text:
Economy of Russia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Economy of Russia
Moscow International Business Center
Currency
Russian ruble (RUB) = 0.015 USD
Fiscal year
calendar year
Trade organizations
WTO, GECF, CIS, APEC, EURASEC, G-20 and others
Statistics
GDP
$1.560 trillion (2017) (nominal)[1]
$3.938 trillion (2017) (PPP)[2]
GDP rank
12th (nominal) / 6th (PPP) (2017)
GDP growth
2.5% (Q2 2017)[3]
GDP per capita
$8,838 (2016) (nominal)[4]
$23,875 (2016) (PPP)[5]
GDP by sector
Agriculture: 4.7%; Industry: 33.1%; Services: 62.2% (2016 est.)[6]
Inflation (CPI)
5.4% (2016)[7]
Population below poverty line
13.4% (2015)[8]
Labor force
76.9 million (2016 est.)[9]
Labor force by occupation
Agriculture: 9.7%, Industry: 27.8%, Services: 62.5% (2012 est.)[6]
Unemployment
5.4% (June 2016)[9]
Average net salary
32,746 RUB / US$565 per month 03.2017[10]
Main industries
Petroleum
natural gas
mining
coal
chemicals
metals
rolling mills
machine building
aircraft
space vehicles
defense equipments
shipbuilding
tractors
construction equipment
electrical equipment
medical instrument
scientific instruments
consumer durables
textiles
foodstuffs
handicrafts
transportation equipment
communications equipment
agricultural machinery
Ease-of-doing-business rank
40th (2017)[11]
External
Exports
$285.5 billion (2016 est.)[12]
Export goods
Petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
Main export partners
Netherlands 11.9%
China 8.3%
Germany 7.4%
Italy 6.5%
Turkey 5.6%
Belarus 4.4%
Japan 4.2% (2015)[13]
Imports
$182.3 billion (2016 est.)[12]
Import goods
Machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel
Main import partners
China 19.2%
Germany 11.2%
United States 6.4%
Belarus 4.8%
Italy 4.6% (2015)[14]
FDI stock
$361 billion (2015 est.)[15]
Current account
$29 billion (Jan-Apr 2016)[16]
Gross external debt
$529.6 billion (June 2017)[17]
Public finances
Public debt
14% of GDP (2016)[18]
Revenues
$182 billion (2014 est.)[19]
Expenses
$230.7 billion (2016 est.)[19]
Credit rating
Standard & Poor's:[20]
BB+ (Domestic)
BBB- (Foreign)
BB+ (T&C Assessment)
Outlook: Positive[21]
Moody's:[22]
Ba1
Outlook: Stable
Fitch:[23]
BBB-
Outlook: Positive
Foreign reserves
$186.5 billion (2016 est.)[24]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Labour productivity level of Russia is one of the lowest in Europe. OECD, 2015[25]
Russia has an upper-middle income[26] mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy. Market reforms in the 1990s privatized much of Russian industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions to this privatization occurring in the energy and defense-related sectors.
Russia's vast geography is an important determinant of its economic activity, with some sources estimating that Russia contains over 30 percent of the world's natural resources.[27][28][29] The World Bank estimates the total value of Russia's natural resources at $75 trillion US dollars.[30][31] Russia relies on energy revenues to drive most of its growth. Russia has an abundance of oil, natural gas and precious metals, which make up a major share of Russia's exports. As of 2012[update] the oil-and-gas sector accounted for 16% of GDP, 52% of federal budget revenues and over 70% of total exports.[32][33] Russia is considered an "energy superpower".[34][35] It has the world's largest proven natural gas reserves and the largest exporter of natural gas. It is also the second-largest exporter of petroleum.
Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment, including a fifth-generation fighter jet, nuclear powered submarines, firearms, short range/long range ballistic missiles. The value of Russian arms exports totalled $15.7 billion in 2013—second only to the US. Top military exports from Russia include combat aircraft, air defence systems, ships and submarines.[36][37]
In 2015, the Russian economy was the sixth largest in the world by PPP and twelfth largest at market exchange rates. Between 2000 and 2012 Russia's energy exports fueled a rapid growth in living standards, with real disposable income rising by 160%.[38] In dollar-denominated terms this amounted to a more than sevenfold increase in disposable incomes since 2000.[39] In the same period, unemployment and poverty more than halved and Russians' self-assessed life satisfaction also rose significantly.[40] This growth was a combined result of the 2000s commodities boom, high oil prices, as well as prudent economic and fiscal policies.[41] However, these gains have been distributed unevenly, as the 110 wealthiest individuals were found in a report by Credit Suisse to own 35% of all financial assets held by Russian households.[42][43] Russia also has the second-largest volume of illicit money outflows, having lost over $880 billion between 2002 and 2011 in this way.[44] Since 2008 Forbes has repeatedly named Moscow the "billionaire capital of the world".[45]
The Russian economy risked going into recession from early 2014, mainly due to falling oil prices, sanctions, and the subsequent capital flight.[46] While in 2014 GDP growth remained positive at 0.6%,[47] in 2015 the Russian economy shrunk by 3.7% and was expected to shrink further in 2016.[48] However, the World Bank and the IMF estimated that Russia's economy will begin to recover by 2017.[49][50] By 2016, the Russian economy rebounded with 0.3% GDP growth and is officially out of the recession.[51]
In January 2016, the US company Bloomberg rated Russia's economy as the 12th most innovative in the world,[52] up from 14th in January 2015[53] and 18th in January 2014.[54] Russia has the world's 15th highest patent application rate, the 8th highest concentration of high-tech public companies, such as internet and aerospace and the third highest graduation rate of scientists and engineers.[52] Former finance minister Alexei Kudrin has said that Russia needs to reduce geopolitical tensions to improve its economic conditions.[55]
In May 2016 the average nominal monthly wages fell below $450 per month,[56] and tax on the income of individuals is payable at the rate of 13% on most incomes.[57] Approximately 19.2 million of Russians lived below the national poverty line in 2016,[58] significantly up from 16.1 million in 2015.
The economic development of the country has been uneven geographically with the Moscow region contributing a very large share of the country's GDP.[59] There has been a substantial rise in wealth inequality in Russia since 1990 (far more than China and other Eastern European countries).[60][61] Credit Suisse has described Russian wealth inequality as so extreme compared to other countries that it "deserves to be placed in a separate category."[61][62] One study estimates that "the wealth held offshore by rich Russians is about three times larger than official net foreign reserves, and is comparable in magnitude to total household financial assets held in Russia."[60] Another problem is modernisation of infrastructure, ageing and inadequate after years of being neglected in the 1990s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic history
1.1 Soviet economy
1.2 Transition to market economy (1991–98)
1.3 Recovery and growth (1999–2008)
1.4 2009–14
1.5 2014–present
2 Growth of Russian GDP
3 Currency and central bank
4 Public policy
4.1 Fiscal policy
4.1.1 National wealth fund
4.2 Public debt
4.3 Protectionism
4.4 Corruption
5 Sectors
5.1 Primary
5.1.1 Energy
5.1.2 Mining
5.1.3 Forestry
5.1.4 Agriculture
5.2 Industry
5.2.1 Defense industry
5.2.2 Aerospace
5.2.3 Automotive industry
5.2.4 Electronics
5.3 Services
5.3.1 Retail
5.3.2 Telecommunications
5.3.3 Transportation
5.3.4 Construction
5.3.5 Insurance
5.3.6 Information technology
6 External trade and investment
6.1 Trade
7 Maps
7.1 Regional development
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Economic history
Main article: Economic history of the Russian Federation
See also: Economy of the Soviet Union
Soviet economy
By the 1970s the Soviet Union entered the Era of Stagnation. The complex demands of the modern economy and inflexible administration overwhelmed and constrained the central planners. The volume of decisions facing planners in Moscow became overwhelming. The cumbersome procedures for bureaucratic administration foreclosed the free communication and flexible response required at the enterprise level for dealing with worker alienation, innovation, customers, and suppliers. From 1975 to 1985, corruption and data fiddling became common practice among bureaucracy to report satisfied targets and quotas thus entrenching the crisis. Since 1986 Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to address economic problems by moving towards a market-oriented socialist economy. Gorbachev's policies had failed to rejuvenate the Soviet economy, though. Instead, Perestroika set off a process of political and economic disintegration, culminating in the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Transition to market economy (1991–98)
Russian economy 1989–2016
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia had undergone a radical transformation, moving from a centrally planned economy to a globally integrated market economy. Corrupt and haphazard privatization processes turned over major state-owned firms to politically connected "oligarchs", which has left equity ownership highly concentrated.
Yeltsin's program of radical, market-oriented reform came to be known as a "shock therapy". It was based on the recommendations of the IMF and a group of top American economists, including Larry Summers.[63][64] The result was disastrous, with real GDP falling by more than 40% by 1999, hyperinflation which wiped out personal savings, crime and destitution spreading rapidly.[65][66]
The majority of state enterprises were privatized amid great controversy and subsequently came to be owned by insiders[67] for far less than they were worth.[63] For example, the director of a factory during the Soviet regime would often become the owner of the same enterprise. Under the government's cover, outrageous financial manipulations were performed that enriched a narrow group of individuals at key positions of business and government.[68] Many of them promptly invested their newfound wealth abroad producing an enormous capital flight.[69]
Difficulties in collecting government revenues amid the collapsing economy and a dependence on short-term borrowing to finance budget deficits led to the 1998 Russian financial crisis.
In the 1990s Russia was "the largest borrower" from the International Monetary Fund with loans totaling $20 billion. The IMF was the subject of criticism for lending so much as Russia introduced little of the reforms promised for the money and a large part of these funds could have been "diverted from their intended purpose and included in the flows of capital that left the country illegally".[70][71]
Recovery and growth (1999–2008)
Oil prices in the 2000s
Russia bounced back from the August 1998 financial crash with surprising speed. Much of the reason for the recovery was devaluation of the ruble, which made domestic producers more competitive nationally and internationally.
Between 2000 and 2002, there was a significant amount of pro-growth economic reforms including a comprehensive tax reform, which introduced a flat income tax of 13%; and a broad effort at deregulation which improved the situation for small and medium-sized enterprises.[72]
Between 2000 and 2008, Russian economy got a major boost from rising commodity prices. GDP grew on average 7% per year.[65][73] Disposable incomes more than doubled and in dollar-denominated terms increased eightfold.[39] The volume of consumer credit between 2000–2006 increased 45 times, fuelling a boom in private consumption.[74][75] The number of people living below poverty line declined from 30% in 2000 to 14% in 2008.[73][76][77]
Inflation remained a problem however, as the central bank aggressively expanded money supply to combat appreciation of the ruble.[78] Nevertheless, in 2007 the World Bank declared that the Russian economy achieved "unprecedented macroeconomic stability".[79] Until October 2007, Russia maintained impressive fiscal discipline with budget surpluses every year from 2000.[72]
2009–14
Changes in the credit rating (foreign) of Russia, Standard & Poor’s
Russian banks were hit by the global credit crunch in 2008, though no long term damage was done thanks to proactive and timely response by the government and central bank, which shielded the banking system from effects of the global financial crisis.[80][81][82] A sharp, but brief recession in Russia was followed by a strong recovery beginning in late 2009.[65]
After 16 years of negotiations, Russia's membership to the WTO was accepted in 2011.[83] In 2013, Russia was labeled a high-income economy by the World Bank.[84]
Russian leaders repeatedly spoke of the need to diversify the economy away from its dependence on oil and gas and foster a high-technology sector.[85] In 2012 oil, gas and petroleum products accounted for over 70% of total exports.[33] This economic model appeared to show its limits, when after years of strong performance, Russian economy expanded by a mere 1.3% in 2013.[65] Several reasons have been proposed to explain the slowdown, including prolonged recession in the EU, which is Russia's largest trading partner, stagnant oil prices, lack of spare industrial capacity and demographic problems.[86] Political turmoil in neighboring Ukraine added to the uncertainty and suppressed investment.
According to survey provided by Financial Times in 2012, Russia was second by economic performance among G20, following Saudi Arabia. Economic performance estimate on seven measures: gross domestic product growth, budget deficit and government debt for 2012; economic recovery – output compared with the pre-crisis peak; change in debt since 2009; change in unemployment from 2009 to 2013; and, finally, the deviation of the current account from balance.[87] Forbes magazine lists Russia as #91 in the best countries for business. The country has made substantial improvement recently in areas like innovation and trade freedom. (Forbes ranks each country in a number of categories and draws from multiple sources such as the World Economic Forum, World Bank, and Central Intelligence Agency).[88] Since 2008, Moscow has been by Forbes magazine repeatedly named the "billionaire capital of the world".
2014–present
Average per capita income in Russia in Dollars, 1995-2015
Following the annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and Russia's reported involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine (denied by Russia), the United States, the EU (and some other European countries), Canada and Japan imposed sanctions on Russia's financial, energy and defence sectors.[89] Some EU member countries were split on further sanctions, but have nominated to go down the sanctions route. This led to the decline of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis. Russia responded with sanctions against a number of countries, including a one-year period of total ban on food imports from the European Union and the United States.
According to the Russian economic ministry in July 2014, GDP growth in the first half of 2014 was 1%. The ministry projected growth of 0.5% for 2014.[90] The Russian economy grew by a better than expected 0.6% in 2014.[91] As of the 2nd quarter of 2015 inflation, compared to the second quarter of 2014, was 8%; the economy had contracted by 4.6% as the economy entered recession.[92] To balance the state budget in 2015, oil price would need to be around US$74 as opposed to US$104 for 2014.[93] Russia used to have around US$500 billion in forex reserves, but holds US$360 billion in summer 2015 and plans to keep accumulating forex reserves for years to come, until they reach again $500 billion.[94]
According to Herman Gref from Sberbank, the contraction of Russian economy is "not a crisis but rather a new reality" to which it has to adapt, primarily due to the low oil prices. He also presented a number of metrics demonstrating the change - the GDP has fallen by 3.7%, income - by 4.3%, salaries - by 9.3% and inflation reached 12.9%. However, during December 2015 it was reported by the Moscow Times that the number of people living at or below the poverty line, "those with monthly incomes of less than 9,662 rubles ($140)" increased by more than 2.3 million people.[95] Russia is rated one of the most unequal of the world’s major economies.[96]
During 2014-2015 a quarter of banks in Russia left the market, the expenses of Russian bank guarantee fund reached 1 trillion roubles plus additional government funds for recapitalisation of banks reached 1.9 trillion roubles.[97]
At the end of 2016, the United States imposed further sanctions on the Russian Federation in response to what the US government said was Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[98]
Gross domestic product (PPP) per capita in 2014
Unemployment rate of Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union
Map showing countries who have higher or lower GDP per capita than Russia
Growth of Russian GDP
The annual growth of the Russian GDP according to World Bank:[99][100]
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017 (p)
% GDP
6.4 10.0 5.1 4.7 7.3 7.2 6.4 8.2 8.5 5.2 -7.8 4.5 4.3 3.4 1.3 0.7 -3.7 -0.6 1.5
Currency and central bank
Main articles: Russian ruble and Bank of Russia
Official ruble sign
Russian ruble is the unit of currency of the Russian Federation. It is also accepted as legal tender in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Russian monetary system is managed by the Bank of Russia. Founded on 13 July 1990 as the State Bank of the RSFSR, Bank of Russia assumed responsibilities of the central bank following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.[101]
According to the Constitution, Bank of Russia is an independent entity, with the primary responsibility of protecting the stability of the national currency, the ruble. It is also chief regulator and a lender of last resort for the banking industry in Russia. Bank of Russia is governed by a board of directors, headed by a governor who is appointed by the President of Russia.[102]
Large current account surpluses caused rapid real appreciation of the ruble between 2000 and 2008. Bank of Russia attempted to combat this trend by aggressively accumulating foreign currency reserves. This was a major contributing cause to relatively high inflation rates during this period. Central bank policy evolved following the global financial crisis. Instead of targeting a fixed exchange rate vs a basket of dollar and euro, Bank of Russia shifted its focus to inflation targeting.[78][103] In April 2012 Russian inflation reached record low of 3.6%.[104]
The Russian Central Bank has been planning to free float the Russian Ruble and has been widening the currency's trading band and expects the ruble to be fully free floating in 2015. However, the ruble has fallen significantly since 2013 when the central bank announced the plans. On 3 October 2014 the USD-RUB exchange reached 40.00 Russian Rubles to USD, up from 32.19 Rubles the same time last year, this represents a decline of 24.26%. The Russian Central bank has stated that Russian banks are able to withstand a devaluation of up to 25%-30% in January 2014 when the Ruble has just began its decline, therefore Central Bank intervention may be needed, however plans to free float the currency continued, as of January 2014[update].[105][106] The Russian Central Bank spent $88 billion in order to stem the fall of the ruble in 2014. Due to central bank intervention and stronger oil prices the ruble rebounded sharply at the beginning of 2015. In April 2015, Ksenia Yudaeva, Bank of Russia's First Deputy Governor, stated that she believed the currency has stabilized at the present rate of around 50 rubles to USD.[107][108]
Along with a rapid devaluation of the Ruble inflation in Russia has greatly increased. In 2012 Inflation was at one of its lowest points since the fall of the Soviet Union at 3.6%, in October 2014 the rate of inflation was reported to be 8%, although this is well below the 2333.30% inflation rate experienced in 1992.[109][full citation needed]
Public policy
Fiscal policy
See also: Federal budget of Russia
Russia was expected to have a budget deficit of $21 billion in 2016.[110]
National wealth fund
On 1 January 2004, the Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation was established by the Government of Russia as a part of the federal budget to balance it if oil price falls. Now the Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation is being modernized. Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation will be divided into two parts on 1 February 2008. The first part will become a reserve fund equal to 10% of GDP (10% of GDP equals to about $200 billion now), and will be invested in a similar way as Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation. The second part will be turned into the National Prosperity Fund of Russian Federation. Deputy Finance Minister Sergei Storchak estimates it will reach 600–700 billion rubles by 1 February 2008. The National Prosperity Fund is to be invested into more risky instruments, including the shares of foreign companies.[111][needs update]
Public debt
Russian public debt[needs update]
Russia has very low debt-to-GDP ratio, it is among the lowest ratios in the world. Most of its external debt is private. Its debt to GDP ratio was in 2016 at 12%.[112]
As a chief successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia took up the responsibility for paying USSR's external debts.[113]
Protectionism
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2017)
Russia is one of the leading nations for protectionist policies. According to the independent Global Trade Alert, Russia put significant protectionist policies in place. Russia's strategic trading block consisting of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan is responsible for a significant portion of worldwide protectionism during 2013.[114] Of the protectionist policies, 43 percent were targeted bailouts and direct subsidies for local companies, while 15 percent were tariff measures.[115] Since 2008, Russia has implemented many protectionist measures, about the same scale as did India, however the most protectionist state was the United States.[116]
Corruption
Starting from Putin's second term, very few corruption cases have been the subject of outrage. Putin's system is remarkable for its ubiquitous and open merging of the civil service and business, as well as its use of relatives, friends, and acquaintances to benefit from budgetary expenditures and take over state property. Corporate, property, and land raiding is commonplace.[117]
Corruption in Russia is perceived as a significant problem[118] impacting all aspects of life, including public administration,[119] law enforcement,[120] healthcare[121] and education.[122] The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of rule of law in Russia [119] According to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, Russia ranked 131th place out of 176 countries with score 29.[123]
There are many different estimates of the actual cost of corruption.[124] According to official government statistics from Rosstat, the "shadow economy" occupied only 15% of Russia's GDP in 2011, and this included unreported salaries (to avoid taxes and social payments) and other types of tax evasion.[125] According to Rosstat's estimates, corruption in 2011 amounted to only 3.5 to 7% of GDP. In comparison, some independent experts maintain that corruption consumes as much of 25% of Russia's GDP.[126] A World Bank report puts this figure at 48%.[127] There is also an interesting shift in the main focus of bribery: whereas previously officials took bribes to shut their eyes to legal infractions, they now take them simply to perform their duties.[128] Many experts admit that in recent years corruption in Russia has become a business. In the 1990s, businessmen had to pay different criminal groups to provide a "krysha" (literally, a "roof", i.e., protection). Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by officials. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the economy,[129] including education.[130]
In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption.[131] For example, some experts believe that rapid increases in monthly bills significantly outpacing the rate of inflation are a direct result of high volumes of corruption at the highest levels.[132]
Sectors
In Russia, services are the biggest sector of the economy and account for 58% of GDP. Within services the most important segments are: wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (17% of total GDP); public administration, health and education (12%); real estate (9%) and transport storage and communications (7%). Industry contributes 40% to total output. Mining (11% of GDP), manufacturing (13%) and construction (4%) are the most important industry segments. Agriculture accounts for the remaining 2%.
Export structure of Russia
Primary
Energy
Oil and natural gas pipelines in Europe
The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources, which dominate Russian exports. Oil and gas exports, specifically, continue to be the main source of hard currency.
The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves, and is the largest exporter, of natural gas. It has the second largest coal reserves, the eighth largest oil reserves, and is the largest exporter of oil in the world in absolute numbers.[citation needed] Per capita oil production in Russia, though, is not that high. As of 2007, Russia was producing 69.603 bbl/day per 1,000 people, much less than Canada (102.575 bbl/day), Saudi Arabia (371.363 bbl/day), or Norway (554.244 bbl/day), but more than two times the USA (28.083 bbl/day) or the UK (27.807 bbl/day).[133]
Mining
Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. Russia is the largest diamond-producing nation in the world, estimated to produce over 33 million carats in 2013, or 25% of global output valued at over $3.4 billion, with state-owned ALROSA accounting for approximately 95% of all Russian production.[134]
Expecting the area to become more accessible as climate change melts Arctic ice, and believing the area contains large reserves of untapped oil and natural gas, Russian explorers on 2 August 2007 in submersibles planted the Russian flag on the Arctic seabed, staking a claim to energy sources right up to the North Pole. Reaction to the event was mixed: President Vladimir Putin congratulated the explorers for "the outstanding scientific project", while Canadian officials stated the expedition was just a public show.[135]
Under the Federal Law "On Continental Shelf Development" upon proposal from the federal agency managing the state fund of mineral resources, or its territorial offices, the Russian government approves the list of some sections of the mineral resources that are passed for development without any contests and auctions, some sections of federal importance of the Russian continental shelf, some sections of the mineral resources of federal importance that are situated in Russia and stretch out on its continental shelf, some gas deposits of federal importance that are handed over for prospecting and developing mineral resources under a joint license. The Russian government is also empowered to decide on the handover of the previously mentioned sections of the mineral resources for development without any contests and auctions.[citation needed]
Forestry
Main article: Forestry in Russia
Russia has more than a fifth of the world's forests, which makes it the largest forest country in the world.[136] However, according to a 2012 study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the government of the Russian Federation,[137] the considerable potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russia's share of the global trade in forest products is less than 4%.[138]
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Russia
Russia comprises roughly three-quarters of the territory of the former Soviet Union. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 and after nearly 10 years of decline, Russian agriculture began to show signs of improvement due to organizational and technological modernization. Northern areas concentrate mainly on livestock, and the southern parts and western Siberia produce grain. The restructuring of former state farms has been an extremely slow process. The new land code passed by the Duma in 2002 should speed restructuring and attract new domestic investment to Russian agriculture. Private farms and garden plots of individuals account for over one-half of all agricultural production.[citation needed] In 2016 agriculture has surpassed the arms industry as Russias second largest export sector after oil and gas.[139]
Industry
Russia's industrial growth per year (%), 1992–2010
Defense industry
Main article: Defense industry of Russia
Russia's defense industry employs 2.5 – 3 million people, accounting for 20% of all manufacturing jobs.[140] Russia is the world's second largest conventional arms exporter after the United States.[141] The most popular types of weaponry bought from Russia are Sukhoi and MiG fighters, air defense systems, helicopters, battle tanks, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles.[141] The research organization Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies ranked the air defense system producer Almaz-Antey as the industry's most successful company in 2007, followed by aircraft-maker Sukhoi. Almaz-Antey's revenue that year was $3.122 billion, and it had a work force of 81,857 people.[142]
Aerospace
Main articles: Aircraft industry of Russia and Space industry of Russia
The Sukhoi Superjet 100 is Russia's most recent civilian aviation product of its industry. The regional passenger plane was ordered around 280 times for various airlines and leasing companies.
Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. The Russian aircraft industry offers a portfolio of internationally competitive military aircraft such as MiG-29 and Su-30, while new projects such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100 are hoped to revive the fortunes of the civilian aircraft segment. In 2009, companies belonging to the United Aircraft Corporation delivered 95 new fixed-wing aircraft to its customers, including 15 civilian models. In addition, the industry produced over 141 helicopters. It is one of the most science-intensive hi-tech sectors and employs the largest number of skilled personnel. The production and value of the military aircraft branch far outstrips other defense industry sectors, and aircraft products make up more than half of the country's arms exports.[143]
Space industry of Russia consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people.[144] The largest company of the industry is RKK Energia, the main manned space flight contractor. Leading launch vehicle producers are Khrunichev and TsSKB Progress. Largest satellite developer is Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems, while NPO Lavochkin is the main developer of interplanetary probes.[citation needed]
Automotive industry
Main article: Automotive industry in Russia
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Lada is the brand of AvtoVAZ, the largest Russian car manufacturer in the Russian automotive industry.
Automobile production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 0.7% of the country's total work force. In addition, the industry supports around 2–3 million people in related industries. Russia was the world's 15th largest car producer in 2010, and accounts for about 7% of the worldwide production. In 2009 the industry produced 595,807 light vehicles, down from 1,469,898 in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. The largest companies are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ, while KAMAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer.
Electronics
Russia is experiencing a regrowth of microelectronics, with the revival of JCS Mikron.[145][146]
Services
Retail
As of 2013, Russians spent 60% of their pre-tax income shopping, the highest percentage in Europe. This is possible because many Russians pay no rent or house payments, owning their own home after privatization of state-owned Soviet housing. Shopping malls were popular with international investors and shoppers from the emerging middle class. Eighty-two malls had been built near major cities including a few that were very large. A supermarket selling groceries is a typical anchor store in a Russian mall.[147]
Retail sales in Russia[148][149]
Year
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Total retail sales (RUB trillions)
3.77 4.53 5.64 7.04 8.69 10.76 missing
year 14.60 16.49 19.08
Telecommunications
Main article: Telecommunications in Russia
Russia's telecommunications industry is growing in size and maturity. As of December 2007, there were an estimated 4,900,000 broadband lines in Russia.[150]
In 2006, there were more than 300 BWA operator networks, accounting for 5% of market share, with dial-up accounting for 30%, and Broadband Fixed Access accounting for the remaining 65%.[151] In December 2006, Tom Phillips, chief government and regulatory affairs officer of the GSM Association stated:
"Russia has already achieved more than 100% mobile penetration thanks to the huge popularity of wireless communications among Russians and the government's good work in fostering a market driven mobile sector based on strong competition."[152]
The financial crisis, which had already hit the country at the end of 2008, caused a sharp reduction of the investments by the business sectors and a notable reduction of IT budget made by government in 2008–2009. As a consequence, in 2009 the IT market in Russia declined by more than 20% in ruble terms and by one-third in euro terms. Among the particular segments, the biggest share of the Russian IT market still belongs to hardware.[153]
Key data on the telecommunications market in Russia[151]
Year
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (est.)
Telecommunications market value (€ bn)
12.9 16.0 20.9 25.0 27.5 24.4 28.5 30.6
Telecommunications market growth rate (%)
32.0 23.5 30.6 20.2 10.0 −11.4 17.1 7.3
Transportation
Main articles: Transport in Russia and Russian Railways
Russian Railways accounts for 2.5%[154] of Russia's GDP. The percentage of freight and passenger traffic that goes by rail is unknown, since no statistics are available for private transportation such as private automobiles or company-owned trucks. In 2007, about 1.3 billion passengers[155] and 1.3 billion tons of freight[156] went via Russian Railways. In 2007 the company owned 19,700[citation needed] goods and passenger locomotives, 24,200 passenger cars (carriages) (2007) and 526,900 freight cars (goods wagons) (2007).[157] A further 270,000 freight cars in Russia are privately owned[citation needed]. In 2009 Russia had 128,000 kilometres of common-carrier railroad line, of which about half was electrified and carried most of the traffic; over 40% was double track or better.[158][159]
Construction
In 2009 the Russian construction industry survived its most difficult year in more than a decade. The 0.8% reduction recorded by the industry for the first three quarters of 2010 looked remarkably healthy in comparison with the 18.4% slump recorded the previous year, and construction firms became much more optimistic about the future than in previous months. The most successful construction firms concluded contracts worth billions of dollars an planned to take on employees and purchase new building machinery. The downturn served to emphasise the importance of the government to the construction market.[160]
Insurance
According to the Central Bank of Russia 422 insurance companies operate on the Russian insurance market by the end of 2013. The concentration of insurance business is significant across all major segments except compulsory motor third party liability market (CMTPL), as the Top 10 companies in 2013 charged 58.1% premiums in total without compulsory health insurance (CHI).[161] Russian insurance market in 2013 demonstrated quite significant rate of growth in operations. Total amount of premiums charged (without CHI) in 2013 is RUB 904.9 bln (increase on 11.8% compared to 2012), total amount of claims paid is RUB 420.8 bln (increase on 13.9% compared to 2012). Premiums to GDP ratio (total without CHI) in 2013 increased to 1.36% compared to 1.31 a year before. The share of premiums in household spending increased to 1.39%. Level of claims paid on the market total without CHI is 46.5%, insufficient increase compared to 2012. The number of polices in 2013 increased on 0.1% compared to 2012, to 139.6 mln policies.
Although relative indicators of the Russian insurance market returned to pre-crisis levels, the progress is achieved mainly by the increase of life insurance and accident insurance, the input of these two market segments in premium growth in 2013 largely exceeds their share on the market. As before, life insurance and accident insurance are often used by banks as an appendix to a credit contract protecting creditors from the risk of credit default in case of borrower’s death or disability. The rise of these lines is connected, evidently, with the increase in consumer loans, as the total sum of credit obligations of population in 2013 increased on 28% to RUB 9.9 trillion. At the same time premium to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remained at the same level of 1.1% as in 2012. Thus, if "banking" lines of business are excluded, Russian insurance market is in stagnation stage for the last four years, as premiums to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remains at the same level of 1.1% since 2010.[162]
Information technology
Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe. (And world leader in percentage of population with associate degree or higher: 54%, compared to 31% in UK[163])
The IT market is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Russian economy. Russian software exports have risen from just $120 million in 2000 to $3.3 billion in 2010.[164] Since the year 2000 the IT market has started growth rates of 30–40% a year, growing by 54% in 2006 alone. The biggest sector in terms of revenue is system and network integration, which accounts for 28.3% of the total market revenues.[165] Meanwhile, the fastest growing segment of the IT market is offshore programming.
Currently Russia controls 3% of the offshore software development market and is the third leading country (after India and China) among software exporters[citation needed]. Such growth of software outsourcing in Russia is caused by a number of factors. One of them is the supporting role of the Russian Government. The government has launched a program promoting construction of IT-oriented technology parks (Technoparks)—special zones that have an established infrastructure and enjoy a favorable tax and customs regime, in seven different places around the country: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Republic of Tatarstan and St. Peterburg Regions. Another factor stimulating the IT sector growth in Russia is the presence of global technology corporations such as Intel, Google, Motorola, Sun Microsystems, Boeing, Nortel, Hewlett-Packard, SAP AG, and others, which have intensified their software development activities and opened their R&D centers in Russia.[164]
Under a government decree signed On June 2013, a special "roadmap" is expected to ease business suppliers’ access to the procurement programs of state-owned infrastructure monopolies, including such large ones as Gazprom, Rosneft, Russian Railways, Rosatom, and Transneft. These companies will be expected to increase the proportion of domestic technology solutions they use in their operations. The decree puts special emphasis on purchases of innovation products and technologies. According to the new decree, by 2015, government-connected companies must double their purchases of Russian technology solutions compared to the 2013 level and their purchasing levels must quadruple by 2018.[166]
Russia is one of the few countries in the world with a home grown internet search engine who owns a relevant marketshare as the Russian-based search engine Yandex is used by 53.8% of internet users in the country.[167][168][169][170]
Known Russian IT companies are ABBYY (FineReader OCR system and Lingvo dictionaries), Kaspersky Lab (Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security), Mail.Ru (portal, search engine, mail service, Mail.ru Agent messenger, ICQ, Odnoklassniki social network, online media sources).
External trade and investment
Trade
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Russian current account[needs update]
Russia recorded a trade surplus of USD$15.8 billion in 2013.[171] Balance of trade in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1997 until 2013, Russia balance of trade averaged 8338.23 USD million reaching an all-time high of 20647 USD million in December 2011 and a record low of −185 USD million in February 1998. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities.
In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%).[172]
Russia imports food, ground transports, pharmaceuticals and textile and footwear. Main trading partners are: China (7% of total exports and 10% of imports), Germany (7% of exports and 8% of imports) and Italy. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia balance of trade. Exports in Russia decreased to 39038 USD million in January 2013 from 48568 USD million in December 2012. Exports in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1994 until 2013, Russia Exports averaged 18668.83 USD million reaching an all-time high of 51338 USD million in December 2011 and a record low of 4087 USD million in January 1994. Russia is the fifth-largest economy in the world and is a leading exporter of oil and natural gas. In Russia, services are the biggest sector of the economy and account for 58% of GDP. Within services the most important segments are: wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (17% of total GDP); public administration, health and education (12%); real estate (9%) and transport storage and communications (7%). Industry contributes 40% to total output. Mining (11% of GDP), manufacturing (13%) and construction (4%) are the most important industry segments. Agriculture accounts for the remaining 2%. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports.Imports in Russia decreased to 21296 USD million in January 2013 from 31436 USD million in December 2012. Imports in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1994 until 2013, Russia imports averaged 11392.06 USD million reaching an all-time high of 31553 USD million in October 2012 and a record low of 2691 USD million in January 1999. Russia main imports are food (13% of total imports) and ground transports (12%). Others include: pharmaceuticals, textile and footwear, plastics and optical instruments. Main import partners are China (10% of total imports) and Germany (8%). Others include: Italy, France, Japan and United States. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Imports.
[show]Top Trading Partners for Russia for 2015 [173]
Imports into Russia 2015
Ranking
Country
Value (USD)
%
World $182,782MM 100.0%
1 China $35,199MM 19.3%
2 Germany $18,992MM 10.4%
3 United States $11,490MM 6.3%
4 Belarus $7,989MM 4.4%
5 Italy $7,928MM 4.3%
6 Japan $6,819MM 3.7%
7 Ukraine $5,643MM 3.1%
8 France $5,563MM 3.0%
9 South Korea $4,532MM 2.5%
10 Kazakhstan $4,275MM 2.3%
Exports from Russia for 2015
Ranking
Country
Value (USD)
%
World $343,908MM 100.0%
1 Netherlands $40,198MM 11.7%
2 China $28,335MM 8.2%
3 Italy $16,204MM 4.7%
4 Germany $15,906MM 4.6%
5 Japan $14,426MM 4.2%
6 South Korea $13,196MM 3.8%
7 Belarus $12,428MM 3.6%
8 Turkey $11,703MM 3.4%
9 Kazakhstan $10,302MM 3.0%
10 Poland $9,513MM 2.8%
Russian exports in 2006
Foreign trade rose 34% to $151.5 billion in the first half of 2005, mainly due to the increase in oil and gas prices which now form 64% of all exports by value. Trade with CIS countries is up 13.2% to $23.3 billion. Trade with the EU forms 52.9%, with the CIS 15.4%, Eurasian Economic Community 7.8% and Asia-Pacific Economic Community 15.9%.[174]
Russia Export Treemap by Product (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity
Maps
Regional development
GRP per capita, 2008 (US dollars):
50 000 and over
30 000 – 50 000
20 000 – 30 000
9 750 (Russian average) – 20 000
7 500 – 9 750
5 000 – 7 500
3 000 – 5 000
under 3 000
See also
Commonwealth of Independent States
History of post-Soviet Russia
Jurassic Capitalism
Monotown, a town whose economy is dominated by a single industry or company. The term is sometimes used regarding some towns in Russia
Politics of Russia
Post-Soviet states
Russian Railways
Shadow Elite (book)
Taxation in Russia
Types of legal entities in Russia
Unitary enterprise, a government-owned corporation in Russia and some other post-Soviet states
Russia portal
Business and economics portal
References
Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=94&pr1.y=12&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=
Jump up ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Russia's economic growth picks up to 2.5 pct y/y in Q2". Reuters. 11 August 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=
Jump up ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP) per capita GDP". IMF. January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Sputinik, Central Bank of Russia (17 January 2017). "Inflation in Russia Reaches 5.4% in 2016". Sputinik.
Jump up ^ "О соотношении денежных доходов населения с величиной прожиточного минимума и численности малоимущего населения в целом по Российской Федерации в IV квартале 2015 года".
^ Jump up to: a b VII. Занятость и безработица [VII. Employment and unemployment] (DOC). Russian Federation Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/wages/
Jump up ^ "Ease of Doing Business 2017" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Central Bank of Russia
Jump up ^ "Export Partners of Russia". CIA World Factbook. 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Import Partners of Russia". CIA World Factbook. 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook".
Jump up ^ О состоянии внешней торговли в январе-апреле 2016 года [On the state of foreign trade for January–April of 2016] (in Russian). Russian Federation Federal State Statistics Service. 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "External Sector Statistics". Bank of Russia.
Jump up ^ "Nabiullina recalled the debt trap in the case of public debt growth" (PDF). 16 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Путин подписал закон о федеральном бюджете на 2016 год". Российская газета. 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sovereigns rating list". Standardandpoors.com. Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russia on Cusp of Exiting Junk as S&P Outlook Goes Positive". Bloomberg. 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Moody's changes outlook on Russia's Ba1 government bond rating to stable from negative". Moody's. 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Russia’s Outlook Raised to Stable by Fitch on Policy Action". Bloomberg. 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "ru:Золотовалютные резервы России выросли до максимума за полтора года" [Russian gold and currency reserves have increased to their maximum for one and a half years] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ https://data.oecd.org/lprdty/gdp-per-hour-worked.htm#indicator-chart
Jump up ^ [1], World Bank
Jump up ^ Kevin M. Korabik, Russia's Natural Resources and their Economic Effects, Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, 1 December 1997
Jump up ^ "India Partner Country at INNOPROM-2016 Show: Russia: (11-14 July 2016, Yekaterinburg, Russia)" (PDF). EEPC India. July 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pre-empting Russia’s Year of Ecology". Ocean Unite.
Jump up ^ "Russian natural resources". European Parliamentary Research Service Blog.
Jump up ^ Russell, Martin (March 2015). The Russian economy: Will Russia ever catch up? (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service. ISBN 978-92-823-6649-3. doi:10.2861/843676. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Development Indicators: Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic product". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Russia - Analysis". EIA. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-24. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Russia's energy superpower status can bring supersecurity and superstability. Interview with Leonid Grigoriev". Civil G8. 2006. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?, by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006
Jump up ^ "Putin says Russia must boost arms exports: RIA news agency". Reuters. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arms Exports Thrive Amid Military Revamp". The Russian Business Digest. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ ДИНАМИКА РЕАЛЬНЫХ ДОХОДОВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Investing in Russia" (PDF). KPMG. April 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2010). "Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis". In Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins. Russia After the Global Economic Crisis. Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780881324976. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Putin: Russia's Choice, (Routledge 2007), by Richard Sakwa, Chapter 9
Jump up ^ "Global Wealth Report 2013 - Pg. 53". Credit Suisse. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russia's Wealth Inequality One Of Highest In The World". Huffington Post. 9 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-09. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2002-2011" (PDF). Global Financial Integrity. 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
Jump up ^ Vorasarun, Chaniga (30 April 2008). "Cities Of The Billionaires". Forbes. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
Geromel, Ricardo (14 March 2013). "Forbes Top 10 Billionaire Cities - Moscow Beats New York Again". Forbes. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Mark Adomanis (1 May 2014). "According To The IMF, Russia's Economy Is Already In A Recession". Forbes. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Tim Bowler (19 January 2015). "Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers?". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ О состоянии внешней торговли в январе-феврале 2015 года [On the state of foreign trade in January–February 2015]. gks.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Matlack, Carol. "Russia's Great Downward Shift". Bloomberg. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Bank Keeps 2015 Growth Projections for Russia, and Slightly Revises 2016-2017 Outlook". World Bank.
Jump up ^ "World Economic Outlook" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Russian Economy Crawled to Growth With Recession in Rearview". Bloomberg. 31 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies Bloomberg Business.
Jump up ^ Most Innovative: Countries Bloomberg Business.
Jump up ^ 30 Most Innovative Countries Bloomberg Business.
Jump up ^ "To Improve Economy, Russia Must 'Reduce Geopolitical Tensions". Forbes. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The average salary in Russia is now lower than in China and Poland". rbth.
Jump up ^ "Lessons from the Russia's 2001 Flat Tax Reform". Voxeu.org. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Number of Russians Living in Poverty Rises". The Wall Street Journal. March 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ GRP by federal subjects of Russia, 1998–2007 (in Russian)
^ Jump up to: a b Novokmet, Filip; Piketty, Thomas; Zucman, Gabriel (August 2017). "From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia, 1905-2016".
^ Jump up to: a b "Inequality and the Putin Economy: Inside the Numbers". pbs.org. Frontline. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Global Wealth Report 2014". Credit Suisse. Research Institute. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nuffield Poultry Study Group — Visit to Russia 6th–14th October 2006" (PDF). The BEMB Research and Education Trust. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "How Harvard lost Russia". Institutional Investor. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "GDP growth (annual %)". World Bank. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Members". APEC Study Center; City University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Alex. "Metal is the latest natural resource bonanza for Russia". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-08-16.
Jump up ^ Page, Jeremy (16 May 2005). "Analysis: punished for his political ambitions". The Times. UK. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Russia: Clawing Its Way Back to Life (int'l edition)". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ 23 September 1999 (23 September 1999). "Business: The Economy Russia: The IMF's biggest failure". BBC. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Facts About IMF Lending to Russia". International Monetary Fund. 13 September 1999. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b An Assessment of Putin's Economic Policy, by Anders Aslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, July 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Russia’s economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures RIA Novosti Retrieved on 1 May 2008
Jump up ^ РОЗНИЧНЫЙ ПОДХОД. Российские банки борются за частников (in Russian). Vtbmagazine.ru. Archived from the original on 2006-06-19. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ежегодно объем потребительского кредитования в России удваивается". Bank.samaratoday.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Основные Социально-Экономические Индикаторы Уровня Жизни Населения". Gks.ru. Archived from the original on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Russia". Cia.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "In Russia, a modern institution is quietly gaining ground". Emerging Markets. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Russia attracts investors despite its image BBC News Retrieved on March 2008
Jump up ^ Jarko Fidrmuc; Philipp Johann Süß (September 2009). "The Outbreak of the Russian Banking Crisis" (PDF). University of Munich. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Financial crisis: action taken by central banks and governments". The Guardian. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Insight: No more easy pickings in Russia's banking market". Reuters. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Polina Chernitsa (9 December 2011). "Russia on the verge of WTO entry". Voice of Russia. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Country and Lending Groups". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (22 September 2011). "Economic Reforms Likely to Continue Under Putin". New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "On Bank of Russia key rate". Bank of Russia. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russia second by economic performance among G20 – survey". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russia". Forbes. December 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "EUROPA - EU Newsroom - EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis". europa.eu. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
Jump up ^ ВВП России в первом полугодии вырос на 1% — Минэкономразвития (in Russian). Vedomosti. 27 July 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Anna Andrianova (2 April 2015). "Russian Economy Unexpectedly Expanded 0.4% in Fourth Quarter". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Sabrina Tavernise (18 August 2015). "Inflation Robs Russians of Buying Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2015. ...the economy contracted by a steep 4.6 percent in the second quarter, compared with last year, and officially entered its first recession since 2009
Jump up ^ Vladimir Karnazov (9 September 2015). "Collapse Unlikely, but Russian Economy Due for Long Slump". AIN online. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Alexander Winning; Elena Fabrichnaya; Oksana Kobzeva (4 June 2015). "Russia to keep building up forex reserves as crisis fears linger". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2015-08-25. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Over 2 Million More Russians Fall Below Poverty Line". Moscow Times. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Unequal Russia: is anger stirring in the global capital of inequality?". The Guardian. 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Новая реальность": о чем Герман Греф рассказал акционерам Сбербанка". РБК. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/312119-us-announces-sanctions-on-russia
Jump up ^ "GDP growth (annual %)". worldbank.org. World Bank Group. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Bank forecasts for Russia, January 2017" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Central Bank of the Russian Federation". Bank of Russia. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Legal Status and Functions of the Bank of Russia". Bank of Russia. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Central Bank Chief Is Charting a New Course for Russia". Institutional Investor. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Rose, Scott (4 May 2012). "Russian April Inflation Falls to Post-Soviet Record Low". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "XE Currency Charts". XE. 17 Jan 2014.
Jump up ^ Russia Ready to Float Ruble Next Year Regardless of Rate, Wall Street Journal, 17 January 2014, accessed 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Tanas, Olga (14 January 2015). "Russia to Dip Into Wealth Fund as Ruble Crisis Pressures Economy". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2015-02-13.
Jump up ^ Andrianova, Anna (22 April 2015). "Bank of Russia’s Yudaeva Says Ruble’s Oil-Led Rally Is Over". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2015-07-14.
Jump up ^ Triami Media. "Inflation Russia – current Russian inflation". Inflation.eu. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russia's Budget Deficit to Reach $21Bln in 2016 – Finance Ministry". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2015-12-14. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Shyhkin, Maxim. "Stabilization Fund to Be Converted into National Prosperity". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Putin marks steady trend towards improvement of GDP indicators in Russia". Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Russia pays off USSR’s entire debt, sets to become crediting country". Pravda.ru. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Miles, Tom (30 December 2013). "Russia was most protectionist nation in 2013: study". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2014-12-31. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russia Leads the World in Protectionist Trade Measures, Study Says". The Moscow Times. The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2014-12-31. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Countries implementing the most protectionist measures". Global Trade Alert.
Jump up ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Predatory Raiding in Russia: Institutions and Property Rights after the Crisis. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(2), pp. 469-479.
Jump up ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2014". Transparency International. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Suhara, Manabu. "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Cops for hire". Economist. 2010. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ Klara Sabirianova Peter; Tetyana Zelenska (2010). "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ Elena Denisova-Schmidt; Elvira Leontyeva; Yaroslav Prytula (2014). "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine". Harvard University. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2016". www.transparency.org. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
Jump up ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Education Corruption, Reform, and Growth: Case of Post-Soviet Russia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 3(1), pp. 20-29.
Jump up ^ "Доля теневой экономики в РФ снизилась почти до 15%, таблицы "затраты-выпуск"... - Пресс-центр - Интерфакс". Interfax.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ Source: Milov, Nemtsov, Ryzhkov, Shorina (2011). "Putin. Corruption. Independent expert report", p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Коррупция в России как система "распилки" ВВП - новость из рубрики Общество, актуальная информация, обсуждение новости, дискуссии на Newsland". Newsland.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Средний размер взятки в России в 2010 году вырос с 27 до 47 тысяч руб | РИА Новости". Ria.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2010). Corrupt Organizational Hierarchies in the Former Soviet Bloc. Transition Studies Review, 17(4), pp. 822-836.
Jump up ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2009). Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Bloc. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), pp. 321-330.
Jump up ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Who is Guilty and What to Do? Popular Opinion and Public Discourse of Corruption in Russian Higher Education. Canadian and International Education Journal, 41(1), pp. 81-95.
Jump up ^ Milov et al., Op. cit., 2011, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Countries Compared by Energy > Oil > Production > Per capita. International Statistics at NationMaster.com". Nationmaster.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production", Kitco, 20 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Russia plants flag on Arctic floor". MOSCOW, Russia (Reuters). CNN. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Global Forest Resources Assessment : Main Report" (PDF). Rome, Italy: FAO Forestry Working Paper 163. 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "FAO - News Article: Innovations and investments urged to modernize Russian forest sector". Fao.org. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russian agriculture sector flourishes amid sanctions". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Russian defense industry production up 2.5% in 1Q09". RIA Novosti. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Russian arms exports exceed $8 bln in 2008". RIA Novosti. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Makienko, Konstantin (24 July 2008). "Successful Year for Aerospace Manufacturers". Russia & CIS Observer. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Manturov, Denis (2009). "Prospects for the Domestic Aircraft Industry". Military Parade (4): 8–9.
Jump up ^ Ionin, Andrey. "Russia’s Space Program in 2006: Some Progress but No Clear Direction". Moscow Defense Brief. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (2(#8)). Archived from the original on 2007-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Electronics regrowth in Russia". Eetimes.ru. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Electronics in Russia". English.pravda.ru. Archived from the original on 2004-12-22. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Andrew E. Kramer (1 January 2013). "Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2013. I feel like I’m in Disneyland
Jump up ^ "Basic retail data Russia - Russia Retail and FMCG market news". Russiaretail.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Basic retail data Russia - Russia Retail and FMCG market news". Russiaretail.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Lenta.ru. "Internet usage statistic". It.tut.by. Archived from the original on 2009-06-25. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "ICT in Russia". Ictrussia.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "retrieved 2 August 2007". Electronics.ihs.com. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "ICT Russia data, 2004-2011". Ictrussia.com. 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Jump up ^ РЖД попросила правительство заняться спасением железных дорог [Russian Railways has asked the government to save the railways] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-11-19. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Table 2.28. Transportation of passengers and passenger turnover of publiс railway transport". FSSS. 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Table 2.25. Transportation of cargo and freight turnover of public railway transport". FSSS. 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Table 2.24. Public railway rolling stock and its use". FSSS. 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ 2.13. Протяженность эксплуатационных путей железнодорожного транспорта общего пользования [Table 2.13. Length of operational public transport train tracks] (in Russian). FSSS. 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Freight by electric railroad 2008" (in Russian). Gks.ru. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russian Construction Data - construction output, homes completed, building materials production". Constructionrussia.com. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russian Insurance Market in 2013" (PDF). Rgs.ru. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ Huffington Post: Countries With The MOST College Graduates retrieved 27 September 2013
^ Jump up to: a b "The 8th Annual Survey of the Russian Software Export Industry" (PDF). Russoft. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Russian IT market worth $2,4 billion". Silicon Taiga. 26 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Medvedev’s Cabinet compels state-owned corporations to buy Russian technology". Russoft. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The internet business in Russia: Europe’s great exception - The Economist". The Economist. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Woollaston, Victoria (4 October 2013). "Google rules the West but Japan prefers Yahoo: Map reveals how different internet giants dominate countries across the globe - Daily Mail Online". Mail Online. London. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Popular Search Engines in the World – Top Ten List - Tech Robo". Tech Robo. Archived from the original on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Самые популярные поисковые системы в России". Topmira.com. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "President Obama's Signature Paves Way for Permanent Normal Trade Relations with Russia and Moldova". ustr.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Russian Federation | SITC Rev2 Groups | Exports to World | 2015 | WITS | Data". wits.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
Jump up ^ http://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/RUS
Jump up ^ "Russian foreign trade grows 34.2% in first half of 2005 – Customs Service | Business | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. – Soviet Union
Further reading
Filip Novokmet, Thomas Piketty, and Gabriel Zucman (July 2017). From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905-2016
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Russia.
Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Russia
Russia profile at the CIA World Factbook
Russia profile at The World Bank
[show]
v
t
e
Economy of Russia
History
Soviet Union
Privatization
Financial crises
1998
2014–present
Monetary reforms in Russia (1991
1993
1998)
National Priority Projects
Stabilization Fund
Great Recession in Russia
Medvedev modernisation programme

Natural resources
Timber
Mining
Aluminium
Oil reserves
Energy
Natural gas
Nuclear power
Geothermal power
Renewable energy
Agriculture
Fishery
Hunting
Industry
Engineering
(Aircraft
Automotive
Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery
Defence
Shipbuilding
Space industry
Rolling stock manufacturers)
Metallurgy
(Pipe Industry)
Petroleum industry
Chemical industry
Science and technology
Food industry
Infrastructure
Telecommunications
Transport
Rail
Vehicle registration plates
Services
Grocery retailing
Tourism
Gambling
Real estate
Finance
Russian ruble
Account Chamber
Banking (Banks
Central Bank of Russia)
Federal budget
Moscow Exchange
National Pension Fund
Social Insurance Fund
Tax Code
Billionaires
Regional economies
Natural resources of Primorsky Krai
Federal subjects by GRP
Federal subjects by GDP per capita
Federal subjects by HDI
Federal subjects by unemployment rate
Economic regions
Central
Ural
North Caucasus
Volga
West Siberian
East Siberian
Volga-Vyatka
Northwestern
Central Black Earth
Far Eastern
Northern
Other
Companies
Exports
Trade unions
Russian oligarch
Category
Commons
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Russia articles
History
Timeline
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Scythians
East Slavs
Rus' Khaganate
Kievan Rus'
Novgorod Republic
Vladimir-Suzdal
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
Russian Republic
Russian SFSR
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
By topic
Economy
Military
Journalism
Postal
Geography
Subdivisions
Borders
Earthquakes
Geology
European Russia
Caucasus Mountains
North Caucasus
Caspian Sea
Ural Mountains
West Siberian Plain
Siberia
Russian Far East
North Asia
Extreme points
Cities and towns
Islands
Lakes
Rivers
Volcanoes
Climate
Politics
Conscription
Constitution
Elections
Federal budget
Foreign relations
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of press
Media
Government
Human rights
Judiciary
Law
Citizenship
Civil Service
Law enforcement (Prisons)
Liberalism
Military
Opposition
Political parties
President of Russia
Economy
Agriculture
Aircraft industry
Car industry
Banking
Central Bank
Corruption
Defence industry
Economic regions
Energy
Fishing industry
Forestry
Gambling
Mining
Petroleum industry
Russian ruble
Russian oligarchs
Space industry
Shipbuilding
Trade unions
Taxation
Tourism
Transport
Telecommunications
Waste
Society
Demographics
Citizens
Abortion
Alcoholism
Crime
Education
Healthcare
Ethnic groups
Languages
LGBT
Immigration
Illegal
Prostitution
Racism
Religion
Suicide
Water supply and sanitation
Women
Culture
Architecture
Art
Literature
Ballet
Cinema
Graffiti
Inventions
Media
Music
Public holidays
Opera
Language
Cuisine
Martial arts
Folklore
Television
Internet
National anthem
Coat of arms
National flag
Sports
Outline
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Australia
Brunei
Canada
Chile
China
Hong Kong¹
Indonesia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Chinese Taipei²
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
Meetings
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Other
APEC Business Travel Card
APEC blue
APEC Climate Center
APEC Youth Science Festival
1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese Taipei"
[show]
v
t
e
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
Eurasian Economic Union
Union State
Membership
Members
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Associate members
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Former members
Georgia (1993–2009)
History
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Union of Sovereign States
Belavezha Accords (Near abroad)
Alma-Ata Protocol
Sports
Unified Team at the Olympics
Unified Team at the Paralympics
CIS national bandy team
CIS national football team
CIS national ice hockey team
CIS national rugby team
CIS Cup (football)
Military
Collective Security Treaty Organization
Collective Rapid Reaction Force
Joint CIS Air Defense System
Economics
Economic Court
CISFTA
Eurasian Economic Community
Eurasian Patent Convention
Eurasian Patent Organization
EU Technical Aid
Organization
Interstate Aviation Committee
Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)
G8 members
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Russia
United Kingdom
United States
Representative
European Union
G8+5
Brazil
China
India
Mexico
South Africa
See also
Group of Six
Group of Seven
G7+1
[show]
v
t
e
Economy of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
[show]
v
t
e
Economy of South America
Sovereign states
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies and
other territories
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
[show]
v
t
e
Economy of North America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
[show]
v
t
e
Economy of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
[show]
v
t
e
World Trade Organization
System
Accession and membership
Appellate Body
Dispute Settlement Body
International Trade Centre
Chronology of key events
Issues
Criticism
Doha Development Round
Singapore issues
Quota Elimination
Peace Clause
Agreements
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Agriculture
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Technical Barriers to Trade
Trade Related Investment Measures
Trade in Services
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Government Procurement
Information Technology
Marrakech Agreement
Doha Declaration
Bali Package
Ministerial
Conferences
1st (1996)
2nd (1998)
3rd (1999)
4th (2001)
5th (2003)
6th (2005)
7th (2009)
8th (2011)
9th (2013)
10th (2015)
People
Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General)
Pascal Lamy
Supachai Panitchpakdi
Alejandro Jara
Rufus Yerxa
Members
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Cuba
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Fiji
Gabon
The Gambia
Georgia
Ghana
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong1
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Macau1
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Taiwan2
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Russia&oldid=803801532"
Categories:
Economy of Russia
History of Russia (1992–present)
World Trade Organization member economies
Hidden categories:
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Articles with Russian-language external links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2014
Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users
Use dmy dates from October 2012
Use American English from March 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014
Articles needing more detailed references
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Articles needing additional references from January 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Magyar
Македонски
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
தமிழ்
Tarandíne
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 18:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This article is semi-protected to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/USD mw-redirect USD

values:
/wiki/G-20_major_economies
mw-redirect
G-20 major economies

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values:
/wiki/Rolling_mills
mw-redirect
Rolling mills

values:
/wiki/Machine_building
mw-redirect
Machine building

values:
/wiki/Construction_equipment
mw-redirect
Construction equipment

values:
/wiki/Medical_instrument
mw-redirect
Medical instrument

values:
/wiki/Scientific_instruments
mw-redirect
Scientific instruments

values:
/wiki/Consumer_durables
mw-redirect
Consumer durables

values:
/wiki/Communications_equipment
mw-redirect
Communications equipment

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Fitch_Group
mw-redirect
Fitch Group

values:
/wiki/Labour_productivity
mw-redirect
Labour productivity

values:
/wiki/Natural_resources
mw-redirect
Natural resources

values:
/wiki/Precious_metals
mw-redirect
Precious metals

values:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

values: List of countries by natural gas proven reserves

values: List of countries by natural gas exports

values:
/wiki/Sukhoi_PAK_FA
mw-redirect
Sukhoi PAK FA

values:
/wiki/Living_standards
mw-redirect
Living standards

values:
/wiki/Disposable_income
mw-redirect
Disposable income

values:
/wiki/U.S._dollar
mw-redirect
U.S. dollar

values:
/wiki/Financial_assets
mw-redirect
Financial assets

values: International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis

values:
/wiki/Poverty_by_country
mw-redirect
Poverty by country

values: Economic history of the Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Larry_Summers
mw-redirect
Larry Summers

values:
/wiki/Bank_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Bank of Russia

values:
/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%E2%80%99s
mw-redirect
Standard & Poor’s

values:
/wiki/Global_financial_crisis
mw-redirect
Global financial crisis

values:
/wiki/High-income_economy
mw-redirect
High-income economy

values: Ukrainian political crisis (disambiguation)

values: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

values: Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)

values: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

values:
/wiki/Banking_in_Russia_(regulations)
mw-redirect
Banking in Russia (regulations)

values: A more detailed citation is required. (December 2014)

values: Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation

values: Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation

values: The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values: List of countries by proven oil reserves

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Arctic_shrinkage
mw-redirect
Arctic shrinkage

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)

values: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

values:
/wiki/Arms_exports
mw-redirect
Arms exports

values: List of countries by industrial production growth rate

values:
/wiki/Air_defense
mw-redirect
Air defense

values:
/wiki/Armored_personnel_carriers
mw-redirect
Armored personnel carriers

values: Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies

values:
/wiki/RKK_Energia
mw-redirect
RKK Energia

values:
/wiki/TsSKB_Progress
mw-redirect
TsSKB Progress

values:
/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin
mw-redirect
NPO Lavochkin

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Russian_automotive_industry
mw-redirect
Russian automotive industry

values:
/wiki/GSM_Association
mw-redirect
GSM Association

values:
/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product
mw-redirect
Gross Domestic Product

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)

values: ru:Обязательное страхование гражданской ответственности владельцев транспортных средств

values:
/wiki/Offshore_programming
mw-redirect
Offshore programming

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

values:
/wiki/Internet_search_engine
mw-redirect
Internet search engine

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center

values: Asia-Pacific Economic Community (page does not exist)

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008000;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00BA00;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00F900;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #D3FB00;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFC00;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFD20E;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFAA37;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF6100;; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russia
mw-redirect
History of post-Soviet Russia

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook
mw-redirect
CIA World Factbook

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.interfax.ru/business/513734

values: Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2861%2F843676

values:
nofollow
external text
http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.15

values:
nofollow
external text
http://en.civilg8.ru/2054.php

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
/wiki/Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
Huffington Post

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nber.org/papers/w23712

values:
/wiki/Anders_Aslund
mw-redirect
Anders Aslund

values: Peterson Institute for International Economics

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
https://www.forbes.com/places/russia/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cbr.ru/Eng/today/?PrtId=cbrf_sub

values:
nofollow
http://tass.ru/en/economy/878167/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/15731344

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cast.ru/eng/?id=319

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eetimes.eu/187200078

values:
nofollow
external text
http://it.tut.by/news/97330.html

values:
nofollow
http://lenta.ru/news/2009/11/17/rzhd/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://russoft.org/docs/?doc=2460

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/21555560

values:
nofollow
external text
https://ustr.gov/Russia

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
nofollow
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/
external free

values:
nofollow
http://www.minfin.ru/en/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://economy.gov.ru/en/home/
external text

values:
/wiki/The_World_Bank
mw-redirect
The World Bank

values: Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991

values:
/wiki/File:Moscow_City_2013.jpg
image
Moscow International Business Center

values:
/wiki/File:Rosneft-azs.jpg
image
Rosneft petrol station

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Aluminium in Russia (page does not exist)

values: Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery in Russia

values:
/wiki/Russian_metallurgy
mw-redirect
Russian metallurgy

values:
/wiki/Pipe_Industry_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Pipe Industry of Russia

values:
/wiki/Russian_Chemical_Industry
mw-redirect
Russian Chemical Industry

values:
/wiki/Real_estate_in_Russia
mw-redirect
Real estate in Russia

values:
/wiki/Account_Chamber_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Account Chamber of Russia

values: Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Tax_Code_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Tax Code of Russia

values: List of Russian billionaires by net worth

values: List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP

values: List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita

values: List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index

values: Federal subjects of Russia by Unemployment Rate

values:
/wiki/Central_Economic_Region
mw-redirect
Central Economic Region

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

values: Postage stamps and postal history of Russia

values: Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Extreme points of Russia

values:
/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Russia
mw-redirect
Freedom of the press in Russia

values:
/wiki/Russian_opposition
mw-redirect
Russian opposition

values:
/wiki/Alcoholism_in_Russia
mw-redirect
Alcoholism in Russia

values:
/wiki/Culture_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Culture of Russia

values: Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

values: APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)

values: APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Indonesia 1994 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)

values: APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Special_administrative_region
mw-redirect
Special administrative region

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Commonwealth of Independent States

values: Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States

values: Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg
image
CIS flag

values: Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team

values: Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States

values: Technical Aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States

values: Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS

values: Category:Commonwealth of Independent States

values:
/wiki/Group_of_Six
mw-redirect
Group of Six

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Economy of South Ossetia

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Transnistria
mw-redirect
Economy of Transnistria

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_the_%C3%85land_Islands
mw-redirect
Economy of the Åland Islands

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Economy of Guernsey

values: Economy of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)

values: Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Bonaire
mw-redirect
Economy of Bonaire

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy
mw-redirect
Economy of Saint Barthélemy

values: Economy of the Collectivity of Saint Martin

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Sint_Eustatius
mw-redirect
Economy of Sint Eustatius

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Sint_Maarten
mw-redirect
Economy of Sint Maarten

values: Economy of the United States Virgin Islands

values: Economy of the British Indian Ocean Territory

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Economy of Christmas Island

values: World Trade Organization accession and membership

values: Timeline of the World Trade Organization

values: Criticism of the World Trade Organization

values: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

values: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

values: Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

values: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

values:
/wiki/Marrakech_Agreement
mw-redirect
Marrakech Agreement

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015

values: Director-General of the World Trade Organization

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Economy of Burma

values: Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire
mw-redirect
Economy of Côte d'Ivoire

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:History of Russia (1992–present)

values: Category:World Trade Organization member economies

values: Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Category:Articles with Russian-language external links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012

values: Category:Use American English from March 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Russia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: اقتصاد روسيا – Arabic

values: Икономика на Русия – Bulgarian

values: اقتصاد روسیه – Persian

values: כלכלת רוסיה – Hebrew

values: რუსეთის ეკონომიკა – Georgian

values: Ресей экономикасы – Kazakh

values: Економија на Русија – Macedonian

values: რუსეთიშ ეკონომიკა – Mingrelian

values: Экономика России – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: உருசியப் பொருளாதாரம் – Tamil

values: Економіка Російської Федерації – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Economy_of_Russia rootpage-Economy_of_Russia vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view