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Halloween (2018 film)
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Halloween
Teaser poster
Directed by
David Gordon Green
Produced by
Malek Akkad
Jason Blum
Bill Block
Screenplay by
Jeff Fradley
Danny McBride
David Gordon Green
Based on
Characters
by
John Carpenter
Debra Hill
Starring
Jamie Lee Curtis
Judy Greer
Andi Matichak
Will Patton
Virginia Gardner
Nick Castle
Music by
John Carpenter[1]
Cinematography
Michael Simmonds[2]
Production
companies
Trancas International Films
Blumhouse Productions
Miramax
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
October 19, 2018 (2018-10-19) (United States)
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[3]
Halloween is an upcoming American slasher film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Jeff Fradley, and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the Halloween franchise, and is a direct sequel to Halloween, while disregarding the continuity of the previous sequels.[4] Series co-creator John Carpenter serves as a composer, executive producer and creative consultant for the film while Jason Blum produces through Blumhouse.[5] Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprise their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers, respectively, with stuntman James Jude Courtney also portraying Michael. The film also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, and Virginia Gardner.
Set forty years after the events of the first film, Halloween centers on Laurie Strode, facing Michael Myers, the masked figure who has haunted her since she narrowly escaped his killing spree on Halloween night four decades ago.
After the release of Rob Zombie's Halloween II, a sequel to the 2007 remake of the original, two consecutive follow-ups went into development from former rights holder Dimension Films, respectively, but neither achieved fruition. As a result, the company lost the rights to the intellectual property, later obtained by Blumhouse Productions with John Carpenter's involvement. Carpenter, who disagreed with the remake's portrayal of lead killer Michael Myers, wanted the next Halloween film to be much more terrifying than the preceding sequels. Filmmakers David Gordon Green and Danny McBride, who were already fans, proposed their vision to Blumhouse and Carpenter; it was accepted and developed into a direct sequel to the original.
Principal photography commenced on January 13, 2018, in South Carolina and concluded on February 19, 2018. The film is set for release on October 19, 2018, a week before the 40th anniversary of John Carpenter's original Halloween (1978). It will be distributed by Universal Pictures, its first involvement in the Halloween franchise since the 1982 film Halloween III: Season of the Witch.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing and pre-production
3.3 Casting
3.4 Filming
3.5 Music
4 Release
5 Marketing
6 Merchandising
7 Future
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Laurie Strode comes face-to-face for one final encounter with Michael Myers, 40 years after his initial killing spree in 1978.
Cast[edit]
Jamie Lee Curtis as Laurie Strode
Judy Greer as Karen Strode
Andi Matichak as Allyson Strode
Will Patton as Hawkins
Virginia Gardner as Vicky
Nick Castle and James Jude Courtney as Michael Myers / The Shape
Miles Robbins as Dave
Dylan Arnold as Cameron
Drew Scheid as Oscar
Omar J. Dorsey as Sheriff Barker
Rob Niter as Deputy Sheriff Walker
Toby Huss as Ray
Jefferson Hall as Martin
Rhian Rees as Dana Haines
Jibrail Nantambu as Julian
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2011, it was announced that a sequel to 2009's Halloween II, titled Halloween 3D, would be released on October 26, 2012. At the time of the announcement, there was no director or writer attached to the project. Originally, Patrick Lussier and Todd Farmer were labeled as writers but dropped out due to their occupancy on the Hellraiser reboot. The film would pick up where the final frame of its predecessor left off, and would pay homage to the original version of Michael Myers from the 1978 film.[6] It was dropped from its release schedule of October 26, 2012, as no progress had been made.[7]
In February 2015, it was reported that Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan would be writing a new Halloween film, described as a "recalibration" rather than a reboot, along with Malek Akkad and Matt Stein producing.[8] On June 15, 2015, it was further reported that The Weinstein Company was moving ahead with another Halloween sequel, tentatively titled Halloween Returns with Dunstan directing. It would have been a standalone film set to reintroduce audiences to Michael Myers years after his initial rampage from Halloween and 1981's Halloween II, as he was confronted by a new generation of victims while on death row.[9][10] On October 22, 2015, producer Malek Akkad revealed that the production of Halloween Returns had been postponed, stating that the extra time would result in a better film.[11] Malek said on the matter, "Although, I have to say, and this is somewhat new news, but unfortunately things happen in Hollywood where you have issues with studios and different variables. We've had to take a step back and now we're trying to re-figure this beast that is the new Halloween. So there is a bit of a delay, but this new Halloween isn't going to be quite what has been announced and what people are expecting, so we're making some changes there as well."[12] In December 2015, it was announced that Dimension Films no longer had the rights to the Halloween franchise after Halloween Returns failed to go into production on schedule.[13] The film's cancellation was confirmed at the same time.[14]
On May 24, 2016, it was announced that Blumhouse Productions and Miramax were co-financing a new film in the franchise. Blumhouse CEO Jason Blum called the original Halloween a milestone that had influenced the company to begin making horror films, "The great Malek Akkad and John Carpenter have a special place in the hearts of all genre fans and we are so excited that Miramax brought us together."[15] The rights specifically went to Miramax and Tarik Akkad, who sought out Blum because of his success as a horror film producer.[16]
Writing and pre-production[edit]
When John Carpenter, who had co-written the first two Halloween films with Debra Hill and directed the original, signed on as an executive producer in 2016, he described his intention: "Thirty-eight years after the original Halloween, I'm going to help to try to make the 10th sequel the scariest of them all."[17] He discussed his reasoning for revisiting the franchise since producing 1982's Halloween III: Season of the Witch in an interview with Rotten Tomatoes, "I talked about the Halloween's for a long time, the sequels — I haven’t even seen all of them... But finally it occurred to me: Well if I'm just flapping my gums here, why don't I try to make it as good as I can? So, you know, stop throwing rocks from the sidelines and get in there and try to do something positive."[18] When the rights were acquired by Blumhouse, filmmaker Adam Wingard discussed making a new Halloween film, but ultimately dropped out after being sated by an email of encouragement from Carpenter, "I kinda walked away from it like, I just got everything I wanted out of this job. 'This is about as good as it gets.'"[19] David Gordon Green and Danny McBride were publicised on February 9, 2017 to handle screenwriting duties, with Green directing and Carpenter advising the project.[20] Carpenter said that he was impressed with the pitch presented by the co-writers, solicited by Jason Blum, proclaiming that "They get it."
Rather than reboot the franchise a second time, they chose to focus primarily on continuing the mythology of the first two films when developing the story,[5] with Danny McBride stating, "We all came to the decision that remaking something that already works isn't a good idea. So we just have a reimagining instead."[21] The pitch was created by the writers specifically to present to Carpenter, as they were self-described fans of the original Halloween to begin with. The story was eventually fleshed out so that all of the sequels were ignored from continuity, and the ending of the first film was slightly retconned in what McBride likened to an alternate reality.[22] However, he later said that the film still pays tribute to the other films, despite sharing no direct continuity, "you know like there's some many different versions, and the timeline is so mixed up, we just thought it would be easier to go back to the source and continue from there. It was nicer than knowing you're working on Halloween 11, it just seemed cooler, 'we're making Halloween 2'. For fans, we pay homage and respect to every Halloween that has been out there."[23] Despite Green and McBride's comedy roots, Halloween was distanced from the comedy genre. McBride further elaborated that "I think there was, like, maybe one joke on the page, but the rest is straight horror."[4] Believing that "good horror movie directors are good directors", Jason Blum hired Green for his perceived "amazing" storytelling. No large steps were taken without Carpenter's approval, including the acceptance of the initial pitch and bringing back actress Jamie Lee Curtis.[24]
Displeased with Rob Zombie's re-imagining and added backstory of murderer Michael Myers, Carpenter wanted to take the character back to his more mysterious roots, describing him as "a force of nature. He's supposed to be almost supernatural."[25] McBride detailed his approach as humanizing the character, "I think we're just trying to take it back to what was so good about the original. It was just very simple and just achieved that level of horror that wasn't turning Michael Myers into some being that couldn't be killed. I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen. I think it's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you're taking the trash out."[26]
Casting[edit]
Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprise their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers / The Shape, respectively. Castle reprises his role for the first time since the original 1978 film.
In September 2017, Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode.[27][28][29] In contrast to the character's final girl role in the original film, Laurie armed herself and prepared extensively in the time period between films in case Michael Myers ever returned.[30] Although Halloween II and its latter installments have portrayed Myers as a familicidal killer and Laurie as his sister, the writers felt that the added motive made him less frightening as a killer. As such, they intentionally ignored that aspect of the lore.[31] In the trailer for the film, Strode's granddaughter, played by Andi Matichak, explains how her life has been impacted by Michael's reign of terror 40 years earlier. When a friend hints that they heard Michael was Laurie's brother, Matichak's character replies, "No, it was not her brother, that was something people made up."[32] The writers did not originally know if Curtis would be willing to return, according to McBride, so they "busted [their] ass on this script to really make that Laurie Strode character something she wouldn't be able to say no to."[4] On why she returned, Curtis stated, "As soon as I read what David Green and Danny McBride had come up with … and the way that they connected the dots of the story, it made so much sense to me that it felt totally appropriate for me to return to Haddonfield, Ill., for another 40th-anniversary retelling. It's the original story in many, many, many ways. Just retold 40 years later with my granddaughter."[33] Curtis had previously returned as Laurie in the sequels Halloween II (1981), Halloween H20: 20 Years Later, and Halloween: Resurrection.
The following October, Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie's daughter Karen Strode.[34] Danielle Harris, who played Laurie's daughter Jamie Lloyd in the original continuity's Halloween 4 and Halloween 5, contacted Blumhouse with the offer to reprise her role in some way, but the studio planned to go with a different daughter character, to Harris' disappointment: "I was okay with it when she had a son... but they're saying it's the last one and... she has a daughter. And it's not Jamie. It's just kind of a bummer, I guess."[35][36] On December 7, 2017, Andi Matichak was cast to play Laurie's granddaughter Allyson.[37]
On December 20, 2017, it was announced that Nick Castle, who portrayed Michael Myers in the original film, would be reprising his role, with actor and stuntman James Jude Courtney set to portray Myers as well.[38][39][40] Courtney was suggested to Malek Akkad and David Gordon Green by stunt coordinator Rawn Hutchinson for his ability to do both physical stunts and genuine acting, auditioning afterwards and receiving a phone call in December 2017 affirming that he had landed the role. Green explained to him his vision for Myers' mannerisms, an amalgamation of Castle's original performance and the addition of an efficient cat-eque style of movement. Courtney tailored his portrayal to those specifications from observing an actual cat, "I think cats are the most perfect hunting machines on the planet. And the beauty of it is we don't judge a cat for what a cat does. So I sort of carried that movement and the non-judgmental approach to the way I moved as The Shape, which I learned from my cat Parcival." He referred to collaborating with Castle as an "honor", with Castle describing it as a "passing of the torch". He used John Carpenter and Castle's work on the original film to determine how the forty years that transpired between the events of the films would inform the character over time.[2]
On January 13, 2018, Ginny Gardner, Miles Robbins, Dylan Arnold and Drew Scheid were confirmed to play Allyson's friends, respectively.[40] On January 16, 2018, Will Patton was publicized to have joined the film's roster.[41] He was later joined by Rob Niter, both actors being announced to portray police officers. At the same time, Rhian Rees was cast as a character named Dana.[42] Speaking of the cast, Nick Castle stated that "What I like about this (new film) is they've got some really good young actors. They fleshed out the relationship of Jamie's character with her daughter and her granddaughter. And they made some choices that I think are really bold choices about who these people are and why they are the way they are now."[43]
Filming[edit]
Principal production began on January 13, 2018 in Charleston, South Carolina. Originally, it was set to begin in late October 2017,[44][45] but was delayed until January 2018.[46] Michael Simmonds served cinematography duties, with Paul Daley and Stewart Cantrell operating the camera.[2] According to Danny McBride, the horror of the film aims to create a sense of tension and dread to the audience rather than relying on graphic violence;[47] the make-up and visual effects were provided by Christopher Nelson.[38] Jamie Lee Curtis finished her scenes on February 16, 2018,[48] with the remaining principal photography concluding on February 19, 2018.[49] Response to the film's first test screening led the filmmakers to schedule reshoots beginning June 11, 2018, where they will adjust the end scene. Filming will take place again in Charleston.[50]
Courtney did a week of rehearsal before filming began. Nelson used a life cast of his face to construct the Michael Myers' mask and other prosthetics worn by the actor.[2] The mask was weathered and aged to reflect the character's "authentic evolution" since the original.[30] Courtney was involved in every scene featuring Myers, including those of Nick Castle, who was only involved for a minimal amount of filming, which Castle described to the journalists on set as a cameo appearance: "Jim is our Michael Myers now." Castle expressed that it was the filmmakers intention to maintain the atmosphere of the original and that, like the 1978 film, "it's very neighborhood-centric... There are a lot of things coinciding (in the new film) that feel like clever ways to introduce a kind of déjà vu of the first one, without feeling like it's being copied. It was the first thing out of their mouths really: 'We want to do it like John [Carpenter] did it.'"[43]
Nelson accompanied Courtney throughout filming, providing him with acting advice from his own knowledge of the characters of the Halloween franchise.[2] Nelson had been interviewed and examined for the film by Akkad and Green after a conversation with Blumhouse producer Ryan Turek, who he was already acquainted with. Collaborating with fellow make-up effects artist Vincent Van Dyke, some of his designs and concepts were initially rejected due to legal complications, which were later straightened out as he began his work on the film. Rather than trying to copy the design of the original mask, he simply intended on recapturing what he described as the visual "feeling" of it. Because the film is set forty years after the events of the original, he studied the decomposition and wrinkling of forty-year-old masks over time while outlining his take on Myers' look, "You're not creating just a mask. You're creating a feeling that you get that does have an expression.. But also the mask looks completely different in every single angle it's ever been photographed at, and I wanted that feeling too." Courtney was hired after Nelson advised Green not to cast a hulking stuntman in the role in compliance with the first film.[51][better source needed]
Music[edit]
After previously providing the score for the original Halloween, Halloween II, and Halloween III: Season of the Witch, John Carpenter confirmed in October 2017 that he had made a deal to score the 2018 release. Regarding his take on the sequel, he said, "I'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels. I could create a new score, we could update the old score and amplify it, or we could combine those two things. I'll have to see the movie to see what it requires."[52]
Release[edit]
Halloween is scheduled to be released theatrically on October 19, 2018.[5]
Marketing[edit]
The CinemaCon film convention premiered exclusive footage on April 25, 2018, garnering positive reactions from those in attendance.[53] The film is scheduled to have a presentation at the San Diego Comic-Con in Hall H on July 20, 2018.[54]
Merchandising[edit]
Trick or Treat Studios obtained the official costume licensing rights for the film. Both Nelson and Vincent Van Dyke joined their design team, who used toolings from the screen-used mold of Michael Myers' mask to adapt it for mass market sale.[55][56]
Future[edit]
In October 2017, John Carpenter said that the film would be the final installment of the series.[57] However, in June 2018, McBride confirmed that he and Green originally had intended to pitch two films that would be shot back-to-back, after deciding against it and waiting to see the reaction to the first film: "We were going to shoot two of them back-to-back. Then we were like, 'Well, let's not get ahead of ourselves. This could come out, and everyone could hate us, and we'd never work again. So, let's not have to sit around for a year while we wait for another movie to come out that we know people aren't going to like.' So, we were like, 'Let's learn from this, and see what works, and what doesn't.' But we definitely have an idea of where we would go [with] this branch of the story and hopefully we get a chance to do it."[58]
See also[edit]
List of retroactive continuities
List of horror films of 2018
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Official website
Halloween on IMDb
show
v
t
e
Halloween
Films
Halloween (1978)
Halloween II (1981)
Halloween III: Season of the Witch
Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers
Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers
Halloween H20: 20 Years Later
Halloween: Resurrection
Halloween (2007)
Halloween II (2009)
Halloween (2018)
Characters
Michael Myers
Laurie Strode
Samuel Loomis
Jamie Lloyd
Annie Brackett
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t
e
David Gordon Green filmography
Film
George Washington (2000)
All the Real Girls (2003)
Undertow (2004)
Snow Angels (2007)
Pineapple Express (2008)
Your Highness (2011)
The Sitter (2011)
Prince Avalanche (2013)
Joe (2013)
Manglehorn (2014)
Our Brand Is Crisis (2015)
Stronger (2017)
Halloween (2018)
Television
Good Vibes (2011)
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e
John Carpenter
Filmography
Directed
Captain Voyeur (1969, short)
Dark Star (1974)
Assault on Precinct 13 (1976)
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Transmission medium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about transmission of signals. For biological transmission, see Vector (molecular biology).
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A transmission medium is a material substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) that can propagate energy waves. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually a gas, but solids and liquids may also act as a transmission medium for sound.
The absence of a material medium in vacuum may also constitute a transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. While material substance is not required for electromagnetic waves to propagate, such waves are usually affected by the transmission media they pass through, for instance by absorption or by reflection or refraction at the interfaces between media.
The term transmission medium also refers to a technical device that employs the material substance to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper cable is a transmission medium. Not only this but also is able to guide the transmission of networks.
A transmission medium can be classified as a:
Linear medium, if different waves at any particular point in the medium can be superposed;
Bounded medium, if it is finite in extent, otherwise unbounded medium;
Uniform medium or homogeneous medium, if its physical properties are unchanged at different points;
Isotropic medium, if its physical properties are the same in different directions.
Coaxial cable, one example of a transmission medium
Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such as optical fiber, or through twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, or dielectric-slab waveguides. It may also pass through any physical material that is transparent to the specific wavelength, such as water, air, glass, or concrete. Sound is, by definition, the vibration of matter, so it requires a physical medium for transmission, as do other kinds of mechanical waves and heat energy. Historically, science incorporated various aether theories to explain the transmission medium. However, it is now known that electromagnetic waves do not require a physical transmission medium, and so can travel through the "vacuum" of free space. Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive for electrical conduction through the presence of free electrons, holes, or ions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Telecommunications
1.1 Types of transmissions
2 Digital encoding
3 See also
4 References
Telecommunications[edit]
A physical medium in data communications is the transmission path over which a signal propagates.
Many transmission media are used as communications channel.
For telecommunications purposes in the United States, Federal Standard 1037C, transmission media are classified as one of the following:
Guided (or bounded)—waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line.
Wireless (or unguided)—transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna.
One of the most common physical medias used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire to carry signals to long distances using relatively low amounts of power. The unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is eight strands of copper wire, organized into four pairs.[1]
Another example of a physical medium is optical fiber, which has emerged as the most commonly used transmission medium for long-distance communications. Optical fiber is a thin strand of glass that guides light along its length. Four major factors favor optical fiber over copper- data rates, distance, installation, and costs. Optical fiber can carry huge amounts of data compared to copper. It can be run for hundreds of miles without the need for signal repeaters, in turn, reducing maintenance costs and improving the reliability of the communication system because repeaters are a common source of network failures. Glass is lighter than copper allowing for less need for specialized heavy-lifting equipment when installing long-distance optical fiber. Optical fiber for indoor applications cost approximately a dollar a foot, the same as copper.[2]
Multimode and single mode are two types of commonly used optical fiber. Multimode fiber uses LEDs as the light source and can carry signals over shorter distances, about 2 kilometers. Single mode can carry signals over distances of tens of miles.
Wireless media may carry surface waves or skywaves, either longitudinally or transversely, and are so classified.
In both communications, communication is in the form of electromagnetic waves. With guided transmission media, the waves are guided along a physical path; examples of guided media include phone lines, twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers. Unguided transmission media are methods that allow the transmission of data without the use of physical means to define the path it takes. Examples of this include microwave, radio or infrared. Unguided media provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but do not guide them; examples are propagation through air, vacuum and seawater.
The term direct link is used to refer to the transmission path between two devices in which signals propagate directly from transmitters to receivers with no intermediate devices, other than amplifiers or repeaters used to increase signal strength. This term can apply to both guided and unguided media.
Types of transmissions[edit]
A transmission may be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
In simplex transmission, signals are transmitted in only one direction; one station is a transmitter and the other is the receiver. In the half-duplex operation, both stations may transmit, but only one at a time. In full duplex operation, both stations may transmit simultaneously. In the latter case, the medium is carrying signals in both directions at same time.
There are two types of transmission media: guided and unguided.
Guided Media:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial Cable
Optical Fiber
hub
Unguided Media: Transmission media then looking at analysis of using them unguided transmission media is data signals that flow through the air. They are not guided or bound to a channel to follow. Following are unguided media used for data communication:
Radio Transmission
Microwave
Digital encoding[edit]
Transmission and reception of data typically is performed in four steps.
The data is coded as binary numbers at the sender end
A carrier signal is modulated as specified by the binary representation of the data
At the receiving end, the incoming signal is demodulated into the respective binary numbers
Decoding of the binary numbers is performed[3]
See also[edit]
Vacuum permittivity
Transmission (telecommunications)
Excitable medium
Duplex (telecommunications)
Luminiferous aether
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Agrawal, Manish (2010). Business Data Communications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 37. ISBN 0470483369.
Jump up ^ Agrawal, Manish (2010). Business Data Communications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0470483369.
Jump up ^ Agrawal, Manish (2010). Business Data Communications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 54. ISBN 0470483369.
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The One and Only Ivan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The One and Only Ivan
First edition
Author
K.A. Applegate
Illustrator
Patricia Castelao
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's Literature
Publisher
HarperCollins
Publication date
2012
Media type
Print (hardcover)
The One and Only Ivan is a children's novel written by K. A. Applegate and illustrated by Patricia Castelao. The book is about a silverback gorilla named Ivan who lived in a cage at a mall. The novel is written in first person from the point of view of Ivan, a silverback gorilla. In 2013 it was named the winner of the Newbery Medal.[1] It has won several other awards and is currently nominated to several reading lists.[2]
Plot
The story is placed at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade. Ivan, the silverback gorilla, has lived in captivity at the Big Top Mall for 214 days by his own tally.[3] He lives in his domain, and is generally content with his life. He watches television, eats bananas and makes artwork that is sold by the owner. Along with Ivan, Stella the elephant and Bob a stray dog, live at the mall. Stella is an older elephant who has a chronic injury in one leg and regularly performs in the daily shows. Unlike Ivan, Stella has a long memory, and can remember living other places, like the circus where she was taught many of her tricks. However, Stella would like to live at a zoo, because they have much wider spaces for their domains. Stella believes that zoos are how humans make amends.[4]
When Ruby, a baby elephant is brought to the Big Top Mall to live with Stella and learn new tricks, things begin to change. Stella's old injury causes her to get sick. Just before Stella succumbs to her illness and passes away, she asks Ivan to take care of Ruby and find her a better place. Ivan promises he will take care of Ruby, even though he does not know how he will manage to do it.[5] After Stella's death, Ivan begins to remember his life before the Big Top Mall, and what it was like to have freedom, if only to have stories to tell to Ruby. While Mack, the owner of the Big Top Mall is trying to train Ruby to do tricks, Ivan witnesses first hand the abuse to which she is subjected and starts to decide how to keep his promise to Stella.
When Julia, the custodian's daughter gives Ivan some finger paints, he begins to get an idea of how to help Ruby. He also changes his opinion of the Big Top Mall. He no longer thinks of his area as his domain, but as a cage.[6] Ivan uses his art to make a large picture of a zoo. George and Julia help him by putting it on the billboard outside of the Big Top Mall. When people see the new signs, they begin to protest the treatment of the animals. Investigators are sent to the Big Top Mall, and eventually it is closed down, and Ivan, Ruby and the other animals are taken away to a zoo. Ivan and Ruby are both adopted by the same zoo. Ivan was tested if he really was a silverback at the new zoo. The story ends with Ivan and Ruby adapting to their new habitats and the other animals they will live with.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Inspiration
3 Reception
4 Adaptation
5 References
6 External links
Characters[edit]
Ivan: An easygoing , Great ape and Silverback gorilla who has lived in the Big Top Mall and Video Arcade for 24 years and 3 years living with Mack; the main character. Ivan has spent most of his life in captivity, either living in a human home or at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade. He remembers little about his life before captivity and has grown content with his life at the mall. As the story progresses, Ivan determines that his life is not satisfactory and he works to save Ruby by having her removed to a zoo.
Stella: a senior elephant who used to live in circuses before coming to the mall. Stella has a long memory, and would much prefer to live in a zoo. She extracts a promise from Ivan to take care of Ruby if she cannot.
Bob: a stray dog who lives with Ivan in his domain. Bob is satisfied to be a stray dog and has no desire to be adopted into a human home.
Mack: the owner of the mall and part-time circus clown; purchased Ivan from poachers who captured him in his home in Africa. Mack is not seen often on screen. He appears to be a generally good man. However, his business is failing and he cannot afford to keep up the mall the way he used to. His actions regarding Stella and Ruby are what finally spur Ivan to try to have Ruby moved to a zoo.
George: The mall custodian. George is a good man who cares for the animals and the mall. However, he is conflicted about helping them because he is afraid of losing his job.
Julia: George's daughter; inspires Ivan to love drawing. Julia works to help Ivan in his quest to move Ruby and the other animals to a zoo.
Ruby: a baby elephant who is new to the mall. Ruby has only recently lost her mother and has never previously been trained in circus tricks. Ruby's treatment at the hands of Mack is what ultimately drives Ivan to try to find a way to save her.
Inspiration[edit]
Although The One and Only Ivan is an entirely fictional story, it is inspired by the true story of Ivan,[7] who lived in a similar situation for 27 years.[8] Eventually Ivan was adopted by Zoo Atlanta in 1994.[9]
Reception[edit]
According to Kirkus Reviews, "Fittingly, Ivan narrates his tale in short, image-rich sentences and acute, sometimes humorous observations that are all the more heartbreaking for their simple delivery... Utterly believable, this bittersweet story... will inspire a new generation of advocates."[10] Jonathan Hunt wrote in The Horn Book Magazine, "The choice to tell this story in the first person and to personify the gorilla with an entire range of human thoughts, feelings, and emotions poses important questions to the reader, not only about what it means to be human but also about what it means to be a living creature, and what kind of kinship we all share."[11] Carolyn Phelan wrote in Booklist that "The text, written in first person from Ivan's point of view, does a good job of vividly conveying his personality, emotions, and intelligence as well as creating a sense of otherness in his point of view."[12] Writing for School Library Journal, Elizabeth Bird said, "There's nothing twee or precious about it. Just good crisp writing, complex characters, and a story that will make animal rights activists out of the most lethargic of readers. Applegate has penned a real doozy of a book that speaks to the best and worst in all of us."[13]
Adaptation[edit]
On April 9, 2014, it was announced that Disney may adapt the book with Allison Shearmur to produce.[14] On May 6, 2016, it was announced that Mike Newell would direct the film, but on March 1, 2018 he was replaced by Thea Sharrock. The script will be written by Mike White.[15] The cast for the film include Sam Rockwell as Ivan, Angelina Jolie as Stella, Bryan Cranston as Mack, Ariana Greenblatt as Julia, and Ramón Rodríguez as Mack's assistant. With Brooklynn Prince in undisclosed role. Shearmur, who died on January 19, 2018, will still have a producing credit along with Jolie and Brigham Taylor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ LSCHULTE (2014-01-27). "2013 Newbery Medal and Honor Books". Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "The One and Only Ivan". Children's Literature Comprehensive Database. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2012). The one and only Ivan (1st ed.). New York: Harper. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2012). The one and only Ivan (1st ed.). New York: Harper. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2011). The One and Only Ivan. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2011). The One and Only Ivan. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ "Q & A with Katherine Applegate". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Aged, beloved Ivan the gorilla from Tacoma dies at Atlanta zoo". The Seattle Times. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating Ivan". Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE ONE AND ONLY IVAN by Katherine Applegate, Patricia Castelao". Kirkus Reviews. September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Jonathan (January 25, 2012). "Review of The One and Only Ivan". The Horn Book Magazine. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Phelan, Carolyn (February 15, 2012). "One and Only Ivan, by Katherine Applegate". Booklist. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (March 7, 2012). "Review of the Day: The One and Only Ivan by Katherine Applegate". School Library Journal. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disney to Adapt Newbery Medal-Winning 'The One and Only Ivan'". firstshowing.net. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/harry-potter-director-mike-newell-891491
External links[edit]
The One and Only Ivan at Goodreads
Obituary of Ivan on npr.org blog
Awards
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2013 Succeeded by
Better Nate Than Ever
Preceded by
The Pup Who Cried Wolf Flicker Tale Children's Book Award for Intermediate Books
2013 Succeeded by
I Survived the Battle of the Gettysburg, 1863
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_and_Only_Ivan&oldid=830568859"
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text:
Jai Jagdish Hare
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Om Jai Jagdish Hare
Author
Pt.Shardha Ram Sharma Phillauri originally belongs to Phillaur village Punjab
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Genre
Aarti, Hinduism
Publication date
c. 1870
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Om Jai Jagdish Hare (Hindi: ॐ जय जगदीश हरे) is a Hindu religious song for the deity Vishnu, however it also considered to be a monotheistic song. Although the religious hymn is a Hindi language composition, it is widely sung by many Hindus within the Indian Diaspora, regardless of their native language. The prayer is sung by the entire congregation at the time of Aarti, a form of Hindu worship.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Lyrics
2.1 Key words
3 Popular culture
4 References
4.1 External links
History[edit]
It may have been inspired by the Dashavatara (दशावतार कीर्ति धवलम्) section of Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, a lyrical composition of 12th century, which has the same refrain:[1]
प्रलयपयोधिजले धृतवानसि वेदम् ॥
विहितवहित्रचरित्रमखेदम्॥
केशवाधृतमीनशरीर जयजगदीशहरे॥
There are also variants of the song, using the same tune and structure, but with focus on different deities. These include Om Jai Lakshmi Mata, Om Jai Shiva Omkara and Om Jai Shiva Shakti Hare.
Lyrics[edit]
Devanagari
Transliteration
English Literal Translation
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
स्वामी* जय जगदीश हरे
भक्त जनों के संकट,
दास जनों के संकट,
क्षण में दूर करे,
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
जो ध्यावे फल पावे,
दुख बिनसे मन का
स्वामी दुख बिनसे मन का
सुख सम्पति घर आवे,
सुख सम्पति घर आवे,
कष्ट मिटे तन का
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
मात पिता तुम मेरे,
शरण गहूं मैं किसकी
स्वामी शरण गहूं मैं किसकी .
तुम बिन और न दूजा,
तुम बिन और न दूजा,
आस करूं मैं जिसकी
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
तुम पूरण परमात्मा,
तुम अंतरयामी
स्वामी तुम अंतरयामी
पारब्रह्म परमेश्वर,
पारब्रह्म परमेश्वर,
तुम सब के स्वामी
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
तुम करुणा के सागर,
तुम पालनकर्ता
स्वामी तुम पालनकर्ता,
मैं मूरख खल कामी
मैं सेवक तुम स्वामी,
कृपा करो भर्ता
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
तुम हो एक अगोचर,
सबके प्राणपति,
स्वामी सबके प्राणपति,
किस विधि मिलूं दयामय,
किस विधि मिलूं दयामय,
तुमको मैं कुमति
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
दीनबंधु दुखहर्ता,
ठाकुर तुम मेरे,
स्वामी ठाकुर तुम मेरे
अपने हाथ उठाओ,
अपने शरण लगाओ
द्वार पड़ा तेरे
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
विषय विकार मिटाओ,
पाप हरो देवा,
स्वमी पाप हरो देवा,.
श्रद्धा भक्ति बढ़ाओ,
श्रद्धा भक्ति बढ़ाओ,
संतन की सेवा
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
स्वामी जय जगदीश हरे
भक्त जनों के संकट,
दास जनों के संकट,
क्षण में दूर करे,
ॐ जय जगदीश हरे
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Swāmī* jaya Jagadīśa hare
Bhakta janoṅ ke saṅkaṭa
Dāsa janoṅ ke saṅkaṭa
Kṣaṇa meṅ dūra kare
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Jo dhyāve phala pāve
Dukha binase mana kā
Swāmī dukha binase mana kā
Sukha sampatī ghara āve
Sukha sampatī ghara āve
Kaṣṭa miṭe tana kā
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Māta pitā tuma mere
Śaraṇa gahūṅ maiṅ kisakī
Swāmi śaraṇa gahūṅ maiṅ kisakī
Tuma bina aura na dūjā
Tuma bina aura na dūjā
Āsa karūṇ maiṅ jisakī
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Tuma pūraṇa Paramātmā
Tuma Aṅtarayāmī
Swāmi tuma Aṅtarayāmī
Pārabrahma Parameśwara
Pārabrahma Parameśwara
Tuma saba ke swāmī
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Tuma karuṇā ke sāgara
Tuma pālanakartā
Swāmī tuma pālanakartā
Maiṅ mūrakh khala kāmī
Maiṅ sevaka tuma swāmī
Kṛpā karo Bhartā
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Tuma ho eka agochara
Sabake prāṇapati
Swāmī sabake prāṇapati
Kisa vidhi milūṅ dayāmaya
Kisa vidhi milūṅ dayāmaya
Tumako maiṅ kumati
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Dīnabaṅdhu dukhahartā
Ṭhākura tuma mere
Swāmī ṭhākura tuma mere
Apane hātha uṭhāo
Apane śaraṇa lagāo
Dwāra paṛā tere
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Viṣaya vikāra miṭāo
Pāpa haro Devā
Swāmī pāpa haro Devā
Śraddhā bhakti baṛhāo
Śraddhā bhakti baṛhāo
Saṅtana kī sevā
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Om jaya Jagdīśa hare
Swāmī jaya Jagadīśa hare
Bhakta janoṅ ke saṅkaṭa
Dāsa janoṅ ke saṅkaṭa
Kṣaṇa meṅ dūra kare
Om jaya Jagadīśa hare
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
Mighty Lord of the whole Universe
The agonies of devotees
The sorrows of devotees
In an instant, thou removest
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
He who's immersed in devotion
His mind's sadness ceases
Lord, his mind's sadness ceases
Joy, prosperity enter the home
Joy, prosperity enter the home
A body free of problems
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
Thou art my Mother and Father
Whom should I take refuge with
Lord, whom should I take refuge with
Without thee, there is no other
Without thee, there is no other
For whom I would wish
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
Thou art the ancient great soul,
Thou art the omnipotent master
Lord, thou art the omnipotent master
Perfect, Absolute, Supreme God
Perfect, Absolute, Supreme God
Thou art the Lord of everything and everyone,
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
Thou art an ocean of mercy
Thou art the protector
Lord, thou art the protector
I am a simpleton with vain desires,
I am a servant and thou art the Lord
Oh Lord,Grant me thy divine grace
Oh Lord of the Universe
You are the one unseen
Of all living beings
The Lord of all living beings
Grant me a glimpse
Grant me a glimpse
Guide me along the path to thee,
Oh Lord of the Universe
Friend of the helpless and feeble
Benevolent saviour of all
Lord, benevolent saviour of all
Lift up your hand
Offer me thy refuge
At thy feet
Oh Lord of the Universe
Removing faults of the mind(like ego,greed,selfishness etc.)
Defeating evil,Supreme Soul,
Lord, defeating evil
With all my Faith and devotion
Oh Lord,With all my faith and devotion
In Eternal Service Unto Thee,
Oh Mighty Lord of the whole Universe
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
Mighty Lord of the whole Universe
The agonies of devotees
The sorrows of devotees
Thou instantly removest
Oh Lord of the whole Universe
Key words[edit]
Om
a bijakshara
jagdish
Lord of the universe
jaya
glory, victory
hare
O! Hari (may imply either saguna Vishnu/Krishna or nirguna lord implied in a later verse)
thakur
an archaic term for 'lord'
shraddha
devotion, (also the poet's signature)
porna paramatma
complete supreme being
Popular culture[edit]
In the 1952 movie Anand Math, the Govinda damodar Stotram[2] of Sri BilvaMangala Thakura is adapted with the Jai Jagdish Hare refrain.(video search)
In Purab Aur Paschim (1970), the prayer symbolizes the continiuity of the Indian tradition before and after India's independence.(video search)
The prayer inspired the movie "Om Jai Jagadish" in 2002.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gita Govindam of Javadeva". Archive.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Stotram, Govinda D. "Govinda Damodra Stotram".
External links[edit]
Audio Version
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Jagdish_Hare&oldid=805883605"
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text:
Cry-Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Crybaby (disambiguation).
Cry-Baby
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Waters
Produced by
Rachel Talalay
Written by
John Waters
Starring
Johnny Depp
Amy Locane
Susan Tyrrell
Iggy Pop
Ricki Lake
Traci Lords
Polly Bergen
Music by
Patrick Williams
Cinematography
David Insley
Edited by
Janice Hampton
Production
company
Imagine Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
April 6, 1990 (1990-04-06)
Running time
85 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12 million[2]
Box office
$8.3 million[3]
Cry-Baby is a 1990 American teen musical romantic comedy film written and directed by John Waters. It was the only film of Waters' over which studios were in a bidding war, coming off the heels of the successful Hairspray. The film stars Johnny Depp as 1950s teen rebel "Cry-Baby" Wade Walker, and also features a large ensemble cast that includes Amy Locane, Polly Bergen, Susan Tyrrell, Iggy Pop, Ricki Lake, and Traci Lords, with appearances by Troy Donahue, Joe Dallesandro, Joey Heatherton, David Nelson, Willem Dafoe, and Patricia Hearst.
The story centers on a group of delinquents who refer to themselves as "drapes" and their interaction with the rest of the town and its other subculture, the "squares", in 1950s Baltimore, Maryland. "Cry-Baby" Walker, a drape, and Allison, a square, create upheaval and turmoil in their little town of Baltimore by breaking the subculture taboos and falling in love. The film shows what the young couple has to overcome to be together and how their actions affect the rest of the town.
Part of the film takes place at the now-closed Enchanted Forest amusement park in Ellicott City, Maryland. Others take place in the historic towns of Hampden, Baltimore City, Reisterstown, Jessup, Milford Mill, and Sykesville, Maryland.
The film did not achieve high audience numbers in its initial release, but has subsequently become a cult classic and spawned a Broadway musical of the same name which was nominated for four Tony Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Release
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office
5 Musical adaptation
6 Legacy
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1954 Baltimore, Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker is the leader of a gang of "drapes", which includes his sister Pepper, a teenage mother; Mona "Hatchet Face" Malnorowski, who is facially disfigured; Wanda Woodward, who is constantly embarrassed by her post World War II normal parents; and Milton Hackett, Hatchet Face's devoted boyfriend. Walker's ability to shed a single tear drives all the girls wild. One day after school, he is approached by Allison Vernon-Williams, a pretty girl tired of being a "square", and the two fall in love. That same day, Cry-Baby approaches the "square" part of town to a talent show at the recreation center where Allison's grandmother hosts events, and introduces himself to her, who is skeptical of his motives. Cry-Baby invites Allison to a party at Turkey Point, a local hangout spot for the drapes.
Despite her grandmother's skepticism, Allison accompanies Cry-Baby to Turkey Point and sings with the drapes. As Cry-Baby and Allison tell each other about their orphan lives; Cry-Baby's father was sent to the electric chair after being the "Alphabet Bomber" – a killer who bombed places in alphabetical order and his mother tried to stop him, but also got sent to the electric chair as a result; Allison's parents took separate flights to avoid orphaning her if they crashed, but both their planes went down. Allison's jealous square boyfriend, Baldwin, then starts a riot. Cry-Baby is blamed for the fight and sent to a penitentiary, outraging all his friends and even Allison's grandmother, who is impressed by Cry-Baby's posture, manners, and musical talent.
As Lenora Frigid, a loose girl with a crush on Cry-Baby, but constantly rejected by him, claims to be pregnant with his child, Allison feels betrayed and returns to Baldwin and the squares, though her grandmother advises her against rushing into a decision. Meanwhile, in the penitentiary, Cry-Baby gets a teardrop tattoo. He tells the tattoo artist, fellow drape Dupree (Robert Tyree): "I've been hurt all my life, but real tears wash away. This one's for Allison, and I want it to last forever!".
Eventually after performing with Baldwin and the Whiffles, Allison is persuaded by the newly established alliance between the Drapes and her grandmother to stand by Cry-Baby and join the campaign for his release. Cry-Baby is released, but immediately insulted by Baldwin, who after revealing that his grandfather is the one who electrocuted Cry-Baby's father, challenges him to a chicken race. Cry-Baby wins, as Baldwin chickens out, and is reunited with Allison.
The film ends with all watching the chicken race crying a single tear, except for Allison and Cry-Baby, who has finally let go of the past, enabling him to cry from both eyes.
Cast[edit]
Johnny Depp as Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker
James Intveld as Cry-Baby's singing voice
Amy Locane as Allison Vernon-Williams
Rachel Sweet as Allison's singing voice
Polly Bergen as Mrs. Vernon-Williams
Ricki Lake as Pepper Walker
Traci Lords as Wanda Woodward
Kim McGuire as Mona "Hatchet-Face" Malnorowski
Darren E. Burrows as Milton Hackett
Susan Tyrrell as Ramona Rickettes
Iggy Pop as Belvedere Rickettes
Kim Webb as Lenora Frigid
Stephen Mailer as Baldwin
Alan J. Wendl as Toe-Joe Jackson
Jonathan Benya as Snare-Drum
Jessica Raskin as Susie Q
Troy Donahue as Mr. Malnorowski
Mink Stole as Mrs. Malnorowski
Joe Dallesandro as Mr. Hackett
Joey Heatherton as Mrs. Hackett
David Nelson as Mr. Woodward
Patricia Hearst as Mrs. Woodward
Robert Tyree as Dupree
Robert Walsh as Judge
Willem Dafoe as Hateful guard
Musical numbers[edit]
"Women in Cadillacs" – Doc Starkes and The Night Riders *(sung along)* – Cry-Baby
"Gee" – The Crows *(sung along)* – Cry-Baby, Hatchet-Face, Milton, Pepper, Wanda
"Sh-Boom" – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"A Teenage Prayer" – Allison
"King Cry-Baby" – Cry-Baby, Allison, Hatchet-Face, Milton, Pepper, Wanda
"Teardrops Are Falling" – Cry-Baby, Dupree, Prisoners
"Doin' Time for Bein' Young" – Cry-Baby, Prisoners
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane" (Director's Cut) – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"Mr. Sandman" – Allison, Baldwin, the Whiffles
"Please, Mr. Jailer" – Allison, Cry-Baby, Company, Prisoners
"Chicken" (deleted scene) – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"High School Hellcats" – Cry-Baby, Allison, Pepper, Company
Release[edit]
Cry-Baby was screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.[4]
Critical reception[edit]
The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a 73% score, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "John Waters' musical ode to the teen rebel genre is infectious and gleefully camp, providing star Johnny Depp with the perfect vehicle in which to lampoon his pin-up image."[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars.[6]
Box office[edit]
The film opened on April 6, 1990 in 1,229 North American cinemas — an unprecedented number for a John Waters film. In its opening weekend, it grossed a soft $3,004,905 ($2,445 per screen) and grossed $8,266,343 by the end of its theatrical run,[3] making it a box office flop from its $12 million budget.[2]
Musical adaptation[edit]
Main article: Cry-Baby (musical)
Cry-Baby is the second of Waters' films to be adapted for the stage as a musical comedy (following Hairspray).
Legacy[edit]
Cry-Baby was the main inspiration for It Was Romance frontperson Lane Moore's music video to her first single, "Philadelphia", with Moore playing both Traci Lords and Johnny Depp's characters from the film.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CRY-BABY (12)". British Board of Film Classification. April 11, 1990. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dreamland News: Filmography: Cry Baby". Dreamland News. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cry-Baby at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Cry-Baby". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cry-Baby (1990)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cry-Baby :: rogerebert.com ::ww Reviews". Roger Ebert. April 6, 1990. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Video | It Was Romance – Philadelphia". MusicSavage.com.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cry-Baby
Cry-Baby on IMDb
Cry-Baby at the TCM Movie Database
Cry-Baby at Box Office Mojo
Cry-Baby at Rotten Tomatoes
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