text:
Paul Gleason
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For people with a similar name, see Paul Gleeson.
Paul Gleason
Gleason as Assistant Principal Richard Vernon in The Breakfast Club (1985)
Born
Paul Xavier Gleason
(1939-05-04)May 4, 1939
Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.[1]
Died
May 27, 2006(2006-05-27) (aged 67)
Burbank, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Lung cancer (Mesothelioma)[2]
Nationality
American[1]
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1965–2006
Spouse(s)
Candy Moore
(m. 1971–1978; divorced)
Susan Kehl
(m. 1995–2006; his death)
Children
2
Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American film and television actor, known for his roles on television series such as All My Children and films such as The Breakfast Club, Trading Places, and Die Hard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Film and television credits
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Gleason was born on May 4, 1939 in Jersey City, New Jersey,[3] the son of Eleanor (née Doyle), a registered nurse, and George L. Gleason, a restaurateur, professional boxer, iron worker, and roofing manufacturer.[1] Gleason was raised in Miami Beach, Florida. At age 16, he ran away from home and hitchhiked across the east coast, sleeping on beaches and playing baseball.[2] He attended North Miami High School and Florida State University where he played football. He signed a professional baseball contract with the Cleveland Indians, but played just briefly in two minor league seasons between 1959 and 1960.[4]
During that last season, a west coast trip led to an introduction to sitcom icon Ozzie Nelson, which, in turn, led to an appearance on Ozzie and Harriet (as per Nelson's habit of hiring athletes for guest spots on the show). Suddenly, acting was an option, and an increasingly attractive one, given Gleason's stillborn baseball career. He moved to New York City, eventually joining The Actors Studio,[5][6] where he would study for four years before moving to Los Angeles.[7]
Career[edit]
Gleason starred in many movies, and became well-known initially as Dr. David Thornton on All My Children, playing the role from 1976 to 1978. He guest-starred in "The Trouble with Harry" and "Fire", two episodes of The A-Team. Gleason was known to Star Wars fans for his role as Jeremitt Towani in the 1985 made-for-TV film Ewoks: The Battle for Endor. He played the villainous Clarence Beeks, the Duke brothers' inside trader, in the 1983 comedy Trading Places starring Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy. He also played Deputy Police Chief Dwayne T. Robinson, the blowhard police official, in Die Hard.
Gleason played Richard Vernon, the disciplinarian school assistant principal, in the seminal 1985 film The Breakfast Club. He played similar characters in the 1988 film Johnny Be Good (as a high school football coach) and on several episodes of the TV sitcom Boy Meets World (as a university dean). He directly parodied his Breakfast Club role in the 2000 A-Teens music video for "Dancing Queen" and in the 2001 comedy film Not Another Teen Movie.
In 2002, he appeared in episodes of Dawson's Creek as Larry Newman, the sex-and-violence obsessed chief of a B movie studio. He appeared as a nonsensical judge in an episode of Drake & Josh. He also appeared in an episode of George Lopez as the brother of George's boss, a crazy old drunk. In 2005, he appeared as the Sheriff in the horror film Abominable. His final appearance before his death was in an independent film called The Book of Caleb.
Personal life[edit]
Gleason, in addition to his acting career, participated in many celebrity golf events each year, and was known to mingle with fans and sign autographs during these golf tournaments.
From 1971 to 1978, he was married to actress Candy Moore; they had one daughter, Shannon. From 1995 until his death, he was married to Susan Kehl; they had one daughter, Kaitlin.
Death[edit]
Gleason died on May 27, 2006 at a Burbank, California hospital from pleural mesothelioma, a form of lung cancer connected with asbestos, which he is thought to have contracted from asbestos exposure on building sites while working for his father as a teenager. Gleason was 67 years old.[2] He was buried near the southeast corner of the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles. He was survived by his wife, two daughters, and one granddaughter, Sofia.[citation needed]
Film and television credits[edit]
This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2011)
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1962 Panic in Year Zero! Gas Station Owner Uncredited, Acting and Film Debut
1965 Winter A-Go-Go Ski Resort Guest
1967 It's About Time Man Television Debut; One Episode
The Green Hornet Paul Garrett Television; One Episode
C'mon, Let's Live a Little Frat Boy Uncredited
The Invaders Alien Television; One Episode
1968 The F.B.I. Officer Dan Ryan Television; One Episode
"The Secret War of Harry Frigg" Prisoner Uncredited
1969 Then Came Bronson Deputy Television; One Episode
1971 Private Duty Nurses Dr. McClintock
Adam-12 Smitty Television; One Episode
1972 Where Does It Hurt? Mr. Leffingwell's Aide Role Unspecified
Mission: Impossible Blair Television; One Episode
Banacek Border Guard Television; One Episode
Adam-12 Patrolman Arnold Television; One Episode
Hit Man Cop Uncredited
Adam-12 Instructor Chuck Williams Television One Episode
1973 Little Laura and Big John Sheriff
1974 Adam-12 John Suntor Television; One Episode; As Paul Xavier Gleason
1975 Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze Maj. Thomas J. "Long Tom" Roberts
Columbo Parsons Television; One Episode
1976 Vigilante Force Michael J. Loonius As Paul X Gleason
1976-78 All My Children Dr. David Thornton Television
1979 Ike Capt. Ernest "Tex" Lee Television Miniseries
Women at West Point Major James T. Kirk TV Movie
The Great Santini Lt. Sammy
1980 Ike: The War Years Capt. Ernest "Tex" Lee TV Movie
He Knows You're Alone Det. Frank Daley
1981 Fort Apache the Bronx Detective
Another Life Lee Carothers #1 Television
Arthur Executive
The Pursuit of D.B. Cooper Remson
1982 MysteryDisc: Murder, Anyone? Stewart Cavanaugh Direct-to-Video Film
1983 Tender Mercies Reporter
Trading Places Clarence Beeks
MysteryDisc: Many Roads to Murder Direct-to-Video Film
1984 The A-Team Roy Kelsey
Scarecrow and Mrs. King Edson Ballon Television; One Episode
Remington Steele Sheriff Jeff 'Jed' Nebbins Television; One Episode
Cagney & Lacey Detective Crespi Television; One Episode
Call to Glory Marty Colby Television; One Episode
Hardcastle and McCormick Jack Fish Television; One Episode
Riptide Detective Commander Phillip Hallins Everitt Television; Two Episodes
Hill Street Blues Biff Lowe Television; Two Episodes
Magnum, P.I. Ronnie Meeder AKA Jacques Arnot Television; One Episode
1985 The Breakfast Club Asst. Principal Richard Vernon
Challenge of a Lifetime John Schoonover TV Movie
Dallas Lt. Lee Spaulding Television; Three Episodes
Anything for Love Larry Worth TV Movie
Doubletake Howie Henley TV Movie
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor Jeremitt TV Movie
1986 Kate & Allie Tom Fitzgerald Television; One Episode
The A-Team Harry Sullivan Television; One Episode
Miami Vice Bunny Berrigan Television; One Episode
The Equalizer Greenleaf Television; One Episode
Gimme a Break! Mr. Kimball Television; One Episode
Superior Court Attorney Television
1987 Morgan Stewart's Coming Home Jay Le Soto
Sidekicks Fargo Television; One Episode
Falcon Crest Andy Stryker Television; One Episode
Forever, Lulu Robert
Hollywood-Monster Stan Gordon
Beauty and the Beast Henry Dutton Television; One Episode
1988 She's Having a Baby Howard
Johnny Be Good Wayne Hisler
Die Hard Deputy Police Chief Dwayne T. Robinson
Lifted
1989 Nightmare Beach
Night Game Broussard
21 Jump Street Phil Daniels Television; One Episode
1990 Miami Blues Sgt. Frank Lackley
1991 Rich Girl Marvin Wells
L.A. Law Coach John Lungren Television; One Episode (5x19; Speak, Lawyers, For Me)
1992 Wishman Silverstein
The Wonder Years Arthur Jensen Television; One Episode (6x03; Scenes from a Wedding)
1993 Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence Hank Cooney
Loaded Weapon 1 FBI Agent
Wild Cactus Sheriff Brenner
Boiling Point Transaction Man
Running Cool Calvin Hogg
1994 Seinfeld Cushman Television; One Episode: "The Opposite"
I Love Trouble Kenny Bacon
There Goes My Baby Mr. Burton
Nothing to Lose Elliot
In the Living Years Tony
1994-1996 One West Waikiki Captain Dave Herzog recurring role
1995 Digital Man Dr. Parker
1997 Shadow Conspiracy Blythe
Money Talks Detective Bobby Pickett
Boy Meets World Dean Borak Television; Two Episodes
NewsRadio Steve Johnson Television; One Episode (4x03, The Public Domain)
A Time to Revenge Whittmar
1998 Day at the Beach Detective Johnson
No Code of Conduct John Bagwell
1999 Nash Bridges Micky Tripp (Radio DJ) Television; One Episode (4x10, Hardball)
2000 The Giving Tree Mr. Forrester
Red Letters Dean Van Buren
2001 Not Another Teen Movie Principal Richard "Dick" Vernon
The Organization Death
The Myersons Dean Hanson
Social Misfits Warden Doyle
2002 National Lampoon's Van Wilder Professor McDougal
2004 Drake & Josh Mr. Thompson
2005 Abominable Sheriff Halderman
2008 The Book of Caleb James Paddington
2011 The Passing Det. Sanders (final film role)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Paul Gleason Biography (1939-)". Film Reference. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Paul Gleason". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. May 30, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Obituary: Paul Gleason, The Telegraph, 30 May 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Paul Gleason Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Jack E. (September 10, 1976). "One Of 'Children' Takes Off". The St. Petersburg Evening Independent. Miami: Knight Newspapers. p. 12-B. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Garfield, David (1980). "Appendix: Life Members of The Actors Studio as of January 1980". A Player's Place: The Story of The Actors Studio. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 278. ISBN 0-02-542650-8.
Jump up ^ Woods, Sherri (November 29, 1975). "Paul Gleason: Miamian Stars as Soaps' Newest Angry Young Man". The Miami News. p. 15. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Voisin, Scott, "Character Kings: Hollywood's Familiar Faces Discuss the Art & Business of Acting." BearManor Media, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59393-342-5.
External links[edit]
Paul Gleason on IMDb
Paul Gleason at the TCM Movie Database
Paul Gleason at AllMovie
Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference
Paul Gleason at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 71602698
LCCN: no2002062483
ISNI: 0000 0000 5939 5271
GND: 1020550228
SUDOC: 159125170
BNF: cb14181862j (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gleason&oldid=825399812"
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Hung jury
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For an album, see Hung Jury (album).
A hung jury or deadlocked jury is a judicial jury that cannot agree upon a verdict after extended deliberation and is unable to reach the required unanimity or supermajority.
This situation can occur only in common law legal systems, because civil law systems either do not use juries at all or provide that the defendant is automatically acquitted if the majority or supermajority required for conviction is not reached during a single, solemn vote.
Contents
[hide]
1 Canada
2 New Zealand
3 United Kingdom
3.1 England and Wales
3.2 Scotland
4 United States
4.1 Hung jury in death penalty trials
5 References
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the jury must reach a unanimous decision on criminal cases. Each jury in criminal courts contain twelve jurors, but not in civil cases. In civil cases, only six people are necessary for a jury, and if there is one dissenter but the rest are unanimous (i.e. a 5-1 vote) the one dissenter can be ignored with the majority opinion becoming the final verdict.[1] If the jury cannot reach a unanimous decision, a hung jury is declared. A new panel of jurors will be selected for the new trial.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, the jury must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable time given the nature and complexity of the case (but not less than four hours), then the court may accept a majority verdict. In criminal cases, an all-but-one majority is needed (i.e. 11–1 with a full jury); in civil cases, a three-fourths majority is needed (i.e. 9–3 with a full jury).[2] If the jury fails to reach either a unanimous or majority verdict after a reasonable time, the presiding judge may declare a hung jury, and a new panel of jurors will be selected for a retrial.[3]
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
In England and Wales a majority of 10–2 (10–1 if only eleven jurors remain) is needed for a verdict; failure to reach this may lead to a retrial.
Initially, the jury will be directed to try to reach a unanimous verdict. If they fail to reach a unanimous verdict, the judge may later (after not less than two hours[4]) give directions that a majority verdict will be acceptable, but still no less than ten to two, although the jury should continue to try to reach a unanimous verdict if possible.
When the jury are called to deliver a verdict after majority directions have been given, a careful protocol of questions is followed: only in the event of a guilty verdict is it then asked whether or not all jurors were agreed on that verdict, to prevent any acquittal from being tainted by it being disclosed that any jurors dissented. The protocol is followed separately for each charge.[5]
Scotland[edit]
It is not possible to have a hung jury in Scotland in criminal cases. Juries consist of 15, and verdicts are decided by simple majority (8) of the initial membership. If jurors drop out because of illness or another reason, the trial can continue with a minimum of 12 jurors, but the support of 8 jurors is still needed for a guilty verdict; anything less is treated as an acquittal.[6]
In civil cases there is a jury of 12, with a minimum of 10 needed to continue the trial. It is possible to have a hung jury if there is a tied vote after three hours' deliberation.[7]
United States[edit]
In the United States, the result is a mistrial, and the case may be retried (United States v. Perez, 1824). Some jurisdictions permit the court to give the jury a so-called Allen charge, inviting the dissenting jurors to re-examine their opinions, as a last-ditch effort to prevent the jury from hanging. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure state, "The verdict must be unanimous.... If there are multiple defendants, the jury may return a verdict at any time during its deliberations as to any defendant about whom it has agreed.... If the jury cannot agree on all counts as to any defendant, the jury may return a verdict on those counts on which it has agreed.... If the jury cannot agree on a verdict on one or more counts, the court may declare a mistrial on those counts. A hung jury does not imply either the defendant's guilt or innocence. The government may retry any defendant on any count on which the jury could not agree."[8]
Juries in criminal cases are generally, as a rule, required to reach a unanimous verdict, and juries in civil cases typically have to reach a majority on some level. If a defendant has been found guilty of a capital offense, one that could result in the death penalty if the person is eligible, the opinion of the jury must be unanimous if the defendant is to be sentenced to death. Currently, two states, Oregon and Louisiana, do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. Each requires a 10-2 majority for conviction, except for capital crimes: Oregon requires at least 11 votes and Louisiana requires all 12.
In jurisdictions giving those involved in the case a choice of jury size (such as between a six-person and twelve-person jury), defense counsel in both civil and criminal cases frequently opt for the larger number of jurors. A common axiom in criminal cases is that "it takes only one to hang," referring to the fact that in some cases, a single juror can defeat the required unanimity.
One proposal for dealing with the difficulties associated with hung juries has been to introduce supermajority verdicts to allow juries to convict defendants without unanimous agreements amongst the jurors. Hence, a 12-member jury that would otherwise be deadlocked at 11 for conviction and 1 against, would be recorded as a guilty verdict. The rationale for majority verdicts usually includes arguments involving so-called 'rogue jurors' who unreasonably impede the course of justice. Opponents of majority verdicts argue that it undermines public confidence in criminal justice systems and results in a higher number of individuals convicted of crimes they did not commit.
In United States military justice, the Uniform Code of Military Justice (10 U.S.C. Chapter 47) Article 52 specifies the minimum number of court martial panel members required to return a verdict of guilty. In cases that involve a mandatory death sentence, a unanimous vote of all panel members is required. In cases that involve mandatory life sentences or sentences of confinement over ten years, a three-fourths vote is required. In all other cases, only a two-thirds vote is required to convict. Additionally, the Manual for Courts-Martial requires only a judge and a specified number of panel members (five for a general court-martial or three for a special court-martial; no panel is seated for a summary court-martial) in all non-capital cases. In capital cases, a panel of 12 members is required.
Hung jury in death penalty trials[edit]
Of the 31 U.S. states with the death penalty, 29 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury, and 28 require a unanimous sentence.
However, the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury:[9][10]
In 4 states (Arizona, California, Kentucky and Nevada), a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury (the common-law rule for mistrial).[11]
In 2 states (Indiana and Missouri), the judge will decide the sentence.
In the 22 other states, a hung jury results in a life sentence, even if only one juror opposed death. Federal law also provides that outcome.
The first outcome is referred as the "true unanimity" rule, while the third has been criticized as the "single-juror veto" rule.[12]
In Alabama, the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur. A retrial happens if the jury deadlock.[13]
Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three-judge panel. If one of the judges on the panel opposes death, the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment.[14] Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone.[15]
In all states in which the jury is involved, only death-qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury, to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it.
References[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hung jury
Jump up ^ "Canada's System of Justice: The Role of the Public". Department of Justice. 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Sections 29C and 29D -- Juries Act 1981 No 23". Parliamentary Counsel Office. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Section 22(3)(b) -- Juries Act 1981 No 23
Jump up ^ Juries Act 1974, subsection 17(4)
Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice Criminal Procedure Rules: Crown court practices: Majority verdicts
Jump up ^ Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 section 90
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/23-24/41/section/11s[dead link]
Jump up ^ Rule 31, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
Jump up ^ "Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury cannot agree" (PDF). A. Parrent, Conn. Public Def. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SB 280: Sentencing for Capital Felonies". flsenate.gov. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez, 1824
Jump up ^ "Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068" (PDF). Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SB 16 To amend Sections 13A-5-45, 13A-5-46, and 13A-5-47, Code of Alabama 1975, relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict". legislature.state.al.us. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29-2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding". law.justia.com. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "46-18-301. Hearing on imposition of death penalty". leg.mt.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Jury-related articles
Primary articles
Jury trial
Coroner's jury
Grand jury (Indictment)
Petit jury
Jury instructions
Specific finding
Deliberation
Hung jury
Jury nullification
Jury tampering
Jury research
Jury stress
Jury selection
Change of venue
Death-qualified jury
All-white jury
Peremptory challenge
Strike for cause
Scientific jury selection
Struck jury
Specific jurisdictions
Canada
England and Wales
Japan
Scotland
United States (U.S. military)
Groups
Fully Informed Jury Association
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Five Pillars of Islam
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The Five Pillars of Islam (arkān al-Islām أركان الإسلام; also arkān al-dīn أركان الدين "pillars of the religion") are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel.[1][2][3][4]
The Shia, Ahmadiyya, and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts,[5][2] but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name (see Ancillaries of the Faith, for the Twelvers, and Seven pillars of Ismailism). They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self-purification, and the pilgrimage,[6][7] if one is able.[8]
Contents
1 Pillars of Sunni Islam
1.1 Shahada: Faith
1.2 Salah: Prayer
1.3 Zakāt: Charity
1.4 Sawm: Fasting
1.5 Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
2 Pillars of Shia Islam
2.1 Twelvers
2.2 Ismailis
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
5.1 Books and journals
5.2 Encyclopedias
6 External links
Pillars of Sunni Islam
The Five Pillars of Islam
An artwork depicting the 5 pillars
Shahada: Faith
Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[9] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh (لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله) "There is no god but God (and) Muhammad is the messenger of God." It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam.[10]
Salah: Prayer
Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying (making salah) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Salah (ṣalāh) is the Islamic prayer. Salah consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna; the names are according to the prayer times: Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (noon), ʿAṣr (afternoon), Maghrib (evening), and ʿIshāʾ (night). The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise, Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point, Asr is the evening prayer before sunset, Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer. All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah. Muslims must wash before prayer; this washing is called wudu ("purification"). The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks). A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere, such as in offices, universities, and fields. However, the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship.
Zakāt: Charity
Zakāt or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth. The word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth. The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth. Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so. It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality.[11] Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy, like debtors or travelers. A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity (sadaqah), rather than to achieve additional divine reward.[12]
There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zakāt:
The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt.
The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due.
After the offering, the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means.
Payment must be in kind. This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income. If a person does not have much money, then they should compensate for it in different ways, such as good deeds and good behavior toward others.
The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken.[13]
Sawm: Fasting
Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates (like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City), as was the recorded practice (Sunnah) of Muhammad.
Three types of fasting (Siyam) are recognized by the Quran: Ritual fasting,[14] fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara),[15] and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab).[16][17]
Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan.[18] Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially mindful of other sins.[18] Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty (unless he/she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him/her from doing so).[19]
The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God, to express their gratitude to and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and to remind them of the needy.[20] During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language, gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better. In addition, all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided.[21]
Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory, but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic. These include pre-pubescent children, those with a medical condition such as diabetes, elderly people, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women. Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling. Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward, although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance.[22][23][24][25]
Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life.[26] When the pilgrim is around 10 km (6.2 mi) from Mecca, he/she must dress in Ihram clothing, which, for men, consists of two white sheets. Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca).[27] The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf, touching the Black Stone termed Istilam, traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee.[27]
The pilgrim, or the haji, is honoured in the Muslim community. Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God, not a means to gain social standing. The believer should be self-aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage. This should lead to constant striving for self-improvement.[28] A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah, and while not mandatory is strongly recommended. Also, they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms-giving feast.
Pillars of Shia Islam
Twelvers
Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al-Din and ten Furu al-Din, i.e., the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices. The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al-Din, equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars, are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam, and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above.[29] They are:
Tawhid (monotheism: belief in the oneness of Allah)
Adl (divine justice: belief in Allah's justice)
Nubuwwah (prophethood)
Imamah (succession to Muhammad)
Mi'ad (the day of judgment and the resurrection)
In addition to these five pillars, there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform, called the Ancillaries of the Faith[30] (Arabic: furūʿ al-dīn).
Salah
Sawm
Zakat, similar to Sunni Islam, it applies to money, cattle, silver, gold, dates, raisins, wheat, and barley.
Khums: an annual taxation of one-fifth (20%) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using. Khums is paid to the Imams; indirectly to poor and needy people.
Hajj
Jihad
Enjoining good
Forbidding wrong
Tawalla: expressing love towards good.
Tabarra: expressing disassociation and hatred towards evil.[31]
Ismailis
Main article: Seven pillars of Ismailism
Isma'ilis have their own pillars, which are as follows:
Walayah "Guardianship" denotes love and devotion to God, the prophets, and the Ismaili Imams and their representatives
Tawhid, "Oneness of God".
Salah: Unlike Sunni and Twelver Muslims, Nizari Ismailis reason that it is up to the current imām to designate the style and form of prayer.
Zakat: with the exception of the Druze, all Ismaili madhhabs have practices resembling that of Sunni and Twelvers, with the addition of the characteristic Shia khums.
Sawm: Nizaris and Musta'lis believe in both a metaphorical and literal meaning of fasting.
Hajj: For Ismailis, this means visiting the imām or his representative and that this is the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages. The Mustaali maintain also the practice of going to Mecca. The Druze interpret this completely metaphorically as "fleeing from devils and oppressors" and rarely go to Mecca.[32]
Jihad "Struggle": "the Greater Struggle" and "the Lesser Struggle".
See also
Islamic theology
Sixth Pillar of Islam
Jewish principles of faith
References
Jump up ^ "Pillars of Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pillars of Islam". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. United Kingdom: Oxford University. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Five Pillars". United Kingdom: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "The Five Pillars of Islam". Canada: University of Calgary. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "The Five Pillars of Islam". United Kingdom: BBC. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ Hooker, Richard (July 14, 1999). "arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion". United States: Washington State University. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Religions". The World Factbook. United States: Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ Hajj
Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, ''Islam'', Info base Publishing, 2009. Books.Google.fr. 2009. p. 87. ISBN 9781438117782. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ Ridgeon (2003), p.258
Jump up ^ Zakat, Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
Jump up ^ Zakat Alms-giving[dead link]
Jump up ^ Quran 2:183–187
Jump up ^ Quran 2:196
Jump up ^ Quran 33:35
Jump up ^ Fasting, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an (2005)
^ Jump up to: a b Farah (1994), p.144-145
Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9
Jump up ^ Esposito (1998), p.90,91
Jump up ^ Tabatabaei (2002), p. 211,213
Jump up ^ "For whom fasting is mandatory". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
Jump up ^ Quran 2:184
Jump up ^ Khan (2006), p. 54
Jump up ^ Islam, The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2005)
Jump up ^ Farah (1994), p.145-147
^ Jump up to: a b Hoiberg (2000), p.237–238
Jump up ^ Goldschmidt (2005), p.48
Jump up ^ See chapter on "Islamic Beliefs (the Pillars of Islam)" in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al-Qazwini. http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/
Jump up ^ Walsh, John Evangelist. Walking shadows: Orson Welles, William Randolph Hearst, and Citizen Kane. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press/Popular Press, 2004.
Jump up ^ "The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims". Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn, missionaries and Rhyaftgan.
Jump up ^ "Isma'ilism". Retrieved 2007-04-24.
Bibliography
Books and journals
Brockopp, Jonathan; Tamara Sonn; Jacob Neusner (2000). Judaism and Islam in Practice: A Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21673-7.
Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-8120-1853-0.
Muhammad Hedayetullah (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55369-842-5.
Khan, Arshad (2006). Islam 101: Principles and Practice. Khan Consulting and Publishing, LLC. ISBN 0-9772838-3-6.
Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-32472-7.
Momen, Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09182-4.
Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei (2002). Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam. R. Campbell (translator). Green Gold. ISBN 0-922817-00-6.
Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. & Lawrence Davidson (2005). A Concise History of the Middle East (8th ed.). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4275-7.
Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
Ridgeon, Lloyd (2003). Major World Religions (1st ed.). RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-29796-7.
Encyclopedias
P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
Salamone Frank, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94180-8.
External links
Tenets of Islam
Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
Pillars of Islam. A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Five Pillars of Islam. Complete information about The Five Pillars of Islam.
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Abrogation in Islam

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values: DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration

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Islamic theology

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http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ismailis.htm

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//www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912

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LawJurisprudence
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Islamic theological jurisprudence

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values: Geography and cartography in medieval Islam

values: List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world

values: Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

values: Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

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