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Salaries of members of the United States Congress
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Historical information on the salaries that members of the United States Congress have been paid. See chart below: [1]

Year
Salary
per diem/annum
Percent
Adjustment
In 2014 dollars
1789 50c per diem
1795 $1 per diem only Representatives
$7 per diem only Senators
1796 $6 per diem
1815 $1,500 per annum $19,084
1817 $6 per diem only Representatives
$7 per diem only Senators
1818 $8 per diem
1855 $3,000 per annum $75,109
1865 $5,000 per annum $76,244
1871 $7,500 per annum $146,107
1874 $5,000 per annum $103,183
1907 $7,500 per annum $187,663
1925 $10,000 per annum $133,587
1932 $9,000 per annum $154,137
1933 $8,500 per annum $153,397
1934 (2/1) $9,000 per annum $157,080
1934 (7/1) $9,500 per annum $165,807
1935 $10,000 per annum $170,276
1947 $12,500 per annum $130,741
1955 $22,500 per annum $196,223
1965 $30,000 per annum $222,206
1969 $42,500 per annum $270,697
1975 $44,600 per annum $193,587
1977 $57,500 per annum $221,500
1979 $60,662.50 per annum $194,778
1982 $69,800 per annum only Representatives $168,569
1983 $69,800 per annum only Senators $163,343
1984 $72,600 per annum $162,891
1985 $75,100 per annum $162,645
1987 (1/1) $77,400 per annum $158,784
1987 (2/4) $89,500 per annum $183,606
1990 (2/1) $96,600 per annum only Representatives $172,342
1990 (2/1) $98,400 per annum only Senators $175,553
1991 (1/1) $125,100 per annum only Representatives $214,192
1991 (1/1) $101,900 per annum only Senators $174,470
1991 (8/14) $125,100 per annum only Senators $214,192
1992 $129,500 per annum 3.5% $215,267
1993 $133,600 per annum 3.2% $215,614
1998 $136,700 per annum 2.3% $197,114
2000 $141,300 per annum 3.4% $191,866
2001 $145,100 per annum 2.7% $193,924
2002 $150,000 per annum 3.4% $195,774
2003 $154,700 per annum 3.1% $198,143
2004 $158,100 per annum 2.2% $196,029
2005 $162,100 per annum 2.5% $194,380
2006 $165,200 per annum 1.9% $193,266
2008 $169,300 per annum 2.5% $185,614
2009–2014 $174,000 per annum 2.8% $191,533 – 174,000
Salaries, shown for US Senators and US Representatives. Also shown: salaries adjusted to 2014 US Dollars.
Additional pay schedule for the Senate and House positions:
SCHEDULE 6—VICE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS[2]
Position
Salary
Vice President $233,000
Delegates to the House of Representatives $174,000
Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico $174,000
President pro tempore of the Senate $193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the Senate $193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the House of Representatives $193,400
Speaker of the House of Representatives $223,500
Sources and notes[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables on Senate.gov, Accessed 1 March 2014
Jump up ^ Executive Order 13655 of December 23, 2013, Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. Office of Personnel Management – Pay & Leave – SALARIES & WAGES – Executive Order for 2014 Pay Schedules
"Salaries & Wages" (PDF). U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
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text:
Robert Baratheon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Robert Baratheon
A Song of Ice and Fire character
Game of Thrones character
Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon
First appearance
Novel:
A Game of Thrones (1996)
Television:
"Winter Is Coming" (2011)
Last appearance
Novel:
A Game of Thrones (1996)
Television:
"You Win or You Die" (2011)
Created by
George R. R. Martin
Portrayed by
Mark Addy
(Game of Thrones)
Information
Aliases
The Usurper
Demon of the Trident
The Whoremonger King
Gender
Male
Title
King of the Andals, the Rhoynar and the First Men
Lord of the Seven Kingdoms
Protector of the Realm
Lord of Storm's End
Lord Paramount of the Stormlands
Ser
Family
House Baratheon
Spouse(s)
Cersei Lannister
Children
Joffrey Baratheon (step-son)
Myrcella Baratheon (step-daughter)
Tommen Baratheon (step-son)
Mya Stone (bastard-daughter)
Gendry (bastard-son)
Edric Storm (bastard-son)
Barra (bastard-daughter)
Bella (bastard-daughter)
Other bastards
Relatives
Steffon Baratheon (father)
Cassana Estermont (mother)
Stannis Baratheon (brother)
Renly Baratheon (brother)
Shireen Baratheon (niece)
Kingdom
The Stormlands
The Crownlands
Robert Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones.
Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Robert Baratheon is the eldest son of Steffon Baratheon, from the kingdom of Westeros.[1] After Robert won the rebellion which was named after him, he took the Iron Throne from Aerys II Targaryen, nicknamed "The Mad King", crushing the Targaryen dynasty. Robert fought the war to win back his betrothed, Lyanna Stark, with the aid of her brother, his close friend, Eddard Stark. However, due to Lyanna's death, Robert married Tywin Lannister's daughter Cersei after the war ended to ensure political stability.
Robert is portrayed by Mark Addy in the HBO television adaptation.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Character description
2 Overview
3 Storylines
3.1 In the books
3.2 In the show
3.3 Family tree of House Baratheon
4 TV adaptation
5 References
Character description[edit]
Robert is in his mid-thirties when the events of the books begin. He is jovial and fun-loving, fond of battle, women and drink. As a young man Robert was a formidable warrior, noted for his chivalry, sense of honor and immense charisma. He won several loyal Targaryen bannermen to his cause through strength of personality alone. Very tall and incredibly muscular, Robert was considered one of the most attractive men in Westeros, desired by every maiden in the realm, being described in A Game of Thrones as "Muscled like a maiden's fantasy." However, after becoming king, Robert let himself go somewhat, becoming fat, soft and indolent, though still capable of great generosity to his friends. Robert has also become more bitter following Lyanna's death and his unhappy marriage to Cersei, despite their multiple children.
Overview[edit]
Robert Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Ned Stark.[5]
Storylines[edit]
Coat of arms of House Baratheon
In the books[edit]
Robert Baratheon is King of the Seven Kingdoms at the beginning of A Game of Thrones. He was the ward of Jon Arryn and was raised at the Eyrie alongside Eddard Stark. Fifteen years before the novels, Robert was betrothed to Ned's sister Lyanna, and after Lyanna and Rhaegar Targaryen disappeared, Robert killed Rhaegar and seized the throne. He then married Cersei Lannister to ensure House Lannister's support for his rule, but remained attached to the memory of Lyanna, which estranged Cersei.
At the beginning of A Game of Thrones Robert, then king, has just come to Winterfell to appoint Eddard Stark the Hand of The King.[6] He was unaware that Cersei's three children were therefore fathered by her brother Jaime. More interested in food, drink, and tourneys than in governance, Robert has squandered the royal treasury, leaving the crown heavily in debt. After he dies in a hunting accident orchestrated by Cersei, the kingdoms plunge into civil war. His death incites the war that encompasses the entirety of the following two books, the War of the Five Kings, in which his two brothers, Lords Renly and Stannis Baratheon, declare themselves the rightful kings. Robb Stark is also declared King in the North and King of the Trident, and Lord Balon Greyjoy declares himself King of the Iron Islands.[7]
In the show[edit]
Robert Baratheon, formerly a fierce warrior, became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen. He was betrothed to Ned Stark's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply, but she loved Rhaegar Targaryen and married him in secret before they fled. Robert assumed Lyanna was abducted, beginning his revolt with Ned Stark after his father and brother were killed in King's Landing while trying to reclaim Lyanna. The event, known as Robert's Rebellion, resulted with the Targaryens mostly slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms. Since Robert's family had closer ties to the former Royal family, this put Robert on the Iron Throne. Now, Robert has grown fat and miserable; he has no more wars to fight, is surrounded by plotters and sycophants, hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly, and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister, whom he has never loved. He is unaware that none of his three children are his, but instead Jaime Lannister's. Under his reign, the realm has been bankrupted, and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife's family. Killed while hunting, he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind. His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey, many of which are killed, and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital.[8] In seasons six and seven, Bran Stark's gift of vision as the Three-Eyed Raven revealed to him the truth of Rhygar and Lyanna's relationship and that Robert's Rebellion was built on a lie.
Family tree of House Baratheon[edit]
[hide]
v
t
e
Family tree of House Baratheon
Ormund[a] Rhaelle
Targaryen[a]
Steffon[a] Cassana
Estermont[a]
Delena
Florent[b] Robert[a]
283–298 Cersei
Lannister[a] Jaime
Lannister Stannis[a] Selyse
Florent[a] Renly[a] Margaery
Tyrell[a][c]
Edric
Storm[d] Gendry[e][d] Bella[f] Myrcella[a][g] Shireen[a]
Mya
Stone[d] Barra[h] 11 Others Joffrey[a][g]
298–300 Margaery
Tyrell[a][c] Tommen[a][g]
300–
Notes:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Targaryen Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: The King in the Narrow Sea". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Margaery Tyrell first married Renly, then Joffrey, and then Tommen.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: The King on the Iron Throne". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 27, Eddard VI". A Game of Thrones. ISBN 0-553-10354-7.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 29, Arya V". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joffrey, Myrcella and Tommen, although recognized by Robert, are secretly the illegitimate children of Jaime Lannister.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 35, Eddard IX". A Game of Thrones. ISBN 0-553-10354-7.
TV adaptation[edit]
Robert Baratheon is played by Mark Addy in the television adaption of the series of books.[9] Addy's audition for the role was according to showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss the best they saw, him being the easiest actor to cast for the show.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Viewer's Guide".
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Cast and Crew: Robert Baratheon played by Mark Addy". HBO. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4". HBO.
Jump up ^ "From HBO". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Viewer's Guide".
Jump up ^ "A Read of Ice and Fire: A Game of Thrones, Part 3". Tor.com.
Jump up ^ "A Read of Ice and Fire: A Game of Thrones, Part 23". Tor.com.
Jump up ^ Josh Wigler (7 June 2013). "'Game of Thrones Gruesome Deaths: From Robert Baratheon to Jon Snow". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones': Mark Addy on Robert Baratheon". Digitalspy.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Michael (March 12, 2017). "What We Learned From Game Of Thrones’ SXSW Panel, and What It Might Mean". Nerdist Industries. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
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text:
The End of the F***ing World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The End of the F***ing World
Intertitle from the premiere episode
Genre
Dark comedy
Comedy-drama
Based on
The End of the Fucking World
by Charles S. Forsman
Written by
Charlie Covell
Directed by
Jonathan Entwistle
Lucy Tcherniak
Starring
Alex Lawther
Jessica Barden
Gemma Whelan
Wunmi Mosaku
Steve Oram
Christine Bottomley
Navin Chowdhry
Barry Ward
Composer(s)
Graham Coxon
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
8 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ed Macdonald
Murray Ferguson
Andy Baker
Petra Fried
Dominic Buchanan
Jonathan Entwistle
Producer(s)
Kate Ogborn
Cinematography
Justin Brown
Ben Fordesman
Running time
19–22 minutes
Production company(s)
Clerkenwell Films
Dominic Buchanan Productions
Release
Original network
Channel 4
All 4
Picture format
1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
External links
Website
The End of the F***ing World is a British dark comedy-drama television programme, based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman. The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4. It was a co-production with Netflix, who released it internationally on 5 January 2018. The programme follows James (Alex Lawther), a 17-year-old who believes himself to be a psychopath, and Alyssa (Jessica Barden), a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life.
The show is based on Forsman's mini-comics The End of the Fucking World, which were collected into a book in 2013. Series creator Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about making a film, and a short was made in 2014. Instead, an eight-part serial was commissioned, with filming beginning in April 2017. It was written by Charlie Covell, and episodes were directed by Entwistle and Lucy Tcherniak. A second series has not been announced, though Entwistle, Covell and Lawther have all commented on the possibility of one.
The programme has been met with critical acclaim, and has been praised for its writing, execution and subject matter, as well as for Lawther and Barden's performances.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Filming
4.3 Potential continuation
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath. He kills animals as a hobby, but grows bored of the practice. He decides he wants to try killing a human. He settles on Alyssa, a mouthy, rebellious 17-year-old classmate with issues of her own. She proposes they run away together, hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home-life, and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her. They embark on a road trip across England, and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Alex Lawther as James, a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa.[1] Jack Veal portrays a young James.
Jessica Barden as Alyssa, a rebellious teenage girl. Initially James' intended victim but later his love interest.[1] Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa.
Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon, Darego's police partner.
Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego, Noon's stern police partner.
Steve Oram as Phil, James' caring father.
Christine Bottomley as Gwen, Alyssa's mother.
Navin Chowdhry as Tony, Alyssa's abusive stepfather.
Barry Ward as Leslie Foley, Alyssa's estranged drug-dealing father.
Guest[edit]
Kierston Wareing as Debbie, Leslie's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child.
Geoff Bell as Martin, a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride.
Alex Sawyer as Topher, a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with.
Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch, an author, professor, serial killer and James' first human victim.
Eileen Davies as Flora, Clive's mother.
Earl Cave as Frodo, a miserable petrol station employee.
Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station.
Alex Beckett as Jonno, one of Leslie's buyers.
Leon Annor as Emil, an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by.
Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow.
Kelly Harrison as James' dead mother.
Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa's baby-stepsister.
Episodes[edit]
No.
Episode
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
Episode 1 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)[a]
James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath, having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something, and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old. At school, he encounters Alyssa, a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next. He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating. When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day, he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her. However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left. After this incident, she reaches James's home later than planned, and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in, wanting him to say yes. Resolving that he could kill her later, he accepts and steals his father Phil's car and punches him in the face, something he has always wanted to do.
2
Episode 2 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
With their newfound freedom, Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money. After crashing their car, they hitchhike in the van of Martin, a middle-aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to. While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food, Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand, before smelling it and putting it on his crotch; James is submissive, despite being disgusted by it. Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet. After booking a hotel room, Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries, while James waits with his knife by the door, hesitantly. He does not try to kill her. Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers. He denies her request to speak to her mother, Gwen, implying his dominance over her mother. Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her; he replies that he wants her. She decides to go see her biological father, Leslie, who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her.
3
Episode 3 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
After leaving the hotel, Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father's house, internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her. The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch. Later that day, Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves, angrily, when a picture of Koch puts him off. During her walk, Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house, vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher. Distraught, he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims, revealing Koch to be a serial rapist. Meanwhile, Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse. Topher leaves angrily. While Alyssa is asleep, James tries to kill her, but he cannot because he knows he is falling in love with her. Koch returns home and suspecting a break-in, arms himself; James hides under the bed. When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed, she lies and says she is alone. Koch becomes malevolent, attempting to rape her. James stabs him in the neck with a knife, killing Koch, and saving Alyssa.
4
Episode 4 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch's body out of the bedroom, James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay. James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her, and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body. James hides the knife in the pool drain. When she questions him about the knife, he does not answer. Koch's mother, Flora, arrives at the house and discovers his body; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage. The police, led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa's and James's identity and presence at the house. They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes "involving two teenagers" while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list. Despite James's attempts, Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him. He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions. Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up, he also realises his growing interest in her. James decides to report a murder to police, coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath.
5
Episode 5 Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
At the police station, James changes his mind about reporting Koch's murder and instead describes his mother's suicide as the "murder" he was referring to. In a flashback, his mother, Vanessa, killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond. Thinking of Alyssa, James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe. Meanwhile, Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James, as well as informed about his car. He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa. They also question Tony, who is rather nonchalant and self-absorbed, before moving to Gwen about Alyssa. Concurrently, Alyssa is caught by Emil, a security officer, while attempting to shoplift clean underwear, but is eventually let go. She returns to the cafe to find James waiting. Although without money, both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie. Meanwhile, investigators find James's knife at Koch's house.
6
Episode 6 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa's father's house. They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel. When Jocelyn, the petrol station manager, begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money, James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn's co-worker, Frodo. However, when he wants to join, they wait until he is distracted to dash. Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive, this time with years-old accusations of sexual assault against him. She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave. On their way to Leslie's, Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home. At the police station, Flora gives Noon the camcorder, having a change of heart. When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self-defence, Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead. After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home, James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home.
7
Episode 7 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other. Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer, as well as a non-conforming individual himself. Meanwhile, Tony, Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery. Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie's former residence, assuming that both have not arrived. On the drive to Leslie's former residence, it becomes clear that Darego's law-abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon's open-minded and sympathetic morals. As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar, James begins feeling distant to Alyssa. At Leslie's former residence, Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie's whereabouts to Noon and Darego. She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son, Milton. When questioned by Alyssa, Leslie takes off in his truck, running over a dog in the process. Although he has killed many animals before, James is unable to euthanise it with a rock; Alyssa does it instead. Bitter, Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie's location, later, and she drives there without Darego. Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television.
8
Episode 8 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach, then passionately and sincerely make out. At dawn, ruminating about their current situation, they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country. When they ask Leslie for the boat keys, he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession. James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself. Noon, listening in, arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead. Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea, would James and her still be together. When Noon tells that that would be unlikely, Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie's shotgun, takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James, only to find that the tide had gone out. With the police armed response unit closing in, James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach. In a voiceover, James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other. A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black.
Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme.[2]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman. Originally self-published as a series of mini-comics, the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013. It was republished in hardback in 2017, in anticipation of the television series.[3]
While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics, Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format – the original idea was to make an American film, and later a web series was considered. A film was pitched to Film4, and Entwistle was given funding for a short.[4] Made in 2014,[5] it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series. Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer;[6] Jessica Barden played Alyssa. However, instead of Alex Lawther, James was played by Craig Roberts.[7]
Though the short was well-received, no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full-length film.[4] Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films, following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved. Forsman had no official role in the show's production, wanting to continue working on his comics, though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated.[8]
The programme's plot differs from that of Forsman's comics. In print, the children kill a satanist serial killer, whose wife was a police officer; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist.[9] Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel: the satanist police officer chases after James, and the two begin to attack each other, while police try to break up the fight. There is then a gunshot. In the final scene, Alyssa's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James, while Alyssa is seen carving the name "JAMES" into her arm. Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead,[9] but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous.[8]
Filming[edit]
The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show's release in October 2017. Though filmed in England, the programme has an American tone to it; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo. Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey, with locations such as Woking, Bracknell and Longcross Studios.[4] Another filming location was Leysdown-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey.[10] Entwistle uses mostly close-up shots, particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character. He uses this for deadpan humour, by moving from face to face to get shots of characters' reactions.[4]
The series is set in the present day, but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set "any time from 1988 to 2006". Additionally, diners have a 1970s-style design, and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s, 60s and 70s, along with original music from Graham Coxon, the founding member of Blur. Entwistle describes Coxon's scores as "guitar-based suburban noir", and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers.[4]
Potential continuation[edit]
The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman's original comics.[11] On 25 January 2018, Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series. He confirmed that "We're exploring and we're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to." Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived.[12] Writer Charlie Covell said "I think there are a number of stories we could tell" and that she would "love to write more".[13] Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be "very excited" for a second series, as it would give Covell "a chance to explore something from her imagination".[11]
Release[edit]
The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4.[2] The End of the F***ing World was a co-production with Netflix[2] who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018.[14] On that weekend, sales of the graphic novel rose considerably, with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman.[8]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The End of the F***ing World' currently holds an approval rating of 98% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.21/10. The site's consensus states, "Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F***ing World."[15] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[16][17]
Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme's writing, characters, and soundtrack, as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden, calling it a "pitch-black, eight-episode comedy gem of a U.K. import."[18] Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it "batty fun," also praising Lawther and Barden's performances while praising the programme's surreal concept and execution.[19]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "E4 and Netflix cast Black Mirror's Alex Lawther in dark teen thriller The End of the F***ing World". Digital Spy. 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The End of the F***ing World press pack". Channel 4. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The End of The F***ing World – Reprinted!". Fantagraphics Books. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Steven, Rachael (6 November 2017). "Making The End of the F***ing World" . Creative Review. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "It's the End Of The F***ing World for E4". Chortle. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Lockett, Dee (12 January 2018). "The End of the F***ing World Star Jessica Barden on Paying Homage to the Pulp Fiction Dance". Vulture. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (8 January 2018). "Did you know that The End of the F***ing World on Netflix is based on a short film?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Riesman, Abraham (23 January 2018). "The End of the F***ing World's Charles Forsman on His Indie Comic Turning Into a Netflix Hit". Vulture. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Sandwell, Ian (9 January 2018). "The End of the F***ing World had a darker alternate ending in the original comic". Digital Spy. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The End of the F***ing World Article".
^ Jump up to: a b Houghton, Rianne (11 January 2018). "The End of the F***ing World season 2 IS possible, says star Alex Lawther". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh (20 January 2018). "'The End of the F***ing World' Creator on Season 2 Conversations and Expanding the Story". Collider. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (26 January 2018). "The End of the F***king World's Alyssa May Be the Best Teen Heroine of 2018". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Joest, Mick (2 January 2018). "The End Of The F***ing World Trailer: First Look At Netflix's New Dark Comedy". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The End of the F**ing World: Series 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "The End of the F***ing World", Metacritic, retrieved 6 January 2018
Jump up ^ Lynch, John (9 January 2018). "Critics are in love with a new Netflix show that its CEO calls the 'most engaging addictive original' in a long time". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel (5 January 2018). "'The End of the F***ing World' review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Lawler, Kelly (4 January 2018). "Review: Why Netflix's 'The End of the ... World' is batty fun". USA Today. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
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American System (economic plan)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series
about
Henry Clay
Early life
Legal career
Speaker of the House
War of 1812
American System
Missouri Compromise
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Bid for the Presidency (1824)
Secretary of State
Corrupt Bargain
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The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says "Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!" The cages are labeled: "Home, Consumption, Internal, Improv". This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay's American System depicts monkeys, labeled as being different parts of a nation's economy, stealing each other's resources (food) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug.
The American System was an economic plan that played an important role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture".[attribution needed][1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Main points
3 Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)
4 See also
5 Further reading
5.1 Modern Books
5.2 Other/older Books
6 Sources and Notes
7 External links
History[edit]
A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System, was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams. The System ran counter to federalism and included:
Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government
Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks
Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales
Clay protested that the West, which opposed the tariff, should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods. In Clay’s view, the South (which also opposed high tariffs) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports.
Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress. The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years. High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816. Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so-called Tariff of Abominations. After the Nullification Crisis in 1833, tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War. However, the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures.
The American System did not enjoy overall success, however; in 1830, President Jackson rejected a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections.
Main points[edit]
The establishment of a protective tariff, a 20%–25% tax on imported goods, would protect a nation’s business from foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American-made goods.
The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called sovereign credit, i.e., credit issued by the national government, rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States.
The improvement of the country’s infrastructure, especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly.
This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War, often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional.
Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road.
Henry Clay's "American System," devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812, remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands. Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free-trade, laissez-faire "British System."
—  United States Senate website[1]
Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)[edit]
Funds for national defense
Frigates for the Navy
A standing army and federal control of the militia
Federal aid for building roads and canals
A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers
Re-establishing the National Bank
Federal assumption of some state debt
See also[edit]
American School (economics)
Economic nationalism
Protectionism
Tariffs
Tariffs in United States history
Protectionism in the United States
Friedrich List, German-American economist
Import substitution industrialization, a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century
Lincoln's expansion of the federal government's economic role
National Policy, a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867–1920s
Further reading[edit]
Modern Books[edit]
Michael, Diaz, The Promise of American Life (2005-reprint)
Joseph Dorfman. The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606-1865 (1947) 2 vol
Eckes,Jr. Alfred E. "Opening America's Market-U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since (1995) University of North Carolina Press
Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970)
Gill, William J. Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy (1990)
Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800-1890 (Greenwood Press, 1960)
Goodrich, Carter. "American Development Policy: the Case of Internal Improvements," Journal of Economic History, 16 ( 1956), 449-60. in JSTOR
Goodrich, Carter. "National Planning of Internal Improvements," Political Science Quarterly, 63 (1948), 16-44. in JSTOR
John Lauritz Larson. Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (2001)
Lively, Robert A. "The American System, a Review Article," Business History Review, XXIX (March, 1955), 81-96. recommended starting point
Lind, Michael Hamilton's Republic: Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition (1997)
Lind, Michael What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004)
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union, 1991
Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century (1903; reprint 1974), 2 vols., favors protectionism
Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun: Nationalist, 1782-1828 (1944)
Other/older Books[edit]
G. B. Curtiss, Protection and Prosperity: an ; W. H. Dawson, Protection in Germany (London, 1904)
Alexander Hamilton, Report on the Subject of Manufactures, communicated to the House of Representatives, 5 December 1791
H. C. Carey, Principles of Social Science (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1858–1859), Harmony of Interests Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial (Philadelphia, 1873)
Friedrich List, Outlines of American Political Economy (1980-reprint)
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1994-reprint)
A. M. Low, Protection in the United States (London, 1904); H. 0. Meredith, Protection in France (London, 1904)
Ellis H. Roberts, Government Revenue, especially the American System, an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade (Boston, 1884)
J. P. Young, Protection and Progress: a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System (Chicago, 1900)
Clay, Henry. The Papers of Henry Clay, 1797-1852. Edited by James Hopkins
Sources and Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Classic Senate Speeches: Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website
External links[edit]
The American System: Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart
[show]
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John Quincy Adams
United States House of Representatives, 1831–1848
6th President of the United States, 1825–1829
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Massachusetts State Senate, 1803–1808
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Alexander Hamilton
Senior Officer of the United States Army, 1799–1800
1st Secretary of the Treasury, 1789–1795
Delegate, Congress of the Confederation, 1782–1783, 1788–1789
United States
founding events
A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress (1774)
The Farmer Refuted (1775)
Delegate, 1786 Annapolis Convention
Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Initiated, main author, The Federalist Papers
written by Hamilton
Founding Father
Secretary of
the Treasury
First Bank of the United States
Revenue Marine (United States Coast Guard)
United States Customs Service
Hamiltonian economic program
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
"First Report on the Public Credit", 1790
Funding Act of 1790
"Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports", 1790
"Second Report on Public Credit", a.k.a. "Report on a National Bank", 1790
"Report On Manufactures", 1791
Tariff of 1790
Tariff of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Whiskey Rebellion
Jay Treaty
Military career
New York Provincial Company of Artillery
In the Revolutionary War
Battles: Harlem Heights
White Plains
Trenton
General Washington's Aide-de-Camp
Princeton
Brandywine
Germantown
Monmouth
Siege of Yorktown
Other events
Burr–Hamilton duel
Founder, Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Founder, Bank of New York
Bank of North America
Advisor, George Washington's Farewell Address
President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Founder, New-York Evening Post
Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal
Rutgers v. Waddington
Relationship with slavery
Depictions
and memorials
Alexander Hamilton (Fraser statue)
Alexander Hamilton (Ceracchi bust)
Alexander Hamilton (Conrads statue)
Alexander Hamilton (Trumbull portrait)
Alexander Hamilton Bridge
Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles)
Fort Hamilton
Hamilton Grange National Memorial
Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)
Hamilton Hall (Salem, Massachusetts)
Hamilton Heights, Manhattan
Hamilton, Ohio
Hamilton-Oneida Academy
Postage stamps
Trinity Church Cemetery
United States ten-dollar bill
Media and
popular culture
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Hamilton (1917 play)
Alexander Hamilton (1931 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
Liberty Hall (New Jersey)
New York Manumission Society
African Free School
"American System" economic plan
American School
American Revolution
patriots
Family
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
wife
Schuyler family
Philip Hamilton (oldest son)
Angelica Hamilton (daughter)
Alexander Hamilton Jr. (son)
James Alexander Hamilton (son)
John Church Hamilton (son)
William S. Hamilton (son)
Eliza Hamilton Holly (daughter)
Philip Hamilton (youngest son)
Schuyler Hamilton (grandson)
Alexander Hamilton Jr. (grandson)
Allan McLane Hamilton (grandson)
Robert Ray Hamilton (great-grandson)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_System_(economic_plan)&oldid=841739675"
Categories:
Economic history of the United States
Great Triumvirate
Henry Clay
Political history of the United States
Presidency of John Quincy Adams
Economic nationalism
United States economic policy
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