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Roman Brady
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Roman Brady
Josh Taylor as Roman Brady
Days of our Lives character
Portrayed by
Wayne Northrop (1981–94)
Josh Taylor (1997–)
Duration
1981–84
1991–94
1997–
First appearance
December 8, 1981 (December 8, 1981)
Created by
Pat Falken Smith
Introduced by
Betty Corday and Al Rabin
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Occupation
Police commissioner (retired)
Home
Salem, Illinois

Wayne Northrop as Roman Brady

Drake Hogestyn as "Roman"
[show]Family
Family
Brady family
Parents
Shawn Brady
Caroline Brady
Brothers
Frankie Brady (adoptive)
Max Brady (adoptive)
Sisters
Kimberly Brady
Kayla Brady
Half-brothers
Bo Brady
Spouse
Anna Brady (until 1982)
Marlena Evans (1983–94)
Kate Roberts (2003–05)
Sons
Eric Brady
Rex Brady
Daughters
Carrie Brady
Sami Brady
Cassie Brady
Grandsons
Will Horton
Johnny DiMera
Noah Reed
Granddaughters
Allie Horton
Sydney DiMera
Grandparents
Peter Brady
Aunts and uncles
Eric Brady
Colleen Brady
Molly Murphy
Nieces and nephews
Andrew Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Stephanie Johnson
Joey Johnson
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Chelsea Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady
First cousins
Ryan Brady
Colin Murphy
Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long running NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop who played the role until 1984, was filled by Drake Hogestyn from 1986–1991, again by Northrop from 1991–1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Characterization
3 Storylines
3.1 1981–84
3.2 1986–1990
3.3 1991–94
3.4 Late 1990s - Early 2000s
3.5 2010s
4 External links
5 References
Casting[edit]
The role was originated on December 8, 1981 by Wayne Northrop.[1] Northrop departed from the series on November 26, 1984, and the character was killed off during a battle with his arch-nemesis, international criminal Stefano DiMera.[2] On November 27, 1985, the series introduced a character known as The Pawn.[3] The role was portrayed by Robert Poynton until January 20, 1986, though the character's face is wrapped in bandages.[4] On January 23, 1986, The Pawn's bandages were finally removed as Drake Hogestyn made his first appearance as John Black, a character with no memory of his past or knowledge of his real identity.[5] In May 1986, Hogestyn's character of John is revealed to be Roman with extensive plastic surgery and Hogestyn played the role written as Roman until 1991. When Northrop returned as Roman on August 30, 1991, the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be an entirely separate character that had been brainwashed to believe he was Roman Brady.[6] Northrop once again departed from the series on August 2, 1994.[7] On July 18, 1997, Josh Taylor appeared in the role as a recast of Roman Brady.[8] The casting was met with criticism due to Taylor's previous portrayal of Chris Kositchek, one of Roman and Marlena's closest friends. Northrop was later recast as another new character, Dr. Alex North, and scenes from Northrop's time playing Roman were edited to create the new character's backstory.
Characterization[edit]
Roman is the retired police commissioner of the fictional midwestern town of Salem. He is also a former agent with the fictional International Security Alliance (ISA), a spy agency focused on all sorts of unusually high-level global conspiracies that tended to center around his otherwise-quiet home town. During his portrayal by Northrop, he was established as a top-notch cop but also a bit of a renegade, often accepting deep-cover assignments, and a master of disguise (similar to Sherlock Holmes). Hogestyn's character was more by-the-book on the job, although still dangerous with a dark side somewhat characteristic of an ex-spy (which later fed into the "John Black" persona), with expertise in Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, and a little more of a ladies' man. Taylor's portrayal is more that of a "regular guy", with a bit less intrigue and more straightforward professionally, although still with an eye for the ladies and more inclined to engage in one-night stands with various women than the character as portrayed by Northrop or Hogestyn (such as with Kate Roberts, Billie Reed, ex-wife Anna DiMera, and a strongly hinted at – but never confirmed – rendezvous with Nicole Walker).
Over the years, much has been made of the creation (and constant retcon of the backstory) of Hogestyn's character John Black as an entirely separate character than that of Roman Brady, especially after the show had invested over five years in establishing John's identity as Roman, complete with a plausible backstory and "Roman's" reemerging memories. However, with Roman's recasts and changes in characterization over the years (while John has consistently been played by Hogestyn), in hindsight it can be said that it was actually John Black that remained more true to the original "Roman" persona, and that it was Roman that was gradually developed into a separate character. This was especially illustrated in 2016 when Roman, who had always been a straight-shooter with regard to the law, became complicit in the cover-up of sister-in-law Hope Brady's murder of Stefano DiMera, who she wrongly believed was responsible for the disappearance and later death of her husband (and Roman's brother) Bo Brady.
Storylines[edit]
1981–84[edit]
Roman Brady first appeared on Days to protect Marlena Evans from a serial killer.[9] He slept on her floor. The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love. In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married. Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera. Stefano was a powerful terrorist and organized crime figure from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him. Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera. At the time Marlena saw Roman killing a woman. Later it was shown that Andre had used a realistic mask. Roman was jailed. Mrs. Alice Horton baked him some drugged doughnuts, and on the way to the hospital Roman escaped. He went on the run to prove his innocence, and he accomplished that. He was promoted, and Stefano was on the run.
In November 1984 Roman tracked Stefano to a Caribbean island where many other characters had crash-landed, too. Stefano was suffering from incurable cancer, and needed to collect three mysterious prisms to unlock a secret formula to cure himself. Roman caught up to him on a cliff, but Stefano pulled a gun. He shot Roman, who seemingly fell to his death. His brother Bo cradled him in his arms, but had to leave him for a few minutes. When he returned the body was gone. Several episodes later Roman was shown aboard Stefano's yacht, motionless.
1986–1990[edit]
Main article: John Black (Days of our Lives)
In 1986 an amnesiac known only as "The Pawn" appeared in Salem on January 23, 1986.[10] He assumed the name "John Black" after reading it on a Vietnam War memorial in Salem. Eventually the character was revealed to be Roman Brady having undergone extensive plastic surgery, brainwashing, and martial arts training (purportedly to be trained as an assassin) by Stefano DiMera. After an uneasy "re-introduction" to his family and friends in Salem, the character resumed his life as Roman.
In 1988, a storyline featuring a reappearance by Stefano (who had been believed dead) focused on what had happened to Roman during his time in captivity (1984-1986). Roman and loved ones traveled back to the Caribbean island where Roman had "died" in 1984, and it was revealed that the ISA knew all along that Roman was being held by Stefano and being trained via brainwashing, and extensive instruction by a martial arts master named Orion Hawk, to be one of Stefano's assassins. In fact, the ISA unsuccessfully tried to infiltrate Orion's training camp to extract Roman, but this failed due to the high level of security at Stefano's compound as well as Roman's brainwashed state. This tied into the introduction of Benjy, Stefano's son (and Orion's grandson) who was fostered for a while by Steve and Kayla Johnson. Although subtle hints pointed to the possibility of this "Roman" turning out to be someone else, abetted by speculation by fans and by Hogestyn himself, the clues seemed to tie back together with the resolution that, for the moment, the character portrayed by Hogestyn was in fact Roman Brady.
1991–94[edit]
After believing that Roman's wife, Marlena Evans, had been dead for some years, he had fallen in love with a woman named Isabella Toscano. In 1991 Marlena turns up alive. In August 1991 the character who had been presumed as Roman Brady since 1986 is retroactively revealed to be a separate character (now once again called John Black) who was brainwashed to believe he was Roman, when what would now be the real Roman (once again played by Wayne Northrop) was found on an island where he had been imprisoned by Stefano. Roman was shocked when he found he had been replaced and all his family had accepted John Black as him and John Black had a difficult time accepting he was not really Roman. Roman went back to his life, and he and Marlena tried to live once again as man and wife. After the death of Isabella, in his grief John turned to Marlena for comfort. The two found themselves unable to resolve their feelings for each other from their life together when John believed himself to be Roman. He and Marlena had an affair that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Isabella, named after Isabella Toscano, whom Roman believed to be his own daughter. When he discovered that Marlena and John had an affair and that Belle was not his real daughter, Roman was crushed. In June 1994, Roman leaves town broken and bitter, once again with no family.[11] Later it was said that Roman had died on a mission for the ISA.
Late 1990s - Early 2000s[edit]
In 1997 Josh Taylor was brought in as Roman, who was revealed by Stefano DiMera and Kristen Blake to be alive after being exposed to biological warfare while on a deep-cover ISA mission in South America. The cure to his ailment was discovered by John, Hope, and Stefano in a jungle mission that was engineered to drive John and Marlena apart, but in the end had the opposite result.
Roman was "killed" during the Salem Stalker Murders in December 2003 during his wedding reception to Kate Roberts, but again was revealed to not really be dead. He lived on the island of Melaswen (New Salem) with every other victim from the Salem Stalker Murders, including Marlena. Eventually, other Salemites arrived on the island, trying to find their "dead" loved ones. Some of them went out in the jungle, looking for a way off the island, while the rest remained in "Salem" waiting for help. Help finally arrived. Jennifer got to the island, then Hope and Patrick and finally Bo and John. Everyone banded together to get off the island, but Tony wasn't going to make it easy. He created a volcanic eruption, which eventually caused a giant wave. As everyone gathered on makeshift rafts to get off the island, the wave crashed over them. The Coast Guard arrived and managed to rescue some of them, but Roman, Marlena, Jack, and his daughter Cassie were not saved. They were in the clutches of Tony DiMera once again, and he took them to a remote European castle where he held them captive.
While in the castle, Tony DiMera (actually Andre DiMera) tormented Roman and Marlena with video of John and Kate growing ever closer back in Salem. Eventually, they believed the two of them had sex, and Roman and Marlena, needing comfort, had sex as well. Shortly thereafter, Jack made his way into their room. They escaped! Through fire and explosions, our group of intrepid Salemites – Marlena, Roman, Jack and Cassie – all got out and were on their way home.
On the ISA jet on the way back to Salem, Roman and Marlena made the decision to not tell Kate and John that they had sex. Marlena was uncomfortable with lying to John, but eventually agreed with Roman. When they arrived back they were shocked to learn that John and Kate had fallen in love and were engaged to be married, but Roman and Marlena still didn't tell the truth about their affair. Soon after they were back Marlena discovered that she was pregnant and that Roman had to be the father, but when the truth came out John wasn't too forgiving. During a fight between Roman and John, Marlena tumbled down the stairs, causing a miscarriage.
2010s[edit]
As the second decade of the 21st century has unfolded, Roman is the commissioner of the Salem police force. After an ill-fated marriage to Kate Roberts, he has remained single and adopted an elder-statesman, back-burner role on the show. He serves primarily as the de facto patriarch of the Brady family and the supervisor and occasional voice-of-reason to junior police officers and ISA agents (with a catchphrase of sorts developing from his consistent inquiries of "what da hell" is going on). He has largely made peace with his past with Stefano DiMera, John Black, and Victor Kiriakis, and remains friends with ex-wives Marlena Evans and Kate Roberts. In March 2017 he retired as police commissioner and was seen in a later episode tending bar at the Brady Pub.
External links[edit]
Roman at soapcentral.com
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (December 8, 2012). "Today in Soap Opera History (December 8)". We Love Soaps. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (November 26, 2012). "Today in Soap Opera History (November 26)". Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kim & Shane/The Pawn - 11/27/85 pt. 1 on YouTube
Jump up ^ "About DAYS: Who's Who in Salem | John Black". Soapcentral. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lucille Giordano, Inside Days of Our Lives July 1995.
Jump up ^ Maureen Russell (2010). "Bibliography". Days of Our Lives: A Complete History of the Long-Running Soap Opera. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. p. 266. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (August 2, 2012). "Today in Soap Opera History (August 2)". We Loves Soaps. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (July 18, 2012). "Today in Soap Opera History (July 18)". We Loves Soaps. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Days of Our Lives Episode dated January 8, 1982
Jump up ^ Lucille Giordano, Inside Days of Our Lives July 1995.
Jump up ^ Ken Corday and Tom Langan (Executive producers); James E. Reilly (Head writer) (June 15, 1994). Days Of Our Lives. Season 28. Episode 7304. NBC. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
[show]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives
Current
characters
Brady Black
John Black
Caroline Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Andre DiMera
Chad DiMera
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
Notable past
characters
Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Bo Brady
Carrie Brady Reed
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Ciara Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Dr. Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Will Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Ben Rogers
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston
Related information
Cast members
Producers and writers
Awards and nominations
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Will and Sonny
Shane and Kimberly
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Fictional families
DiMera family
Horton family
Brady family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
[hide]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives characters
[show]
Present and future characters
Hattie Adams
Brady Black
John Black
Tate Black
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Sami Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
André DiMera
Chad DiMera
Thomas DiMera
Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Arianna Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Bonnie Lockhart
Anne Milbauer
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
[show]
Past characters
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Belle Black
Peter Blake
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Ciara Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Rex Brady
Shawn Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Ben Weston
Clyde Weston
[show]
Character lists
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Cast members
Previous cast members
Producers and writers
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Shane and Kimberly
Will and Sonny
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
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text:
Ceric ammonium nitrate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate
Names
IUPAC name
Diammonium cerium(IV) nitrate
Other names
Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN)
Identifiers
CAS Number
16774-21-3
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
157072
ECHA InfoCard 100.037.100
EC Number 240-827-6
PubChem CID
180504
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/Ce.6NO3.2H3N/c;6*2-1(3)4;;/h;;;;;;;2*1H3/q+4;6*-1;;/p+2
Key: XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P
InChI=1/Ce.6NO3.2H3N/c;6*2-1(3)4;;/h;;;;;;;2*1H3/q+4;6*-1;;/p+2
Key: XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-SKRXCDHZAV
SMILES[show]
[Ce+4].O=[N+]([O-])[O-].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH4+].[NH4+]
Properties
Chemical formula
H8N8CeO18
Molar mass 548.26 g/mol
Appearance orange-red crystals
Melting point 107 to 108 °C (225 to 226 °F; 380 to 381 K)
Solubility in water
141 g/100 mL (25 °C)
227 g/100 mL (80 °C)
Structure
Crystal structure
Monoclinic
Coordination geometry
Icosahedral
Hazards
GHS pictograms [1]
GHS signal word Danger
GHS hazard statements
H272, H302, H315, H319, H335
GHS precautionary statements
P220, P261, P305+351+338
Related compounds
Related compounds
Ammonium nitrate
Cerium(IV) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6. This orange-red, water-soluble cerium salt is a specialised oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and a standard oxidant in quantitative analysis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preparation, properties, and structure
2 Applications in organic chemistry
2.1 For the synthesis of heterocycles
2.2 As a deprotection reagent
3 Other applications
4 References
5 External links
Preparation, properties, and structure[edit]
The anion [Ce(NO
3)
6]2−
is generated by dissolving Ce
2O
3 in hot concentrated HNO3.
The salt consists of the anion [Ce(NO
3)
6]2−
and a pair of NH4+ counter ions. The ammonium ions are not involved in the oxidising reactions of this salt. In the anion each nitrate group is chelated to the cerium atom in a bidentate manner as shown below:
Hexanitratocerate anion
The anion [Ce(NO
3)
6]2−
has Th (idealized Oh) molecular symmetry. The CeO12 core defines an icosahedron.[2]
Ce4+ is a strong one-electron oxidizing agent. In terms of its redox potential (E° ~ 1.61 V vs. N.H.E.) it is even stronger oxidizing agent than Cl2 (E° ~ 1.36 V). Few shelf-stable reagents are stronger oxidants. In the redox process Ce(IV) is converted to Ce(III), a one-electron change, signaled by the fading of the solution color from orange to a pale yellow (providing that the substrate and product are not strongly colored).
Applications in organic chemistry[edit]
In organic synthesis, CAN is useful as an oxidant for many functional groups (alcohols, phenols, and ethers) as well as C–H bonds, especially those that are benzylic. Alkenes undergo dinitroxylation, although the outcome is solvent-dependent. Quinones are produced from catechols and hydroquinones and even nitroalkanes are oxidized.
CAN provides an alternative to the Nef reaction; for example, for ketomacrolide synthesis where complicating side reactions usually encountered using other reagents. Oxidative halogenation can be promoted by CAN as an in situ oxidant for benzylic bromination, and the iodination of ketones and uracil derivatives.
For the synthesis of heterocycles[edit]
Catalytic amounts of aqueous CAN allow the efficient synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives. Quinoxalines are known for their applications as dyes, organic semiconductors, and DNA cleaving agents. These derivatives are also components in antibiotics such as echinomycin and actinomycin. The CAN-catalyzed three-component reaction between anilines and alkyl vinyl ethers provides an efficient entry into 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines and the corresponding quinolines obtained by their aromatization.
As a deprotection reagent[edit]
CAN is traditionally used to release organic ligands from metal carbonyls. In the process, the metal is oxidised, CO is evolved, and the organic ligand is released for further manipulation.[3] For example, with the Wulff–Dötz reaction an alkyne, carbon monoxide, and a chromium carbene are combined to form a chromium half-sandwich complex[4][5] and the phenol ligand can be isolated by mild CAN oxidation.
CAN is used to convert para-methoxybenzyl and 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl ethers, which are protecting groups for alcohols.[6][7] Two equivalents of CAN are required for each equivalent of para-methoxybenzyl ether. The alcohol is released, and the para-methoxybenzyl ether converts to para-methoxybenzaldehyde. The balanced equation is as follows:
2 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 + H3COC6H4CH2OR + H2O → 4 NH4+ + 2 Ce3+ + 12 NO3− + 2 H+ + H3COC6H4CHO + HOR
Other applications[edit]
CAN is also a component of chrome etchant,[8] a material that is used in the production of photomasks and liquid crystal displays.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate. Retrieved on 2015-05-13.
Jump up ^ Thomas A. Beineke; J. Delgaudio (1968). "Crystal structure of ceric ammonium nitrate". Inorg. Chem. 7 (4): 715–721. doi:10.1021/ic50062a020.
Jump up ^ L. Brener, J. S. McKennis, and R. Pettit "Cyclobutadiene in Synthesis: endo-Tricyclo[4.4.0.02,5]deca-3,8-diene-7,10-dione" Org. Synth. 1976, 55, 43.doi:10.15227/orgsyn.055.0043
Jump up ^ Waters, M.; Wulff, W. D. (2008). "The Synthesis of Phenols and Quinones via Fischer Carbene Complexes". Organic Reactions. 70 (2): 121–623. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or070.02.
Jump up ^ Dötz, K. H. (1983). "Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation via Carbonyl-Carbene Complexes". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 55 (11). doi:10.1351/pac198355111689.
Jump up ^ Boons, Geert-Jan.; Hale, Karl J. (2000). Organic Synthesis with Carbohydrates (1st ed.) Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. pp.33
Jump up ^ Kocienski, Phillip J. (1994). Protecting Groups Stuttgart, New York Georg Thieme Verlag. pp 8-9, 52-54
Jump up ^ Walker, Perrin; William H. Tarn (1991). CRC Handbook of Metal Etchants. pp. 287–291. ISBN 0-8493-3623-6.
External links[edit]
Oxidizing Agents: Cerium Ammonium Nitrate
[show]
v
t
e
Cerium compounds
(NH4)4Ce(SO4)4•2 H2O
(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
CeB6
CeBr3
Ce2(CO3)3
CeCl3
CeF3
CeI3
Ce(OH)3
Ce(NO3)3
Ce(NO3)4
Ce2(C2O4)3
Ce2O3
Ce3O4
CeO2
Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2
Ce(acac)3
Ce(CH3SO3)3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceric_ammonium_nitrate&oldid=793523872"
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Cerium compounds
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text:
History of South African nationality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
South African nationality has been influenced primarily by the racial dynamics that have structured South African society throughout its development. The country's colonial history led to the immigration (or importation) of different racial and ethnic groups into one shared area. Power dispersion and inter-group relations led to European dominance of the state, allowing it to directly shape nationality although not without internal division or influence from the less empowered races.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dutch colonial rule
2 British colonial rule
2.1 British authority
2.2 Abolition of slavery
2.3 Violent conflict between Boers and British
3 South African state
3.1 Surrender of the Boers
3.2 Milner regime
3.3 Pre-Apartheid segregation
4 Apartheid policies regarding race
4.1 Bantustans
4.2 Pass laws
4.3 Education
4.4 Marriage and sexuality
5 Post-Apartheid
5.1 Creation of a new constitution and bill of rights
6 Citizenship
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
Dutch colonial rule[edit]
South African nationality begins with its history as a European colony. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company (abbreviated V.O.C., in reference to the original Dutch version of this title or DEIC) established the first permanent European settlement in the Cape region. At that time, the pastoral group known as the Khoikhoi inhabited the region along with other Niger-Congo peoples who had emigrated from the Northwest approximately 1500 years prior. The Dutch formally purchased land from the Khoikhoi in 1671 and Cape Colony was established.
As the colony developed and expanded, slaves from other African regions as well as parts of South and Southeast Asia were imported to work in agriculture and in domestic service.[1] During the 18th century, the growth in population of white settlers was nearly identical to increases in slave populations, despite the fact that the slaves were predominantly male.[2]
Thus the society under Dutch rule was a mixture of races and ethnic groups: the indigenous Khoikhoi peoples, the white settlers of European descent who eventually became Afrikaners, and the heterogeneous slave populations from various other parts of Africa and Asia. Since only members of V.O.C. had the right to land ownership or political power, the colony's system of law internalized and perpetuated racial inequalities. The constrictive, domineering administrative policies of the V.O.C. led to considerable settler resentment of authority structures, and the libertarianism associated with the Boers (South Africans of Dutch descent).
British colonial rule[edit]
The imposition of British colonial rule created a tense dynamic between the two European groups. They mutually occupied the position of dominant colonizer in the early society, but their linguistic, cultural and ideological differences created friction between the two groups. In the case of the Boers, this imposing force served to unite their fractioned groups under a single identity against a common enemy.[3]
British authority[edit]
The British aimed to adjust the cultural life of colonial society to the legal realities of British rule. This meant imposing their system of beliefs, their organizational methods, and their political idiosyncrasies on the colonized groups as well developing new ones. After an unsuccessful attempt to claim the colony in 1795, the British permanently established their control between 1806 and 1815. An influx of British pioneers entered the colony, introducing the English language to the region and setting up new frontier settlements. In 1822, the court system was anglicized, posing a significant disadvantage to Afrikaans-speaking individuals.[4] Incentives were offered to teachers who conducted their lessons in English, resulting in a transition from Dutch to English education with adverse long-term effects on Afrikaner education levels. The British introduced the Roman Dutch law system. Law enforcement and court systems were centralized by the British, countering the Boer tradition of small, local courts and decentralized democracy.[4]
Abolition of slavery[edit]
Under British rule, relations with the Afrikaners were harmonious at first, but a growing ethnic tension began as the British began to assert their political and cultural dominance over the Boers. While British colonists maintained their British citizenship, this status was extended neither to the Boers nor the Africa and Asia populations who all became British subjects.
Nevertheless, the British also imported liberal, post-Enlightenment values. The Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade throughout the British empire and established humanitarian guidelines restricting slave-owners. Despite protests by slave owners, the slaves were legally liberated throughout the British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. The emancipation of the Khoikhoi and other non-Europeans was the result of considerable pressure from various missionary groups within the colony rather than from the metropole. The introduction of circuit courts specifically for upholding claims from former slaves against former masters led to the "Black circuit" commissions, which aroused considerable public outcry when the law was actually enforced in cases of black men against white men.
Between 1809 and 1823, Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon established a series of policies addressing the pressing issue of landlessness that emancipation had created. Collectively, these policies formed a paternalistic code that gave the former slaves some protection but also relegated them to the lowest status in society.[5] In 1828, Ordinance 50 made it possible for blacks and Asians to own property, abolished the requirement that they carry identification passes, and required employers to provide contracts for all work. While the content of this law was clearly intended to aid the former-slave populations, these measures were implemented minimally if at all and inequalities between the races persisted.
Violent conflict between Boers and British[edit]
Despite the shared sense of white superiority, the English-speaking groups and the Afrikaners were pitted against one another in competition for political, economic and cultural dominance. This conflict led to the hardening of the two groups' respective national identities and eventually resulted in the expansion beyond the Cape Colony, two wars and the creation of a New South African state.
In 1835, a group of Boers left the colony in search of a new territory to establish their own society free from British control. These individuals were known as the Voortrekkers ("pioneers") and their exodus became known as the Great Trek. While this endeavor proved hazardous and less productive than they may have envisioned, it provided a model for subsequent Boer migrations away from British sovereignty and the establishment of separate Boer states (Orange Free State, South African Republic, Colony of Natal). These republics had their own governments and independent migration policies regulating the influx of workers from India, Asia and elsewhere in Africa.[6]
Over the course of the 19th century, tension increased between the British Empire and these autonomous Boer communities. The British pursued expansionist policies, annexing Natal in 1845 but recognizing the independence of the other two republics until 1877 when a Zulu insurrection threatened the Transvaal Republic. In 1880, the First Boer War erupted between Transvaal Boers and British troops, resulting in relatively heavy losses on the British side leading to a truce in 1881. After two decades of uneasy peace between the groups, military conflict broke out again in 1899 in what would be the Second Boer War. This war significantly deteriorated the Boers' land and resources, a result largely attributable to the British's 'scorched earth' tactics. Nevertheless, the resistance had been strong enough to change the British's policy regarding the Afrikaners from suppression to concession and incorporation into the government of the colony.
Throughout the two wars, the British portrayed themselves as fighting in defense of the African populations as well as for the interests of the empire.[7] Reformist rhetoric wooed black support for the war and the British did not hesitate to utilize this resource, despite the mutual commitment to leave the blacks out of the war. Britain's decision to abandon their promises to the African population at the end of the war indicated a coming shift in the racial dynamic of South African nationality and its struggle.
South African state[edit]
Surrender of the Boers[edit]
The British colonial government met with the two Boer governments on 15 May 1902 in order to determine the terms of the Boer's surrender. While Britain refused to give up their annexation of the Boer republics, it did agree to repatriation, the limited protection of the Afrikaner language in the education and court system, the right to keep firearms, the right to property, exemption for land tax funding war expenditures, and to refuse the natives (blacks) political enfranchisement unless a white majority already existed (Article 8).[8]
Milner regime[edit]
Sir Alfred Milner was the governor of the Cape at the turn of the 20th century. In reaction to the incorporation of the Boers back into the colony, Milner instated a series of attacks on the citizenship of Africans, Asians and people of mixed race. Territorial separation of whites and blacks became a principle of land ownership. It also removed blacks' right to select their own political representative in the federal legislature and instituted a government-picked politician for them. These reforms were designed by a group called the Lagden Commission. While they were rejected initially, modified versions of these reforms were later implemented by General J. B. M. Hertzog (South Africa's third prime minister). Following the Zulu rebellion in 1906, the Natal Native Code was streamlined and applied universally among African and Indian populations. In effect, this gave the Government unlimited control over these populations while revoking their suffrage.[9] This sparked protest from both minority groups. Mohandas Gandhi's led several non-violent demonstrations against laws requiring Indians to carry finger-print passes.[10]
Pre-Apartheid segregation[edit]
The South Africa Act of 1909 established the Union of South Africa under the British dominion, giving it increased autonomy from the metropole. This act unified the four provinces under one legislative body and gave suffrage to non-white groups, although its franchise policies further disempowered blacks in the Cape.[11] Color bars were instituted in 1911, relegating blacks to low-income occupations with little to no prospect for upward mobility. By restricting land purchase to specific reserves, the Native Lands Act of 1913 effectively forced African populations off of the land that would allow them to sustain any level of self-sufficiency, thereby making them dependent on the labor market for their livelihood.[12]
General Louis Botha was appointed the prime minister in 1910. He pushed a series of racial segregationist bills targeting the African populations. The Mines and Works Act of 1911 prohibited blacks from organizing into labor union and from striking, while simultaneously reserving prime categories of work for white people.[13] The Native (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 imposed segregation in the residential areas of cities and reduced blacks access to urban centers in general.[12] General Hertzog's subsequent government held these policies restricting black subjects, but made relatively little effort to increase segregating policy and focused more on creating a national (white) image. It did, however, remove Africans' limited rights to direct parliamentary suffrage in the Cape Province.
Apartheid policies regarding race[edit]
The Apartheid ideology was developed by Werner Eiselen as an alternative to the policies of racial segregation which still allowed for a multi-racial society. Apartheid was a system of relocating Africans to what were supposedly ethnically homogenous reservations and then fostering individual nationalities for each of these ten different groups. This process was accompanied by a set of acts designed to coerce black groups into this new system and maximize their separation from white society while maintaining their economic exploitation (see Apartheid Legislation in South Africa). The core of the Apartheid system was the Group Areas Act of 1950 which divided the state into race-specific partitions.
Bantustans[edit]
The formation of the first Afrikaner-only government in 1948 also coincided with the introduction of the Apartheid institution by which Africans were to be segregated and differentiated from the white population in all possible respects. One of the most drastic components of this ideology was the establishment of Bantu homelands to which all Africans were regulated. This forced blacks to live in "tribal" reservations, thereby separating them from the white populations and realigning their nationality directly to their particular reservation or "bantustan". Ten separate bantustans were designated, each with its own "homogenous" group. In 1970 the Black Homelands Citizenship Act effectively cancelled all black South African citizenship because these homelands became technically autonomous and self-governed.
Pass laws[edit]
Main article: Pass laws
The Population Registration Act 30 of 1950 required all citizens to carry identification passes that detailed their race. This limited black, Indian and Asian mobility because it restricted their access to white areas.
Education[edit]
The Bantu Education Act of 1953 reformatted the education system to prepare the black youth for racial submission to the white population. Education was historically the jurisdiction of the Christian missionaries, but this act ceded its control to the state, who then used it to manipulate the black national identity
Marriage and sexuality[edit]
Sexual relations between races were restricted by both the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and the Immorality Act (1950), illustrating the social stigmas and fears surrounding black sexuality.
Post-Apartheid[edit]
With significant pressure from both internal and external sources, the Apartheid regime was dismantled by the National Party (NP) in the early 1990s. Serious negotiations between the National Party, the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) took place in an effort to produce a new democratic system that perpetuated racial equality but did not leave the whites dangerously vulnerable to resentment-fueled discrimination or violence.
Creation of a new constitution and bill of rights[edit]
Following the extension of universal suffrage and the subsequent election of the first ANC government, Parliament developed a new constitution and bill of rights. The first chapter of this constitution establishes the South African commitment to democratic values, human rights and rule of law. The second chapter is the Bill of Rights and it describes the democratic freedoms that the state must uphold. This includes the right to education in each of South Africa's official languages, the right to a healthy living environment, as well as the right to free movement and residence.[14]
Citizenship[edit]
South African citizenship has primarily been founded on conceptions of racial entitlement and lawful residence.[15] The development of migration restrictions attached to different racial groups in the Cape and the Boer Republics provided the precursor to South African citizenship: Union nationality. The immigration laws reacting to the influx of Asian in the early 20th century provided the unidirectional basis of South African citizenship. This identification method developed out of the Transvaal immigration bureaucracy became to standard throughout the other republics after the unification in 1909.[16] The restrictive nature of union nationality led to the establishment of a categorical citizenship that lacked any positive rights.
The Bill of Rights created in 1996 established the modern characteristics of South African citizenship. It utilizes a combination of the principles of jus soli and jus sanguinis. Children born in South Africa to parents who are both permanent residents (but not citizens) or to one parent who is a citizen will obtain citizenship via jus soli. Children born outside the country to at least one citizen-parent can obtain citizenship if the South African population authorities are properly notified about the birth. For many individuals born to non-permanent residents can apply for South African citizenship through the naturalization process which has eight primary requirements:
Valid permanent residence permit or exemption.
One year's ordinary residence in the Republic of South Africa immediately prior to the application.
In addition 4 years of physical (actual) residence in the RSA during the eight years before the application (excluding the year of ordinary residence).
If married to a South African spouse, two years of permanent residence and two years of marriage to the South African spouse immediately prior to the application.
Intends to continue to reside in the Republic or falls within the further categories specified in section 5(1)(e).
Be of good and sound character.
Able to communicate satisfactorily in any one of the official languages of South Africa.
Have adequate knowledge of the duties and responsibilities of a South African citizen.[17]
See also[edit]
Apartheid in South Africa
History of South Africa
South African nationality law
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Davenport, p.25-26
Jump up ^ Davenport, p.26
Jump up ^ Marx, p.85
^ Jump up to: a b Davenport, 45
Jump up ^ Davenport, 48
Jump up ^ Klaaren, p.5
Jump up ^ Marx, p.88
Jump up ^ Davenport, p.223
Jump up ^ Davenport, p.230
Jump up ^ Davenport, p.233
Jump up ^ Marx, p.95
^ Jump up to: a b Britannica
Jump up ^ Marx, p.258
Jump up ^ http://SAHistory.org
Jump up ^ Klaaren, p.1
Jump up ^ Klaaren, p.9
Jump up ^ http://home-affairs.pwv.gov.za/sa_citizenship.asp
References[edit]
Davenport, T. R. H. (1987). South Africa: A Modern History. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
Klaaren, J. (2004). South African Citizenship: Past Present and Future.
Marx, A. W. (1998). Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States and Brazil. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
South Africa. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 December 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44085
South African Timeline (2007) South African History Online: http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/general/1800.htm
Further reading[edit]
Adejumobi, S., Citizenship, Rights, and the Problem of Conflicts and Civil Wars in Africa. Human Rights Quarterly, 2001. 23(1): p. 148-170.
Cheater, A.P., Citizenship in Neo-Patrilineal States: Gender and Mobility in Southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 1996. 22(2): p. 189-200.
Klaaren, J. Post-Apartheid Citizenship in South Africa. 1999 [cited 19 October 2007]; Available from: http://www.law.wits.ac.za/school/klaaren/klaarenc.htm.
Munro, W.A.W., The political consequences of local electoral systems: democratic change and the politics of differential citizenship in South Africa. Comparative politics, 2001. 33(3): p. 295-314.
Nyamnjoh, F.B., Insiders & Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa. 2006, London; New York: Zed Books.
Waghid, Y.Y., Compassion, citizenship and education in South Africa: an opportunity for transformation? International review of education, 2004. 50(5-6): p. 525-542.
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