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Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)
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Davy Jones
Pirates of the Caribbean character
Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Portrayed by
Bill Nighy
Appearance(s)
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
Dead Men Tell No Tales
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Captain, Flying Dutchman
Flagship captain of Beckett's E.I.T.C. Armada (temporanly)
Guide for souls lost at sea (abandoned)
Brethren status
Involved in the 1st Court
Ship(s) served on
Flying Dutchman
Weaponry
Left hand claw
Single-handed broadsword, DMC[1]
Norrington's Smallsword, AWE.[2]
Ships attacked
Edinburgh Trader
Black Pearl
Empress
Endeavor
Various unnamed ships
Davy Jones is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He debut in the second film Dead Man's Chest as the main antagonist and return in the third film At World's End as one of the two main antagonists (the other is Cutler Beckett), respectively, and appear at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales who suggests will back in a possibile sixth film. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name).
The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history, behind King Kong in 2007.[3] The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man's Chest.
The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones' Locker. In contrast to the historical legends, the films' Davy Jones is a villain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception and creation
1.1 Design and appearance
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Before the films
2.2 Dead Man's Chest
2.3 At World's End
2.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales
3 Characterization
3.1 Music
3.2 Powers and abilities
4 Merchandise
5 References
6 External links
Conception and creation[edit]
From real to reality: Davy Jones is brought to life.
See also: Industrial Light & Magic, Motion capture, Computer-generated imagery, and photorealism
Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role.[4]
Like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman (except "Bootstrap Bill"), Davy Jones's physical appearance is completely 3-D computer-generated.[5] Nighy's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set, with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face, rather than in a studio during post-production.[6][7][8] Nighy also wore make-up around his eyes, since the original plan was to use his real eyes, if necessary to get the proper lighting, in the digital character; he also wore make-up on his lips and around his mouth, to assist in the motion capture of his character's Scottish accent.[5] Briefly during the third film, Jones appears as a human for a single scene, played by Nighy in costume. Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup due to the computer-generated character's photorealism.[9][10]
Design and appearance[edit]
Davy Jones' physique was designed by the films' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features. Jones' most striking feature is his cephalopod-like head, with octopus-like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard. The major features of the Davy Jones' physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H.P. Lovecraft.[citation needed] In Lovecraft's short story "The Call of Cthulhu" he describes the creature as "...a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline, but with an octopus-like head whose face was a mass of feelers, a scaly, rubbery-looking body, prodigious claws on hind and fore feet..."
It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face's color was partly inspired by a coffee-stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM's computers to be used as the skin. The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean-style claw for his left arm, a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand, and the right leg of a crab (resembling a pegleg). He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable, albeit thick, Scottish accent that's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose, and presumably, a nasal cavity and/or sinuses. Originally, director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch, as he is the captain of the "Dutch-man". Nighy however responded, "I don't do Dutch. So I decided on Scottish."[5] Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent, stating: "I had to find an accent no one else had. Although Alex Norton is Scottish, mine was slightly different. We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative...I have seen Still Game and I am a fan. The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area."[11]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Before the films[edit]
See also: Tia Dalma and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Davy Jones, a human and a great sailor, fell in love with Calypso, a sea goddess. She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world.[12] Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task. She swore that after ten years, she would meet him and they would spend one day together before he returned to his duties. However, when Jones returned to shore after ten years, Calypso failed to appear. Believing Calypso had betrayed him, a heartbroken and enraged Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her, saying that if she were removed from the world, they would be able to claim the seas for themselves. They assembled in the First Brethren Court and Jones taught them how to imprison her into her human form.[13]
Despite betraying her, Jones still loved Calypso, and in despair and guilt for what he had done, he carved out his own heart and placed it in the "Dead Man's Chest". The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest, along with Jones' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her, except his matching musical locket. The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces. Jones kept the chest's key with him at all times. With Calypso gone, Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas. As a result of this, Jones gradually became monstrous, his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna. Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death, for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel, with an insatiable taste for all things brutal. Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the Dutchman. He comes to command the Kraken, a feared mythological sea monster.
In the book series about Jack Sparrow's earlier adventures, Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes, also sought by Jack. He is a minor character, but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew encounter the Flying Dutchman.
Jones also appears in the prequel book about Jack's first years as a captain. He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them, who turns out to be Borya Palachnik, the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea.[14]
Before the events of the first film, Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal: Jones will raise the Black Pearl back from Davy Jones' Locker, allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the Dutchman for 100 years. This event, referenced in the films, also appears in the book series.[15]
Dead Man's Chest[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Davy Jones first appears in the second film; Dead Man's Chest he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow. Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before one of his crew members Hector Barbossa committed mutiny, but Jones rejects this explanation. Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself. Jack strikes a new deal with Jones; Jack will be spared enslavement on the Dutchman if he brings Jones one hundred souls to replace his own within the next three days. Jones accepts, removes the black spot from Jack's hand, and retains Will, keeping him as a "good faith payment."
Jones and some of the Flying Dutchman crew after Will challenges him to Liar's Dice.
While on the Dutchman, Will challenges Jones at a game of liar's dice. They wager Will's soul for an eternity of service against the key to the Dead Man's Chest. Bootstrap Bill joins the game and purposefully loses to save Will. During the game, Will learns where Jones keeps the key. The next morning, Jones realizes the key is gone and summons the Kraken to destroy the ship carrying Turner, who actually survives. The Dutchman then sails to Isla Cruces to stop Sparrow from getting the Chest.
Arriving, Jones sends his crew to retrieve the Chest; they return to him with it. The Dutchman then chases after the Black Pearl, but is outrun. Jones summons the Kraken, which drags Jack Sparrow and the Pearl to Davy Jones's Locker. He afterwards opens the Chest only to find his heart missing; it having been taken by James Norrington, who gives it to Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company.
At World's End[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
See also: Cutler Beckett
In the third film At World's End, Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company. Beckett possesses the heart, and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys. Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships, but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court. Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken.[16] Later, he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann, who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death.[17] When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the Dutchman helping Elizabeth escape, Jones claims Norrington's sword (originally crafted by Will Turner). Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC. However, Mercer successfully defends the Chest, forcing Jones to continue under Beckett's service.[18]
Beckett later summons Jones to his ship, the Endeavour. Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso, while learning of Jack Sparrow's escape from the Locker. The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove.[13]
Human Davy Jones.
Jones confronts Calypso, locked in the brig of the Black Pearl. The two former lovers discuss Calypso's betrayal and Jones's curse. Calypso temporarily lifts his curse, allowing him to be seen briefly in his original human form. Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her. Calypso, unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court, says that after her release, she will fully give her love to him.
Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow.[19][20] After Calypso is freed, Will reveals that Jones betrayed her. She escapes, refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones. Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom. The Dutchman and the Pearl enter it and battle.
During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest. Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the Dutchman.[20] Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth. Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth, and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will. Jones, unharmed, holds Will at sword-point. Jack threatens to stab the heart, and Jones cruelly stabs Will. Remembering Will as his son, Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones, but is quickly defeated. Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap, but Jack helps Will stab the heart. Jones then calls out for Calypso, before tumbling to his death in the maelstrom.
Dead Men Tell No Tales[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
In the post-credits scene of the fifth film Dead Men Tell No Tales, Will (no longer bounded to the Flying Dutchman after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together, when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones. Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple, Will awakens and the room is empty. Assuming Jones's appearance to be a nightmare, Will goes back to sleep, oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater, suggesting it was no dream.[21]
Characterization[edit]
Music[edit]
In the films, Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody, and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ. This melody is also his character's theme, and can be heard throughout the film's score. It comes in two variations: The soundtrack version and the film version. The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in Dead Man's Chest. The film version is played in both films multiple times, and is heard last during the climax of the film. Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets, Tia Dalma's theme is similar to that of Davy Jones, albeit in a different arrangement. The theme is also heard briefly after Jones' appearance in Dead Men Tell No Tales.
Powers and abilities[edit]
See also: Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean) and Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)
Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities. Jones is capable of teleportation on board the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl, and he can pass through solid objects.
Jones is immortal, capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals. However, he is not impervious to pain, as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle. Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him using the black spot, with which any member of his crew can mark a victim.
Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken, a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command.
In a physical confrontation, Jones' physiology also gives him various advantages; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free, such that he is able to restrain Mercer's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles. His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal hand could, and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades. He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm.
Merchandise[edit]
Davy Jones was part of Series One of the Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest action figure set produced by NECA. Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man's Chest and Jones' heart, both props (as well as the key) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two.[22] Jones also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler, Wheelback and Penrod. Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega's "Dead Man's Chest" plush assortment. Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for At World's End. Davy Jones and his ship, the Flying Dutchman, were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. Although his minifigure counterpart in the Dead Man's Chest set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in the At World's End set, which has more greenish tentacles.
He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011, with 4184 Black Pearl.
A children's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007.
Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser, along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner.
Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1:6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008, and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Ch.19 (Seen after the Kraken Attack)
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, crab claw for left hand Ch.14
Jump up ^ "Our 10 Favorite CG Characters". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Jump up ^ Grant, Richard E. (2006). The Wah-Wah Diaries: The Making of a Film. Chatham, Kent: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-44197-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, second disc, "Meet Davy Jones"
Jump up ^ "An interview with Director Gore Verbinski". Post Magazine. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Various quotations and references". Never Been Typed. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
Jump up ^ "An interview with Bill Nighy". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Review by Russ Breimeier". ChristianityToday.com. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
Jump up ^ "A review by Iloz Zoc". BlogCritics.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Davy / Nighy news update". BillNighy.info. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.8
^ Jump up to: a b Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.15
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom, Ch.8 The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom, Ch.19 The Freedom's Price
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.5
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.12
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.14
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.19
^ Jump up to: a b Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.21 through 24
Jump up ^ http://thekingdominsider.com/pirates-6-post-credits-scene-added-pirates-caribbean-dead-men-tell-no-tales/
Jump up ^ crawford. "Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man's Chest action figures – Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford, Captain Toy". Mwctoys.com. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
External links[edit]
Davy Jones on IMDb
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text:
Fred G. Sanford
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people named Fred Sanford, see Fred Sanford (disambiguation).
Fred G. Sanford
First appearance
"Crossed Swords"
(Sanford and Son)
Last appearance
"To Keep a Thief"
(Sanford)
Created by
Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin, based on Albert Steptoe created by Galton and Simpson
Portrayed by
Redd Foxx
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Junk/antiques dealer
Spouse(s)
Elizabeth Winfield Sanford (deceased) (1908-1950)
Children
Lamont Sanford (son) (born September 27, 1940)[1]
Relatives
Frances Sanford Victor (sister)[2]
Esther Winfield Anderson (sister-in-law)
Ethel Winfield (sister-in-law)
Essie Winfield (mother in-law)
Elroy Winfield (father in-law)
Leotus Sanford (uncle; deceased)
Fred G. Sanford is a fictional character portrayed by actor/comedian Redd Foxx on the 1972–1977 NBC sitcom Sanford and Son[1] and the 1980–1981 NBC sitcom Sanford.[2]
Foxx, whose real name was John Elroy Sanford, modeled the character after his real-life brother, whose name in fact was Fred Glenn Sanford (who was the older of two children and died in 1965, seven years before the show premiered). The character Fred is an elderly, widowed, sarcastic, and cantankerous junk dealer. He is the proprietor of "Sanford and Son", a junk and antique dealership which he ran out of his home, along with his son Lamont. Foxx appeared in all but 9 of the episodes of the series, the exception being because Foxx had a contract dispute with NBC in 1974.
In 1999 TV Guide ranked him # 36 on its list of the 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Personality
2.1 Reactions
2.2 Prejudices
2.3 Relationships with women
3 References
4 Notes
Background[edit]
Fred G. Sanford was born in St. Louis, Missouri on January 20, 1907. (the episode "Happy Birthday, Pop" celebrated his 65th birthday that aired in 1972) In 1946, he, his wife Elizabeth Winfield,[3] and their son Lamont (Demond Wilson) moved to the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. Fred was left with the responsibility of rearing Lamont alone after his wife suddenly died the following year. Lamont dropped out of high school, subsequently joining his father in the junk business. Lamont, as he was known, was actually his middle name. Fred and Elizabeth could never decide on a first name. Lamont was also however known as "Lamont Grady Sanford".
Fred is portrayed as being irritable and wanting everything done his way. He is known for grouchy disposition, his bad cooking, and his innumerable delusions of grandeur. He is bow-legged and walks with an affected stagger, presumably brought on by arthritis.
Fred never gives much credit to his son Lamont, believing him to be gullible and unintelligent. He most often refers to Lamont as a "big dummy". Unhappy about his calling as a junk man, Lamont accepts his plight more for the love of his father than the junk business itself. Fred often involves himself in various get-rich-quick schemes, and as such, Lamont has to keep constant watch over his father. When Lamont would express an interest in having a life for himself, Fred would try to convince him of the importance of running the family business (which he referred to as "the empire") after he is gone. Fred often feigned illness in attempt to guilt his son into staying home and taking care of him whenever Lamont had plans to go out. Similarly, Fred often ruined Lamont's efforts to have a quiet romantic night at home with a lady companion (at one point, Fred repeatedly interrupted Lamont's amorous efforts so often that the young lady ended up sneaking away while Fred and Lamont argued loudly in the kitchen).
Personality[edit]
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Reactions[edit]
When asked over the phone for his name, he frequently responds, "Fred Sanford. That's S-A-N-F-O-R-D period" or "Fred G. Sanford. The 'G' is for...", with "G" standing for a word applicable to the situation. Some instances have included "gonna cry", "genius", "gee", "grandpa","gompergoo" and as Lamont himself once said in the episode, "The Reverend Sanford", "Glory glory, Hallelujah". It is never revealed what the "G" actually stands for in his name. In one episode, Lamont's full name was said to be "Lamont Grady Sanford," a clue that Fred G. Sanford could be "Fred Grady Sanford." Another trademark involves Fred becoming riled by somebody, assuming a fight stance, and wildly swinging his fists in multiple directions; often he would pose the question, "How would you like one across yo' lip?" or, with fist raised, "How would you like one of these where you sneeze?". He also frequently attempts to avoid any kind of labor, especially when asked by Lamont, by referring to his arthritis (which he pronounced "arthur-itis") while holding up a deliberately gnarled fist. Fred spends much of his free time watching television (having an affinity for daikaiju films such as the Godzilla series) and drinking an alcoholic concoction of his own invention called "Champipple" (a portmanteau of champagne and Ripple). Another recurring joke is his poor vision; whenever he gets ready to make a phone call, he opens a drawer under the phone and pulls out several pairs of glasses (to help him see the phone dial) and tries each one on. The pair he picks usually doesn't improve his vision, anyway. He also often kept valuables or stashes of cash in a secret drawer in that same chest of drawers. The secret drawer would open after a series of knocks on the dresser and sometimes accompanied by foot stamps on the floor.
In what would become the character's best known trademark, when something would alarm him, or when things didn't go the way he wanted them to, Fred would inevitably have a simulated heart attack, accentuated by clutching his chest and crying out to his late wife: "Oh, this is the big one! You hear that, Elizabeth?! I'm coming to join you, honey!" (When Lena Horne guested on the program, and Lamont saw her, he reacted the same way—"I think I'm havin' one, pop! My first one and it's a big one...you hear that, mom? Your little boy's comin' to join ya...with a mustache!")
Fred often clashed with Elizabeth's older sister, Lamont's aunt Esther Anderson (LaWanda Page). Aunt Esther and her family had opposed Fred's marrying Elizabeth from the very beginning, and Fred and Esther continue their mutual animosity unabated, despite the best efforts of Lamont. Fred makes a habit of teasing Esther because he thinks she is unattractive (Fred once told Esther, "I could stick your face in some dough and make gorilla cookies!"). For her own part, Esther took no sass from Fred, often referring to him as a "heathen", "sucka" and "fish-eyed fool", and she often tried to use her Bible to change Fred's ways (both figuratively and literally; Esther both quoted from the Bible and also often tried to whack Fred with the heavy purse that she carried it in). Much of the show's comedy came from the interplay between opinionated Fred and his strong-willed sister-in-law.
Prejudices[edit]
Throughout the series' run, Fred was also portrayed as being extremely prejudiced and bigoted. He often insults his Puerto Rican neighbor Julio in various ways, including deprecating his culture and making fun of his accent. He also insults Lamont's Asian friend, Ah Chew, calling him "Choo Choo" and threatening to "Really close your eyes for ya" when Ah Chew attempted to hug him. He states at one point that "ain't nothin' on earth uglier than a 90-year-old white woman." His ignorance towards other cultures causes him a severe embarrassment when a Japanese family, interested in buying Fred's land, invites him and Lamont to dinner. The grown daughter sees him eating what he mistakenly thinks are grapes, and smiles "Oh, Mr. Sanford! I am so happy! You like the fish eyes!" Perhaps the biggest affront to Fred's sensibilities came when he discovered his beloved younger sister—whom he had raised himself after their parents died—had married a white man (who was also extremely fond of hugging, further earning him Fred's ire). Despite this, one of Fred's closest friends during the series was a Jewish man named Goldstein; at one point, Fred dons a yarmulke in order to go over to Goldstein's house and eat chicken soup. During a later episode, Fred attempts to trace his family tree and is mistakenly led to believe he has Jewish ancestry.
Relationships with women[edit]
Fred was depicted as having an eye for the ladies. In addition to his longtime girlfriend Donna, Fred attempted to hook up with topless waitress "Fast" Fanny, a traveling saleswoman named Carol, and even celebrities such as Lena Horne and Della Reese. Fred wasted no opportunities to flirt with attractive women regardless of location or situation, such as nurses (at the clinic where he got screened for tuberculosis, Fred remarked that a nurse had "TB--Terrific Body"; similarly, when an attractive nurse came into his hospital room offering a back rub to calm him down, Fred immediately began primping once she left the room), stewardesses (a running gag in the episode where Fred takes his first plane trip involved his constant leering at the attractive stewardess whenever she walked away), and receptionists (when the receptionist at the dental clinic said "I just need to have you answer a few questions," Fred came back with "And may I ask you one or two questions as well.") Lamont once remarked to Fred "You're just a dirty old man!"; Fred immediately replied, "And I'm gonna be one until I'm a dead old man."
Fred is also very untrusting of Lamont's friend Rollo (Nathaniel Taylor) often referring to him as a convict because of his style. Fred has two best friends, Grady Wilson (Whitman Mayo) and Bubba Bexley (Don Bexley). Even though Fred thinks the two are dim-witted, he knows that they are more than reliable and can always lend him a helping hand.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fred Sanford: Stubborn, Sharp-Witted, Smart". NPR. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Networks cutting up the year into four seasons". Broadcasting: 48. 1980-02-18. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV. Barnes and Noble. 2004. p. 651. ISBN 0-7607-5634-1.
Notes[edit]
^ Libra Rising All Over Lamont Episode Number: 40
^ My Brother-in-Law's Keeper Episode Number: 82
^ Fred Sings the Blues Episode Number: 135
^ Fred, the Reluctant Fingerman Episode Number: 41
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New Jersey Plan
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The New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population.[2] The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia state Plan).
Contents
[hide]
1 Proposals
2 Consideration
3 References
4 External links
Proposals[edit]
Under the New Jersey Plan, the unicameral legislature with one vote per state was inherited from the Articles of Confederation. This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and, as they entered the United States of America freely and individually, remained so.
The plan proposed the following:
The Articles of Confederation should be amended.
In addition to the existing powers under the Articles of Confederation, Congress gained authority to raise funds via tariffs and other measures, and to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with other nations. Cases involving these powers would still be heard by state courts unless appealed to the federal judiciary.
Congress has the authority to collect taxes from states based on the number of free inhabitants and 3/5ths of slaves in that state. However, this power requires the consent of some proportion of the states.
Congress elects a federal executive, consisting of multiple people, who cannot be re-elected and can be recalled by Congress when requested by the majority of executives of the states.
The federal judiciary is represented by a Supreme Tribunal, appointed by the federal executive, which has authority in federal impeachment cases and as the appeal of last resort in cases dealing with national matters (such as treaties).
The Articles of Confederation and treaties are the supreme law of the land. The federal executive is authorized to use force to compel non-compliant states to observe the law.
A policy of admission of new states should be established.
A singular policy for naturalization should be established.
A citizen of one state can be prosecuted under the laws of another state in which the crime was committed.
Variations also proposed that state governments must be bound by oath to support the Articles, that a policy should be established to handle territorial disputes,[3] and that the offenses deemed as treason should be defined.[4]
The New Jersey Plan
Consideration[edit]
Ultimately, the New Jersey Plan was rejected as a basis for a new constitution. The Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New Jersey Plan were added. Perhaps the most important of these was introduced by the Connecticut Compromise, which established a bicameral legislature with the U.S. House of Representatives apportioned by population, as desired by the Virginia Plan, and the Senate granted equal votes per state, as desired by the New Jersey Plan.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
Jump up ^ William Paterson Biography in Soldier Statesmen of the Constitution, a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History. Accessed October 23, 2007. "He was the co-author of the New Jersey (or Paterson) Plan that asserted the rights of the small states by proposing a national legislature that, ignoring differences in size and population, gave equal voice to all the states. The proposal countered the Virginia Plan introduced by Edmund Randolph, which granted special recognition to differences in population and, therefore, favored the large states."
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by William Patterson - Text B". The Avalon Project.
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by William Patterson - Text C". The Avalon Project.
External links[edit]
Variant texts of the New Jersey Plan at the Avalon Project
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Harmonisation of law
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In relation to the European Union, harmonisation of law (or simply "harmonisation") is the process of creating common standards across the internal market.
Though each EU member State has the primary responsibility for the regulation of most matters within their jurisdiction and consequently each has its own laws. Harmonisation aims to:
create consistency of laws, regulations, standards and practices, so that the same rules will apply to businesses that operate in more than one member State, and so that the businesses of one State do not obtain an economic advantage over those in another as a result of different rules.
reduced compliance and regulatory burdens for businesses operating nationally or trans-nationally.
An objective of the European Union to achieve uniformity in laws of member states is to facilitate free trade and protect citizens.[1]
Harmonisation is a process of ascertaining the admitted limits of international unification but does not necessarily amount to a vision of total uniformity.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics of harmonisation
2 Harmonisation versus unification
3 Efforts to achieve harmonisation
4 Harmonisation and convergence of law
5 See also
6 Notes
Characteristics of harmonisation[edit]
Harmonisation is usually not comprehensive but is relatively partial. That is, harmonisation of law doesn’t seek to create a sole authority of law on a particular subject. This is because measures to harmonise law cannot go further than that which is necessary.[3]
Harmonisation is unsystematic. The directives of the European Union do not focus on or contain comprehensive regulation of the entire law. The directives regulate some very specific issues and they regulate them only for particular situations or circumstances and only for particular types of parties. This is most prevalent in European Union contract law.[4]
Harmonisation generally takes place on two levels of governance, the overarching body and each of the members individually. Taking the European Union, the two levels are the European level and national level. Although both European and national legislators share the legislative responsibilities, neither of these bodies has final responsibility for the whole. Also, there is no superior political authority which has the final say on who is responsible for what, i.e. no overarching authority over the European and national legislators. The European Court of Justice may however determine the extent of harmonization when determining cases.[4]
Harmonisation is dynamic and this is its most appealing feature.[according to whom?] The instruments of harmonization aim at change, in particular improving and establishing consistent conditions for the operation of legal principles.[4]
Harmonisation versus unification[edit]
“Unlike unification which contemplates the substitution of two or more legal systems with one single system, harmonisation of law arises exclusively in comparative law literature, and especially in conjunction with interjurisdictional, private transactions. Harmonisation seeks to ‘effect an approximation or co-ordination of different legal provision or systems by eliminating major differences and creating minimum requirements or standards’[5]”[6]
Unification focuses upon substituting or combining two or more legal systems and replacing them with a single system. Harmonisation on the other hand seeks to co-ordinate different legal systems by “eliminating major differences and creating minimum requirements or standards”.
Harmonisation can be seen as a step towards unification and, in a way, harmonization aims or strives towards unification.
Efforts to achieve harmonisation[edit]
The best example of harmonisation in modern history is the formation of the European Union. That said, harmonization is not a new concept. However, the problem is that no harmonisation project has ever reached completion. That is due to the nature of harmonisation, it is designed to incorporate different legal systems under a basic framework.
This is the appeal of harmonisation, it takes into account the local factors yet applies general principles to make a consistent framework of law. It generally incorporates local factors under a relatively unified framework.[7] An example of harmonisation can be drawn from the European Union and the use of Directives.
Directives require transposition into the domestic legal system of the Member State in order to become effective. If a Member State fails to transpose the Directive in a timely manner or fails to do it at all, the Directive will take ‘direct effect’, that is, individuals are able to derive rights from that Directive directly despite not being transposed into domestic law.[8] A Directive could be transposed through enactment under legislation from the national parliament or through agreement by reference.[9] The Directives are flexible to the extent that the national authorities of the Member States have the choice of the form and method of the implementation of the Directive. This takes into account the fact that Member States have differing legal systems.[10] Hence this allows the establishment of a harmonised framework of laws whilst preserving the established national laws of each member. This is the major appeal of harmonisation over unification.
Harmonisation can be achieved in two ways, actively or passively. The most common is the active pursuit of harmonisation usually through the enactment of legislation which incorporates the harmonised principles into the local law. Passive harmonisation may occur through non-legislative agreements or a convergence of case law. So far, passive harmonisation is the least successful since the non-legislative agreements tend to be voluntary. The convergence of case law is more promising since:
“All that matters is that the courts of different European States achieve similar results in the same cases, regardless of which norms, doctrines or procedures they apply in order to reach this end.”[11]
Harmonisation and convergence of law[edit]
Harmonisation is synonymous with convergence of the law however harmonisation is usually associated via active pursuit through enacting legislation whereas convergence is generally associated with a passive approach such as a natural convergence of law through custom and frequent use of harmonised principles.
The most prominent example of harmonisation in international law is UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law).
See also[edit]
European Union law
Home state regulation
Mutual recognition agreement
Uniform Act
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter E Nygh, Peter Butt (ed). (1997). ‘’Butterworth Australian LEGAL Dictionary’’. page 543
Jump up ^ Menski, W. (2005). ‘’Comparative Law in a Global Context’’. London: Cambridge University Press. page 39
Jump up ^ Hesselink, M. The Ideal of Codification and the Dynamics of Europeanisation: The Dutch Experience in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonization of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. Page 49
^ Jump up to: a b c Hesselink, M. The Ideal of Codification and the Dynamics of Europeanisation: The Dutch Experience in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonization of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. Page 50
Jump up ^ Kamba (1974) 23 ICLQ 485, 501
Jump up ^ de Cruz, P. (1999). ‘’Comparative Law in a Changing World’’. London: Cavendish Publishing.
Jump up ^ Hesselink, M. The Ideal of Codification and the Dynamics of Europeanisation: The Dutch Experience in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonisation of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. Page 48
Jump up ^ ‘’Francovich and Others’’ [1991] ECR I-5357
Jump up ^ Ginsburg, T and Cooter RD. “Leximetrics: Why the Same Laws are Longer in Some Countries than Others” (http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=alea), ‘’American Law and Economics Association Annual Meetings 2004, Paper 64’’. 2004.
Jump up ^ Craig P and de Búrca, G. (3rd edn). ‘’EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials’’. Oxford University Press. Page 203. in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonisation of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. Page 115
Jump up ^ Colombi Ciacchi, A. “Non-Legislative Harmonisation of Private Law under the European Constitution: The Case of Unfair Suretyships”, (2005). 13 ‘’European Review of Private Law’’ page 285 in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonisation of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. Page 198
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YouTube Play Button
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 February 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards,[1] are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels.
These are distinct from the YouTube Awards, which are intended to recognize the best quality videos; YouTube Creator Rewards are based solely on a channel's subscriber count.
Awards[edit]
When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone, they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol. The trophies are of different sizes: each button and plaque gets progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets.[2]
There are currently three different tiers of rewards,[1] plus a fourth that has been awarded just once:
The Silver Play Button, for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers. The old version was made of nickel-plated cupronickel alloy.[3]
The Gold Play Button, for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers. It is made of gold-plated brass.[3]
The Diamond Play Button, for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers. Made of silver-plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle.
The Ruby Play Button. In December 2016, YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers. It was made in the shape of his channel's logo: a hand giving a "bro fist", or a fist bump. It also came with several mini-awards to be gifted to subscribers that had been subscribed the longest and were still active. It is not referenced in the Creators Award page and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future.[4][5]
Notes[edit]
Acuna, Kirsten (July 19, 2012). "YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold". Business Insider. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Brouwer, Bree (July 24, 2015). "YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers". Tubefilter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Cohen, Joshua (June 29, 2012). "YouTube Gives 24-Karat Gold 'Play Button' to Channels with 1M+ Subs". Tubefilter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Dillon, Poppy (August 3, 2015). "YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button". TenEighty. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "YouTube Creator Rewards". YouTube. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Creator Hub". YouTube. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of?". YouTube. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PewdiePie's video on receiving the award". Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers". TubeFilter. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
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