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Party system
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A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country. The idea is that political parties have basic similarities: they control the government, have a stable base of mass popular support, and create internal mechanisms for controlling funding, information and nominations.
The concept was originated by European scholars studying the United States, especially James Bryce and Moisey Ostrogorsky, and has been expanded to cover other democracies.[1] Giovanni Sartori devised the most widely used classification method for party systems. He suggested that party systems should be classified by the number of relevant parties and the degree of fragmentation.[2] Party systems can be distinguished by the effective number of parties.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of party systems
2 Party systems by country or region
2.1 Europe
2.1.1 European Union
2.1.2 Italy
2.1.3 Germany
2.1.4 Central and Eastern Europe
2.1.5 Finland
2.2 Canada
2.3 United States
2.4 Argentina
3 Notes
4 Bibliography
4.1 Italy
4.2 United States
5 External links
Types of party systems[edit]
Dominant-party system: a system where there is "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future".
Non-partisan system: a system of government or organization such that universal and periodic elections take place without reference to political parties.
One-party system: a system in which a single political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution, or where only one party has the exclusive control over political power
Two-party system: a system where only two parties or alliances, typically placed either side of the centre, have a realistic chance of forming a majority. Other parties are very minor or solely regional.
Three-party system or two-and-a-half party system: a system with two large parties that can form a government, and a smaller but still considerable party which can join either in coalition and acts as a kingmaker.[4][5]
Multi-party system: a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.
Party systems by country or region[edit]
Europe[edit]
European Union[edit]
Two structures of party system have been identified in the European Parliament since its first universal direct election in 1979, albeit the main EU party groups remained the same:[6]
1979–1994: a system split in two blocs on the left/right dimension, with the left bloc (Socialists, Radical Left and Greens) opposing a right bloc (Populars, Liberals, Gaullists and British Conservatives)
1994-onwards: a system in which the three central parties (the conservative EPP, the socialist PES and the liberal ELDR) have voted as much with each other as with their smaller allies, thus 'governing' the system, and facing different oppositions from the left (European Left and Greens and leftist euroskeptics) and from the right (Gaullists, British Conservatives, rightist euroskeptics and nationalists).
Italy[edit]
Italian party systems are usually considered only since the foundation of the Italian Republic (1946) as pre-fascist parties lacked a wide popular base.
The party system of the so-called First Republic (1946–1994), though based on a proportional electoral law, saw the dominance of the Christian Democracy (DC) and the conventio ad excludendum against the Italian Communist Party (PCI). DC and PCI together gathered around 85% of the votes in average. The system was thus a blocked bipolar system; governments were very short (in average lasting less than one year) and post-electoral, but the supporting parties and personnel could not change. With time, some parties (especially the Italian Socialist Party, PSI) gained momentum, till reaching the role of government-making in the 1980s. The system was completely destroyed by the bribery scandals of Tangentopoli, which shattered DC and PSI. According to Sartori, the two possible degenerations of proportionalism (fragmentation and lack of party discipline) were reduced by two factors: the strong role of parties ("partitocrazia") and the polarization between Christian-democrats and communists. Therefore, the first republic saw a maximum level of 5 effective parties, with only one dominant party.[7]
The so-called Second Republic party system (since 1994) bears the following characteristic marks:
a majoritarian electoral law, introduced by referendum in 1993, which brought about a bi-polarization of the game (although limited by the 1/4 of votes still gathered proportionally)
the birth of Forza Italia as personal party of Silvio Berlusconi, with a strong polarization effect
the rise of new parties (the environmentalists Verdi and the autonomist Lega Nord since the late 1980s, Alleanza Nazionale through a reform of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement)
the split of old parties (between reformed post-communist Democratic Party of the Left and neo-communists of Rifondazione Comunista; between left-wing and right-wing of old Christian Democrats and Socialists, siding with or against Berlusconi)
Though more fragmented in the number of parties, the system was bipolar in its functioning. With time, both sides saw a strengthening of coalitions (even if with ups and downs) and the birth of unified parties (the Ulivo federation and then the Democratic Party on the left, and the People of Freedom party on the right side). The change in the electoral law in 2005 and the return to proportionality (although with a majority premium able to transform, in the lower chamber, the plurality in a 55% majority) didn't bring about a return to collusion, while still leaving such prospect open for the future.
Germany[edit]
The 2009 Bundestag election in Germany was characterized by widespread public apathy and record low voter turnout. Weldon and Nüsser (2010) argue that it solidified a new stable, but fluid five-party system that they see as a defining feature of the emerging German political system. The three minor parties each achieved historical bests at the polls with steep losses for the two traditional Volksparteien. They report that the increased volatility and fluidity of the party system is structured along the left-right ideological spectrum with the parties divided into two major camps and vote-switching much more likely within the respective camps rather than between them.[8]
The 2009 election also marked a devastating defeat for the SPD, leading some commentators to speculate about the end of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) as a "catch-all party" and, against the backdrop of recent poor performance of center-left parties all across Europe—perhaps even "the end of social democracy."[9]
The 2013 election saw the first time that the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) that had been represented in parliament since 1949 and formed part of government as a coalition partner to either SPD or CDU (Christian Democratic Union, the major conservative / center-right party) for almost all of the period from 1949 to 1998 and again from 2009 to 2013 fell below the 5% threshold for parliamentary representation. The same election also saw the rise of the "Alternative for Germany" (AfD) party that ran on an anti-Euro platform and failed to enter parliament on their first federal election just barely with 4.8% of the vote.
After this election the second "große Koaltion" (big coalition of the major parties CDU and SPD) since 2005 was formed. Prior to that Germany had only had one big coalition that governed from 1966 to 1969, preferring coalitions of one big and one small party at the federal level instead. Whether this shift proves temporary or permanent remains yet to be seen
Central and Eastern Europe[edit]
Four party systems have been identified in post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe:[10]
I system (late 1980s - early 1990s): dominated by the opposition between communists and anti-communists, i.e. from supporters and opponents of the old regime; spontaneous mass movements formed on idealistic bases and transformed into 'umbrella parties'
II system (early 1990s): opposition between winners and losers of the economic transition to a market economy. Anti-communist parties split and formed unstable coalition governments. Many parties, with a narrow political base, grew up
III system (late 1990s): the social conflicts of market transition aggravated, and social-democratic post-communist parties took over. The party system concentrated, while electoral volatility was extremely high
IV system (2000s): rise of a relatively stable and modestly concentrated party system, organized on a left-right dimension, including post-communist parties. Fragmentation did not rise again after the fall of many social-democratic parties from government.
Finland[edit]
Finland was a Grand Duchy controlled by Russia until 1918. Nationalistic demands from the peasants and workers for greater use of the Finnish language led to the first political party: the Finnish Party in 1860. In response, the Swedish-speaking aristocracy, landowners and businessmen formed their own political party. Thus emerged the first party system.[11]
Canada[edit]
According to recent scholarship there have been four party systems in Canada at the federal level since Confederation, each with its own distinctive pattern of social support, patronage relationships, leadership styles, and electoral strategies.[12] Political scientists disagree on the names and precise boundaries of the eras, however. Steve Patten identifies four party systems in Canada's political history[13]
The first party system emerged from pre-Confederation colonial politics, had its "heyday" from 1896 to 1911 and lasted until the Conscription Crisis of 1917, and was characterized by local patronage administered by the two largest parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives.
The second system emerged following the First World War, and had its heyday from 1935 and 1957, was characterized by regionalism and saw the emergence of several protest parties, such as the Progressives, the Social Credit Party, and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.
The third system emerged in 1963 and had its heyday from 1968 to 1983 and began to unravel thereafter. The two largest parties were challenged by a strong third party, the New Democratic Party. Campaigns during this era became more national in scope due to the electronic media, and involved a greater focus on leadership. The dominant policy of the era was Keynesian economics.
The fourth party system has involved the rise of the Reform Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois, and the merger of the Canadian Alliance with the Progressive Conservatives. It saw most parties move to one-member-one-vote leadership contests, and a major reform to campaign finance laws in 2004. The fourth party system has been characterized by market-oriented policies that abandoned Keynesian policies, but maintained the welfare state.
It could be argued that a fifth party system has emerged at some point over the past decade as Canadian politics is no longer defined by the regionalism and fiscally conservative orthodoxy of the 1990s and early 2000s. The current make-up of the House of Commons, dominated by three nationally-oriented parties (Liberal, Conservative and NDP), bears a far more striking resemblance to that of the third party system rather than the fourth; the governing Liberals have arguably abandoned or loosened their commitment to fiscal conservatism and free market economics by returning to a more Keynesian outlook; and the left of centre New Democratic Party (NDP) has been a contender in the past two elections, having occupied the role of official opposition in between 2011 and 2015. This greatly differs from the post-1993 situation in which aside from the governing Liberals, Canada's two other nationally-oriented political parties (the NDP and PC Party) were marginalised, allowing the opposition benches to be dominated by the Western-based Reform Party and separatist Bloc Quebecois. However, it is difficult to pinpoint precisely when the fourth party system came to a close. As mentioned earlier, the Canadian Alliance and PC Party merged in 2004 creating the Conservative Party of Canada, but the Bloc Quebecois continued to dominate Quebec, benefiting from First Past the Post, until 2011. The Liberals, in opposition to the governing Conservatives after 2006, gradually moved leftwards as centrist parties often do when in an opposition role to a conservative government.
Clarkson (2005) shows how the Liberal Party has dominated all the party systems, using different approaches. It began with a "clientelistic approach" under Laurier, which evolved into a "brokerage" system of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s under Mackenzie King. The 1950s saw the emergence of a "pan-Canadian system", which lasted until the 1990s. The 1993 election — categorized by Clarkson as an electoral "earthquake" which "fragmented" the party system, saw the emergence of regional politics within a four party-system, whereby various groups championed regional issues and concerns. Clarkson concludes that the inherent bias built into the first-past-the-post system, has chiefly benefited the Liberals.[14]
United States[edit]
Main articles: Realigning election, First Party System, Second Party System, Third Party System, Fourth Party System, Fifth Party System, and Sixth Party System
The concept of the party system was introduced by English scholar James Bryce in American Commonwealth (1885).
American Party Systems was a major textbook by Charles Merriam in 1920s. In 1967 the most important single breakthrough appeared, The American Party Systems. Stages of Political Development, edited by William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham. It brought together historians and political scientists who agreed on a common framework and numbering system. Thus Chambers published The First Party System in 1972. Burnham published numerous articles and books. Closely related is the concept of critical elections (introduced by V. O. Key in 1955), and "realignments." Critical elections or Realigning elections involve major changes to the political system, regarding the coalition of voters, the rules of the game, finance and publicity, party organization, and party leadership.
A political science college textbook explains:
"Scholars generally agree that realignment theory identifies five distinct party systems with the following approximate dates and major parties: 1. 1796–1816, First Party System: Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists; 2. 1840–1856, Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs; 3. 1860–1896, Third Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 4. 1896–1932, Fourth Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 5. 1932-, Fifth Party System: Democrats and Republicans."[15]
There have been at least six different party systems throughout the history of the United States:[16]
First Party System: This system can be considered to have developed as a result of the factions in the George Washington administration. The two factions were Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists argued for a strong national government with a national bank and a strong economic and industry system. The Democratic-Republicans argued for a limited government, with a greater emphasis on farmers and states' rights. After the 1800 Presidential election, the Democratic-Republicans gained major dominance for the next twenty years, and the Federalists slowly died off.
Second Party System: This system developed as a result of the one party rule of the Democratic-Republicans not being able to contain some of the most pressing issues of the time, namely slavery. Out of this system came the Whig Party and Henry Clay's American System. Wealthier people tended to support the Whigs, and the poorer tended to support the Democrats. During the Jacksonian era, his Democratic Party evolved from Democratic-Republicans. The Whig party began to break apart into factions, mainly over the issue of slavery. This period lasted until 1860.
Third Party System: Beginning around the time of the start of the Civil War, this system was defined by bitter conflict and striking party differences and coalitions. These coalitions were most evidently defined by geography. The South was dominated by the Democrats who opposed the ending of slavery, and the North, with the exception of some major political machines, was dominated by the Republicans, who supported ending slavery. This era was a time of extreme industrial and economic expansion. The Third Party System lasted until 1896.
Fourth Party System: This era was defined by Progressivism and immigration, as well as the political aftermath of the American Civil War. Northeastern business supported the Republicans while the South and West supported the Democrats. Immigrant groups were courted by both parties. The Fourth Party System came to an end around 1932.[17]
Fifth Party System: This system was defined by the creation of the New Deal Coalition by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. This coalition supporting new social welfare programs brought together many under-privileged, working class, and minority groups including unions, Catholics, and Jews. It also attracted African-Americans, who had previously largely supported the Republican Party due to Lincoln's freeing of the slaves. This era lasted approximately until 1968.[18]
Sixth Party System: The transition to this system appears to have begun with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the Democrats subsequently losing their long dominance of the South in the late 1960s, leading to a Republican dominance as evidenced by election results.[19]
Argentina[edit]
Scholars of Argentina identify two distinct party systems, one in place between 1912 and 1940, the other emerging after 1946. The first party system was not consistently class based, but the second was, with the Radical Party representing the middle classes and the Peronists, workers and the poor.[20]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Sartori (1976); Lipset and Rokkan (1967); Karvonen and Kuhnle (2000)
Jump up ^ Sartori (1976)
Jump up ^ Golosov, Grigorii V. (2010): The Effective Number of Parties: A New Approach. Party Politics, 16(2):171-192.
Jump up ^ Mair, Peter (12 July 1990). The West European Party System. Oxford University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780198275831.
Jump up ^ Sartori, Giovanni (1 February 2014). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. ECPR Press. p. 310. ISBN 9780954796617.
Jump up ^ Simon Hix, "A supranational party system and the legitimacy of the European Union", The International Spectator, 4/2002, pp.50-59
Jump up ^ Corriere della Sera, 8 November 2010
Jump up ^ Steven Weldon and Andrea Nüsser, "Bundestag Election 2009: Solidifying the Five Party System", German Politics and Society, 9/30/2010, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 47-64
Jump up ^ William E. Paterson, and James Sloam, "The SPD and the Debacle of the 2009 German Federal Election: An Opportunity for Renewal", German Politics and Society, 9/30/2010, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 65-81
Jump up ^ Agh (1998) and Oppelland (2003), as quoted by Schmitt and Thomassed, "The EU Party System after Eastern Enlargement", Political Science Series #105, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, 2005
Jump up ^ Alan Siaroff, "Democratic Breakdown and Democratic Stability: A Comparison of Interwar Estonia and Finland", Canadian Journal of Political Science Vol. 32,No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 103-124, esp. p 109 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Gagnon and Tanguay, 2007: 1
Jump up ^ Patten, 2007: 57-58
Jump up ^ Stephen Clarkson, The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics (2005)
Jump up ^ Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.
Jump up ^ Marjorie Randon Hershey, Party Politics in America (12th ed. 2007) pages 119-123
Jump up ^ Hershey, Marjorie Randon. Party Politics in America 14th ed. 2011: Longman Classics in Political Science. pages 120-121
Jump up ^ Hershey, Marjorie Randon. Party Politics in America 14th ed. 2011: Longman Classics in Political Science. page 121
Jump up ^ Marjorie Randon Hershey, Party Politics in America (12th ed. 2007) pages 119-123
Jump up ^ Noam Lupu and Susan C. Stokes, "The Social Bases of Political Parties in Argentina, 1912–2003", Latin American Research Review Vol. 44#1, 2009 pp 58-87
Bibliography[edit]
Aronoff, Myron Joel. "The Americanization of Israeli Politics and Realignment of the Party System", Israel Studies, Volume 5, Number 1, Spring 2000, pp. 92–127
Belloc, Hilaire, and Cecil Chesterton. The Party System. (1911) online edition, on British politics
Patten, Steve (2007). "The Evolution of the Canadian Party System". In Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tanguay, A. Brain. Canadian Parties in Transition (3rd ed.). Broadview. pp. 55–81. ISBN 978-1-55111-785-0.
Gagon, Alain-G.; Tanguay, A. Brain (2007). "Introduction". In Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tanguay, A. Brain. Canadian Parties in Transition (3rd ed.). Broadview. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-1-55111-785-0.
Ishiyama, John. "Electoral Systems, Ethnic Fragmentation, and Party System Volatility in Sub-Saharan African Countries", Northeast African Studies, Volume 10, Number 2, 2003 (New Series), pp. 203–220
Karvonen, Lauri, and Stein Kuhnle, eds. Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited (2000) updates on Lipset and Rokkan (1967) excerpt and text search
Lewis, Paul G. and Paul Webb, eds. Pan-European Perspectives on Party Politics (2003)
Lipset, Seymour M. and Stein Rokkan, eds. Party Systems And Voter Alignments (1967)
Mainwaring, Scott, and Timothy R. Scully. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (1996)
Mair, Peter, ed. The West European Party System (Oxford University Press, 1990) online excerpt pp. 302-310
Mair, Peter. The Changing Irish Party System: Organisation, Ideology and Electoral Competition (London, 1987).
Meleshevich, Andrey A. Party Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: A Comparative Study of Political Institutionalization in the Baltic States, Russia, and Ukraine (2007)
Sartori, Giovanni . Parties and Party Systems: A framework for analysis (1976; reprint in 2005)
Tan, Alexander C. Emerging Party Systems (2005)
Tan, Paige Johnson. "Indonesia Seven Years after Soeharto: Party System Institutionalization in a New Democracy", Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 28, Number 1, April 2006, pp. 88–114
Walch, James. Faction and Front: Party Systems in South India (1976)
Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems (1995), covers France, Germany, Britain, Japan and U.S.
Italy[edit]
The Italian Party System Between Crisis and Transition, by Sidney Tarrow
The Italian party system between parties and coalitions, West European Politics, January 1, 2004; Bartolini, Stefano; Chiaramonte, Alessandro; D'Alimonte, Roberto
Party system dynamics and the making and breaking of Italian governments by Daniela Giannettia and Michael Laver, 2001
Remaking the Italian party system: how Lijphart got it wrong by saying it right West European Politics; October 1, 1993; Calise, Mauro
Daaldera, Ivo H. "The Italian party system in transition: The end of polarised pluralism?" West European Politics, Volume 6, Issue 3 July 1983, pages 216–236 online
Pridham, Geoffrey. The Nature of the Italian Party System (St. Martin's Press, 1981)
United States[edit]
Bartley, Numan V. "Voters and Party Systems: A Review of the Recent Literature", The History Teacher, Vol. 8, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 452–469. online at JSTOR
Beck, Paul Allen. "Micropolitics in Macro Perspective: The Political History of Walter Dean Burnham." Social Science History 1986 10(3): 221-245. ISSN 0145-5532 Fulltext in Jstor
Brady, David, and Joseph Stewart, Jr. "Congressional Party Realignment and Transformations of Public Policy in Three Realignment Eras", American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May, 1982), pp. 333–360 online at JSTOR Looks at links among cross-cutting issues, electoral realignments, the U.S. House and public policy changes during the Civil War, 1890s and New Deal realignments. In each case the policy changes are voted through by a partisan "new" majority party. The Civil War and 1890s realignments were more polarized than was the New Deal realignment, and the extent of party structuring of issue dimensions was greater.
Burnham, Walter Dean. "Periodization Schemes and 'Party Systems': The 'System of 1896' as a Case in Point" Social Science History, Vol. 10, No. 3, 263-314.
Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004", Social Science History Fall 2006, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp 359-386
Chambers, William Nisbet, and Walter Dean Burnham, eds. The American Party Systems. Stages of Political Development, (1967)
Chambers, William Nisbet. Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809 (1963)
Hofstadter, Richard. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 (1970)
James, Scott C. Presidents, Parties, and the State: A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice, 1884–1936 (2000)
Jensen, Richard. "American Election Analysis: A Case History of Methodological Innovation and Diffusion", in S. M. Lipset, ed, Politics and the Social Sciences (Oxford University Press, 1969), 226-43.
Jensen, Richard. "History and the Political Scientist", in S. M. Lipset, ed, Politics and the Social Sciences (Oxford University Press, 1969),, 1-28.
Jensen, Richard. "Historiography of Political History", in Jack Greene ed., Encyclopedia of American Political History (Scribners, 1984), 1:1-25. online
Jensen, Richard. "The Changing Shape of Burnham's Political Universe", Social Science History 10 (1986) 209-19 ISSN 0145-5532 Fulltext in Jstor
Renda, Lex. "Richard P. McCormick and the Second American Party System." Reviews in American History (1995) 23(2): 378-389. ISSN 0048-7511 Fulltext in Project Muse.
Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the party system: Alignment and realignment of political parties in the United States (1983)
External links[edit]
A detailed bibliography
"Psephos," archive of recent electoral data from 182 countries
[hide]
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Political eras of the United States
First Party System
Second Party System
Third Party System
Fourth Party System
Fifth Party System
Sixth Party System
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Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)"
Single by Buzzcocks
from the album Love Bites
B-side
"Just Lust"
Released
1978
Genre
Punk rock[1][2]
pop punk[3]
Length
2:40
Label
United Artists
Songwriter(s)
Pete Shelley
Producer(s)
Martin Rushent
Buzzcocks singles chronology
"Love You More"
(1978) "Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)"
(1978) "Promises"
(1978)
"Love You More"
(1978) "Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)"
(1978) "Promises"
(1978)
"Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)" is a 1978 song written by Pete Shelley and performed by his group Buzzcocks. It was a number 12 hit on the UK Singles Chart and was included on the album Love Bites.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Music and lyrics
3 Critical reception
4 Cover versions
5 Chart performance
5.1 Buzzcocks version
5.2 Fine Young Cannibals version
5.3 Amanda Billing version
6 References
7 External links
Background and writing[edit]
Sometime during November 1977, the band watched the musical Guys and Dolls in the TV lounge of a guesthouse in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was the dialogue "Have you ever fallen in love with someone you shouldn't have" from the film which inspired the song. The following day Shelley wrote the lyrics of the song, in a van outside a post office, with the music following soon after.[4] In an interview, Shelley said that the song was about a man named Francis that he lived with for about seven years.[5]
Music and lyrics[edit]
The music and lyrics, as well as the singing, belong to Pete Shelley.[6] The song uses the verse-chorus formal pattern and is in the key of E major. Both the verse and the chorus start with C# minor chords (sixth degree in E major, and relative minor key of E major), which "give [the song] a distinctly downbeat, edgy feel."[6] The minor chords and the B-major-to-D-major move in the chorus are unusual for a 1970s punk song, yet they contribute to its ear-catching nature, along with the vocal melody. The verses feature a guitar riff and a double stroke tom-tom drum pattern over the E chord. The vocal melody ranges from G#3 to baritone F#4 in the verses and chorus; in the ending, Shelley hits a tenor G4 and then a G#4.
The lyrics consist of two verses (of which one is repeated) and a chorus. According to music critic Mark Deming, "the lyrics owe less to adolescent self-pity than the more adult realization of how much being in love can hurt – and how little one can really do about it."[6]
Critical reception[edit]
The song was ranked at No. 1 among "Tracks of the Year" for 1978 by NME.[7] Critic Ned Raggett describes the song as a "deservedly well-known masterpiece."[8] Mark Deming notes, "Pete Shelley's basic formula in the Buzzcocks was to marry the speed and emotional urgency of punk with the hooky melodies and boy/girl thematics of classic pop/rock. When he applied this thinking to that most classic of pop themes, unrequited teenage love, he crafted one of his most indelible songs, 'Ever Fallen in Love?'"[6]
Cover versions[edit]
A cover of the song was released as a charity tribute single to the late DJ John Peel on 21 November 2005. It featured artists including Roger Daltrey (The Who), The Datsuns, The Futureheads, David Gilmour (Pink Floyd), Peter Hook (New Order, Joy Division), Elton John, El Presidente, Robert Plant (Led Zeppelin), Pete Shelley and the Soledad Brothers. The single was supported by Peel's son, Tom Ravenscroft, and proceeds went to Amnesty International.
UK band Fine Young Cannibals had a no. 9 UK hit with their cover version, recorded for the soundtrack of the 1986 film Something Wild,[9] which was later included on the band's album The Raw & the Cooked.[10]
The band Thursday did a cover of this song in 2005, featured on the soundtrack of Tony Hawk's American Wasteland.[11]
A cover by Pete Yorn appeared on the Shrek 2 soundtrack in 2004.[12]
Canadian punk rock band Pup performed a version of the song in July 2014 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.[13]
In 2011, a cover was made by the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street for their winter season, with a jazzy feel, sung by Amanda Billing, who plays Sarah Potts. It fit with the storyline of her character being pregnant with her ex-husband TK Samuels' child and him having moved on with his financee. Her version reached no. 24 in New Zealand.[14]
French band Nouvelle Vague made a cover of the song for their 2006 album Bande à Part.[15]
Chart performance[edit]
Buzzcocks version[edit]
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[16] 14
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17] 12
Fine Young Cannibals version[edit]
Chart (1986–1987)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[18] 20
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19] 28
Germany (Official German Charts)[20] 19
Ireland (IRMA)[16] 10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[21] 35
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[22] 34
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[23] 23
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[24] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[25] 9
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play1[26] 11
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales1[26] 32
1Remix
Amanda Billing version[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 24
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hart, Mickey; Bresnick, Paul (2004). Da Capo Best Music Writing 2004: The Year's Finest Writing on Rock, Hip-hop, Jazz, Pop, Country, and More. Da Capo Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-3068-1380-1. 1978: Buzzcocks: "Ever Fallen in Love."
Opting to leave the state-smashing to the Sex Pistols and the Clash, the Buzzcocks instead discovered how effective punk rock was for gnashing out your personal problems.
Jump up ^ "100 Best Songs of the 1970s – #85 – Buzzcocks - 'Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)'". NME. Retrieved 16 July 2013. one of the most thrilling and anarchic singles in all of punk rock.
Jump up ^ Gavan, David (21 October 2009). "Pete Shelley Interview: The Fate & The Fury of the Buzzcocks". The Quietus. Retrieved 16 July 2013. Best known for their 1978 pop punk classic, 'Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)', frontman Pete Shelley maintains that Buzzcocks were always more than a mere chart band.
Jump up ^ Lynskey, Dorian; Simpson, Dave (24 February 2006). "Twelve artists talk about making one of their classic tracks". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Freitas, Mark (1996) [First published in P.C. Casualties circa 1992]. "Buzzcocks: The Queer Punk Interview". Outpunk. No. 6. p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Deming, Mark. "Ever Fallen in Love? – Song Review". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Albums and Tracks of the Year". NME. 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Ned. "Buzzcocks – Singles Going Steady". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Original Soundtrack – Something Wild". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Greene, Jo-Ann. "Fine Young Cannibals – The Raw & the Cooked". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Carle, Chris (20 October 2005). "Tony Hawk's American Wasteland Soundtrack". IGN. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Phares, Heather. "Original Soundtrack – Shrek 2". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Modell, Josh (8 July 2014). "PUP covers Buzzcocks". The A.V. Club. Onion, Inc. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charts.org.nz – Amanda Billing – Ever Fallen In Love?". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Phares, Heather. "Nouvelle Vague – Bande à Part". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Ever Fallen In Love". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989, part 2". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Fine Young Cannibals – Ever Fallen In Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Fine Young Cannibals – Ever Fallen In Love". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Fine Young Cannibals - Ever Fallen In Love" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Fine Young Cannibals – Ever Fallen In Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Fine Young Cannibals – Ever Fallen In Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (F)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fine Young Cannibals – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
External links[edit]
Buzzcocks' Official Website
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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