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Bubonic plague
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This article is about the disease. For information about the medieval plague, see Black Death.
Bubonic plague
A bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague.
Specialty
Infectious disease
Symptoms
Fever, headaches, vomiting, swollen lymph nodes[1][2]
Usual onset
1-7 days after exposure[1]
Causes
Yersinia pestis spread by fleas[1]
Diagnostic method
Finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum, or lymph nodes[1]
Treatment
Antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, or doxycycline[3][4]
Frequency
650 cases reported a year[1]
Deaths
10% mortality with treatment[3]
[edit on Wikidata]
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis.[1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu like symptoms develop.[1] These include fever, headaches, and vomiting.[1] Swollen and painful lymph nodes occur in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin.[2] Occasionally the swollen lymph nodes may break open.[1]
The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague.[1] Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals.[1] It may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague infected animal.[5] In the bubonic form of plague, the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travel via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node, causing it to swell.[1] Diagnosis is made by finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum, or fluid from lymph nodes.[1]
Prevention is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common.[1] Vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention.[1] Several antibiotics are effective for treatment including streptomycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline.[3][4] Without treatment it results in the death of 30% to 90% of those infected.[1][3] Death, if it occurs, is typically within ten days.[6] With treatment the risk of death is around 10%.[3] Globally there are about 650 documented cases a year which result in ~120 deaths.[1] The disease is most common in Africa.[1]
The plague is believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people.[1] This was about 25% to 60% of the European population.[1][7] Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor.[7] Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development.[7] The term bubonic is derived from the Greek word βουβών, meaning "groin".[8] The term "buboes" is also used to refer to the swollen lymph nodes.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 History
5.1 First pandemic
5.2 Second pandemic
5.3 Third pandemic
6 Society and culture
6.1 Biological warfare
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Signs and symptoms
Acral necrosis of the nose, the lips, and the fingers and residual ecchymoses over both forearms in a person recovering from bubonic plague that disseminated to the blood and the lungs. At one time, the person's entire body was ecchymotic.
The best-known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected, enlarged, and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes. After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea, the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node where they begin to colonize and reproduce. Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits, upper femoral, groin and neck region. Acral gangrene (i.e., of the fingers, toes, lips and nose) is another common symptom.
Because of its bite-based mode of transmission, the bubonic plague is often the first of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly a few days after exposure to the bacterium. Symptoms include:
Chills
General ill feeling (malaise)
High fever (39 °C; 102 °F)
Muscle cramps[10]
Seizures
Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often near the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch)
Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears
Gangrene of the extremities such as toes, fingers, lips and tip of the nose.[11]
Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous vomiting of blood (hematemesis), aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium, and coma.
Cause
Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut. The foregut of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host, Y. pestis from the foregut is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection.
Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). In very rare circumstances, as in the septicemic plague, the disease can be transmitted by direct contact with infected tissue or exposure to the cough of another human. The flea is parasitic on house and field rats, and seeks out other prey when its rodent hosts die. The bacteria remain harmless to the flea, allowing the new host to spread the bacteria. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply.
Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can haemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague.
Diagnosis
Laboratory testing is required in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use.[12]
Samples taken for testing include:[13]
Buboes: Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) characteristic of bubonic plague, a fluid sample can be taken from them with a needle.
Blood
Lungs
Treatment
Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1–15%, compared to a mortality of 40–60% in untreated cases.[14]
People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics.[15] Using the broad-based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection.[16]
History
See also: Epidemiology of plague and Timeline of plague
First pandemic
Main article: Plague of Justinian
The first recorded epidemic affected the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment.[17] [18] The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (6th century outbreak) to 50 million people (two centuries of recurrence).[19][20] The historian Procopius wrote, in Volume II of History of the Wars, of his personal encounter with the plague and the effect it had on the rising empire. In the spring of 542, the plague arrived in Constantinople, working its way from port city to port city and spreading around the Mediterranean Sea, later migrating inland eastward into Asia Minor and west into Greece and Italy. Because the infectious disease spread inland by the transferring of merchandise through Justinian’s efforts in acquiring luxurious goods of the time and exporting supplies, his capital became the leading exporter of the bubonic plague. Procopius, in his work Secret History, declared that Justinian was a demon of an emperor who either created the plague himself or was being punished for his sinfulness.[20]
Second pandemic
Main articles: Black Death and Second plague pandemic
Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims. Miniature from The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis (1272–1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.
People who died of bubonic plague in a mass grave from 1720–1721 in Martigues, France
In the Late Middle Ages (1340–1400) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1347, killing a third of the human population.[where?] Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution.[21] The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia. Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s.[22] Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early 1346 in the steppe region, where a plague reservoir stretches from the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea into southern Russia. The Mongols had cut off the trade route, the Silk Road, between China and Europe which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe. The epidemic began with an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants' last trading station in the region, Caffa in the Crimea.[16] In late 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated into the town. When spring arrived, the Italian merchants fled on their ships, unknowingly carrying the Black Death. Carried by the fleas on rats, the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to the rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another.
Third pandemic
Main article: Third plague pandemic
The plague resurfaced for a third time in the mid-19th century. Like the two previous outbreaks, this one also originated in Eastern Asia, most likely in Yunnan Province of China, where there are several natural plague foci.[23] The initial outbreaks occurred in the second half of the eighteenth century.[24][25] The disease remained localized in Southwest China for several years before spreading. In the city of Canton, beginning in January 1894, the disease killed 80,000 people by June. Daily water-traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong rapidly spread the plague there, killing over 2,400 within two months.[26]
Also known as the modern pandemic, the third pandemic spread the disease to port cities throughout the world in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century via shipping routes.[27] The plague inflicted people in Chinatown in San Francisco from 1900-1904,[28] and the people of Oakland and east bay again from 1907-1909.[29] The last major outbreak occurred in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924,[30] though the disease is still present in wild rodents, and can be passed to humans that come in contact with them.[31] According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1959, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. In 1994, a plague outbreak in five Indian states caused an estimated 700 infections (including 52 deaths) and triggered a large migration of Indians within India as they tried to avoid the plague.
For over a decade since 2001, Zambia, India, Malawi, Algeria, China, Peru, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had the most plague cases with over 1,100 cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. From 1,000 to 2,000 cases are conservatively reported per year to the WHO.[32] From 2012 and to 2017 and reflecting political unrest and poor hygienic conditions, Madagascar began to host regular epidemics.[32]
Between 1900 and 2015, the United States had 1,036 human plague cases with an average of 9 cases per year. In 2015, 16 people in the Western United States developed plague, including 2 cases in Yosemite National Park.[33] These US cases usually occur in rural northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, southern Colorado, California, southern Oregon, and far western Nevada.[34]
In November 2017, the Madagascar Ministry of Health reported an outbreak to WHO (World Health Organization) with more cases and deaths than any recent outbreak in the country. Unusually most of the cases were pneumonic rather than bubonic.[35]
Society and culture
See also: Black Death in medieval culture
The scale of death and social upheaval associated with plague outbreaks has made the topic prominent in a number of historical and fictional accounts since the disease was first recognized. The Black Death in particular is described and referenced in numerous contemporary sources, some of which, including works by Chaucer, Boccaccio, and Petrarch, are considered part of the Western canon. The Decameron, by Boccaccio, is notable for its use of a frame story involving individuals who have fled Florence for a secluded villa to escape the Black Death. First person, sometimes sensationalized or fictionalized, accounts of living through plague years have also been popular across centuries and cultures.
Later works, such as Albert Camus's novel The Plague or Ingmar Bergman's film The Seventh Seal have used bubonic plague in settings, such quarantined cities in either medieval or modern times, as a backdrop to explore a variety of concepts. Common themes include the breakdown of society, institutions, and individuals during the plague, the cultural and psychological existential confrontation with mortality, and the allegorical use of the plague in reference to contemporary moral or spiritual questions.
Biological warfare
Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been products of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages to spread the pestilence.
Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[36] During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks.[37]
See also
List of cutaneous conditions
List of epidemics
Miasma theory
Plague (disease)
Plague doctor
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t World Health Organization (November 2014). "Plague Fact sheet N°267". Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Plague Symptoms". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Prentice MB, Rahalison L (2007). "Plague". Lancet. 369 (9568): 1196–207. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60566-2. PMID 17416264.
^ Jump up to: a b "Plague Resources for Clinicians". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Plague Ecology and Transmission". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Keyes, Daniel C. (2005). Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 74. ISBN 9780781749862. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Plague History". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ LeRoux, Neil (2007). Martin Luther As Comforter: Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. BRILL. p. 247. ISBN 9789004158801. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Edman, Bruce F. Eldridge, John D. (2004). Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods (Rev.. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 390. ISBN 9789400710092. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Symptoms of Plague". Brief Overview of Plague. iTriage. Healthagen, LLC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al. (May 2000). "Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense". JAMA. 283 (17): 2281–90. doi:10.1001/jama.283.17.2281. PMID 10807389.
Jump up ^ "Plague, Laboratory testing". Health Topics A to Z. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Plague - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
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^ Jump up to: a b Echenberg, Myron (2002). Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894–1901. Journal of World History, vol 13,2
Jump up ^ Little, Lester K. (2007). "Life and Afterlife of the First Plague Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge University Press. (2007). ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4 pp. 8–15
Jump up ^ McCormick, Michael (2007). "Toward a Molecular History of the Justinian Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge University Press. (2007). ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4 pp. 290–312.
Jump up ^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Moorshead Magazines, Limited. "The Plague Of Justinian." History Magazine 11.1 (2009): 9–12. History Reference Center
Jump up ^ Cohn, Samuel K.(2002). The Black Death: End of a Paradigm. American Historical Review, vol 107, 3, pg. 703–737
Jump up ^ Sean Martin (2001). Black Death:Chapter One. Harpenden, GBR:Pocket Essentials. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Wade (31 October 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010. The great waves of plague that twice devastated Europe and changed the course of history had their origins in China, a team of medical geneticists reported Sunday, as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century.
Jump up ^ Benedict, Carol (1996). Bubonic plague in nineteenth-century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0804726610.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Samuel K. (2003). The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. A Hodder Arnold. p. 336. ISBN 0-340-70646-5.
Jump up ^ Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The Great Plague OF Hong Kong" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland-Hong Kong Branch. 15: 69. ISSN 1991-7295. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "History | Plague | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Dorothy (2003-09-11). "Book Review". New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (11): 1098–1099. doi:10.1056/NEJM200309113491124. ISSN 0028-4793.
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Jump up ^ Griggs, Mary Beth. "30,000 People In Quarantine After Bubonic Plague Kills One in China". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2017-11-25.
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^ Jump up to: a b Filip, Julia. "Avoiding the Black Plague Today". Retrieved 2014-04-11.
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Jump up ^ "Emergencies Preparedness, Response, Plague, Madagascar, Disease Outbreak News | Plague | CDC". www.who.int. 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ "The Independent - 404". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011.
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Further reading
Alexander, John T. (2003) [First published 1980]. Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515818-0. OCLC 50253204.
Carol, Benedict (1996). Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2661-2. OCLC 34191853.
Biddle, Wayne (2002). A Field Guide to Germs (2nd Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 1-4000-3051-X. OCLC 50154403.
Little, Lester K. (2007). Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4. OCLC 65361042.
Rosen, William (2007). Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe. London, England: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
Scott, Susan, and C. J. Duncan (2001). Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80150-8. OCLC 44811929.
Batten-Hill, David (2011). This Son of York. Kendal, England: David Batten-Hill. ISBN 978-1-78176-094-9.
Kool, J. L. (2005). "Risk of Person-to-Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 40 (8): 1166–1172. doi:10.1086/428617. PMID 15791518.
External links
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: A20.0
ICD-9-CM: 020.0
DiseasesDB: 14226
External resources
MedlinePlus: 000596

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text:
History of Madrid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the city's chronological past. For its political evolution, see Madrid capital
The fountain of Cybele, from 1792, at Plaza de Cibeles.
The documented history of Madrid dates to the 9th century, even though the area has been inhabited since the Stone Age. The development of Madrid as a city began when Philip II moved his court there from Toledo in the 1560s. Madrid has been the country's capital continuously since 1606.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of name
2 Early history
3 Becoming capital of Spain
4 War of independence
5 Peninsular War
6 Post War of Independence (1814)
7 20th century
8 21st century
8.1 2004 Madrid train bombings
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
History of name[edit]
There are several theories regarding the origin of the name "Madrid".[citation needed] According to legend, Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor (son of King Tyrrhenius of Tuscany and Mantua) and was named "Metragirta" or "Mantua Carpetana". Others contend that the original name of the city was "Ursaria" ("land of bears" in Latin), because of the many bears that were to be found in the nearby forests, which, together with the strawberry tree (Spanish madroño), have been the emblem of the city from the Middle Ages.[1]
The most ancient recorded name of the city "Magerit" (for *Materit or *Mageterit?) comes from the name of a fortress built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century AD, and means "Place of abundant water."[2] If the form is correct, it could be a Celtic place-name from ritu- 'ford' (Old Welsh rit, Welsh rhyd, Old Breton rit, Old Northern French roy) and a first element, that is not clearly identified *mageto derivation of magos 'field, plain' (Old Irish mag 'field', Breton ma 'place'), or matu 'bear', that could explain the Latin translation Ursalia.[3]
Nevertheless, it is now commonly believed[citation needed] that the origin of the current name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC. The Roman Empire established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river. The name of this first village was "Matrice" (a reference to the river that crossed the settlement). Following the invasions carried out by the Germanic Sueves and Vandals, as well as the Sarmatic Alans during the 5th century AD, the Roman Empire no longer had the military presence required to defend its territories on the Iberian Peninsula.[4]
As a consequence, these territories were soon occupied by the Vandals, who were in turn dispelled by the Visigoths, who then ruled Hispania in the name of the Roman emperor, also taking control of "Matrice". In the 8th century, the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula saw the name changed to "Mayrit", from the Arabic term ميرا Mayra (referencing water as a 'tree' or 'giver of life') and the Ibero-Roman suffix it that means 'place'. The modern "Madrid" evolved from the Mozarabic "Matrit", which is still in the Madrilenian gentilic.[4]
Early history[edit]
Ruins of Madrid's Muslim wall, built in the 9th century.
The site of modern-day Madrid has been controlled since prehistoric times, and archaeological research found a small Visigothic village nearby.[5]
In the mid-9th century, Muhammad I of Córdoba constructed a small castle where the Palacio Real stands today. The Moors built a citadel, al-Mudayna, around this castle. They named the area after the nearby Manzanares River, which the Muslims called al-Majrīṭ (Arabic: المجريط "source of water"). From this came the name Majerit, later spelled Madrid.
The Moors controlled the citadel until Alfonso VI of León and Castile conquered them in 1085 in his advance towards Toledo. He reconsecrated the mosque as the church of the Virgin of Almudena (almudin, the garrison's granary).
In 1329 Ferdinand IV of Castile first assembled the Cortes Generales, a precursor to the modern Spanish parliament.
Although it was ruled by Christian kings, many Sephardic Jews and Moors lived in Madrid until they were expelled at the end of the 15th century.
Becoming capital of Spain[edit]
Plaza Mayor, dates from 1619.
In 1383, Leo VI of Armenia was named Lord of Madrid by King John I of Castile.[6] John had previously ransomed Leo from Egyptian Mamluks, offering precious stones, silks and birds of prey for Leo's release.
When Leo arrived in Medina del Campo, he was sick and poor. John granted him the town of Madrid for life, Villa Real and Andújar and a yearly gift of 150,000 maravedis. He rebuilt the towers of the Royal Alcazar.
Leo ruled for only a few years. Later, Henry III of Castile (1379–1406) rebuilt the city after it was destroyed by fire, and he founded El Pardo just outside its walls. The kingdom of Castile controlled the city until the death of King Henry IV of Castile, when the Kingdom of Aragon disputed the succession. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, leading to the beginnings of modern Spain, but the two kingdoms retained their own national laws until 1714, when under the new Dynasty of the Bourboun a centralised State was built under the "ways and laws of Castile".
The Kingdoms of Castile and Aragón were fully united by Charles I of Spain (otherwise known as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Though Charles favored Seville, his son, Philip II (1527–1598), moved the court to Madrid in 1561. Although he made no official declaration, the seat of the court became the de facto capital. Aside from a brief period from 1601 to 1606, when King Philip III installed his court in Valladolid, Madrid's fortunes have closely mirrored those of Spain.
During the 17th century, Spain's Siglo de Oro (Golden Century), Madrid grew rapidly. The royal court attracted many of Spain's leading artists and writers to Madrid, including Cervantes, Lope de Vega, and Velázquez.
View of Madrid from the west, facing the Puerta de la Vega (1562), by Anton Van der Wyngaerde (known in Spanish as Antonio de las Viñas), commissioned by Philip II to collect views of his cities. The banks of the Manzanares can be seen in the foreground, crossed by the predecessors to the present-day Segovia Bridge (in the first third) and the Toledo Bridge (further south, right), which was rebuilt in a monumental form years later. The most prominent building in the north (left) is the Alcázar, which was part of the city wall and would suffer several fires until it was almost completely destroyed in 1734 and was replaced by the current Palacio Real. Several churches can be seen, but without the domes and chapiters by which they would be characterized in the following centuries. By the river, there is a facility for the treatment of hides: the Pozacho tanneries. The recent installation of the court had imposed a regalía de aposento tax on private houses, which led to all kinds of resistance including, most notably, the construction of casas a la malicia.[7]
Philip II transferred the capital from Toledo to Madrid in 1561.
In 1739 Philip V began constructing new palaces, including the Palacio Real de Madrid. Under Charles III (1716–1788) that Madrid became a truly modern city. Charles III, who cleaned up the city and its government, became one of the most popular kings to rule Madrid, and the saying "the best mayor, the king" became widespread. Besides completing the Palacio Real, Charles III is responsible for many of Madrid's finest buildings and monuments, including the Prado and the Puerta de Alcalá.
War of independence[edit]
Main article: Spanish War of Independence
On 27 October 1807, Charles IV and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which allowed French troops passage through Spanish territory to join Spanish troops and invade Portugal, which had refused to obey the order for an international blockade against England. In February 1808, Napoleon used the excuse that the blockade against England was not being respected at Portuguese ports to send a powerful army under his brother-in-law, General Joachim Murat. Contrary to the treaty, French troops entered via Catalonia, occupying the plazas along the way. Thus, throughout February and March 1808, cities like Barcelona and Pamplona remained under French rule.
While all this was happening, the [Mutiny of Aranjuez] (17 March 1808) took place, led by Charles IV's own son, crown prince Ferdinand, and directed against him. Charles IV resigned and Ferdinand took his place as King Ferdinand VII. In May 1808 Napoleon's troops entered the city. On 2 May 1808 (Spanish: Dos de Mayo) the Madrileños revolted against the French forces, whose brutal behavior would have a lasting impact on French rule in Spain and France's image in Europe in general. Thus Ferdinand VII returned to a Madrid that had been occupied by Murat.[8]
Both the king and his father became virtual prisoners of the French army. Napoleon, taking advantage of the weakness of the Bourbons, forced both, first the father and then the son, to meet him at Bayonne, where Ferdinand VII arrived on 20 April. Here Napoleon forced both kings to abdicate on 5 May, handing the throne to his brother Joseph Bonaparte.
On 2 May, the crowd began to concentrate at the Palacio Real and watched as the French soldiers removed the royal family members from the palace. On seeing the infante Francisco de Paula struggling with his captor, the crowd launched an assault on the carriages, shouting ¡Que nos lo llevan! (They're taking him away from us!). French soldiers fired into the crowd. The fighting lasted for hours and is reflected in Goya's painting, The Second of May 1808, also known as The Charge of the Mamelukes.
Meanwhile, the Spanish military remained garrisoned and passive. Only the artillery barracks at Monteleón under Captain Luis Daoíz y Torres, manned by four officers, three NCOs and ten men, resisted. They were later reinforced by a further 33 men and two officers led by Pedro Velarde y Santillán, and distributed weapons to the civilian population.[9] After repelling a first attack under French General Lefranc, both Spanish commanders died fighting heroically against reinforcements sent by Murat. Gradually, the pockets of resistance fell. Hundreds of Spanish men and women and French soldiers were killed in this skirmish.
Peninsular War[edit]
Main article: Peninsular War
On 12 August 1812, following the defeat of the French forces at Salamanca, English and Portuguese troops entered Madrid and surrounded the fortified area occupied by the French in the district of Retiro. Following two days of Siege warfare, the 1,700 French surrendered and a large store of arms, 20,000 muskets and 180 cannon, together with many other supplies were captured, along with two French Imperial Eagles.[10]
On 29 October, Hill received Wellington's positive order to abandon Madrid and march to join him. After a clash with Soult's advance guard at Perales de Tajuña on the 30th, Hill broke contact and withdrew in the direction of Alba de Tormes.[11] Joseph re-entered his capital on 2 November.
Post War of Independence (1814)[edit]
An 1888 German map of Madrid.
After the war of independence Ferdinand VII returned to the throne (1814), but after a liberal military revolution, Colonel Riego made the king swear to respect the Constitution. Liberal and conservative government thereafter alternated, ending with the enthronement of Isabella II (1830–1904). She could not calm down the political tension that would lead to yet another revolt, the First Spanish Republic, and the comeback of the monarchs, and eventually to the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War.
20th century[edit]
The military uprising of July 1936 was defeated in Madrid by a combination of loyal police units and workers' militias. After this, from 1936–1939, Madrid was held by forces loyal to the Spanish Republic and was besieged by Spanish Nationalist and allied troops under Francisco Franco. Madrid, besieged from October 1936, saw a pitched battle in its western suburbs in November of that year and eventually fell to the nationalists on 28 March 1939. The Siege of Madrid saw the first mass bombing of civilians from the air by the German Condor Legion.[citation needed]
The Metropolis Building on Gran Via.
During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, especially after the sixties, the south of Madrid became very industrialized and experienced massive migrations from rural environments into the city. Madrid's south-eastern periphery became an extensive slum settlement, which was the base for an active cultural and political life.
Following the death of Franco, and in order to secure stability and democracy, the emerging democratic parties (including those of left-wing and republican ideology) accepted Franco's wish to be succeeded by Juan Carlos I, leading to Spain's current position as a constitutional monarchy.
Puerta de Europa buildings, from 1996.
Benefiting from prosperity in the 1980s, Spain's capital city has consolidated its position as the leading economic, cultural, industrial, educational and technological center of the Iberian peninsula.
21st century[edit]
2004 Madrid train bombings[edit]
Further information: 2004 Madrid train bombings
On 11 March 2004, three days before Spain's general elections and exactly 2 years and 6 months after the September 11 attacks in the USA, Madrid was hit by a terrorist attack when Islamic terrorists belonging to an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell[12] placed a series of bombs on several trains during the morning rush hour, killing 191 people and injuring 1,800.
See also[edit]
Timeline of Madrid
Mayor of Madrid
Madrid capital
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "El Madrid Medieval (Medieval Madrid). Includes Pre-historic, Roman and medieval up to the Catholic Monarchs". History of Madrid. (in Spanish). José Manuel Castellanos. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Madrid History – Museums – Suggested Itineraries Madrid". Indigoguide.com. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003. p. 258.
^ Jump up to: a b "El origen del nombre". JLL & JRP. 16 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "El Madrid Medieval (Medieval Madrid). Includes Pre-historic, roman and medieval up to the Catholic Monarchs times.". History of Madrid. (in Spanish). José Manuel Castellanos. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Un Madrid insólito: Guía para dejarse sorprender, pg. 39–40. Jesús Callejo. Editorial Complutense, 2001. ISBN 84-7491-630-5. The book, however, talks about Leon V of Armenia.
Jump up ^ This and other sixteenth and seventeenth century views of Madrid (from Frederic de Witt and Pedro Texeira) can be seen at this website Archived 15 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Chandler, David G. (1995), The Campaigns of Napoleon, Simon & Schuster, p. 610, ISBN 0-02-523660-1
Jump up ^ "Spain". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
Jump up ^ Gates (2002), pp. 373-374
Jump up ^ "Madrid bombers 'were inspired by Bin Laden address'" Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Independent. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
See also: Timeline of Madrid § Bibliography
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Sofía Vergara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Vergara and the second or maternal family name is Vergara.
Sofía Vergara
Vergara at the 2015 PaleyFest for Modern Family
Born
Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara
(1972-07-10) July 10, 1972 (age 46)
Barranquilla, Colombia
Residence
Miami, Florida, U.S.
Citizenship
Colombian
American
Occupation
Actress
model
television host
producer
Years active
1995–present
Spouse(s)
Joe Gonzalez
(m. 1991; div. 1993)

Joe Manganiello
(m. 2015)
Children
1
Website
www.sofiavergara.com
Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara (Spanish pronunciation: [soˈfi.a βeɾˈɣaɾa]; born July 10, 1972)[1][2] is a Colombian-American actress and model.
Vergara rose to prominence while co-hosting two television shows for Spanish-language television network Univisión in the late 1990s. Her first notable acting job in English was in the film Chasing Papi (2003). Subsequently, she appeared in other films, including Four Brothers (2005) and two Tyler Perry films: Meet the Browns (2008) and Madea Goes to Jail (2009), receiving an ALMA Award nomination for the latter. Vergara's success on television has earned her roles in films The Smurfs (2011), New Year's Eve (2011), Happy Feet Two (2011), The Three Stooges (2012), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), Machete Kills (2013), Chef (2014), and Hot Pursuit (2015). In 2012, 2013, and 2016, she was the top-earning actress on US television.[3]
Vergara stars on the ABC series Modern Family as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, for which she has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Endorsements
4 Personal life
4.1 Embryo lawsuit
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
5.3 Music video
6 Theatre
7 Awards and nominations
8 References
9 External links
Early life
Vergara was born to a Roman Catholic family[4] in Barranquilla.[5] Her mother, Margarita Vergara de Vergara, was a homemaker, and her father, Julio Enrique Vergara Robayo, was a cattle rancher for the meat industry.[6][7][8] She was nicknamed "Toti" by her five siblings and many cousins.[9] Vergara initially studied three years of dentistry at a university in Colombia, but left two semesters away from her degree to pursue opportunities in modeling and show business.[6][10] She subsequently moved to Miami, Florida, leaving behind unrest in Colombia, where her older brother Rafael was murdered in 1998 during an attempt to kidnap him.[5][6][9][11] Her cousin and adopted sister, Sandra, is also a television actress in the United States.[12][13]
Career
Vergara at the 2009 American Music Awards
Vergara was discovered by a photographer while walking on a Colombian beach and was quickly presented with offers of modeling and television work.[14] Vergara was "apprehensive about doing her first television commercial—until her Catholic schoolteachers gave her their personal permission to take the assignment."[15] Vergara made her first appearance, aged 17, in a Pepsi commercial which was aired in Latin America.[16]
Vergara in February 2011
Vergara at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards
She then began studies at the Creative Workshops School of Acting, where Gloria Estefan also trained.[17]
In 2011, Vergara was supposed to star in The Paperboy, an independent drama directed by Lee Daniels. When shooting was delayed for a week and conflicted with her shooting schedule for the third season of Modern Family, she dropped out.[18]
In July 2011, she finished filming the Farrelly brothers' The Three Stooges, which was her first major leading role in a film. Vergara said, "I play a mean woman that tries to manipulate the Three Stooges into killing her husband so that she gets all the money."[19]
In April 2012, she appeared in her son Manolo's YouTube web series Vida con Toty.[20] Vergara was the highest-earning woman in U.S. television, earning $19 million for the previous 12 months on a list released by Forbes.com on July 18, 2012.[21][22] Vergara was named one of People magazine's "50 most beautiful people" and named by The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard as one of the most influential Latin women in Hollywood.[23]
Vergara received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 7, 2015.[24][25]
In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting; in the video, Vergara and others told the stories of the people killed there.[26][27]
She stars on the ABC sitcom Modern Family as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013.[28]
Endorsements
In 2011, Vergara was named the face of CoverGirl, with the first advertisements appearing in January 2012.[23] In April 2011, Vergara appeared in a Diet Pepsi commercial with David Beckham[29] and another in January 2012.[30]
In 2011, it was announced that Vergara is designing a clothing line for Kmart targeting soccer moms[31] and appeared in a number of commercials for Comcast's Xfinity brand and State Farm.[32]
In 2013, she signed endorsement contracts with Diet Pepsi, Rooms To Go, and medicine Synthroid.[3]
In March 2017, Vergara reached a settlement with Venus Concept for alleged improper use of her likeness, which Vergara said created the false impression that she endorsed their beauty products.[33]
Personal life
Vergara in May 2014
Vergara was married at the age of 18 to her high-school sweetheart, Joe Gonzalez.[5] They have a son named Manolo,[34] who was born in September 1991.[35] They divorced in 1993.[5]
Vergara was diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2000. She had her thyroid removed, underwent radioiodine therapy, and made a full recovery.[36] She takes medication to prevent hypothyroidism.[37]
On May 9, 2011, Vergara's younger brother Julio was deported from the United States to Colombia after being arrested in April that year; Julio also had a longtime drug addiction and previous brushes with the law.[38][39] Vergara told Parade magazine, "To see somebody dying over 10 years, little by little, that's the worst punishment. Now he's like another person."[40]
On July 10, 2012, Us Weekly reported that Vergara and her boyfriend Nicholas M. Loeb were engaged.[41][42][43] But on May 23, 2014, Vergara announced that the engagement had been called off.[44]
In July 2014, the Daily Mail reported that Vergara had begun dating True Blood star Joe Manganiello.[45] The pair became engaged on Christmas Day 2014 after dating for six months.[46] They married in Palm Beach, Florida on November 21, 2015.[47][48]
During her December 2014 appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Vergara revealed that she had become a United States citizen after getting a perfect score on her citizenship test.[49][50]
In 2015, Forbes estimated Vergara's annual income at $28.5 million.[51] As of September 2016, Forbes reported that Vergara was the highest-paid actress in television, bringing in $43 million in the past year.[52]
Embryo lawsuit
On May 1, 2015, it was reported that Vergara and her former fiancé Loeb were in dispute regarding the future of two embryos. These embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization while they were together[53] and are in storage in cryopreservation in a medical clinic in California.[54] In December 2016, a right-to-live lawsuit against Vergara was initiated in Louisiana by three plaintiffs, namely Vergara's embryos, named "Emma" and "Isabella", and their "trustee", James Charbonnet. The purpose of the suit is to give the embryos a chance to further develop using a surrogate carrier, hence to be born, and to benefit from an inheritance trust that had been created for them and is administered by Charbonnet.[54][55] While a contract between Vergara and Loeb had been signed prior to the creation of the embryos stipulating that neither party could use the embryos without the consent of the other, the lawsuit tries to void this agreement.[55] The suit also tries to terminate parental rights of Vergara because by keeping them in a tank in a medical clinic she allegedly abandoned and neglected the embryos. Loeb is not part of the lawsuit. The legal case is novel and takes advantage of Louisiana's embryo laws.[54] In August 2017, a Louisiana judge dismissed the case on the grounds that the court had no jurisdiction over the embryos, which were conceived in California.[56][57][58]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Big Trouble Nina
2003 Chasing Papi Cici
2004 The 24th Day Isabella
2004 Soul Plane Blanca
2005 Lords of Dogtown Amelia
2005 Four Brothers Sofi
2006 Grilled Loridonna
2006 National Lampoon's Pledge This! Herself
2008 Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns Cheryl
2009 Madea Goes to Jail T.T.
2011 The Smurfs Odile Anjelou
2011 New Year's Eve[59] Ava
2011 Happy Feet Two Carmen Voice role
2012 The Three Stooges Lydia Harter
2013 Escape from Planet Earth Gabby Babblebrook Voice role
2013 Fading Gigolo Selima
2013 Machete Kills Madame Desdemona
2014 Chef Inez
2015 Wild Card D. D.
2015 Hot Pursuit Daniella Riva Also executive producer
2017 The Female Brain Lisa
2017 The Emoji Movie Flamenco Dancer Voice role[60]
2018 Bent Rebecca
2018 The Brits Are Coming
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995 Acapulco, cuerpo y alma Irasema Telenovela
1995–1998 Fuera de serie Herself Co-host
1999 A que no te atreves Herself Co-host
1999 Baywatch Herself Episode: "Boys will be Boys"
2002 My Wife and Kids Selma Episode: "Samba Story"
2004 Eve April Perez Episode: "Party All the Time"
2004 Rodney Carmen Episode: "Dream Lover"
2005 Hot Properties Lola Hernandez Main role (13 episodes)
2005 Punk'd[61] Herself Season 5, episode 4
2007 Entourage Village Girl Episode: "Welcome to the Jungle"
2007 Amas de Casa Desesperadas Alicia Oviedo 23 episodes
2007 The Knights of Prosperity Esperanza Villalobos Main role (13 episodes)
2007 Dirty Sexy Money Sofía Montoya 4 episodes
2008 Fuego en la sangre Leonora 10 episodes
2008 Men in Trees Pilar Romero 2 episodes
2009 Dancing with the Stars Herself Guest appearance
2009–present Modern Family Gloria Delgado-Pritchett Main role
2012 Saturday Night Live Host Episode: "Sofia Vergara/One Direction"
2013 The Cleveland Show Señora Chalupa (voice) Episode: "The Essence of Cleveland"
2013 Family Guy Flower Saleswoman / Hispanic Woman (voice) Episode: "The Giggity Wife"
2014 Killer Women N/A Executive producer
2016 The Simpsons Carol Berrera (voice) Episode: "Teenage Mutant Milk-Caused Hurdles"
2017 Family Guy Herself (voice) Episode: "Emmy-Winning Episode"
Music video
Year
Title
Artist
1997 "Que Diera" Carlos Vives
Theatre
Chicago as Matron "Mama" Morton (2009)[62]
Awards and nominations
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Sofía Vergara" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 2014, Vergara was ranked as the 32nd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. She had risen from her 2013 position at no. 38.[63][not in citation given]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
2005 Black Reel Awards Best Ensemble (shared with rest of cast) Four Brothers Nominated
2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated
ALMA Awards Best Actress in Film Madea Goes to Jail Nominated
2010 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Modern Family Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
2011 ALMA Awards Favorite TV Actress in a Leading Role Nominated
Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Imagen Foundation Awards Best TV Actress[citation needed] Won
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series[citation needed] Won
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Film Actress The Smurfs Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Supporting TV Actress Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated
2012 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
ALMA Awards Favorite Movie Actress – Supporting Role The Three Stooges Nominated
Favorite TV Actress in a Leading Role Modern Family Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Glamour Awards Comedy Actress N/A Won
2013 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
People's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actress Nominated
2014 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Funny Star Nominated
2015 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
People's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actress Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
2016 2016 Premios Juventud Actriz Que Se Roba La Pantalla Nominated
People's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic TV Actress[64] Nominated
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress[64] Hot Pursuit Nominated
2017 People's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actress Modern Family Won
References
Jump up ^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1215). Time Inc. July 13, 2012. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Entre pitufos mexicanos, Sofía Vergara celebró sus 39 años / Among Mexican Smurfs, Sofia Vergara celebrated her 39 years". El Heraldo (in Spanish). July 11, 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2015. Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara nació el 10 de julio de 1972 en Barranquilla. / Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara was born on July 10, 1972 in Barranquilla.
^ Jump up to: a b Sofia Vergara Is The Top-Earning Actress On Television... By A Longshot. Forbes (April 9, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
Jump up ^ Fox News: "Sofia Vergara's Catholic family concerned she would look like a 'hooker' in Hollywood" by Hollie MCay Published January 28, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Celebrity Central: Sofia Vergara". People.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Luaine Lee (December 31, 2006). "Sofia Vergara gets a role she can sink her perfect teeth into". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 28, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Dolen, Christine (May 25, 2009). "Tropical Life". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sofía Vergara: Duelo en Navidad". Diario las Américas. December 26, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Francis Rodríguez (March 21, 2008). "Sofía Vergara stars in "Meet The Browns," strives for a lead role". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Alexis Chiu; Brian Orloff (November 4, 2009). "5 Things to Know About Sofia Vergara". People. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tonisha Johnson (2006). "Four Brothers: An Interview with Sofia Vergara". Gesica magazine. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Finn, Natalie (August 8, 2011). "Modern Family Drama". Modern Family Drama: Is Maxim Hottie Sandra Vergara Pretending to Be Sofia's Sister?. E online. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara's Sister, Sandra Vergara, Lands New Role". Huffington Post/People Magazine. December 17, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2011
Jump up ^ Sofia Vergara in Maxim magazine Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Wilson Morales (August 5, 2005). "Four Brothers: An Interview with Sofia Vergara". blackfilm.com. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Acting Classes, Acting School, Acting Workshops: Creative Workshop". www.creativeworkshops.com.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. (June 23, 2011) Sofia Vergara Cancels ‘The Paperboy’. Deadline.com. Retrieved on June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Marlow Stern (July 29, 2010). "Sofia Vergara Breaks Out". The Daily Beast.
Jump up ^ Mi Vida con Toty. YouTube. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara tops Forbes highest paid U.S. TV actresses". Yahoo News and Reuters. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara highest paid woman in television". The Times Of India. Retrieved July 20, 2012. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Latina Magazine (May 12, 2011). "Sofia Vergara Named New Face of COVERGIRL!". AOL. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Variety (May 7, 2015). "Sofia Vergara Walk of Fame Ceremony" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Martinez, Ana (April 29, 2015). "Upcoming Star Ceremonies | Hollywood Walk of Fame". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "49 Celebrities Honor 49 Victims of Orlando Tragedy | Human Rights Campaign". Hrc.org. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
Jump up ^ Rothaus, Steve (June 12, 2016). "Pulse Orlando shooting scene a popular LGBT club where employees, patrons 'like family'". The Miami Herald. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara". Television Academy. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Natalie Zamuda (April 20, 2010). "Diet Pepsi Joins Pepsi Max With New Commercials". adage.com. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ferrer, Miguel (January 7, 2012). "Sofia Vergara, Dancing Behind-The-Scenes Of New Diet Pepsi TV Commercial". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jones, Emma (September 14, 2011). "Sofia Vergara's New Clothing Line Is Now Available At Kmart". US Venture Partners. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara Of 'Modern Family' Is New Xfinity Spokeswoman". tribunedigital-thecourant. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Baker, Tyler E. (14 April 2017). "#ShowMeTheMoney: Sofia Vergara's Settlement of Social Media False Endorsement Lawsuit Highlights Modern Legal Issue". The National Law Review. Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Roiz, Jessica Lucia (July 10, 2014). "13 Moments down memory lane with Sofia Vergara". Vida Today. Retrieved December 29, 2014. Manolo was born in September 1992. [Photo caption] [dead link]
Jump up ^ Drysdale, Jennifer (September 16, 2017). "Sofia Vergara Celebrates Son Manolo's 26th Birthday -- See the Pics!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Graham Kizer, Jennifer (April 21, 2008). "Sofia Vergara Beats Thyroid Cancer". health.com. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Anahad (May 3, 2013). "The Workout: Sofia Vergara Hates to Exercise". New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Casey Glynn (August 3, 2011). ""Modern Family" star Sofia Vergara's brother deported to Colombia". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hall, Katy (August 3, 2011). "Sofia Vergara's Brother Julio Deported". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Casey Glynn (August 3, 2011). ""Modern Family" star Sofia Vergara's brother deported to Colombia". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara gets engaged". The Times Of India. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara, Nick Loeb Engaged". Us Weekly. 2012-07-10. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sofia Vergara Engaged, Shows Off Ring During Birthday Celebration". uk.eonline.com. 2012-07-10. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ D&Apos, Christie (May 24, 2014). "Sofia Vergara, Nick Loeb split up, call off engagement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hiblen, Carolyn (July 21, 2014). "The look of love: Hot new couple Sofia Vergara and Joe Manganiello wrap their arms tenderly around each other as they go on two romantic dates in as many days". Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ Marquina, Sierra (December 29, 2014). "Sofia Vergara Engaged to Joe Manganiello After Dating for Only Six Months!". Us Weekly. United States: usmagazine.com. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sutton, Joe (November 21, 2015). "Sofia Vergara, Joe Manganiello to marry this weekend". CNN.
Jump up ^ Chen, Joyce (November 21, 2015). "Sofia Vergara, Joe Manganiello: Everything We Know About Their Wedding". Us Weekly.
Jump up ^ Marin, Alex (December 4, 2014). "This Is How Sofia Vergara Nailed Her American Citizenship Test". WhoSay.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Samantha (December 4, 2014). "Watch Sofia Vergara Explain How She Became a U.S. Citizen". Time.
Jump up ^ "Sofía Vergara". 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The World's Highest-Paid TV Actresses 2016: Sofia Vergara Stays The Queen Of The Small Screen With $43 Million"Forbes, 14 September 2016, Accessed 16 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV star Sofia Vergara in battle over frozen embryos". BBC. May 1, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brandy Zadrozny (December 8, 2016). "Sofia Vergara Embryo Case Could Open Floodgates". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Emily Smith (December 6, 2016). "Sofia Vergara sued by her own embryos". New York Post. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judge throws out lawsuit filed by Sofia Vergara's own embryos as part of her ex-fiance's legal battle over frozen eggs". Daily Mail. August 26, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Louisiana judge rules Sofia Vergara’s frozen embryos are ‘citizens of California’ WITW 2017/08/30
Jump up ^ Judge says Sofia Vergara's frozen embryos are 'citizens of California' Ray Downs, United Press International, Sept. 1, 2017
Jump up ^ "Lea Michele and Zac Efron's 'New Year's Eve' Plans". theinsider.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Miller, Mike (April 18, 2017). "Meet Sofia Vergara's Flamenco Dancer from The Emoji Movie: 'People Are Always Saying I Look Like Her!". People. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Punk'd: Thora Birch, T.I., Sofia Vergara". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (March 19, 2009). "Sofia Vergara Will Be Mama Morton in Broadway's Chicago". Playbill.
Jump up ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "People's Choice Awards: Fan Favorites in Movies, Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com". www.peopleschoice.com. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sofía Vergara.
Official website
Sofía Vergara on IMDb
Sofía Vergara at the Fashion Model Directory
Sofia Vergara at AllMovie
show
v
t
e
Queen of Viña del Mar International Song Festival
1979–1989
María Graciela Gómez (1979)
Raffaella Carrà (1982)
Lucía Méndez (1983)
Gianina Matei (1984)
María Conchita Alonso (1985)
Cindy Valentine (1986)
Irene Llano (1987)
Marcela Sánchez (1988)
Myriam Hernández (1989)
1990–1999
Xuxa (1990)
Yuridia Valenzuela Canseco (1991)
Lucero (1992)
Gloria Trevi (1993)
Sofía Vergara (1994)
Patricia Manterola (1995)
Paola Falcone (1996)
Thalía (1997)
Sofía Franco (1998)
Carla Perez (1999)
2000–2009
Celia Cruz (2000)
Natalia Oreiro (2001)
Patricia Manterola (2002)
María Eugenia Larraín (2003)
Carolina Ardohain (2004)
Luciana Salazar (2005)
Tonka Tomicic (2006)
Diana Bolocco (2007)
Pilar Ruiz (2008)
Catherine Fulop (2009)
2010–present
Carolina Arregui (2010)
Andrea Dellacasa (2011)
Valeria Ortega (2012)
Dominique Gallego (2013)
Sigrid Alegría (2014)
Jhendelyn Nuñez (2015)
Nicole Moreno (2016)
Kika Silva (2017)
Betsy Camino (2018)
show
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010–2019)
Modern Family, season 1/season 2 (2010): Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 2/season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 3/season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 4/season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Orange Is the New Black, season 2 (2014): Aduba, Biggs, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Freeman, Gardner, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Lake, Lapkus, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, Marsh Garland, McGorry, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Pimentel, Polanco, Reiner, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rosenblat, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Toussaint, Tucci, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 3 (2015): Aduba, Birbiglia, Blake, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Leyva, Manning, Marsh Garland, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Rodriguez, Rose, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 4 (2016): Aduba, Aisenberg, Brooks, Brown, Cruz, DeLaria, Dover, Glenn, Golden, Gómez, Guerrero, Harney, Henke, Jeudy, Lake, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, McMenamin, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Purdy, Rodriguez, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Tucci, Wiley
Veep, season 6 (2017): Bakkedahl, Chlumsky, Cole, Colin, Dunn, DuVall, Franklin, Hale, Louis-Dreyfus, Richardson, Scheer, Scott, Simons, Sutherland, Walsh
Complete list
(1994–1999)
(2000–2009)
(2010–2019)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 11017360
BNF: cb14621981q (data)
GND: 1051818559
ISNI: 0000 0001 1483 0492
LCCN: no2005073159
SUDOC: 179289101
VIAF: 163246210
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofía_Vergara&oldid=862227424"
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