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Mack the Knife
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For other uses, see Mack the Knife (disambiguation).
"Mack the Knife"
Song
Published
31 August 1928 (1928-08-31)
Genre
Moritat
Composer(s)
Kurt Weill
Lyricist(s)
Bertolt Brecht
"Die Moritat von Mackie Messer" (later known as "Mack the Knife" or "The Ballad of Mack the Knife") is a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959.
Contents
1 The Threepenny Opera
1.1 French translation
1.2 1954 Blitzstein translation
1.3 1976 Manheim–Willett extension ("Moritat")
1.4 1994 translation
2 Popular song
2.1 Parodies
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
The Threepenny Opera[edit]
A Moritat is a medieval version of the murder ballad performed by strolling minstrels. In The Threepenny Opera, the Moritat singer with his street organ introduces and closes the drama with the tale of the deadly Mackie Messer, or Mack the Knife, a character based on the dashing highwayman Macheath in John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (who was in turn based on the historical thief Jack Sheppard). The Brecht-Weill version of the character was far more cruel and sinister, and has been transformed into a modern anti-hero.
The play opens with the Moritat singer comparing Macheath (unfavorably) with a shark, and then telling tales of his robberies, murders, rapes, and arson.
The song was a last-minute addition, inserted just before its premiere in 1928, because Harald Paulsen, the actor who played Macheath, demanded that Brecht and Weill add another number that would more effectively introduce his character.[1] However, Weill and Brecht decided the song should not be sung by Macheath himself, opting instead to write the song for a street singer in keeping with the Moritat tradition. At the premiere, the song was sung by Kurt Gerron, who played Police Chief Brown. Weill also intended the Moritat to be accompanied by a barrel organ, which was to be played by the singer.[2] At the premiere, though, the barrel organ failed, and the pit orchestra (a jazz band) had to quickly provide the accompaniment for the street singer.[3]
Und der Haifisch, der hat Zähne,
Und die trägt er im Gesicht.
Und Macheath, der hat ein Messer,
Doch das Messer sieht man nicht.
And the shark, it has teeth,
And it wears them in the face.
And Macheath, he has a knife,
But the knife can't be seen.
French translation[edit]
The song was translated into French as "La complainte de Mackie" by André Mauprey and Ninon Steinhoff and popularized by Catherine Sauvage.[4]
1954 Blitzstein translation[edit]
"A Theme from The Threepenny Opera (Mack the Knife)"
Single by Louis Armstrong
B-side
"Back O' Town Blues"
Released
1956
Format
7"
Recorded
New York City
28 September 1955[5]
Genre
Jazz
Length
3:25
Label
Columbia 40587
Coronet KS-349 (pictured, reached Nº1 in Australia)[citation needed]
Songwriter(s)
Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht
English lyrics Marc Blitzstein, arr. Turk Murphy
The song was first introduced to American audiences in 1933 in the first English-language production of The Threepenny Opera. The English lyrics were by Gifford Cochran and Jerrold Krimsky.[6] That production, however, was not successful, closing after a run of only ten days. In the best known English translation, from the Marc Blitzstein 1954 version of The Threepenny Opera, which played Off-Broadway for over six years,[7] the words are:
Oh, the shark has pretty teeth, dear,
And he shows them pearly white
Just a jack-knife has Macheath, dear
And he keeps it out of sight.
Blitzstein's translation provides the basis for most of the popular versions heard today, including those by Louis Armstrong (1956) and Bobby Darin (1959; Darin's lyrics differ slightly), and most subsequent swing versions. Weill's widow, Lotte Lenya, the star of both the original 1928 German production and the 1954 Blitzstein Broadway version, was present in the studio during Armstrong's recording. He spontaneously added her name to the lyrics ("Look out, Miss Lotte Lenya"), which already named several of Macheath's female victims. The Armstrong version was later used by Bobby Darin.
The rarely heard final verse—not included in the original play, but added by Brecht for the 1931 movie—expresses the theme and compares the glittering world of the rich and powerful with the dark world of the poor:
Denn die einen sind im Dunkeln
Und die andern sind im Licht
Und man siehet die im Lichte
Die im Dunkeln sieht man nicht.
There are some who are in darkness
And the others are in light
And you see the ones in brightness
Those in darkness drop from sight.
1976 Manheim–Willett extension ("Moritat")[edit]
In 1976, a brand-new interpretation of "Mack the Knife" by Ralph Manheim and John Willett opened on Broadway, later made into a movie version starring Raúl Juliá as Mackie. This version, simply known as "Moritat", is an extension of the story with completely new lyrics that expound upon the tales of Macheath's trail of activity. Here is an excerpt:
See the shark with teeth like razors
All can read his open face
And Macheath has got a knife, but
Not in such an obvious place.
This version was performed by Lyle Lovett on the soundtrack of the 1994 film Quiz Show. Darin's and Lovett's versions play over the opening and closing credits, respectively. This interpretation was later also recorded by Sting and Nick Cave in the later part of the 1990s.
1994 translation[edit]
A much darker translation by Robert David MacDonald and Jeremy Sams into English was used for the 1994 Donmar Warehouse theatrical production in London. The new translation attempted to recapture the original tone of the song:
Though the shark's teeth may be lethal
Still you see them white and red
But you won't see Mackie's flick knife
Cause he slashed you and you're dead.
Popular song[edit]
"Mack the Knife"
Single by Bobby Darin
from the album That's All
B-side
"Was There a Call for Me"
Released
August 1959
Format
7"
Recorded
December 19, 1958 at Fulton Studios, New York City
Genre
Traditional pop, jazz
Length
3:11 (Album version)
3:04 (Single version)
Label
Atco (U.S.)
London (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht
Marc Blitzstein, Turk Murphy (English version)
Bobby Darin singles chronology
"Dream Lover"
(1959) "Mack the Knife"
(1959) "Beyond the Sea"
(1960)
"Mack the Knife" was introduced to the United States hit parade by Louis Armstrong in 1956, but the song is most closely associated with Bobby Darin, who recorded his version at Fulton Studios on West 40th Street, New York City, on December 19, 1958 (with Tom Dowd engineering the recording). Even though Darin was reluctant to release the song as a single,[8] in 1959 it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Black Singles chart, and earned him a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Dick Clark had advised Darin not to record the song because of the perception that, having come from an opera, it would not appeal to the rock and roll audience. In subsequent years, Clark recounted the story with good humor. Frank Sinatra, who recorded the song with Quincy Jones on his L.A. Is My Lady album, called Darin's the "definitive" version. Billboard ranked this version as the No. 2 song for 1959. Darin's version was No. 3 on Billboard's All Time Top 100.[9] In 2003, the Darin version was ranked #251 on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list. On BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, pop mogul Simon Cowell named "Mack the Knife" the best song ever written. Darin's version of the song was featured in the movies Quiz Show and What Women Want. Both Armstrong and Darin's versions were inducted by the Library of Congress in the National Recording Registry in 2016.[10]
Brecht's original German language version was appropriated for a series of humorous and surreal blackout skits by television pioneer Ernie Kovacs, showing, between skits, the soundtrack displayed on an oscilloscope.[11]
Ella Fitzgerald made a famous live recording in 1960 (released on Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife) in which, after forgetting the lyrics after the first verse, she improvised new lyrics in a performance that earned her a Grammy Award. Robbie Williams also recorded the song on his 2001 album Swing When You're Winning, and performed it as the first song after the arrival of the Queen during the Diamond Jubilee Concert in 2012, referencing Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie.
Other notable versions include performances by Dave Van Ronk, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Tony Bennett, Marianne Faithfull, Nick Cave, Brian Setzer, Kevin Spacey, Westlife, and Michael Bublé. Swiss band The Young Gods radically reworked the song in industrial style, while jazz legend Sonny Rollins recorded an instrumental version entitled simply "Moritat" in 1956. A 1959 instrumental performance by Bill Haley & His Comets was the final song the group recorded for Decca Records. Deana Martin recorded "Mack the Knife" on her second studio album, Volare, released in 2009 by Big Fish Records.
Tito Puente also recorded an instrumental version. Salsa musician Rubén Blades recorded an homage entitled "Pedro Navaja".[12] Brazilian composer Chico Buarque, in his loose adaptation of Threepenny Opera (Ópera do Malandro), made two versions called "O Malandro" and "O Malandro № 2", with lyrics in Portuguese. Liberace regularly performed a variant in which he played the song successively in five styles: as originally written, in the style of a Johann Strauss waltz, as a music box, in a bossa nova rhythm, and in what Liberace considered a popular American style.
The chorus to the song "Haifisch" ("Shark") by Rammstein is inspired by "Mack the Knife".
Parodies[edit]
The song has been parodied numerous times. Steve Martin parodied "Mack the Knife" in his opening monologue to the premiere of Saturday Night Live's third season in 1977. In the mid-1980s, McDonald's introduced Mac Tonight, a character whose signature song was based on "Mack the Knife". There was a skit on The Muppet Show, where the characters play upon the sinister nature of the lyrics.[13] American political parodists the Capitol Steps used the tune for their song "Pack the Knife" on their 2002 album When Bush Comes to Shove.
See also[edit]
List of 1920s jazz standards
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1950s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Friedwald, Will (2002). Stardust Melodies: The Biography of Twelve of America's Most Popular Songs. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 79. ISBN 0-375-42089-4.
Jump up ^ Farneth, David (2000). Kurt Weill: A Life in Pictures and Documents. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press. pp. 75–78. ISBN 0-87951-721-2.
Jump up ^ Friedwald, Will (2002). Stardust Melodies: The Biography of Twelve of America's Most Popular Songs. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-375-42089-4.
Jump up ^ "Song: La complainte de Mackie". Secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Jos Willems (2006). All of Me: The Complete Discography of Louis Armstrong. Scarecrow Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-8108-5730-8. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Threepenny Opera (Cochran/Krimsky) at the Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Threepenny Opera (Blitzstein) at the Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Bobby Darin interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ "Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ "New Entries to National Recording Registry". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ Ernie Kovacs – "Mack the Knife" Take 4, includes car dropping through floor on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Pedro Navaja". MaestraVida.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ The Muppet Show: Dr Teeth & Sam The Eagle – "Mack The Knife" on YouTube
External links[edit]
"Mackie Messer" on YouTube, sung by Lotte Lenya (3:39)
Bertolt Brecht sings "Die Moritat von Mackie Messer" on YouTube (2:48)
Bobby Darin "Mack the Knife" website
"What's the story behind 'Mack the Knife'?", The Straight Dope, 1 April 2004
ibdb.com info on the 7 Broadway productions
Steve Martin's comedy monologue on Saturday Night Live parodying "Mack the Knife"
Lyrics
show
v
t
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Grammy Award for Record of the Year
1959−1980
"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" by Domenico Modugno (1959)
"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1960)
"Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1961)
"Moon River" by Henry Mancini (1962)
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini (1964)
"The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965)
"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (1966)
"Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (1967)
"Up, Up and Away" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1968)
"Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1969)
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1971)
"It's Too Late" by Carole King (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack (1974)
"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John (1975)
"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (Daryl Dragon, Toni Tennille) (1976)
"This Masquerade" by George Benson (1977)
"Hotel California" by Eagles (Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner, Joe Walsh) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" by Christopher Cross (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes (1982)
"Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro) (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner (1985)
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa (1986)
"Higher Love" by Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" by Bette Midler (1990)
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1991)
"Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (1994)
"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal (1996)
"Change the World" by Eric Clapton (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" by Shawn Colvin (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (1999)
"Smooth" by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2001)
"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" by Norah Jones (2003)
"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey, Chris Martin) (2004)
"Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles and Norah Jones (2005)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Frank Edwin Wright III) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison) (2007)
"Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (2008)
"Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant (2009)
"Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) (2010)
"Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum (Hillary Scott, Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele (2012)
"Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2013)
"Get Lucky" by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2015)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2016)
"Hello" by Adele (2017)
"24K Magic" by Bruno Mars (2018)
show
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e
Bertolt Brecht's and Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera (1928)
Source
John Gay's The Beggar's Opera
Films
The Threepenny Opera (1931)
Mack the Knife (1989)
Songs
"Mack the Knife"
"Pirate Jenny"
"What Keeps Mankind Alive?"
Related
Threepenny Novel
show
v
t
e
Lotte Lenya
Songs
"Alabama Song"
"Mack the Knife"
"My Ship"
"Pirate Jenny"
"The Saga of Jenny"
"September Song"
"Speak Low"
Related articles
Rosa Klebb
Bertolt Brecht
Kurt Weill
George Davis
"Laléna"
LoveMusik
Book:Lotte Lenya
show
v
t
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Bobby Darin
Discography
Studio albums
Bobby Darin (1958)
That's All (1959)
This is Darin (1960)
For Teenagers Only (1960)
The 25th Day of December (1960)
Two of a Kind (1961)
Love Swings (1961)
Twist with Bobby Darin (1961)
Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles (1962)
Things and Other Things (1962)
Oh! Look at Me Now (1962)
You're the Reason I'm Living (1963)
It's You or No One (1963)
18 Yellow Roses (1963)
Earthy! (1963)
Golden Folk Hits (1963)
Winners (1964)
From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie (1964)
Venice Blue (1965)
Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile (1966)
In a Broadway Bag (Mame) (1966)
If I Were a Carpenter (1966)
Inside Out (1967)
Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle (1967)
Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto (1968)
Commitment (1969)
Live albums
Darin at the Copa (1960)
Live at the Desert Inn (1987)
Compilation albums
The Bobby Darin Story (1961)
Aces Back to Back (2004)
Singles
"Splish Splash"
"Early in the Morning"
"Queen of the Hop"
"Dream Lover"
"Mack the Knife"
"Beyond the Sea"
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby"
"Things"
"You're the Reason I'm Living"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Darlin' Be Home Soon"
Related articles
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Dream Lover: The Bobby Darin Musical
Book:Bobby Darin
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Public Melody Number One (1937)
When the Saints Go Marching In (1939)
You Won't Be Satisfied (Until You Break My Heart) (1946)
When We Are Dancing (1951)
What a Wonderful World (1968)
Albums
Satchmo at Pasadena (1951)
Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy (1955)
Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo, Vol. 1 (1955)
Louis and the Angels (1957)
Louis and the Good Book (1958)
Satchmo In Style (1959)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
Struttin' (1996)
With Ella Fitzgerald
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The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve
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Songs
Willie the Weeper
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Ain't Misbehavin'
When the Saints Go Marching In
Mack the Knife (1956)
Autumn in New York
On My Way (1959)
Uncle Satchmo's Lullaby (1959)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
What a Wonderful World (1967)
We Have All the Time in the World (1969)
Alexander's Ragtime Band
April in Paris
Back Home Again in Indiana
Basin Street Blues
Big Butter and Egg Man
Blue Turning Grey Over You
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Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen
Now You Has Jazz
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text:
2017 America's Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
35th America's Cup
The defending yacht 17
Defender United States
Defender club:
Golden Gate Yacht Club
Yacht:
17[1]
Challenger New Zealand
Challenger club:
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
Yacht:
Aotearoa[2]
Competition
Location:
Great Sound, Bermuda
Dates:
17–26 June 2017
Rule:
AC50
Winner:
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
Score:
1 7
The 2017 America's Cup was the 35th staging of the America's Cup yacht race. The challenger, Emirates Team New Zealand, won by a score of 7 to 1 over the defender, Oracle Team USA. It was held on the Great Sound in Bermuda from June 17 to June 26. The races were conducted using hydrofoiling AC50 America's Cup Class yachts, which are slightly larger than the AC45F yachts used in the 2015–16 America's Cup World Series.
It was Oracle's second defense of the America's Cup, four years after its first successful defense. Emirates Team New Zealand will now hope to defend the cup in the 36th America's Cup.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Venue
2 Challenger of Record
3 Rule changes
4 Teams
5 Technology
6 Qualifying events
7 Cup Match
8 References
9 External links
Venue[edit]
The 2017 America's Cup course was on the Great Sound in Bermuda, the venue at the Royal Naval Dockyard.
In June 2014, media reported the venue of the 34th America's Cup, San Francisco, was no longer in consideration to host the 35th edition. San Diego, Chicago and Bermuda were listed as being still in the running.[5] In July 2014, americascup.com reported that Chicago was dropped from the running,[6] and finally on 2 December 2014, Bermuda was announced as the host of the 2017 America's Cup. The Premier of Bermuda, Michael Dunkley, welcomed the teams, sponsors, and spectators at a press conference in New York.[7]
The financial package included in the bid by Bermuda was worth approximately US$77 million, including a $15 million sponsorship fee, $25 million for infrastructure improvements, $12 million operating costs and a $25 million guarantee against commercial sponsorships. Dr. Grant Gibbons, Bermuda's Minister for Economic Development, stated that the America's Cup had a possibility of generating revenue of up to US$250 million in Bermuda.[8]
Security arrangements at the Dockyard were assumed by HM's Royal Bermuda Regiment after termination of contract between the local security provider and the AC35.
Challenger of Record[edit]
Main article: 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup
On 1 October 2013, Australia's Hamilton Island Yacht Club[9] was confirmed as the "Challenger of Record" for the 35th America's Cup,[10] after submitting their paperwork only moments after the win by Oracle Team USA. The HIYC challenge was accepted by the Golden Gate Yacht Club, who was the Defender and Trustee of the America's Cup.[11] Australian businessman Bob Oatley, founder of Rosemount and owner of famed super maxi yacht Wild Oats XI, was confirmed to be the main financial backer of the Hamilton Island Yacht Club challenge.[12]
On 19 July 2014 Russell Coutts, Director of the America's Cup Event Authority (ACEA), announced that the Hamilton Island Yacht club had withdrawn Team Australia from the 35th America's Cup.[13][14] Team Australia claimed that the entry fee rules agreed to in the official protocol created too much risk due to the uncertainty of the then unknown venue and schedule of the event.
The Challenger of Record Committee (CORC) represents all of the challengers' interests and negotiates with Oracle over mutual concerns.[15] Luna Rossa replaced HIYC as the challenger of record.[16] In April 2015, Luna Rossa withdrew its challenge bid, pulling out of the 2017 America's Cup in protest at rule changes reducing the size of the boats.[17]
Rule changes[edit]
On 5 June 2014, it was announced that the regatta would be sailed in 62-foot-long (18.9 m) foiling catamarans, the AC62. The entry fee was $3 million. Each challenging team could build only one boat while Oracle Team USA could build two.[18] A nationality rule was agreed, requiring 25 percent of the crew to be from the entry's country. This nationality rule had been lifted prior to the 2003 America's Cup. The rules specified the combined weight of the crew could not exceed 525 kg. The neutral International adjudicating yachting panel was dropped in favour of a three-man panel appointed by the defender.
In March 2015, the teams voted to reduce the size of the boats to the 45- to 50-foot range,[19] leading to the withdrawal in protest of Luna Rossa. This in turn led to a joint statement from four teams attacking Team New Zealand which had supported Luna Rossa.[20]
Teams[edit]
The America's Cup was contested by its defender Oracle Team USA, who represent the Golden Gate Yacht Club. The challenger was Emirates Team New Zealand, for Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, who had defeated the other four challengers to win the Louis Vuitton America’s Cup Challenger Playoffs trophy.[21][22][23]
Technology[edit]
Teams were allowed to take onedesign AC45s out of measurement by modifying crossbeams, wings and rudders, adding hydraulic systems, as well as produce a maximum of six custom daggerboards to test on the existing platform ahead of building their race boat. All teams took advantage of this opportunity: Oracle Racing modified three AC45s, selling their first development boat to SoftBank Team Japan as part of their technology-sharing agreement and subsequently conducted a two-boat testing program with their last two boats; Land Rover BAR modified three AC45s and conducted a two-boat testing program with their last two boats; Artemis Racing modified two AC45s and conducted a two-boat testing program with them. Groupama Team France, Luna Rossa and Emirates Team New Zealand modified one AC45 each.[24] Luna Rossa later gifted their boat to Team New Zealand.[25]
Emirates Team New Zealand also modified SL33 foiling wingsail catamarans to try new ideas for its race boat, in which they produced a number of distinct features absent from other boats in the fleet: The two four-handed grinding pedestals on their development AC45 were replaced by four cycling stations; Peter Burling was the only helmsman to be relieved of daggerboard controls in order to focus on steering only; instead cyclor Blair Tuke undertook daggerboard deployment, trim and overall responsibility of pitch angle and ride height; Daggerboards were lengthier than those of other teams by virtue of a distinct dihedral bend in the middle of the hydrofoil tip.[26]
The rise in foiling catamarans encouraged competing teams to enter into technical partnerships with companies specializing in aerospace technologies. Land Rover BAR allied with Red Bull Advanced Technologies, headed by ten-time Formula 1 World Constructor's Championship car designer Adrian Newey. Oracle Team USA entered a technical partnership with Airbus. Artemis Racing allied with high performance engineering giant Cosworth. Luna Rossa Challenge had partnered with Lenovo to analyze and predict race simulations, assisting in the design of their boat.
Qualifying events[edit]
Main articles: 2015–16 America's Cup World Series and 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup
The America's Cup World Series was won by Land Rover BAR, earning two points to take into the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Qualifiers Round. The runner up was Oracle Team USA, earning one point to take into the Qualifiers Round.[27]
Oracle Team USA won the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Qualifiers Round, earning one point to take into the 2017 America's Cup competition. Emirates Team New Zealand, Land Rover BAR, Artemis Racing and SoftBank Team Japan advanced from the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Qualifiers Round to the Challenger Playoffs Semi-finals, while Groupama Team France was eliminated from further competition.[28]
Emirates Team New Zealand eliminated Land Rover BAR in the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Challenger Playoffs Semi-finals, advancing to the Challenger Playoffs against Artemis Racing who had eliminated SoftBank Team Japan in the other semi-final.[28]
Emirates Team New Zealand won the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Challenger Playoffs Final against Artemis, 5–2, advancing to face Oracle Team USA in the 2017 America's Cup.[28]
Cup Match[edit]
Races were held from 17 June. The first team to seven points wins and becomes the Defender of the America's Cup. Due to Oracle Team USA's win in the America's Cup Qualifiers, Emirates Team New Zealand started the match with a score of −1.
Wins marked in green
Date
Oracle Team USA
Emirates Team New Zealand
Delta
Score
pre-match qualifiers' champion 0 −1
17 June 21'37.697" 21'07.495" 00'30.202" 0 0
23'08.208" 21'40.662" 01'27.546" 0 1
18 June 20'02.219" 19'13.434" 00'48.785" 0 2
22'26.887" 21'15.216" 01'11.671" 0 3
24 June 22'38.055" 20'33.942" 02'04.113" 0 4
20'47.878" 20'59.180" 00'11.302" 1 4
25 June 20'35.000" 20'23.324" 00'11.676" 1 5
19'43.585" 19'13.593" 00'29.992" 1 6
26 June 22'18.190" 21'23.776" 00'54.414" 1 7
The first race of the day is scheduled each time at 2:00 pm ADT.[29] The race data were published on the official noticeboard.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ USA, ORACLE TEAM. "Spithill: "This is the boat we’re going to use to win the America’s Cup"". Archived from the original on 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Zealand, Emirates Team New. "EMIRATES TEAM NEW ZEALAND WILL CHALLENGE FOR THE AMERICA’S CUP - Emirates Team New Zealand". etnzblog.com.
Jump up ^ "Pedal power and poker faces: what drove New Zealand's America’s Cup success". Guardian. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup: How Emirates New Zealand Was Able to Rout Oracle Team USA". The New York Times. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup: Coutts eliminates San Francisco as 2017 venue". sail-world.com. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda and San Diego shortlisted as Americas Cup venues". americascup.com. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda is the home of the 2017 America's Cup". americascup.com. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda to pay $77 million to host America's Cup". sailingscuttlebutt.com. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Yacht Club Holiday Villas for Sale". Hamilton Island. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "AMERICA'S CUP FINAL PRESS CONFERENCE - DAY 15". YouTube.com. 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Stensholt, John (30 September 2013). "Bob Oatley funds Hamilton Island-based bid for America's Cup". BRW. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup: Aussie challenge have pulled out". 19 July 2014 – via New Zealand Herald.
Jump up ^ "Coutts 'disappointed' by Aussie withdrawal". Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2017 – via TVNZ.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup 2017? – Defenders and Challengers for the 35th Defense: Team List – from CupInfo". Cupinfo.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Italy hosting America's Cup World Series opener in coastal city of Cagliari stuff.co.nz, 23 January 2015
Jump up ^ "Luna Rossa pull out of America’s Cup in protest over reduced boat size". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "That sinking feeling it's time to bail out of America's Cup", 7 June 2014, DUNCAN GARNER, "Comment" column in The Dominion Post
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup Votes to Race Smaller Boats in 2017" Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 1 April 2015
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit' Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 3 April 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.rnzys.org.nz/2017/06/12/etnz-punches-ticket-to-the-americas-cup/
Jump up ^ http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2017/05/24/new-trophy-americas-cup-challenger/
Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/design/americas-cup-louis-vuitton-unveils-new-challengers-cup-trophy/
Jump up ^ Team New Zealand chasing in the development race, New Zealand Herald, 21 June 2016
Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/71320389/team-nz-get-luna-rossa-boat-as-sidelined-italians-help-kiwi-americas-cup-campaign
Jump up ^ Jardine, Mark (19 June 2017), Kiwi America's Cup domination – What can Oracle Team USA do about it?
Jump up ^ "Land Rover Bar Wins America's Cup World Series". Sailing World. 21 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Results". Americascup.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Cup, 35th America's. "AC35 Race Schedule". Archived from the original on 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Noticeboard". noticeboard.americascup.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
External links[edit]
America's Cup website
Artemis Racing
Ben Ainslie Racing
Team New Zealand
Oracle Racing
Groupama Team France
Golden Gate Yacht Club
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United Kingdom prison population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2014)
The United Kingdom has three distinct legal systems with a separate prison system in each: one for both England and Wales, one for Scotland, and one for Northern Ireland.
The total UK prison population is 85,975 (0.13% of the population), 82,056 men and 3,919 women.[1] Men are 22 times as likely as women to be imprisoned.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prison population
1.1 Veterans
1.2 Over-60s
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Prison population[edit]
Veterans[edit]
A growing number of British prisoners are former armed forces members. According to a study reported in the Guardian in 2009, 8,500 former servicemen were imprisoned, making up almost 10% of the prison population.[2]
Over-60s[edit]
The number of British prisoners aged over 60 years has risen by 130% between 2002 and 2013, a shift attributed to an increase in the convictions for historic sex abuse. The increase was reported after the 2012 commencement of Operation Yewtree, a police investigation into sexual abuse allegations—predominantly the abuse of children—against the British media personality Jimmy Savile and others.[3] In relation to over 4,000 over-60 prisoners in UK prisons, Professor David Wilson of Birmingham City University stated in July 2014:
Four out of 10 of these prisoners (the over-60s) were convicted of sex offences and people over 60 are the fastest growing age group in the prison estate, yet there is no national strategy for the elderly who get sent to prison ... The Prison Service needs to develop a strategy to cope with this fastest growing section of the prison population or they will simply be failing in their duty of care to the elderly people that they are locking up.[3]
See also[edit]
List of countries by incarceration rate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Prison population figures: 2016 - Publications - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
Jump up ^ Travis, Alan (2009-09-25). "Revealed: the hidden army in UK prisons". The Guardian. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Jamie Doward and Gaby Bissett (6 July 2014). "Rolf Harris leaves behind gilded lifestyle for vulnerable prison unit". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
External links[edit]
HM Prison Service - England and Wales
Scottish Prison Service
Northern Ireland Prison Service
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_prison_population&oldid=755456041"
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