text:
World Rugby Under 20 Championship
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World Rugby Under 20 Championship
Current season or competition:
2018 World Rugby Under 20 Championship
Competition logo
Sport
Rugby union
Instituted
2008
Number of teams
12
Country
International (World Rugby)
Holders
France (2018)
Most titles
New Zealand (6 titles)
The World Rugby Under 20 Championship (known as the IRB Junior World Championship until 2014) is an international rugby union competition. The event is organised by the sport's governing body, World Rugby, and is contested by 12 men's junior national teams with an under-20 age requirement. This event replaced the IRB's former age-grade world championships, the Under 19 and Under 21 World Championships.
The inaugural tournament was held in June 2008, hosted by Wales and with 16 teams participating. Wales was announced as host for the inaugural tournament in November 2007.[1] The number of participating nations was reduced to 12 before the 2010 tournament due to financial reasons.[2]
The U20 Championship is the upper level of the World Rugby tournament structure for under-20 national sides. At the same time that the U20 Championship was launched, World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board) also launched a second-level competition, the U20 Trophy, featuring eight teams.
Promotion and relegation between the Trophy and the Championship is in place. The winner of the Trophy will play in next year's Championship, while the last placed team at the Championship will be relegated to the Trophy for the next year.
Contents
1 Tournament results
2 Team records
3 Participating nations
4 World Rugby Junior Player of the Year
5 References
6 External links
Tournament results[edit]
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
3rd place
Score
4th place
2008 Wales
New Zealand 38–3
England
South Africa 43–18
Wales
2009 Japan
New Zealand 44–28
England
South Africa 32–5
Australia
2010 Argentina
New Zealand 62–17
Australia
South Africa 27–22
England
2011 Italy
New Zealand 33–22
England
Australia 30–17
France
2012 South Africa
South Africa 22–16
New Zealand
Wales 25–17
Argentina
2013 France
England 23–15
Wales
South Africa 41–34
New Zealand
2014 New Zealand
England 21–20
South Africa
New Zealand 45–23
Ireland
2015 Italy
New Zealand 21–16
England
South Africa 31–18
France
2016 England
England 45–21
Ireland
Argentina 49–19
South Africa
2017 Georgia
New Zealand 64–17
England
South Africa 37–15
France
2018 France
France 33–25
England
South Africa 40–30
New Zealand
2019 Argentina
Team records[edit]
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third
Fourth
New Zealand 6 (details) 1 (2012) 1 (2014) 2 (2013, 2018)
England 3 (2013, 2014, 2016) 6 (details) – 1 (2010)
South Africa 1 (2012) 1 (2014) 7 (details) 1 (2016)
France 1 (2018) – – 3 (2011, 2015, 2017)
Australia – 1 (2010) 1 (2011) 1 (2009)
Wales – 1 (2013) 1 (2012) 1 (2008)
Ireland 1 (2016) 1 (2014)
Argentina – – 1 (2016) 1 (2012)
Participating nations[edit]
Team

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019
Years
Argentina 8th 11th 6th 9th 4th 6th 9th 9th 3rd 11th 6th q
12
Australia 5th 4th 2nd 3rd 8th 7th 5th 5th 6th 6th 5th q
12
Canada 12th 14th WT WT WT WT WT WT - WT WT
2
England 2nd 2nd 4th 2nd 7th 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd q
12
Fiji 14th 12th 8th 6th 11th 11th 12th WT WT WT WT
7
France 6th 5th 5th 4th 6th 5th 6th 4th 9th 4th 1st q
12
Georgia WT - - WT WT - WT WT 10th 10th 9th q
4
Ireland 9th 8th 9th 8th 5th 8th 4th 7th 2nd 9th 11th q
12
Italy 11th 13th WT 11th 12th WT 11th 11th 11th 8th 8th q
10
Japan 15th 15th WT WT WT WT WT 10th 12th WT 12th WT
5
New Zealand 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd 4th 3rd 1st 5th 1st 4th q
12
Samoa 7th 7th 12th WT 10th 9th 8th 12th WT 12th WT
8
Scotland 10th 9th 10th 10th 9th 10th 10th 8th 8th 5th 10th q
12
South Africa 3rd 3rd 3rd 5th 1st 3rd 2nd 3rd 4th 3rd 3rd q
12
Tonga 13th 10th 11th 12th WT WT WT WT - - -
4
United States 16th WT - WT WT 12th WT - WT - -
2
Uruguay WT 16th WT WT - WT WT WT WT WT WT
1
Wales 4th 6th 7th 7th 3rd 2nd 7th 6th 7th 7th 7th q
12
Total
16
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Legend
= Hosts
1st = Champions
2nd = Runners-up
3rd = Third place
4th = Fourth place
Place = Relegated to World Rugby Under 20 Trophy
WT = Competed in the World Rugby Under 20 Trophy
q = Qualified
- = Did not qualify
World Rugby Junior Player of the Year[edit]
Year
Name
Nation
2008 Luke Braid New Zealand
2009 Aaron Cruden New Zealand
2010 Julian Savea New Zealand
2011 George Ford England
2012 Jan Serfontein South Africa
2013 Sam Davies Wales
2014 Handré Pollard South Africa
2015 James Chisholm England
2016 Max Deegan Ireland
2017 Juarno Augustus South Africa
2018 Jordan Joseph France
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UK Sport
Jump up ^ International Rugby Board
External links[edit]
World Rugby U20 Championship–from World Rugby website
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text:
Imagination
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Imagination (disambiguation).
Olin Levi Warner, Imagination (1896). Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.
Imagination is the capacity to produce images, ideas and sensations in the mind without any immediate input of the senses (such as seeing or hearing). Imagination helps make knowledge applicable in solving problems and is fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process.[1][2][3][4] A basic training for imagination is listening to storytelling (narrative),[1][5] in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to "evoke worlds".[6]
Imagination is a cognitive process used in mental functioning and sometimes used in conjunction with psychological imagery. The cognate term of mental imagery may be used in psychology for denoting the process of reviving in the mind recollections of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as "imaging" or "imagery" or to speak of it as "reproductive" as opposed to "productive" or "constructive" imagination. Constructive imagination is further divided into voluntary top-down imagination driven by the prefrontal cortex, that is called mental synthesis, and spontaneous bottom up involuntary generation of novel images that occurs during dreaming. Imagined images, both novel and recalled, are seen with the "mind's eye".
Imagination can also be expressed through stories such as fairy tales or fantasies. Children often use such narratives and pretend play in order to exercise their imaginations. When children develop fantasy they play at two levels: first, they use role playing to act out what they have developed with their imagination, and at the second level they play again with their make-believe situation by acting as if what they have developed is an actual reality.[7]
Contents
1 The mind's eye
2 Description
3 Psychology
4 Memory
5 Perception
6 Versus belief
7 Brain activation
8 As a reality
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
The mind's eye[edit]
The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to Cicero's reference to mentis oculi during his discussion of the orator's appropriate use of simile.[8]
In this discussion, Cicero observed that allusions to "the Syrtis of his patrimony" and "the Charybdis of his possessions" involved similes that were "too far-fetched"; and he advised the orator to, instead, just speak of "the rock" and "the gulf" (respectively) — on the grounds that "the eyes of the mind are more easily directed to those objects which we have seen, than to those which we have only heard".[9]
The concept of "the mind's eye" first appeared in English in Chaucer's (c.1387) Man of Law's Tale in his Canterbury Tales, where he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"; namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind".[10]
Description[edit]
The common use of the term is for the process of forming new images in the mind that have not been previously experienced with the help of what has been seen, heard, or felt before, or at least only partially or in different combinations. Some typical examples follow:
Fairy tale
Fiction
A form of verisimilitude often invoked in fantasy and science fiction invites readers to pretend such stories are true by referring to objects of the mind such as fictional books or years that do not exist apart from an imaginary world.
Imagination, not being limited to the acquisition of exact knowledge by the requirements of practical necessity is largely free from objective restraints. The ability to imagine one's self in another person's place is very important to social relations and understanding. Albert Einstein said, "Imagination ... is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world."[11]
The same limitations beset imagination in the field of scientific hypothesis. Progress in scientific research is due largely to provisional explanations which are developed by imagination, but such hypotheses must be framed in relation to previously ascertained facts and in accordance with the principles of the particular science.
Imagination is an experimental partition of the mind used to develop theories and ideas based on functions. Taking objects from real perceptions, the imagination uses complex IF-functions[citation needed] to develop new or revised ideas. This part of the mind is vital to developing better and easier ways to accomplish old and new tasks. In sociology, Imagination is used to part ways with reality and have an understanding of social interactions derived from a perspective outside of society itself. This leads to the development of theories through questions that wouldn't usually be asked. These experimental ideas can be safely conducted inside a virtual world and then, if the idea is probable and the function is true, the idea can be actualized in reality. Imagination is the key to new development of the mind and can be shared with others, progressing collectively.
Regarding the volunteer effort, imagination can be classified as:
involuntary (the dream from the sleep, the daydream)
voluntary (the reproductive imagination, the creative imagination, the dream of perspective)
Psychology[edit]
Psychologists have studied imaginative thought, not only in its exotic form of creativity and artistic expression but also in its mundane form of everyday imagination.[12] Ruth M.J. Byrne has proposed that everyday imaginative thoughts about counterfactual alternatives to reality may be based on the same cognitive processes on which rational thoughts are also based.[13] Children can engage in the creation of imaginative alternatives to reality from their very early years.[14] Cultural psychology is currently elaborating a view of imagination as a higher mental function involved in a number of everyday activities, both at the individual and collective level[15] that enables people to manipulate complex meanings of both linguistic and iconic forms in the process of experiencing.
The phenomenology of imagination is discussed In The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination (French: L'Imaginaire: Psychologie phénoménologique de l'imagination), also published under the title The Psychology of the Imagination, is a 1940 book by Jean-Paul Sartre, in which he propounds his concept of the imagination and discusses what the existence of imagination shows about the nature of human consciousness.[16]
The imagination is also active in our perception of photographic images in order to make them appear real.[17]
Memory[edit]
See also: Mental image and Imagery
Memory and mental imagery, often seen as a part of the process of imagination, have been shown to be affected by one another.[18] "Images made by functional magnetic resonance imaging technology show that remembering and imagining sends blood to identical parts of the brain."[18] Various psychological factors can influence the mental processing of and can heighten the chance of the brain to retain information as either long-term memories or short-term memories. John Sweller indicated that experiences stored as long-term memories are easier to recall, as they are ingrained deeper in the mind. Each of these forms require information to be taught in a specific manner so as to use various regions of the brain when being processed.[19] This information can potentially help develop programs for young students to cultivate or further enhance their creative abilities from a young age. The neocortex and thalamus are responsible for controlling the brain's imagination, along with many of the brain's other functions such as consciousness and abstract thought.[20] Since imagination involves many different brain functions, such as emotions, memory, thoughts, etc., portions of the brain where multiple functions occur—such as the thalamus and neocortex—are the main regions where imaginative processing has been documented.[21] The understanding of how memory and imagination are linked in the brain, paves the way to better understand one's ability to link significant past experiences with their imagination.
Perception[edit]
Piaget posited that perceptions depend on the world view of a person. The world view is the result of arranging perceptions into existing imagery by imagination. Piaget cites the example of a child saying that the moon is following her when she walks around the village at night. Like this, perceptions are integrated into the world view to make sense. Imagination is needed to make sense of perceptions.[22]
Versus belief[edit]
Imagination is different from belief because the subject understands that what is personally invented by the mind does not necessarily affect the course of action taken in the apparently shared world, while beliefs are part of what one holds as truths about both the shared and personal worlds. The play of imagination, apart from the obvious limitations (e.g. of avoiding explicit self-contradiction), is conditioned only by the general trend of the mind at a given moment. Belief, on the other hand, is immediately related to practical activity: it is perfectly possible to imagine oneself a millionaire, but unless one believes it one does not, therefore, act as such. Belief endeavors to conform to the subject's experienced conditions or faith in the possibility of those conditions; whereas imagination as such is specifically free. The dividing line between imagination and belief varies widely in different stages of technological development. Thus in more extreme cases, someone from a primitive culture who ill frames an ideal reconstruction of the causes of his illness, and attributes it to the hostile magic of an enemy based on faith and tradition rather than science. In ignorance of the science of pathology the subject is satisfied with this explanation, and actually believes in it, sometimes to the point of death, due to what is known as the nocebo effect. It follows that the learned distinction between imagination and belief depends in practice on religion, tradition, and culture.[according to whom?]
Brain activation[edit]
A study using fMRI while subjects were asked to imagine precise visual figures, to mentally disassemble them, or mentally blend them, showed activity in the occipital, frontoparietal, posterior parietal, precuneus, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions of the subject's brains.[23]
As a reality[edit]
The world as experienced is an interpretation of data arriving from the senses; as such, it is perceived as real by contrast to most thoughts and imaginings. Users of hallucinogenic drugs are said to have a heightened imagination. This difference is only one of degree and can be altered by several historic causes, namely changes to brain chemistry, hypnosis or other altered states of consciousness, meditation, many hallucinogenic drugs, and electricity applied directly to specific parts of the brain. The difference between imagined and perceived reality can be proven by psychosis. Many mental illnesses can be attributed to this inability to distinguish between the sensed and the internally created worlds. Some cultures and traditions even view the apparently shared world as an illusion of the mind as with the Buddhist maya, or go to the opposite extreme and accept the imagined and dreamed realms as of equal validity to the apparently shared world as the Australian Aborigines do with their concept of dreamtime.
Imagination, because of having freedom from external limitations, can often become a source of real pleasure and unnecessary suffering. Consistent with this idea, imagining pleasurable and fearful events is found to engage emotional circuits involved in emotional perception and experience.[24] A person of vivid imagination often suffers acutely from the imagined perils besetting friends, relatives, or even strangers such as celebrities. Also crippling fear can result from taking an imagined painful future too seriously.
See also[edit]
Thinking portal
Artificial imagination
Cognitive dissonance
Creative visualization
Creativity
Decatastrophizing
Exaggeration
Fantasy (psychology)
Fictional countries
Guided imagery
Imagery
The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)
Imaginary (sociology)
Imagination inflation
Intuition (psychology)
Mental image
Mimesis
Sociological imagination
Truth
Tulpa
Verisimilitude
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Norman 2000 pp. 1-2
Jump up ^ Brian Sutton-Smith 1988, p. 22
Jump up ^ Archibald MacLeish 1970, p. 887
Jump up ^ Kieran Egan 1992, pp. 50
Jump up ^ Northrop Frye 1963, p. 49
Jump up ^ As noted by Giovanni Pascoli
Jump up ^ Laurence Goldman (1998). Child's play: myth, mimesis and make-believe. Oxford New York: Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-918-0. Basically what this means is that the children use their make-believe situation and act as if what they are acting out is from a reality that already exists even though they have made it up.imagination comes after story created.
Jump up ^ Cicero, De Oratore, Liber III: XLI: 163.
Jump up ^ J.S. (trans. and ed.), Cicero on Oratory and Orators, Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p.239.
Jump up ^ The Man of Laws Tale, lines 550-553.
Jump up ^ Viereck, George Sylvester (October 26, 1929). "What life means to Einstein: an interview". The Saturday Evening Post.
Jump up ^ Ward, T.B., Smith, S.M, & Vaid, J. (1997). Creative thought. Washington DC: APA
Jump up ^ Byrne, R.M.J. (2005). The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jump up ^ Harris, P. (2000). The work of the imagination. London: Blackwell.
Jump up ^ Tateo, L. (2015). Giambattista Vico and the psychological imagination. Culture and Psychology, vol. 21(2):145-161.
Jump up ^ 1905-1980., Sartre, Jean-Paul, (1995). The psychology of imagination. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415119542. OCLC 34102867.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John G. (2016-12-01). "Sartre and the Imagination: Top Shelf Magazines". Sexuality & Culture. 20 (4): 775–784. doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9358-x. ISSN 1095-5143.
^ Jump up to: a b Long, Priscilla (2011). My Brain On My Mind. p. 27. ISBN 1612301363.
Jump up ^ Leahy, Wayne; John Sweller (5 June 2007). "The Imagination Effect Increases with an Increased Intrinsic Cognitive Load". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 22: 275. doi:10.1002/acp.1373.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Brain Health and Puzzles!". Retrieved 2011-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to ScienceForums.Net!".
Jump up ^ Piaget, J. (1967). The child's conception of the world. (J. & A. Tomlinson, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. BF721 .P5 1967X
Jump up ^ Alexander Schlegel, Peter J. Kohler, Sergey V. Fogelson, Prescott Alexander, Dedeepya Konuthula, and Peter Ulric Tse (Sep 16, 2013) Network structure and dynamics of the mental workspace PNAS early edition
Jump up ^ Costa, VD, Lang, PJ, Sabatinelli, D, Bradley MM, and Versace, F (2010). "Emotional imagery: Assessing pleasure and arousal in the brain's reward circuitry". Human Brain Mapping. 31 (9): 1446–1457. doi:10.1002/hbm.20948. PMC 3620013. PMID 20127869. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Wikiquote has quotations related to: imagination
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Imagination.
Further reading[edit]
Books
Byrne, R. M. J. (2005). The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Egan, Kieran (1992). Imagination in Teaching and Learning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fabiani, Paolo "The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche". F.U.P. (Florence UP), Italian edition 2002, English edition 2009.
Frye, N. (1963). The Educated Imagination. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
Norman, Ron (2000) Cultivating Imagination in Adult Education Proceedings of the 41st Annual Adult Education Research.
Salazar, Noel B. (2011). The power of imagination in transnational mobilities. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 18(6):576-598.
Sutton-Smith, Brian. (1988). In Search of the Imagination. In K. Egan and D. Nadaner (Eds.), Imagination and Education. New York, Teachers College Press.
Wilson, J. G. (2016). Sartre and the Imagination: Top Shelf Magazines. Sexuality & Culture, 20(4), 775-784.
Articles
Watkins, Mary: "Waking Dreams" [Harper Colophon Books, 1976] and "Invisible Guests - The Development of Imaginal Dialogues" [The Analytic Press, 1986]
Moss, Robert: "The Three "Only" Things: Tapping the Power of Dreams, Coincidence, and Imagination" [New World Library, September 10, 2007]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Imagination". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 304–305.
Three philosophers for whom imagination is a central concept are Kendall Walton, John Sallis and Richard Kearney. See in particular:
Kendall Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts. Harvard University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-674-57603-9 (pbk.).
John Sallis, Force of Imagination: The Sense of the Elemental (2000)
John Sallis, Spacings-Of Reason and Imagination. In Texts of Kant, Fichte, Hegel (1987)
Richard Kearney, The Wake of Imagination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (1988); 1st Paperback Edition- (ISBN 0-8166-1714-7)
Richard Kearney, "Poetics of Imagining: Modern to Post-modern." Fordham University Press (1998)
External links[edit]
Look up imagination in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Imagination at Wikimedia Commons
Imagination on In Our Time at the BBC
Imagination, Mental Imagery, Consciousness, and Cognition: Scientific, Philosophical and Historical Approaches
Two-Factor Imagination Scale at the Open Directory Project
"The neuroscience of imagination". TED-Ed.
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Real Time with Bill Maher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Real Time with Bill Maher
Written by
Bill Maher, Scott Carter, Adam Felber
Presented by
Bill Maher
Theme music composer
Scott "Shavoni" Parker
Louis "Buster" Brown II[1]
Christopher "Kid" Reid
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
15
No. of episodes
441 (as of October 20, 2017) (list of episodes)
Production
Location(s)
CBS Television City, Fairfax District, Los Angeles, California, United States
Running time
60 minutes
Release
Original network
HBO
Picture format
4:3 SDTV (2003–07)
16:9 HDTV (2008–present)
Original release
February 21, 2003 (2003-02-21) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Politically Incorrect
External links
Website
www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher
Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO, hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher. Much like his previous series Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and later ABC, Real Time features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media. Unlike the previous show, guests are usually more well-versed in the subject matter: more experts such as journalists, professors and politicians participate in the panel, and fewer actors and celebrities are included. Additionally, many guests appear via satellite.
Real Time is a weekly hour-long program with a studio audience, airing live on Friday nights at 10:00 pm EST. It originates from Studio 33 ("The Bob Barker Studio") at CBS Television City in Los Angeles. In addition, a 10- to 15-minute "Overtime" segment quickly follows the show on YouTube (Live Streams) which answers questions posted by viewers through HBO's online website for the show. Prior to 2009, approximately 12 new weekly episodes aired from February to early May, followed by another such set of new episodes from late August to November. In 2009, the show began airing as one continuous season.
HBO has renewed Real Time through 2020, for its 16th, 17th, and 18th seasons.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
1.1 Politics and current events
1.1.1 Christine O'Donnell
1.2 Changes in 2008
1.3 Changes in 2009
1.4 Changes in 2012
1.5 Changes in 2017
2 Episodes
3 Reception
3.1 Reviews
3.2 Books
3.3 Award nominations
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Format[edit]
The format of the show usually features an opening current events or political skit, followed by the credits and a comedy monologue. Maher then interviews an important figure via satellite or in-studio before sitting down with the panel guests for an extensive debate. Halfway through the panel session, Maher does a comedy skit that usually satirizes current news items. Following the comedy bit, Maher interviews another figure via satellite or in-studio. The format varies, with two or three people on the panel. Maher explains that the format is not rigid and that they prefer live interviews to satellite interviews.[3] Near the end of every episode, Maher has a segment called "New Rules" which serves as a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics.[4] The final "New Rule" segues into Maher's closing editorial monologue.
Since the show airs on HBO, the participants do not have to restrict their language to conform to the broadcast standards that existed on Politically Incorrect. Also, pictures shown on New Rules sometimes have nudity or uncensored images.
In the first season, Paul F. Tompkins was featured as a correspondent. Also, every episode would end with a performance by a stand-up comedian, none of which were political satirists. The segments featuring Tompkins and comedians were dropped after the tenth episode. Viewers were also able to call into the live show in the first season and ask questions over the air, but this was also dropped.
Starting with episode 67 in February 2006, audio-only episodes were made available as a free podcast via the iTunes Store[5] and as a raw RSS feed.[6] The podcasts also feature material cut from the show but taped during the studio rehearsal, including New Rules not aired in the final version.
During the fall of 2006, Maher began hosting a live chat (now called "Overtime") on HBO's website following each broadcast, usually including some of the show guests. Viewers are invited to submit questions prior to and during the original telecast for Maher and the guests to answer and discuss afterwards.[7] It is also available on the show's YouTube channel.[8]
The opening sequence begins with a spoken phrase from the (now defunct) Los Angeles speaking clock, featuring an (uncredited) Joanne Daniels as the time lady saying "Good Afternoon". The theme song is composed by Christopher "Kid" Reid and his voice is heard saying "Start the clock", "Real Time" and "Bill Maher". A montage of historical events from the beginning of time to election night on November 4, 2008 accompanies the music along with a crawl at the bottom listing the guests for that night's show.[9] According to HBO the show receives an average of 4 million viewers per week.[10]
Politics and current events[edit]
Bill Maher in 2007
Maher has been a critic of the Obama administration,[3] the Bush administration and the Trump administration. His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views. Frequently, it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure, a conservative commentator or political figure, and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label, or someone with moderate beliefs. This third individual is often an actor, comedian, musician or other entertainment figure, though many times the commentator is openly conservative or liberal.
On his previous TV series, Politically Incorrect, he used the word "libertarian" to describe his political leanings. Regarding religion, he considers himself a "rationalist", as someone "preaching the gospel of 'I don't know'".[11] Maher identifies himself as politically unaffiliated and disagrees with the Republican party on many issues, and with the Democratic Party on many of their party platform's planks. He endorsed the candidacy of Ralph Nader of the Green Party in the US presidential campaign of 2000. After the 2000 election, Maher was among those who felt that votes cast by progressives for Nader possibly cost Democratic candidate Al Gore the election, and put George W. Bush in the White House. During an episode on which Nader and Michael Moore were guests, both Maher and Moore begged Nader not to run again in 2004 (season 2, episode 11).[12] He endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry leading up to the 2004 presidential election. In 2008, he endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama and harshly criticized Republican candidate John McCain's political campaign. He also heavily criticized McCain's vice presidential pick, Sarah Palin, on her qualifications and intelligence. Maher interviewed then-presidential-candidate, Republican Ron Paul, giving him some positive air time. He often cites Paul's views in order to demonstrate the diversity of views on the right.[citation needed]
Maher has strong opinions on US drug policy, advocating for the legalization of marijuana. He is against censorship, often citing his own dismissal from ABC and the backlash against the Dixie Chicks for their comments on the Iraq War. He is also against conservative attitudes towards sex and sexuality, mocking outrages over Bill Clinton's infidelity and Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction". He is also not shy about his lack of religious beliefs and he frequently criticizes religion. He is widely known for his support of animal rights groups such as PETA. Hot-button political issues such as health care, corporate influence in government, illegal immigration, the environment, entitlement programs, and human service regulations are frequently discussed on the show.[citation needed]
Christine O'Donnell[edit]
On September 17, 2010, Maher aired a clip of Delaware Republican Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell from the October 29, 1999, episode of his prior TV series Politically Incorrect,[13] where she discussed that she had "dabbled in witchcraft". This was perhaps the most notable of numerous controversial statements by O'Donnell that made her the most covered candidate in the 2010 mid-term election cycle.[14] O'Donnell went on to film a rebuttal commercial claiming "I'm not a witch, I'm you." This ad inspired many video parodies[15][16][17] and O'Donnell later said that the ad backfired and focused attention on her decade-old statement.[18] O'Donnell lost to her Democratic opponent, Chris Coons, in the general election. On the September 7, 2012, episode of Real Time with Bill Maher, O'Donnell appeared on the show for the first time and resolved the issue with Maher, who apologized for the amount of publicity that the clip garnered. Maher said that he would not have aired the clip if he knew that it would have taken away from the message of her campaign.[19]
Changes in 2008[edit]
The show returned on January 11, 2008, and began broadcasting in high definition, with updates to the set for HD display.
As a result of the writers' strike, the opening skit, the "New Rules" segment, and the closing monologue were eliminated for five episodes at the beginning of the year. The ice breaker used in the middle of the show (normally a fake products sketch tying into a current event) was also eliminated due to the strike. The announcement that Real Time would return without writers indicated that the opening monologue would also be cut, but every episode included a full monologue.[citation needed]
During the strike, the "Overtime" concept became part of the live show itself, through a new segment called "Blogga, Please!" Using HBO's website, viewers were able to leave comments or questions during the live show. Maher and the panel then responded to selected postings at the end of the show. The "Blogga, Please!" segment was discontinued, and "New Rules" brought back, on February 15 following the resolution of the strike. Additionally, during the strike, Maher aired pre-recorded interviews by himself with everyday people about the election and other issues after the opening monologue.[citation needed]
Established early on, the final "New Rule" served as a segue into the closing monologue. On the March 7 episode, the closing monologue returned to the format of the show. The opening skits have not reappeared, except for April 4 and 11, 2008.[citation needed]
Instead of doing a second satellite interview near the forty-minute mark, the January 11 episode also featured the debut of the "Real Time Real Reporter", a blogger or political pundit who is brought on midway through the show as an extra panelist to offer opinions on the latest election campaign happenings. Such correspondents have included Matt Taibbi, Frank Luntz, Amy Holmes, P. J. O'Rourke, and Dan Savage.[citation needed]
Changes in 2009[edit]
The 2009 premiere was on February 20 at the earlier time of 10:00 pm EST. The opening sequence was also slightly changed to include then President-elect Barack Obama and his family waving to a crowd of supporters on election night in November 2008.
Also, the show aired one continuous season as opposed to airing episodes in the spring and fall with a summer break in between.
For a short time the Real Time panel was reduced from three panelists to two for the new season. Maher jokingly attributed the new panel line-up to the economic crisis, stating that it was a means of reining in spending for the HBO show; Maher later stated that there is no connection between the failing economy and the producers' decision to remove the third guest. During his show on March 13, 2009, Maher reacted to the confusion sparked by his remarks from his previous show regarding the panel stating, "I said as a joke that we had cut down the panel to two people because of economic times, and people took me seriously. No. It's just because I'm tired of talking to three people sometimes." The panel was once again at three panelists for the show one week later, on March 20. In addition to the panel reconfiguration, Maher has instituted a one-on-one in-studio interview segment in lieu of the past seasons' satellite interviews. The interview with James Carville on the May 8 show, however, was conducted via satellite.
Changes in 2012[edit]
HBO renewed the show on April 24, 2012, for two more seasons through 2013–14.[20] The first episode of Season 11 aired on January 18, 2013,[21] retaining its format of an initial monologue from Maher, a one-on-one interview with a guest, then turning to a discussion panel of three guests, and ending with "New Rules".
A new addition to the format is that of a fourth or "mid-guest", who comes in at approximately the halfway point of the show, bringing their own issue to the table and discussing it with the entire panel.[22]
Changes in 2017[edit]
In 2017, Real Time debuted a new theme song and a new set. The new theme song continues in the path of its predecessor by showcasing important political events including the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States. The new season retained the basic format of the show – a top of the show guest, a table discussion and a mid-show guest. The biggest change in terms of set design has been that the main table where Bill Maher and two–three guests discuss current political events is moved closer to the audience after the top of the show interview is completed. In addition to this, some mid-show guests including Leah Remini and Jake Tapper have been interviewed on a separate side table. This has meant that the mid-show guest has not taken part in any discussion on the main show after their interview and Tapper and Remini have also not appeared on Overtime, the segment which is broadcast on YouTube.[23]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 20 February 21, 2003 (2003-02-21) September 26, 2003 (2003-09-26)
2 23 January 16, 2004 (2004-01-16) November 5, 2004 (2004-11-05)
3 23 February 18, 2005 (2005-02-18) November 4, 2005 (2005-11-04)
4 24 February 17, 2006 (2006-02-17) November 17, 2006 (2006-11-17)
5 24 February 16, 2007 (2007-02-16) November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)
6 27 January 11, 2008 (2008-01-11) November 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)
7 31 February 20, 2009 (2009-02-20) October 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)
8 25 February 19, 2010 (2010-02-19) November 12, 2010 (2010-11-12)
9 35 January 14, 2011 (2011-01-14) November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)
10 35 January 13, 2012 (2012-01-13) November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)
11 35 January 18, 2013 (2013-01-18) November 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)
12 35 January 17, 2014 (2014-01-17) November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
13 35 January 9, 2015 (2015-01-09) November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
14 38 January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15) November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
15 TBA January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20) TBA
Reception[edit]
Reviews[edit]
Larry King calls Real Time "one of the best shows on television".[24] Maher was a regular guest on Larry King Live as well as co-host at various times, and co-emcee of the final show, along with Ryan Seacrest.[25][26]
Common Sense Media's website says, "Comedian Bill Maher is very funny, very well-informed, and very insightful, but he's also very crass." It later says, "Maher also expects his audience to have plenty of tolerance for blue humor. His jokes are profane and riddled with explicit sexual references, and he often pokes fun at the use and abuse of alcohol and other intoxicants. It's funny, but it's very much aimed at adults." The site gives Real Time with Bill Maher an "overall quality" rating of 4 out of 5 stars.[27]
Ruthless Reviews was also positive, saying, "Maher's show is as good as ever, which means that the sacred and the profane continue to be discussed with intelligence, humor, and the occasional silliness" and that it "works so well because he selects provocative guests and I can't remember the panel ever having a dull conversation. Maher is smart and witty (and clearly in control), which means that he won't let his guests get away with bullshit."[28]
Fareed Zakaria has referred to Maher as "one of the most astute political observers of our time".[29]
Books[edit]
Two books by Maher based on the show have been published, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer, by Rodale Books in 2005 and The New New Rules: A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass, by Blue Rider Press in 2011.
Award nominations[edit]
The show has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series every year from 2005 through 2014 and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Talk Series in 2016 & 2017.[30]
See also[edit]
Inside Washington
Agronsky & Co.
Washington Week
Gordon Peterson
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shavoni and Buster Discography". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel (September 6, 2017). "Bill Maher’s ‘Real Time’ Renewed by HBO Through 2020". Variety. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sharon Waxman (2009-10-08). "Bill Maher: Grilled". Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Real Time with Bill Maher: Seasons: Episodes". HBO. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Real Time with Bill Maher – Download free podcast episodes by HBO Podcasts on iTunes". Phobos.apple.com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Real Time with Bill Maher". Hbo.com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ Online, HBO. "HBO Talk Moving To Social Platforms".
Jump up ^ Real Time with Bill Maher's channel on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Broadcast Yourself". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Michael (25 September 2014). "John Oliver's Talk Show Ratings Edging Out HBO Colleague Bill Maher". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Religulous
Jump up ^ "Maher and Moore beg Nader not to run in '04". YouTube. 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ McGreal, Chris (2010-09-20). "Christine O'Donnell: I dabbled in witchcraft". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ "The Midterms’ Media Mainstays". Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ McGlynn, Katia (2010-10-10). "'SNL' Does The Best Parody Of Christine O'Donnell's 'Not A Witch' Ad Yet". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Elvira Spoofs Christine O'Donnell's 'I'm Not A Witch' Ad". Huffington Post. 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ashley (2010-10-26). ""I'm Not A Witch" — The Remix". The Ca10-2626-10. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
Jump up ^ Tom Diemer (2010-10-21). "Christine O'Donnell Regrets 'I'm Not a Witch' Ad". Politics Daily.
Jump up ^ "Bill Maher says sorry to ‘witch’ Christine O’Donnell - Kevin Cirilli". Politico.Com. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - HBO Renews "Real Time With Bill Maher" for Its 11th and 12th Seasons". TheFutonCritic.com. 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ ""Real Time with Bill Maher" Episode #11.1 (TV episode 2013) - IMDb:". IMDb.com. Retrieved 27 Apr 2013.
Jump up ^ "HBO Real Time Guests: Friday Feb. 1, 2013". Facebook. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 27 Apr 2013.
Jump up ^ "HBO’s ‘Real Time’ returns for new season with overhaul".
Jump up ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. 2004-11-23. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Bill Maher helps Larry King say goodbye". Mediaite. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rowe, Douglas J. (December 16, 2010). "Surrounded by Famous Fans, Larry King Ends His 25-Year Run on CNN". TV Guide. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Real Time with Bill Maher - Television Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 27 Apr 2013.
Jump up ^ "Television Review of Real Time". RuthlessReviews.com (archived). 23 Nov 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 27 Apr 2013.
Jump up ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Real Time with Bill Maher – Awards & Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
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Real Time with Bill Maher on IMDb
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My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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My Next Guest Needs No Introduction
with David Letterman
Genre
Talk show
Directed by
Michael Bonfiglio
Presented by
David Letterman
Composer(s)
Paul Shaffer
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
6 (+ 1 special) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Justin Wilkes
Dave Sirulnick
Jon Kamen
Tom Keaney
Producer(s)
Mary Barclay
Cinematography
Declan Quinn
Editor(s)
Jesse Gordon
Edward A. Bishop
Paul Little
Running time
49–58 minutes
Production company(s)
RadicalMedia
Worldwide Pants Inc.
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12) – present
External links
Official website
My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman is an American web television talk show hosted by David Letterman that premiered on January 12, 2018 on Netflix. The series consists of interviews with one guest per episode both inside and outside a studio setting.
The first season consists of six episodes and includes interviews with Barack Obama, George Clooney, Malala Yousafzai, Jay-Z, Tina Fey, and Howard Stern.
Contents
1 Production
1.1 Development
1.2 Music
2 Episodes
2.1 Specials
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Awards and nominations
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On August 8, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had ordered a six-episode interview series starring David Letterman. Each hour-long episode will feature Letterman conducting a longform conversation with a single guest and in-the-field segments, in which he will explore topics on his own.[1][2]
On January 5, 2018, Netflix released further information about the series. It was announced that Letterman's guests in the first season would include Barack Obama, George Clooney, Malala Yousafzai, Jay-Z, Tina Fey, and Howard Stern. It was also announced that the series would premiere on January 12, 2018 with Letterman's interview with Obama. This interview was Obama's first since leaving office.[3][4]
Music[edit]
The show's theme song and bridging music were written and recorded by Letterman's long-time bandleader, Paul Shaffer.[5] Soon after it was announced publicly that Netflix had given the series an order, Shaffer received a phone call from Letterman asking him to work on the show. Soon after, Shaffer began to receive cuts of episodes from the first season and he started to put music in afterwards where the director thought it was needed.
In developing the sound of the show's music, Shaffer initially looked to Letterman for guidance. Finding none, he remembered he and Letterman's shared love for the sort of music produced at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama describing it as "the honesty you hear, the southern soul feeling." The score initially included drums but the show's producers and director thought that the music should "feel like it's Dave's old friend Paul playing," so it was ultimately stripped down to solely include piano, organ, and bass guitar.[6]
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Featured guest
Original release date
1
1 "Barack Obama"
"It's a Whole New Ball Game Now"[a] Barack Obama January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)
Cold open: Letterman interviewing Obama on Late Show with David Letterman.
On-location segment: Walking with Congressman John Lewis across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, site of the civil rights movement's Bloody Sunday in 1965.
2
2 "George Clooney"
"You Be the Newsman, I'll Be Liz Taylor"[a] George Clooney February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
Cold open: Letterman and Clooney outside of LAX watching planes land and eating fast food.
On-location segment: At the home of Nick Clooney meeting Iraqi refugee Hazim Avdal whom the Clooney family is sponsoring.
3
3 "Malala Yousafzai"
"You Know, She Has a Nobel Peace Prize"[a] Malala Yousafzai March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Cold open: Letterman accompanies Yousafzai as she leads a tour group at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
On-location segment: Yousafzai continues to lead the tour group as Letterman tags along, the pair browse in the University of Oxford shop, and Letterman eats lunch with Yousafzai's father.
4
4 "JAY-Z"
"I Had a Paper Route Too"[a] Jay-Z April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
Cold open: None
On-location segment: Letterman visits Shangri La Studio, speaks with music producer Rick Rubin and listens to Madison Ryann Ward recording.
5
5 "Tina Fey"
"It's Just Land Mine Hopscotch"[a] Tina Fey May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
Cold open: None
On-location segment: Letterman and Blues musician Buddy Guy eat chicken and fries at the Athenian Room, one of Tina Fey's Chicago hangouts, while talking about the origins of the Chicago Blues. Later, Guy performs “Skin Deep”, accompanied by Paul Shaffer, at his nightclub, Buddy Guy’s Legends.
6
6 "Howard Stern" Howard Stern May 31, 2018 (2018-05-31)
Cold open: Letterman interviewing Stern on Late Night with David Letterman.
On-location segment: Letterman rides horses with paleontologist/geologist Christa Sadler at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.
Specials[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date
1
"You're David Letterman, You Idiot" May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)
In a behind-the-scenes Netflix event, Jerry Seinfeld interviews Letterman.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The first season of My Next Guest Needs No Introduction has been met with a positive response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an 81% approval rating with an average rating of 6.4 out of 10 based on 26 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "My Next Guest may not be groundbreaking, but a more intimate setting provides ample room for intelligent, insightful interviews with interesting subjects that go beyond standard late-night conversations."[7] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2018 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Informational Series or Special My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Pending [9]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e This is the original episode title at the time of release. It was later replaced with the featured guest's name.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 8, 2017). "David Letterman Returns To Television With Netflix Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "David Letterman makes his return to television on Netflix" (Press release). Hollywood, CA: Netflix. August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (January 5, 2018). "David Letterman's Netflix Show To Bow January 12 With Barack Obama As First Guest". Deadline. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary (January 5, 2018). "David Letterman's Netflix Talk Show Sets Barack Obama as First Guest". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stuever, Hank (January 12, 2018). "Review: Letterman sits down with Obama, but both men seem rusty and off their game". Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Leight, Elias (February 2, 2018). "Paul Shaffer on Writing Letterman's Netflix Theme Song & the Value of Humor in Pop". Billboard. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "My Next Guest Needs No Introduction With David Letterman: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "My Next Guest Needs No Introduction With David Letterman: Season 1 - Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 12, 2018). "Emmy Nominations: 'Game Of Thrones, 'The Americans', 'Atlanta', Defending Champ 'Handmaid's Tale' Among Top Nominees". Deadline. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
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