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Eurovision Song Contest 1956
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Eurovision Song Contest 1956
Dates
Final
24 May 1956
Host
Venue
Teatro Kursaal
Lugano, Switzerland
Presenter(s)
Lohengrin Filipello
Conductor
Fernando Paggi
Directed by
Franco Marazzi
Executive supervisor
Rolf Liebermann
Host broadcaster
Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana (RTSI)
Interval act
Les Joyeux Rossignols &
Les Trois Ménestrels
Participants
Number of entries
14 (7 countries performed 2 songs each)
Debuting countries
Belgium
France
Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Switzerland
Participation map[hide]
Participating countries
Vote
Voting system
Two-member juries from each country awarded two points to their favourite song.
Winning song
Switzerland
"Refrain"
Eurovision Song Contest
1957 →
The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the first edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, Switzerland on Thursday 24 May.
Organised by the European Broadcasting Union, the pan-European music competition was inspired by the Italian Sanremo Music Festival. Lohengrin Filipello hosted the first contest which lasted approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes. Seven countries participated, with each of them performing two songs. Two jury members from all participating countries cast their votes in secret, based on which song was their favourite.
This first edition of the Eurovision Song Contest included several procedures that were not repeated in any subsequent edition: Two songs for each country, secret voting, double voting of one country on behalf of another, optional inclusion of the jury members' own represented country in their voting, only "Grand Prix" title reception for the winner, and a single male presenter to host the show.
Contents
1 History
2 Location
2.1 Venue
3 Format
3.1 Voting controversy
3.2 Lost tapes
4 Participating countries
4.1 Conductors
5 Results
6 International broadcasts
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Eurovision Song Contest
During a meeting in Monaco in 1955, members of the European Broadcasting Union discussed ideas to organise a pan-European music competition, taking inspiration from the Italian Sanremo Music Festival. From that meeting, the concept of the Eurovision Song Contest was born. A decision was reached to hold the first ever contest the following year in Lugano, in the Italian cultural region of Switzerland.[1]
Location[edit]
Further information on the host city: Lugano
Lugano
Location of Lugano in Switerzland, which hosted the inaugural contest.
Lugano is a city in southern Switzerland, located in the Italian speaking canton of Ticino. The 9th largest Swiss city, it is the largest in Ticino and largest with an Italian speaking majority outside Italy.[2] The city lies on Lake Lugano, surrounded by the mountains of the Lugano Prealps.
Venue[edit]
The inaugural Eurovision Song Contest took place at the Teatro Kursaal, a casino and former theatre, on 24 May 1956. The theatre, designed by Italian architect Achille Sfondrini, was used for theatrical and musical performances, ballroom dance and other shows. The theatre closed shortly after the last show in April 1997 and was demolished in 2001 to make room for the extension of the Casino. Now known as Casinò Lugano, it opened again on 29 November 2002.[3]
Format[edit]
The programme was hosted in Italian by Lohengrin Filipello,[1] making it the only Eurovision Song Contest to have a solo male presenter and up until the 2017 edition with a male trio,[4] the only edition without a female presenter. The programme lasted approximately one hour and 40 minutes. Although it was mainly a radio programme, there were cameras in the studio for the benefit of the few Europeans who possessed a television.[1]
Only solo artists were allowed to enter the contest, and their songs were not to exceed three and a half minutes in length, and were accompanied by a 24-musician orchestra, which was led by Fernando Paggi, along with four guest conductors, which came from Belgium, France, Luxembourg and Italy. The interval act, whistling by the Joyeux Rossignols, had to be extended due to a delay in the voting procedure. It had been strongly recommended that each participating country have a preliminary national song contest.[1]
Voting controversy[edit]
Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest
Two jury members from each participating country travelled to Lugano to cast their vote on the songs, except for Luxembourg which was unable to send juries. The EBU conducted a secret voting and a system allowing the juries to also vote for the two songs representing their own country, as well as allowing the Swiss jury to vote on behalf of Luxembourg. Claims were raised that the Swiss entry won as a result of these procedures.[5] This system was never repeated, as from the second edition of the contest onwards the voting is visible, excludes the jury's own competing country from their voting and includes individual jury members for each country.[1]
Lost tapes[edit]
While the contest was shown and recorded for television broadcasting in certain European countries (as television sets were somewhat uncommon still at this time), no copies have survived, with the exception of Lys Assia's repeat performance at the end of the contest. It is one of only two contests to not have survived completely, along with the 1964 contest (of which the tapes were destroyed in a fire).
Participating countries[edit]
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Seven countries participated in the first ever contest, each were represented with two songs.[1] Two more countries, Austria, and Denmark were also expected to take part in the contest, but they missed the submission deadline and therefore could not take part.[1] Although it was thought that the United Kingdom had also missed the participation deadline, it was later revealed by the EBU in January 2017 that it was a mythical fact created by fans of the contest.[6] The EBU further went on to explain that the "Festival of British Popular Song", a contest created by the BBC for the United Kingdom, was the inspiration that brought in changes to the contest format from 1957.[6]
Conductors[edit]
Each performance had a maestro who conducted the orchestra.[7] The conductors listed conducted both performances for the indicated countries.
Netherlands – Fernando Paggi
Switzerland – Fernando Paggi
Belgium – Léo Souris
Germany – Fernando Paggi
France – Franck Pourcel
Luxembourg – Jacques Lassry
Italy – Gian Stellari
Results[edit]
Except for the winning song, the results have never been published. Simon Barclay's book The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 includes a table with what appears to be the rankings, but the author does not give a source. Under the chart he writes that "the votes awarded have never been disclosed."[8] According to writer Jan Feddersen, "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" was probably voted No. 2 behind Lys Assia.[5]
Draw
Country
Artist
Song
Language[9]
Place[10]
01 Netherlands Jetty Paerl "De vogels van Holland" Dutch 2
02 Switzerland Lys Assia "Das alte Karussell" German 2
03 Belgium Fud Leclerc "Messieurs les noyés de la Seine" French 2
04 Germany Walter Andreas Schwarz "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" German 2
05 France Mathé Altéry "Le temps perdu" French 2
06 Luxembourg Michèle Arnaud "Ne crois pas" French 2
07 Italy Franca Raimondi "Aprite le finestre" Italian 2
08 Netherlands Corry Brokken "Voorgoed voorbij" Dutch 2
09 Switzerland Lys Assia "Refrain" French 1
10 Belgium Mony Marc "Le plus beau jour de ma vie" French 2
11 Germany Freddy Quinn "So geht das jede Nacht" German 2
12 France Dany Dauberson "Il est là" French 2
13 Luxembourg Michèle Arnaud "Les amants de minuit" French 2
14 Italy Tonina Torrielli "Amami se vuoi" Italian 2
International broadcasts[edit]
The participating national broadcasters sent commentators to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station that they represented are shown in the table below.[11]
Netherlands – Piet te Nuyl[12] (NTS)
Switzerland – Georges Hardy (TSR)
Belgium – Janine Lambotte (INR), Nand Baert (NIR)
Germany – Wolf Mittler (ARD)
France – Michèle Rebel[13] (RTF)
Luxembourg – Michèle Rebel (Télé-Luxembourg)
Italy – Franco Marazzi (Programma Nazionale)
Austria (non-participating country) – Wolf Mittler (ORF)
Denmark (non-participating country) – Gunnar Hansen (Statsradiofonien TV)
United Kingdom (non-participating country) – Wilfred Thomas (BBC Television Service)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Eurovision History – Lugano 1956". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "List of Major Cities in Switzerland on Population". www.worldlistmania.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "History - Casinò Lugano". www.casinolugano.ch. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Paul (27 February 2017). "Let's hear it for the boys! Meet the hosts of Eurovision 2017". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jan Feddersen: Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein. 1. Auflage. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-455-09350-7. S. 374.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan, Paul (11 January 2017). "Shining a light on the United Kingdom: 60 Years at Eurovision". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 13 January 2017. Contrary to popular fan myths, the UK did not intend to enter in 1956 as the BBC had previously created their own separate contest, the Festival Of British Popular Songs
Jump up ^ "http://www.andtheconductoris.eu". Retrieved 10 July 2018. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Barclay, Simon (17 June 2010). The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. Silverthorn Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4457-8415-1.
Jump up ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1956". The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lugano 1956 - Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Eurovision 1956 Cast and Crew Details". IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival". Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
Jump up ^ "Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1956" (in French). Songcontest.free.fr. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Barclay, Simon (17 June 2010). The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. Silverthorn Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4457-8415-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurovision Song Contest 1956.
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Netherlands
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Artists
First performance
Jetty Paerl
Lys Assia
Fud Leclerc
Walter Andreas Schwarz
Mathé Altéry
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Franca Raimondi
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Corry Brokken
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First performance
"De vogels van Holland"
"Das alte Karussell"
"Messieurs les noyés de la Seine"
"Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück"
"Le temps perdu"
"Ne crois pas"
"Aprite le finestre"
Second performance
"Voorgoed voorbij"
"Refrain"
"Le plus beau jour de ma vie"
"So geht das jede Nacht"
"Il est là"
"Les amants de minuit"
"Amami se vuoi"
(Note: all countries performed twice)
Coordinates: 46°00′N 8°57′E / 46.000°N 8.950°E / 46.000; 8.950
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956&oldid=852094069"
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Brookings Institution
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The Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution building near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.
Abbreviation
Brookings
Motto
Quality. Independence. Impact.
Formation
1916; 102 years ago (1916)
Type
Public policy think tank
Headquarters
1775 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Location
Washington, DC
President
John R. Allen
Revenue (2016)
$108,497,000
Expenses (2016)
$100,710,000
Website
Official website
The Brookings Institution is a century-old American research group on Think Tank Row in Washington, D.C.[1] It conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.[2][3] Its stated mission is to "provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system."[1]
Brookings has five research programs at its Washington, D.C. campus (Economic Studies,[4] Foreign Policy,[5] Governance Studies,[6] Global Economy and Development,[7] and Metropolitan Policy[8]) and three international centers based in Doha, Qatar (Brookings Doha Center);[9] Beijing, China (Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy);[10] and New Delhi, India (Brookings India).[11]
The University of Pennsylvania's Global Go To Think Tank Index Report has named Brookings "Think Tank of the Year" and "Top Think Tank in the World" every year since 2008.[12] The Economist describes Brookings as "perhaps America’s most prestigious think-tank."[13]
Notable Brookings scholars include former Federal Reserve chairs Janet Yellen[14] and Ben Bernanke;[15] former Fed vice chairs Donald Kohn,[16] Alice Rivlin,[17] and Alan Blinder;[18] former chairmen of the president's Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) Jason Furman[19] and Martin Neil Baily;[20] former CEA members Sandra Black,[21] Jay Shambaugh,[22] and James H. Stock;[23] dean of the University of Michigan's Ford School of Public Policy Susan M. Collins;[24] former director of the Congressional Budget Office Douglas Elmendorf;[25] former assistant secretary of state Martin S. Indyk;[26] former U.S. secretary of education Arne Duncan;[27] former Federal Communications Commission chairman Tom Wheeler;[28] Washington Post columnist E. J. Dionne;[29] and Wall Street Journal columnist William Galston.[30]
Brookings states that its staff "represent diverse points of view" and describes itself as non-partisan,[1][31] and the media sometimes describes Brookings as either "conservative,"[32] "centrist"[33] or "liberal."[34] An academic analysis of Congressional records from 1993 to 2002 found that Brookings was referenced by conservative politicians almost as frequently as liberal politicians, earning a score of 53 on a 1–100 scale with 100 representing the most liberal score.[35] The same study found Brookings to be the most frequently cited think tank by the U.S. media and politicians.[35]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1916–79
1.2 1980–2017
2 Publications
3 Policy influence
4 Nonpolitical stance
5 Research programs
5.1 Saban Center for Middle East Policy
5.2 Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy
5.3 Brookings Doha Center
5.4 21st Century Defense Initiative
5.5 Brookings Executive Education
6 Centers
7 Funders
7.1 Funding details
7.2 Funding controversies
8 Buildings
9 See also
10 References
11 Additional bibliography
12 External links
History[edit]
1916–79[edit]
Founder Robert S. Brookings (1850-1932)
Brookings was founded in 1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR), with the mission of becoming "the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level."[36]
The Institution's founder, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932), originally financed the formation of three organizations: the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis. The three were merged into the Brookings Institution on December 8, 1927.[3][37]
During the Great Depression economists at Brookings embarked on a large scale study commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to understand the underlying causes of the depression. Brookings's first president Harold Moulton and other Brookings scholars later led an effort to oppose President Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration because they thought the NRA was impeding economic recovery.[38]
With the entry into World War II in 1941, Brookings researchers turned their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization. In 1948, Brookings was asked to submit a plan for the administration of the European Recovery Program. The resulting organization scheme assured that the Marshall Plan was run carefully and on a businesslike basis.[39]
In 1952, Robert Calkins succeeded Moulton as president of the Brookings Institution. He secured grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation that put the Institution on a strong financial basis. He reorganized the Institution around the Economic Studies, Government Studies, and Foreign Policy Programs. In 1957, the Institution moved from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.[40]
Kermit Gordon assumed the presidency of Brookings in 1967. He began a series of studies of program choices for the federal budget in 1969 entitled "Setting National Priorities." He also expanded the Foreign Policy Studies Program to include research in national security and defense. After the election of Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968, the relationship between the Brookings Institution and the White House deteriorated; at one point Nixon's aide Charles Colson proposed a firebombing of the Institution.[[41]] Yet throughout the 1970s, Brookings was offered more federal research contracts than it could handle.[42]
1980–2017[edit]
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Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Brookings on 14 April 2010 while on a visit to the United States for the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit.
José María Figueres, former President of Costa Rica, speaking at Brookings Institution
By the 1980s, the Institution faced an increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment.[43] The need to reduce the federal budget deficit became a major research theme as well as investigating problems with national security and government inefficiency. Bruce MacLaury,[44] fourth president of Brookings, also established the Center for Public Policy Education to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs.[45]
In 1995, Michael Armacost became the fifth president of the Brookings Institution and led an effort to refocus the Institution's mission heading into the 21st century. Under Armacost's direction, Brookings created several interdisciplinary research centers, such as the Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, now the Metropolitan Policy Program, led by Bruce J. Katz),[46] which brought attention to the strengths of cities and metropolitan areas, and the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, which brings together specialists from different Asian countries to examine regional problems.[citation needed]
Strobe Talbott became president of Brookings in 2002. Shortly thereafter, Brookings launched the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the John L. Thornton China Center. In October 2006, Brookings announced the establishment of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center in Beijing. In July 2007, the Institution announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow Mark McClellan, and then in October 2007, the creation of the Brookings Doha Center directed by fellow Hady Amr in Qatar.[citation needed] During this period the funding of Brookings by foreign governments and corporations came under public scrutiny (see Funding controversies below).
In 2011, Brookings President Strobe Talbot inaugurated the Brookings India Office.[47][48]
In October 2017, former general John R. Allen became the seventh president of Brookings.[49]
Publications[edit]
Brookings as an institution produces an Annual Report.[50] The Brookings Institution Press publishes books and journals from the institution's own research as well as authors outside the organization.[51] The books and journals they publish include Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,[52] Brookings Review (1982-2003, ISSN 0745-1253),[53][54] America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Globalphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade, India: Emerging Power, Through Their Eyes, Taking the High Road, Masses in Flight, US Public Policy Regarding Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment in the United States[55] and Stalemate to name a few. In addition, books, papers, articles, reports, policy briefs and opinion pieces are produced by Brookings research programs, centers, projects and, for the most part, by experts.[56][57]
Policy influence[edit]
Brookings traces its history back to 1916 and has contributed to the creation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and the Congressional Budget Office, as well as to the development of influential policies for deregulation, broad-based tax reform, welfare reform, and foreign aid.[58] The annual think tank index published by Foreign Policy ranks it the number one think tank in the U.S.[59] and the Global Go To Think Tank Index believes it is the number one such tank in the world.[60] Moreover, in spite of an overall decline in the number of times information or opinions developed by think tanks are referred to by the U.S. media, of the 200 most prominent think tanks in the U.S., the Brookings Institution's research remains the most frequently cited.[61][62]
In a 1997 survey of congressional staff and journalists, Brookings ranked as the first-most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks considered.[63] Yet “Brookings and its researchers are not so concerned, in their work, in affecting the ideological direction of the nation” and rather tend “to be staffed by researchers with strong academic credentials.”[63] Along with the Council on Foreign Relations and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Brookings is generally considered one of the most influential policy institutes in the U.S.[64]
Nonpolitical stance[edit]
As a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, Brookings describes itself as independent and non-partisan. A 2005 academic study by UCLA concluded it was "centrist" because it was referenced as an authority almost equally by both conservative and liberal politicians in congressional records from 1993 to 2002.[35] The New York Times has referred to the organization as liberal, liberal-centrist, centrist, and conservative.[32][33][65][66][67][68] The Washington Post has described Brookings as centrist and liberal.[69][70][71][72] The Los Angeles Times has described Brookings as liberal-leaning and centrist before opining that it did not believe such labels mattered.[73][74][75][76]
In 1977, Time magazine described it as the "nation's pre-eminent liberal think tank."[77] Newsweek has described Brookings as centrist[78] while Politico has used the term "center-left."[79]
The media watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting has described Brookings as "centrist,"[61][80] "conservative,"[81] and "center-right."[82]
Journalists at The Atlantic and Salon have argued that Brookings foreign policy scholars were overly supportive of Bush administration policies abroad.[83][84] Blogger Matthew Yglesias has stated that Brookings's Michael E. O'Hanlon frequently agrees with scholars from conservative organizations such as the American Enterprise Institute, The Weekly Standard, and the Project for a New American Century.[83] Similarly, Brookings fellow and research director Benjamin Wittes is a member of the conservative Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law.[85]
Brookings scholars have served in Republican and Democratic administrations, including Mark McClellan,[86] Ron Haskins[87] and Martin Indyk.[88][89]
The Brookings Board of Trustees is composed of 53 Trustees and more than three dozen Honorary Trustees, including Kenneth Duberstein, a former chief of staff to Ronald Reagan. Aside from political figures, the board of trustees includes leaders in business and industry, including Philip H. Knight, Chairman of Nike, Inc.[90]
Research programs[edit]
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Saban Center for Middle East Policy[edit]
In 2002, the Brookings Institution established the Saban Center for Middle East Policy "to promote a better understanding of the policy choices facing American decision makers in the Middle East."[91] The Center is directed by Tamara Cofman Wittes.[92]
Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy[edit]
In 2006, the Brookings Institution established the Brookings-Tsinghua Center (BTC) for Public Policy as a partnership between the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. and Tsinghua University's School of Public Policy and Management in Beijing, China. The Center seeks to produce high quality and high impact policy research in areas of fundamental importance for China's development and for U.S.-China relations.[93] The BTC is directed by Qi Ye.[94]
Brookings Doha Center[edit]
Based in Qatar, the Brookings Doha Center undertakes independent, policy-oriented research on socioeconomic and geopolitical issues facing Muslim-majority states and communities, including relations with the United States.[95] The center was formally inaugurated by H. E. Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabr Al-Thani, Prime Minister and minister of foreign affairs of Qatar, on February 17, 2008. Salman Shaikh is the Center's Director.[96]
In pursuing its mission, the Brookings Doha Center undertakes research and programming that engages key elements of business, government, civil society, the media, and academia on key public policy issues in the following three core areas:[97]
Democratization, political reform and public policy
Emerging powers in the Middle East
Conflict and peace processes in the region
There are complaints that the funding received by the Brookings Institution from Qatari sources has affected its neutrality. In fact the New York Times has reported that (It) is a major recipient of overseas funds, producing policy papers, hosting forums and organizing private briefings for senior United States government officials that typically align with the foreign governments’ agendas.[98]
21st Century Defense Initiative[edit]
Adm. Michael Mullen speaks at the Brookings Institution
The 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) is aimed at producing research, analysis, and outreach that address three core issues: the future of war, the future of U.S. defense needs and priorities, and the future of the U.S. defense system.[99]
The Initiative draws on the knowledge from regional centers, including the Center on the United States and Europe, the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, the Thornton China Center, and the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, allowing the integration of regional knowledge.[100]
P. W. Singer, author of Wired for War, serves as Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, and Michael O'Hanlon serves as Director of Research.[100] Senior Fellow Stephen P. Cohen and Vanda Felbab-Brown[101] are also affiliated with 21CDI.[102]
Brookings Executive Education[edit]
Under Brookings President Bruce MacLaury's leadership in the 1980s, the Center for Public Policy Education (CPPE) was formed to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs. In 2005, the Center was renamed the Brookings Center for Executive Education (BCEE), which was shortened to Brookings Executive Education (BEE) with the launch of a partnership with the Olin Business School at Washington University in St. Louis.[103]
Centers[edit]
Brown Center on Education Policy
Centennial Scholar Initiative
Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence
Center for East Asia Policy Studies
Center for Effective Public Management
Center for Health Policy
Center for Middle East Policy
Center for Technology Innovation
Center for Universal Education
Center on Children and Families
Center on Social Dynamics and Policy
Center on the United States and Europe
John L. Thornton China Center
The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center
Funders[edit]
As of 2016 the Brookings Institution had assets of $473.8 million.[104] Its largest contributors include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Hutchins Family Foundation, JPMorgan Chase, the LEGO Foundation, David Rubenstein, State of Qatar, and John L. Thornton.
In 2014, it received $250,000 from the United States Central Command of the United States Department of Defense.[105]
Funding details[edit]
Funding details as of 2016:[104]
Revenue and support as of 2016: $108,497,000
Investment return designated for operations (14.0%)
Grants, contracts, and contributions (82.0%)
Brookings Press (1.7%)
Facility and other revenue (2.3%)
Expenses as of 2016: $100,710,000
Economic Studies (15.6%)
Foreign Policy (17.6%)
Global Economy and Development (12.0%)
Governance Studies (7.0%)
Metropolitan Policy Program (10.0%)
Institutional Initiatives (8.2%)
Brookings Press (2.4%)
Communications (2.6%)
Management and general (21.3%)
Fundraising (3.4%)
Funding controversies[edit]
An investigation by The New York Times, reported on September 6, 2014, found the Brookings Institution to be among more than a dozen Washington research groups to have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years, while producing policy papers, hosting forums, and organizing private briefings with U.S. officials to encourage support for policies aligned with those foreign governments' agenda.[106]
The New York Times published documents showing that Brookings Institution accepted grants from Norway with specific policy requests and helped the country gain access to U.S. government officials, as well as other "deliverables".[107][108] In June 2014, Norway agreed to make an additional $4 million donation to Brookings.[106] Several legal specialists, who examined the documents between the Norway government and Brookings at The Times' request, told the paper that the language of the transactions "appeared to necessitate Brookings filing as a foreign agent" under the Foreign Agent Registration Act.[108]
The Qatari government was named by The New York Times as "the single biggest foreign donor to Brookings", having reportedly made a $14.8 million, four-year contribution in 2013. A former visiting fellow at a Brookings affiliate in Qatar reportedly said that "he had been told during his job interview that he could not take positions critical of the Qatar government in papers".[106] Brookings officials denied any connection between the views of their funders and their scholars' work, citing reports that questioned the Qatari government's education reform efforts and criticized its support of militants in Syria. However, Brookings officials reportedly acknowledged that they meet with Qatari government officials regularly to discuss the center's activities and budget, and that the former prime minister of Qatar currently serves on the center's advisory board.[106]
Buildings[edit]
The main building of the Institution was erected in 1959 on 1775 Massachusetts Avenue. In 2009, Brookings acquired a building across the street, a former mansion built by the Ingalls family in 1922 on a design by Jules Henri de Sibour. This extension now houses the office of the President of the Brookings Institution.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
United States portal
List of Brookings Institution scholars
Rockefeller family
Tax Policy Center
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Soley, Lawrence (1991). "Brookings: Stand-In for the Left". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR).
^ Jump up to: a b Yglesias, Matthew (August 24, 2007). "Very Serious Indeed". The Atlantic.
Jump up ^ Greenwald, Glenn (August 12, 2007). "The Truth Behind the Pollack-O'Hanlon Trip to Iraq". Salon.com. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yoonited States of America". NewRepublic.com. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Mark B. McClellan". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Ron Haskins". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Martin S. Indyk". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ "The Brookings Institution Experts". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Board Of Trustees". Brookings.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Brookings.edu. Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Tamara Cofman Wittes". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ "About the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Brookings-Tsinghua Center". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Brookings.edu. Brookings Doha Center, Brookings Institution.
Jump up ^ "Salman". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ About Us, Brookings Doha Center, Brookings Institution
Jump up ^ Williams, Eric Lipton, Brooke; Confessore, Nicholas (2014-09-06). "Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ "21st Century Defense Initiative". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "About the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vanda Felbab-Brown". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ "21st Century Defense Initiative: Experts". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Brookings Executive Education". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Annual Report 2016" (PDF). Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kucinich, Dennis (October 26, 2016). "Why Is the Foreign Policy Establishment Spoiling for More War? Look at Their Donors". The Nation. Retrieved October 27, 2016. The Brookings Institute [sic], in a report to Congress, admitted it received $250,000 from the US Central Command, Centcom, where General Allen shared leadership duties with General David Petraeus. Pentagon money to think tanks that endorse war? This is academic integrity, DC-style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lipton, Eric (September 6, 2014). "Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Longstanding Partners: Norway and Brookings". The New York Times. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The High North, Climate Change and Norway". The New York Times. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Additional bibliography[edit]
Abelson, Donald E. Do Think Tanks Matter?: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes (2009)
Weidenbaum, Murray L. The Competition of Ideas: The World of the Washington Think Tanks (2011)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brookings Institution.
Official website
Brookings Institution at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Think Tank Rankings
"The Brookings Institution: a Think Tank of Good Feelings". Voltaire Network. June 30, 2004. (Critic of Brookings)
Second Statement on Post-War Iraq at NewAmericanCentury.org
Greenwald, Glenn (July 30, 2007). "The really smart, serious, credible Iraq experts O'Hanlon and Pollack". Salon.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
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ISNI: 0000 0001 2149 970X
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values: Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women

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