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IPv4 address exhaustion
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IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses. Because there are fewer than 4.3 billion addresses available, depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s, when the Internet started to experience dramatic growth. This depletion is one of the reasons for the development and deployment of its successor protocol, IPv6. Currently IPv4 and IPv6 coexist in the Internet.
The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries, such as Internet service providers. The main market forces that accelerated IPv4 address depletion included the rapidly growing number of Internet users, always-on devices, and mobile devices.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created the Routing and Addressing Group (ROAD) in November 1991 to respond to the scalability problem caused by the classful network allocation system in place at the time.[1][2] The anticipated shortage has been the driving factor in creating and adopting several new technologies, including network address translation (NAT), Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993, and IPv6 in 1998.[2] IPv6, the successor technology to IPv4 which was designed to address this problem, supports approximately 7038340000000000000♠3.4×1038 network addresses.[3]
Although the predicted depletion was already approaching its final stages as of 2008[update], most providers of Internet services and software vendors were just beginning IPv6 deployment.[4]
The top-level exhaustion occurred on 31 January 2011.[5][6][7][8] Four of the five RIRs have exhausted allocation of all the blocks they have not reserved for IPv6 transition; this occurred on 15 April 2011 for the Asia-Pacific,[9][10][11] on 14 September 2012 for Europe, on 10 June 2014 for Latin America and the Caribbean,[12] and on 24 September 2015 for North America.[13] Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers. Each exhausted its pool of available addresses at different times.
Contents
[hide]
1 IP addressing
2 Address depletion
3 Mitigation efforts
4 Exhaustion dates and impact
4.1 Regional exhaustion
4.1.1 Impact of APNIC RIR exhaustion and LIR exhaustion
4.2 Notable exhaustion advisories
5 Post-exhaustion mitigation
5.1 Reclamation of unused IPv4 space
5.2 Markets in IP addresses
5.3 Transition mechanisms
6 Long-term solution
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
IP addressing[edit]
Every node of an Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as a computer, router, or network printer, is assigned an IP address that is used to locate and identify the node in communications with other nodes on the network. Internet Protocol version 4 provides 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses. However, large blocks of IPv4 addresses are reserved for special uses and are unavailable for public allocation.
More precisely, if a device has several network interfaces, then each interface must have at least one distinct IP address assigned to it. For example, a laptop might have a wireless network interface and a wired network interface using a network cable, and this would require a total of two IP addresses, one per interface. Another example is a mobile phone with a 3G network interface and an interface to a wireless LAN. All routers have to have several network interfaces and typically will have several IP addresses associated with them. It is also possible that an interface can be assigned more than one IP address for various reasons.
The IPv4 addressing structure provides an insufficient number of publicly routable addresses to provide a distinct address to every Internet device or service. This problem has been mitigated for some time by changes in the address allocation and routing infrastructure of the Internet. The transition from classful network addressing to Classless Inter-Domain Routing delayed the exhaustion of addresses substantially.
In addition, network address translation (NAT) permits Internet service providers and enterprises to masquerade private network address space with only one publicly routable IPv4 address on the Internet interface of a customer premises router, instead of allocating a public address to each network device. Complicating matters, IPv6-unaware NAT devices break native and 6to4 IPv6 connectivity, and a large fraction break 6in4 tunnels.
Address depletion[edit]
While the primary reason for IPv4 address exhaustion is insufficient capacity in the design of the original Internet infrastructure, several additional driving factors have aggravated the shortcomings. Each of them increased the demand on the limited supply of addresses, often in ways unanticipated by the original designers of the network.
Mobile devices
As IPv4 increasingly became the de facto standard for networked digital communication and the cost of embedding substantial computing power into hand-held devices dropped, mobile phones have become viable Internet hosts. New specifications of 4G devices require IPv6 addressing.
Always-on connections
Throughout the 1990s, the predominant mode of consumer Internet access was telephone modem dial-up. The rapid increase in the number of the dial-up networks increased address consumption rates, although it was common that the modem pools, and as a result, the pool of assigned IP addresses, were shared amongst a large customer base. By 2007, however, broadband Internet access had begun to exceed 50% penetration in many markets.[14] Broadband connections are always active, as the gateway devices (routers, broadband modems) are rarely turned off, so that the address uptake by Internet service providers continued at an accelerating pace.
Internet demographics
There are hundreds of millions of households in the developed world. In 1990, only a small fraction of these had Internet connectivity. Just 15 years later, almost half of them had persistent broadband connections.[15] The many new Internet users in countries such as China and India are also driving address exhaustion.
Inefficient address use
Organizations that obtained IP addresses in the 1980s were often allocated far more addresses than they actually required, because the initial classful network allocation method was inadequate to reflect reasonable usage. For example, large companies or universities were assigned class A address blocks with over 16 million IPv4 addresses each, because the next smaller allocation unit, a class B block with 65,536 addresses, was too small for their intended deployments.
Many organizations continue to utilize public IP addresses for devices not accessible outside their local network. From a global address allocation viewpoint, this is inefficient in many cases, but scenarios exist where this is preferred in the organizational network implementation strategies.[citation needed]
Due to inefficiencies caused by subnetting, it is difficult to use all addresses in a block. The host-density ratio, as defined in RFC 3194, is a metric for utilization of IP address blocks, that is used in allocation policies.
Mitigation efforts[edit]
Efforts to delay address space exhaustion started with the recognition of the problem in the early 1990s, and the introduction of a number of stop-gap refinements to make the existing structure operate more efficiently, such as classful networks, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) methods, network address translation (NAT) and strict usage-based allocation policies. Other technologies include:
use of network address translation (NAT)[16] which allows a private network to use one public IP address and permitting private addresses in the private network;
use of private network addressing;[17]
name-based virtual hosting of web sites;
tighter control by regional Internet registries on the allocation of addresses to local Internet registries;
network renumbering and subnetting to reclaim large blocks of address space allocated in the early days of the Internet, when the Internet used inefficient classful network addressing.[16]
Exhaustion dates and impact[edit]
Exhaustion of IPv4 addresses since 1995
IPv4 addresses allocation rate per RIR
Geoff Huston's projection of the evolution of the IP pool for each RIR
On 31 January 2011, the last two unreserved IANA /8 address blocks were allocated to APNIC according to RIR request procedures. This left five reserved but unallocated /8 blocks.[9][18][19] In accord with ICANN policies, IANA proceeded to allocate one of those five /8s to each RIR, exhausting the IANA pool,[20] at a ceremony and press conference on 3 February 2011.
The various legacy address blocks with administration historically split among the RIRs were distributed to the RIRs in February 2011.[21]
APNIC was the first regional Internet Registry to run out of freely allocated IPv4 addresses, on 15 April 2011. This date marked the point where not everyone who needed an IPv4 address could be allocated one. As a consequence of this exhaustion, end-to-end connectivity as required by specific applications will not be universally available on the Internet until IPv6 is fully implemented. However, IPv6 hosts cannot directly communicate with IPv4 hosts, and have to communicate using special gateway services. This means that general-purpose computers must still have IPv4 access, for example through NAT64, in addition to the new IPv6 address, which is more effort than just supporting IPv4 or IPv6. The demand for IPv6 is expected become pervasive over three to four years.[22]
In early 2011, only 16–26% of computers were IPv6 capable, while only 0.2% preferred IPv6 addressing[23] with many using transition methods such as Teredo tunneling.[24] About 0.15% of the top million websites were IPv6 accessible in 2011.[25] Complicating matters, 0.027% to 0.12% of visitors could not reach dual-stack sites,[26][27] but a larger percentage (0.27%) could not reach IPv4-only sites.[28] IPv4 exhaustion mitigation technologies include IPv4 address sharing to access IPv4 content, IPv6 dual-stack implementation, protocol translation to access IPv4 and IPv6-addressed content, and bridging and tunneling to bypass single protocol routers. Early signs of accelerated IPv6 adoption after IANA exhaustion are evident.[29]
Regional exhaustion[edit]
All the RIRs have set aside a small pool of IP addresses for the transition to IPv6 (for example carrier-grade NAT), from which each LIR can typically get at most 1024 in total. ARIN[30] and LACNIC[31] reserves the last /10 for IPv6 transition. APNIC, and RIPE NCC have reserved the last obtained /8 block for IPv6 transition. AFRINIC reserves a /11 block for this purpose.[32] When only this last block remains, the RIRs supply of IPv4 addresses is said to be "exhausted".
Regional Internet registries
APNIC was the first RIR to restrict allocations to 1024 addresses for each member, as its pool reached critical levels of one /8 block on 14 April 2011.[9][33][34][35][36][37] The APNIC RIR is responsible for address allocation in the area of fastest Internet expansion, including the emerging markets of China and India.
RIPE NCC, the regional Internet registry for Europe, was the second RIR to deplete its address pool on 14 September 2012.[38]
On 10 June 2014, LACNIC, the regional Internet registry for Latin America and the Caribbean, was the third RIR to deplete its address pool.[39][40]
ARIN was exhausted on 24 September 2015.[41] ARIN has been unable to allocate large requests since July 2015, but smaller requests were still being met.[42] After IANA exhaustion, IPv4 address space requests became subject to additional restrictions at ARIN,[43] and became even more restrictive after reaching the last /8 in April 2014.[30]
According to Geoff Huston's projection, AfriNIC will reach the /11 block left marking exhaustion in the first half of 2018.[44]
Impact of APNIC RIR exhaustion and LIR exhaustion[edit]
Systems that require inter-continental connectivity will have to deal with exhaustion mitigation already due to APNIC exhaustion. At APNIC, existing LIRs could apply for twelve months stock before exhaustion when they were using more than 80% of allocated space allocated to them.[45] Since 15 April 2011, the date when APNIC reached its last /8 block, each (current or future) member will only be able to get one allocation of 1024 addresses (a /22 block) once.[46][47] As the slope of the APNIC pool line on the "Geoff Huston's projection of the evolution of the IP pool for each RIR" chart to the right shows, the last /8 block would have been emptied within one month without this policy. By APNIC policy, each current or future member can receive only one /22 block from this last /8 (there are 16384 /22 blocks in the last /8 block). Since there are around 3000 current APNIC members, and around 300 new APNIC members each year, APNIC expects this last /8 block to last for many years.[48] Since the redistribution of recovered space, APNIC is distributing an additional /22 to each member upon request.
The 1024 addresses in the /22 block can be used by APNIC members to supply NAT44 or NAT64 as a service on an IPv6 network. However at a new large ISP, 1024 IPv4 addresses might not be enough to provide IPv4 connectivity to all the customers due to the limited number of ports available per IPv4 address.[49]
The Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) for Asia (APNIC) and North America have a policy called the Inter-RIR IPv4 Address Transfer Policy, which allows IPv4 addresses to be transferred from North America to Asia.[50][51] The ARIN policy was implemented on 31 July 2012.[52]
IPv4 broker businesses have been established to facilitate these transfers.[53]
Notable exhaustion advisories[edit]
Estimates of the time of complete IPv4 address exhaustion varied widely in the early 2000s. In 2003, Paul Wilson (director of APNIC) stated that, based on then-current rates of deployment, the available space would last for one or two decades.[54] In September 2005, a report by Cisco Systems suggested that the pool of available addresses would deplete in as little as 4 to 5 years.[55] In the last year before exhaustion, IPv4 allocations were accelerating, resulting in exhaustion trending to earlier dates.
On 21 May 2007, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), the RIR for the US, Canada and a number of island states (mostly in the Caribbean), advised the Internet community that, due to the expected exhaustion in 2010, "migration to IPv6 numbering resources is necessary for any applications which require ongoing availability from ARIN of contiguous IP numbering resources".[56] "Applications" include general connectivity between devices on the Internet, as some devices only have an IPv6 address allocated.
On 20 June 2007, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC), advised "preparing its regional networks for IPv6" by 1 January 2011, for the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses "in three years time".[57]
On 26 June 2007, the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), the RIR for the Pacific and Asia, endorsed a statement by the Japan Network Information Center (JPNIC) that to continue the expansion and development of the Internet a move towards an IPv6-based Internet is advised.[58] This, with an eye on the expected exhaustion around 2010, would create a great restriction on the Internet.[59]
On 26 October 2007, the Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC), the RIR for Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, endorsed a statement[60] by the RIPE community urging "the widespread deployment of IPv6 be made a high priority by all stakeholders".
On 15 April 2009, ARIN sent a letter to all CEO/Executives of companies who have IPv4 addresses allocated informing them that ARIN expects the IPv4 space will be depleted within the next two years.[61]
In May 2009, the RIPE NCC launched IPv6ActNow.org to help explain "IPv6 in terms everyone can understand and providing a variety of useful information aimed at promoting the global adoption of IPv6".
On 25 August 2009, ARIN announced a joint series event in the Caribbean region to push for the implementation of IPv6. ARIN reported at this time that less than 10.9% of IPv4 address space is remaining.[62]
World IPv6 Day was an event sponsored and organized by the Internet Society and several large content providers to test public IPv6 deployment. It started at 00:00 UTC on 8 June 2011 and ended at 23:59 the same day. The test primarily consisted of websites publishing AAAA records, allowing IPv6 capable hosts to connect to these sites using IPv6, and for misconfigured networks to be corrected.
World IPv6 Launch Day occurred on 6 June 2012, following the success of World IPv6 Day a year earlier. It involved many more participants and had a more ambitious goal of permanently enabling IPv6 on participant organizations' networks.
Post-exhaustion mitigation[edit]
By 2008 policy planning for the end-game and post-exhaustion era was underway.[63] Several proposals have been discussed to delay shortages of IPv4 addresses:
Reclamation of unused IPv4 space[edit]
Before and during the time when classful network design was still used as allocation model, large blocks of IP addresses were allocated to some organizations. Since the use of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) could potentially reclaim these ranges and reissue the addresses in smaller blocks.[citation needed] ARIN, RIPE NCC and APNIC have a transfer policy, such that addresses can get returned, with the purpose to be reassigned to a specific recipient.[64][65][66] However, it can be expensive in terms of cost and time to renumber a large network, so these organizations are likely to object, with legal conflicts possible. However, even if all of these were reclaimed, it would only result in postponing the date of address exhaustion.
Similarly, IP address blocks have been allocated to entities that no longer exist and some allocated IP address blocks or large portions of them have never been used. No strict accounting of IP address allocations has been undertaken, and it would take a significant amount of effort to track down which addresses really are unused, as many are in use only on intranets.[citation needed]
Some address space previously reserved by IANA has been added to the available pool. There have been proposals to use the class E network range of IPv4 addresses[67][68] (which would add 268.4 million IP addresses to the available pool) but many computer and router operating systems and firmware do not allow the use of these addresses.[55][69][70][71] For this reason, the proposals have sought not to designate the class E space for public assignment, but instead propose to permit its private use for networks that require more address space than is currently available through RFC 1918.
Several organizations have returned large blocks of IP addresses. Notably, Stanford University relinquished their Class A IP address block in 2000, making 16 million IP addresses available.[72] Other organizations that have done so include the United States Department of Defense, BBN Technologies, and Interop.[73]
Markets in IP addresses[edit]
The creation of markets to buy and sell IPv4 addresses has been considered to be a solution to the problem of IPv4 scarcity and a means of redistribution. The primary benefits of an IPv4 address market are that it allows buyers to maintain undisrupted local network functionality.[74][75] IPv6 adoption, while in progress, is currently still in early stages.[76] It requires a significant investment of resources, and poses incompatibility issues with IPv4, as well as certain security and stability risks.[77][78]
The creation of a market in IPv4 addresses would only delay the practical exhaustion of the IPv4 address space for a relatively short time, since the public Internet is still growing.
The concept of legal ownership of IP addresses as property is explicitly denied by ARIN and RIPE NCC policy documents and by the ARIN Registration Services Agreement, although ownership rights have been postulated based on a letter from the National Science Foundation General Counsel.[79] NSF later indicated that the view was not official, and a statement from the Department of Commerce was subsequently issued indicating that "The USG participates in the development of and is supportive of the policies, processes, and procedures agreed upon by the Internet technical community through ARIN."[80][81]
Ad-hoc trading in addresses could lead to fragmented patterns of routing that could increase the size of the global routing table, potentially causing problems for routers with insufficient routing memory resources.
Microsoft bought 666,624 IPv4 addresses from Nortel's liquidation sale for 7.5 million dollars in a deal brokered by Addrex.[82][83] Before exhaustion, Microsoft could have obtained addresses from ARIN without charge, provided that, as per ARIN policy, Microsoft could present ARIN with a need for them.[84] The success of this transfer was contingent on Microsoft successfully presenting ARIN with such a justification. The purchase provided Microsoft with a supply that was sufficient for their claimed needs for growth over the next 12 months, rather than for a 3-months' period as is normally requested from ARIN.[85]
Transition mechanisms[edit]
As the IPv4 address pool depletes, some ISPs will not be able to provide globally routable IPv4 addresses to customers. Nevertheless, customers are likely to require access to services on the IPv4 Internet. Several technologies have been developed for providing IPv4 service over an IPv6 access network.
In ISP-level IPv4 NAT, ISPs may implement IPv4 network address translation within their networks and assign private IPv4 addresses to customers. This approach may allow customers to keep using existing hardware. Some estimates for NAT argue that US ISPs have 5-10 times the number of IPs they need in order to service their existing customers.[86] This has been successfully implemented in some countries, e.g., Russia, where many broadband providers use carrier-grade NAT, and offer publicly routable IPv4 address at an additional cost.[citation needed]
However the allocation of private IPv4 addresses to customers may conflict with private IP allocations on the customer networks. Furthermore, some ISPs may have to divide their network into subnets to allow them to reuse private IPv4 addresses, complicating network administration. There are also concerns that features of consumer-grade NAT such as DMZs, STUN, UPnP and application-level gateways might not be available at the ISP level. ISP-level NAT may result in multiple-level address translation which is likely to further complicate the use of technologies such as port forwarding used to run Internet servers within private networks.[citation needed]
NAT64 translates IPv6 requests from clients to IPv4 requests. This avoids the need to provision any IPv4 addresses to clients and allows clients that only support IPv6 to access IPv4 resources. However this approach requires a DNS server with DNS64 capability and cannot support IPv4-only client devices.
DS-Lite (Dual-Stack Light) uses tunnels from the customer premises equipment to a network address translator at the ISP.[87] The consumer premises equipment encapsulates the IPv4 packets in an IPv6 wrapper and sends them to a host known as the AFTR element. The AFTR element de-encapsulates the packets and performs network address translation before sending them to the public Internet. The NAT in the AFTR uses the IPv6 address of the client in its NAT mapping table. This means that different clients can use the same private IPv4 addresses, therefore avoiding the need for allocating private IPv4 IP addresses to customers or using multiple NATs.
Address plus Port allows stateless sharing of public IP addresses based on TCP/UDP port numbers. Each node is allocated both an IPv4 address and a range of port numbers[clarification needed] to use. The technique avoids the need for stateful address translation mechanisms in the core of the network, thus leaving end users in control of their own address translation.[citation needed]
Long-term solution[edit]
Deployment of IPv6 is the standards-based solution to the IPv4 address shortage.[10] IPv6 is endorsed and implemented by all Internet technical standards bodies and network equipment vendors. It encompasses many design improvements, including the replacement of the 32-bit IPv4 address format with a 128-bit address which provides an addressing space without limitations for the foreseeable future. IPv6 has been in active production deployment since June 2006, after organized worldwide testing and evaluation in the 6bone project ceased. Interoperability for hosts using only IPv4 protocols is implemented with a variety of IPv6 transition mechanisms.
See also[edit]
List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks
512K Day – an event in 2014, involving the exhaustion of the default allocation of hardware routing slots on many routers
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Jump up ^ Kevin Murphy (24 March 2011). "Microsoft spends $7.5 million on IP addresses". Domain Incite.
Jump up ^ "Resource Transfers: Returning Unneeded IPv4 Address Space". ARIN.
Jump up ^ Jaikumar Vijayan (25 March 2011). "IPv4 address transfers must meet policy, ARIN chief says".
Jump up ^ Ramuglia, Gabriel (16 February 2015). "Why IPv4 is Here to Stay, Part 2: Show Me the Money". The Web Host Industry Review. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ RFC 6333 - Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion
External links[edit]
Official current state of IPv4 /8 allocations, as maintained by IANA
ICANN recovers Large Block of Internet Addresses (14.0.0.0/8) 2008-02-10
Global Policy Proposal for Remaining IPv4 Address Space – Background Report 2008-09-08
potaroo.net: IPv4 Address Report with countdown
RIR IPv4 status: APNIC RIPE
The IPv6 mess article by Daniel J. Bernstein about issues affecting ipv4-to-ipv6 transition
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The Man with the Golden Gun (film)
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The Man with the Golden Gun
British cinema poster for The Man with the Golden Gun, designed by Robert McGinnis
Directed by
Guy Hamilton
Produced by
Albert R. Broccoli
Harry Saltzman
Screenplay by
Richard Maibaum
Tom Mankiewicz
Based on
The Man with the Golden Gun
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Roger Moore
Christopher Lee
Britt Ekland
Maud Adams
Music by
John Barry
Cinematography
Ted Moore
Oswald Morris
Edited by
Raymond Poulton
John Shirley
Production
company
Eon Productions
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
19 December 1974 (1974-12-19) (London, premiere)
Running time
125 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Thai
Budget
$7 million
Box office
$97.6 million
The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) is the ninth spy film in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions, and the second to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. A loose adaptation of Ian Fleming's novel of the same name, the film has Bond sent after the Solex Agitator, a device that can harness the power of the sun, while facing the assassin Francisco Scaramanga, the "Man with the Golden Gun". The action culminates in a duel between them that settles the fate of the Solex.
The Man with the Golden Gun was the fourth and final film in the series directed by Guy Hamilton. The script was written by Richard Maibaum and Tom Mankiewicz. The film was set in the face of the 1973 energy crisis, a dominant theme in the script. Britain had still not yet fully overcome the crisis when the film was released in December 1974. The film also reflects the then popular martial arts film craze, with several kung fu scenes and a predominantly Asian location, being set and shot in Thailand, Hong Kong, and Macau. Part of the film is also set in Beirut, Lebanon, but it was not shot there.
The film saw mixed reviews. Christopher Lee's performance as Scaramanga, intended to be a villain of similar skill and ability to Bond, was praised, but reviewers criticized the film as a whole, particularly the comedic approach, and some critics described it as the lowest point in the canon up to that time. Although the film was profitable, it is the fourth lowest grossing Bond film in the series. It was also the last film to be co-produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, with Saltzman selling his 50% stake in Danjaq, LLC, the parent company of Eon Productions, after the release of the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing and themes
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.3.1 Golden Gun prop
3.4 Music
4 Release and reception
4.1 Contemporary reviews
4.2 Reflective reviews
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In London, a golden bullet with James Bond's code "007" etched into its surface is received by MI6. It is believed that it was sent by the famed assassin Francisco Scaramanga, who uses a golden gun to intimidate the agent. Because of the perceived threat to the agent's life, M relieves Bond of a mission revolving around the work of the solar energy scientist named Gibson, thought to be in possession of information crucial to solving the energy crisis with solar power. Bond sets out unofficially to locate Scaramanga.
After retrieving a spent golden bullet from a belly dancer in Beirut and tracking its manufacturer to Macau, Bond encounters Andrea Anders, Scaramanga's mistress, collecting the shipment of golden bullets at a casino. Bond follows her to Hong Kong and, in her Peninsula Hotel room, pressures Anders to expose information about Scaramanga, his appearance and his plans; she directs him to the Bottoms Up Club. The club proves to be the location of Scaramanga's next hit, Gibson, from whom Scaramanga's dwarf henchman Nick Nack steals the "Solex agitator", a key component of a solar power station. Before Bond can assert his innocence in Gibson's death, he is taken away by Lieutenant Hip and transported to meet M and Q in a hidden headquarters in the wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth in the harbour. M assigns Bond to retrieve the Solex.
Bond then travels to Bangkok to meet Hai Fat, a wealthy Siamese entrepreneur suspected of arranging Gibson's murder. Bond poses as Scaramanga, but his plan backfires because unbeknown to him, Scaramanga himself is operating at Hai Fat's estate. Bond is captured and placed in Fat's martial arts academy, where the students are instructed to kill him. After escaping with the aid of Hip and his nieces, Bond speeds away on a motorized sampan along the river and reunites with his assistant, Mary Goodnight. Scaramanga subsequently kills Hai Fat and assumes control of his empire, taking the Solex with him.
Anders visits Bond, revealing that she sent the bullet to London and wants Bond to kill Scaramanga. In payment, she promises to hand the Solex over to him at a Muay Thai venue the next day. At the match, Bond discovers Anders dead and meets Scaramanga. Bond observes the Solex on the floor and is able to smuggle it away to Hip, who passes it to Goodnight. When Goodnight attempts to place a homing device on Scaramanga's car, she becomes trapped in the trunk. Bond discovers Scaramanga driving off and steals an AMC showroom car to give chase, coincidentally with vacationing Sheriff J.W. Pepper seated within it. Bond and Pepper follow Scaramanga in a car chase across Bangkok, which concludes when Scaramanga's car transforms into a plane, which flies himself, Nick Nack and Goodnight away from Bond.
Picking up Goodnight's tracking signal, Bond flies a seaplane into Red Chinese waters and lands at Scaramanga's island. Scaramanga welcomes and shows Bond the solar power plant operation that he has taken over, the technology for which he intends to sell to the highest bidder. While demonstrating the equipment, Scaramanga uses a powerful energy beam to destroy Bond's plane.
Scaramanga then proposes a pistol duel with Bond on the beach; the two men stand back to back and are officiated by Nick Nack to take twenty paces, but when Bond turns and fires, Scaramanga has vanished. Nick Nack leads Bond into Scaramanga's Funhouse where Bond stands in the place of a mannequin of himself; when Scaramanga walks by, Bond outwits and kills him. Goodnight kills Scaramanga's security chief Kra, sending his body into one of the temperature control vats. His body heat raises the helium of the solar plant, which begins to spiral out of control. Bond retrieves the Solex unit just before the island is destroyed, and they escape unharmed in Scaramanga's Chinese junk. Bond then fends off a final attack by Nick Nack, who smuggled himself aboard, placing Nick Nack in a wicker basket on the mainmast of the ship. Bond and Goodnight celebrate their mission by romancing each other.
Cast[edit]
Roger Moore as James Bond: An MI6 agent who receives a golden bullet, supposedly from Scaramanga, indicating that he is a target of Scaramanga.
Christopher Lee as Francisco Scaramanga: The main villain and assassin who is identified by his use of a golden gun; he also has a 'superfluous papilla', or supernumerary nipple. Scaramanga plans to misuse solar energy for destructive purposes. Lee was Ian Fleming's step-cousin[1] and regular golf partner.[2] Scaramanga has been called "the best-characterised Bond villain yet."[3]
Britt Ekland as Mary Goodnight: Bond's assistant. Described by the critic of the Sunday Mirror as being "an astoundingly stupid blonde British agent".[4] Ekland had previously been married to Peter Sellers, who appeared in the 1967 Bond film Casino Royale.[5]
Maud Adams as Andrea Anders: Scaramanga's mistress. Adams described the role as "a woman without a lot of choices: she's under the influence of this very rich, strong man, and is fearing for her life most of the time; and when she actually rebels against him and defects is a major step."[6] The Man with the Golden Gun was the first of three Bond films in which Maud Adams appeared; she played a different character, Octopussy, in the 1983 film of the same name, and would later have a cameo as an extra in Roger Moore's last Bond film, A View to a Kill.[7]
Hervé Villechaize as Nick Nack: Scaramanga's dwarf manservant and accomplice. Villechaize was later known to television audiences as Tattoo in the series Fantasy Island.
Richard Loo as Hai Fat: A Thai millionaire industrialist who was employing Scaramanga to assassinate the inventor of the "Solex" (a revolutionary solar energy device) and steal the device.
Soon-Tek Oh as Lieutenant Hip: Bond's local contact in Hong Kong and Bangkok. Soon-Tek Oh trained in martial arts for the role,[8] and his voice was partially dubbed over.[9]
Clifton James as Sheriff J.W. Pepper: A Louisiana sheriff who happens to be on holiday in Thailand. Hamilton liked Pepper in the previous film, Live and Let Die, and asked Mankewicz to write him into The Man with the Golden Gun as well.[10] Pepper's inclusion has been seen as one of "several ill-advised lurches into comedy" in the film.[1]
Bernard Lee as M: The head of MI6.
Marc Lawrence as Rodney: An American gangster who attempts to outshoot Scaramanga in his funhouse. Lawrence also appeared in Diamonds Are Forever.[11]
Desmond Llewelyn as Q: The head of MI6's technical department.
Marne Maitland as Lazar: A Portuguese gunsmith based in Macau who manufactures golden bullets for Scaramanga.
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny.
James Cossins as Colthorpe: An MI6 armaments expert who identifies the maker of Scaramanga's golden bullets. The first draft of the script originally called the role Boothroyd until it was realised that was also Q's name and it was subsequently changed.[12]
Carmen du Sautoy as Saida: A Beirut belly dancer. Saida was originally written as overweight and wearing excessive make-up, but the producers decided to cast a woman closer to the classic Bond girl.[13]
Production[edit]
Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman intended to follow You Only Live Twice with The Man with the Golden Gun, inviting Roger Moore to the Bond role. However, filming was planned in Cambodia, and the Samlaut Uprising made filming impractical, leading to the production being cancelled.[14] On Her Majesty's Secret Service was produced instead with George Lazenby as Bond. Lazenby's next Bond film, Saltzman told a reporter, would be either The Man with the Golden Gun or Diamonds Are Forever. The producers chose the latter title, with Sean Connery returning as Bond.[15]
Broccoli and Saltzman then decided to start production on The Man with the Golden Gun after Live and Let Die.[16] This was the final Bond film to be co-produced by Saltzman as his partnership with Broccoli was dissolved after the film's release. Saltzman sold his 50% stake in Eon Productions's parent company, Danjaq, LLC, to United Artists to alleviate his financial problems.[17] The resulting legalities over the Bond property delayed production of the next Bond film, The Spy Who Loved Me, for three years.[18]
The novel is mostly set in Jamaica, a location which had been already used in the earlier films, Dr. No and Live and Let Die; The Man with the Golden Gun saw a change in location to put Bond in the Far East for the second time.[19] After considering Beirut, where part of the film is set,[20] Iran, where the location scouting was done but eventually discarded because of the Yom Kippur War,[21] and the Hạ Long Bay in Vietnam, the production team chose Thailand as a primary location, following a suggestion of production designer Peter Murton after he saw pictures of the Phuket bay in a magazine.[16] Saltzman was happy with the choice of the Far East for the setting as he had always wanted to go on location in Thailand and Hong Kong.[22] During the reconnaissance of locations in Hong Kong, Broccoli saw the wreckage of the former RMS Queen Elizabeth and came up with the idea of using it as the base for MI6's Far East operations.[20]
Writing and themes[edit]
Tom Mankiewicz wrote a first draft for the script in 1973, delivering a script that was a battle of wills between Bond and Scaramanga, who he saw as Bond's alter ego, "a super-villain of the stature of Bond himself."[23] Tensions between Mankiewicz and Guy Hamilton[24] and Mankiewicz's growing sense that he was "feeling really tapped out on Bond" led to the re-introduction of Richard Maibaum as the Bond screenwriter.[25]
Maibaum, who had worked on six Bond films previously, delivered his own draft based on Mankiewicz's work.[16] Much of the plot involving Scaramanga being Bond's equal was sidelined in later drafts.[26] For one of the two main aspects of the plot, the screenwriters used the 1973 energy crisis as a backdrop to the film,[27] allowing the MacGuffin of the "Solex agitator" to be introduced; Broccoli's stepson Michael G. Wilson researched solar power to create the Solex.[16]
While Live and Let Die had borrowed heavily from the blaxploitation genre,[28] The Man with the Golden Gun borrowed from the martial arts genre[29] that was popular in the 1970s through films such as Fist of Fury (1972) and Enter the Dragon (1973).[30] However, the use of the martial arts for a fight scene in the film "lapses into incredibility" when Lt Hip and his two nieces defeat an entire dojo.[23]
Casting[edit]
Originally, the role of Scaramanga was offered to Jack Palance, but he turned the opportunity down.[31] Christopher Lee, who was eventually chosen to portray Scaramanga, was Ian Fleming's step-cousin and Fleming had suggested Lee for the role of Dr. Julius No in the 1962 series opener Dr. No. Lee noted that Fleming was a forgetful man and by the time he mentioned this to Broccoli and Saltzman they had cast Joseph Wiseman in the part.[32] Due to filming on location in Bangkok, his role in the film affected Lee's work the following year, as director Ken Russell was unable to sign Lee to play Specialist in the 1975 film Tommy, a part eventually given to Jack Nicholson.[33]
Two Swedish models were cast as the Bond girls, Britt Ekland and Maud Adams. Ekland had been interested in playing a Bond girl since she had seen Dr. No, and contacted the producers about the main role of Mary Goodnight.[16] Hamilton met Adams in New York, and cast her because "she was elegant and beautiful that it seemed to me she was the perfect Bond girl".[10] When Ekland read the news that Adams had been cast for The Man with the Golden Gun, she became upset, thinking Adams had been selected to play Goodnight. Broccoli then called Ekland to invite her for the main role,[16] as after seeing her in a film, Broccoli thought Ekland's "generous looks" made her a good contrast to Adams.[10] Hamilton decided to put Marc Lawrence, whom he had worked with on Diamonds Are Forever, to play a gangster shot dead by Scaramanga at the start of the film, because he found it an interesting idea to "put sort of a Chicago gangster in the middle of Thailand".[10]
Filming[edit]
1972: The wreck of the Seawise University, the former RMS Queen Elizabeth, in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong
Filming commenced on 6 November 1973 at the partly submerged wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth, which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong.[34] The crew was small, and a stunt double was used for James Bond. Other Hong Kong locations included the Hong Kong Dragon Garden as the estate of Hai Fat, which portrayed a location in Bangkok.[35] The major part of principal photography started on 18 April 1974 in Thailand.[16][36] Thai locations included Bangkok, Thon Buri, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan (Thai: เกาะเขาพิงกัน) and Ko Tapu (Thai: เกาะตะปู).[37][20] Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as James Bond Island both by locals and in tourist guidebooks.[38] The scene during the boxing match used an actual Muay Thai fixture at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium.[20]
"[A] car chase [in Bangkok occurred] near a [canal or] khlong on Krung Kasem Road".[39]
Production returned in late April to Hong Kong, and also to Macau,[16] for that island is famous for its casinos, which Hong Kong lacks.[13] Some scenes in Thailand had to be finished, and production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios; this included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior. Academy Award winner Oswald Morris was hired to finish the job after cinematographer Ted Moore became ill.[40] Morris was initially reluctant, as he did not like his previous experiences taking over other cinematographers' work, but accepted after dining with Broccoli.[41] Production wrapped in Pinewood in August 1974.[13]
One of Scaramanga's Island's outcrops (high tide)
One of the main stunts in the film consisted of stunt driver "Bumps" Willard (as James Bond) driving an AMC Hornet leaping a broken bridge and spinning around 360 degrees in mid-air about the longitudinal axis, doing an "aerial twist"; Willard successfully completed the jump on the first take.[37] The stunt was shown in slow motion, for the scene was otherwise too fast.[42] Composer John Barry added a slide whistle sound effect over the stunt, which Broccoli kept in despite thinking that it "undercouped the stunt". Barry later regretted his decision, thinking the whistle "broke the golden rule" as the stunt was "for what it was all worth, a truly dangerous moment, ... true James Bond style".[43] The sound effect was described as "simply crass".[42] The writer Jim Smith suggested that the stunt "brings into focus the lack of excitement in the rest of the film and is spoilt by the use of 'comedy' sound effects."[19] Eon Productions had licensed the stunt, which had been designed by Raymond McHenry.[20] It was initially conceived at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory (CAL) in Buffalo, New York as a test for their vehicle simulation software. After development in simulation, ramps were built and the stunt was tested at CAL's proving ground.[44] It toured as part of the All American Thrill Show as the Astro Spiral before it was picked up for the film. The television programme Top Gear attempted to repeat the stunt in June 2008, but failed.[45] The scene where Scaramanga's Matador flies was shot at Bovington Camp, with a model inspired by an actual car plane prototype.[16] Bond's duel with Scaramanga, which Mankewicz said was inspired by the climactic faceoff in Shane, was shortened as the producers felt it was causing pacing problems. The trailers featured some of the cut scenes.[13]
Hamilton adapted an idea of his involving Bond in Disneyland for Scaramanga's funhouse. The funhouse was designed to be a place where Scaramanga could get the upper hand by distracting the adversary with obstacles,[10] and was described by Murton as a "melting pot of ideas" which made it "both a funhouse and a horror house".[46] While an actual wax figure of Roger Moore was used, Moore's stunt double Les Crawford was the cowboy figure, and Ray Marione played the Al Capone figure. The canted sets such as the funhouse and the Queen Elizabeth had inspiration from German Expressionism films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.[13] For Scaramanga's solar power plant, Hamilton used both the Pinewood set and a miniature projected by Derek Meddings, often cutting between each other to show there was no discernible difference.[10] The destruction of the facility was a combination of practical effects on the set and a destruction of the miniature.[16] Meddings based the island blowing up on footage of the Battle of Monte Cassino.[47]
Golden Gun prop[edit]
The Golden Gun.
Three Golden Gun props were made; a solid piece, one that could be fired with a cap and one that could be assembled and disassembled, although Christopher Lee said that the process "was extremely difficult."[32] The gun was "one of the more memorable props in the Bond series"[34] and consisted of an interlocking fountain pen (the barrel), cigarette lighter (the bullet chamber), cigarette case (the handle) and cufflink (the trigger) with the bullet secured in Scaramanga's belt buckle.[48] In the film, the gun was designed to accept a single 4.2-millimeter, 23-carat gold bullet produced by Lazar, a gunsmith in Macau who specialized in custom weapons and ammunition.[49] The Golden Gun ranked sixth in a 2008 20th Century Fox poll of the most popular film weapons, which surveyed approximately 2,000 film fans.[50]
On 10 October 2008, it was discovered that one of the golden guns used in the film, which is estimated to be worth around £80,000, was missing (suspected stolen) from Elstree Props, a company based at Hertfordshire studios.[51]
Music[edit]
Main article: The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack)
The theme tune to The Man with the Golden Gun, released in 1974, was performed by Scottish singer Lulu and composed by John Barry. Tony Bramwell, who worked for Harry Saltzman's music publishing company Hilary Music, wanted Elton John or Cat Stevens to sing the title song. However, by this time the producers were taking turns producing the films; Albert Broccoli—whose turn it was to produce—rejected Bramwell's suggestions. The lyrics to the Lulu song were written by Don Black and have been described variously as "ludicrous",[48] "inane"[23] and "one long stream of smut", because of their sexual innuendo.[52] Bramwell subsequently dismissed the Barry-Lulu tune as "mundane".[53]
Alice Cooper wrote a song titled "Man with the Golden Gun" to be used by the producers of the film, but they opted for Lulu's song instead. Cooper released his song in his album Muscle of Love.[54]
Barry had only three weeks to score The Man with the Golden Gun[55] and the theme tune and score are generally considered by critics to be among the weakest of Barry's contributions to the series—an opinion shared by Barry himself: "It's the one I hate most ... it just never happened for me."[56] The Man with the Golden Gun was also the first to drop the distinctive plucked guitar from the theme heard over the gun barrel opening. A sample from one of the songs, "Hip's Trip", was used by The Prodigy in the "Mindfields" track on the album The Fat of the Land.[57]
Release and reception[edit]
The James Bond 007 pistol, produced by Lone Star Toys.
The Man with the Golden Gun was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 19 December 1974,[58] with general release in the United Kingdom the same day. The film was made with an estimated budget of $7 million; despite initial good returns from the box office,[59] The Man with the Golden Gun grossed a total of $97.6 million at the worldwide box office,[60] with $21 million earned in the USA, making it the fourth lowest-grossing Bond film in the series.[61]
The promotion of the film had "one of the more anaemic advertising campaigns of the series"[48] and there were few products available, apart from the soundtrack and paperback book, although Lone Star Toys produced a "James Bond 007 pistol" in gold; this differed from the weapon used by Scaramanga in the film as it was little more than a Walther P38 with a silencer fitted.[62]
Contemporary reviews[edit]
The Man with the Golden Gun met with mixed reviews upon its release. Derek Malcolm in The Guardian savaged the film, saying that "the script is the limpest of the lot and ... Roger Moore as 007 is the last man on earth to make it sound better than it is."[63] There was some praise from Malcolm, although it was muted, saying that "Christopher Lee ... makes a goodish villain and Britt Ekland a passable Mary Goodnight ... Up to scratch in production values ... the film is otherwise merely a potboiler. Maybe enough's enough."[63] Tom Milne, writing in The Observer, was even more caustic, writing that "This series, which has been scraping the bottom of the barrel for some time, is now through the bottom ... with depressing borrowings from Hong Kong kung fu movies, not to mention even more depressing echoes of the 'Carry On' smut."[64] He summed up the film by saying it was "sadly lacking in wit or imagination."[64]
David Robinson, the film critic at The Times, dismissed the film and Moore's performance, saying that Moore was "substituting non-acting for Connery's throwaway", while Britt Ekland was "his beautiful, idiot side-kick ... the least appealing of the Bond heroines."[65] Robinson was equally damning of the changes in the production crew, observing that Ken Adam, an "attraction of the early Bond films," had been "replaced by decorators of competence but little of his flair."[65] The writers "get progressively more naive in their creation of a suburban dream of epicureanism and adventure."[65] Writing for The New York Times, Nora Sayre considered the film to suffer from "poverty of invention and excitement", criticising the writing and Moore's performance and finding Villechaize and Lee as the only positive points for their "sinister vitality that cuts through the narrative dough."[66]
The Sunday Mirror critic observed that The Man with the Golden Gun "isn't the best Bond ever" but found it "remarkable that Messrs. Saltzman and Broccoli can still produce such slick and inventive entertainment".[4] Arthur Thirkwell, writing in the Sunday Mirror's sister paper, the Daily Mirror concentrated more on lead actor Roger Moore than the film itself: "What Sean Connery used to achieve with a touch of sardonic sadism, Roger Moore conveys with roguish schoolboy charm and the odd, dry quip."[67] Thirkwell also said that Moore "manages to make even this reduced-voltage Bond a character with plenty of sparkle."[67] Judith Crist of New York Magazine gave a positive review, saying "the scenery's grand, the lines nice and the gadgetry entertaining", also describing the production as a film that "capture[s] the free-wheeling, whooshing non-sense of early Fleming's fairy tale for grown-ups orientation".[68]
Jay Cocks, writing in Time, focused on gadgets such as Scaramanga's flying car, as what is wrong with both The Man with the Golden Gun and the more recent films in the Bond series, calling them "Overtricky, uninspired, these exercises show the strain of stretching fantasy well past wit."[69] Cocks also criticised the actors, saying that Moore "lacks all Connery's strengths and has several deep deficiencies", while Lee was "an unusually unimpressive villain".[69]
Reflective reviews[edit]
Opinion on The Man with the Golden Gun has not changed with the passing of time: as of November 2015, the film holds a 45% rating from Rotten Tomatoes (although these contain contemporary reviews),[70] while Ian Freer of Empire found the film "an entertaining 007 adventure, something that tonally, if not qualitatively, could happily sit within the Connery era."[71] IGN chose The Man with the Golden Gun as the worst Bond film, claiming it "has a great concept ... but the execution is sloppy and silly",[72] and Entertainment Weekly chose it as the fourth worst, saying that the "plot is almost as puny as the sidekick".[73] On the other hand, Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the tenth best, with much praise for Christopher Lee's performance.[74]
Some critics saw the film as uninspired, tired and boring.[75] Roger Moore was also criticised for playing Bond against type, in a style more reminiscent of Sean Connery, although Lee's performance received acclaim. Danny Peary wrote that The Man with the Golden Gun "lacks invention ... is one of the least interesting Bond films" and "a very laboured movie, with Bond a stiff bore, Adams and Britt Ekland uninspired leading ladies".[76] Peary believes that the shootout between Bond and Scaramanga in the funhouse "is the one good scene in the movie, and even it has an unsatisfying finish" and also bemoaned the presence of Clifton James, "unfortunately reprising his unfunny redneck sheriff from Live and Let Die."[76]
Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly argues that Scaramanga is the best villain of the Roger Moore James Bond films,[77] while listing Mary Goodnight among the worst Bond girls, saying that "Ekland may have had one of the series' best bikinis, but her dopey, doltish portrayal was a turnoff as much to filmgoers as to fans of Ian Fleming's novels".[78] The Times put Scaramanga as the fifth best Bond villain in their list,[79] and Ekland was the third in their list of the top 10 most fashionable Bond girls.[80] Maxim listed Goodnight at fourth in their Top Bond Babes list, saying that "Agent Goodnight is the clumsiest spy alive. But who cares as long as she's using her perfect bikini bottom to muck things up?"[81]
See also[edit]
List of henchmen in The Man with the Golden Gun
Outline of James Bond
James Bond portal
1970s portal
Film portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Brooke, Michael. "The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)". BFI Screenonline. The British Film Institute. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Higgins, John (12 December 1974). "From scaremonger to Scaramanga". The Times.
Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 118.
^ Jump up to: a b "Amazing, Mr Bond, but you're still a winner". Sunday Mirror. 22 December 1974.
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 134.
Jump up ^ Maud Adams. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Maud Adams. Inside A View to a Kill (VCD/DVD). MGM Home Entertainment Inc.
Jump up ^ Double-O Stuntmen. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 2: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Soon-Tek Oh. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Guy Hamilton. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "Diamonds Are Forever (1971)". BFI Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 131.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e David Naylor. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Graham, Sheilah (5 June 1969). "Speaking For Myself: Film Maker Saltzman Also Restaurateur" (PDF). Watertown Daily Times. p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Inside The Man with the Golden Gun (NTSC, Widescreen, Closed-captioned)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 2: MGM/UA Home Video. 2000. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 141-2.
Jump up ^ Inside The Spy Who Loved Me (NTSC, Widescreen, Closed-captioned)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). The Spy Who Loved Me Ultimate Edition, Disc 2: MGM/UA Home Video. 2000. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Smith 2002, p. 136.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Tom Mankewicz. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Benson 1988, p. 211.
^ Jump up to: a b c Benson 1988, p. 215.
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Mankiewicz & Crane 2012, p. 162.
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Black 2004, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Benshoff, Harry M (Winter 2000). "Blaxploitation Horror Films: Generic Reappropriation or Reinscription?". Cinema Journal. 39 (2): 37. doi:10.1353/cj.2000.0001.
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Fu & Desser 2000, p. 26
Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 113.
^ Jump up to: a b "Christopher Lee: The legendary actor on Scaramanga, Fleming and playing pure evil". Empire. 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Miller, Frank. "Tommy". Turner Classic Movies. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 114.
Jump up ^ "Public pleasure, private ownership?". Christopher DeWolf. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "United Artists". Film Bulletin. 43-44: 48. 1974.
^ Jump up to: a b Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Exotic Locations (NTSC, Widescreen, Closed-captioned)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 2: MGM/UA Home Video. 2000. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Blame it all on Honey and her white bikini
Jump up ^ Smith 2002, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Oswald Morris. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 119.
Jump up ^ John Barry. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "The Astro-Spiral Jump". McHenry Software. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Top Gear – Season 11, Episode 2 – 29 June 2008". Final Gear.com. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Peter Murton. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Derek Meddings. The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary. The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disk 1: MGM Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 103.
Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 235.
Jump up ^ Borland, Sophie (21 January 2008). "Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Adams, Stephen (10 October 2008). "James Bond golden gun stolen from Elstree Studios". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Bramwell & Kingsland 2006, p. 368.
Jump up ^ Greene 1974, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 287.
Jump up ^ Barry, John (interviewee) (2006). James Bond's Greatest Hits (Television). UK: North One Television.
Jump up ^ Music – The Man With The Golden Gun. Mi6-HQ.com. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Hickey, William (20 December 1974). "Shaking on it – one man to another". Daily Express.
Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 116.
Jump up ^ "The Man with the Golden Gun". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Box Office History for James Bond Movies". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Ambridge, Geoffrey (July 2007). "Lone Star's 'Top Ten' Diecast guns". Collectors' Gazette (280): 12, 13.
^ Jump up to: a b Malcolm, Derek (19 December 1974). "Rebel without a pause". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Milne, Tom (22 December 1974). "From Badlands to Bond". The Observer.
^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson, David (20 December 1974). "A trip back to the forest of Dean". The Times.
Jump up ^ Sayre, Nora (19 December 1974). "Movie Review – The Man with the Golden Gun – Film: James Bond and Energy Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Thirkwell, Arthur (18 December 1974). "It's Bond, shaky – but still stirring". Daily Mirror.
Jump up ^ Crist, Judith (23 December 1974). "Movies – All in the Family". New York.
^ Jump up to: a b Cocks, Jay (13 January 1975). "Cinema: Water Pistols". Time. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Man with the Golden Gun". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Freer, Ian (13 October 2008). "The Man with the Golden Gun". Empire. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "James Bond's Top 20". IGN. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Svetkey, Benjamin; Rich, Joshua (14 November 2008). "James Bond: Ranking 21 films". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Norman Wilner. "Rating the Spy Game". MSN. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James (1996). "The Man with the Golden Gun". ReelViews. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Peary 1986, p. 264.
Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris (12 December 2008). "Moore ... and Sometimes Less". Entertainment Weekly (1025). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Rich, Joshua (10 November 2006). "6. Mary Goodnight (Britt Ekland)". 10 worst Bond girls. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Plant, Brendan (1 April 2008). "Top 10 Bond villains". The Times. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Copping, Nicola (1 April 2008). "Top 10 most fashionable Bond girls". The Times. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Top Bond Babes". Maxim. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
Sources[edit]
Barnes, Alan; Hearn, Marcus (2001). Kiss Kiss Bang! Bang!: the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion. Batsford Books. ISBN 978-0-7134-8182-2.
Benson, Raymond (1988). The James Bond Bedside Companion. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 1-85283-234-7.
Black, Jeremy (2004). Britain Since the Seventies: Politics and Society in the Consumer Age. Guilford: Biddles Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86189-201-0.
Black, Jeremy (2005). The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6240-9.
Bramwell, Tony; Kingsland, Rosemary (2006). Magical Mystery Tours: My Life with the Beatles (reprint ed.). Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-312-33044-6.
Broccoli, Albert R (1998). When the Snow Melts. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-1162-6.
Cork, John; Stutz, Collin (2007). James Bond Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4053-3427-3.
Fu, Poshek; Desser, David (2000). The Cinema of Hong Kong. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77235-8.
Greene, Bob (1974). Billion dollar baby. Athéneum. ISBN 978-0-689-10616-3.
Mankiewicz, Tom; Crane, Robert (2012). My Life as a Mankiewicz. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3605-9.
Macintyre, Ben (2008). For Yours Eyes Only. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-9527-4.
Peary, Danny (1986). Guide for the Film Fanatic. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-61081-4.
Pfeiffer, Lee; Worrall, Dave (1998). The Essential Bond. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-2477-0.
Smith, Jim (2002). Bond Films. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0709-4.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Man with the Golden Gun (film)
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The Man with the Golden Gun at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer site
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values: مردی با طپانچه طلایی (فیلم) – Persian

values: L'Homme au pistolet d'or (film) – French

values: Ոսկե ատրճանակով մարդը – Armenian

values: द मैन विथ द गोल्डन गन – Hindi

values: Čovjek sa zlatnim pištoljem (1974.) – Croatian

values: The Man with the Golden Gun (film) – Indonesian

values: Agente 007 - L'uomo dalla pistola d'oro – Italian

values: მამაკაცი ოქროს პისტოლეტით – Georgian

values: The Man with the Golden Gun – Luxembourgish

values: Žmogus su auksiniu pistoletu – Lithuanian

values: Човекот со златен пиштол (филм) – Macedonian

values: Filem The Man with the Golden Gun – Malay

values: Mannen med den gyldne pistol – Norwegian

values: The Man with the Golden Gun (Film) – Low German

values: Człowiek ze złotym pistoletem (film) – Polish

values: The Man with the Golden Gun – Portuguese

values: Человек с золотым пистолетом – Russian

values: Човек са златним пиштољем – Serbian

values: The Man with the Golden Gun – Serbo-Croatian

values: Mannen med den gyllene pistolen – Swedish

values: 007 เพชฌฆาตปืนทอง – Thai

values: Чоловік із золотим пістолетом (фільм) – Ukrainian

values: 鐵金剛大戰金槍客 – Cantonese

values: 鐵金剛大戰金槍客 – Chinese

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