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Dylan and Cole Sprouse
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This article is about the shared career and activities of two American actors. For the individuals, see Cole Sprouse and Dylan Sprouse.
Dylan and Cole Sprouse
Cole (left) and Dylan (right) Sprouse, with Piper Reese at the 2009 Power of Youth event
Born
Cole Mitchell Sprouse
Dylan Thomas Sprouse
(1992-08-04) August 4, 1992 (age 25)
Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
Nationality
American
Alma mater
New York University
Occupation
Actors
Years active
1993–2012; 2015–present[1]
Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992)[2] are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, Big Daddy, in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks.
From 2005 until 2008, they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. As a result of the series' success, the media has termed them "heartthrobs" and "overwhelming draws" among preteen and teen audiences.[3][4] The following year, the brothers launched a franchise known as the Sprouse Bros brand, which included a clothing line, book series and magazine. The majority of the Sprouses' franchise ended in 2008, except for their clothing line. The Suite Life of Zack & Cody was retooled in 2008 as The Suite Life on Deck, in which the brothers reprised their roles as Zack and Cody. The Suite Life on Deck went on to become the most-watched tween/children's television show in 2008 and 2009.[3] The show ended in May 2011. They also starred in The Suite Life Movie, which aired in March of the same year. They began cultivating an adult image by starring in the independent theatrical suspense film The Kings of Appletown in 2009.
Dylan and Cole were two of the wealthiest children alive in 2007, and in 2010, the Sprouse brothers were the highest-paid teenage Disney television actors, earning $40,000 per episode combined.[5][6] MSN reported by the end of the 2000s that the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world.[7] In 2010, the brothers were accepted to New York University. They deferred admission for one year, and attended the university from 2011 to 2015. Both Cole and Dylan have confirmed they wish to pursue acting post-university.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early lives
2 Acting
3 Sprouse Bros brand
4 Personal lives
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 Awards and nominations
7 Discography
8 References
9 External links
Early lives
The Sprouses were born at a small hospital called Clinica Tanganelli in Arezzo, Italy, to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright, while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany.[8] Dylan was named after Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, and Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole.[9][10] Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole.[11] They have German ancestry.[12] The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth to their parents' native Long Beach, California.[13] Some of the money Dylan and Cole earned by acting was used to buy a house in Calabasas, California, where their family still lived as of summer 2012[update].[14]
Acting
Dylan (left) and Cole (right), with their acting coach, Gary Spatz c. 2007
The Sprouses began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother, Jonine Booth Wright, who was a drama teacher and actress.[15] The twins first appeared in a commercial for diapers, switching on-screen time every few seconds.[16] As with many twins, the two have often played the same role, due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day. Casting twins in a single role thus allows more time for the character to be filmed.[17] Beginning at eight months old, the two played a single character, Patrick Kelly, on the ABC series Grace Under Fire.[18][19]
In 1999, the boys appeared in their first major feature film, Big Daddy, in which they shared the role of a five-year-old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler's character, Sonny Koufax. Though the film received mixed reviews, the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the film.[20] However, they did not win any.[21][22][23][24] The same year, the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut's Wife.[25][26] The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy's release, they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a time.[3] During the early 2000s, the twins appeared in episodes of The Nightmare Room and That '70s Show, as well as in Mad TV and portrayed roles in the feature films The Master of Disguise and Adam Sandler's Eight Crazy Nights.[25][27][28][29] Cole began appearing in episodes of the television show Friends, as Ross Geller's son Ben in 2001; this role was not shared with Dylan.[18][19]
They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks, both of which were family films that received a direct-to-video release. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers "aren't the worst child actors I've ever seen,... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired."[30] Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin, respectively.[25] The series, which debuted in March 2005, became a ratings success.[3] As part of their involvement with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11-member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, and sang the song "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes" along with the members of the circle, for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella.[31] They also participated in the Disney Channel Games.[32][33][34]
Cole Sprouse at the 2010 White House Easter Egg roll
The Sprouses played one character, Jeremiah, in the independent film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things. The film was produced in 2004 but not given a theatrical release until March 2006, when it played at three theatres in the United States, ultimately grossing $29,000 domestically.[35] Harvey Karten praised their acting, stating that "acting is superlative all around", and Tamara Straus of the San Francisco Chronicle called them "the movie's only saving grace".[36][37] In 2007, the two filmed A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper. Carrie R. Wheadon of Common Sense Media said the film was a "slow story for Zack and Cody fans only".[38] The Sprouse brothers both had voice roles in the animated film Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen alongside Brenda Song and Emily Osment.[39] Dylan played the voice of Shasta in Disney's "Snow Buddies". The brothers both starred in the theatrical film The Kings of Appletown, which is based on the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The film was directed by Bobby Moresco and written by Amanda Moresco.[40] Shot in New Braunfels, Texas, the film was originally estimated to be released in the winter of 2008.[41] Kings of Appletown had a limited theatrical release on December 12, 2009 and was officially released at the Newport Beach Film Festival in April 2010.[42]
They appeared on the cover of the May 2009 issue People Magazine, in an eighty-page special edition issue devoted to The Suite Life on Deck.[43] The twin brothers began filming another Modern Twain Story film in the summer of 2009. The film was tentatively titled "Sivilized" and was a modern version of Huckleberry Finn. However, in mid-2010, Dylan stated that they would not be doing the film, in part because they "outgrew" the film.[44] They became the new face of the children's yogurt, Dannon Danimals, in 2009; their endorsement deal was renewed in 2010. The twin brothers signed an endorsement deal with Nintendo DS in August 2010.[45]
As of early to mid-2011[update], Dylan and Cole were not in any acting projects and were focusing instead on college as well as art and photography, respectively.[44][46][47] However, Dylan has stated that they would both like to continue acting while in college.[48] Dylan and Cole are represented by William Morris Endeavor as of 2011[update].[49]
In January 2016, Cole was cast as Jughead Jones in The CW's teen drama series Riverdale, based on Archie.[50]
Sprouse Bros brand
In 2005, the Sprouse brothers signed a licensing agreement with Dualstar Entertainment to produce Sprouse Bros branded merchandise for the preteen and teenage market, the Sprouse Bros brand included a clothing line, comics series and a magazine, as well as personal hygiene line and a line of sportswear.[51] Dylan said of the brand that they wanted to "reach out to the nerd group and the cool group" and "appeal to everybody".[51] A magazine targeting boys was launched by Dualstar and Leisure Publishing LLC in 2006 called Sprouse Bros. Code.[52] Simon & Schuster Inc. published two volumes of a book series titled Sprouse Bros. 47 R.O.N.I.N., which was described as featuring the Sprouse twins as "young James Bonds or undercover agents"; the book series continued.[53][54] In 2008, the brothers ended their association with the Olsens' Dualstar, but they continued to sell their clothing line. The items in their clothing lines were sold exclusively online until mid-March 2012[update], when the online store could no longer be accessed.[55][56][57]
Dylan Sprouse at the 2010 White House Easter Egg roll
Personal lives
Dylan Sprouse has stated that the experience of coming to fame after the success of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is "kind of scary, how fast everything is moving" and that a year prior "none of this was happening, it was just doing Suite Life", and that he was excited for the future.[51] While filming The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, the both of them received on-set tutoring for three hours each day for school, and said they were getting "straight A's and honors".[3][9] In their last year of high school, the brothers both took Advanced Placement classes. Dylan took AP Psychology and AP Spanish, and Cole took AP Psychology and AP Government.[58]
The twins' family has three dogs: Bubba, which belongs to Dylan and Cole; Pinky, who is their father's; and Curry, their stepmother's.[59] Their favorite actor and co-star is Adam Sandler.[11] Dylan has said that Adam is "a role model in acting" and that they learned a lot about comedy from him.[19][60] In mid-2010, Dylan launched a site for his art called Sprouse Arts, and in mid-2011, Cole launched a site for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography.[46][61]
In 2010, the brothers were both accepted to New York University.[62] They had initial plans to attend the university in the fall of 2010; however, they deferred for one year.[63] Dylan initially planned on majoring in fine/studio arts and minoring in economics while Cole planned on majoring in film and television production and minoring in drama.[64] Instead, they both enrolled in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study, which allows students to plan their own curriculum.[65][66] Cole focused his curriculum on the humanities and archaeology while Dylan focused on video game design.[67][68] In 2011, Dylan was elected president of the Third Avenue North residence hall at New York University.[66] Both brothers graduated in May 2015; they told Entertainment magazine that they had walked away with each other's diplomas at the graduation ceremony.[69]
In 2012, Dylan and Cole were officially appointed as the International Ambassadors of the Koyamada Foundation.[70] They traveled to Japan with Shin Koyamada to empower the youth of Japan to better themselves and rebuild Japan as a society as well as to deepen the friendly relations and brotherhood between the youth of Japan and America in August 2013.[71][72][73]
As of 2013, Dylan was working as a host at a New York City restaurant, which he explained was a result of his desire to try a new experience, as he said, "working somewhat below the means I'm used to, as well as a way to socialize and get out of the house."[74][75][76]
Since 2014, Dylan has commentated a few Super Smash Bros. tournaments.[77][78]
In early 2017, Dylan announced that with two partners he was preparing to open All-Wise Meadery in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York; he is the brewmaster. He disclosed that he has been a Heathen since he was 15.[79]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Dylan's role
Cole's role
Notes
1999 Big Daddy[25][80] Julian McGrath
1999 Astronaut's Wife, TheThe Astronaut's Wife[25][80] Twin Twin
2001 Diary of a Sex Addict[81] Sammy Jr. Direct-to-video film
2001 I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus[82] Justin Carver
2002 Master of Disguise, TheThe Master of Disguise[25][83] Young Pistachio Disguisey
2002 Eight Crazy Nights[25][83] KB Toys soldier Voice
2003 Apple Jack[84] Jack Pyne Short film
2003 Just for Kicks[85] Dylan Martin Cole Martin Direct-to-video film
2004 Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things, TheThe Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things[86] Older Jeremiah
2005 Piggy Banks[87] Young John N/A Alternate title: Born Killers
2006 Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen[88] Kid Voice; direct-to-video film
2007 Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper, AA Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper[89] Tom Canty Eddie Tudor
2008 Snow Buddies[25] Shasta N/A Voice; direct-to-video film
2009 Kings of Appletown, TheThe Kings of Appletown[83] Will Clayton
2010 Kung Fu Magoo[90] Justin Magoo Brad Landry Direct-to-video film
Television
Year
Title
Dylan's role
Cole's role
Notes
1993–98 Grace Under Fire[25][80] Patrick Kelly Main role; 72 episodes
1998 Mad TV[29] Kid Kid 2 episodes
2000–02 Friends[80] N/A Ben Geller 7 episodes
2001 Nightmare Room, TheThe Nightmare Room[27] Buddy Episode: "Scareful What You Wish For"
2001 That '70s Show[91] Bobby Billy Episode: "Eric's Depression"
2005–08 Suite Life of Zack & Cody, TheThe Suite Life of Zack & Cody[25][80] Zack Martin Cody Martin Lead role; all 87 episodes
2006 Emperor's New School, TheThe Emperor's New School[92] Zam Zim Voice; episode: "Oops, All Doodles/Chipmunky Business"
2006 That's So Raven[93] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Checkin' Out"
2008 According to Jim[94] Himself Himself Episode: "I Drink Your Milkshake"
2008–11 Suite Life on Deck, TheThe Suite Life on Deck[95] Zack Martin Cody Martin Lead role; all 71 episodes
2009 Wizards of Waverly Place[96] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Cast-Away (To Another Show)"
2009 Hannah Montana[96] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Super(stitious) Girl"
2010 I'm in the Band[97] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Weasels on Deck"
2011 Suite Life Movie, TheThe Suite Life Movie[25][80] Zack Martin Cody Martin Television film
2012 So Random![98] Himself Himself Episode: "Cole and Dylan Sprouse"
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Work
Category
Cole
Dylan
1999 YoungStar Awards Big Daddy Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film Nominated[21] Nominated[21]
2000 MTV Movie Awards Big Daddy Best On-Screen Duo Nominated[22] Nominated[22]
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Big Daddy Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy Nominated[23] Nominated[23]
Young Artist Awards Big Daddy Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Under Nominated[24] Nominated[24]
2006 Young Artist Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor Nominated[99] Nominated[99]
2007 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[100] N/A
Young Artist Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor Nominated[101] Nominated[101]
Popstar Magazine's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[102] Nominated[102]
2008 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[103] Nominated[103]
Popstar Magazine's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[104] Nominated[104]
2009 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[105] Won[106]
Popstar Magazine's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life on Deck Favorite Television Actor Nominated[107] Nominated[107]
2010 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life on Deck Favorite Television Actor Nominated[108] Won[109]
2011 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life on Deck Favorite Television Actor Nominated[110] Won[111]
Discography
2005 – "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" in Disneymania 4[112]
2008 – "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" in Princess Disneymania[113]
References
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Jump up ^ Dylan Sprouse [@dylansprouse] (February 22, 2012). "@notch Dear Markus, I am taking Video game design as a major and would love to shadow you this summer for EXP, sincerely, Dylan Sprouse" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Jump up ^ Dylan Sprouse [@dylansprouse] (August 12, 2013). "Just lookin' like traditional gents in Japan with @shinkoyamada and @colesprouse #japantour #skf Okayama tomorrow!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (actors) (October 23, 2001). I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus (Motion picture). Regent Entertainment. Event occurs at 00:41.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Suite Life on Deck - Cole Sprouse Bio". Disney Channel Medianet. Disney - ABC Television Group. 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (actors) (2003). Apple Jack (Motion picture). Tranquility Pictures. Event occurs at 14:22.
Jump up ^ "Just 4 Kicks - Cast, Crew, Director and Awards - NYTimes.com". New York Times. 2010. Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dylan Sprouse, Cole Sprouse (actors) (May 15, 2004). The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things (Motion picture). Palm Pictures. Event occurs at 01:29:40.
Jump up ^ "Born Killers (2005)". Netflix. 2011. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen - Cast, Crew, Director and Awards - NYTimes.com". New York Times. 2010. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Prince and the Pauper". Official Sprouse Bros Website. 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kung Fu Magoo". Classic Media. 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eric's Depression". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 2. 2001-09-26. Fox.
Jump up ^ "Dylan Sprouse, Cole Sprouse" (2006-06-24). "Chipmunky Business". The Emperor's New School. Season 1. Episode 13. 21:06 minutes in. Disney Channel.
Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (actors) (2007). That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana (DVD). Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Event occurs at 02:34 (in the That's So Raven episode). ISBN 0-7888-7608-2. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Guest Starring: Cole Sprouse as Himself, Dylan Sprouse as Himself" (2008-04-22). "I Drink Your Milkshake". According to Jim. Season 7. Episode 13. 20:16 minutes in. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Suite Life on Deck". Official Sprouse Bros Website. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana," the Triple Crossover Event of Summer, Premieres Friday, July 17 on Disney Channel" (Press release). Disney - ABC Television Group. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original (DOC) on September 19, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Special Guest Stars: Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse" (2010-10-11). "Weasels on Deck". I'm in the Band. Season 1. Episode 17. 04:06 minutes in. Disney XD.
Jump up ^ "Special Guests: Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse" (2012-01-16). "Cole & Dylan Sprouse". So Random!. Season 1. Episode 21. 03:04 minutes in. Disney Channel.
^ Jump up to: a b "27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Host/Nominees Release - Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit". 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Popstar! Magazine. May 2007. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit - Host and Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Popstar! Magazine. May 2008. Print.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit - Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit - Winners Release". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Popstar! (March 26, 2009). Popstar! Awards Nominees: TV! (Video). YouTube. Event occurs at 0:20. Retrieved September 15, 2017. Poptastic TV Actor ... Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit - Host and Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit - Winners". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards Press Kit - Host and Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards Press Kit - Winners". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (singers in the Disney Channel Circle of Stars) (2006). "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes". Disneymania 4 (CD). Walt Disney Records. Event occurs at Track 1. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (singers in the Disney Channel Circle of Stars) (2008). "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes". Princess Disneymania (CD). Walt Disney Records. Event occurs at Track 14. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
External links
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Breaking bread
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Look up break bread in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Breaking bread may refer to but is not limited to:
Physically tearing a loaf of bread open, or breaking dry bread apart – traditionally method of separating bread, rather than cutting with a knife
Metaphorically, having a meal together, or starting a meal
The Christian Eucharist
Fractio panis, the practice of breaking the sacramental bread during the Eucharist
Breaking Bread (TV series)
Episode 82 of Touched by an Angel
Breaking bread may refer to sharing
See also[edit]
Breaking Bread is also an original TV Series from Feeln
Fractio Panis, literally "Breaking of the Bread" (Latin), a fresco
Kagami biraki, in Japanese culture
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Breaking bread.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breaking_bread&oldid=775871823"
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text:
Light-harvesting complexes of green plants
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Light-Harvesting Complex II
Identifiers
Symbol
Chloroa_b-bind
Pfam
PF00504
InterPro
IPR001344
SCOP
1rwt
SUPERFAMILY
1rwt
OPM superfamily
1
OPM protein
1rwt
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The light-harvesting complex (or antenna complex) is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem.
The antenna pigments are predominantly chlorophyll b, xanthophylls, and carotenes. Chlorophyll a is known as the core pigment. Their absorption spectra are non-overlapping and broaden the range of light that can be absorbed in photosynthesis. The carotenoids have another role as an antioxidant to prevent photo-oxidative damage of chlorophyll molecules. Each antenna complex has between 250 and 400 pigment molecules and the energy they absorb is shuttled by resonance energy transfer to a specialized chlorophyll-protein complex known as the reaction center of each photosystem.[1] The reaction center initiates a complex series of chemical reactions that capture energy in the form of chemical bonds.
For photosystem II, when either of the two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center absorb energy, an electron is excited and transferred to an electron acceptor molecule, pheophytin, leaving the chlorophyll a in an oxidized state. The oxidised chlorophyll a replaces the electrons by photolysis that involves the oxidation of water molecules to oxygen, protons and electrons.
Under changing light conditions, the reversible phosphorylation of light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (LHCII) represents a system for balancing the excitation energy between the two photosystems.[2]
The N-terminus of the chlorophyll A-B binding protein extends into the stroma where it is involved with adhesion of granal membranes and photo-regulated by reversible phosphorylation of its threonine residues.[3] Both these processes are believed to mediate the distribution of excitation energy between photosystems I and II.
This family also includes the photosystem II protein PsbS, which plays a role in energy-dependent quenching that increases thermal dissipation of excess absorbed light energy in the photosystem.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Voet and Voet, Donald and Judith G. (2011). Biochemistry 4th Ed. USA: Wiley. p. 906. ISBN 978-0470-57095-1.
Jump up ^ Liu XD, Shen YG (2004). "NaCl-induced phosphorylation of light harvesting chlorophyll a/b proteins in thylakoid membranes from the halotolerant green alga, Dunaliella salina". FEBS Lett. 569 (1–3): 337–340. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.065. PMID 15225658.
Jump up ^ Andersson B, Yang DH, Paulsen H (2000). "The N-terminal domain of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein complex (LHCII) is essential for its acclimative proteolysis". FEBS Lett. 466 (2–3): 385–388. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01107-8. PMID 10682866.
Jump up ^ Kramer D, Bassi R, Li XP, Gilmore AM, Caffarri S, Golan T, Niyogi KK (2004). "Regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting involves intrathylakoid lumen pH sensing by the PsbS protein". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (22): 22866–22874. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402461200. PMID 15033974.
See also[edit]
Light-harvesting complexes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-harvesting_complexes_of_green_plants&oldid=771497785"
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Protein families
Transmembrane proteins
Plant physiology
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