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Indian Premier League
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Indian Premier League (IPL)
Official IPL logo
Countries
India
Administrator
BCCI
Format
Twenty20
First tournament
2008
Last tournament
2018
Next tournament
2019
Tournament format
Double round-robin league and Playoffs
Number of teams
8
Current champion
Chennai Super Kings
Most successful
Chennai Super Kings
Mumbai Indians
(3 titles each)
Most runs
Suresh Raina (4985)[1]
Most wickets
Lasith Malinga (154)[2]
TV
List of broadcasters
Website
iplt20.com
2018 IPL season
The Indian Premier League (IPL), officially Vivo Indian Premier League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities and some states. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008, and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi, the founder and former commissioner of the league.[3] IPL has an exclusive window in ICC Future Tours Programme.[4]
The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.[5] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube.[6][7] The brand value of IPL in 2017 was US$5.3 billion, according to Duff & Phelps.[8] According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹11.5 billion (US$182 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy.[9]
There have been eleven seasons of the IPL tournament. The current IPL title holders are the Chennai Super Kings, who won the 2018 season. The most successful franchises in the tournament are the Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians with 3 tournament wins each.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Foundation
1.3 Expansions and terminations
2 Organization
2.1 Tournament format
2.2 Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries
2.3 Prize money
2.4 Rules
3 Teams
3.1 Current teams
3.2 Former teams
4 Tournament seasons and results
4.1 Teams' performances
5 Awards
5.1 Orange Cap
5.2 Purple Cap
6 Financials
6.1 Title sponsorship
6.2 Brand value
7 Broadcasting
7.1 International broadcasters
8 IPL Governing Council
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History
Background
The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007, with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises.[10] The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the BCCI were not pleased with its committee members joining the ICL executive board.[11] To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money in their own domestic tournaments and also imposed lifetime bans on players joining the ICL, which was considered a rebel league by the board.[12][13]
Foundation
"The IPL has been designed to entice an entire new generation of sports fans into the grounds throughout the country. The dynamic Twenty20 format has been designed to attract a young fan base, which also includes women and children."
“
”
— Modi during the launch of the IPL.[14]
On 13 September 2007, the BCCI announced the launch of a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket competition called Indian Premier League whose first season was slated to start in April 2008, in a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, said to be the mastermind behind the idea of IPL, spelled out the details of the tournament including its format, the prize money, franchise revenue system and squad composition rules. It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven-man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials, and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year's Champions League Twenty20. Modi also clarified that they had been working on the idea for two years and that IPL was not started as a "knee-jerk reaction" to the ICL.[14] The league's format was similar to that of the Premier League of England and the NBA in the United States.[13]
In order to decide the owners for the new league, an auction was held on 24 January 2008 with the total base prices of the franchises costing around $400 million.[13] At the end of the auction, the winning bidders were announced, as well as the cities the teams would be based in: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mohali, and Mumbai.[13] In the end, the franchises were all sold for a total of $723.59 million.[15] The Indian Cricket League soon folded in 2008.
Expansions and terminations
Crowd during a match of the 2015 IPL season in Hyderabad, India.
On 21 March 2010, it was announced that two new franchises – Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala – would join the league before the fourth season in 2011.[16] Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.[16] However, one year later, on 11 November 2011, it was announced that the Kochi Tuskers Kerala side would be terminated following the side breaching the BCCI's terms of conditions.[17]
Then, on 14 September 2012, following the team not being able to find new owners, the BCCI announced that the 2009 champions, the Deccan Chargers, would be terminated.[18] The next month, on 25 October, an auction was held to see who would be the owner of the replacement franchise, with Sun TV Network winning the bid for the Hyderabad franchise.[19] The team would be named Sunrisers Hyderabad.[20]
Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL on 21 May 2013 over financial differences with the BCCI.[21] The franchise was officially terminated by the BCCI, on 26 October 2013, on account of the franchise failing to provide the necessary bank guarantee.[22]
On 14 June 2015, it was announced that two-time champions, Chennai Super Kings, and the inaugural season champions, Rajasthan Royals, would be suspended for two seasons following their role in a match-fixing and betting scandal.[23] Then, on 8 December 2015, following an auction, it was revealed that Pune and Rajkot would replace Chennai and Rajasthan for two seasons.[24] The two teams were the Rising Pune Supergiant and the Gujarat Lions.
Organization
Tournament format
Currently, with eight teams, each team plays each other twice in a home-and-away round-robin format in the league phase. At the conclusion of the league stage, the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match, with the winner going straight to the IPL final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the IPL final by playing the second Qualifying match. Meanwhile, the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match. The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the IPL Final match, where the winner will be crowned the Indian Premier League champions.
Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries
A team can acquire players through any of the three ways: the annual player auction, trading players with other teams during the trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction and also set their base price, and are bought by the franchise that bids the highest for them. Unsold players at the auction are eligible to be signed up as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with his consent, with the franchise paying the difference if any between the old and new contract. If the new contract is worth more than the older one, the difference is shared between the player and the franchise selling the player. There are generally three trading windows–two before the auction, and one after the auction but before the start of the tournament. Players can not be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, whereas replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.
Some of the team composition rules (as of 2018 season) are as follows:
The squad strength must be between 18 and 25 players, with a maximum of 8 overseas players.
Salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹80 crore.[25]
Under-19 players can not be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket.
A team can play a maximum of 4 overseas players in their playing eleven but there are some instances in IPL when a team have been played with less than 4 overseas players.[26]
The term of a player contract is one year, with the franchise having the option to extend the contract by one or two years. Since the 2014 season, the player contracts are denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in U.S. dollars. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract due date or the actual date of payment.[27] Prior to the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool and could be signed up by the franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 to 30 lakh would get deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners who complained that richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals" following which the IPL decided to include domestic players in the player auction.[28]
According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second highest among all sport leagues in the world. Since the players in IPL are only contracted for the duration of the tournament (less than two months), the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro rata to obtain average annual salary, unlike other sport leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.[29]
Prize money
The 2015 season of the IPL offered a total prize money of ₹40 crore (US$6.1 million), with the winning team netting ₹15 crore (US$2.3 million).[30] The first and second runners up received 10 and 7.5 crores, respectively, with the fourth placed team also winning 7.5 crores. The others teams are not awarded any prize money. The IPL rules mandate that half of the prize money must be distributed among the players.[31]
Rules
IPL games utilise television timeouts and hence there is no time limit in which teams must complete their innings. However, a penalty may be imposed if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic timeout" during each innings; one must be taken by the bowling team between the ends of the 6th and 9th overs, and one by the batting team between the ends of the 13th and 16th overs.[32]
Teams
Current teams
Team
City
Home ground
Debut
Current Coach
Current Captain
Chennai Super Kings Chennai, Tamil Nadu M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
MCA Stadium, Pune 2008 Stephen Fleming MS Dhoni
Delhi Daredevils Delhi, NCR Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 2008 Ricky Ponting Shreyas Iyer
Kings XI Punjab Mohali, Punjab PCA Stadium, Mohali
Holkar Stadium, Indore 2008 Brad Hodge Ravichandran Ashwin
Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata, West Bengal Eden Gardens 2008 Jacques Kallis Dinesh Karthik
Mumbai Indians Mumbai, Maharashtra Wankhede Stadium 2008 Mahela Jayawardene Rohit Sharma
Rajasthan Royals Jaipur, Rajasthan Sawai Mansingh Stadium 2008 Shane Warne Ajinkya Rahane
Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore, Karnataka M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 Daniel Vettori Virat Kohli
Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad, Telangana Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 2013 Tom Moody Kane Williamson
Former teams
Team
City
Home ground
Debut
Dissolved
Deccan Chargers Hyderabad, Telangana Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium 2008 2012
Gujarat Lions Rajkot, Gujarat SCA Stadium 2016 2017
Kochi Tuskers Kerala Kochi, Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2011 2011
Pune Warriors India Pune, Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2011 2013
Rising Pune Supergiant Pune, Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2016 2017
Tournament seasons and results
Main articles: List of Indian Premier League seasons and results and List of Indian Premier League records and statistics
Out of the thirteen teams that have played in the Indian Premier League since its inception, two teams has won the competition three times, one team have won the competition twice each and three other teams have won it once each. The Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings are the most successful team in league's history in terms of the number of titles won. The Kolkata Knight Riders have won two titles, and the other three teams who have won the tournament are the Deccan Chargers, Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers Hyderabad. The current champions are Chennai Super Kings who beat Sunrisers Hyderabad in the final of the 2018 season to secure their third title and thus became the joint most successful team in IPL history ever with Mumbai Indians.
IPL season results[33][34]
Season
Final
Final venue
Number of teams
Player of the series
Winner
Winning margin
Runner-up
2008
Details
Rajasthan Royals[35]
164/7 (20 overs) Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[35]
163/5 (20 overs) DY Patil Stadium[35] 8[36] Shane Watson[35]
2009
Details
Deccan Chargers[37]
143/6 (20 overs) Won by 6 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[37]
137/9 (20 overs) Wanderers Stadium[37]
(South Africa) 8[38] Adam Gilchrist[37]
2010
Details
Chennai Super Kings[39]
168/5 (20 overs) Won by 22 runs
(Scorecard) Mumbai Indians[39]
146/9 (20 overs) DY Patil Stadium[39] 8[40] Sachin Tendulkar[39]
2011
Details
Chennai Super Kings[41]
205/5 (20 overs) Won by 58 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[41]
147/8 (20 overs) M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[41] 10[42] Chris Gayle[41]
2012
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[43]
192/5 (19.4 overs) Won by 5 wickets
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[43]
190/3 (20 overs) M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[43] 9[44] Sunil Narine[43]
2013
Details
Mumbai Indians[45]
148/9 (20 overs) Won by 23 runs
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[45]
125/9 (20 overs) Eden Gardens[45] 9[46] Shane Watson[45]
2014
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[47]
200/7 (19.3 overs) Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard) Kings XI Punjab[47]
199/4 (20 overs) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[47] 8[48] Glenn Maxwell[47]
2015
Details
Mumbai Indians[49]
202/5 (20 overs) Won by 41 runs
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[49]
161/8 (20 overs) Eden Gardens[49] 8[50] Andre Russell[49]
2016
Details
Sunrisers Hyderabad[51]
208/7 (20 overs) Won by 8 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[51]
200/7 (20 overs) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[51] 8[52] Virat Kohli[51]
2017
Details
Mumbai Indians[53]
129/8 (20 overs) Won by 1 run
(Scorecard) Rising Pune Supergiant[53]
128/6 (20 overs) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium[53] 8[54] Ben Stokes[53]
2018
Details
Chennai Super Kings[55]
181/2 (18.3 overs) Won by 8 wickets
(Scorecard) Sunrisers Hyderabad
178/6 (20 overs) Wankhede Stadium 8 Sunil Narine[55]
Teams' performances
Team \ Host
2008
(8)
2009
(8)
2010
(8)
2011
(10)
2012
(9)
2013
(9)
2014
(8)
2015
(8)
2016
(8)
2017
(8)
2018
(8)

Chennai Super Kings 2nd SF 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd Sus. Sus. 1st
Delhi Daredevils SF SF 5th 10th 3rd 9th 8th 7th 6th 6th 8th
Deccan Chargers† 8th 1st 4th 7th 8th
Gujarat Lions† 3rd 7th
Kings XI Punjab SF 5th 8th 5th 6th 6th 2nd 8th 8th 5th 7th
Kochi Tuskers Kerala† 8th
Kolkata Knight Riders 6th 8th 6th 4th 1st 7th 1st 5th 4th 3rd 3rd
Mumbai Indians 5th 7th 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 4th 1st 5th 1st 5th
Pune Warriors India† 9th 9th 8th
Rajasthan Royals 1st 6th 7th 6th 7th 3rd 5th 4th Sus. Sus. 4th
Rising Pune Supergiant† 7th 2nd
Royal Challengers Bangalore 7th 2nd 3rd 2nd 5th 5th 7th 3rd 2nd 8th 6th
Sunrisers Hyderabad 4th 6th 6th 1st 4th 2nd
†No longer exists.
Awards
Main article: List of Indian Premier League awards
Orange Cap
Main article: Orange Cap
The Orange Cap is awarded to the top run-scorer in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[56]
Purple Cap
Main article: Purple Cap
The Purple Cap is awarded to the top wicket-taker in the IPL. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[57]
Financials
Title sponsorship
From 2008 to 2012, the title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, who had secured the rights with a bid of ₹200 crore for five seasons.[58] After the conclusion of the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹396.8 crore for the subsequent five seasons.[59] However, the company terminated the deal in October 2015 two years before the expiry of the contract, reportedly due to the two-season suspension of Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league.[60] The BCCI then transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹190 crore.[61] In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons (2018–2022) with a winning bid of ₹2199 crore, in a deal more expensive than Barclays' Premier League title sponsorship contract between 2013 and 2016.[62][63]
Title sponsor
Industry
Period
Sponsorship fee (per year)
DLF Real Estate 2008–2012 ₹40 crores
Pepsi Beverages
Food Processing
2013–2015 ₹79.2 crores
Vivo Consumer electronics 2016–2017 ₹95 crores
2018–2022 ₹439.8 crores
Brand value
The IPL has seen a spike in its brand valuation to US$5.3 billion after the 10th edition, according to global valuation and corporate finance advisor Duff & Phelps.[64] The brand value of IPL was estimated to be US$5.3 billion in 2017 by American Appraisal, a Division of Duff & Phelps.[65] Duff & Phelps added that the value of brand IPL has jumped to $4.16 billion after the 2016 edition, against $3.54 billion in 2015. The 19% jump is despite the fact that the US dollar to Indian rupee currency has depreciated by nearly 10%.[66]
Team Valuation as on 2017[67],
Team
Brand Value in US$
Kolkata Knight Riders 99 million
Mumbai Indians 106 million
Sunrisers Hyderabad 56 million
Royal Challengers Bangalore 88 million
Delhi Daredevils 44 million
Kings XI Punjab 41 million
Chennai Super Kings Not Calculated1
Rajasthan Royals Not Calculated1
1As they were suspended from IPL in 2016 and 2017 versions.
Broadcasting
The IPL's broadcast rights were originally held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks and World Sport Group, under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.026 billion. Sony would be responsible for domestic television, while WSG would handle international distribution.[68][69] The initial plan was for 20% of these proceeds to go to the IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares.[70] However, in March 2010, IPL decided not to go public and list its shares.[citation needed] As of the 2016 season, Sony MAX, Sony SIX, and Sony ESPN served as the domestic broadcasters of the IPL; MAX and SIX aired broadcasts in Hindi, while SIX also aired broadcasts in the Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu languages. Sony ESPN broadcast English-language feeds.[71]
The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony MAX typically became the most-watched television channel in the country during the tournament,[72] and by 2016, annual advertising revenue surpassed ₹1,200 crore. Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new BARC ratings system, which also calculates rural viewership rather than only urban markets.[73][71] In the 2016 season, Sony's broadcasts achieved just over 1 billion impressions (television viewership in thousands), jumping to 1.25 billion the following year.[72] Sony also broadcast a companion talk show, Extraaa Innings T20.[74]
On 4 September 2017, it was announced that the then-current digital rightsholder, Star India (a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox), had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018. Valued at ₹16,347.5 crore (₹163.475 billion, US$2.55 billion, £1.97 billion), it is a 158% increase over the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television, and Facebook had made a US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights (which U.S. media interpreted as a sign that the social network was interested in pursuing professional sports rights),[75][76] Star was the only bidder out of the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.[77][78][79]
Star CEO Uday Shankar stated that the IPL was a "very powerful property", and that Star would "remain very committed to make sure that the growth of sports in this country continues to be driven by the power of cricket". He went on to say that "whoever puts in that money, they put in that money because they believe in the fans of the sport. The universe of cricket fans, it tells you, continues to very healthy, continues to grow. What was paid in 2008, that was 2008. India and cricket and IPL—all three have changed dramatically in the last 10 years. It is a reflection of that."[78][77][79] The deal led to concerns that Star India now held a monopoly on cricket rights in the country, as it is also the rightsholder of ICC competitions and the Indian national team.[80]
For its inaugural season, Star aimed to put a larger focus on widening the IPL's appeal with a "core" cricket audience. The network aimed to broadcast at least two hours of IPL-related programming daily from January until the start of the season, having organized televised announcements of player retention selections and new team captains. Viewership of the player auction, which featured pre- and post-auction reactions and analysis, increased six-fold to 46.5 million. In March, Star Sports broadcast Game Plan: In Your City specials from the home city of each of the IPL's franchises. Star Sports stated that its in-season coverage and studio programming would focus more on the game itself and behind-the-scenes coverage of the IPL's teams, rather than trying to incorporate irrelevant entertainment elements. The network introduced a new studio program known as The Dugout, which broadcasts coverage of matches with analysis from a panel of experts.[81]
International broadcasters
Territory
Network
Afghanistan Lemar TV (2017-present)
Africa (Sub-Sahara) SuperSport (2008–present)[82]
Australia Network Ten (2008)
One HD (2009–2010)
Fox Sports Australia (2018–present)[83]
Bangladesh Maasranga (2014–2016)
Channel 9 (2016–present)[84]
Bhutan Sony (2008–2017)[84]
Star Sports (2018–present)
Brunei Astro (2008–present)[84]
Canada Rogers Media (Sportsnet, Omni Television) (2011–2014)[85]Ethnic Channels Group, CricketGateway[86]
Caribbean SportsMax (2008–present)[68]
Hong Kong PCCW (2010–present)[84]
India Sony (2008–2017)[68]
Star Sports (2018–present)
Malaysia Astro (2008–present)[84]
Arab world OSN Sports (2015–present)[84]
Nepal Sony (2008–2017)[84]
Star Sports (2018–present)
New Zealand Sky Sport (2012–present)[84]
Pakistan Geo Super (2008–present)[84]
Singapore StarHub (2008–2017)[84]
Singtel (2015–2017)[84]
YuppTV (2018)[84]
United Kingdom ITV4 (2011–2014)[87]
Sky Sports (2015–present)[88]
United States Willow (2017–present; cable/satellite and TV Everywhere-only digital rights)[89]
Worldwide internet rights Times Internet (2011–2014)[90]
Hotstar (2015–present)[91]
IPL Governing Council
The IPL Governing Council is responsible for all the functions of the tournament. The members are Rajeev Shukla, Ajay Shirke, Sourav Ganguly, Anurag Thakur and Anirudh Chaudhary. In January 2016, the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee to recommend separate governing bodies for the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the Indian Premier League (IPL), where Justice RM Lodha suggested a One State-One Member pattern for the board.[92]
See also
India portal
Cricket portal
Indian Premier League portal
List of Indian Premier League players
List of current Indian Premier League team rosters
Controversies involving the Indian Premier League
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "2015 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2015 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2016 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2016 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2017 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2017 Squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2018 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website". IPLT20 – 2015 Orange Cap Final Leaderboard. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "IPLT20.com – 2015 Purple Cap Final Leaderboard". IPLT20. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Bhat, Varada; Kamath, Raghavendra (27 April 2012). "DLF unlikely to continue with IPL title sponsorship". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Gollapudi, Nagraj (21 November 2012). "IPL sells title rights to PepsiCo for $71m". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "PepsiCo set to end IPL sponsorship two years early". ESPNcricinfo. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Title sponsorship: Mobile companies gear up for IPL Innings". The Economic Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Venugopal, Arun (27 June 2017). "Vivo retains IPL title rights till 2022 after massive bid". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Choudhary, Vidhi (28 June 2017). "Vivo sponsorship may make IPL world's richest sports league". Livemint. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2017 Valuation". TOI. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ Laghate, Gaurav (2017-08-24). "Brand IPL gets stronger, valuation soars to $5.3 billion". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2016 brand valuation". Economic Times. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Laghate, Gaurav (2017-08-24). "Brand IPL gets stronger, valuation soars to $5.3 billion". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights". ESPNcricinfo. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Billion dollar rights deal for IPL". The Australian. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Jump up ^ IndranilBasu (27 January 2008). "Does the IPL model make sense?". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL viewership may touch 500 million this year: Sony". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Ahluwalia, Harveen (2017-06-01). "IPL viewership jumped 22.5% in 2017: BARC". Livemint. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Sony rakes in Rs. 1,200 crore advertising revenue from IPL 9". SportsCafe.in. 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anchoring the innings off the field". DNAIndia.com. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter (2017-09-04). "Facebook just bid $600 million to stream Indian cricket matches. Will it try NFL games next?". Recode. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ Madhok, Diksha. "Facebook may have failed with its $600 million bid for cricket, but this is only the beginning". Quartz. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star India wins IPL rights for US $2.55 billion". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Reuters (2017-09-04). "IPL television and broadcast rights sold for massive £1.97bn to Star India". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Five stand-out numbers from the IPL media rights sale". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Star Sports mega deal: How buying IPL media rights will change sports broadcasting?". The Indian Express. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ Vaidya, Jaideep. "No more 'Thoko taali': Inside Star Sports' major rebranding of the Indian Premier League". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
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Jump up ^ "Lodha Committee recommends separate governing bodies for BCCI, IPL". mid-day. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
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text:
300 metres hurdles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The 300 metres hurdles (also spelled 300 meters hurdles in American English) is an athletics or track and field event. It is a cut down version of the International event the 400 metres hurdles. It is a standard event under the NFHS in American high school competition and a championship level event in Masters athletics. The two iterations of the event vary somewhat. Common to all long hurdling events, the distance between hurdles is 35 metres.
Contents
1 High school
1.1 Record progression
2 Masters athletics
2.1 27-inch hurdles
2.2 Progression
3 All-time top 25 fastest
3.1 Men
3.1.1 Notes
3.2 Women
3.2.1 Notes
4 References
5 External links
High school[edit]
The high school version uses a standard 45 meter start to the first hurdle. Thus the high school race is equivalent to beginning of a standard 400 meter hurdle race, but its placement on the track is shifted 100 meters around the track so it finishes at the common finish line on the straightaway, where the longer race would reach the same point near the end of the second turn. There are 8 hurdles in the high school version,[1] the last hurdle just 10 meters before the finish line.
High schools began adopting the longer hurdle event state by state starting in the 1960s. At the time, most which school competition was using United States customary units, so the race was the 330 yard hurdles and since that occurred before Title IX, competition was only for boys. By the mid 1970s girls competition had been added, but girls events were still undergoing a stage of evolution. Essentially the administrators did not know the capabilities of women and were overcautious not to put them into too difficult events. Metrication finally took hold in the NFHS in 1980, the last major sports governing body to adopt metric distances. The official distance became 300 meters, but many competitions continued to be in yards because the tracks were still marked for that distance.
Hurdle heights also have undergone a period of evolution. Until 1984, boys ran over low hurdles 30" in height. When girls were introduced to the event around 1981, they ran the same height as the boys until the boys height was raised to the full intermediate hurdle height of 36" for the 1984 season.
Record progression[edit]
Curiously all national record holders have been from California. Gayle Kellon is credited with the first record in 1982 at 41.09m set at the CIF California State Meet. Leslie Maxie improved upon the record in 1984, taking the record first to 40.90 then to 40.18. Her record held for 17 years until Lashinda Demus took the record below 40 to 39.98 in 2001, which remained until 2017 when Sydney McLaughlin broke it with a time of 38.90 at the Arcadia Invitational. She broke the national record by over a second.
Danny Harris had the low hurdle mark at 35.52, set in 1983 (just one year before he won the Olympic silver medal) when the 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) height was terminated. The following year, George Porter ran 36.10 over the 3 ft 0 in (0.91 m) intermediate hurdles, but his 35.32 in 1985 is the first recognized record. That record held for 22 years until Jeshua Anderson finally nudged it down to 35.28 in 2007. Chasing Anderson to his record was sophomore Reggie Wyatt, who (after losing his junior year to ineligibility) took the record to 35.02 in 2009. All records took place in the finals of the CIF California State Meet except Porter's 35.32, which was set the week before qualifying to the meet. Wyatt set his record in the preliminary round anticipating his successful attempt to double in the 400 meters.
Masters athletics[edit]
The Masters version of the race is different. The distance from the start line to the first hurdle is 50 metres, which makes all the hurdle marks in the same place as the last seven hurdles of the standard 400-metre version, thus Masters only go over seven hurdles. While men of all ages have run over 300 hurdles, the youngest official division to use the distance is M60. M60 and M65 run over 30-inch (76.2 cm) barriers, M70 and M75 run over 27-inch barriers. Prior to 2010, older age divisions also did 300 hurdles, though the number of competitors was small. In 2010, M80+ and women's W70+ moved to doing a 200-metre race over the last five barriers of either race, thus retiring the 300 hurdles for those divisions. By that time, 27-inch hurdles were embedded in the rulebook.
Women also do the 300 hurdles, W50 to W65 divisions. Like the men, the W50 and W55 divisions do 30-inch hurdles, W60 and W65 do 2 ft 3 in (0.68 m) (27 inch) hurdles, and W70+ do the 200-metre version over 27-inch hurdles.
27-inch hurdles[edit]
The idea of using 27-inch (68.6 cm) hurdles was introduced in Europe in 2000.[2][3] The increment does not exist on standard hurdles, which caused resistance from some NGBs, but the rules were adopted worldwide.[4] Many modern hurdles will not go to that height or would at least require modification to cut the hurdle. Most facilities that have spent thousands of dollars to buy regulation hurdles would certainly not let their hurdles be damaged like this. Since it is a requirement,[5] major championship meets have purchased a few sets of modern modified hurdles, which then creates the logistical problem of shipping these few hurdles between meets in order for the competitors to have an opportunity to race over proper hurdles. As a substitute, many older hurdle designs are easier to modify to get to the proper height and most facilities are less protective of the old, rusty hurdles in the junk pile. Also many training hurdles (used to teach smaller, youth beginners) will go to 27 inches and lower.
Progression[edit]
The world record progressions for M60, M65 and M70 were dominated by Jack Greenwood for a decade as he passed through each division. Each was surpassed by Guido Müller when he reached the same age divisions. Müller's M60 record is 42.31; M65 is 43.88 and M70 is 45.24. Greenwood retired before reaching the M75 division, Müller turned 75 in December 2013. Thus far the M75 world record is held by Earl Fee after being held for a long time by Albertus Van Zyl. Fee's record is currently 52.91. Müller is betting he will beat Fee's record.[6] Before the event was retired for those divisions, in the M80 division, Fee had just beaten Dan Bulkley's decade-long record by running 56.92. The M85 division was held by Hugo Delgado Flores at 1:07.99 and Ilmari Koppinen had run 2:01.71 at M90.
The W50 division has been led by Brenda Parkinson and Jan Hynes before Christine Müller set the current world record at 45.05. Corrie Roovers dominated the W55 and W60 division lists for a decade until Phil Raschker took the W55 with a 49.14 in 2002. After another decade, Jane Horder advanced the W55 record to 49.00 in 2012. By the time Raschker reached W60, Marge Allison had already put the record out to 51.64. Allison also has the W65 record at 54.06. Florence Meiler had the W70 record at 1:07.16 and Johnnye Valien had the W75 record at 1:29.00 before the event was retired.
All-time top 25 fastest[edit]
ht = hand timing
mx = mixed race
i = indoor performance
OT = oversized track (> 200 m in circumference)
Men[edit]
Rank
Result
Athlete
Nationality
Date
Place
Ref
1
34.26 i OT Karsten Warholm Norway 10 February 2018 Tampere [7]
2
34.48 Chris Rawlinson Great Britain 30 June 2002 Sheffield
3
34.6 (ht) David Hemery Great Britain 15 September 1972 London [8]
4
34.7 (ht) Thomas Goller Germany 13 May 2001 Pliezhausen [9]
5
34.8 (ht) Ockert Cilliers South Africa 8 May 2005 Pliezhausen [9]
6
34.87 Kariem Hussein Switzerland 25 May 2017 Langenthal [10]
7
34.92 i OT Llewellyn Herbert South Africa 9 February 1999 Tampere [11]
8
35.0 (ht) [12] Giorgio Frinolli Italy 13 May 2001 Pliezhausen [9]
9
35.02 Reggie Wyatt United States 5 June 2009 Clovis [13]
10
35.06 i OT Ruslan Mashchenko Russia 9 February 1999 Tampere [14]
11
35.07 Laurent Ottoz Italy 22 June 1996 Terni
12
35.15 Cornel Fredericks South Africa 18 December 2010 Parow [15]
13
35.2 (ht) Varg Königsmark Germany 12 May 2013 Pliezhausen [16]
Silvio Schirrmeister Germany 18 May 2014 Pliezhausen [17]
15
35.22 Kemel Thompson Jamaica 30 June 2002 Sheffield [18]
16
35.25 Matthew Douglas Great Britain 30 July 2000 Loughborough [8]
17
35.28 Jeshua Anderson United States 2 June 2007 Sacramento [19]
18
35.32 George Porter United States 24 May 1985 Norwalk [13]
19
35.33 Robert Griffin United States 2007 Copperas Cove [13]
20
35.34 José Bencosme De Leon Italy 11 September 2016 Cuneo [20]
21
35.38 Ashraf Saber Italy 22 June 1996 Terni
22
35.39 Bershawn Jackson United States 18 April 2002 Miami [13][21]
23
35.4 (ht) Alan Pascoe Great Britain 15 September 1972 London [8]
Mugur Matescu Romania 13 May 1989 Bucharest
Wayne Whyte Jamaica 10 May 1998 Pliezhausen [9]
Notes[edit]
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 35.40:
Chris Rawlinson also ran 34.59 (2000).
Thomas Goller also ran a hand-timed 35.0 (2000), 35.3 (1999).
Ockert Cilliers also ran a hand-timed 35.3 (2005).
Silvio Schirrmeister also ran 35.3 (ht) (2011, 2013), 35.4 (ht) (2012).
Kariem Hussein also ran 35.34 (2015).
Women[edit]
Rank
Result
Athlete
Nationality
Date
Place
Ref
1
38.16 Zuzana Hejnová Czech Republic 3 August 2013 Cheb [22]
2
38.6 (ht) Mame Tacko Diouf Senegal 21 February 1999 Dakar
3
38.9 (ht) Stephanie Kampf Germany 12 May 2002 Pliezhausen [23]
38.90 Sydney McLaughlin United States 8 April 2017 Arcadia [24]
5
38.93 Léa Sprunger Switzerland 3 August 2016 Langenthal [25]
6
38.99 Denisa Rosolova Czech Republic 12 May 2015 Sušice [26]
7
39.00 Jana Pittman Australia 11 July 2004 Meilen [27]
Marzia Caravelli Italy 25 April 2014 Rome [28]
9
39.09 Yadisleidy Pedroso Italy 3 May 2013 Florence [29]
10
39.2 (ht) Joanna Linkiewicz Poland 8 May 2016 Pliezhausen [30]
11
39.3 (ht) Christine Klopsch Germany 18 May 2014 Pliezhausen [17]
12
39.5 (ht) Silvia Rieger Germany 9 May 1999 Pliezhausen [23]
13
39.53 Tuija Helander Finland 30 May 1989 Helsinki [31]
14
39.69 Jackie Baumann Germany 3 August 2016 Langenthal [25]
15
39.71 Petra Fontanive Switzerland 25 May 2017 Langenthal [32]
16
39.73 mx Kim Batten United States 16 March 2001 Tallahassee [33]
17
39.98 Lashinda Demus United States 19 May 2001 Norwalk [13]
18
40.0 (ht) Jonna Tilgner Germany 17 May 2009 Pliezhausen [23]
Manuela Gentili Italy 25 May 2012 Vigevano [34]
20
40.09 i OT Stine Tomb Norway 5 February 2011 Tampere [35]
21
40.10 Ebony Collins United States 4 June 2005 Sacramento [36]
40.1 (ht) Shalina Clarke United States 13 May 2005 Buffalo Grove [37][13][38]
23
40.18 Leslie Maxie United States 26 May 1984 Berkeley [13]
Benedetta Ceccarelli Italy 29 April 2007 Aulla [34]
25
40.26 Janeene Vickers United States 5 June 1987 Sacramento [39]
Notes[edit]
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 39.80:
Zuzana Hejnová also ran 38.75 (2013), 38.91 (2011), 38.98 (2017), 39.21 (2015), 39.44 (2016).
Léa Sprunger also ran 39.29 (2017).
Stephanie Kampf also ran hand-timed 39.4 (2003).
Marzia Caravelli also ran 39.56 (2013).
Christiane Klopsch also ran 39.8 (ht) (2015).
Joanna Linkiewicz also ran 39.8 (ht) (2017).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Another Hurdle For Californian". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Page not found". masterstrack.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "t-and-f: Anselm Lebourne not U.S. citizen?". mail-archive.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
Jump up ^ http://www.world-masters-athletics.org/files/championships/bid_guidelines.pdf
Jump up ^ EVAA, mediasprint gmbh /. "European Bests: Gitte Karlshöj (DEN) and Guido Müller (GER)". evaa.ch. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Warholm tidenes raskeste på 300 meter hekk" (in Norwegian). nrk.no. 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "UNITED KINGDOM ALL-TIME LISTS – MEN HURDLES". gbrathletics.com. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Pliezhausen TOP 6 (Men)". /meeting.lv-pliezhausen.de. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lea Sprunger und Kariem Hussein brillieren mit Schweizer Allzeit-Bestleistungen" (in German). Swiss Athletics. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rarest indoor best beaten". IAAF. 11 February 1999. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ 8 hurdles, 2 bends
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Hurdles First Top Ten Lists". hurdlesfirstbeta.com. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "1999 World Indoor Lists" (PDF). kergejoustik.ee. 12 May 1999. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Para paddle's in..." pressreader.com. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Carles Baronet; Larry Eder (14 May 2013). "European Results, from May 6-May 12, 2013". pressreader.com. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Meeting Pliezhausen 2014 Results". meeting.lv-pliezhausen.de. 18 May 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "300m Hurdles Results". IAAF. 30 June 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "State Finals - 2007". prepcaltrack.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cuneo: Bencosme sfiora il record di Ottoz sui 300hs". atleticalive.it (in Italian). 12 September 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "DyeStat Florida High School Track - Greater Miami Conference". dyestat.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Larry Eder (4 August 2013). "Zuzana Hejnova runs 38.16 All time best for 300m hurdles". runblogrun.com. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pliezhausen TOP 6 (Women)". /meeting.lv-pliezhausen.de. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "300m Hurdles Results". rtspt.com. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Internationales Abendmeeting 2016 Results" (PDF). lvl.ch. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mary Wittenberg steps down as president and CEO of NYRR". american-trackandfield.com. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pittman clocks world best in 300m hurdles". smh.com.au. 12 July 2004. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marzia Caravelli record italiano ieri a Roma". atleticanotizie.myblog.it (in Italian). 26 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Diego Sampaolo (3 May 2013). "Krauchanka and Vetter triumph in Firenze – IAAF Combined Events Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Meeting Pliezhausen 2016 Results". meeting.lv-pliezhausen.de. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Turku School of Athletics Records" (PDF). turunurheiluliitto.fi. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "33. Nationales Auffahrtsmeeting 2017 Results" (PDF). stade-lausanne.ch. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seminoles Complete Day One Of Snowbird Invitational". seminoles.com. 16 March 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Atletica leggera, la "nostra" Marzia Caravelli vola sui 300 metri". vignaclarablog.it (in Italian). 26 April 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "World records and best performances, women's indoor". athleticsweekly.com. 5 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "State Finals - 2005". prepcaltrack.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Grove Girls Track & Field Sectional Results". ihsa.org. 13 May 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Page 1 - DyeStat - the internet home of high school track". dyestat.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "1987 - California State Meet Results". prepcaltrack.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
External links[edit]
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