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Kangaroo
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This article is about the living animal. For the kangaroo as a food, see Kangaroo meat. For other meanings, see Kangaroo (disambiguation).
Kangaroo
Temporal range: Early Miocene - Present
Female Eastern grey kangaroo with joey (baby) in pouch
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae
Genus: Macropus
Subgenus: Macropus and Osphranter
Species
4 species, see text.
The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot"). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, especially those of the genus Macropus: the red kangaroo, antilopine kangaroo, eastern grey kangaroo, and western grey kangaroo.[1] Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia. The Australian government estimates that 34.3 million kangaroos lived within the commercial harvest areas of Australia in 2011, up from 25.1 million one year earlier.[2]
As with the terms "wallaroo" and "wallaby", "kangaroo" refers to a polyphyletic grouping of species. All three refer to members of the same taxonomic family, Macropodidae, and are distinguished according to size. The largest species in the family are called "kangaroos" and the smallest are generally called "wallabies". The term "wallaroos" refers to species of an intermediate size.[3] There is also the tree-kangaroo, another genus of macropod, which inhabits the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Queensland and some of the islands in the region. A general idea of the relative size of these informal terms could be:
wallabies: head and body length of 45–105 cm and tail length of 33–75 cm; The dwarf wallaby (the smallest member) length is 46 cm and weigh of 1.6 kg;
tree-kangaroos: from Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo body and head length of 48–65 cm, tail of 60–74 cm, weigh of 7.2 kg (16 lb) for males and 5.9 kg (13 lb) for females; to the grizzled tree-kangaroo length of 75–90 cm (30 to 35 in) and weight of 8–15 kg (18–33 lb);
wallaroos: the black wallaroo, the smallest by far, with a tail length of 60–70 cm and weight of 19–22 kg for males and 13 kg for females;
kangaroos: a large male can be 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).
Kangaroos have large, powerful hind legs, large feet adapted for leaping, a long muscular tail for balance, and a small head. Like most marsupials, female kangaroos have a pouch called a marsupium in which joeys complete postnatal development.
The large kangaroos have adapted much better than the smaller macropods to land clearing for pastoral agriculture and habitat changes brought to the Australian landscape by humans. Many of the smaller species are rare and endangered, while kangaroos are relatively plentiful.
The kangaroo is a symbol of Australia and appears on the Australian coat of arms[4] and on some of its currency[5] and is used by some of Australia's well known organisations, including Qantas[6] and the Royal Australian Air Force.[7] The kangaroo is important to both Australian culture and the national image, and consequently there are numerous popular culture references.
Wild kangaroos are shot for meat, leather hides, and to protect grazing land.[8] Although controversial, kangaroo meat has perceived health benefits for human consumption compared with traditional meats due to the low level of fat on kangaroos.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Taxonomy and description
2.1 Comparison with wallabies
3 Biology and behaviour
3.1 Locomotion
3.2 Diet
3.2.1 Absence of digestive methane release
3.3 Social and sexual behaviour
3.4 Predators
3.5 Adaptations
3.6 Blindness
3.7 Reproduction and life cycle
4 Interaction with humans
4.1 Conflict with vehicles
5 Emblems and popular culture
6 Meat
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Terminology
A male red kangaroo
The word "kangaroo" derives from the Guugu Yimithirr word gangurru, referring to grey kangaroos.[10][11] The name was first recorded as "kanguru" on 12 July 1770 in an entry in the diary of Sir Joseph Banks; this occurred at the site of modern Cooktown, on the banks of the Endeavour River, where HMS Endeavour under the command of Lieutenant James Cook was beached for almost seven weeks to repair damage sustained on the Great Barrier Reef.[12] Cook first referred to kangaroos in his diary entry of 4 August. Guugu Yimithirr is the language of the people of the area.
A common myth about the kangaroo's English name is that "kangaroo" was a Guugu Yimithirr phrase for "I don't understand you."[13] According to this legend, Cook and Banks were exploring the area when they happened upon the animal. They asked a nearby local what the creatures were called. The local responded "Kangaroo", meaning "I don't understand you", which Cook took to be the name of the creature. This myth was debunked in the 1970s by linguist John B. Haviland in his research with the Guugu Yimithirr people.[14]
Kangaroos are often colloquially referred to as "roos".[15] Male kangaroos are called bucks, boomers, jacks, or old men; females are does, flyers, or jills, and the young ones are joeys.[16] The collective noun for kangaroos is a mob, troop, or court.[17]
Taxonomy and description
Red kangaroo grazing
There are four species that are commonly referred to as kangaroos:
The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest surviving marsupial anywhere in the world. It occupies the arid and semi-arid centre of the country. The highest population densities of the red kangaroo occur in the rangelands of western New South Wales. Red kangaroos are commonly mistaken as the most abundant species of kangaroo, but eastern greys actually have a larger population.[18] A large male can be 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).[19]
The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is less well-known than the red (outside Australia), but the most often seen, as its range covers the fertile eastern part of the country. The range of the eastern grey kangaroo extends from the top of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland down to Victoria, as well as areas of south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. Population densities of eastern grey kangaroos usually peak near 100 per km2 in suitable habitats of open woodlands. Populations are more limited in areas of land clearance, such as farmland, where forest and woodland habitats are limited in size or abundance.[18]
The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) is slightly smaller again at about 54 kg (119 lb) for a large male. It is found in the southern part of Western Australia, South Australia near the coast, and the Darling River basin. The highest population densities occur in the western Riverina district of New South Wales and in western areas of the Nullarbor Plain in Western Australia. Populations may have declined, particularly in agricultural areas. The species has a high tolerance to the plant toxin sodium fluoroacetate, which indicates a possible origin from the south-west region of Australia.[18]
The antilopine kangaroo (Macropus antilopinus) is, essentially, the far-northern equivalent of the eastern and western grey kangaroos. It is sometimes referred to as the antilopine wallaroo, but in behaviour and habitat it is more similar to red and grey kangaroos. Like them, it is a creature of the grassy plains and woodlands, and gregarious. Its name comes from its fur, which is similar in colour and texture to that of antelopes. Characteristically, the noses of males swell behind the nostrils. This enlarges nasal passages and allows them to release more heat in hot and humid climates.[18]
Palatal view of a Sthenurus sp skull
In addition, there are about 50 smaller macropods closely related to the kangaroo in the family Macropodidae. Kangaroos and other macropods share a common ancestor with Phalangeridae from the mid-Miocene.[20] This ancestor was likely arboreal and lived in the canopies of the extensive forests that covered most of Australia at that time, when the climate was much wetter, and fed on leaves and stems.[21] From the late Miocene though the Pliocene and into the Pleistocene the climate got drier which led to a decline of forests and expansion of grasslands. At this time there was a radiation of macropodids characterised by enlarged body size and adaptation to the low quality grass diet with the development of foregut fermentation.[21] The most numerous early macropods, the Balbaridae and Bulungmayinae, became extinct in the late Miocene around 5–10 mya.[22] There is dispute over the relationships of the two groups to modern kangaroos and rat kangaroos. Some argue that the balbarines were the ancestors of rat kangaroos and the bulungmayines were the ancestors of kangaroos.[23] while others hold the contrary view.[24]
The Kongouro from New Holland, 1772 painting of a kangaroo by George Stubbs
The middle to late bulungmayines, Gungaroo and Wanburoo lacked digit 1 of the hind foot and digits 2 and 3 were reduced and partly under the large digit 4, much like the modern kangaroo foot. This would indicate that they were bipedal. In addition their ankle bones had an articulation that would have prohibited much lateral movements, an adaptation for bipedal hopping.[22] Species related to the modern grey kangaroos and wallaroos begin to appear in the Pliocene. The red kangaroo appears to be the most recently evolved kangaroo with its fossil record not going back beyond the Pleistocene period, 1–2 mya.[25]
Europeans have long regarded kangaroos as strange animals. Early explorers described them as creatures that had heads like deer (without antlers), stood upright like men, and hopped like frogs. Combined with the two-headed appearance of a mother kangaroo, this led many back home to dismiss them as travellers' tales for quite some time.[citation needed] The first kangaroo to be exhibited in the western world was an example shot by John Gore, an officer on Captain Cook's Endeavour in 1770.[26][27] The animal was shot and its skin and skull transported back to England whereupon it was stuffed (by taxidermists who had never seen the animal before) and displayed to the general public as a curiosity. The first glimpse of a kangaroo for many 18th-century Britons was a painting by George Stubbs.[28]
Comparison with wallabies
Kangaroos and wallabies belong to the same taxonomic family (Macropodidae) and often the same genera, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the six largest species of the family. The term wallaby is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise.[3]
Biology and behaviour
See also: Red kangaroo § Behaviour, and Eastern grey kangaroo § Behaviour
Locomotion
A Tasmanian forester (eastern grey) kangaroo in motion.
Kangaroos are the only large animals to use hopping as a means of locomotion. The comfortable hopping speed for a red kangaroo is about 20–25 km/h (12–16 mph), but speeds of up to 70 km/h (43 mph) can be attained over short distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).[29] This fast and energy-efficient method of travel has evolved because of the need to regularly cover large distances in search of food and water, rather than the need to escape predators.[citation needed] At slow speeds, it employs pentapedal locomotion, using its tail to form a tripod with its two forelimbs while bringing its hind feet forward.[30] Kangaroos are adept swimmers, and often flee into waterways if threatened by a predator. If pursued into the water, a kangaroo may use its forepaws to hold the predator underwater so as to drown it.[31]
Diet
Kangaroos in native grassland
Kangaroos have single-chambered stomachs quite unlike those of cattle and sheep.[32][33] They sometimes regurgitate the vegetation they have eaten, chew it as cud, and then swallow it again for final digestion, but this is a different, and more strenuous, activity than it is in ruminants, and does not take place as frequently.[34] Different species of kangaroos have different diets, although all are strict herbivores. The eastern grey kangaroo is predominantly a grazer, eating a wide variety of grasses, whereas some other species (e.g. the red kangaroo) include significant amounts of shrubs in their diets. The smaller species of kangaroos also consume hypogeal fungi. Many species are nocturnal,[35] and crepuscular,[36][37] usually spending the days resting in shade, and the cool evenings, nights and mornings moving about and feeding.
Because of its grazing, the kangaroo has developed specialised teeth. Its incisors are able to crop grass close to the ground, and its molars chop and grind the grass. Since the two sides of the lower jaw are not joined together, the lower incisors are farther apart, giving the kangaroo a wider bite. The silica in grass is abrasive, so kangaroo molars move forward as they are ground down, and eventually fall out, replaced by new teeth that grow in the back.[38] This process is known as polyphyodonty and amongst other mammals, only occurs in elephants and manatees.
Absence of digestive methane release
Despite having herbivorous diets similar to ruminants such as cattle, which release large quantities of methane through exhaling and eructation (burping), kangaroos release virtually none. The hydrogen byproduct of fermentation is instead converted into acetate, which is then used to provide further energy. Scientists are interested in the possibility of transferring the bacteria responsible from kangaroos to cattle, since the greenhouse gas effect of methane is 23 times greater than that of carbon dioxide, per molecule.[39]
Social and sexual behaviour
Western grey kangaroos
Groups of kangaroos are called mobs, which usually have 10 or more kangaroos in them. Living in mobs can provide protection for some of the weaker members of the group.[17] The size and stability of the mobs vary between geographic regions,[21] with eastern Australia having larger and more stable aggregations than in arid areas farther west.[21] Larger aggregations display high amounts of interactions and complex social structures, comparable to that of ungulates.[21] One common behaviour is nose touching and sniffing, which mostly occurs when an individual joins a group.[25] The kangaroo performing the sniffing gains much information from smell cues. This behaviour enforces social cohesion without consequent aggression. During mutual sniffing, if one kangaroo is smaller, it will hold its body closer to the ground and its head will quiver, which serves as a possible form of submission.[25] Greetings between males and females are common, with larger males being the most involved in meeting females. Most other non-antagonistic behaviour occurs between mothers and their young. Mother and young reinforce their bond though grooming. A mother will groom her young during or after it is suckling.[25] A joey will nuzzle its mother’s pouch if it wants access to it.
Sexual activity of kangaroos consists of consort pairs.[40] Oestrous females roam widely and attract the attention of males with conspicuous signals.[40] A male will monitor a female and follow her every movement. He sniffs her urine to see if she is in oestrus, a process exhibiting the flehmen response. The male will then proceed to approach her slowly to avoid alarming her.[21] If the female does not run away, the male will continue by licking, pawing, and scratching her, and copulation will follow.[21] After copulation is over, the male will move on to another female. Consort pairing may take several days and the copulation is also long. Thus, a consort pair is likely to attract the attention of a rival male.[40] As larger males are tending bonds with females near oestrus, smaller males will tend to females that are farther from oestrus.[21] Dominant males can avoid having to sort through females to determine their reproductive status by searching for tending bonds held by the largest male they can displace without a fight.[21]
Red kangaroos boxing
Fighting has been described in all species of kangaroos. Fights between kangaroos can be brief or long and ritualised.[25] In highly competitive situations, such as males fighting for access to oestrous females or at limited drinking spots, the fights are brief.[25] Both sexes will fight for drinking spots, but long, ritualised fighting or "boxing" is largely done by males. Smaller males fight more often near females in oestrus, while the large males in consorts do not seem to get involved. Ritualised fights can arise suddenly when males are grazing together. However, most fights are preceded by two males scratching and grooming each other.[25] One or both of them will adopt a high standing posture, with one male issuing a challenge by grasping the other male’s neck with its forepaw. Sometimes, the challenge will be declined. Large males often reject challenges by smaller males. During fighting, the combatants adopt a high standing posture and paw at each other's heads, shoulders and chests. They will also lock forearms and wrestle and push each other as well as balance on their tails to kick each other in the abdomens.[25]
Brief fights are similar except there is no forearm locking. The losing combatant seems to use kicking more often, perhaps to parry the thrusts of the eventual winner. A winner is decided when a kangaroo breaks off the fight and retreats. Winners are able to push their opponents backwards or down to the ground. They also seem to grasp their opponents when they break contact and push them away.[25] The initiators of the fights are usually the winners. These fights may serve to establish dominance hierarchies among males, as winners of fights have been seen to displace their opponent from resting sites later in the day.[25] Dominant males may also pull grass to intimidate subordinates.[21]
Predators
Kangaroos have few natural predators. The thylacine, considered by palaeontologists to have once been a major natural predator of the kangaroo, is now extinct. Other extinct predators included the marsupial lion, Megalania and the Wonambi. However, with the arrival of humans in Australia at least 50,000 years ago and the introduction of the dingo about 5,000 years ago, kangaroos have had to adapt. Wedge-tailed eagles and other raptors usually eat kangaroo carrion. Goannas and other carnivorous reptiles also pose a danger to smaller kangaroo species when other food sources are lacking.
Along with dingos, introduced species such as foxes, feral cats, and both domestic and feral dogs, pose a threat to kangaroo populations. Kangaroos and wallabies are adept swimmers, and often flee into waterways if presented with the option. If pursued into the water, a large kangaroo may use its forepaws to hold the predator underwater so as to drown it.[31] Another defensive tactic described by witnesses is catching the attacking dog with the forepaws and disembowelling it with the hind legs.
Adaptations
Baby kangaroo
Kangaroos have developed a number of adaptations to a dry, infertile country and highly variable climate. As with all marsupials, the young are born at a very early stage of development—after a gestation of 31–36 days. At this stage, only the forelimbs are somewhat developed, to allow the newborn to climb to the pouch and attach to a teat. In comparison, a human embryo at a similar stage of development would be about seven weeks old, and premature babies born at less than 23 weeks are usually not mature enough to survive. When the joey is born, it is about the size of a lima bean. The joey will usually stay in the pouch for about nine months (180–320 days for the Western Grey) before starting to leave the pouch for small periods of time. It is usually fed by its mother until reaching 18 months.
The female kangaroo is usually pregnant in permanence, except on the day she gives birth; however, she has the ability to freeze the development of an embryo until the previous joey is able to leave the pouch. This is known as diapause, and will occur in times of drought and in areas with poor food sources. The composition of the milk produced by the mother varies according to the needs of the joey. In addition, the mother is able to produce two different kinds of milk simultaneously for the newborn and the older joey still in the pouch.
Unusually, during a dry period, males will not produce sperm, and females will only conceive if enough rain has fallen to produce a large quantity of green vegetation.[41]
Hindleg of a kangaroo
Kangaroos and wallabies have large, elastic tendons in their hind legs. They store elastic strain energy in the tendons of their large hind legs, providing most of the energy required for each hop by the spring action of the tendons rather than by any muscular effort.[42] This is true in all animal species which have muscles connected to their skeletons through elastic elements such as tendons, but the effect is more pronounced in kangaroos.
There is also a link between the hopping action and breathing: as the feet leave the ground, air is expelled from the lungs; bringing the feet forward ready for landing refills the lungs, providing further energy efficiency. Studies of kangaroos and wallabies have demonstrated, beyond the minimum energy expenditure required to hop at all, increased speed requires very little extra effort (much less than the same speed increase in, say, a horse, dog or human), and the extra energy is required to carry extra weight. For kangaroos, the key benefit of hopping is not speed to escape predators—the top speed of a kangaroo is no higher than that of a similarly sized quadruped, and the Australian native predators are in any case less fearsome than those of other countries—but economy: in an infertile country with highly variable weather patterns, the ability of a kangaroo to travel long distances at moderately high speed in search of food sources is crucial to survival.
New research has revealed that a kangaroo's tail acts as a third leg rather than just a balancing strut. Kangaroos have a unique three-stage walk where they plant their front legs and tail first, then push off their tail, followed lastly by the back legs. The propulsive force of the tail is equal to that of both the front and hind legs combined and performs as much work as what a human leg walking can at the same speed. [43]
A DNA sequencing project of the genome of a member of the kangaroo family, the tammar wallaby, was started in 2004. It was a collaboration between Australia (mainly funded by the state of Victoria) and the National Institutes of Health in the US.[44] The tammar's genome was fully sequenced in 2011.[45] The genome of a marsupial such as the kangaroo is of great interest to scientists studying comparative genomics, because marsupials are at an ideal degree of evolutionary divergence from humans: mice are too close and have not developed many different functions, while birds are genetically too remote. The dairy industry could also benefit from this project.[46]
Blindness
Eye disease is rare but not new among kangaroos. The first official report of kangaroo blindness took place in 1994, in central New South Wales. The following year, reports of blind kangaroos appeared in Victoria and South Australia. By 1996, the disease had spread "across the desert to Western Australia".[citation needed] Australian authorities were concerned the disease could spread to other livestock and possibly humans. Researchers at the Australian Animal Health Laboratories in Geelong detected a virus called the Wallal virus in two species of midges, believed to have been the carriers.[47][48] Veterinarians also discovered fewer than 3% of kangaroos exposed to the virus developed blindness.[49]
Reproduction and life cycle
See also: Red kangaroo § Reproduction, and Eastern grey kangaroo § Reproduction
Newborn joey sucking on a teat in the pouch
Kangaroo reproduction is similar to that of opossums. The egg (still contained in the shell membrane, a few micrometres thick, and with only a small quantity of yolk within it) descends from the ovary into the uterus. There it is fertilised and quickly develops into a neonate. Even in the largest kangaroo (the red kangaroo) the neonate emerges after only 33 days. Usually, only one young is born at a time. It is blind, hairless, and only a few centimetres long; its hindlegs are mere stumps; it instead uses its more developed forelegs to climb its way through the thick fur on its mother's abdomen into the pouch, which takes about three to five minutes. Once in the pouch, it fastens onto one of the four teats and starts to feed. Almost immediately, the mother's sexual cycle starts again. Another egg descends into the uterus and she becomes sexually receptive. Then, if she mates and a second egg is fertilised, its development is temporarily halted. Meanwhile, the neonate in the pouch grows rapidly. After about 190 days, the baby (joey) is sufficiently large and developed to make its full emergence out of the pouch, after sticking its head out for a few weeks until it eventually feels safe enough to fully emerge. From then on, it spends increasing time in the outside world and eventually, after about 235 days, it leaves the pouch for the last time.[50] The lifespan of kangaroos averages at six years in the wild[51] to in excess of 20 years in captivity, varying by species.[52] Most individuals, however, do not reach maturity in the wild.[53][54]
Interaction with humans
Kangaroo in a domestic setting, Queensland, Australia, circa 1900-1910
The kangaroo has always been a very important animal for Australian Aborigines, for its meat, hide, bone, and tendon. Kangaroo hides were also sometimes used for recreation; in particular there are accounts of some tribes (Kurnai) using stuffed kangaroo scrotum as a ball for the traditional football game of marngrook. In addition, there were important Dreaming stories and ceremonies involving the kangaroo. Aherrenge is a current kangaroo dreaming site in the Northern Territory.[55]
Unlike many of the smaller macropods, kangaroos have fared well since European settlement. European settlers cut down forests to create vast grasslands for sheep and cattle grazing, added stock watering points in arid areas, and have substantially reduced the number of dingoes.
Kangaroos are shy and retiring by nature, and in normal circumstances present no threat to humans. In 2003, Lulu, an eastern grey which had been hand-reared, saved a farmer's life by alerting family members to his location when he was injured by a falling tree branch. She received the RSPCA Australia National Animal Valour Award on 19 May 2004.[56][57][58]
There are very few records of kangaroos attacking humans without provocation; however, several such unprovoked attacks in 2004 spurred fears of a rabies-like disease possibly affecting the marsupials. The only reliably documented case of a fatality from a kangaroo attack occurred in New South Wales, in 1936. A hunter was killed when he tried to rescue his two dogs from a heated fray. Other suggested causes for erratic and dangerous kangaroo behaviour include extreme thirst and hunger. In July 2011, a male red kangaroo attacked a 94-year-old woman in her own backyard as well as her son and two police officers responding to the situation. The kangaroo was capsicum sprayed (pepper sprayed) and later put down after the attack.[59][60]
Conflict with vehicles
A "kangaroo crossing" sign on an Australian highway
A collision with a vehicle is capable of killing a kangaroo. Kangaroos dazzled by headlights or startled by engine noise often leap in front of cars. Since kangaroos in mid-bound can reach speeds of around 50 km/h (31 mph) and are relatively heavy, the force of impact can be severe. Small vehicles may be destroyed, while larger vehicles may suffer engine damage. The risk of harm or death to vehicle occupants is greatly increased if the windscreen is the point of impact. As a result, "kangaroo crossing" signs are commonplace in Australia.
Vehicles that frequent isolated roads, where roadside assistance may be scarce, are often fitted with "roo bars" to minimise damage caused by collision. Bonnet-mounted devices, designed to scare wildlife off the road with ultrasound and other methods, have been devised and marketed.
If a female is the victim of a collision, animal welfare groups ask that her pouch be checked for any surviving joey, in which case it may be removed to a wildlife sanctuary or veterinary surgeon for rehabilitation. Likewise, when an adult kangaroo is injured in a collision, a vet, the RSPCA Australia or the National Parks and Wildlife Service can be consulted for instructions on proper care. In New South Wales, rehabilitation of kangaroos is carried out by volunteers from WIRES. Council road signs often list phone numbers for callers to report injured animals.
Emblems and popular culture
Main article: Kangaroo emblems and popular culture
A kangaroo and an emu feature on the Australian coat of arms.
The kangaroo is a recognisable symbol of Australia. The kangaroo and emu feature on the Australian Coat of Arms. Kangaroos have also been featured on coins, most notably the five kangaroos on the Australian one dollar coin. The Australian Made logo consists of a golden kangaroo in a green triangle to show that a product is grown or made in Australia.
The kangaroo and wallaby feature predominantly in Australian sports teams names and mascots. Examples include the Australian national rugby league team (the Kangaroos) and the Australian national rugby union team (the Wallabies). Australia’s national airline, Qantas, uses a bounding kangaroo for its logo.
Kangaroos are well represented in films, television, books, toys and souvenirs around the world. Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was the star of the popular 1960s Australian children’s television series of the same name. Kangaroos are featured in the Rolf Harris song Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport and several Christmas carols.
Meat
Main article: Kangaroo meat
Kangaroo meat on sale in Melbourne
Historically, the kangaroo has been a source of food for indigenous Australians. Kangaroo meat is high in protein and low in fat (about 2%). Kangaroo meat has a high concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared with other foods, and is a rich source of vitamins and minerals.[61] Low fat diets rich in CLA have been studied for their potential in reducing obesity and atherosclerosis.[62][63]
Most kangaroo meat is currently sourced from wild animals as a byproduct of population control programs.[citation needed] Kangaroos are hunted by licensed shooters in accordance with a strict code of practice and are protected by state and federal legislation.[citation needed]
Kangaroo meat is exported to many countries around the world.
See also
BionicKangaroo – biomimetic robot
Boxing kangaroo (symbol)
Embryonic diapause
Kangaroo court (mock justice)
Kangaroo industry
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Dawson, Terence (2012). Kangaroos (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC: CSIRO Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Red Kangaroo". NAT GEO Wild. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Rice, W.D.L. (1978). "Historical introduction to studies on the evolution and phylogeny of the Macropodidae". Australian Mammalogy. 2: 1–14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j McCullough 2000
^ Jump up to: a b Tyndale-Biscoe, H (2005). Life of Marsupials. CSIRO Publishing. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3.
Jump up ^ Cooke B, Kear B (1999). "Evolution and diversity of kangaroos (Macropodoidea, Marsupialia)". Australian Mammalogy. 21: 27–29.
Jump up ^ Flannery, T.F. (1989). "Phylogeny of the Macropodoidea; a study in convergence". In Grigg G.; Jarman P.; Hume I.D. Kangaroos, Wallabies and Rat-kangaroos. Sydney: Surrey Beatty. pp. 1–46. ISBN 0-949324-22-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Dawson, Terence J. (1995). Kangaroos: Biology of the Largest Marsupials. Cornell University Press/Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-8262-3.
Jump up ^ Parker, Johanna (June 2006). "Captain John Gore" (PDF). FRiENDS. National Museum of Australia. 17 (2): 18. ISSN 1323-5826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Cowley, Des; Hubber, Brian (2000). Barnes, John; Burt, Sandra, eds. "Kangaroo". The La Trobe Journal (66): 4–5. ISSN 1441-3760. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ The "i" newspaper, 21 June 2013. page 2
Jump up ^ Penny, Malcolm (2002). The Secret World of Kangaroos. Austin TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. ISBN 0-7398-4986-7.
Jump up ^ "Kangaroos use tail as 'third leg' - video". the Guardian. 2 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kangaroos". Natural History Notebooks. Canadian Museum of Nature. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Hume, I.D. (1984). "Principal Features of Digestion in Kangaroos" (PDF). Proceedings of the Nutritional Society of Australia. 9: 76–81.
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 347. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Vendl, C. et al. (2017). "Merycism in western grey (Macropus fuliginosus) and red kangaroos (Macropus rufus)". Mammalian Biology. 86: 21–26. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2017.03.005. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ McGuinness, Keith (25 November 1996). "Re: Kangaroos". MadSci Network. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "From Boomers to Blue fliers: Fun facts About Kangaroos!!". Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. Archived from the original on 26 February 2004.
Jump up ^ "About Australia: Kangaroos". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Kangaroo: the teeth Archived 17 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Methane In Agriculture". ABC Radio Australia. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gansloßer, Udo (1995). "Courtship behaviour in Macropodoidea (kangaroos, wallabies and rat kangaroos) – phylogenetic and ecological influences on ritualization". Mammal Review. 25 (3): 131–157. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1995.tb00453.x.
Jump up ^ Burnie, David; Don E. Wilson (2001). Animal. New York NY: DK. pp. 99–101. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.
Jump up ^ Dawson, Terence J. (Professor UNSW) (1998). Kangaroos: Biology of the largest marsupials (Paperback) (2 ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates. pp. 7–11. ISBN 9780801482625. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kangaroos use tail like a leg to walk". Australian Geographic. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Geoff (8 June 2004). "Kangaroo Hops in Line for Genome Sequencing". National Human Genome Research Institute (Press release). National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Renfree M. B.; Papenfuss, A. T.; Deakin, J. E.; et al. (19 August 2011). "Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development". Genome Biology. 12 (8): R81. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r81. PMC 3277949  . PMID 21854559.
Jump up ^ Brennan, A. J.; Sharp, J. A.; Digby, M. R.; Nicholas, K. R. (2007). "The tammar wallaby: A model to examine endocrine and local control of lactation". IUBMB Life. 59 (3): 146–150. doi:10.1080/15216540701335724.
Jump up ^ Hooper, P (August 1999). "Kangaroo blindness and some other new viral diseases in Australia" (PDF). Australian Veterinary Journal. 77 (8): 514. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12122.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Viruses on the hop" (PDF). Ecos. CSIRO Publishing. 1996 (87): 36. Autumn 1996. doi:10.1071/EC87p36.
Jump up ^ Harrison, George (September–October 1997). "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Kangaroos". National Wildlife Federation. Archived from the original on 30 December 2005.
Jump up ^ Evolution of Biodiversity, BCB705 Biodiversity, University of the Western Cape
Jump up ^ Miller-Schroeder, Patricia (2002). Kangaroos. The Untamed World. Raintree Steck-Vaughn. ISBN 978-0-7398-4972-9.
Jump up ^ "Kangaroo". Parks Victoria. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's mammals of the world. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
Jump up ^ Joo, Michael S.; Wund, Matthew. "Macropus giganteus". Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Aherrenge Road". Northern Territory Land Information System. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Leung, Chee Chee (23 September 2003). "Lulu the kangaroo hops to the rescue". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Life-saving kangaroo wins award". BBC News. 29 April 2004. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Skippy to the rescue". BBC News. 22 September 2003. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rogue kangaroo attacks 94-year-old Phyllis Johnson". BBC News. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pepper-sprayed kangaroo put down". ABC News. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nutrition". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Dow, Steve (26 September 2007). "An industry that's under the gun". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Sinclair AJ, O'Dea K, Dunstan G, Ireland PD, Niall M (July 1987). "Effects on plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat". Lipids. 22 (7): 523–9. doi:10.1007/BF02540369. PMID 3626779.
Further reading
McCullough, Dale R.; McCullough, Yvette (2000). Kangaroos in Outback Australia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11916-X.
Flannery, Timothy Fridtjof; Martin, Roger (1996). Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History. Melbourne: Reed Books. ISBN 0-7301-0492-3.
Underhill D. (1993). Australia's Dangerous Creatures. Sydney NSW: Reader's Digest. ISBN 0-86438-018-6.
Archer, Michael (1985). The Kangaroo. Sydney NSW: Kevin Weldon Press. ISBN 0-949708-22-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macropus.
Look up kangaroo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Video of Kangaroo giving Birth
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Diprotodontia species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Marsupialia
[show]
Suborder Vombatiformes
Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae
(Wombats)
Vombatus
Common wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern hairy-nosed wombat (L. latifrons)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat (L. krefftii)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. below)
Phalangeridae
(including Cuscuses)
Ailurops
(Bear cuscuses)
Talaud bear cuscus (A. melanotis)
Sulawesi bear cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae)
Mountain cuscus (P. carmelitae)
Ground cuscus (P. gymnotis)
Eastern common cuscus (P. intercastellanus)
Woodlark cuscus (P. lullulae)
Blue-eyed cuscus (P. matabiru)
Telefomin cuscus (P. matanim)
Southern common cuscus (P. mimicus)
Northern common cuscus (P. orientalis)
Ornate cuscus (P. ornatus)
Rothschild's cuscus (P. rothschildi)
Silky cuscus (P. sericeus)
Stein's cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island cuscus (S. kraemeri)
Common spotted cuscus (S. maculatus)
Waigeou cuscus (S. papuensis)
Black-spotted cuscus (S. rufoniger)
Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi dwarf cuscus (S. celebensis)
Banggai cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus
(Brushtail possums)
Northern brushtail possum (T. arnhemensis)
Short-eared possum (T. caninus)
Mountain brushtail possum (T. cunninghami)
Coppery brushtail possum (T. johnstonii)
Common brushtail possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae
(Pygmy possums)
Burramys
Mountain pygmy possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed pygmy possum (C. caudatus)
Southwestern pygmy possum (C. concinnus)
Tasmanian pygmy possum (C. lepidus)
Eastern pygmy possum (C. nanus)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. above)
Tarsipedidae
Tarsipes
Honey possum (T. rostratus)
Petauridae
Dactylopsila
Great-tailed triok (D. megalura)
Long-fingered triok (D. palpator)
Tate's triok (D. tatei)
Striped possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern glider (P. abidi)
Yellow-bellied glider (P. australis)
Biak glider (P. biacensis)
Sugar glider (P. breviceps)
Mahogany glider (P. gracilis)
Squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis)
Pseudocheiridae
Hemibelideus
Lemur-like ringtail possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides
Greater glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting ringtail possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common ringtail possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland ringtail possum (P. canescens)
Weyland ringtail possum (P. caroli)
Cinereus ringtail possum (P. cinereus)
Painted ringtail possum (P. forbesi)
Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis)
Masked ringtail possum (P. larvatus)
Pygmy ringtail possum (P. mayeri)
Vogelkop ringtail possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' ringtail possum (P. albertisii)
Green ringtail possum (P. archeri)
Plush-coated ringtail possum (P. corinnae)
Reclusive ringtail possum (P. coronatus)
Coppery ringtail possum (P. cupreus)
Acrobatidae
Acrobates
Feathertail glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed possum (D. pennatus)
[hide]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. below)
Macropodidae
(includes Wallabies)
Lagostrophus
Banded hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus
(Tree-kangaroos)
Grizzled tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)
Bennett's tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)
Ursine tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)
Matschie's tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)
Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)
Ifola tree-kangaroo (D. notatus)
Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)
Lowlands tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)
Golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)
Seri's tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)
Dingiso (D. mbaiso)
Tenkile (D. scottae)
Dorcopsis
Brown dorcopsis (D. muelleri)
White-striped dorcopsis (D. hageni)
Black dorcopsis (D. atrata)
Gray dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Dorcopsulus
Small dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)
Macleay's dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Lagorchestes
Spectacled hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)
Rufous hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
(includes Kangaroos
and Wallaroos)
Subgenus Notamacropus: Agile wallaby (M. agilis)
Black-striped wallaby (M. dorsalis)
Tammar wallaby (M. eugenii)
Western brush wallaby (M. irma)
Parma wallaby (M. parma)
Pretty-faced wallaby (M. parryi)
Red-necked wallaby (M. rufogriseus)
Subgenus Osphranter: Antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus)
Black wallaroo (M. bernardus)
Common wallaroo (M. robustus)
Red kangaroo (M. rufus)
Subgenus Macropus: Western grey kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)
Eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Onychogalea
(Nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled nail-tail wallaby (O. fraenata)
Northern nail-tail wallaby (O. unguifera)
Petrogale
(Rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species-group: Short-eared rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)
Wilkins' rock-wallaby (P. wilkinsi)
Monjon (P. burbidgei)
Nabarlek (P. concinna)
P. xanthopus species-group: Proserpine rock-wallaby (P. persephone)
Rothschild's rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)
Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species-group: Allied rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)
Cape York rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)
Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani)
Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti)
Unadorned rock-wallaby (P. inornata)
Black-flanked rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)
Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)
Purple-necked rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)
Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale
(Pademelons)
Tasmanian pademelon (T. billardierii)
Brown's pademelon (T. browni)
Dusky pademelon (T. brunii)
Calaby's pademelon (T. calabyi)
Mountain pademelon (T. lanatus)
Red-legged pademelon (T. stigmatica)
Red-necked pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp wallaby (W. bicolor)
[show]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. above)
Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus
Rufous rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia
(Bettongs)
Eastern bettong (B. gaimardi)
Boodie (B. lesueur)
Woylie (B. penicillata)
Northern bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous
(Potoroos)
Long-footed potoroo (P. longipes)
Long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus)
Gilbert's potoroo (. gilbertii)
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Hypsiprymnodon
Musky rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
Authority control
NDL: 00564871
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo&oldid=834069123"
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: কেঙ্গেৰু – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canguru
Canguru – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenquru
Kenquru – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ক্যাংগারু – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaru
Kangaru – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values: ཁུག་བྱི། – Tibetan

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

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https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kengur
Kengur – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangourou
Kangourou – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangurs
Cangurs – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Καγκουρό – Greek

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interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canguro
Canguro – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguruo
Kanguruo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguru
Kanguru – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کانگورو – Persian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangourou
Kangourou – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canguro
Canguro – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: કાંગારુ – Gujarati

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: Кенгуру – Kalmyk

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interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: कंगारू – Hindi

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https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguruo
Kanguruo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo
Kangaroo – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguru
Kanguru – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguru
Kanguru – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಕಾಂಗರೂ – Kannada

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangourou
Kangourou – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kengur
Kengur – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguro
Kanguro – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: Кенгуру – Lak

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

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https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropus
Macropus – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanguru
kanguru – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

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https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanggaru
Kanggaru – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: သားပိုက်ကောင် – Burmese

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interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values: कंगारु – Nepali

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenguruer
Kenguruer – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenguru
Kenguru – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi
display: none;

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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canguru
Canguru – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangur
Cangur – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Кенгуру – Russian

values: कङ्गारू – Sanskrit

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo
Kangaroo – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguri
Kanguri – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

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https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canguru
Canguru – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: කැංගරුවෝ – Sinhala

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interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenguru
Kenguru – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo
Kangaroo – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values: Кенгур – Serbian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kengur
Kengur – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangguru
Kangguru – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: கங்காரு – Tamil

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: కంగారూ – Telugu

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interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: จิงโจ้ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Кенгуру – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanguru
Kanguru – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: خالتىلىق چاشقان – Uyghur

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesuj
Daesuj – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo
Kangaroo – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values: קענגורו – Yiddish

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interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

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