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United States presidential election, 2016
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United States presidential election, 2016
← 2012 November 8, 2016 2020 →
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout
55.7% (estimated)[1] 0.8 pp
Nominee
Donald Trump Hillary Clinton
Party
Republican Democratic
Home state
New York New York
Running mate
Mike Pence Tim Kaine
Electoral vote
304[a][2] 227[a][2]
States carried
30 + ME-02 20 + DC
Popular vote
62,984,825[3] 65,853,516[3]
Percentage
7001461000000000000♠46.1% 7001482000000000000♠48.2%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence, blue denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Faithless votes: Colin Powell 3 (WA), John Kasich 1 (TX), Ron Paul 1 (TX), Bernie Sanders 1 (HI), Faith Spotted Eagle 1 (WA)
President before election
Barack Obama
Democratic
Elected President
Donald Trump
Republican

2016 U.S. presidential election
Timeline
General election debates
Parties
Polling
national
statewide
by demographics
international
Newspaper endorsements
primary
general
Russian interference
Social media
International reactions
Electors
Recounts
Faithless electors
Republican Party
Primaries
Candidates
Debates and forums
Polling
national
statewide
straw polls
Endorsements
Results
Nominee
Convention
Democratic Party
Primaries
Candidates
Debates and forums
Polling
national
statewide
straw polls
Endorsements
Results
Nominee
Convention
Superdelegates
Third parties
Third party and independent candidates
Libertarian Party
primaries
debates
nominee
convention
Green Party
primaries
debates
nominee
convention
Constitution Party
primaries
nominee
Independents
McMullin
Related races
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2012 ←
2016
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. In a surprise victory,[4] the Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20, 2017. Concurrent with the presidential election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8.
Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state, in most cases by "winner-takes-all" plurality; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19, 2016.[a] While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, a margin of 2.1%, Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors, or 57% of the 538 available. He won the four perennial swing states of Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, and Iowa, as well as the three "blue wall" stronghold states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since the 1980s. Leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. After the President-Elect's victory, some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American History.[5][6]
In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, while Colin Powell won three, and John Kasich, Ron Paul, Bernie Sanders, and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one. Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote.[b] He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military, as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration, while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major American party.
On January 6, 2017, the United States government's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections.[8][9][10] A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that "Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency."[11] Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI,[12] the Senate Intelligence Committee,[13] the House Intelligence Committee,[14] and a Special Counsel appointed in May 2017.[15] President Donald Trump has criticized these intelligence conclusions, alleging a lack of evidence, repeatedly calling them a "hoax" and "fake news".[16][17][18]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Primary process
3 Republican Party
3.1 Primaries
3.2 Nominees
3.3 Other major candidates
3.4 Vice presidential selection
4 Democratic Party
4.1 Primaries
4.2 Nominees
4.3 Other major candidates
4.4 Vice presidential selection
5 Third parties and independents
5.1 Libertarian Party
5.2 Green Party
5.3 Independents
5.4 Constitution Party
5.5 Other nominations
5.6 Candidates gallery
6 General election campaign
6.1 Ballot access
6.2 Party conventions
6.3 Campaign finance
6.4 Newspaper endorsements
6.5 Russian involvement
7 Debates
7.1 Primary election debates
7.2 General election debates
8 Results
8.1 Candidates table
8.2 Results by state
8.3 Close races
8.3.1 Breakdown by ticket
8.4 Battleground states
8.5 Maps
8.6 Voter demographics
8.7 Forecasting
8.8 Viewership
9 Post-election events
9.1 Protests
9.2 Vote tampering concerns
9.3 Recount petitions
9.4 Electoral College lobbying
9.5 Faithless electors
9.6 Trump compared with former presidents
10 See also
10.1 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Background
Further information: United States presidential election § Procedure
Barack Obama, the incumbent president in 2016, whose second term expired at noon on January 20, 2017
Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.
President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon on January 20, 2017.
Primary process
The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee.
Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election.[19] On the same day, Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates.[20][21]
Republican Party
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
President of the United States
Incumbent
Presidency
Transition
Inauguration
Timeline
Executive actions
Trips
Polls
Protests
Appointments
Cabinet
Federal judges
Neil Gorsuch
Supreme Court candidates
U.S. Attorneys
Dismissals
Sally Yates
James Comey
Policy positions
Economy
Environment
Paris withdrawal
Foreign policy
as candidate
as president
Immigration
Social issues
marijuana
International trips
2017 summits
Saudi Arabia
arms deal
NATO, Belgium
G7, Italy
G20, Germany
APEC, Vietnam
Presidential election [show]
2016 campaign
Rallies
Primaries
Convention
Endorsements
Debates
Never Trump
Republican opposition
Sexual misconduct allegations
2020 campaign
Russia controversies [show]
Business projects in Russia
Election interference
timeline
Steele dossier
Classified information disclosure
Links of associates with Russian officials
Trump campaign–Russian meetings
2017 Special Counsel investigation
Business and personal
Business career
The Trump Organization
Eponyms
Family
Foundation
Legal affairs
Residences
Social media
The Apprentice franchise
Films
Books [show]
The Art of the Deal
Surviving at the Top
The Art of the Comeback
The America We Deserve
Trump 101
Why We Want You to Be Rich
Think Big and Kick Ass
Time to Get Tough
Midas Touch
Crippled America

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Primaries
Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23, 2015, this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history.[22]
Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1, 2016, the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later.[23] On March 15, 2016, the second "Super Tuesday", Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state.[24]
Between March 16 and May 3, 2016, only three candidates remained in the race: Trump, Cruz and Kasich. Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates. Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April, followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3, 2016, securing all 57 of the state's delegates. Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention, both Cruz[25] and Kasich[26] suspended their campaigns. Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3, 2016.[27]
Nominees
Republican Party ticket, 2016
Donald Trump
Mike Pence
for President for Vice President
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017) 50th
Governor of Indiana
(2013–2017)
Campaign
[28][29][30]
Other major candidates
Main article: Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016
Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus. The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings.
Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary. Trump, Cruz, Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary, with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest.
Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries
John Kasich
Ted Cruz
Marco Rubio
Ben Carson
Jeb Bush
Jim Gilmore
Carly Fiorina
Chris Christie
69th
Governor of Ohio
(2011–present) U.S. Senator
from Texas
(2013–present) U.S. Senator
from Florida
(2011–present) Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins Hospital
(1984–2013) 43rd
Governor of Florida
(1999–2007) 68th
Governor of Virginia
(1998–2002) CEO of
Hewlett-Packard
(1999–2005) 55th
Governor of New Jersey
(2010–present)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: May 4
4,287,479 votes W: May 3
7,811,110 votes W: Mar 15
3,514,124 votes W: Mar 4
857,009 votes W: Feb 20
286,634 votes W: Feb 12
18,364 votes W: Feb 10
40,577 votes W: Feb 10
57,634 votes
[31] [32][33][34] [35][36][37] [38][39][40] [41][42] [43][44] [45][46] [47][48]
Rand Paul
Rick Santorum
Mike Huckabee
George Pataki
Lindsey Graham
Bobby Jindal
Scott Walker
Rick Perry
U.S. Senator
from Kentucky
(2011–present) U.S. Senator
from Pennsylvania
(1995–2007) 44th
Governor of Arkansas
(1996–2007) 53rd
Governor of New York
(1995–2006) U.S. Senator
from South Carolina
(2003–present) 55th
Governor of Louisiana
(2008–2016) 45th
Governor of Wisconsin
(2011–present) 47th
Governor of Texas
(2000–2015)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: Feb 3
66,781 votes W: Feb 3
16,622 votes W: Feb 1
51,436 votes W: December 29, 2015
2,036 votes W: December 21, 2015
5,666 votes W: November 17, 2015
222 votes W: September 21, 2015
1 write-in vote in New Hampshire W: September 11, 2015
1 write-in vote in New Hampshire
[49][50][51] [52][53] [54][55] [56] [57][58] [59][60] [61][62][63] [63][64][65]
Vice presidential selection
Main article: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 2016
Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4, 2016.[66] In mid-June, Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia, Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama, and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin.[67] A June 30 report from The Washington Post also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee, Richard Burr from North Carolina, Tom Cotton from Arkansas, Joni Ernst from Iowa, and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket.[68] Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position, including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn.[69]
In July 2016, it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three: Christie, Gingrich, and Pence.[70]
On July 14, 2016, several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate. Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15, 2016, and formally made the announcement the following day in New York.[71][72] On July 19, the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention, Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation.[73]
Democratic Party
This article is part of a series
about
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Political positions
Electoral history
Clinton Foundation
State Department controversy
Onward Together
U.S. Secretary of State
Tenure
Obama's foreign policy
QDDR
Email controversy
Hillary Doctrine
Campaign for the presidency
2016
Primaries
Convention
Endorsements
political
non-political
Campaign for the presidency
2008
Primaries
Endorsements
U.S. Senator from New York
Tenure
2000 election
2006 re-election
First Lady of the United States
Role
Health care plan
SCHIP
Whitewater and other investigations
Response to Lewinsky scandal
Awards and honors
Books
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Primaries
Main article: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States, became the first woman to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency. Clinton made the announcement on April 12, 2015, via a video message.[74] While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front-runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination, she faced extreme challenges from Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont,[75] who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30, 2015, that he was running for the Democratic nomination.[76] September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders.[75][77][78] On May 30, 2015, former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race,[79] followed by former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3, 2015,[80][81] former Virginia Senator Jim Webb on July 2, 2015,[82] and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6, 2015.[83]
On October 20, 2015, Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries, and explored a potential Independent run.[84] The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run, ending months of speculation, stating, "While I will not be a candidate, I will not be silent."[85][86] On October 23, Chafee withdrew, stating that he hoped for "an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity".[87] On November 2, after failing to qualify for the second DNC-sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate, Lessig withdrew as well, narrowing the field to Clinton, O'Malley, and Sanders.[88]
On February 1, 2016, in an extremely close contest, Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders. After winning no delegates in Iowa, O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day. On February 9, Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60% of the vote. In the remaining two February contests, Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53% of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73% of the vote.[89][90] On March 1, 11 states participated in the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries. Clinton won Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates, while Sanders won Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates. The following weekend, Sanders won victories in Kansas, Nebraska and Maine with 15–30-point margins, while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71% of the vote. On March 8, despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary, Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points, while Clinton won 83% of the vote in Mississippi.[91] On March 15, the second "Super Tuesday", Clinton won in Florida, Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina and Ohio. Between March 22 and April 9, Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho, Utah, Alaska, Hawaii, Washington and Wyoming, as well as the Wisconsin primary, while Clinton won the Arizona primary. On April 19, Clinton won the New York primary with 58% of the vote. On April 26, in the third "Super Tuesday" dubbed the "Acela primary", she won contests in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania, while Sanders won in Rhode Island. Over the course of May, Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary[92] and also won in West Virginia and Oregon, while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary.
On June 4 and 5, Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary. On June 6, 2016, the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates, including pledged delegates and superdelegates, to secure the nomination, becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party.[93] On June 7, Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota, while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota. Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14. At the conclusion of the primary process, Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates (54% of the total) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses, while Sanders had won 1,847 (46%). Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or "superdelegates" who were set to vote in the convention in July, Clinton received endorsements from 560 (78%), while Sanders received 47 (7%).[94]
Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race, he announced on June 16, 2016, that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election.[95] On July 8, appointees from the Clinton campaign, the Sanders campaign, and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party's platform.[96] On July 12, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with her.[97]
Nominees
Democratic Party ticket, 2016
Hillary Clinton
Tim Kaine
for President for Vice President
67th
U.S. Secretary of State
(2009–2013) U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2013–present)
Campaign
[98][99][100]
Other major candidates
Main article: Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016
The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels, or were listed in publicly published national polls. Lessig was invited to one forum, but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates.
Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary.
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
Bernie Sanders
Martin O'Malley
Lawrence Lessig
Lincoln Chafee
Jim Webb
U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present) 61st
Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015) Harvard Law professor
(2009–2016) 74th
Governor of Rhode Island
(2011–2015) U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2007–2013)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
LN: July 26, 2016
13,167,848 votes W: February 1, 2016
110,423 votes W: November 2, 2015
4 write-in votes in New Hampshire W: October 23, 2015
0 votes W: October 20, 2015
2 write-in votes in New Hampshire
[101] [102][103] [88] [104] [105]
Vice presidential selection
Main article: Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 2016
In April 2016, the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate, even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries.[106] In mid-June, The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California, Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey, Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas, Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California, Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia, Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland, Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio, and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts.[107] Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, retired Admiral James Stavridis, and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado.[108] In discussing her potential vice presidential choice, Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president.[108]
On July 22, Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate.[109] The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, which took place July 25–28, formally nominated the Democratic ticket.
Third parties and independents
Campaign signs of third-party candidates Jill Stein and Gary Johnson, October 2016 in St. Johnsbury, Vermont
Third party and independent candidates that have obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state, are listed separately.
Libertarian Party
Main articles: Libertarian Party (United States) and Libertarian Party presidential primaries, 2016
Gary Johnson, 29th Governor of New Mexico. Vice-presidential nominee: Bill Weld, 68th Governor of Massachusetts
Gary Johnson, Libertarian Party [show]
This article is part of a series
about
Gary Johnson
Political positions
Governor of New Mexico
1994 election
1998 re-election
Campaign for the Presidency
2012
2012 Libertarian Convention
Campaign for the Presidency
2016
2016 Libertarian Convention
Primaries
Campaign endorsements
Our America Initiative
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This article is part of a series
about
Bill Weld
Political ideology
Libertarian Party
Vice presidential nomination
Convention
Primaries
Election 2016
New York gubernatorial campaign
U.S. Senate campaign
Governor of Massachusetts
1990 election
1994 re-election
U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts

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Additional Party Endorsements: Independence Party of New York
Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes
Nominees
Libertarian Party ticket, 2016
Gary Johnson
William Weld
for President for Vice President
29th
Governor of New Mexico
(1995–2003) 68th
Governor of Massachusetts
(1991–1997)
Campaign
[110][111]
Green Party
Main articles: Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential primaries, 2016
Jill Stein, physician from Lexington, Massachusetts. Vice-presidential nominee: Ajamu Baraka, activist from Washington, DC
Jill Stein, Green Party [show]
This article is part of a series
about
Jill Stein
Political positions
Green New Deal
Campaign for the Presidency
2016
Convention
Primaries
Campaign endorsements
Election recounts
Campaign for the Presidency
2012
Convention
Primaries
Political Parties
Green-Rainbow Party
Green Party of the United States
Career
Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2010
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Ballot access to 480 electoral votes (522 with write-in):[112] – map
As write-in: Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina[113][114]
Ballot access lawsuit pending: Oklahoma[115]
No ballot access: Nevada, South Dakota[113][116]
Nominees
Green Party ticket, 2016
Jill Stein
Ajamu Baraka
for President for Vice President
Physician
from Lexington, Massachusetts Activist
from Washington, DC
Campaign
[117][118]
Independents
Main article: Evan McMullin presidential campaign, 2016
Evan McMullin, chief policy director for the House Republican Conference. Vice-presidential nominee: Mindy Finn, president of Empowered Women.
Evan McMullin, Independents [show]
Additional Party Endorsement: Independence Party of Minnesota, South Carolina Independence Party
Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[119] – map
As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin[119][120][121][122][123][124][125]
No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming
In some states, Evan McMullin's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn, although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen.[126]
Independent ticket, 2016
Evan McMullin
Mindy Finn
for President for Vice President
Chief policy director for the
House Republican Conference (2015–2016) President of
Empowered Women
(2015–present)
Campaign
[127]
Constitution Party
Main articles: Constitution Party of the United States and Constitution Party presidential primaries, 2016
Darrell Castle, attorney from Memphis, Tennessee. Vice-presidential nominee: Scott Bradley, businessman from Utah
Darrell Castle, Constitution Party [show]
Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[128][129] – map
As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia[128][130][131][132][133]
No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma[128]
Nominees
Constitution Party ticket, 2016
Darrell Castle
Scott Bradley
for President for Vice President
Attorney
from Memphis, Tennessee Businessman
from Utah
Campaign
[134]
Other nominations
Main article: United States third-party and independent presidential candidates, 2016
Other nominations [show]

Party
Presidential nominee
Vice presidential nominee
Attainable Electors
(write-in)
Popular Vote
States with ballot access
(write-in)
American Delta Party
Reform Party Rocky De La Fuente
Businessman from California Michael Steinberg
Lawyer from Florida 147
(305)
map 33,133
(0.02%) Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming[129][135][136][137][138][139][140]
(Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia)[120][121][122][124][130][132][141][142][143][144][145][146][133][147][148]
Party for Socialism and Liberation
Peace and Freedom[149]
Liberty Union Party[150]
Gloria La Riva
Newspaper printer and activist from California Eugene Puryear
Activist from Washington, DC 112
(226)
map 74,402
(0.05%) California, Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington[151][152]
(Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia)[121][122][124][132][141][142][146][148][153]
Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy
Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois Osborne Hart
of Pennsylvania 70
(123)
map 12,465
(0.01%) Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, Washington[151]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Workers World Party Monica Moorehead
perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama[154] Lamont Lilly
of North Carolina[155] 30
(235)
map 4,319
(0.00%) New Jersey, Utah, Wisconsin[151]
(Alabama, Indiana, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New, York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia)[122][124][141][143][147][148][156][157][158][159][160][161]
Socialist Party USA
Natural Law Party[162]
Mimi Soltysik
former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California[163]
Campaign Angela Nicole Walker
of Wisconsin 25
(209)
map 2,704
(0.00%) Colorado, Michigan, Guam[151][152][164]
(Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin)[124][132][141][143][146][147][153][159][161][165][166]
Prohibition Party James Hedges
former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania[167][168] Bill Bayes
of Mississippi[167] 21
(116)
map 5,617
(0.00%) Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi[151]
(Alabama, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[122][132][141][146][148][156][159]
Independent Mike Smith
Lawyer, Colorado Daniel White 20
(222) 9,345
(0.01%) Colorado, Tennessee[151]
(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington. West Virginia)[121][122][130][132][133][141][142][146][147][148][153][156][159][160][165][169][170]
Independent Richard Duncan
Real Estate Agent from Ohio Ricky Johnson
Preacher from Pennsylvania 18
(173) 24,307
(0.02%) Ohio[171]
(Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[132][141][142][143][145][146][148][152][153][156][159][169][170]
Independent Laurence Kotlikoff
Economics Professor at Boston University, Massachusetts Edward E. Leamer
Economics Professor at UCLA, California 17
(428)
map 3,596
(0.00%) Colorado, Louisiana[151]
(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)[120][121][123][125][130][132][133][141][143][146][147][148][152][153][156][157][158][159][160][161][165][166][169][170][172][173][174][175]
America's Party Tom Hoefling
activist from Iowa[176] Steve Schulin
of South Carolina 17
(369)
map 4,845
(0.00%) Colorado, Louisiana[151][177]
(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)[121][122][123][124][130][131][132][133][141][142][143][145][146][147][148][153][156][158][159][160][161][165][166][169][170][173][175]
Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston
reliability engineer from Texas[178] Deacon Taylor
of Nevada[179] 17
(196)
map 7,248
(0.01%) Colorado, Louisiana[151]
(Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin)[124][133][141][145][146][147][153][156][160][166][169][170]
Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek
of Minnesota Mark Elworth Jr.
of Nebraska 16
(77) 13,537
(0.01%) Iowa, Minnesota[151]
(Alabama, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Independent Lynn Kahn
Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland Kathleen Monahan
of Florida 12
(160) 5,730
(0.00%) Arkansas, Iowa[138][151]
(Alabama, Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia)[122][124][132][141][142][145][146][147][148][153][156][159]
American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen
sales professional and magician from Michigan Juan Muñoz
of Texas 9
(332)
map 6,714
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Alaska, California, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin)[120][122][124][125][131][132][133][141][145][146][147][153][156][158][160][161][166][169][170]
Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado
of Oklahoma Douglas K. Terranova 9
(212) 961
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)[121][130][132][141][142][143][145][146][147][148][153][159][160][166][169][170][173]
Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9
(108) 749
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Delaware, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[124][141][142][146]
American Party (South Carolina) Peter Skewes
Animal Science Professor at Clemson University, South Carolina Michael Lacy 9
(83) 3,246
(0.00%) South Carolina[181]
(Alabama, Connecticut, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[121][141][146]
Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood
of Colorado Blake Huber
of Colorado 9
(76) 337
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Independent American Party Kyle Kenley Kopitke
of Michigan Narthan R. Sorenson 9
(76) 1,096
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Nutrition Party Rod Silva
restaurateur from New Jersey[182][183] Richard Silva 9
(76) 751
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle
peace activist from Illinois Hannah Walsh 9
(76) 382
(0.00%) Colorado[180]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Socialist Equality Party Jerry White
peace activist from Michigan Niles Niemuth
journalist from Wisconsin 8
(166) 481
(0.00%) Louisiana[184]
(Alabama, California, Delaware, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[120][132][141][142][146][148][153][170]
Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
of California Milton Fambro
of California 8
(75) 749
(0.00%) Louisiana[184]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Independent American Party Rocky Giordani
from California Farley Anderson
activist from Utah 6
(79) 2,752
(0.00%) Utah[165]
(Alabama, Iowa, Kansas, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[122][141][146]
Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland
of Texas J.R. Meyers 4
(71) 2,356
(0.00%) Idaho[185]
(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[141][146]
Candidates gallery
Gary Johnson
Libertarian Party
(campaign)
Jill Stein
Green Party
(campaign)
Evan McMullin
Independent
(campaign)
Darrell Castle
Constitution Party
(campaign)
General election campaign
A general election ballot, listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates.
Hillary Clinton focused her candidacy on several themes, including raising middle class incomes, expanding women's rights, instituting campaign finance reform, and improving the Affordable Care Act. In March 2016, she laid out a detailed economic plan basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, which proposed a "clawback" which would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; with provision of incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; as well as increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America in order to pay a lower tax rate overseas.[186] Clinton promoted equal pay for equal work to address current alleged shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do,[187] promoted explicitly focus on family issues and support of universal preschool,[188] expressed support for the right to same-sex marriage,[188] and proposed allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship stating that it "[i]s at its heart a family issue."[189]
Donald Trump's campaign drew heavily on his personal image, enhanced by his previous media exposure.[190] The primary slogan of the Trump campaign, extensively used on campaign merchandise, was Make America Great Again. The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign, and has been frequently donned by Trump and his supporters.[191] Trump's right-wing populist positions—reported by The New Yorker to be nativist, protectionist, and semi-isolationist—differ in many ways from traditional conservatism.[192] He opposed many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support, and opposed cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits. Moreover, he has insisted that Washington is "broken" and can only be fixed by an outsider.[193][194][195] Trump support was high among working and middle-class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree.[196] This group, particularly those with less than a high-school education, suffered a decline in their income in recent years.[197] According to The Washington Post, support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle-age white people.[198] A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican-leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia, followed by New York, and then followed by six Southern states.[199]
Clinton had an uneasy, and at times adversarial relationship with the press throughout her life in public service.[200] Weeks before her official entry as a presidential candidate, Clinton attended a political press corps event, pledging to start fresh on what she described as a "complicated" relationship with political reporters.[201] Clinton was initially criticized by the press for avoiding taking their questions,[202][203] after which she provided more interviews.
In contrast, Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate. From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016, Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention, twice the amount that Clinton received.[204] According to data from the Tyndall Report, which tracks nightly news content, through February 2016, Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC, CBS and ABC, more than all the Democratic campaigns combined.[205][206][207] Observers noted Trump's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage "almost at will".[208] However, Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him[209] and he has called upon his supporters to be "the silent majority".[210] Trump also said the media "put false meaning into the words I say", and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it.[211][212]
Both Clinton and Trump were seen unfavorably by the general public, and their controversial nature set the tone of the campaign. [213]
Clinton's practice of using her own private email address and server during her time as Secretary of State, in lieu of State Department servers, gained widespread public attention back in March 2015.[214] Concerns were raised about security and preservation of emails, and the possibility that laws may have been violated.[215] After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into this so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server.[216][217][218][219] The FBI probe was concluded on July 5, 2016, with a recommendation of no charges, a recommendation that was followed by the Justice Department. On October 28, eleven days before the election, FBI Director James Comey informed Congress that the FBI was analyzing additional emails obtained during its investigation of an unrelated case.[220][221] On November 6, he notified Congress that the new emails did not change the FBI's earlier conclusion.[222][223]
Also, on September 9, 2016, Clinton stated: "You know, just to be grossly generalistic, you could put half of Trump's supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables. They're racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic—you name it."[224] Donald Trump criticized Clinton's remark as insulting his supporters.[225][226] The following day Clinton expressed regret for saying "half", while insisting that Trump had deplorably amplified "hateful views and voices".[227] Previously on August 25, 2016, Clinton gave a speech criticizing Trump's campaign for using "racist lies" and allowing the alt-right to gain prominence.[228]
On the other side, on October 7, 2016, video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media.[229][230][231] Following the revelation, Trump's campaign issued an apology, stating that the video was of a private conversation from "many years ago".[232] The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans like Reince Priebus, Mitt Romney, John Kasich, Jeb Bush[233] and the Speaker of the House Paul Ryan.[234] By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket.[235] Trump insisted he would never drop out.[236]
The ongoing of the election made third parties attract voters' attention. On March 3, 2016, Libertarian Gary Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC, touting himself as the third-party option for anti-Trump Republicans.[237][238] In early May, some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull votes away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who were very disliked and polarizing.[239] Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from "Never Trump" Republicans and disaffected Bernie Sanders supporters.[240] Johnson also began to get time on national television, being invited on ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Bloomberg, and many other networks.[241] In September and October 2016, Johnson suffered a "string of damaging stumbles when he has fielded questions about foreign affairs."[242][243] On September 8, Johnson, when he appeared on MSNBC's Morning Joe, was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle, "What would you do, if you were elected, about Aleppo?" (referring to a war-torn city in Syria). Johnson responded, "And what is Aleppo?"[244] Johnson's "what is Aleppo?" question prompted widespread attention, much of it negative.[244][245] Later that day, Johnson said that he had "blanked" and that he did "understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict – I talk about them every day."[245]
On the other hand, Green Party candidate Jill Stein stated that the Democratic and Republican parties are "two corporate parties" that have converged into one.[246] Concerned by the rise of the far right internationally and the tendency towards neoliberalism within the Democratic Party, she has said, "The answer to neofascism is stopping neoliberalism. Putting another Clinton in the White House will fan the flames of this right-wing extremism."[247][248]
In response to Johnson's growing poll numbers, the Hillary Clinton campaign and Democratic allies increased their criticism of Johnson in September 2016, warning that "a vote for a third party is a vote for Donald Trump" and deploying Senator Bernie Sanders (Clinton's former primary rival, who supported her in the general election) to win over voters who might be considering voting for Johnson or for Stein.[249]
Ballot access
Presidential ticket
Party
Ballot access
Votes[3][250]
Percentage
States
Electors
% of voters
Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100% 62,984,825 46.09%
Clinton / Kaine Democratic 50 + DC 538 100% 65,853,516 48.18%
Johnson / Weld Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100% 4,489,221 3.28%
Stein / Baraka Green 44 + DC 480 89% 1,457,216 1.07%
McMullin / Finn Independent 11 84 15% 731,788 0.54%
Castle / Bradley Constitution 24 207 39% 203,010 0.15%
Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes, without needing write-in states.
All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 25 states, but had write-in access greater than 270.
Party conventions
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Orlando
Houston
Salt Lake City
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Libertarian Party
Green Party
Constitution Party
Democratic Party
Main article: 2016 Democratic National Convention
July 25–28, 2016: Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[251]
Republican Party
Main article: 2016 Republican National Convention
July 18–21, 2016: Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio.[252][253]
Libertarian Party
Main article: 2016 Libertarian National Convention
May 26–30, 2016: Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando, Florida.[254][255]
Green Party
Main article: 2016 Green National Convention
August 4–7, 2016: Green National Convention was held in Houston, Texas.[256][257]
Constitution Party
Main article: 2016 Constitution Party National Convention
April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.[258]
Campaign finance
This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission (FEC) and released in September 2016. Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees—also called PACs and SuperPACs. The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics.[259] Some spending totals are not available, due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline. As of September 2016, ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC.
Candidate
Campaign committee (as of December 9)
Outside groups (as of December 9)
Total spent
Money raised
Money spent
Cash on hand
Debt
Money raised
Money spent
Cash on hand
Hillary Clinton[260][261] $497,808,791 $435,367,811 $62,440,979 $111,238 $205,909,959 $204,267,754 $1,642,205 $639,635,565
Donald Trump[262][263] $247,541,449 $231,546,996 $15,994,454 $2,086,572 $74,905,285 $70,941,922 $3,963,363 $302,488,918
Gary Johnson[264][265] $11,410,313 $10,308,873 $1,101,440 $0 $1,386,554 $1,310,578 $75,976 $11,619,451
Rocky De La Fuente[266] $7,351,270 $7,354,663 -$3,392 $7,334,250 $0 $0 $0 $7,354,663
Jill Stein[267][268] $3,509,477 $3,451,174 $58,303 $87,740 $0 $0 $0 $3,451,174
Evan McMullin[269] $1,644,102 $1,642,165 $1,937 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,642,165
Darrell Castle[270] $52,234 $51,365 $869 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $51,365
Gloria La Riva[271] $29,243 $24,207 $5,034 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,207
Monica Moorehead[272] $11,547 $9,127 $2,419 $4,500 $0 $0 $0 $9,127
Peter Skewes[273] $7,966 $4,238 $7,454 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $4,238
Newspaper endorsements
Main article: Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election, 2016
Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times,[274] the Los Angeles Times,[275] the Houston Chronicle,[276] the San Jose Mercury News,[277] the Chicago Sun-Times[278] and the New York Daily News[279] editorial boards. Trump, who has frequently criticized the mainstream media, was not endorsed by the vast majority of newspapers,[280][281] with the Las Vegas Review-Journal,[282] The Florida Times-Union,[283] and the tabloid National Enquirer his highest profile supporters.[284] Several papers which endorsed Clinton, such as the Houston Chronicle,[276] The Dallas Morning News,[285] The San Diego Union-Tribune,[286] The Columbus Dispatch[287] and The Arizona Republic,[288] endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades. USA Today, which had not endorsed any candidate since it was founded in 1982, broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump, declaring him "unfit for the presidency".[289][290] The Atlantic, which has been in circulation since 1857, gave Clinton its third-ever endorsement (after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson).[291]
Other traditionally Republican papers, including the New Hampshire Union Leader, which had endorsed the Republican nominee in every election for the last 100 years,[292] The Detroit News, which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years,[293] and the Chicago Tribune,[294] endorsed Gary Johnson.
Russian involvement
Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
On December 9, 2016, the Central Intelligence Agency issued an assessment to lawmakers in the US Senate, stating that a Russian entity hacked the DNC and John Podesta's emails to assist Donald Trump. The Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed[295] President Barack Obama ordered a "full enquiry" into such possible intervention.[296] Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper in early January 2017 testified before a Senate committee that Russia's meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking, and included disinformation and the dissemination of fake news, often promoted on social media.[297]
President-elect Trump originally called the report fabricated,[298] and Wikileaks denied any involvement by Russian authorities.[299] Days later, Trump said he could be convinced of the Russian hacking "if there is a unified presentation of evidence from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies."[300]
Several U.S. senators—including Republicans John McCain, Richard Burr, and Lindsey Graham—demanded a congressional investigation.[301] The Senate Intelligence Committee announced the scope of their official inquiry on December 13, 2016, on a bipartisan basis; work began on January 24, 2017.[13]
Debates
Primary election debates
Main articles: Democratic Party presidential debates and forums, 2016; Republican Party presidential debates and forums, 2016; Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums, 2016; and Green Party presidential debates and forums, 2016
General election debates
Main article: United States presidential debates, 2016
Hofstra University
Hempstead, NY
Longwood University
Farmville, VA
Washington University
St. Louis, MO
University of Nevada
Las Vegas
University of Colorado Boulder
Sites of the 2016 general election debates
The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a non-profit organization, hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates. According to the commission's website, to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates, "... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible, candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College, and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations, using the average of those organizations' most recently publicly-reported results at the time of the determination."[302]
The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates, and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate, were announced on September 23, 2015. The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio; however, due to rising costs and security concerns, the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.[303]
On August 19, Trump's campaign manager confirmed that he would participate in a series of three debates.[304][305][306][307] Trump had complained that two of the scheduled debates, one on September 26 and the other October 9, will have to compete for viewers with National Football League games, referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates.[308]
The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes.[309] In October 2016 Free & Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15% of the electoral vote. The nominees of the Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Green, Constitution, Reform, and Socialism and Liberation parties, as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin, were invited to participate.[310] The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder's Macky Auditorium on October 25, 2016. It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin, with Darrell Castle, Rocky De La Fuente, and Gloria La Riva participating.[311]
PBS hosted a debate moderated by Tavis Smiley between Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein.[312]
Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election
No.
Date
Time
Host
City
Moderator(s)
Participants
P1
September 26, 2016 9 p.m. EDT Hofstra University Hempstead, New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
VP
October 4, 2016 9 p.m. EDT Longwood University Farmville, Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine
Mike Pence
P2
October 9, 2016 8 p.m. CDT Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Anderson Cooper
Martha Raddatz Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
P3
October 19, 2016 6 p.m. PDT University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada Chris Wallace Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
P4
October 25, 2016 7 p.m. MDT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado Ed Asner
Christina Tobin Darrell Castle
Rocky De La Fuente
Gloria La Riva
= Sponsored by the CPD; = Sponsored by Free & Equal
Results
Incumbent President Barack Obama casts his vote early in Chicago on October 7, 2016.
The election was held on November 8, 2016. Clinton cast her vote in Chappaqua, Westchester County, New York, while Trump voted in a Manhattan public school.[313] Throughout the day, the election process went more smoothly than many had expected, with only a few reports of long lines and equipment problems.
The news media and election experts were surprised twice, at Trump's winning the GOP nomination and in winning the electoral college. English political scientist Lloyd Gruber says, "One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science, a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump’s chances of gaining the Republican nomination."[314] The final polls showed a lead by Clinton—and indeed she did win more popular votes.[315] Trump himself expected to lose the election based on polling, and rented a small hotel ballroom to make a brief concession speech; "I said if we're going to lose I don't want a big ballroom", he said.[316] The Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states, especially Florida, Iowa, Ohio and North Carolina. Even Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Michigan, states that had been predicted to vote Democratic, were won by Trump.[317] Cindy Adams, present at Trump Tower, reported that "Trumptown knew they'd won by 5:30. Math, calculations, candidate dislike causing voter abstention begat the numbers."[318] Trump said that he was surprised by how "that map was getting red as hell. That map was bleeding red ... I always used to believe in [polls]. I don't believe them anymore."[316]
On November 9, 2016, at 3:00 AM Eastern Time, Trump secured over 270 electoral votes, the majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College, enough to make him the president-elect of the United States.[319][320]
According to the authors of Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign, by late Tuesday night the White House had decided that Trump had won the election. Obama aide David Simas called Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook to unsuccessfully persuade Clinton to concede the election. Obama then called Clinton herself, citing the importance of continuity of government, to publicly acknowledge that Trump had won; believing that she was still unwilling to concede the president called Podesta, telling him that the election was over, but the call to Clinton had likely already persuaded her.[321] Clinton called Trump early on Wednesday morning to concede defeat,[322] and later that day asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be "a successful president for all Americans."[323] In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying "it is time for us to come together as one united people" and praised Clinton who was owed "a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country."[324]
Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump. These are (with Electoral College votes in parentheses): Florida (29), Pennsylvania (20), Ohio (18), Michigan (16), Wisconsin (10), Iowa (6), and Maine's second congressional district (1). Initially, Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney in 2012, with two lost to faithless electors the following month. Thirty-nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous Presidential election, while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic.[250]
Based on U.S. Census Bureau estimates[1] of the voting age population (VAP), turnout of voters casting a vote for President was nearly 1% higher than 2012. Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election, University of Florida Prof. Michael McDonald estimated[325][326] that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016. 65.9 million of those ballots have been counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump, representing 20.3% (Clinton) and 19.4% (Trump) of a census estimate of U.S. population that day of 324 million.[250][327] Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and voting eligible population (VEP) of 230.6 million people, this is a turnout rate of 55.4% VAP and 60.2% VEP.[1][325] Based on this estimate, voter turnout was up compared to 2012 (54.1% VAP) but down compared to 2008 (57.4% VAP). A FEC report of the 2016 Presidential General Election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for President — more than any prior election.[1]
Data scientist Azhar Hamdan, working to explain the paradoxes the 2016 outcome, "chief among them the discrepancy between the popular vote, which Hillary Clinton won by 2.8 million votes, and the electoral college, where Trump won 304-227", compared Trump's 30 states against Clinton's 20 states and the District of Columbia.[328][329] He said that Trump outperformed Mitt Romney's 2012 results, while Clinton only just matched Barack Obama's 2012 totals.[328] Hamdan also said that Trump was "the highest vote earner of any Republican candidate ever," exceeding George W. Bush's 62.04 million votes in 2004, though neither reached Clinton's 65.9 million, nor Obama's 69.5 million votes in 2008, the overall record.[328] He concluded, with help from The Cook Political Report, that the election hinged not on Clinton's large 2.8 million overall vote margin over Trump, but rather on about 78,000 votes from only three counties in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.[328][330]
Candidates table
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote
Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count
Percentage
Vice-presidential candidate
Home state
Electoral vote
Donald Trump Republican New York 62,984,825 46.09% 304 Mike Pence Indiana 305
Hillary Clinton Democratic New York 65,853,516 48.18% 227 Tim Kaine Virginia 227
Colin Powell(a) Republican Virginia 25(c) 0.00%(c) 3 Elizabeth Warren(a) Massachusetts 2
Maria Cantwell(a) Washington 1
Susan Collins(a) Maine 1
Bernie Sanders(a) Independent Vermont 111,850(c) 0.08%(c) 1 Elizabeth Warren(a) Massachusetts ↑
John Kasich(a)(b) Republican Ohio 2,684(c) 0.00%(c) 1 Carly Fiorina(a)(b) Virginia 1
Ron Paul(a)(b) Libertarian Texas 124(c) 0.00%(c) 1 Mike Pence Indiana ↑
Faith Spotted Eagle(a) Democratic South Dakota 0 0.00% 1 Winona LaDuke(a) Minnesota 1
Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 4,489,221 3.28% 0 Bill Weld Massachusetts 0
Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 1,457,216 1.07% 0 Ajamu Baraka Illinois 0
Evan McMullin Independent Utah 731,788 0.54% 0 Mindy Finn District of Columbia 0
Darrell Castle Constitution Tennessee 203,010 0.15% 0 Scott Bradley Utah 0
Gloria La Riva Socialism and Liberation California 74,392 0.05% 0 Eugene Puryear District of Columbia 0
Other 760,586 0.56% — Other —
Total
136,669,237 100% 538 538
Needed to win
270 270
Source (Popular Vote):
Nationwide:[3]
Leip, David. "2016 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
For Bernie Sanders and John Kasich: CA:[331] and[332] NH:[333] VT:[334] NC:[335] PA:[336] RI:[337]
(a) Received electoral vote(s) from a faithless elector.
(b) Two faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich, respectively. Chris Suprun stated that he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina. The other faithless elector in Texas, Bill Greene, cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence, as pledged. John Kasich received recorded write-in votes in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
(c) Candidate received votes as a write-in. The exact amounts of write-in votes for Sanders have been published for 3 states. In California, his official running mate was Tulsi Gabbard and in New Hampshire and Vermont there was not a running mate attached to Sanders.[338] It was possible to vote Sanders as a write-in candidate in 14 states.[339]
Popular vote
Clinton
48.18%
Trump
46.09%
Johnson
3.28%
Stein
1.07%
Others
1.37%
Electoral vote—Pledged
Trump/Pence
56.88%
Clinton/Kaine
43.12%
Electoral vote—President
Trump
56.51%
Clinton
42.38%
Powell
0.56%
Kasich
0.19%
Paul
0.19%
Sanders
0.19%
Spotted Eagle
0.19%
Electoral vote—Vice President
Pence
56.70%
Kaine
42.38%
Warren
0.38%
Cantwell
0.19%
Collins
0.19%
Fiorina
0.19%
LaDuke
0.19%
Results by state
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)
A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state. Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party, respectively.[340] With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.28%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996,[341] while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%), the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000.
Independent candidate Evan McMullin, who appeared on the ballot in 11 states, received over 725,000 votes (0.53%). He won 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a third-party candidate in any state since 1992.[342] Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary, Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7% of the vote in his home state of Vermont, the highest write-in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history.[343] Johnson and McMullin were the first third party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5% of the vote in one or more states, with Johnson crossing the mark in 11 states and McMullin crossing it in two.
Aside from Florida and North Carolina, the states which secured Trump's victory are situated in the Great Lakes/Rust Belt region. Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984, while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988.[344][345][346] Stein petitioned for a recount in these states. The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts, while Trump backers challenged them in court.[347][348][349] Meanwhile, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada.[350]
States won by Clinton/Kaine
States won by Trump/Pence
Electoral methods
WTA—Winner-takes-all
CD—Congressional district★
Hillary Clinton
Democratic
Donald Trump
Republican
Gary Johnson
Libertarian
Jill Stein
Green
Evan McMullin
Independent
Others
Margin★★
Total
State or
district
Electoral
method
#
%
Electoral
votes
#
%
Electoral
votes
#
%
Electoral
votes
#
%
Electoral
votes
#
%
Electoral
votes
#
%
Electoral
votes
#
%
#
State
Status
Alabama WTA 729,547 34.36% – 1,318,255 62.08% 9 44,467 2.09% – 9,391 0.44% – – – – 21,712 1.02% – 588,708 27.72% 2,123,372 AL Official[351]
Alaska WTA 116,454 36.55% – 163,387 51.28% 3 18,725 5.88% – 5,735 1.80% – – – – 14,307 4.49% – 46,933 14.73% 318,608 AK Official[352]
Arizona WTA 1,161,167 45.13% – 1,252,401 48.67% 11 106,327 4.13% – 34,345 1.33% – 17,449 0.68% – 1,476 0.06% – 91,234 3.54% 2,573,165 AZ Official[353]
Arkansas WTA 380,494 33.65% – 684,872 60.57% 6 29,829 2.64% – 9,473 0.84% – 13,255 1.17% – 12,712 1.12% – 304,378 26.92% 1,130,635 AR Official[354]
California WTA 8,753,788 61.73% 55 4,483,810 31.62% – 478,500 3.37% – 278,657 1.96% – 39,596 0.28% – 147,244 1.04% – −4,269,978 −30.11% 14,181,595 CA Official[355]
Colorado WTA 1,338,870 48.16% 9 1,202,484 43.25% – 144,121 5.18% – 38,437 1.38% – 28,917 1.04% – 27,418 0.99% – −136,386 −4.91% 2,780,247 CO Official[356]
Connecticut WTA 897,572 54.57% 7 673,215 40.93% – 48,676 2.96% – 22,841 1.39% – 2,108 0.13% – 508 0.03% – −224,357 −13.64% 1,644,920 CT Official[357]
Delaware WTA 235,603 53.09% 3 185,127 41.72% – 14,757 3.32% – 6,103 1.37% – 706 0.16% – 1,518 0.34% – −50,476 −11.39% 443,814 DE Official[358][359]
District of Columbia WTA 282,830 90.48% 3 12,723 4.07% – 4,906 1.57% – 4,258 1.36% – – – – 6,551 2.52% – −270,107 −86.41% 311,268 DC Official[360]
Florida WTA 4,504,975 47.82% – 4,617,886 49.02% 29 207,043 2.20% – 64,399 0.68% – – – – 25,736 0.28% – 112,911 1.20% 9,420,039 FL Official[361]
Georgia WTA 1,877,963 45.64% – 2,089,104 50.77% 16 125,306 3.05% – 7,674 0.19% – 13,017 0.32% – 1,668 0.04% – 211,141 5.13% 4,114,732 GA Official[362][363]
Hawaii WTA 266,891 62.22% 3 128,847 30.03% – 15,954 3.72% – 12,737 2.97% – – – – 4,508 1.05% 1 −138,044 −32.19% 428,937 HI Official[364]
Idaho WTA 189,765 27.49% – 409,055 59.26% 4 28,331 4.10% – 8,496 1.23% – 46,476 6.73% – 8,132 1.18% – 219,290 31.77% 690,255 ID Official[365]
Illinois WTA 3,090,729 55.83% 20 2,146,015 38.76% – 209,596 3.79% – 76,802 1.39% – 11,655 0.21% – 1,627 0.03% – −944,714 −17.07% 5,536,424 IL Official[366]
Indiana WTA 1,033,126 37.91% – 1,557,286 56.82% 11 133,993 4.89% – 7,841 0.27% – – – – 2,712 0.10% – 524,160 18.91% 2,734,958 IN Official[367]
Iowa WTA 653,669 41.74% – 800,983 51.15% 6 59,186 3.78% – 11,479 0.73% – 12,366 0.79% – 28,348 1.81% – 147,314 9.41% 1,566,031 IA Official[368]
Kansas WTA 427,005 36.05% – 671,018 56.65% 6 55,406 4.68% – 23,506 1.98% – 6,520 0.55% – 947 0.08% – 244,013 20.60% 1,184,402 KS Official[369]
Kentucky WTA 628,854 32.68% – 1,202,971 62.52% 8 53,752 2.79% – 13,913 0.72% – 22,780 1.18% – 1,879 0.10% – 574,177 29.84% 1,924,149 KY Official[370]
Louisiana WTA 780,154 38.45% – 1,178,638 58.09% 8 37,978 1.87% – 14,031 0.69% – 8,547 0.42% – 9,684 0.48% – 398,484 19.64% 2,029,032 LA Official[371]
Maine (at-lg) WTA[c] 357,735 47.83% 2 335,593 44.87% – 38,105 5.09% – 14,251 1.91% – 1,887 0.25% – 356 0.05% – −22,142 −2.96% 747,927 ME–a/l Official[372][373]
Maine, 1st CD[c] 212,774 53.96% 1 154,384 39.15% – 18,592 4.71% – 7,563 1.92% – 807 0.20% – 209 0.05% – −58,390 −14.81% 394,329 ME-1
Maine, 2nd CD[c] 144,817 40.98% – 181,177 51.26% 1 19,510 5.52% – 6,685 1.89% – 1,080 0.31% – 147 0.04% – 36,360 10.28% 353,416 ME-2
Maryland WTA 1,677,928 60.33% 10 943,169 33.91% – 79,605 2.86% – 35,945 1.29% – 9,630 0.35% – 35,169 1.26% – −734,759 −26.42% 2,781,446 MD Official[374]
Massachusetts WTA 1,995,196 60.01% 11 1,090,893 32.81% – 138,018 4.15% – 47,661 1.43% – 2,719 0.08% – 50,559 1.52% – −904,303 −27.20% 3,325,046 MA Official[375]
Michigan WTA 2,268,839 47.27% – 2,279,543 47.50% 16 172,136 3.59% – 51,463 1.07% – 8,177 0.17% – 19,126 0.40% – 10,704 0.23% 4,799,284 MI Official[376]
Minnesota WTA 1,367,716 46.44% 10 1,322,951 44.92% – 112,972 3.84% – 36,985 1.26% – 53,076 1.80% – 51,113 1.74% – −44,765 −1.52% 2,944,813 MN Official[377]
Mississippi WTA 485,131 40.11% – 700,714 57.94% 6 14,435 1.19% – 3,731 0.31% – – – – 5,346 0.44% – 215,583 17.83% 1,209,357 MS Official[378]
Missouri WTA 1,071,068 38.14% – 1,594,511 56.77% 10 97,359 3.47% – 25,419 0.91% – 7,071 0.25% – 13,177 0.47% – 523,443 18.63% 2,808,605 MO Official[379]
Montana WTA 177,709 35.75% – 279,240 56.17% 3 28,037 5.64% – 7,970 1.60% – 2,297 0.46% – 1,894 0.38% – 101,531 20.42% 497,147 MT Official[380][381]
Nebraska (at-lg) WTA 284,494 33.70% – 495,961 58.75% 2 38,946 4.61% – 8,775 1.04% – – – – 16,051 1.90% – 211,467 25.05% 844,227 NE–a/l Official[382]
Nebraska, 1st CD 100,126 35.46% – 158,626 56.18% 1 14,031 4.97% – 3,374 1.19% – – – – 6,181 2.19% – 58,500 20.72% 282,338 NE-1 [382]
Nebraska, 2nd CD 131,030 44.92% – 137,564 47.16% 1 13,245 4.54% – 3,347 1.15% – – – – 6,494 2.23% – 6,534 2.24% 291,680 NE-2 [382]
Nebraska, 3rd CD 53,290 19.73% – 199,657 73.92% 1 11,657 4.32% – 2,054 0.76% – – – – 3,451 1.28% – 146,367 54.19% 270,109 NE-3 [382]
Nevada WTA 539,260 47.92% 6 512,058 45.50% – 37,384 3.32% – – – – – – – 36,683 3.26% – −27,202 −2.42% 1,125,385 NV Official[383]
New Hampshire WTA 348,526 46.98% 4 345,790 46.61% – 30,777 4.15% – 6,496 0.88% – 1,064 0.14% – 11,643 1.24% – −2,736 −0.37% 744,296 NH Official[384]
New Jersey WTA 2,148,278 54.99% 14 1,601,933 41.00% – 72,477 1.86% – 37,772 0.97% – – – – 13,586 1.18% – −546,345 −13.99% 3,874,046 NJ Official[385]
New Mexico WTA 385,234 48.26% 5 319,667 40.04% – 74,541 9.34% – 9,879 1.24% – 5,825 0.73% – 3,173 0.40% – −65,567 −8.22% 798,319 NM Official[386]
New York WTA 4,556,124 59.01% 29 2,819,534 36.52% – 176,598 2.29% – 107,934 1.40% – 10,373 0.13% – 50,890 0.66% – −1,736,590 −22.49% 7,721,453 NY Official[387]
North Carolina WTA 2,189,316 46.17% – 2,362,631 49.83% 15 130,126 2.74% – 12,105 0.26% – – – – 47,386 1.00% – 173,315 3.66% 4,741,564 NC Official[388]
North Dakota WTA 93,758 27.23% – 216,794 62.96% 3 21,434 6.22% – 3,780 1.10% – – – – 8,594 2.49% – 123,036 35.73% 344,360 ND Official[389]
Ohio WTA 2,394,164 43.56% – 2,841,005 51.69% 18 174,498 3.17% – 46,271 0.84% – 12,574 0.23% – 27,975 0.51% – 446,841 8.13% 5,496,487 OH Official[390]
Oklahoma WTA 420,375 28.93% – 949,136 65.32% 7 83,481 5.75% – – – – – – – N/A N/A – 528,761 36.39% 1,452,992 OK Official[391]
Oregon WTA 1,002,106 50.07% 7 782,403 39.09% – 94,231 4.71% – 50,002 2.50% – – – – 72,594 3.63% – −219,703 −10.98% 2,001,336 OR Official[392]
Pennsylvania WTA 2,926,441 47.46% – 2,970,733 48.18% 20 146,715 2.38% – 49,941 0.81% – 6,472 0.11% – 65,176 1.06% – 44,292 0.72% 6,165,478 PA Official[393]
Rhode Island WTA 252,525 54.41% 4 180,543 38.90% – 14,746 3.18% – 6,220 1.34% – 516 0.11% – 9,594 2.07% – −71,982 −15.51% 464,144 RI Official[394]
South Carolina WTA 855,373 40.67% – 1,155,389 54.94% 9 49,204 2.34% – 13,034 0.62% – 21,016 1.00% – 9,011 0.43% – 300,016 14.27% 2,103,027 SC Official[395]
South Dakota WTA 117,458 31.74% – 227,721 61.53% 3 20,850 5.63% – – – – – – – 4,064 1.10% – 110,263 29.79% 370,093 SD Official[396]
Tennessee WTA 870,695 34.72% – 1,522,925 60.72% 11 70,397 2.81% – 15,993 0.64% – 11,991 0.48% – 16,026 0.64% – 652,230 26.00% 2,508,027 TN Official[397]
Texas WTA 3,877,868 43.24% – 4,685,047 52.23% 36 283,492 3.16% – 71,558 0.80% – 42,366 0.47% – 8,895 0.10% 2 807,179 8.99% 8,969,226 TX Official[398]
Utah WTA 310,676 27.46% – 515,231 45.54% 6 39,608 3.50% – 9,438 0.83% – 243,690 21.54% – 12,787 1.13% – 204,555 18.08% 1,131,430 UT Official[399]
Vermont WTA 178,573 56.68% 3 95,369 30.27% – 10,078 3.20% – 6,758 2.14% – 639 0.20% – 23,650 7.51% – −83,204 −26.41% 315,067 VT Official[400]
Virginia WTA 1,981,473 49.73% 13 1,769,443 44.41% – 118,274 2.97% – 27,638 0.69% – 54,054 1.36% – 33,749 0.85% – −212,030 −5.32% 3,984,631 VA Official[401]
Washington WTA 1,742,718 52.54% 8 1,221,747 36.83% – 160,879 4.85% – 58,417 1.76% – – – – 133,258 4.02% 4 −520,971 −15.71% 3,317,019 WA Official[402]
West Virginia WTA 188,794 26.43% – 489,371 68.50% 5 23,004 3.22% – 8,075 1.13% – 1,104 0.15% – 4,075 0.57% – 300,577 42.07% 714,423 WV Official[403]
Wisconsin WTA 1,382,536 46.45% – 1,405,284 47.22% 10 106,674 3.58% – 31,072 1.04% – 11,855 0.40% – 38,729 1.30% – 22,748 0.77% 2,976,150 WI Official[404]
Wyoming WTA 55,973 21.63% – 174,419 67.40% 3 13,287 5.13% – 2,515 0.97% – – – – 9,655 3.73% – 118,446 45.77% 255,849 WY Official[405]
U.S. Total
–
65,853,516
48.18%
227
62,984,825
46.09%
304
4,489,221
3.28%
–
1,457,216
1.07%
–
731,788
0.54%
–
1,152,671
0.84%
7
−2,868,691
−2.09%
136,669,237
US
★Two states (Maine and Nebraska) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates.[c] The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes.[407][408] Results are from The New York Times.[319]
Swing from 2012 to 2016 in each state.
★★The column labeled 'Margin' shows Trump's margin of victory over Clinton (the margin is negative for every state that Clinton won).
Close races
Red denotes states (or congressional districts whose electoral votes are awarded separately) won by Republican Donald Trump; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton.
States where the margin of victory was under 1% (50 electoral votes; 46 won by Trump, 4 by Clinton):
Michigan, 0.23%
New Hampshire, 0.31%
Pennsylvania, 0.72% (tipping point state including 2 faithless electors from Texas)
Wisconsin, 0.76% (tipping point state excluding 2 faithless electors from Texas)[409]
States/districts where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5% (83 electoral votes; 56 won by Trump, 27 by Clinton):
Florida, 1.20%
Minnesota, 1.52%
Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, 2.24%
Nevada, 2.42%
Maine, 2.96%
Arizona, 3.55%
North Carolina, 3.66%
Colorado, 4.91%
States where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (96 electoral votes; 78 won by Trump, 18 by Clinton):
Georgia, 5.13%
Virginia, 5.32%
Ohio, 8.13%
New Mexico, 8.21%
Texas, 9.00%
Iowa, 9.41%
Breakdown by ticket
State
Party
Presidential vote
Vice presidential vote
Name of Elector
References
Nationwide
Donald Trump, 304 Mike Pence, 305 Pledged
Hillary Clinton, 227 Tim Kaine, 227
Hawaii
Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) David Mulinix [410]
Texas
John Kasich (R-OH) Carly Fiorina (R-VA) Christopher Suprun [411][412]
Ron Paul (L-TX / R-TX) Mike Pence (as pledged) Bill Greene [411][413][414]
Washington
Colin Powell (R-VA)[418] Maria Cantwell (D-WA) Levi Guerra [419][420]
Susan Collins (R-ME) Esther John [94][419]
Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) Bret Chiafalo [94][419]
Faith Spotted Eagle (D-SD)[421] Winona LaDuke (G-MN) Robert Satiacum, Jr. [94][419][422]
Battleground states
Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day. Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy, Larry Sabato listed Virginia, Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire, Florida, Nevada, and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election. After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination, many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected.[423]
Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee, while states with large minority populations, such as Colorado and Virginia, were expected to shift towards Clinton.[424] By the conventions period and the debates, however, it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump. According to Politico[425] and the 538 online blog, his path to victory went though states such as Florida, North Carolina, Nevada, New Hampshire, and possibly Colorado.[426][427][428][429]
Early polling indicated a closer-than-usual race in former Democratic strongholds such as Washington, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maine (for the two statewide electoral votes), and New Mexico.[430][431][432] Meanwhile, research indicators from inside of a host of Republican-leaning states such as Arizona, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Alaska, Utah, Texas, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, and South Dakota reported weaker support for Trump than expected, although the nominee's position solidified in a few other areas. Some reviews took this information as evidence of an expanded 'swing-state map'.[433]
A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states.[434] From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012, the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200.[435][436] However, the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague, and can vary between groups of analysts.[437][438] It was thought that left-leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative, as Trump had strong appeal among many blue-collar workers.[439] They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump's eventual nomination. Trump's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states, and his supporters often did not identify as Republican.[440] In addition, local factors may come into play. For example, Utah was the reddest state in 2012, although the Republican share was boosted significantly by the candidacy of Mormon candidate Mitt Romney.[441] Despite its partisan orientation, some reports suggested a victory there by independent candidate Evan McMullin, particularly if there was a nationwide blowout.[442]
Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio and North Carolina.[443][444] Among the Republican-leaning states, potential Democratic targets included Nebraska's second congressional district, Georgia, and Arizona.[445] Trump's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states, such as Utah, raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton, despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees.[446] However, many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations.[447][448] Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions. These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state.[449] The "tossup" label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage, "lean" to indicate a party has a slight edge, "likely" to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage, and "safe" to indicate a party has an advantage that cannot be overcome.[450]
As the parameters of the race established themselves, analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states, which were relatively similar to those of recent elections. On November 7, the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as states with close races. Additionally, a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips.[451] Meanwhile, FiveThirtyEight listed twenty-two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election – Maine's two at-large electoral votes, New Mexico, Minnesota, Michigan, Colorado, Virginia, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Nevada, Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa, Arizona, Georgia, Alaska, South Carolina, Texas, Indiana, Missouri, and Utah – as well as Maine's second and Nebraska's second congressional districts.[452] Nate Silver, the publication's editor-in-chief, subsequently removed Texas, South Carolina, Missouri, and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly.[453] These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium, the New York Times Upshot, and punditry evaluations from Sabato's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report.[454][455][456][457]
Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points.[458] Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within 7 percent, Clinton won Virginia (13 electoral votes), Colorado (9), Maine (2), Minnesota (10), and New Hampshire (4). On the other hand, Trump won Michigan (16), Pennsylvania (20), Wisconsin (10), Florida (29), North Carolina (15), Arizona (11), Nebraska's second district (1), and Georgia (16). States won by Obama in the 2012 contest, such as Ohio (18), Iowa (6), and Maine's second district (1), were also won by Trump. The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators, nor were Trump's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities.[459][460][461] The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats.[462] For example, former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota leaned towards the GOP and Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did, while Arizona and Georgia were more Democratic than Ohio.[463][464] Trump's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah, also took some experts by surprise.[465]
Maps
Results by state, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Results by vote distribution among states. Each state's pie chart is proportional to the number of electoral votes they have.
Results by county. Red denotes counties that went to Trump; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton.
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote (Red-Purple-Blue view)
Results by state and DC, scaled by number of Electors per state.
United States presidential election, 2016 cartogram
United States presidential election, 2016 cartogram
Results of 2016 U.S. presidential election by congressional district, shaded by vote margin
County swing from 2012 to 2016
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Trump
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Clinton
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Johnson (0%–10% scale)
Voter demographics
Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, CBS News, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News and the Associated Press. The voter survey is based on questionnaires completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day, in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.[466] Trump's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-college whites – while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012, Clinton lost this group by 20 percent. The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower-income whites than among affluent white voters.[467] To some analysts' surprise, Trump narrowed Clinton's margin compared to Obama by 7 points among blacks and African-Americans, 8 points among Latinos, and 11 points among Asian-Americans. Meanwhile, Trump increased his lead with non-Hispanic white voters through 1 percent over Mitt Romney's performance, and American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders shifted their support towards the Republican candidate using the same relative amount.[468] Additionally, although 74 percent of Muslim voters supported Clinton, Trump nearly doubled his support there compared to Mitt Romney, according to the New York Times exit poll.[469] However, exit polls are believed to have overstated sectors of the electorate oftentimes in the past, and further study with additional data is generally recommended by experts, as it is considered to be a more accurate representation of voting behavior in presidential elections.[470]
2016 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup
Clinton
Trump
Other
% of
total vote
Total vote 48 46 6 100
Ideology
Liberals 84 10 6 26
Moderates 52 41 7 39
Conservatives 15 81 4 35
Party
Democrats 89 9 2 37
Republicans 7 90 3 33
Independents 42 48 10 31
Party by gender
Democratic men 87 10 3 14
Democratic women 90 8 2 23
Republican men 6 90 2 17
Republican women 8 89 2 16
Independent men 37 51 10 17
Independent women 47 43 7 14
Gender
Men 41 52 7 47
Women 54 41 5 53
Gender by marital status
Married men 37 58 5 29
Married women 49 47 4 30
Non-married men 46 45 9 19
Non-married women 62 33 5 23
Race/ethnicity
White 37 58 5 70
Black 88 8 4 12
Asian 65 29 6 4
Other 56 37 7 3
Hispanic (of any race) 65 29 6 11
Gender by race/ethnicity
White men 31 63 5 34
White women 43 53 3 37
Black men 80 13 6 5
Black women 94 4 2 7
Latino men (of any race) 62 33 4 5
Latino women (of any race) 68 26 5 6
All other races 61 32 5 6
Religion
Protestant 37 60 3 27
Catholic 45 52 3 23
Mormon 25 61 14 1
Other Christian 43 55 2 24
Jewish 71 24 5 3
Other religion 58 33 9 7
None 68 26 6 15
Religious service attendance
Weekly or more 40 56 4 33
Monthly 46 49 5 16
A few times a year 48 47 5 29
Never 62 31 7 22
White evangelical or born-again Christian
White evangelical or born-again Christian 16 81 3 26
Everyone else 59 35 6 74
Age
18–24 years old 56 35 9 10
25–29 years old 53 39 8 9
30–39 years old 51 40 9 17
40–49 years old 46 50 4 19
50–64 years old 44 53 3 30
65 and older 45 53 2 15
Sexual orientation
LGBT 78 14 8 5
Heterosexual 47 48 5 95
First time voter
First time voter 56 40 4 10
Everyone else 47 47 6 90
Education
High school or less 45 51 4 18
Some college education 43 52 5 32
College graduate 49 45 6 32
Postgraduate education 58 37 5 18
Education by race/ethnicity
White college graduates 45 49 4 37
White no college degree 28 67 4 34
Non-white college graduates 71 23 5 13
Non-white no college degree 75 20 3 16
Family income
Under $30,000 53 41 6 17
$30,000–49,999 51 42 7 19
$50,000–99,999 46 50 4 31
$100,000–199,999 47 48 5 24
$200,000–249,999 48 49 3 4
Over $250,000 46 48 6 6
Issue regarded as most important
Foreign policy 60 34 6 13
Immigration 32 64 4 13
Economy 52 42 6 52
Terrorism 39 57 4 18
Region
Northeast 55 40 5 19
Midwest 45 49 6 23
South 44 52 4 37
West 55 39 6 21
Community size
Cities (population 50,000 and above) 59 35 6 34
Suburbs 45 50 5 49
Rural areas 34 62 4 17
Forecasting
Further information: Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016
Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election.[471] For the 2016 election, there were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver's FiveThirtyEight, The Upshot at The New York Times, Daily Kos, Princeton Election Consortium, Cook Political Report, Rothenberg and Gonzales, PollyVote, Sabato's Crystal Ball and Electoral-Vote. These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed, and were supported by pundits and statisticians, including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight, Nate Cohn at The New York Times, and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter, who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country.[472] The near-unanimity of forecasters in predicting a Clinton victory may have been the result of groupthink. However, FiveThirtyEight's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College-popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania. This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump's campaign which lived in big numbers there, in addition to Clinton's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama's performance in 2012, as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally 'blue' states, but also in some very populated states traditionally 'red', like Texas, which were projected safe for Trump.[473]
Early exit polls generally favored Clinton.[474] After the polls closed and some of the results came in, the forecasts were found to be inaccurate, as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states, such as Iowa, Ohio, and Minnesota, than expected. Three states (Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Michigan) which were considered to be part of Clinton's firewall, were won by Trump.[474] Of the states in the Great Lakes region, Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by 1 point, as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers. This result stands in contrast to the 2012 results, when President Obama won all but Indiana, which he carried in 2008. This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7, the actual electoral margin, and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls.
State
Electoral votes
Polling average
Final result
Difference
Arizona
11 Trump +4[475] Trump +3.5 Clinton +0.5
Colorado
9 Clinton +2.9[476] Clinton +4.9 Clinton +2
Florida
29 Trump +0.2[477] Trump +1.2 Trump +1
Georgia
16 Trump +4.8[478] Trump +5.1 Trump +0.3
Iowa
6 Trump +3[479] Trump +9.5 Trump +6.5
Maine
4 Clinton +4.5[480] Clinton +2.9 Trump +1.6
Michigan
16 Clinton +3.4[481] Trump +0.3 Trump +3.7
Minnesota
10 Clinton +6.2[482] Clinton +1.5 Trump +4.7
Nevada
6 Trump +0.8[483] Clinton +2.4 Clinton +3.2
New Hampshire
4 Clinton +0.6[484] Clinton +0.3 Trump +0.3
New Mexico
5 Clinton +5[485] Clinton +8.3 Clinton +3.3
North Carolina
15 Trump +1[486] Trump +3.7 Trump +2.7
Ohio
18 Trump +3.5[487] Trump +8.1 Trump +4.6
Pennsylvania
20 Clinton +1.9[488] Trump +0.7 Trump +2.6
Virginia
13 Clinton +5[489] Clinton +5.4 Clinton +0.4
Wisconsin
10 Clinton +6.5[490] Trump +0.7 Trump +7.2
Pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the 2016 election outcome.[491][492] Sean Trende, writing for RealClearPolitics, wrote that many of the polls were accurate, but that the pundits' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error.[493] Nate Silver found that the high amount of undecided and third-party voters in the election were neglected in many of these models, and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump.[494]
FiveThirtyEight's final polls-plus forecast predicted 18 states, plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska, with an interval of confidence lower than 90%.[495][496] However, every major forecaster, including FiveThirtyEight, the New York Times Upshot, prediction markets aggregator PredictWise, ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel, the DailyKos, the Princeton Election Consortium, the Huffington Post, the Cook Political Report, Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball, and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report, called every state the same way (although Cook and Rothenberg-Gonzales left two and five states as toss-ups, respectively). The sole exception was Maine's 2nd congressional district. Of the forecasters who published results on the district, the Times gave Trump a 64% chance of winning and PredictWise a 52% chance, FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51% chance of winning in polls-only and 54% in polls-plus, Princeton gave her a 60% chance, Cook labelled it a toss-up, and Sabato leaned it towards Trump.[94] The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet, along with the final electoral result. The states shown have been identified by Politico,[497] WhipBoard,[498] the New York Times,[499] and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds.
State
New York Times Upshot[499]
FiveThirtyEight[499]
PredictWise[499]
Princeton Election Consortium[499]
Sabato's Crystal Ball[499]
2012 margin
2016 margin
Alaska
83% R 76% R 94% R 96% R Likely R 14 R 15 R
Arizona
84% R 67% R 82% R 91% R Lean R 9 R 4 R
Colorado
89% D 78% D 95% D 96% D Likely D 5 D 5 D
Florida
67% D 55% D 77% D 69% D Lean D 1 D 1 R
Georgia
83% R 79% R 91% R 88% R Likely R 8 R 6 R
Iowa
62% R 70% R 79% R 74% R Lean R 6 D 10 R
Maine (statewide)
91% D 83% D 98% D 98% D Likely D 15 D 3 D
Maine (CD-2)
64% R 51% D 52% R 60% D Lean R 9 D 10 R
Michigan
94% D 79% D 95% D 79% D Lean D 9 D 1 R
Minnesota
94% D 85% D 99% D 98% D Likely D 8 D 2 D
Nebraska (CD-2)
80% R 56% R 75% R 92% R Lean R 7 R 3 R
New Mexico
95% D 83% D 98% D 91% D Likely D 10 D 8 D
Nevada
68% D 58% D 91% D 84% D Lean D 7 D 2 D
New Hampshire
79% D 70% D 84% D 63% D Lean D 6 D 1 D
North Carolina
64% D 56% D 66% D 67% D Lean D 2 R 4 R
Ohio
54% R 65% R 67% R 63% R Lean R 3 D 9 R
Pennsylvania
89% D 77% D 93% D 79% D Lean D 5 D 1 R
Utah
73% R 83% R 86% R 99% R Lean R 48 R 18 R
Virginia
96% D 86% D 98% D 98% D Likely D 4 D 5 D
Wisconsin
93% D 84% D 98% D 98% D Likely D 7 D 1 R
Viewership
Legend[500]
cable news network
broadcast network
Total television viewers
8:00 to 11:00 PM Eastern
Network
Viewers
CNN 13,258,000
FNC 12,112,000
NBC 11,152,000
ABC 9,236,000
CBS 8,008,000
MSNBC 5,945,000
Fox 4,196,000
Total cable TV viewers
2:00 to 3:00 AM Eastern
Network
Viewers
FNC 9,778,000
CNN 6,452,000
MSNBC 2,858,000
Cable TV viewers 25 to 54
2:00 to 3:00 AM Eastern
Network
Viewers
FNC 3,955,000
CNN 3,372,000
MSNBC 1,207,000
Post-election events
See also: International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2016
Trump's victory, considered unlikely by most forecasts,[501][502][503][504][505] was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media.[506][507][508][509]
Protests
Play media
News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America
Further information: Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests
Following the announcement of Trump's election, large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days.[510][511][512][513]
Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including "Not my president" and "We don't accept the president-elect".[413][510] The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags #Anti-trump and #NotMyPresident.[514][515]
High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.[516] The protests were peaceful for the most part. At some protests fires were lit, flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump. Rioters also broke glass at certain locations.[517][518][519] Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.[520][521][522] Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.[523][524] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.[525][526][527] In New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election.[528] Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters "a bunch of spoiled cry-babies."[529] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.[530]
Vote tampering concerns
After the election, computer scientists, including J. Alex Halderman, the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society, urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (three swing states where Trump had won narrowly) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome.[531][532][533] However, statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines "completely disappears once you control for race and education level".[534] On November 25, 2016, the Obama administration said the results from November 8, "accurately reflect the will of the American people."[535] The following day, the White House released another statement saying, "the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day."[536]
Recount petitions
Main article: 2016 United States presidential election recounts
On November 23, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, asserting that the election's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims.[537][538] Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner, and this would require showing that less than 60 000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton. Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25,[539] after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias stated that their campaign would join Stein's recount efforts in that state and possibly others "in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides."[348][540] Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28,[541] and in Michigan on November 30.[542] Concurrently, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein's efforts.[350]
President-elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein's Wisconsin recount request saying, "The people have spoken and the election is over." Trump further commented that the recount "is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded."[543] The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein's three recount efforts through state and federal courts.[544][545]
U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7, dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue, stating in his order: "Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake. Instead, they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery – but not actual injury."[546] On December 12, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania, stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election "borders on the irrational" and that granting the Green Party's recount bid could "ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts" given the December 13, 2016, federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College.[547] Meanwhile, the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities.[548]
The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule, resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies.[549][550] A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit, which were corrected. A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes, which were "almost entirely" caused by poll-worker mistakes attributed to poor training, did not impair "the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted."[551] The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts.[549][550][552]
Electoral College lobbying
Intense lobbying (in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats[553]) and grass-roots campaigns have been directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College[554] to convince a sufficient number of them (37) to not vote for Trump, thus precluding a Trump presidency.[555] Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to "vote their conscience for the good of America" in accordance with Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Paper No. 68.[556][557][558][559] This group's members may have become faithless electors in the presidential election.
On December 5, former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Trump.[560]
On December 6, Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[561]
On December 10, ten electors, in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, demanded an intelligence briefing[562][563] in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency.[564] Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter,[563] bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states.[565] On December 16, the briefing request was denied.[566]
On December 19, several electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again.
The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6, 2017.[567][568]
Faithless electors
Main article: Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016
In the Electoral College vote on December 19, for the first time since 1808, multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate.[d] Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii, while two Republicans rebelled in Texas.[569] Two Democratic electors, one in Minnesota and one in Colorado, were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich, respectively.[570][571] Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders; the elector then voted for Clinton.[572]
Likewise, for the first time since 1896,[e] multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate.
One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich.[573] The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law, the elector was dismissed, and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton.[574][571]
One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as President and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton.[574]
One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders; this vote was invalidated as "improper" and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton.[574]
Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton (three votes went to Colin Powell, and one to Faith Spotted Eagle).[575]
One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[576]
Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump (one vote went to John Kasich, one to Ron Paul); one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for Vice-President; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[575]
One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders.[577]
Of the faithless votes, Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one; Powell received three electoral votes for President and Warren received two for Vice President. Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders, John Kasich, Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for President, and Carly Fiorina, Susan Collins, Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for Vice President. Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President. LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote, and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so, following the party's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972. It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party. The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796, and more than any other election since the enactment of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.
Trump compared with former presidents
Both major-party candidates were unusually old. At 70 years of age, Trump became the oldest person ever to be elected to a first term as president, surpassing Ronald Reagan, who was 7004254740000000000♠69 years, 272 days upon winning the 1980 election. (Clinton, at 7004252160000000000♠69 years, 13 days, would have been the second-oldest after Reagan.)
Along with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Trump was born in 1946; this is the first time a single birth year has produced three presidents. (1946 was a year of unusually numerous births, marking the first year of the post–World War II baby boom.) Trump is the fifth president to be born in the state of New York, after Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt; he is the second president born in New York City after Theodore Roosevelt. Trump is also the third president, after James K. Polk in 1844, and Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to win an election despite losing his home state.
Trump became the first person since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 to be elected president without having been elected to any other previous office, and the only individual to be elected president without any prior political or military experience. Among other presidents with limited military or political experience, William Howard Taft never served in the military and had been elected to political office only once, as an Ohio state judge, although he later held a number of appointed federal government positions, including in the Cabinet of Theodore Roosevelt. Herbert Hoover did not serve in the military and never held elected office, but he led two federal government agencies during and after World War I and served in the Cabinets of two other presidents, Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.
See also
History of the United States (2008–present)
Inauguration of Donald Trump
United States gubernatorial elections, 2016
United States House of Representatives elections, 2016
United States Senate elections, 2016
2010s portal
Politics portal
United States portal
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c In state-by-state tallies, Trump earned 306 pledged electors, Clinton 232. They lost respectively 2 and 5 votes to faithless electors. Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes, respectively.
Jump up ^ In early elections, beginning with the election of George Washington, many electors were chosen by state legislatures instead of public balloting and, in those states which practiced public balloting, votes were cast for undifferentiated lists of candidates, leaving no or only partial vote totals. Some states continued to allocate electors by legislative vote as late as 1876.[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828.[406]
Jump up ^ The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged, due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley, after the popular vote, yet before the meeting of the Electoral College. Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress.
Jump up ^ Not 1912, because James S. Sherman was dead.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d 136,669,237 votes cast ( "Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 30, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017. ) out of an estimated 245,502,000 of voting age. ( "U.S. Census Bureau Voting Age Population (Current Population Survey for November 2016)". Retrieved November 10, 2017. )
^ Jump up to: a b Schmdt, Kiersten; Andrews, Wilson (December 19, 2016). "A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton". The New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 30, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Larry Sabato; Kyle Kondik; Geoffrey Skelley (2017). Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 9781442279407.
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Jump up ^ https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2017/02/15/trump_stole_a_page_from_give_em_hell_harry_133085.html
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Further reading
Berman, Ari. "Rigged: How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump; And possibly handed him the whole election." November-December 2017 Mother Jones issue
Ott, Brian L. "The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement." Critical Studies in Media Communication 34.1 (2017): 59–68.
Patterson, Thomas E. "News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences." (2016). online
Ross, Andrew S., and Damian J. Rivers. "Digital cultures of political participation: Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 US Presidential candidates." Discourse, Context & Media (2017).
Sabato, Larry, Kyle Kondik, Geoffrey Skelley, eds. Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules (2017)
Schaffner, Brian, and John A. Clark. Making Sense of the 2016 Elections: A CQ Press Guide (CQ Press, 2017). ISBN 1506384188
Visser, Beth A., Angela S. Book, and Anthony A. Volk. "Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates' public personas." Personality and Individual Differences 106 (2017): 281–86. online
West, Darrell M. Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952–2016 (CQ Press, 2017).
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