris Penn
Steve Buscemi
Lawrence Tierney
Michael Madsen
Cinematography
Andrzej Sekuła
Edited by
Sally Menke
Production
company
Live America Inc.
Dog Eat Dog Productions
Distributed by
Miramax Films
Release date
January 21, 1992 (1992-01-21) (Sundance)
October 23, 1992 (1992-10-23) (United States)
Running time
99 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1.2 million[2][1]
Box office
$2.8 million[1]
Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American crime film and the feature-length debut of writer and director Quentin Tarantino. It features Harvey Keitel, Michael Madsen, Steve Buscemi, Chris Penn, Lawrence Tierney, Tim Roth, Tarantino, and criminal-turned-author Edward Bunker as members of a botched diamond heist. The film depicts the events before and after the heist. Kirk Baltz, Randy Brooks and Steven Wright also play supporting roles. It incorporates many themes that have become Tarantino's hallmarks: violent crime, pop culture references, profanity, and nonlinear storytelling.
The film has become regarded as a classic of independent film and a cult film.[3] It was named "Greatest Independent Film of all Time" by Empire. Reservoir Dogs was generally well received, and the cast was praised by many critics. Although it was not given much promotion upon release, the film became a modest success in the United States after grossing $2.8 million against its $1.2 million budget. The film was more successful in the United Kingdom, grossing nearly £6.5 million, and it achieved higher popularity after the success of Tarantino's next film, Pulp Fiction (1994). A soundtrack was released featuring songs used in the film, which are mostly from the 1970s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Critical analysis
4.4 Accolades
5 Home media
6 Soundtrack
7 Video game
8 Remakes
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Eight men eat breakfast at a Los Angeles diner before carrying out a diamond heist. Six of them use aliases: Mr. Blonde, Mr. Blue, Mr. Brown, Mr. Orange, Mr. Pink, and Mr. White. The others are mob boss Joe Cabot and his son and underboss "Nice Guy" Eddie Cabot, who are responsible for planning the job.
After the heist, White flees the crime scene with Orange, who was shot during the escape and is bleeding severely. At one of Joe's warehouses, White and Orange rendezvous with Pink, who believes that the job was a setup and that the police were waiting for them. White informs him that Brown is dead, Blue and Blonde are missing, and Blonde murdered several civilians during the heist; White is furious that Joe, his old friend, would employ such a "psychopath". Pink has hidden the diamonds nearby; he argues with White over whether or not they should get medical attention for Orange. Blonde arrives with a kidnapped policeman, Marvin Nash.
Some time earlier, Blonde meets with the Cabots. Blonde has completed a four-year jail sentence. To reward him for not having given Joe's name to the authorities for a lighter sentence, they recruit him for the job.
In the present, White and Pink beat Nash for information. Eddie arrives and orders them to retrieve the diamonds and ditch the getaway vehicles, leaving Blonde in charge of Nash and Orange. Nash denies knowledge, but Blonde ignores him and resumes the torture, cutting off his ear with a straight razor. He is about to set Nash on fire, but is shot dead by Orange. Orange explains to Nash that he is an undercover police officer and that the police will arrive soon.
Hours earlier, Brown is shot and killed while escaping from the crime scene with Orange and White. When Orange and White attempt to steal another car, Orange is shot by the driver of the car, whom he shoots and kills in response.
In the present, when Eddie, Pink, and White return, Orange tries to convince them that Blonde planned to kill them and steal the diamonds for himself. Eddie kills Nash and accuses Orange of lying, since Blonde was loyal to his father. Joe arrives with news that the police have killed Blue. He is about to execute Orange, but White intervenes and holds Joe at gunpoint. Eddie points his own weapon at White, creating a Mexican standoff. All three shoot; both Cabots are killed, and White and Orange are wounded.
Pink, the only person who has not been shot, takes the diamonds and flees. As White cradles the dying Orange in his arms, Orange confesses that he is a police officer. White holds his gun against Orange's head. The police storm the warehouse and order White to drop his gun. Gunshots sound.
Cast[edit]
The film's opening sequence, a slow-motion scene playing "Little Green Bag" by the George Baker Selection.
Harvey Keitel as Mr. White
Tim Roth as Mr. Orange
Michael Madsen as Mr. Blonde
Steve Buscemi as Mr. Pink
Chris Penn as "Nice Guy" Eddie Cabot
Lawrence Tierney as Joe Cabot
Quentin Tarantino as Mr. Brown
Edward Bunker as Mr. Blue
Kirk Baltz as Marvin Nash
Randy Brooks as Holdaway
Steven Wright as the voice of K-Billy DJ
Rich Turner, David Steen, Tony Cosmo, and Stevo Polly as sheriffs
Lawrence Bender as young cop
Production[edit]
Quentin Tarantino had been working at Video Archives, a video store in Manhattan Beach, California, and originally planned to shoot the film with his friends on a budget of $30,000 in a 16 mm black-and-white format, with producer Lawrence Bender playing a police officer chasing Mr. Pink.[4] Bender gave the script to his acting teacher, whose wife gave the script to Harvey Keitel.[5] Keitel liked it enough to sign as a co-producer so Tarantino and Bender would have an easier job finding funding; with his assistance, they raised $1.5 million.[2] Keitel also paid for Tarantino and Bender to host casting sessions in New York, where the duo found Steve Buscemi, Michael Madsen, and Tim Roth.[6]
Reservoir Dogs was, according to Tarantino, influenced by Stanley Kubrick's The Killing. Tarantino said: "I didn't go out of my way to do a rip-off of The Killing, but I did think of it as my "Killing," my take on that kind of heist movie."[2] The film's plot was suggested by the 1952 film Kansas City Confidential.[7] Additionally, Joseph H. Lewis's 1955 film The Big Combo and Sergio Corbucci's 1966 Spaghetti Western Django inspired the scene where a police officer is tortured in a chair.[7][8] Tarantino has denied that he plagiarized with Reservoir Dogs and instead said that he does homages.[9] Having the main characters named after colors (Mr. Pink, White, Brown, etc.) was first seen in the 1974 film The Taking of Pelham One Two Three.[10] The film also contains key elements similar to those found in Ringo Lam's 1987 film City on Fire.[11]
Of his decision not to show the heist itself, Tarantino has said that the reason was initially budgetary but that he had always liked the idea of not showing it and stuck with that idea in order to make the details of the heist ambiguous. He has said that the technique allows for the realization that the film is "about other things", a similar plot outline that appears in the stage play Glengarry Glen Ross and its film adaptation in which the mentioned robbery is never shown on camera.[2] Tarantino has compared this to the work of a novelist, and has said that he wanted the film to be about something that is not seen and that he wanted it to "play with a real-time clock as opposed to a movie clock ticking".[12]
The title for the film came from a customer at the Video Archives, who requested Louis Malle’s 1987 film Au revoir les enfants, but mispronounced the title "Reservoir Dogs".[13]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Reservoir Dogs premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 1992. It became the festival's most talked-about film, and was subsequently picked up for distribution by Miramax Films.[14] After being shown at several other film festivals, including in Cannes, Sitges and Toronto,[14] Reservoir Dogs opened in the United States in 19 theaters with a first week total of $147,839.[1] It was expanded to 61 theaters and totaled $2,832,029 at the domestic box office.[1] The film grossed more than double that in the United Kingdom,[15] where it was banned from home video release until 1995.[16] During the period of unavailability on home video, the film was re-released in UK cinemas in June 1994.[17]
Critical reception[edit]
Reservoir Dogs is regarded as an important and influential milestone of independent filmmaking.[18] It has inspired many independent films and is considered important in the development of independent cinema.[19] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 90% based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thrumming with intelligence and energy, Reservoir Dogs opens Quentin Tarantino's filmmaking career with hard-hitting style."[20] On Metacritic the film had an average score of 78 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[21] Empire magazine named it the "Greatest Independent Film" ever made.[22]
At the film's release at the Sundance Film Festival, film critic Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News compared the effect of Reservoir Dogs to that of the 1895 film L'Arrivée d'un Train en Gare de la Ciotat, whereby audiences supposedly saw a moving train approaching the camera and ducked. Bernard said that Reservoir Dogs had a similar effect and people were not ready for it.[19] Vincent Canby of The New York Times enjoyed the cast and the usage of non-linear storytelling. He similarly complimented Tarantino's directing and liked the fact that he did not often use close-ups in the film.[23] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times also enjoyed the film and the acting, particularly that of Buscemi, Tierney and Madsen, and said "Tarantino's palpable enthusiasm, his unapologetic passion for what he's created, reinvigorates this venerable plot and, mayhem aside, makes it involving for longer than you might suspect."[24] Critic James Berardinelli was of a similar opinion; he complimented both the cast and Tarantino's dialogue writing abilities.[25] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post was also enthusiastic about the cast, complimenting the film on its "deadpan sense of humor".[26]
Roger Ebert was less enthusiastic; he felt that the script could have been better and said that the film "feels like it's going to be terrific", but Tarantino's script does not have much curiosity about the characters. He also said that Tarantino "has an idea, and trusts the idea to drive the plot." Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four and said that while he enjoyed it and that it was a very good film from a talented director, "I liked what I saw, but I wanted more."[27] Ebert's biggest praise was the acting in the film.
The film has received substantial criticism for its strong violence and language. One scene that viewers found particularly unnerving was the ear-cutting scene; Madsen himself reportedly had great difficulty finishing it, especially after Kirk Baltz ad-libbed the desperate plea "I've got a little kid at home."[28] Many people walked out during the film. During a screening at Sitges Film Festival, fifteen people walked out, including horror film director Wes Craven and special makeup effects artist Rick Baker.[29] Baker later told Tarantino to take the walkout as a "compliment" and explained that he found the violence unnerving because of its heightened sense of realism.[29] Tarantino commented about it at the time: "It happens at every single screening. For some people the violence, or the rudeness of the language, is a mountain they can't climb. That's OK. It's not their cup of tea. But I am affecting them. I wanted that scene to be disturbing."[2]
Critical analysis[edit]
Reservoir Dogs has often been seen as a prominent film in terms of on-screen violence.[18][30][31] J.P. Telotte compared Reservoir Dogs to classic caper noir films and points out the irony in its ending scenes.[32] Mark Irwin also made the connection between Reservoir Dogs and classic American noir.[33] Caroline Jewers called Reservoir Dogs a "feudal epic" and paralleled the color pseudonyms to color names of medieval knights.[34]
Critics have observed parallels between Reservoir Dogs and other films. For its nonlinear storyline, Reservoir Dogs has often been compared to Rashomon.[9] Critic John Hartl compared the ear-cutting scene to the shower murder scene in Psycho and Tarantino to David Lynch. He furthermore explored parallels between Reservoir Dogs and Glengarry Glen Ross.[2] Todd McCarthy, who called the film "undeniably impressive", was of the opinion that it was influenced by Mean Streets, Goodfellas and The Killing.[35] After this film, Tarantino himself was also compared to Martin Scorsese, Sam Peckinpah, John Singleton, Gus Van Sant, and Abel Ferrara.[9]
A frequently cited comparison has been to Tarantino's second and more successful film Pulp Fiction,[12][33][34] especially since the majority of audiences saw Reservoir Dogs after the success of Pulp Fiction. Comparisons have been made regarding the black humor in both the films, the theme of accidents,[12] and more concretely, the style of dialogue and narrative style that Tarantino incorporates into both films.[36] Specifically the relationship between whites and blacks plays a big part in the films—though underplayed in Reservoir Dogs. Stanley Crouch of The New York Times compared the way the white criminals speak of black people in Reservoir Dogs to the way they are spoken of in Scorsese's Mean Streets and Goodfellas. Crouch observed the way black people are looked down upon in Reservoir Dogs, but also the way that the criminals accuse each other of "verbally imitating" black men and the characters' apparent sexual attraction to black actress Pam Grier.[36]
In February 2012, as part of an ongoing series of live dramatic readings of film scripts being staged with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), director Jason Reitman cast black actors in the originally white cast: Laurence Fishburne as Mr. White; Terrence Howard as Mr. Blonde; Anthony Mackie as Mr. Pink; Cuba Gooding Jr. as Mr. Orange; Chi McBride as Joe Cabot; Anthony Anderson as Nice Guy Eddie (Joe Cabot's son); Common as both Mr. Brown and Officer Nash (the torture victim of Mr. Blonde), and Patton Oswalt as Holdaway (the mentor cop who was originally played by a black actor in the film). Critic Elvis Mitchell suggested that Reitman's version of the script was taking the source material back to its roots since the characters "all sound like black dudes."[37]
Accolades[edit]
The film was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.[38] It won the Critic's Award at the 4th Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival in February 1993 which Tarantino attended.[39] The film was also nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics.[40] Steve Buscemi won the 1992 Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male.[41] Reservoir Dogs ranks at No. 97 in Empire magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Films of All Time.[42]
Home media[edit]
In the United Kingdom, release of the VHS rental video was delayed until 1995 due to the British Board of Film Classification initially refusing the film a home video certificate (UK releases are required to be certified separately for theatrical release and for viewing at home).[16] The latter is a requirement by law due to the Video Recordings Act 1984.[16] Following the UK VHS release approval, Polygram released a "Mr Blonde Deluxe Edition",[43] which included an interview with Tarantino and several memorabilia associated with the character Mr. Blonde, such as sunglasses and a chrome toothpick holder.
Region 1 DVDs of Reservoir Dogs have been released multiple times. The first release was a single two-sided disc from LIVE Entertainment, released in June 1997 and featuring both pan-and-scan and letterbox versions of the film.[44] Five years later, Artisan Entertainment (who changed their name from LIVE Entertainment in the interim) released a two-disc 10th anniversary edition featuring multiple covers color-coded to match the nicknames of five of the characters (Pink, White, Orange, Blonde and Brown) and a disc of bonus features such as interviews with the cast and crew.[45]
For the film's 15th anniversary, Lionsgate (which had purchased Artisan in the interim) produced a two-disc anniversary edition with a remastered 16:9 transfer and a new supplement, but not all of the extra features from the 10th Anniversary edition.[46] In particular, interviews with the cast and crew were removed, and a new 48-minute-long feature called "Tributes and Dedications" was included.[46] The packaging for the 15th anniversary edition is fancier: the discs are enclosed in a large matchbook, and the matchbook is in a thin aluminum case made to resemble a gas can.
Soundtrack[edit]
Reservoir Dogs
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
October 13, 1992
Genre
Rock
Length
30:50
Label
MCA
Quentin Tarantino film soundtracks chronology
Reservoir Dogs
(1992) True Romance
(1993)True Romance1993
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic link
The Reservoir Dogs: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was the first soundtrack for a Quentin Tarantino film and set the structure his later soundtracks would follow.[47] This includes the extensive use of snippets of dialogue from the film. The soundtrack has selections of songs from the 1960s to '80s. Only the group Bedlam recorded original songs for the film. Reasoning that the film takes place over a weekend, Tarantino decided to set it to a fictional radio station 'K-Billy' (presumably KBLY)'s show "K-Billy's Super Sounds of the Seventies Weekend", a themed weekend show of broadcasts of songs from the seventies. The radio station played a prominent role in the film.[48] The DJ for the radio was chosen to be Steven Wright, a comedian known for his deadpan delivery of jokes.[49]
An unusual feature of the soundtrack was the choice of songs; Tarantino has said that he feels the music to be a counterpoint to the on-screen violence and action.[50] He also stated that he wished for the film to have a 1950s feel while using '70s music.[50] A prominent instance of this is the torture scene to the tune of "Stuck in the Middle with You".[51]
Bedlam was a 1990s rock group from Nashville fronted by Jay Joyce, who were signed to MCA Records. Their album Into the Coals was released in 1992. Further members were Chris Feinstein (bass) and Doug Lancio.[52] "Magic Carpet Ride" is a cover of the 1968 Steppenwolf song. "Harvest Moon" is written by Jay Joyce.
Sandy Rogers' "Fool for Love" initially was title song to Robert Altman's 1985 film Fool for Love.[53]
Track listing
"And Now Little Green Bag..." – dialogue extract performed by Steven Wright (0:15)
"Little Green Bag" – The George Baker Selection (3:15)
"Rock Flock of Five" – dialogue extract performed by Steven Wright (0:11)
"Hooked on a Feeling" – Blue Swede (2:53)
"Bohemiath" – dialogue extract performed by Steven Wright (0:34)
"I Gotcha" – Joe Tex (2:27)
"Magic Carpet Ride" – Bedlam (5:10)
"Madonna Speech" – dialogue extract performed by Quentin Tarantino, Edward Bunker, Lawrence Tierney, Steve Buscemi, and Harvey Keitel (0:59)
"Fool for Love" by Sandy Rogers (3:25)
"Super Sounds" – dialogue extract performed by Steven Wright (0:19)
"Stuck in the Middle with You" – Stealers Wheel (3:23)
"Harvest Moon" – Bedlam (2:38)
"Let's Get a Taco" – dialogue extract performed by Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth (1:02)
"Keep on Truckin'" – dialogue extract performed by Steven Wright (0:16)
"Coconut" – Harry Nilsson (3:50)
"Home of Rock" – dialogue extract performed by Steven Wright (0:05)
Video game[edit]
Main article: Reservoir Dogs (video game)
A video game based on the film was released in 2006 for PC, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. However, the game does not feature the likeness of any of the actors with the exception of Michael Madsen. GameSpot called it "an out and out failure".[54] It caused controversy for its amount of violence and was banned in Australia[55] and New Zealand.[56]
Another video game, Reservoir Dogs: Bloody Days, was released in 2017.[57]
Remakes[edit]
Kaante, a Bollywood film released in 2002, is a remake of Reservoir Dogs. The film's central plot is based on Tarantino's film, and also borrows plot points from The Usual Suspects and Heat. Tarantino has been quoted as saying that Kaante is his favorite among the many rip-offs of his film.[58]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
Criminal justice portal
1990s portal
The Day of the Wolves, a 1971 movie
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, a 1974 movie
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Reservoir Dogs
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Official website
Reservoir Dogs on IMDb
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text:
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For ships named after General von Steuben, see Von Steuben (disambiguation).
Baron Von Steuben
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, by Charles Willson Peale
Birth name
Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben
Born
(1730-09-17)17 September 1730
Magdeburg, Duchy of Magdeburg
(now Magdeburg, Germany)
Died
28 November 1794(1794-11-28) (aged 64)
Utica, New York, U.S.
Buried
Steuben Memorial State Historic Site, Remsen, New York, U.S.
Allegiance
Prussia (1744–1762)
United States (1778–1783)
Service/branch
Prussian Army
Continental Army
Years of service
1744–1762
1778–1783
Rank
Major general
Battles/wars
War of 1744
Siege of Prague (1744)
Seven Years' War
Siege of Prague (1757)
Battle of Kunersdorf
Siege of Kolberg
Siege of Schweidnitz
American Revolutionary War
Valley Forge
Battle of Monmouth
Battle of Blandford
Siege of Yorktown
Awards
Cross of the Order of De la Fidelite
Signature
Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand Steuben (born Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben; September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794), also referred to as the Baron von Steuben, was a Prussian and later an American military officer. He served as inspector general and major general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines.[1] He wrote Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, the book that served as standard United States drill manual until the American Civil War.[2] He served as General George Washington's chief of staff in the final years of the war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 First military service
3 Service in Hohenzollern-Hechingen
4 American Revolution
4.1 Inspector General
4.2 Training program
4.3 Southern campaign
5 Final years
6 Personal life
7 Death
8 Legacy
9 See also
10 References
11 Sources
12 Further reading
13 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Baron von Steuben was born in the fortress town of Magdeburg on September 17, 1730, the son of Royal Prussian Engineer, Capt. Baron Wilhelm von Steuben, and his wife, Elizabeth von Jagvodin.[3] When his father entered the service of Empress Anna, young Friedrich came with him to the Crimea and then to Kronstadt, staying until the Russian war against the Turks under the General Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. In 1740 Steuben's father returned to Prussia and Friedrich was educated in the garrison towns Neisse and Breslau by Jesuits. It is said that at age 14 he served as a volunteer with his father in one of the campaigns of the War of the Austrian Succession.
First military service[edit]
Baron von Steuben joined the Prussian Army at age 17.[4] He served as a second lieutenant during the Seven Years' War in 1756, and was wounded at the 1757 Battle of Prague.[4] He served as adjutant to the free battalion of General Johann von Mayr and was promoted to first lieutenant in 1759.[4] In August 1759 he was wounded a second time at the Battle of Kunersdorf.[4] In June 1761, he was appointed deputy quartermaster at the general headquarters. Later that year he was taken prisoner by the Russians at Treptow.[4] He subsequently attained the rank of captain, and served as aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great; in 1762 he was one of 13 young officers chosen to participate in a special course of instruction delivered by the king himself.[5]
Upon the reduction of the army at the end of the war, in 1763, Steuben was one of many officers who found themselves unemployed.[5] Towards the end of his life, Steuben indicated in a letter that "an inconsiderate step and an implacable personal enemy" led to his leaving the Prussian army.[6]:61
Service in Hohenzollern-Hechingen[edit]
In 1764 Steuben became Hofmarschall to Fürst Josef Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a post he held until 1777.[7] In 1769 the Duchess of Wurttemberg, niece of Frederick the Great, presented him with the "Cross of the Order of De la Fidelite".[8] In 1771 he began to use the title baron. That same year he accompanied the prince to France in 1771, hoping to borrow money. Failing to find funds, they returned to Germany in 1775, deeply in debt.[5]
In 1763 Steuben had been formally introduced to the future French Minister of War, Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain in Hamburg. They met again in Paris in 1777. The Count, fully realizing the potential of an officer with Prussian general staff training, introduced him to Benjamin Franklin. Franklin, however, was unable to offer Steuben a rank or pay in the American army. The Continental Congress had grown tired of foreign mercenaries coming to America and demanding a high rank and pay. Promoting these men over qualified American officers caused discontent in the ranks. Von Steuben would have to go to America strictly as a volunteer, and present himself to Congress. Steuben left these first meetings in disgust and returned to Prussia.[4] Steuben found waiting for him allegations that he engaged in homosexual relationships with young men while in the service of Prince Josef Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. The allegations were never proven, but Steuben knew they would stymie his chances at an officer's position in Europe.[9] Threatened with prosecution for his alleged homosexuality, Steuben returned to Paris.[10] Rumors followed him from Prussia to America that he was homosexual, but there never was an investigation of von Steuben and he received a Congressional pension after the war.[11]
Upon the Count's recommendation, Steuben was introduced to future president George Washington by means of a letter from Franklin as a "Lieutenant General in the King of Prussia's service", an exaggeration of his actual credentials that appears to be based on a mistranslation of his service record. He was advanced travel funds and left Europe from Marseilles on Friday, September 26, 1777 on board the frigate Flamand.[7]
American Revolution[edit]
Portrait of Steuben by Ralph Earl
The Baron, his Italian greyhound, Azor (which he took with him everywhere), his young aide de camp Louis de Pontière, his military secretary, Peter Stephen Du Ponceau (then called Pierre Etienne Du Ponceau), and two other companions, reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire on December 1, 1777, where they were almost arrested for being British because Steuben had mistakenly outfitted them in red uniforms.[4] They were extravagantly entertained in Boston.[citation needed] On February 5, 1778 Steuben and his party arrived in York, Pennsylvania, where the Continental Congress had relocated after being ousted from Philadelphia by the British advance. Arrangements were made for Steuben to be paid following the successful completion of the war according to his contributions. He arrived at Valley Forge on February 23, 1778, and reported for duty as a volunteer. One soldier's first impression of the Baron was "of the ancient fabled God of War ... he seemed to me a perfect personification of Mars. The trappings of his horse, the enormous holsters of his pistols, his large size, and his strikingly martial aspect, all seemed to favor the idea. He turned the volunteers into a great army"[4]
Inspector General[edit]
Washington appointed von Steuben as temporary inspector general. He went out into the camp to talk with the officers and men, inspect their huts, and scrutinize their equipment. Steuben established standards of sanitation and camp layouts that would still be standard a century and a half later. There had previously been no set arrangement of tents and huts. Men relieved themselves where they wished and when an animal died, it was stripped of its meat and the rest was left to rot where it lay. Steuben laid out a plan to have rows for command, officers and enlisted men. Kitchens and latrines were on opposite sides of the camp, with latrines downhill side. There was the familiar arrangement of company and regimental streets.
On May 5, 1778, on General Washington's recommendation, Congress appointed Steuben inspector general of the army, with the rank and pay of major general. Internal administration had been neglected, and no books had been kept either as to supplies, clothing or men. Steuben became aware of the "administrative incompetence, graft, war profiteering" that existed.[12] He enforced the keeping of exact records and strict inspections. His inspections saved the army an estimated loss of five to eight thousand muskets.[8]
Training program[edit]
Baron von Steuben Drilling Troops at Valley Forge, by E. A. Abbey (c.1904), Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg
Steuben picked 120 men from various regiments, to form an honor guard for General Washington, and used them to demonstrate military training to the rest of the troops.[8] These men in turn trained other personnel at Regimental and Brigade levels. Steuben's eccentric personality greatly enhanced his mystique. In full military dress uniform, he twice a day trained the soldiers who, at this point, were themselves greatly lacking in proper clothing.[13]
As he could only speak and write a small amount of English, Steuben originally wrote the drills in the German dialect of Prussian, the military language of Europe at the time. His secretary, Du Ponceau, then translated the drills from Prussian into French, and a secretary for Washington translated it to English. They did this every single night so Washington could command his soldiers in the morning. Colonel Alexander Hamilton and General Nathanael Greene were of great help in assisting Steuben in drafting a training program for the Army. The Baron's willingness and ability to work with the men, as well as his use of profanity (in several different languages), made him popular among the soldiers.[4] It is here he met his reputed future lover, Captain Benjamin Walker. Upon meeting Walker for the first time he exclaimed "If I had seen an angel from Heaven I should not have more rejoiced." Within weeks, Walker was Steuben's aide-de-camp.[14]
Steuben introduced a system of progressive training, beginning with the school of the soldier, with and without arms, and going through the school of the regiment. This corrected the previous policy of simply assigning personnel to regiments. Each company commander was made responsible for the training of new men, but actual instruction was done by sergeants specifically selected for being the best obtainable.
In the earlier part of the war, the U.S. used the bayonet mostly as a cooking skewer or tool rather than as a fighting instrument.[8] Steuben's introduction of effective bayonet charges became crucial. In the Battle of Stony Point, U.S. soldiers attacked with unloaded muskets and won the battle solely on Steuben's bayonet training.
The first results of Steuben's training were in evidence at the Battle of Barren Hill, May 20, 1778 and then again at the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778. Steuben, by then serving in Washington's headquarters, was the first to determine that the enemy was heading for Monmouth.
During the winter of 1778–1779, Steuben prepared Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, commonly known as the "Blue Book".[15][16] Its basis was the training plan he had devised at Valley Forge.[17] It was used by the United States Army until 1814,[4] and affected U.S. drills and tactics until the Mexican War of 1846.[12]
Southern campaign[edit]
Mount Gulian, Fishkill, N.Y.
In 1780 Steuben sat on the court-martial of the British Army officer Major John André, captured and charged with espionage in conjunction with the defection of General Benedict Arnold.[6] He later traveled with Nathanael Greene, the new commander of the Southern campaign.[6] He quartered in Virginia since U.S. supplies and soldiers would be provided to the army from there. Steuben would help in the defense of Virginia with approximately 1000 militia fighting a delaying action in the Battle of Blandford. During the spring of 1781, he aided Greene in the campaign in the south, culminating in the delivery of 450 Virginia Continentals to Lafayette in June.
He was forced to take sick leave, rejoining the army for the final campaign at Yorktown, where his role was as commander of one of the three divisions of Washington's troops. In 1783, General Von Steuben joined General Knox at Vail's Gate, near West Point, in the fall of 1782 and in early 1783 moved to the Verplanck homestead, at Mount Gulian, across the Hudson River from Washington's headquarters in Newburgh.[12] Steuben gave assistance to Washington in demobilizing the army in 1783[18] as well as aiding in the defense plan of the new nation. In May 1783 Steuben presided over the founding of the Society of the Cincinnati.[12] He was discharged from the military with honor on March 24, 1784.[5]
Final years[edit]
Steuben's log cabin summer residence, Steuben, New York[19]
Steuben became a U.S. citizen by act of the Pennsylvania legislature in March 1784 (and later by the New York authorities in July 1786). With the war over, Steuben resigned from service and first settled with his longtime companion, William North, for whom he created a special room at his retreat he called The Louvre[20] on Manhattan Island, where he became a prominent figure and elder in the German Reformed Church. From 1785 until his death, in 1794, he served as president of the German Society of the City of New York, a charitable society founded in 1784 to assist German immigrants.[21]
Even with the new U.S. Congress giving him large sums of money, he became largely indebted. In 1790, Congress awarded him a pension of $2,500 a year, which he kept until his death.
On December 23, 1783, the State of New Jersey presented him with the use of an estate in Bergen County now known as Steuben House,[22] which had been confiscated from Loyalist Jan Zabriskie in 1781. Located in the formerly strategic New Bridge Landing, the estate included a gristmill and about 40 acres of land. Legislators initially conditioned the grant, requiring Steuben to "hold, occupy and enjoy the said estate in person, and not by tenant." Gen. Philemon Dickinson of the New Jersey Militia informed the baron of this gift and responded to his inquiries that "there are on the premises an exceeding good House, an excellent barn, together with many useful outbuildings, all of which I am told, want some repairs...there is...a Grist-mill; a good Orchard, some meadow Ground, & plenty of Wood. The distance from N York by land 15 miles, but you may keep a boat & go from your own door to N York by water—Oysters, Fish & wild fowl in abundance—Possession will be given to you in the Spring, when you will take a view of the premises."[23] Von Steuben spent considerable sums to repair wartime damages to the house and restore its commercial operations under former aide Walker.
On September 5, 1788, the New Jersey Legislature gave Baron von Steuben full title to the former Zabriskie estate. A month later, recognizing his financial embarrassment, Steuben wrote another former aide-de-camp and companion, William North, recognizing: "The jersey Estate must and is to be sold. Walker is my administrator, all debts are to be paid out of it." On November 6, 1788, Steuben again wrote North (at his new home in Duanesburg), noting "My Jersey Estate is Advertised but not yet Sold, from this Walker Shall immediately pay to you the money, you so generously lend me and all my debts in New-York will be payed. I support my present poverty with more heroism than I Expected. All Clubs and parties are renounced, I seldom leave the House."[24] Steuben eventually sold the New Jersey property to a son of the previous owner, and it remained in the Zabriskie family until 1909. It is the only remaining eighteenth-century building that von Steuben owned.
Von Steuben moved upstate and settled in Oneida County on a small estate in the vicinity of Rome, on land granted to him for his military service and where he had spent summers. He was later appointed a regent for what evolved into the University of the State of New York.
Personal life[edit]
Von Steuben was most likely gay.[25] His exits from the court of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and from Paris were under clouds of accusation of homosexual activity.[26] Von Steuben arrived in the United States with his 17-year-old secretary, Peter Stephen Du Ponceau, who is rumored to have been his lover.[27] At Valley Forge, he began close relationships with Benjamin Walker and William North, then both military officers in their 20s, which are assumed by many to have been romantic.[28] Because homosexuality was criminalized at the time, records of his relationships are limited to references in correspondences. Von Steuben formally adopted Walker and and North and made them his heirs.[29] A third young man, John W. Mulligan Jr. (1774-1862), also considered himself one of Steuben’s "sons"; he inherited Von Steuben’s vast library, collection of maps and $2,500 in cash.[30]
Death[edit]
Von Steuben died on November 28, 1794, at his estate in Oneida County,[31] and was buried in a grove at what became the Steuben Memorial State Historic Site;[32] the estate became part of the town of Steuben, New York, which was named for him.
Steuben did not marry and had no children. He did not care much for his European relatives.[6] Thus, he left his estate to his companions and aides-de-camp, Captains Benjamin Walker and William North, with whom he had had an "extraordinarily intense emotional relationship ... treating them as surrogate sons".[33]
Legacy[edit]
General Von Steuben, 1930 Issue
Generally, Von Steuben Day takes place in September in many cities throughout the United States. It is often considered the German-American event of the year. Participants march, dance, wear German costumes and play German music, and the event is attended by millions of people. The German-American Steuben Parade is held annually in September in New York City. It is one of the largest parades in the city and is traditionally followed by an Oktoberfest in Central Park as well as celebrations in Yorkville, Manhattan, a German section of New York City. The German-American Steuben Parade has been taking place since 1958.[34] Chicago also hosts a von Steuben Day parade, which is featured in the U.S. film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Philadelphia hosts a smaller Steuben Parade in the Northeast section of the city. Steubenville, Ohio, has the recreated Fort Steuben, named after the Baron.
The Steuben Society was founded in 1919 as "an educational, fraternal, and patriotic organization of American citizens of German background".[35] In the difficult post-World War I years the Society helped the German-American community to reorganize. It is now one of the largest organizations for Americans of German descent.
A warship, a submarine, and an ocean liner (later pressed into military service) were named in von Steuben's honor. In World War I the captured German ship SS Kronprinz Wilhelm was renamed as USS Von Steuben, and in World War II there was the Dampfschiff General von Steuben, an ill-fated German luxury passenger ship which was turned into an armed transport ship during the war. During the Cold War, the U.S. Navy submarine USS Von Steuben was named for him.
Several locations in the United States are also named Steuben, most of them in his honor. Examples include Steuben County, New York, Steuben County, Indiana, and the city of Steubenville, Ohio. Several buildings are named for Steuben, among them Von Steuben Metropolitan Science Center in Chicago, Illinois, as well as one of the cadet barracks buildings at Valley Forge Military Academy and College.
Von Steuben was one of four European military leaders who assisted the U.S. cause during the Revolution and was honored with a statue in Lafayette Square, just north of the White House, in Washington, D.C. The statue by Albert Jaegers was dedicated in 1910. A copy was dedicated in Potsdam, Germany in 1911, and destroyed during World War II. A new cast was given in honor of German-American friendship in 1987, and to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin. It was installed in the Dahlem district, in what had been the U.S. sector of the formerly divided city. Additional casts are in Potsdam, and in Steuben's home town of Magdeburg. Statues of Steuben by J. Otto Schweizer can be found in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and Utica, New York; in addition to an equestrian statue by Schweizer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A bust of Steuben is in the garden of the German Embassy in Washington, D.C.
The Steuben House, presented to Steuben as a gift for his services in the Continental Army, is located at New Bridge Landing in River Edge, New Jersey. The house and surrounding farmland were seized in 1781 from a Loyalist family. The house looks much as it did after Steuben renovated it. The State of New Jersey took possession of the historic mansion and one acre of ground for $9,000 on June 27, 1928. It was opened as a public museum in September 1939. The Bergen County Historical Society opens the building for special events. It is under the jurisdiction of the Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission.[36]
Other tributes include Steuben Field, the stadium of the Hamilton College football team.[37] Von Steuben, acting as Alexander Hamilton's surrogate, laid the cornerstone of the school. Upon graduating, all Hamilton seniors receive as a gift from the college a cane with a tricorn hat at its top in reference to von Steuben.
The various depictions of Steuben in popular U.S. media include portrayals by Nehemiah Persoff in the 1979 U.S. TV miniseries The Rebels, Kurt Knudson in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington, being voiced by Austrian-American Arnold Schwarzenegger in the animated series Liberty's Kids, and by David Cross on the "Philadelphia" episode of Drunk History.
In 2007, a popular documentary DVD was released by LionHeart FilmWorks and director Kevin Hershberger titled Von Steuben's Continentals: The First American Army. The 60-minute, live-action documentary details the life, uniforms, camp life, food, weapons, equipment and drill of the Continental soldier 1775–1781, as taught and developed by Baron von Steuben.[38]
Steuben House, River Edge, New Jersey. A gift to Steuben from the State of New Jersey, this is the only extant house he owned.
Steuben's grave, Steuben, New York
Painting: Baron von Steuben at Valley Forge, 1777 (1907), Augustus G. Heaton, artist, National War College, Washington, D.C.
Steuben Monument (1910), Albert Jaegers, sculptor, Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.
General Friedrich Wilhelm August von Steuben (1911, destroyed 1945, cast 1994), Albert Jaegers, sculptor, Potsdam, Germany
Baron von Steuben (1915), J. Otto Schweizer, sculptor, Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania. A copy is in Utica, New York.
General von Stueben Drilling Washington's Army at Valley Forge (1915), J. Otto Schweizer, sculptor. Bas-relief panel on the base of the Valley Forge statue.
Steuben Monument (1921), J. Otto Schweizer, sculptor, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1947), Warren Wheelock, sculptor, outside Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania
Friedrich Wilhelm Baron von Steuben (cast 1987), Albert Jaegers, sculptor, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
General von Steuben (cast 1996), Albert Jaegers, sculptor, Magdeburg, Germany
General Von Steuben Memorial (2004), Johnson Atelier, sculptors, Monmouth Battlefield State Park, New Jersey
See also[edit]
Revolutionary War Drill Manual
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fleming, Thomas (February–March 2006). "The Magnificent Fraud". American Heritage. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Beck, Glenn (2011). Being George Washington. Mercury Radio Arts. p. 74.
Jump up ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben". Bergen County Historical Society.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "General von Steuben". Valley Forge (National Historical Park Pennsylvania). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bielakowski, Alexander M. (2013). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 667–69.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kapp, Friedrich (1859). Life of Frederick William Von Steuben: Major General in the Revolutionary Army. Mason Brothers.
^ Jump up to: a b Lockhart, Paul (June 27, 2008). "The Rich Legacy of a Forgotten Founder". US News and World Report.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Major General Von Steuben". Steuben Society of America. 2014. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Villa, Pablo (September 18, 2015). "Friedrich von Steuben: A Closer Look at the 'Father' of the NCO Corps". NCO Journal.
Jump up ^ Shilts, Randy (2005). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military. St. Martin's Press. pp. 7–10.
Jump up ^ Adam, Thomas (2005). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History; a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 1007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "General Von Steuben". Mount Gulian Historic site.
Jump up ^ Deats, Paula; Fleisher, Carol L. (1995). "A War Without End" episode". The Revolutionary War. The Learning Channel.
Jump up ^ Benemann, William E. (2006). Male–Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships Routledge (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Drill and Ceremony #43". ArmyStudyGuide.com. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ The current revision of this book is available for download from the US Army directly The United States Army[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2008). The Drillmaster of Valley Forge: The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-145163-0. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Baron Von Steuben". Museum Collections. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Headley, Joel Tyler (1900). "Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand von". In Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Jump up ^ Von Zemenszky, Edith (1982). The Papers of General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben 1777–1794. Millwood, NY. Account with -------, reel 6, frame.
Jump up ^ Wust, Klaus (1984). Guardian on the Hudson: The German Society of the City of New York, 1784–1984. New York: The Society. ISBN 0-917968-11-5. p. 15-16.
Jump up ^ "Zabriskie-Steuben House". Bergen County Historical Society.
Jump up ^ Karels, Carol (2007). The Revolutionary War in Bergen County. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 61. ISBN 9781596293588.
Jump up ^ Quoted in: Wright, Kevin. "Baron von Steuben's Jersey Estate at New Bridge". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ ""Meet The Gay Man Who Won America Her Independence"".
Jump up ^ Lockhart, Paul (2008). "The Drillmaster of Valley Forge". Harper Perennial.
Jump up ^ No Author Given (March 24, 2014). ""Gay Influence: Baron Von Steuben"". Gay Influence. Retrieved July 4, 2017. Behind him were his retinue of African servants, a French chef, his French aide-de-camp Louis de Pontière and the Baron’s 17-year-old lover/secretary Pierre-Étienne du Ponceau.
Jump up ^ Benemann, William Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships Haworth Press, 2006, ISBN 1-56023-345-1
Jump up ^ Kapp, Friedrich The Life of Frederick William Von Steuben, Major General in the United States Army, Mason Brothers, New York 1859, p. 707.
Jump up ^ "Steuben and John W. Mulligan, Jr". Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Frederick William Augustus von Steuben, Baron." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Retrieved from Biography in Context database, 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 44998). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
Jump up ^ Skelton, William B. (February 2000). "North, William". American National Biography Online.
Jump up ^ "German-American Steuben Parade of New York".
Jump up ^ "Our History". The Steuben Society of America. www.steubensociety.org. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Bergen County Historical Society".
Jump up ^ "NESCAC Football Record Book". Archived from the original on November 29, 2006.
Jump up ^ "LionHeart FilmWorks".
Sources[edit]
Palmer, John McAuley (1937). General Von Steuben. Yale University Press.
Steuben Papers, NYHS.
The Historic Society of Pennsylvania, Simon Gratz Collection (#250), Case 4, Box 13 William North /Benjamin Walker Letters
Guide to the Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Papers at the New-York Historical Society
Further reading[edit]
Baron Von Steuben: An account of a 19th century visit to America by his German relatives.
N.Y. Times: Steuben hosted by the Nation he helped to create
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben.
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Works by or about Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben at Internet Archive
Works by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Bowen, Francis; Hayward, Charles (1838). Lives of Baron Steuben, Sebastian Cabot, and William Eaton.
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Baron von Steuben. Baron Von Steuben's Revolutionary War Drill Manual
Military offices
Preceded by
Thomas Conway IG of the U. S. Army
May 5, 1778 – April 15, 1784 Succeeded by
William North
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 56927823
LCCN: n50023974
ISNI: 0000 0000 2337 1577
GND: 118617990
SUDOC: 095073620
BNF: cb15566204b (data)
IATH: w6513xnj
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben&oldid=818130946"
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