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Mirabal sisters
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For the province, see Hermanas Mirabal Province.
The Mirabal sisters (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈmanas miɾaˈβal], Las Hermanas Mirabal) were four sisters in the Dominican Republic, known commonly as Patria, Minerva, Maria Teresa, and Dedé, who opposed the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo (El Chivo) and were involved in clandestine activities against his regime.[1] Three of the four sisters (Patria, Minerva, Maria Teresa) were assassinated on 25 November 1960. The last sister, Dedé, died of natural causes on 1 February 2014.
The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into "symbols of both popular and feminist resistance".[2]
In 1999, in the sisters' honor, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sisters
2 Early lives
2.1 Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes
2.2 María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes
2.3 Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes
3 Political activities
4 Assassination
5 Aftermath
6 Legacy
6.1 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Sisters[edit]
Name
Common Name
Birthday
Date of Death
Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes Patria 27 February 1922 25 November 1960
Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes Dedé 1 March 1924 1 February 2014
María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes Minerva 12 March 1927 25 November 1960
Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes María Teresa 15 October 1934 25 November 1960
Early lives[edit]
The house in which the Mirabal sisters lived for the last ten months of their lives is now a museum in Salcedo, Dominican Republic.
The Mirabal family were farmers from the central Cibao region of the Dominican Republic. The sisters grew up in a middle-class environment, raised by their parents, Enrique Mirabal Fernández and Mercedes Reyes Camilo.[4]
Unlike her sisters, Dedé never attended college. She worked as a homemaker and helped run the family business in agriculture and cattle.[5]
Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes[edit]
Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes, commonly known as Patria, was the oldest of the four Mirabal sisters, born on 27 February 1924. When she was 14, she was sent by her parents to a Catholic boarding school, Colegio Inmaculada Concepción in La Vega. She left school when she was 17 and married Pedro González,[6] a farmer, who would later aid her in challenging the Trujillo regime.
Patria is quoted as saying, "We cannot allow our children to grow up in this corrupt and tyrannical regime. We have to fight against it, and I am willing to give up everything, even my life if necessary."[7]
María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes[edit]
María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes, commonly known as Minerva, was the third daughter, born on 12 March 1926. At the age of 12, she followed Patria to the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción.[6] After graduating, she enrolled at the University of Santo Domingo. She studied law, but because she had declined Trujillo's romantic advances in 1949,[8][9] she was denied a license to practice.
At university, she met her husband, Manolo Tavárez Justo, who would help her fight the Trujillo regime. Minerva was the most vocal and radical of the Mirabal daughters, and she was arrested and harassed on multiple occasions on orders given by Trujillo himself.[10] She was quoted as saying, "It is a source of happiness to do whatever can be done for our country that suffers so many anguishes. It is sad to stay with one's arms crossed."[7]
Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes[edit]
Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes, commonly known as María Teresa, was the fourth and youngest daughter, born on 15 October 1935. She attended the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, graduated from the Liceo de San Francisco de Macorís in 1954, and went on to the University of Santo Domingo, where she studied mathematics. After completing her education, she married Leandro Guzmán. She greatly admired her older sister Minerva and became passionate about Minerva's political views.[6]
María Teresa, too, was arrested and harassed on direct orders from Trujillo.[10] She once said, "Perhaps what we have most near is death, but that idea does not frighten me. We shall continue to fight for that which is just."[7]
Political activities[edit]
Influenced by her uncle, Minerva became involved in the political movement against Trujillo, who was the country's official president from 1930 to 1938 and from 1942 to 1952, but ruled behind the scenes as a dictator from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. Minerva's sisters followed her into the movement: first María Teresa, who joined after staying at Minerva's house and learning about her activities, and then Patria, who joined after witnessing a massacre by some of Trujillo's men while on a religious retreat. Dedé did not join, in part because her husband, Jaimito, did not want her to.
Minerva, María Teresa, and Patria formed a group called the Movement of the Fourteenth of June, named after the date of the massacre Patria witnessed, to oppose the Trujillo regime. They distributed pamphlets about the many people whom Trujillo had killed, and obtained materials for guns and bombs to use when they eventually openly revolted. Within the group, the sisters called themselves "Las Mariposas" ("The Butterflies"), after Minerva's underground name.[2]
Minerva and María Teresa were incarcerated but were not tortured thanks to mounting international opposition to Trujillo's regime. Their and Patria's husbands, who were also involved in the underground activities, were incarcerated at La Victoria Penitentiary in Santo Domingo.
In 1960, the Organization of American States condemned Trujillo's actions and sent observers. Minerva and María Teresa were freed, but their husbands remained in prison.[8] On a remembrance website, Learn to Question, the author writes, "No matter how many times Trujillo jailed them, no matter how much of their property and possessions he seized, Minerva, Patria and María Teresa refused to give up on their mission to restore democracy and civil liberties to the island nation."[8]
Assassination[edit]
On 25 November 1960, Patria, Minerva, María Teresa, and their driver, Rufino de la Cruz, were visiting María Teresa and Minerva's incarcerated husbands. On the way home, they were stopped by Trujillo's henchmen. The sisters and de la Cruz were separated, strangled[11] and clubbed to death. The bodies were then gathered and put in their Jeep, which was run off the mountain road in an attempt to make their deaths look like an accident.[8]
After Trujillo was assassinated in May 1961, General Pupo Román admitted to having personal knowledge that the sisters were killed by Victor Alicinio Peña Rivera, Trujillo's right-hand man, along with Ciriaco de la Rosa, Ramon Emilio Rojas, Alfonso Cruz Valeria, and Emilio Estrada Malleta, members of his secret police force.[12] As to whether Trujillo ordered the killings or whether the secret police acted on its own, Chevalier wrote, "We know orders of this nature could not come from any authority lower than national sovereignty. That was none other than Trujillo himself; still less could it have taken place without his assent."[13] Also, one of the murderers, Ciriaco de la Rosa, said "I tried to prevent the disaster, but I could not because if I had he, Trujillo, would have killed us all...."[14][15]
Aftermath[edit]
The old house of the Mirabal family and the residence of Dedé Mirabal until her death on 1 February 2014, aged 88.[5]
According to historian Bernard Diederich, the sisters' assassinations "had greater effect on Dominicans than most of Trujillo's other crimes". The killings, he wrote, "did something to their machismo" and paved the way for Trujillo's own assassination six months later.[16]
However, the details of the Mirabal sisters' assassinations were "treated gingerly at the official level" until 1996, when President Joaquín Balaguer was forced to step down after more than two decades in power. Balaguer was Trujillo's protégé and had been the president at the time of the assassinations in 1960 (though, at the time, he "distanced himself from General Trujillo and initially carved out a more moderate political stance").[17]
A review of the history curriculum in public schools in 1997 recognized the Mirabals as national martyrs.[2] The post-Balaguer era has seen a marked increase in homages to the Mirabal sisters, including an exhibition of their belongings at the National Museum of History and Geography in Santo Domingo and the transformation of Trujillo's obelisk into a mural dedicated in their honor.[citation needed]
After the assassinations, the surviving sister, Dedé, devoted her life to the legacy of her sisters. She raised their six children, including Minou Tavárez Mirabal, Minerva's daughter, who has served as deputy for the National District in the lower house of the Dominican Congress since 2002 and was deputy foreign minister before that (1996–2000). Of Dedé's own three children, Jaime David Fernández Mirabal is the minister for environment and natural resources and a former vice president of the Dominican Republic. In 1992, Dedé created the Mirabal Sisters Foundation, and in 1994, she opened the Mirabal Sisters Museum in the sisters' hometown, Salcedo.[5] She published a book, Vivas en su Jardín, on 25 August 2009.[18] She lived in the house in Salcedo where the sisters were born until her death in 2014, aged 88.[19]
Legacy[edit]
On 17 December 1999, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women in honor of the sisters. It marks the beginning of a 16-day period of Activism against Gender Violence.[3] The last day of that period, 10 December, is International Human Rights Day.
On 21 November 2007, Salcedo Province was renamed Hermanas Mirabal Province.[20][21][22][23]
The 200 Dominican pesos bill features the sisters, and a stamp was issued in their memory.[2]
The 137-foot obelisk that Trujillo built in 1935 to commemorate the renaming of the capital city from Santo Domingo to Ciudad Trujillo has been covered with murals honoring the sisters. In 1997, the telecommunications company CODETEL (now Claro) sponsored a mural by Elsa Núñez. Every few years, the mural changes.[24]
In 2005, Amaya Salazar created one;[25] in 2011, Banco del Progreso sponsored Dustin Muñoz to redo the mural.[26]
Being globally recognized as a symbol of social justice and feminism, the sisters have inspired the creation of many organizations that focus on keeping their legacy alive through social actions. An example of one of these organizations is the Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center, a non-profit organization that seeks to improve the status of immigrant families.[27]
In popular culture[edit]
In 1994, Dominican-American author Julia Alvarez published her novel In the Time of the Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the lives of the Mirabal sisters. Alvarez called the sisters "feminist icons" and "a reminder that we have our revolutionary heroines, our Che Guevaras, too".[2][2] The novel was adapted into a 2001 movie of the same name, starring Salma Hayek as Minerva, Edward James Olmos as Trujillo, and singer Marc Anthony in a supporting role.[5]
The sisters are mentioned in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, a 2007 novel by Dominican-American writer Junot Díaz.
The story is fictionalized in the children's book How the Butterflies Grew Their Wings by Jacob Kushner.
Chilean filmmaker Cecilia Domeyko produced Code Name: Butterflies, a documentary about the Mirabal sisters. It contains interviews with Dedé and other members of the Mirabal family.[5]
Actress Michelle Rodriguez co-produced the film Trópico de Sangre, which recounts the lives of the sisters. She also starred in the film as Minerva. Dedé Mirabal participated in the development of the film.[28]
Mario Vargas Llosa's 2000 novel, The Feast of the Goat, portrays the assassination of Trujillo and its effect on the lives of Dominicans. It refers often to the Mirabal sisters.[29]
Dominican professional tennis player Michael-Ray Pallares González is a second cousin once-removed of the Mirabal sisters.
See also[edit]
Dominican Republic portal
Biography portal
Politics portal
Virgins of Galindo
Villa sisters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rohter, Larry (15 February 1997). "The Three Sisters, Avenged: A Dominican Drama". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women". United Nations. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Peter Farrington (17 December 2013). "Mirabal Sisters of The Dominican Republic". The REAL Dominican Republic. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Garcia, Franklin (3 February 2014). "Last Surviving Mirabal Sister, Doña Dede, Dead at 88". Huffington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Mirabal Sisters- The Nov. 25th Revolution", "Safe World for Women", 7 March 2016[not in citation given]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mirabal Sisters History", "Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center", 7 March 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Mirabal Sisters". LearnToQuestion.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Ferullo, Giovanna (26 August 2011). "Violencia y discriminación de la mujer, un problema muy grave en R.Dominicana". MSN Noticias (in Spanish). Panamá. EFE. Retrieved 10 June 2013. (...) Once años antes del triple asesinato, 'había habido una intención del dictador de sumar a mi madre a la lista de mujeres que le pertenecían, como las vacas de sus fincas', algo a lo que Minerva se negó, contó Tavárez Mirabal.
A partir de allí nació la 'obsesión' de Trujillo contra la familia Mirabal, que empeoró cuando se percató de que una mujer, Minerva, era la 'organizadora del movimiento de oposición más importante que tuvo que enfrentar en 30 años de dictadura', añadió.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Pineda-Madrid "Celebrating Our Latina Feminists Foremothers", "Project Muse", 7 March 2016
Jump up ^ "Las Mariposas: The Mirabal Sisters' Role as Heroines of the Dominican Republic". stmuhistorymedia.org. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mirabal Sisters of The Dominican Republic". TheRealDR.com. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Virgilio Pina Chevalier, La era de Trujillo. Narraciones de Don Cucho, p. 151.
Jump up ^ "The Murder and Assassination of the Mirabal Sisters". The Real Dominical Republic. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE ASSASSINATION The Murder of the Sisters Mirabal". Learning to Question. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Bernard Diederich (1999). Trujillo: The Death of the Dictator. Markus Wiener Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1558762060.
Jump up ^ Kershaw, Sarah (15 July 2002). "Joaquín Balaguer, 95, Dies; Dominated Dominican Life". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Amazon. "Vivas en el Jardin". ISBN 0307474534. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Tennant, Paul; Yadira Betances (3 February 2014). "Dominican heroine dies". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Camara de Diputados. "Proyecto de Ley mediante el cual se modifica el nombre de la provincia Salcedo a provincia Hermanas Mirabal" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Diario Libre. "Provincia Salcedo pasa a llamarse "Hermanas Mirabal"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ El Tiempo. "La historia de las hermanas Mirabal" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Educando. "Las hermanas Mirabal en otra dimensión" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Keys, Janette (29 June 2011). "New Painting on the Obelisk". Colonial Zone News Blog.
Jump up ^ "Restauran Obelisco del Malecón". Hoy (in Spanish). 3 March 2005.
Jump up ^ Brito, Reynaldo (27 July 2011). "Obelisco del malecón restaurado con obra de Dustin Muñoz". Imagenes Dominicanas.
Jump up ^ Sisters, Mirabal. "Misión". www.mirabalcenter.org. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Michelle Rodriguez Producing and Starring in Historical Feature". Michelle-rodriguez.com. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Author, Nobel Prize Winner Mario Vargas Llosa, The Feast of the Goat, translated from Spanish by Edith Grossman. Originally published by Alfguana in Spain under the title La fiesta del chivo . 2000. ISBN 0-312-42027-7
External links[edit]
Media related to Mirabal sisters at Wikimedia Commons
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Bright-line rule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Bright line" redirects here. For other uses, see Bright line (disambiguation).
A bright-line rule (or bright-line test) is a clearly defined rule or standard in the United States, composed of objective factors, which leaves little or no room for varying interpretation. The purpose of a bright-line rule is to produce predictable and consistent results in its application. The term "bright-line" in this sense generally occurs in a legal context.
Bright-line rules are usually standards established by courts in legal precedent or by legislatures in statutory provisions. The Supreme Court of the United States often contrasts bright-line rules with their opposite: balancing tests (or "fine line testing"), where a result depends on weighing several factors—which could lead to inconsistent application of law or reduce objectivity.
Contents
[hide]
1 Debate in the US
1.1 Examples
2 Notable cases containing bright-line rules
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Debate in the US[edit]
In the United States, there is much scholarly legal debate between those favoring bright-line rules and those favoring balancing tests. While some legal scholars, such as former Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, have expressed a strong preference for bright-line rules, critics often argue that bright-line rules are overly-simplistic and can lead to harsh and unjust results. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer noted that there are circumstances in which the application of bright-line rules would be inappropriate, stating that "no single set of legal rules can ever capture the ever changing complexity of human life."[1] Over the course of the last three decades, many bright-line rules previously established in U.S. jurisprudence have been replaced with balancing tests.[citation needed]
Examples[edit]
American statutory rape laws, including Romeo and Juliet laws – In most states, if the discrepancy between the age of the victim and the age of the accused is large enough, or if the victim is young enough, then the older participant must be convicted as guilty (assuming that participant did indeed enter into sexual activity with the victim) without any regard to other potentially mitigating circumstances.[2] Because it is a bright-line rule, there is no balancing test to examine factors such as mistake of the accused, the misrepresentation of age by the minor,[citation needed] or the minor's consent to sexual intercourse, though these can all come into consideration in cases where the age of the victim or the age discrepancy do not cross the "bright line". This can also be termed a strict liability offense.
In Michigan v. Summers, the Supreme Court announced the bright-line rule that law-enforcement officers have the authority to detain the occupants of a residence while conducting a search for contraband. The rule was intended to provide clear rules to law enforcement personnel and avoid case-by-case analysis. Scholars have challenged the clarity and efficacy of this bright-line rule in practice.[3]
Notable cases containing bright-line rules[edit]
Miranda v. Arizona
Goldberg v. Kelly
Michigan v. Summers
SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194 (1947)
National Petroleum Refiners Assn. v. FTC, 482 F.2d 672 (D.C. Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 951 (1974)
Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458 (1983)
Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204 (1988)
Evans v. the United Kingdom
Katko v. Briney, 183 N.W.2d 657 (Iowa 1971)
Aguilar v. Texas
Spinelli v. United States
Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009)
See also[edit]
Eight Magic Words
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 125, 126 S. Ct. 1515, 1529, 164 L. Ed. 2d 208, 229 (2006) (Breyer, J., concurring).
Jump up ^ Statutory Rape Laws by State
Jump up ^ Amir H. Ali, Following the Bright-Line of Michigan v. Summers, 45 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 483 (2010)
External links[edit]
Law portal
Language Log Discussion of the phrase, with examples and history
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Ikigai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ikigai (生き甲斐, pronounced [ikiɡai]) (ee-kee-gah-ee) is a Japanese concept that means "a reason for being." It is similar to the French phrase Raison d'être. Everyone, according to Japanese culture, has an ikigai. Finding it requires a deep and often lengthy search of self. Such a search is important to the cultural belief that discovering one's ikigai brings satisfaction and meaning to life.[1] Examples include work, hobbies and raising children.[2]
The term ikigai compounds two Japanese words: iki (wikt:生き) meaning "life; alive" and kai (甲斐) "(an) effect; (a) result; (a) fruit; (a) worth; (a) use; (a) benefit; (no, little) avail" (sequentially voiced as gai) "a reason for living [being alive]; a meaning for [to] life; what [something that] makes life worth living; a raison d'etre".[3]
In the culture of Okinawa, ikigai is thought of as "a reason to get up in the morning"; that is, a reason to enjoy life. In a TED Talk, Dan Buettner suggested ikigai as one of the reasons people in the area had such long lives.[4]
The word ikigai[5] is usually used to indicate the source of value in one's life or the things that make one's life worthwhile. Secondly, the word is used to refer to mental and spiritual circumstances under which individuals feel that their lives are valuable. It's not necessarily linked to one's economic status or the present state of society. Even if a person feels that the present is dark, but they have a goal in mind, they may feel ikigai. Behaviours that make us feel ikigai are not actions we are forced to take—these are natural and spontaneous actions.
In the article named Ikigai — jibun no kanosei, kaikasaseru katei ("Ikigai: the process of allowing the self's possibilities to blossom") Kobayashi Tsukasa says that "people can feel real ikigai only when, on the basis of personal maturity, the satisfaction of various desires, love and happiness, encounters with others, and a sense of the value of life, they proceed toward self-realization."[1][6]
See also[edit]
Meaning-making
Motivation § Intrinsic motivation
Raison d'être
Selbstfindung (de)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Mathews, Gordon (1996). What Makes Life Worth Living?: How Japanese and Americans Make Sense of Their Worlds. University of California Press.
Jump up ^ Sone, Toshimasa; Nakaya, Naoki; Ohmori, Kaori; Shimazu, Taichi; Higashiguchi, Mizuka; Kakizaki, Masako; Kikuchi, Nobutaka; Kuriyama, Shinichi; Tsuji, Ichiro (2008). "Sense of Life Worth Living (Ikigai) and Mortality in Japan: Ohsaki Study" (PDF). Psychosomatic Medicine. 70 (6): 709–715. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817e7e64. ISSN 0033-3174. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ Watanabe Toshirō (渡邊敏郎), Edmund R. Skrzypczak, and Paul Snowden, eds. (2003), Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (新和英大辞典), 5th edition, Kenkyusha, pp. 127, 459, 130. In the game go, iki especially means "alive" (able to remain on the board indefinitely): "in go normally a situation in which a connected group of stones of any size contains at least two independent liberties [me] and so cannot be captured by an opponent".
Jump up ^ https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_buettner_how_to_live_to_be_100?language=en
Jump up ^ "Ikigai – What makes you come alive?". Chaaipani.
Jump up ^ Kobayashi, Tsukasa (1990-04-04). "Ikigai — jibun no kanosei, kaikasaseru katei". Nihon Keizai Shinbun. Tokyo. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links[edit]
"Factors associated with 'Ikigai' among members of a public temporary employment agency for seniors (Silver Human Resources Centre) in Japan; gender differences", Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2006; 4:12 (retrieved Nov 2008).
"Ikigai", More Explore (retrieved Nov 2008).
"Ikigai and Mortality" Psychology Today. 17 Sep 2008 (retrieved Jan 2010).
"Dan Buettner: How to live to be 100+" TED talk about longevity that explains the word in the Okinawan context. Jan 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikigai&oldid=814858441"
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The Lorax (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 2012 film. For other uses, see Lorax (disambiguation).
The Lorax
Theatrical release poster[1]
Directed by
Chris Renaud
Produced by
Janet Healy
Chris Meledandri
Screenplay by
Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio
Based on
The Lorax
by Dr. Seuss
Starring
Danny DeVito
Ed Helms
Zac Efron
Taylor Swift
Betty White
Rob Riggle
Jenny Slate
Music by
John Powell[2]
Songs:
John Powell
Cinco Paul
Edited by
Claire Dodgson
Steven Liu
Ken Schretzmann
Production
company
Universal Pictures
Illumination Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02) (United States)
Running time
86 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$70 million[4]
Box office
$348.8 million[4]
The Lorax (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Lorax) is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy–comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment and based on Dr. Seuss's children's book of the same name. The film was released by Universal Pictures on March 2, 2012, on the 108th birthday of Dr. Seuss. The second film adaptation of the book (following the 1972 animated television special), the film builds on the book by expanding the story of Ted, the previously unnamed boy who visits the Once-ler. The cast includes Danny DeVito as the Lorax, Ed Helms as the Once-ler, and Zac Efron as Ted. New characters introduced in the film are Audrey (voiced by Taylor Swift), Aloysius O'Hare (Rob Riggle), Mrs. Wiggins, Ted's mother (Jenny Slate), and Grammy Norma (Betty White).[5]
The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office success, grossing $214 million in North America and $348.8 million worldwide based on a $70 million budget.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Voice cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Marketing controversy
4.2 Home media
4.2.1 Mini-movies
4.3 Video game
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
6 Music
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Ted Wiggins is an idealistic boy, who lives in Thneedville, a walled city that, aside from the human citizens, is completely artificial; everything is made of plastic, metal, or synthetics with no living plants. Ted has a crush on local environmentalist Audrey, who wants to see a "real tree" more than anything in the world, and decides to find one in order to impress her. His energetic Grammy Norma secretly tells Ted the legend of the Once-ler, who will tell anyone about trees if they brought him fifteen cents, a nail, and a shell of a great-great-great grandfather snail. When Ted leaves Thneedville in search of the Once-ler, he discovers that the outside world is a contaminated, empty, barren wasteland. Once the boy finds him, the Once-ler agrees to tell Ted about the trees on the condition that he listens to the story over multiple visits. Ted agrees, but on his way home, he encounters the mayor of Thneedville, Aloysius O'Hare, who is also the proprietor of a company that sells bottled oxygen to Thneedville residents. O'Hare explains to Ted that because trees produce oxygen free of charge, he considers it a threat to his business whenever he hears people talking about them. After revealing that he has "security camera eyes" all over the city, O'Hare pressures Ted to stay in town. However, Ted continues to sneak out of O'Hare's sight (with his grandmother's encouragement) and learns more of the trees' history.
Over Ted's various visits, the Once-ler recounts the story that when he was a young man, he departed his family to find good material for his Thneed invention and make a business. The Once-ler meets the guardian of the forest, the Lorax, after cutting down a Truffula tree in a lush Truffula tree forest valley. The Lorax urges the Once-ler to leave the forest, but the Once-ler refuses. Eventually, the Once-ler promises not to chop another tree down, and the two seem to begin a friendship of sorts. Then, the young businessman's Thneed invention becomes a major success and the Once-ler's family arrives to participate in the business. At first keeping his promise, the Once-ler continues Thneed production by harvesting the Truffula tree tufts in a slow, but sustainable manner. However, his greedy and lazy relatives soon convince him to resume chopping down the trees. Over time, the Once-ler's deforestation spirals into a mass overproduction. Flushed with wealth, the Once-ler rationalizes his short-sighted needs into arrogant self-righteousness, and the Lorax's helpless protests do not stop him. The Once-ler pollutes the sky, river, and landscape, until the very last Truffula Tree falls. With no further chance of business, he is left broken and abandoned by his family, with his mother disowning him, and with the region uninhabitable because of his business's pollution, the Lorax sends the animals off to find a new place to live before he departs into the sky, leaving only a stone-cut word: "Unless". Distraught and ruined, the Once-ler becomes a recluse.
After he finishes telling his story, the Once-ler finally understands the meaning behind the Lorax's last message, and gives Ted the last Truffula seed in hopes that he can plant it and make others care about real trees once more. Ted's desire to impress Audrey also becomes a personal mission to remind his town of the importance of nature. O'Hare, still determined not to have trees undermine his business, takes heavy-handed steps such as covering Audrey's nature paintings, closing off the door that Ted uses to see the Once-ler, and forcibly searching Ted's room for the seed (which has begun to grow after having some water from Ted's falling bottle after he close his room's door to see O'Hare). Ted enlists his family and Audrey to help plant the seed, which has begun to germinate after water was accidentally spilled on it. O'Hare and his employees pursue the dissidents until they manage to elude him and reach the town center. When Ted finally attempts to plant the seed, he is interrupted by O'Hare, who rallies the population to stop them by telling the people that trees are dangerous and filthy. To convince them otherwise, Ted takes an earthmover and rams down a section of the city wall to reveal the environmental destruction outside, thereby showing them what O'Hare is encouraging. Horrified at the sight and inspired by Ted's conviction (as though a part of the Lorax is within him), the crowd turns against O'Hare when they discover his true nature, with his own henchmen expelling him from the town with his jet pack-like helmet, and the seed is finally planted. Time passes and the land starts to recover; new trees sprout, the animals begin to return, and the redeemed, now-mustached Once-ler happily reunites with the Lorax.
Voice cast[edit]
Danny DeVito as the Lorax[6]
Ed Helms as the Once-ler.[6] Neither the book or the TV special reveal the Once-ler's face, but instead throughout the book, the Once-ler is pictured by what appear to be green arms and yellow eyes. The filmmakers used that as the basis for the Once-ler's character design. They interpreted the Once-ler as a human, and also featured his green gloves and showed his face for the first time in this film.
Zac Efron as Theodore "Ted" Wiggins, an idealistic 12-year-old boy.[7] He is named after the author of the book, Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel).[8]
Taylor Swift as Audrey, Ted's love interest.[2] She is named after Audrey Geisel, Dr. Seuss' wife.[8]
Betty White as Grammy Norma, Ted's wise-cracking grandmother.[2]
Rob Riggle as Aloysius O'Hare, the mayor of Thneedville and head of the "O'Hare Air" company that supplies fresh air to Thneedville residents.[6]
Jenny Slate as Mrs. Wiggins, Ted's neurotic mother.[9]
Nasim Pedrad as the Once-ler's mother.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Uncle Ubb, the Once-ler's uncle.
Elmarie Wendel as Aunt Grizelda, the Once-ler's aunt.
Danny Cooksey as Brett and Chet, the Once-ler's younger twin brothers.
Production[edit]
The film is the fourth feature film based on a book by Dr. Seuss, the second fully computer-animated adaptation (the first one being Horton Hears a Who!), and the first to be released in 3-D. The Lorax was also Illumination's first film presented in IMAX 3D (known as "IMAX Tree-D" in publicity for the film).[10] The idea for the film was initiated by Audrey Geisel, Dr. Seuss' wife, who had an established partnership with Chris Meledandri, the producer of the film, from a collaboration on Horton Hears a Who!. Geisel approached Meledandri when he launched Illumination Entertainment, saying "This is the one I want to do next".[11] The film was officially announced in July 2009, with Meledandri attached as the producer and Geisel as the executive producer. Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda were announced as the director and co-director of the film, while Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, the duo who wrote the script for Horton Hears a Who!, were set to write the screenplay.[12] In 2010, it was announced that Danny DeVito would be voicing the titular character.[13]
The film was fully produced at the French studio "Illumination Mac Guff", which was the animation department of Mac Guff which was acquired by Illumination Entertainment in the summer of 2011.[14] DeVito reprised his role in five different languages, including the original English audio, and also for the Spanish, Italian, German, and Russian language dub editions.[15] Universal added an environmental message to the film's website after a fourth-grade class in Brookline, Massachusetts launched a successful petition through Change.org.[16]
Release[edit]
The film was released on March 2, 2012 in the United States and Canada and was released on July 27, 2012 in the United Kingdom.
Marketing controversy[edit]
Mazda used the likeness of The Lorax's setting and characters in an advertisement for their CX-5 SUV.[17] This was seen by some as the complete opposite of the work's original meaning.[18] In response, Stephanie Sperber, president of Universal partnerships and licensing, said Universal chose to partner with the Mazda CX-5 because it is "a really good choice for consumers to make who may not have the luxury or the money to buy electric or buy hybrid. It's a way to take the better environmental choice to everyone."[19]
The film has also been used to sell Seventh Generation disposable diapers.[20] In total, Illumination Entertainment struck more than 70 different product integration deals for the film.[21]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 7, 2012.
Mini-movies[edit]
Three mini-movies were released on the Lorax Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack on August 7, 2012: Serenade, Wagon Ho!, and Forces of Nature.[22]
Serenade
Lou wants to impress a girl Barbaloot, but he has some competition.
Wagon No!
The Once-ler arrives with his wagon and Melvin. Then Pipsqueak and Lou arrive. The Once-ler tells them not to have joyrides. When the Once-ler goes inside his house, Pipsqueak and Lou start cranking up the wagon, but Melvin refuses to pull it because he is angry that they whipped the reins. So Pipsqueak hangs a truffula fruit in front of Melvin as an incentive. However, Melvin gets exhausted going up a steep hill. Then the wagon gets unhooked from Melvin, and it rolls downhill backwards while Pipsqueak and Lou scream in terror. Melvin chases the runaway wagon. Lou tries to stop the wagon by stabbing a stick in one of its wheels, but he gets stuck on the wheel instead. Finally, he lands back on the seat next to Pipsqueak, who hugs him happily. The wagon hits a rock and is propelled downhill even faster. When it approaches a cliff, Pipsqueak panics and grabs the wagon canopy, which flies off—only to be held in place by Lou. The wagon flies off the cliff, but the canopy acts as a parachute and they make their descent calmly, landing in the same place they left. Melvin appears shortly after. The Once-ler comes out of the house and is surprised to see them. He expresses surprise that they listened to instructions, but just when it seems like they fooled him, Lou sneezes and the wagon falls apart. Melvin hides beneath his hooves and Lou and Pipsqueak curl up into a ball. The Once-ler looks annoyed and makes a small, disgruntled "Grr" sound, causing Lou and Pipsqueak to run away into the trees.
Forces of Nature
The Lorax makes Pipsqueak an Honorary Lorax and team up to scare the Once-ler by using two sticks that looks like a monster's hand to freak him out. The Once-ler finds out it's fake and sprays water on the Lorax, which makes his fur puff-up. When the Lorax tells Pipsqueak that he's going to turn out like him, Pipsqueak gets scared and runs away. The short ends with the Lorax telling Pipsqueak that he lost his Honorary Lorax title.
Video game[edit]
Blockdot created a mobile puzzle game based on the film, titled Truffula Shuffula. The game was released on February 1, 2012, for Apple iOS and Android platforms.[23]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film earned a rating of 53% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 148 reviews and an average rating of 5.9/10, with the critical consensus saying, "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax is cute and funny enough, but the moral simplicity of the book gets lost with the zany Hollywood production values."[24] It also has a score of 46 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25]
New York magazine film critic David Edelstein on NPR's All Things Considered strongly objected to the movie, arguing that the Hollywood animation and writing formulas washed out the spirit of the book.[26] "This kind of studio 3-D feature animation is all wrong for the material," he wrote. Demonstrating how the book's text was used in the movie in this excerpt from the review, Edelstein discusses Audrey describing the truffula trees to Ted:
"the touch of their tufts was much softer than silk and they had the sweet smell of fresh butterfly milk – and [in the movie] Ted says, "Wow, what does that even mean?" and Audrey says, "I know, right?" So one of the only lines that is from the book, that does have Dr. Seuss' sublime whimsy, is basically made fun of, or at least, dragged down to Earth."
Lou Dobbs, the host of Lou Dobbs Tonight on the Fox Business Network, has criticized the film as being "insidious nonsense from Hollywood", and accused Hollywood of "trying to indoctrinate children".[27] The film also garnered some positive reviews from critics such as Richard Roeper, who called it a "solid piece of family entertainment".[28] Roger Moore of the Pittsburgh Tribune called the film "a feast of bright, Seuss colors, and wonderful Seuss design", and supported its environmentalist message.[29]
Box office[edit]
The film has grossed $214 million in North America, and $134.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $348.8 million.[4]
The film topped the North American box office with $17.5 million on its opening day (Friday, March 2, 2012).[30] During the weekend, it grossed $70.2 million, easily beating the other new nationwide release, Project X ($21 million), and all other films.[31] This was the biggest opening for an Illumination Entertainment film,[32] and for a feature film adaptation of a book by Dr. Seuss,[33] as well as the second largest for an environmentalist film.[34] It also scored the third-best debut for a film opening in March,[35] and the eighth-best of all time for an animated film.[36] The Lorax stayed at #1 the following weekend, dropping 45% to $38.8 million and beating all new nationwide releases, including Disney's John Carter (second place).[37] On April 11, 2012, it became the first animated film in nearly a year to gross more than $200 million in North America, since Walt Disney Animation Studios' Tangled.[38][39]
Music[edit]
Dr. Seuss' The Lorax: Original Motion Picture Score
Film score by John Powell
Released
March 6, 2012
Genre
Score
Length
45:51
Label
Varèse Sarabande
All tracks written by John Powell[40].
No.
Title
Length
1. "Ted, Audrey and the Trees" 2:36
2. "Granny to the Edge" 2:33
3. "Wasteland" 2:17
4. "Truffula Valley Fantasy (featuring The Lorax Humming Fish)" 5:00
5. "Once-ler & Lorax Meet" 2:35
6. "O’Hare Warns Ted" 3:21
7. "The River Bed" 4:03
8. "Houseguests" 3:12
9. "Valley Exodus" 4:54
10. "The Last Seed" 4:54
11. "Thneedville Chase" 5:04
12. "At the Park" 3:12
13. "Funeral For a Tree" 2:10
Total length: 45:51
Dr. Seuss' The Lorax: Original Songs from the Motion Picture
Film score by John Powell and Cinco Paul
Released
February 28, 2012
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
34:00
Label
Interscope
All tracks written by John Powell and Cinco Paul[41].
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Let It Grow (Celebrate the World)" Ester Dean 3:39
2. "Thneedville" Fletcher Sheridan, Antonio Sol, Beth Anderson, Oliver Powell, Edie Lehmann Boddicker, Missi Hale, and Rob Riggle 2:44
3. "This is the Place" Ed Helms 2:24
4. "Everybody Needs a Thneed" Ed Helms, Randy Crenshaw, Fletcher Sheridan, Edie Lehmann Boddicker, Monique Donnelly, Ty Taylor, and The 88 1:31
5. "How Bad Can I Be?" Ed Helms and Kool Kojak 2:52
6. "Let It Grow" Fletcher Sheridan, Dan Navarro, Edie Lehmann Boddicker, Jenny Slate, Claira Titman, Betty White, Rob Riggle, and Ed Helms 3:17
7. "Let It Grow Gospel Ending (Original Demo)" Jenny Slate 0:52
8. "Thneedville (Original Demo)" Fletcher Sheridan 3:58
9. "The Once-ler's Traveling Madness (Original Demo)" Ed Helms 1:35
10. "I Love Nature (Original Demo)" Randy Crenshaw 2:43
11. "You Need a Thneed (Original Demo)" Keith Slettedahl and The 88 featuring Antonio Sol, Fletcher Sheridan, and Taylor Graves 1:32
12. "Nobody Needs a Thneed (Original Demo)" Fletcher Sheridan and Randy Crenshaw 1:52
13. "Biggering (Original Demo)" Gabriel Mann, Randy Crenshaw, and The 88 5:01
Total length: 34:00
See also[edit]
List of films based on Dr. Seuss books
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eggersten, Chris (February 19, 2012). "Taylor Swift, Zac Efron and Betty White get animated at the 'Lorax' premiere". HitFix. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goldberg, Matt (March 17, 2011). "Taylor Swift Joins Voice Cast of THE LORAX; New Image Released". Collider. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "DR. SEUSS' THE LORAX (U)". British Board of Film Classification. May 4, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "The Lorax". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Breznican, Anthony (October 25, 2010). "First look: Danny DeVito will stump for trees in 3-D 'Lorax'". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sharlette (March 5, 2012). "CINEMA WITH SHARLETTE: 'THE LORAX'". ETonline.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013. In the 3D-CG version of Dr. Seuss' The Lorax, we focus on Ted Wiggins, a 12-year-old boy in search of a living tree for the girl he adores.
^ Jump up to: a b Radish, Christina (January 30, 2012). "10 Things to Know About DR. SEUSS’ THE LORAX From Our Editing Room Visit; Plus an Interview with Producer Chris Meledandri". Collider.com. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sytsma, Alan (October 29, 2010). "Jenny Slate Throws Epic Engagement Parties, Starts Every Morning With Coffee in Bed". New York Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax: An IMAX 3D Experience". IMAX. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (July 17, 2013). "Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal". Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (July 28, 2009). "U, Illumination to light up ‘Lorax’". Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Puchko, Kristy (October 25, 2010). "Danny DeVito Will Speak For the Trees as The Lorax". The Film Stage. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ILLUMINATION MAC GUFF". Societe. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (March 1, 2012). "Q&A: Danny DeVito speaks for 'The Lorax' (in five languages!) -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kristof, Nicholas (February 5, 2012). "After Recess: Change the World". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mazda C5-X and Dr Seuss' The Lorax". YouTube. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Are You Shitting Me?: The Lorax Used to Sell SUVs". Badass Digest. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rome, Emily (March 1, 2012). "'The Lorax' targeted for its green credentials". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "A Bad Marketing The Lorax and Disposable Diapers Really??". DirtyDiaperLaundry. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fake Lorax Twitter Mocks the Film's Many Marketing Tie-ins".
Jump up ^ "From Universal Studios Home Entertainment: Dr. Seuss' The Lorax". PR Newswire. June 5, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Blockdot (February 1, 2012). "Blockdot Launches Game for Universal Pictures' Dr. Seuss' The Lorax". PRLog. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Lorax". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lorax". Metacritic. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edelstein, David. "'The Lorax': A Campy And Whimsical Seussical". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bond, Paul (February 22, 2012). "'Secret World of Arrietty,' 'The Lorax' Are Further Examples of Left-Wing Propaganda, Says Lou Dobbs (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard. "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax Review". Richard Roeper & The Movies. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Moore, Roger (March 1, 2012). "Review: 'Dr. Seuss' The Lorax' a feast of bright colors, design". Pittsburgh Tribune.
Jump up ^ Subers, Ray (March 3, 2012). "Friday Report: 'The Lorax' Gets the Message Out on Friday". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Report: Little 'Lorax' Is Box Office Giant". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Illumination Entertainment". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Seuss Showdown". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Environmentalist". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Animation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'The Lorax' Defeats Disappointing 'John Carter'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weekend Report (cont.): 'Titanic 3D' Doesn't Sink or Sail
Jump up ^ "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (2012) - Daily Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo". Retrieved September 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax". Varèse Sarabande. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (Original Songs From The Motion Picture)". Interscope. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
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Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977)
Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? (1980)
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In Search of Dr. Seuss (1994)
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Factor market
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A supply and demand diagram, illustrating
the effects of an increase in demand.
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In economics, a factor market refers to markets where services of the factors of production are bought and sold, such as the labor markets, the capital market, the market for raw materials, and the market for management or entrepreneurial resources.
Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond by increasing their demand for the productive inputs or resources used to produce new cars.
Production is the transformation of inputs into final products.[1] Firms obtain the inputs or factors of production in the factors markets. The goods are sold in the products markets. In most respects these markets are the same. Price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand; firms attempt to maximize profits, and factors can influence and change the equilibrium price and quantities bought and sold, and the laws of supply and demand hold.
Markets price and can "purchase" as many inputs as they need at the market rate. Because labor is the most important factor of production, this article will focus on the competitive labor market, although the analysis applies to all competitive factor markets.
The existence of factor markets for the allocation of the factors of production, particularly for capital goods, is one of the defining characteristics of a market economy. Traditional models of socialism were characterized by the substitution of factor markets for some kind of economic planning, under the assumption that market exchanges would be made redundant within the production process if capital goods were owned by a single entity representing society.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Competitive factors markets
1.1 Resource demand
1.2 Determinants of resource demand
1.3 Price elasticity of resource demand (PERD)
1.3.1 Determinants of PERD
1.4 Resource supply
1.5 Price elasticity of resource supply
1.6 Monopolist factor demand
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Competitive factors markets[edit]
Assume the structure of both the product and factor markets are perfectly competitive. In both markets firms are price takers. The price is set at the market level through the interaction of supply and demand. The firms can sell as much of the product as they want at the set price since they are price takers.
Resource demand[edit]
The buyers in the factors markets are the firms that produce the final goods for the products markets. Each firm must decide how much labor to hire to maximize its profits. The decision is made through marginal analysis. The firm will hire a worker if the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs.[3] The marginal benefit is the marginal revenue product of labor or MRPL. The MRPL is the MPL times marginal revenue or, in a perfectly competitive market structure, simply the MPL times price.[4] The marginal revenue product of labor is the "amount of which [the manager] can sell the extra output [from adding another worker]".[5] The marginal costs are the wage rate.[6] The firm will continue to hire additional units of labor as long as MRPL > wage rate and will stop at the point that MRPL = the wage rate.[7] Following this rule the firm is maximizing profits since MRPL = MCL is equivalent to the profit maximization rule of MR = MC.[8]
Determinants of resource demand[edit]
The demand for inputs is a derived demand.[9] That is, the demand is determined by or originates from the demand for the product the inputs are used to produce.[10][11]
The labor market demand curve is the MRPL curve. The curve shows the relationship between the quantity demanded and the wage rate holding the marginal product of labor and the output price constant. The units of labor are on the horizontal axis and the price of labor, w (the wage rate) on the vertical axis. The price of labor and the quantity of labor demanded are inversely related. If the price of labor goes up the quantity of labor demanded goes down.[12] This change is reflected in a movement along the demand curve.[note 1] The curve will shift if either of its components MPL or MR change. Factors that can affect a shift of the curve are changes in (1) the price of the final product or output price (2) the productivity of the resource (3) the number of buyers of the resource and (4) the price of related resources.
Changes in the output price - The MRPL is the MPL × the output price thus if the price of the output increases due to an increase in demand for the product the value of the marginal product of labor increases at every price and the resource demand curve shifts out.[13] For example if the price of the output increases firms will react by producing more to meet the demand and that will cause the demand for the inputs to increase.
Changes in productivity - Productivity changes affect the resource demand in several ways.[14] Technological changes increase the marginal product of labor which makes labor more valuable and causes the demand curve to shift out . The quantity of other resources can affect productivity. The more machines labor has to work with the greater the marginal product of labor which will cause the resource demand curve to shift out. The quality of the resource is an important factor in determining the value of labor as a resource. For example, a highly educated and experienced labor force is generally more productive.
Changes in the number of buyers of the resource - As with any market, additional buyers will cause the demand curve to shift out.[15]
Changes in the price of related resources - Related resources include complementary and substitute resources. A change in the price of a related resource will affect the demand for labor. For example, automobiles can be assembled with varying combinations of labor and machinery. If the price of machinery falls firms will tend to substitute machines for labor and the demand for labor will fall. If labor and machinery are used as complementary resources and the price of machinery falls then more machinery will be bought and more workers will be needed to run the new machines, causing the labor demand curve to shift in.
Price elasticity of resource demand (PERD)[edit]
As with the product market, a manager must not only know the direction of a change in demand but the magnitude of the change. That is, the manager must know how much to alter a resource’s use if its price changes.
Determinants of PERD[edit]
The price elasticity of resource demand is the percentage change in the demand for a resource in response to a 1% change in the price of the resource. PERD for a resource depends on:
The PED of the product that the input is used to produce - The higher the PED for the product, the higher the PERD for the resource.[16] Coca Cola has a relatively high PED. If the price of Coca Cola rises, this will induce a substantial decline in the quantity of Coca Cola demanded. The decline in quantity demanded for Coca Cola will reduce the demand for all inputs used in the production of Coke.
The importance of factor in production process[17] - The more important the factor, the less elastic is the PERD.[18]
The number of substitutes for the resource - The more substitutes, the higher the PERD.[19]
The time period - Time to discover other resources. The more time to adjust the higher the PERD.[20]
The rate of decline of the MPP of the factor = The more rapidly the MPP declines, the more elastic the demand for the factor.[21]
Resource supply[edit]
Resources are supplied to the market by resource owners. The market supply curve is the summation of individual supply curves. The resource supply curve is similar to the products supply curve. The market supply curve is the summation of individual supply curves and is upward sloping. It shows the relationship between the resource price and the quantity of the resource that resource providers are willing to sell and able to sell.
Factors that will cause a shift in the factor supply curve include changes in tastes, number of suppliers and the prices of related resources.
Price elasticity of resource supply[edit]
The price elasticity of resource supply (PERS) equals the percentage change in the quantity of resource supplied induced by a percent change in price of the resource.
Monopolist factor demand[edit]
If the producer of a good is a monopoly, the factor demand curve is also the MRPL curve. The curve is downward sloping because both the marginal product of labor and marginal revenue fall as output increases. With a competitive firm, marginal revenue is constant and the downward slope is due to the decreasing marginal product of labor. Therefore, the MRPL curve for a monopoly lies below the MRPL for a competitive firm. The implications are that a monopoly or any firm operating under imperfect market conditions will produce less and hire less labor than a perfectly competitive firm at a given price.
See also[edit]
Business and economics portal
Product markets
Capital markets
Market economy
Financial markets
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Note that if the wage rate falls and all the firms in the industry hire more labor then output will increase which will cause the product market supply curve to shift out reduing the price of the product. Because the price of the product is a component of the MRPL then the factor demand curve will shift in. Therefore a simple summation of individual firm's demand curves to obtain a market demand curve works only if we assume that prices remain unchanged.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p.
Jump up ^ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-0875484495. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 337.
Jump up ^ Perloff (2009) p. 512.
Jump up ^ Frank p. 460.
Jump up ^ Frank (2008) p. 460.
Jump up ^ Frank (2008) p. 460.
Jump up ^ Perloff p. 514.
Jump up ^ Negbenebor p.365.
Jump up ^ Mankiw (2007) p. 379.
Jump up ^ Colander (2005) p.376.
Jump up ^ Colander p. 373.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 333.
Jump up ^ Mankiw (2007) p. 399-400.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 333.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 331.
Jump up ^ Colander (2005) p. 376.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 332.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 332.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 332.
Jump up ^ Willis p. 366.
Boyes, W. and Melvin. M. (2002) Microeconomics 5th ed. Houghton.
Colander, David C. 2005 Microeconomics 7th ed. McGraw-Hill
Frank, R., Microeconomics and Behavior 7th ed. (Mc-Graw-Hill) ISBN 978-0-07-126349-8.
Mankiw, G. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics 4th ed. Thomson.
Negbennebor, A: Microeconomics, The Freedom to Choose CAT 2001 ISBN 1-56226-485-0
Perloff, J. (2009) Microeconomics 5th ed. Pearson.
Pindyck, R & Rubinfeld, D: (2001) Microeconomics 5th ed. Page Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-019673-8
Samuelson, P. & Nordhaus, W.: Microeconomics, 17th ed. 2001 McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-231490-7
Willis,J. Explorations in Microeconomics, 5th rd. 2002 North West.
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