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Eli (biblical figure)
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1645 painting by Jan Victors of Hannah presenting her son Samuel to Eli, who is seated on the right.
Eli (Hebrew: עלי, Modern ʻEli, Tiberian ʻĒlî, meaning "Ascent" or "above"; Ancient Greek: Ἠλί Ēli; Latin: Heli) was, according to the Books of Samuel, a High Priest of Shiloh.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical narrative
1.1 The sons of Eli
1.2 Samuel's training
1.3 Philistine attack and the death of Eli
1.4 Era
1.5 Identity
1.6 Descendants
2 Other sources
2.1 Talmud
2.2 Samaritan sources
3 See also
4 Notes and references
5 External links
Biblical narrative[edit]
Hannah is the wife of Elkanah. Elkanah also has another wife (Peninnah) who bore him children. Peninnah, at every chance, teases and criticises Hannah about her barrenness to the point of Hannah's deep despair. Her husband sees her distress and tries to uncover her deep despair with these questions. "Hannah, why do you weep? Why do you not eat? Why is your heart sad? Am I not more to you than ten sons?" The story indicates that Hannah gave no answer to the questions and rose and presented herself before God weeping bitterly in the temple.
When she is found in the temple by the priest she is praying silently, but her lips are moving. A priest called Eli witnesses this odd posture and concludes she is drunk. In her despair she prays to God for a child and if her prayer is granted she will give the son back to God. After Hannah's explanation of her sobriety, Eli blesses her with peace and a guarantee that God of Israel will grant her request. She goes home, eats and drinks with her husband, and is filled with hope. Subsequently, Hannah becomes pregnant; her child is named Samuel. The time comes to offer the yearly sacrifice at the temple but Hannah stays home. She promises to go to the temple when Samuel is weaned and plans to leave him with Eli to be trained as a Nazirite.
The book of Samuel records Hannah's prayer to God. She rejoices and exalts the Holy One there is no father like God, therefore, the nation should rejoice also in this Holy One. This story of Hannah intertwines itself with the culture of the nation of Israel. Eli is the high priest (kohen gadol) of Shiloh, the second-to-last Israelite judge (succeeded only by Samuel - see 1 Samuel 7:15) before the rule of the kings, therefore, the Shiloh tradition will become an old and lost tradition that when the prophet Jeremiah comes on the scene in the history of God's people, he will seek to renew and to bring back the way of the Shiloh tradition to the people of Israel because the kings have become wicked defiling the temple and tradition of God.
The sons of Eli[edit]
Depiction of Eli and Samuel by John Singleton Copley, 1780.
The sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, meanwhile, are behaving wickedly, for example by taking for themselves all the prime cuts of meat from sacrifices, and by committing adultery with the women who serve at the sanctuary entrance. Eli is aware of their behavior but he rebukes them too lightly and ultimately does not stop them. The sons continue in their sinful behavior, and so, according to the text, a man of God prophesies to Eli that Eli and his family will be punished for this, with all male descendants dying before reaching old age and being placed in positions subservient to prophets from other lineages.[1] The curse alludes to a previous (not appearing elsewhere in the Bible) promise from God of Eli's lineage continuing eternally (c.f. similar promises to King David and Jehonadab). While this continuation is not revoked, a curse is placed on all of Eli's male descendants forever. As a sign of the accuracy of this future, Eli is told by the man of God that his sons will die on the same day.
Samuel's training[edit]
Eli goes on to train Samuel. When Samuel hears God speaking to him, he at first thinks it is Eli; Eli, who doesn't hear God calling Samuel, eventually realizes the truth, and instructs Samuel on how to respond. Samuel is told that God's threat (which isn't elaborated further) will be carried out on Eli and his family, and that there is nothing that can be done to prevent it. Eli asks Samuel what he had been told, insisting that he be told the whole truth, and so Samuel does; Eli reacts by saying that God will do as he judges best.
Philistine attack and the death of Eli[edit]
שופטים
Judges in the Bible
Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges
Book of Joshua
Joshua
Book of Judges
Othniel
Ehud
Shamgar
Deborah
Gideon
Abimelech
Tola
Jair
Jephthah
Ibzan
Elon
Abdon
Samson
First Book of Samuel
Eli
Samuel
v
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Some years later, when Samuel has become an adult, the Philistines attack Eben-Ezer, eventually capturing the Ark of the Covenant from the Israelites and killing Eli's sons who accompany the Ark to battle as priests. The Israelites had brought the Ark with them to battle under the premise that there was no possible way God would allow it to enter enemy hands, an assumption that proved to be incorrect. Eli, who is nearly blind, is unaware of the event until he asks about all the commotion. Eli, sitting in a chair, is told what has happened by a soldier who has fled the battle. In reaction to the news that the Ark of God has been captured, Eli falls backwards out of the chair and dies from a broken neck, on the 10th day of Iyar.[2] He was a Judge of Israel for a total of 40 years, and dies at the age of 98. His daughter-in-law, the wife of Phinehas, is pregnant and near the time of delivery. When she hears the news that the Ark of God has been captured and that her father-in-law and husband are dead, she goes into labour and gives birth, but is overcome by labour pains. As she is dying, the women attending her say, Don't despair; you have given birth to a son. But she does not respond or pay any attention. She names the boy Ichabod, saying The Glory has departed from Israel- because of the capture of the Ark of God and the deaths of her father-in-law and her husband.
Era[edit]
The Philistine incursions spanned a period of 40 years; and Samson, who fought the Philistine incursions, judged Israel for 20 years. Some scholars, like Kessler,[3] and Nowack[4] have argued that there is likely to have been some overlap between the time of Samson and that of Eli.[5] However, the Book of Judges always mentions the years of oppression in contrast to the period of a judge's dispensation; since the early parts of Eli's rule do not appear to occur during a time of oppression, this appears to rule out any overlap with the Philistine oppression that Samson, a previous judge, had lived under.[5]
Identity[edit]
Though his own genealogy is not given by the text, a number of scholars have determined a genealogy for Eli, based on that given to his sons in other passages. Abiathar is described by the Book of Chronicles as being a direct (paternal) descendant of Ithamar; the Books of Samuel state that Abiathar was a son of Ahimelek and that Ahimelek was a son of Ahitub, who is the brother of Ichabod. Consequently, since the narrative states that Ichabod was the son of Phinehas, and that Phinehas was the son of Eli, a number of scholars have drawn the conclusion that Eli must be a descendant of Ithamar.[6]
Descendants[edit]
Ahimelech, great-grandson of Eli: slain by Doeg the Edomite, fulfilling part of the curse on the House of Eli that none of his male descendants would live to old age.[7] According to the Jewish Encyclopedia on David's descendant Jehoash of Judah: In Rabbinical Literature: As the extermination of the male descendants of David was a divine retribution for the extermination of the priests by Saul (comp. I Sam. xxii. 17-21), Joash escaped death because in the latter case one priest, Abiathar, survived (Sanh. 95b).
Abiathar, son of Ahimelech: the only survivor of the massacre at Nob; great-great-grandson of Eli and last High Priest of the House of Eli; deposed from office of High Priest which went to the house of Zadok after God deserted Abiathar and without which the Urim and Thummin could not be consulted (fulfilling the other part of the Curse on the House of Eli that the priesthood would pass out of his descendants hands-the house of Zadok was descended from the family of Eleazar and Phinehas)
Jeremiah: it is suggested that Jeremiah was descended from Abiathar. [8]
Rabbah bar Nahmani, Babylon Jewish Talmudist (Amora)
Abaye, Babylon Jewish Talmudist, nephew of Rabbah bar Nahmani (Amora)
Bebai ben Abaye, Babylon Jewish Talmudist, son of Abaye
Rabbah died at age 40 and his nephew Abaye died at age 60.[9][10]
Other sources[edit]
Talmud[edit]
The Talmud lists him as a prophet.[11]
Samaritan sources[edit]
The Samaritans assert that Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of Israel from the time that Joshua conquered Israel and the ten tribes settled the land. According to the Bible, the story of Mount Gerizim takes us back to the story of the time when Moses ordered Joshua to take the Twelve Tribes of Israel to the mountains by Shechem and place half of the tribes, six in number, on the top of Mount Gerizim (Mount of the Blessing), and the other half in Mount Ebal (Mount of the Curse). The two mountains were used to symbolize the significance of the commandments and serve as a warning to whoever disobeyed them.
“ The Samaritans have insisted that they are direct descendants of the Northern Israelite tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, who survived the destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians in 722 BC. The inscription of Sargon II records the deportation of a relatively small proportion of the Israelites (27,290, according to the annals), so it is quite possible that a sizable population remained that could identify themselves as Israelites, the term that the Samaritans prefer for themselves.
Samaritan historiography would place the basic schism from the remaining part of Israel after the twelve tribes conquered the land of Canaan, led by Yahshua. After Yahshua's death, Eli the priest left the tabernacle which Moses erected in the desert and established on Mount Gerizim, and built another one under his own rule in the hills of Shilo (1 Samuel 1:1-3; 2:12-17). Thus, he established both an illegitimate priesthood and an illegitimate place of worship.[12]
”
Abu l-Fath, who in the fourteenth century C.E. wrote the major work of Samaritan history, comments on Samaritan origins as follows:
“ A terrible civil war broke out between Eli son of Yafni, of the line of Ithamar, and the sons of Phineas, because Eli son of Yafni resolved to usurp the High Priesthood from the descendents of Phineas. He used to offer sacrifices on an altar of stones. He was 50 years old, endowed with wealth and in charge of the treasury of the children of Israel...
He offered a sacrifice on the altar, but without salt, as if he were inattentive. When the Great High Priest Ozzi learned of this, and found the sacrifice was not accepted, he thoroughly disowned him; and it is (even) said that he rebuked him.
Thereupon he and the group that sympathized with him, rose in revolt and at once he and his followers and his beasts set off for Shiloh. Thus Israel split in factions. He sent to their leaders saying to them, Anyone who would like to see wonderful things, let him come to me. Then he assembled a large group around him in Shiloh, and built a Temple for himself there; he constructed a place like the Temple (on Mount Gerizim). He built an altar, omitting no detail - it all corresponded to the original, piece by piece.
At this time the Children of Israel split into three factions. A loyal faction on Mount Gerizim; a heretical faction that followed false Gods; and the faction that followed Eli son of Yafni on Shiloh.[13]
”
Further, the Samaritan Chronicle Adler, or New Chronicle, believed to have been composed in the 18th century C.E. using earlier chronicles as sources states:
“ And the children of Israel in his days divided into three groups. One did according to the abominations of the Gentiles and served other Gods; another followed Eli the son of Yafni, although many of them turned away from him after he had revealed his intentions; and a third remained with the High Priest Uzzi ben Bukki, the chosen place, Mount Gerizim Bethel, in the holy city of Shechem.[14] ”
According to the Samaritans this marked the end of the Age of Divine Favor called רידון (Ridhwan) or רהוּתה (Rahuta), which began with Moses. Thus began the פנוּתה (Fanuta) Era of Divine Disfavor when God looks away from the people. According to the Samaritans the age of divine favor will only return with the coming of the Taheb (Messiah or Restorer).[15]
Likewise according to Samaritan sources the high Priests line of the sons of Phineas died out in 1624 C.E. with the death of the 112th High Priest Shlomyah ben Pinhas when the priesthood was transferred to the sons of Ithamar; see article Samaritan for list of High Priests from 1613 to 2013-the 132nd High priest of the Samaritans was Aharon ben Ab-Chisda ben Yaacob who was succeeded by Aabed-El ben Asher ben Matzliach (ironically Eli was of the House of Ithamar).
See also[edit]
Biblical judges
Books of Samuel
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Samuel 2 - New International Version". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ "Eli The High Priest - 2772 - 10 Iyar 2870/2871". www.chabad.org.
Jump up ^ Kessler, The Chronology of Judaism and The First of the Kings
Jump up ^ Nowack, Richter-Ruth
^ Jump up to: a b Jewish Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "article name needed". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company.
Jump up ^ Ohr Somayach, two Pillars for a Longer Life, accessed 22 May 2017
Jump up ^ "JEREMIAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ "Yevamot 100 - 106 by Rabbi Mendel Weinbach zt'l".
Jump up ^ "Abbaye - (4040-4100, 280-340)". www.chabad.org.
Jump up ^ "How many prophets were there and who were they? - philosophy prophecy history prophets torah the bible the prophets". www.askmoses.com.
Jump up ^ The Emergence of the Samaritan Community (Lecture given by Professor Abraham Tal at Mandelbaum House, August 2001) [1]
Jump up ^ The Keepers, An Introduction to the History and Culture of the Samaritans, by Robert T. Anderson and Terry Giles, Hendrickson Publishing, 2002, pages 11-12
Jump up ^ The Keepers, page 12
Jump up ^ The Keepers, page 13
External links[edit]
Media related to Eli (Bible) at Wikimedia Commons
Eli (biblical figure)
Tribe of Levi
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Samson Judge of Israel Succeeded by
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Pete's Dragon (2016 film)
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Pete's Dragon
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Lowery
Produced by
James Whitaker
Screenplay by
David Lowery
Toby Halbrooks
Based on
Pete's Dragon
by Malcolm Marmorstein
"Pete's Dragon"
by Seton I. Miller
S.S. Field
Starring
Bryce Dallas Howard
Oakes Fegley
Wes Bentley
Karl Urban
Oona Laurence
Robert Redford
Music by
Daniel Hart
Cinematography
Bojan Bazelli
Edited by
Lisa Zeno Churgin
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
Whitaker Entertainment
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Release date
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08) (El Capitan Theatre)
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$65 million[2]
Box office
$143.7 million[2]
Pete's Dragon is a 2016 American fantasy comedy-drama adventure film directed by David Lowery, written by Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and produced by James Whitaker. The film is a live-action reworking of the 1977 live-action/animated musical film of the same name written by Malcolm Marmorstein. The film stars Bryce Dallas Howard, Oakes Fegley, Wes Bentley, Karl Urban, Oona Laurence, and Robert Redford.[3] The film tells the story of an orphaned feral boy who befriends a dragon in the Pacific Northwest, and the ensuing repercussions of their discovery by the town's local residents.
Pete's Dragon premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on August 8, 2016 and was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States in 2D, Disney Digital 3-D, and RealD 3D formats on August 12, 2016.[4] The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $143 million worldwide against a $65 million production budget.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot
In 1977, Pete Healy, a five-year-old boy, is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near-collision with a deer. Pete’s mom and dad are killed, but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves. He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur, yellow eyes, and wings. The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy. Pete names the dragon "Elliot" after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book.
Six years later, Pete, now 11, spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home. Natalie, the daughter of the ethical site foreman Jack, spots and chases him. When Natalie accidentally falls from a tree, her screams attract her father Jack and his girlfriend, park ranger Grace Meacham. Pete tries to run away, but Gavin, Jack's pragmatic brother, accidentally knocks him unconscious. After realizing that Pete has vanished, Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp, leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him. Meanwhile, Pete wakes up in a local hospital, which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest. Before the police can catch the boy, Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day.
Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot's treehouse, but when they try to search it, Elliot reveals himself and scares them away. He follows them to town trying to find Pete. After seeing Pete settling in with Grace's family, he leaves. After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot, she shows her father, Mr. Meacham. He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man. He advises her to trust Pete, and to find Elliot.
The next day, Pete, Grace, Natalie, and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot. A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts, then lock him up in Jack's warehouse. Before the authorities can inspect the dragon, Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham.
Angered, Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them. When Elliot tries to fly, he crashes into the truck, damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade. Confused and frightened, Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police. The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat, causing Grace and Jack's truck to fall through. Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths. Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back. With a firefighting helicopter approaching, Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods.
Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers, just as Elliot protected him. However, Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together, Pete will always be in danger. He points out Pete's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack. Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott's safety, but ultimately trusts the dragon's judgment. After a very tearful hug, Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family.
In the years that follow, Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son. Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town's memory, but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience. Pete and his family eventually go on vacation, and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons.
Cast
Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham, a forest ranger.
Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy, a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon.
Levi Alexander as 5-year-old Pete
Wes Bentley as Jack Magary, a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie's father and Grace's boyfriend. He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin's more unethical tendencies.
Karl Urban as Gavin Magary, a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack's brother and Natalie's uncle. He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother's scruples.[5]
Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary, Jack's daughter and Gavin's niece.
Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham, Grace's father
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler
Marcus Henderson as Woodrow, a lumberjack
Aaron Jackson as Abner, a lumberjack
Phil Grieve as Bobby, a lumberjack
Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth
Ian Harcourt as Deputy West
Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls
John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon
Production
In March 2013, Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete's Dragon, as non-musical, dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and directed by Lowery. Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story, rather than a musical. It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s, rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film.[6][7]
The film was shot in live-action using Panavision Panaflex cameras. The dragon, Elliot, was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI, instead of the original hand-drawn animation.[8][9]
On September 19, 2014, Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie.[10] On October 2, Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film.[11] On October 16, Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods.[8] On November 20, Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role, a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon.[12] On January 7, 2015, Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film.[13] On January 9, Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast.[14] On January 29, Karl Urban replaced Hall.[15]
Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing.[16] Rehearsals began early January 2015,[17] while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April.[8][18] Live-action filming locations included Bay of Plenty, Taupo and Wellington, while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios.[19] On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced.[9] Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua, before transferring to Tapanui, where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks.[20][21] Production concluded on April 30, 2015.[22]
Soundtrack
Pete's Dragon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel Hart
Released
August 12, 2016
Recorded
2016
Studio
Air Studios
British Grove Studios
Genre
Soundtrack, Film score
Length
75:29
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Daniel Hart
Jake Jackson
David Lowery (exec.)
Jim Whitaker (exec.)
Adam Borba (exec.)
Daniel Hart film scores chronology
Lost in the Sun
(2015)Lost in the Sun2015 Pete's Dragon
(2016) Half the Perfect World
(2016)Half the Perfect World2016
Academy Award-winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film. He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart, who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films, most notably Ain't Them Bodies Saints (2013).[23] The soundtrack was released on August 12, 2016 by Walt Disney Records. Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack. Though the song was not used in the film, it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack. The original version, performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy (who played Nora in the original film), was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977.
Track listing
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "The Dragon Song" Bonnie “Prince” Billy 2:28
2. "Something Wild" Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness 3:43
3. "Nobody Knows" The Lumineers 3:08
4. "Something on Your Mind" St. Vincent 2:59
5. "So Long, Marianne" Leonard Cohen 5:38
6. "Gina Anne" Bosque Brown 2:40
7. "An Adventure" 3:04
8. "Are You Gonna Eat Me?" 2:31
9. "Brown Bunny" 1:01
10. "Reverie" 2:52
11. "Tree Fort" 1:03
12. "North Star" 1:25
13. "Bedtime Compass" 2:15
14. "Timber" 1:19
15. "Breathe" 2:27
16. "Gavin Knows What He's Doing" 3:42
17. "You Are Not Alone" 1:58
18. "Elliot Gets Lost" 4:26
19. "Takedown" 1:44
20. "It'll Be Just Like It Used to Be" 2:03
21. "Follow That Dragon" 3:01
22. "Elliot at the Bridge" 2:19
23. "Abyss" 1:35
24. "Go North" 1:44
25. "Saying Goodbye" 5:03
26. "The Bravest Boy I've Ever Met" 2:46
27. "The Dragon Song Revisited" Bonnie “Prince” Billy 2:34
28. "Candle on the Water" Okkervil River 4:01
Total length: 75:29
Reception
Box office
Pete's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $143.7 million, against a budget of $65 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Pete's Dragon opened on August 12, 2016, across 3,702 theaters, of which 2,884 were in 3D, and 150 were premium large-format screens, as well as in 57 D-Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites.[24] It was projected to gross $20–25 million in its opening weekend.[25] The film did not have Thursday night previews, and made $7 million on its first day, Friday.[26] In its opening weekend, it earned $21.5 million, finishing third at the box office, behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party.[27] The opening was reminiscent of Disney's July release The BFG, which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days,[28] and far from the $67–116 million debuts of other Disney live action-adaptations, such as Cinderella, Maleficent, Oz: The Great and Powerful, The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland. However, many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure, given the film's modest budget, and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films' respective source material.[26][29] Disney’s distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying, "People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice, solid run."[30] Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney "live-action fairy tale."[26] Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday (-55%), it fell just by 47.2% on its second weekend, grossing $11.3 million.[31] On its third weekend, it fell just by 35%, grossing $7.3 million.[32] The following weekend, Pete's Dragon declined only 14.7%, grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place.[33][34]
Outside North America, Pete's Dragon received a scattered release pattern.[35] The film was released day-and-date in conjucture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets (roughly 30% of the overseas market), including the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia.[24] It earned a total of $5.3 million, with Russia ($1.5 million), Italy ($1.4 million) and the U.K. ($1.1 million) representing its largest takings.[35] Moreover, it also opened in France ($1.8 million).[36] It had just a 1% drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend.[36] It expanded to Germany the following weekend and continued its roll out in Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Korea throughout September, and finally Japan on December 23.[25][35]
Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88%, based on 217 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Pete's Dragon continues Disney's current live-action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet, soulful charm."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A".[39]
The movie was given three-and-a-half out of four stars in The New York Post by Kyle Smith who called it, "A cinematic enchantment" as well as, "one of the year’s best movies."[40] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Thanks to director David Lowery's humanizing magic, this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart."[41] Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a "B+" and said that while the remake, "may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete's Dragon," she overall concluded that "this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works, too."[42] Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its "honest effort to entertain and enthrall" audiences rather than simply being a cash grab.[43]
Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying, "It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete's Dragon is middling on a larger scale, but it's not entirely inaccurate either."[44] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "While Pete's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature, it is less successful in rendering real human emotion."[45]
Accolades
Award
Date of Ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Golden Tomato Awards January 12, 2017 Best Kids/Family Movie 2016 Pete's Dragon 4th Place [46]
Heartland Film Festival October 30, 2016 Truly Moving Picture Award David Lowery, Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Won [47]
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards March 11, 2017 Favorite Movie Pete's Dragon Nominated [48]
Saturn Awards June 28, 2017 Best Fantasy Film Pete's Dragon Nominated [49]
Home media
Pete's Dragon was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 29, 2016.[50] The film topped the home video sales charts for the week ending on December 4, 2016.[51]
The movie is available on Netflix "watch instantly" as of March 15, 2017.[52]
References
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Pete's Dragon (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bulbeck, Pip (August 17, 2015). "New Zealand Merges Film Agencies". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (January 13, 2015). "Pete's Dragon for Set for 2016, Ghost in the Shell for 2017". comingsoon.net. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Karl Urban replaces Michael C. Hall". Retrieved 30 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Guerrasio, Jason (August 11, 2016). "How this director went from making small indie movies to Disney's $65 million new blockbuster". Business Insider. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "After Gritty Sundance Debut On ‘Ain’t Them Bodies Saints’, David Lowery To Reinvent ‘Pete’s Dragon’ For Disney." Deadline Hollywood (March 19, 2013).
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Rebecca (October 16, 2014). "Robert Redford in Talks for Disney's 'Pete's Dragon'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Evry, Max (February 10, 2015). "Filming Begins on PETE'S DRAGON Remake; Karl Urban and Wes Bentley Join Cast". comingsoon.net. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 19, 2014). "Disney Finds Its Pete For 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". Variety. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caranicas, Peter (October 2, 2014). "Below the Line Bookings". Variety. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (November 20, 2014). "Bryce Dallas Howard in Talks to Join 'Pete's Dragon'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda; Sneider, Jeff (January 7, 2015). "Wes Bentley Joins Robert Redford in Disney Remake 'Pete's Dragon'". TheWrap. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 9, 2015). "Michael C. Hall Joins Disney's 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". Variety. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 29, 2015). "Karl Urban to Replace Michael C. Hall in Disney's 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". TheWrap. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Casting call for Disney feature film Pete’s Dragon lead role." Archived August 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
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Jump up ^ Bulbeck, Pip (November 20, 2014). "Disney Confirms New Zealand Shoot for 'Pete's Dragon'". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Disney's Pete's Dragon Filming Locations". newzealand.com. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Paula. "David Lowery's Production Diary for 'Pete's Dragon': Transitioning from Indie to Hollywood". Indiewire. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Daniel Hart Scoring Disney's 'Pete's Dragon'". Film Music Reporter. May 2, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (August 9, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Secures Record Monday Haul For August, Eyes $51M-$54M In 2nd Weekend – B.O. Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Dave McNarry (August 9, 2016). "Box Office: 'Suicide Squad' to Easily Keep Top Spot Over 'Pete's Dragon,' 'Sausage Party'". Variety. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Scott Mendelson (August 13, 2016). "Friday Box Office: 'Sausage Party' Cooks 'Suicide Squad,' 'Pete's Dragon' Opens Just Okay". Forbes. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (August 14, 2016). "Weekend Box Office: 'Sausage Party' Sizzles With $33M, 'Pete's Dragon' Fails To Soar". Forbes. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (August 13, 2016). "'Sausage Party' Loud In 2nd With $32M+ As 'Suicide Squad' Drops Its Guns: Saturday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brent Lang (August 28, 2016). "Box Office: 'Sausage Party' Scores With $33.6 Million, 'Suicide Squad' Plunges in Second Weekend". Variety. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (August 20, 2016). "Friday Box Office: 'Sausage Party' And 'Pete's Dragon' Drop Off, 'Bad Moms' Hangs Tough". Forbes. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (August 14, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Tops $243M Offshore & Rises To $466M Global; Will It Hang Onto #1 In 3rd Frame?- Intl Box Office Final". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (August 22, 2016). "Universal Pictures 'Pets' Collars $674M WW; 'Suicide Squad' Necks $575M Through Sunday – Intl B.O. Final". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Kyle Smith (August 11, 2016). "'Pete's Dragon' is surprisingly one of the year's best movies". New York Post. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peter Travers (August 11, 2016). "'Pete's Dragon' Review: Finally, a Summer-Movie Remake That Works". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nancy Churnin (August 11, 2016). "Realistic 'Pete's Dragon' reboot owes more to 'E.T.' than the original, but that's OK (B+)". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barry Hertz (August 12, 2016). "Pete's Dragon asks its audience to side with magic over cynicism". Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny (August 11, 2016). "Review: In 'Pete's Dragon,' a Magical Bond in Peril Again". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
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External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pete's Dragon (2016 film)
Official website
Pete's Dragon on IMDb
Pete's Dragon at Box Office Mojo
Disney's Pete's Dragon film locations and information from "The Home of Disney's Pete's Dragon" - New Zealand.
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VO2 max
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
VO2 max (also maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise (exercise of increasing intensity).[1][2] The name is derived from V - volume, O2 - oxygen, max - maximum. Maximal oxygen consumption reflects the cardiorespiratory fitness of an individual and is an important determinant of their endurance capacity during prolonged exercise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Health
2 Expression
3 Measurement
3.1 Fick equation
4 Estimation
4.1 Uth–Sørensen–Overgaard–Pedersen estimation
4.2 Cooper test
4.3 Multi-stage fitness test
4.4 Rockport fitness walking test
4.5 Firstbeat method
5 Levels
6 Limiting factors
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Health[edit]
VO2 max is widely used as an indicator of health. In 2016, the American Heart Association published a scientific statement[3] recommending that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), quantifiable as VO2 max, be regularly assessed and utilized as a clinical vital sign. This statement was based on mounting evidence that lower fitness levels are associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and mortality rates stemming from various types of cancers. In addition to risk assessment, the AHA recommendation cited the value measuring fitness for validating exercise prescription, physical activity counseling, and improving both patient management and patient health.
Expression[edit]
VO2 max is expressed either as an absolute rate in (for example) litres of oxygen per minute (L/min) or as a relative rate in (for example) millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute (e.g., mL/(kg·min)). The latter expression is often used to compare the performance of endurance sports athletes. However, VO2 max generally does not vary linearly with body mass, either among individuals within a species or among species, so comparisons of the performance capacities of individuals or species that differ in body size must be done with appropriate statistical procedures, such as analysis of covariance.[1][2]
Measurement[edit]
VO2 max measurement through a modern metabolic cart during a graded exercise test on a treadmill
Accurately measuring VO2 max involves a physical effort sufficient in duration and intensity to fully tax the aerobic energy system. In general clinical and athletic testing, this usually involves a graded exercise test (either on a treadmill or on a cycle ergometer) in which exercise intensity is progressively increased while measuring:
ventilation and
oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration of the inhaled and exhaled air.
VO2 max is reached when oxygen consumption remains at a steady state despite an increase in workload.
Fick equation[edit]
Main article: Fick principle
VO2 max is properly defined by the Fick equation:
V O 2 m a x = Q × ( C a O 2 − C v O 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {VO_{2}\;max} =Q\times \ (\mathrm {C_{a}O_{2}} -\mathrm {C_{v}O_{2}} )} , when these values are obtained during an exertion at a maximal effort.
where Q is the cardiac output of the heart, CaO2 is the arterial oxygen content, and CvO2 is the venous oxygen content.
(CaO2 – CvO2) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.[4]
Estimation[edit]
Tests measuring VO2 max can be dangerous in individuals who are not considered normal healthy subjects, as any problems with the respiratory and cardiovascular systems will be greatly exacerbated in clinically ill patients. Thus, many protocols for estimating VO2 max have been developed for those for whom a traditional VO2 max test would be too risky. These generally are similar to a VO2 max test, but do not reach the maximum of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and are called sub-maximal tests.
Uth–Sørensen–Overgaard–Pedersen estimation[edit]
Another estimate of VO2 max, based on maximum and resting heart rates, was created by a group of researchers from Denmark.[5] It is given by:
V O 2 max ≈ HR max HR rest × 15.3 mL / ( kg·minute ) . {\displaystyle {\text{V}}{\ce {O2}}{\text{ max}}\approx {\frac {{\text{HR}}_{\text{max}}}{{\text{HR}}_{\text{rest}}}}\times 15.3{\text{ mL}}/({\text{kg·minute}}).}
This equation uses the ratio of maximum heart rate (HRmax) to resting heart rate (HRrest) to predict VO2 max. The researchers cautioned that the conversion rule was based on measurements on well-trained men aged 21 to 51 only, and may not be reliable when applied to other sub-groups. They also advised that the formula is most reliable when based on actual measurement of maximum heart rate, rather than an age-related estimate.
Cooper test[edit]
Kenneth H. Cooper conducted a study for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s. One of the results of this was the Cooper test in which the distance covered running in 12 minutes is measured. Based on the measured distance, an estimate of VO2 max [in mL/(kg·min)] is:[6]
V O 2 m a x ≈ d 12 − 504.9 44.73 {\displaystyle \mathrm {VO_{2}\;max} \approx {d_{12}-504.9 \over 44.73}}
where d12 is distance (in metres) covered in 12 minutes
An alternative equation is:
V O 2 m a x ≈ ( 35.97 ∗ d m i l e s 12 ) − 11.29 {\displaystyle \mathrm {VO_{2}\;max} \approx {(35.97*dmiles_{12})-11.29}}
where dmiles12 is distance (in miles) covered in 12 minutes,
Multi-stage fitness test[edit]
There are several other reliable tests and VO2 max calculators to estimate VO2 max, most notably the multi-stage fitness test (or beep test).[7]
Rockport fitness walking test[edit]
Estimation of VO2 max from a timed one-mile track walk with duration t, incorporating gender, age, body weight in pounds (BW), and heart rate (HR) at the end of the mile.[8] The factor x is 6.3150 for males, 0 for females. BW is in lbs, time is in minutes.
V O 2 m a x ≈ 132.853 − 0.0769 B W − 0.3877 age − 3.2649 t − 0.1565 H R + x {\displaystyle \mathrm {VO_{2}\;max} \approx 132.853-0.0769BW-0.3877{\text{age}}-3.2649t-0.1565HR+x}
Firstbeat method[edit]
The Firstbeat method of VO2 max estimation, of which a patent application was filed in 2012,[9] is widely licensed and used in consumer technology applications.[10] The first consumer fitness device utilizing the Firstbeat method of VO2 max estimation was the Garmin Forerunner 620, released in 2013.[11] Since then, Suunto, Jabra, Huawei, and PulseOn[12] have also introduced products that utilize the Firstbeat method.[13]
The method relies on an analysis of the linear relationship between oxygen consumption and running speed, meaning that the oxygen cost of running increases when running speed increases. To facilitate analysis and enhance accuracy, timed segments of recorded activity data are identified on the basis of heart rate ranges and reliability; and only the most reliable segments are utilized. This allows the method to be applied to freely performed running, walking and cycling activities and diminishes the need for dedicated fitness testing protocols. The calculation requires user basic anthropometric data (age, gender, height, weight, etc.), heartbeat data (internal workload), and a measure of external workload.[14]
External workload running/walking: movement speed obtained from either GPS or accelerometer sensors
External workload cycling: power output expressed in watts and measured by a power meter.
VO2 max estimates provided by the Firstbeat method are most accurate during running activities that utilize GPS to capture external workload data. This combination has been validated to be 95% accurate compared to laboratory testing.[14] Because the Firstbeat estimation method is sub-maximal in nature, accuracy of the estimate is strongly tied to validity of the HRmax value used in the calculation.[14]
Levels[edit]
The average untrained healthy male will have a VO2 max of approximately 35–40 mL/(kg·min).[15][16] The average untrained healthy female will score a VO2 max of approximately 27–31 mL/(kg·min).[15] These scores can improve with training and decrease with age, though the degree of trainability also varies very widely: conditioning may double VO2 max in some individuals, and will never improve it in others. In one study, 10% of participants showed no benefit after completing a 20-week conditioning program, although the other 90% of the test subjects all showed substantial improvements in fitness to varying degree.[17][18]
In sports where endurance is an important component in performance, such as cycling, rowing, cross-country skiing, swimming and running, world-class athletes typically have high VO2 maxima. Elite male runners can consume up to 85 mL/(kg·min), and female elite runners can consume about 77 mL/(kg·min).[19] Five time Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain is reported to have had a VO2 max of 88.0 at his peak, while cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie measured at 96 mL/(kg·min).[20] Dæhlie's result was achieved out of season, and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 mL/(kg·min) at his absolute peak. Norwegian cyclist Oskar Svendsen is thought to have recorded the highest VO2 max of 97.5 mL/(kg·min), when aged 18.[21]
The highest values in absolute terms for humans are often found in rowers, as their much greater bulk makes up for a slightly lower VO2 max per kg. Elite oarsmen measured in 1984 had VO2 max values of 6.1±0.6 L/min and oarswomen 4.1±0.4 L/min.[22] Rowers are interested in both absolute values of VO2 max and in lung capacity, and the fact that they are measured in similar units means that the two are often confused. British rower Sir Matthew Pinsent is variously reported to have had a VO2 of 7.5 L/min[23] or 8.5 L/min, although the latter may represent confusion with his lung capacity of 8.5 litres.[24] New Zealand sculler Rob Waddell has one of the highest absolute VO2 max levels ever tested.[25]
Values have been measured in some other animal species: thoroughbred horses have a VO2 max of around 180 mL/(kg·min). Siberian dogs running in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race have VO2 max values as high as 240 mL/(kg·min).[26]
Limiting factors[edit]
The factors affecting VO2 are often divided into supply and demand.[27] Supply is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the mitochondria (including lung diffusion, stroke volume, blood volume, and capillary density of the skeletal muscle) while demand is the rate at which the mitochondria can reduce oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.[27] Of these, the supply factor is often considered to be the limiting one.[27][28] However, it has also been argued that while trained subjects probably are supply limited, untrained subjects can indeed have a demand limitation.[29]
Tim Noakes, a professor of exercise and sports science at the University of Cape Town, describes a number of factors that may affect VO2 max: age, sex, fitness and training, changes in altitude, and action of the ventilatory muscles.[30] Noakes also asserts that VO2 max is a relatively poor predictor of performance in runners due to variations in running economy and fatigue resistance during prolonged exercise.[30]
Cardiac output, pulmonary diffusion capacity, oxygen carrying capacity, and other peripheral limitations like muscle diffusion capacity, mitochondrial enzymes, and capillary density are all examples of VO2 max determinants. The body works as a system. If one of these factor is sub-par, then the whole system loses its normal capacity to function properly.[29]
The drug erythropoietin (EPO) can boost VO2 max by a significant amount in both humans and other mammals.[31] This makes EPO attractive to athletes in endurance sports, such as professional cycling. EPO has been banned since the 1990s as an illicit performance-enhancing substance. But in 1998 it became widespread in cycling and led to the Festina affair[32][33] as well as being mentioned ubiquitously in the USADA 2012 report on the US Postal team.[34] Greg LeMond has suggested establishing a baseline for riders' VO2 max (and other attributes) to detect abnormal performance increases.[35]
See also[edit]
Anaerobic exercise
Arteriovenous oxygen difference
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Comparative physiology
VDOT
Oxygen pulse
Respirometry
Training effect
vVO2max
Running economy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Clemente C. J.; Withers P. C.; Thompson G. G. (2009). "Australian varanid". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 97 (3): 664–676. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01207.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Dlugosz E. M., Chappell M. A., Meek T. H., Szafrañska P., Zub K., Konarzewski M., Jones J. H., Bicudo J. E. P. W., Careau V., Garland T., Jr (2013). "Phylogenetic analysis of mammalian maximal oxygen consumption during exercise". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (24): 4712–4721. doi:10.1242/jeb.088914. PMID 24031059. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Ross, Robert; Blair, Steven N.; Arena, Ross; Church, Timothy S.; Després, Jean-Pierre; Franklin, Barry A.; Haskell, William L.; Kaminsky, Leonard A.; Levine, Benjamin D. (2016-01-01). "Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation: CIR.0000000000000461. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 27881567.
Jump up ^ "Arteriovenous oxygen difference". Sports Medicine, Sports Science and Kinesiology. Net Industries and its Licensors. 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Uth, Niels; Henrik Sørensen; Kristian Overgaard; Preben K. Pedersen (January 2004). "Estimation of VO2max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest--the Heart Rate Ratio Method". Eur J Appl Physiol. 91 (1): 111–5. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0988-y. PMID 14624296.
Jump up ^ "Cooper's Formula VO2 Max Calculator".
Jump up ^ [Leger, Luc A., and J_ Lambert. "A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict\ dot VO2 max." European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology 49.1 (1982): 1-12.]
Jump up ^ Kilne G, et al. (1987). "Estimation of VO2 max from a one mile track walk, gender, age and body weight". Med Sci. Sports Exerc. 19: 253–259.
Jump up ^ "US Patent Application for METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE FITNESS INDEX OF A PERSON Patent Application (Application #20140088444 issued March 27, 2014) - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ "VO2max Fitness Level - Firstbeat". Firstbeat. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Garmin Forerunner 620 In-Depth Review". DC Rainmaker. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ PulseOn
Jump up ^ "Consumer Products - Firstbeat". Firstbeat. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c Firstbeat Technologies (2014-11-11). "Automated Fitness Level (VO2max) Estimation with Heart Rate and Speed Data" (PDF). www.firstbeat.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Heyward, V (1998). "Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription, 3rd Ed". p. 48.
Jump up ^ Guyton, A.; Hall, J.E. (2011). "Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Ed". pp. 1035–1036.
Jump up ^ Bouchard, Claude; Ping An; Treva Rice; James S. Skinner; Jack H. Wilmore; Jacques Gagnon; Louis Perusse; Arthus S. Leon; D. C. Rao (September 1, 1999). "Familial aggregation of VO(2max) response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study". Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (3): 1003–1008. PMID 10484570. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ Kolata, Gina (February 12, 2002). "Why Some People Won't Be Fit Despite Exercise". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ Noakes, Tim (2001). The Lore of Running. (3rd edition) Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-88011-438-7
Jump up ^ VO2 max faq
Jump up ^ If all goes to plan, big future predicted for junior world champion Oskar Svendsen
Jump up ^ Hagerman, FC (Jul–Aug 1984). "Applied physiology of rowing". Sports Med. 1 (4): 303–26. doi:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00005. PMID 6390606.
Jump up ^ Bailey, James. "Intensity (3 of 6)". Q-power indoor rowing team.
Jump up ^ "What happens in a VO2 max test?". BBC Sport. 2009. - see an example here [1], which suggests that although British rower Pete Reed has recorded a lung capacity of 11.68 litres,(Hounslow Chronicle) Pinsent still regards his VO2 record as safe. A large lung capacity appears to be a particular advantage for rowing as it allows a rower to row more strokes at one breath per stroke.
Jump up ^ Gough, Martin (17 June 2009). "Monsters wanted". BBC.
Jump up ^ Cornell Science News
^ Jump up to: a b c Bassett D.R Jr.; Howley E.T. (2000). "Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32 (1): 70–84. doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.
Jump up ^ Bassett D.R Jr.; Howley E.T. (1997). "Maximal oxygen uptake: "classical" versus "contemporary" viewpoints". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29 (5): 591–603. doi:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00002.
^ Jump up to: a b Wagner P.D. (2000). "New ideas on limitations to VO2max". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 28 (1): 10–4.
^ Jump up to: a b Noakes, Tim (2003). The Lore of Running. (4th edition) Oxford University Press ISBN 0-87322-959-2
Jump up ^ Kolb E. M. (2010). "Erythropoietin elevates V.O2, max but not voluntary wheel running in mice". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (3): 510–519. doi:10.1242/jeb.029074.
Jump up ^ Lundby C.; Robach P.; Boushel R.; Thomsen J. J.; Rasmussen P.; Koskolou M.; Calbet J. A. L. (2008). "Does recombinant human Epo increase exercise capacity by means other than augmenting oxygen transport?". Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 (2): 281. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90484.2008. PMID 18535134.
Jump up ^ Lodewijkx Hein F.M.; Brouwer Bram (2011). "EPO EPIDEMIC IN CYCLING: Some Empirical Notes on the ‗Epo Epidemic' in Professional Cycling". Open University. 82 (4): 740–754. doi:10.5641/027013611X13275192112069. PMID 22276416.
Jump up ^ USADA U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation, Oct 2012, retr 2012 10 20 from usada.org
Jump up ^ Greg LeMond’s suggestions for a credible future for cycling Conal Andrews, July 28, 2010, Velo Nation, retr 2012 10 20
External links[edit]
VO2 max Calculator - the Rockport Walking Test
So What Exactly is VO2?
Values by age, mL/(kg·min)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VO2_max&oldid=817366117"
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values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Maksimaalne hapniku tarbimine – Estonian

values: حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی – Persian

values: Consommation maximale d'oxygène – French

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
VO2 max – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2max
VO2max – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: 最大酸素摂取量 – Japanese

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
VO2 max – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Максимальное потребление кислорода – Russian

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
VO2 max – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
VO2 max – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Maksimalna potrošnja kiseonika – Serbian

values: Maksimalna potrošnja kiseonika – Serbo-Croatian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
VO2 max – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: การใช้ออกซิเจนสูงสุด – Thai

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-VO2_max rootpage-VO2_max skin-vector action-view