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Minor (law)
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In law, a minor is a person under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood. The age of majority depends upon jurisdiction and application, but it is generally 18. Minor may also be used in contexts that are unconnected to the overall age of majority. For example, the drinking age in the United States is usually 21, and younger people are sometimes called minors in the context of alcohol law, even if they are at least 18.[1][2] The term underage often refers to those under the age of majority, but it may also refer to persons under a certain age limit, such as the drinking age, smoking age, age of consent, marriageable age, driving age, voting age, etc. Such age limits are often different from the age of majority.
The concept of minor is not sharply defined in most jurisdictions. The ages of criminal responsibility and consent, the age at which school attendance is no longer compulsory, the age at which legally binding contracts can be entered into, and so on may be different from one another.
In many countries, including Australia, India, Philippines, Brazil, Croatia, and Colombia, a minor is defined as a person under the age of 18. In the United States, where the age of majority is set by the individual states, minor usually refers to someone under the age of 18 but can, in some states, be used in certain areas (such as casino gambling, handgun ownership and the consuming of alcohol) to define someone under the age of 21. In the criminal justice system in some places, "minor" is not entirely consistent, as a minor may be tried and punished for a crime either as a "juvenile" or, usually only for "extremely serious crimes" such as murder, as an "adult".[3]
In Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand, a minor is a person under 20 years of age. In New Zealand law, the age of majority is 20 years of age as well,[4] but most of the rights of adulthood are assumed at lower ages: for example, entering contracts and having a will are allowed at 15.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 International
1.1 Canada
1.2 Italy
1.3 Mexico
1.4 India
1.5 Thailand
1.6 United Kingdom
1.7 United States
2 Emancipation of minors
3 References
4 External links
International[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Youth Criminal Justice Act
For all provincial laws (such as alcohol and tobacco regulation), the provincial and territorial governments have the power to set the age of majority in their respective province or territory, and the age varies across Canada.
Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Prince Edward Island have the age of majority set at 18, while in British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick the age of majority is 19.[6] In Saskatchewan, the legal gaming age and the legal drinking age are both 19.[7]
For federal law, the age of majority is 18.[8]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, law nr. 39 of March 8, 1975, states that a minor is a person under the age of 18.[9] Citizens under the age of 18 may not vote (to vote for senators, 25), be elected, obtain a driving license for automobiles or issue or sign legal instruments. Crimes committed in Italy by minors are tried in a juvenile court.
Mexico[edit]
In all 31 states, a minor is referred to as someone under the age of 18.
Minors aged 16 or 17 who are charged with crimes could sometimes be treated as an adult.
India[edit]
In all 29 states and 7 union territories, a minor is referred to as someone under the age of 18. In rare cases minors aged 16 or 17 who are charged with extremely heinous crimes could sometimes be treated as an adult.[10]
Thailand[edit]
The Civil and Commercial Code of the Kingdom of Thailand does not define the term "minor"; however, sections 19 and 20 read as follows:
Section 19 – A person, on completion of 20 years of age ceases to be a minor and become sui juris
Section 20 – A minor becomes sui juris upon marriage, provided that the marriage is made in accordance with the provisions of Section 1448
Hence, a minor in Thailand refers to any person under the age of 20, unless he or she is married. A minor is restricted from doing juristic acts—for example, sign contracts. When a minor wishes to do a juristic act, he has to obtain the consent from his legal representative, usually (but not always) the parents and otherwise the act is voidable. The exceptions are acts by which a minor merely acquires a right or is freed from a duty, acts that are strictly personal, and acts that are suitable to the person's condition in life and are required for their reasonable needs. A minor can make a will at the age of fifteen.
United Kingdom[edit]
Further information: Law of England and Wales, Law of Northern Ireland, and Law of Scotland
In England and Wales and in Northern Ireland a minor is a person under the age of 18;[11] this is also true for Scotland.[12] The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland is 10; and 12 in Scotland, formerly 8, which was the lowest age in Europe.[13][14][15]
In England and Wales, cases of minors breaking the law are often dealt with by the Youth Offending Team. If they are incarcerated, they are sent to a Young Offender Institution.
Things that persons under 18 are prohibited from doing include sitting on a jury, voting, standing as a candidate, buying or renting films with an 18 certificate or R18 certificate or seeing them in a cinema, being depicted in pornographic materials, suing without a litigant friend, being civilly liable, accessing adoption records and purchasing alcohol, tobacco products, knives and fireworks. The rules on minimum age for sale of these products are frequently broken so in practice drinking and smoking takes place before the age of majority; however many UK shops are tightening restrictions on them by asking for identifying documentation from potentially underage customers.
Driving certain large vehicles, acting as personal license holder for licensed premises, and adopting a child are only permitted after the age of 21. The minimum age to drive a HGV1 vehicle was reduced to 18. However, certain vehicles, e.g., steamrollers, require that someone be 21 years of age to obtain an operating license.
United States[edit]
In the United States as of 1995, minor is generally legally defined as a person under the age of 18. Although in the context of alcohol or gambling laws, people under the age of 21 may also sometimes be referred to as "minors".[1][2] However, not all minors are considered "juveniles" in terms of criminal responsibility. As is frequently the case in the United States, the laws vary widely by state.
Under this distinction, those considered juveniles are usually tried in juvenile court, and they may be afforded other special protections. For example, in some states a parent or guardian must be present during police questioning, or their names may be kept confidential when they are accused of a crime. For many crimes (especially more violent crimes), the age at which a minor may be tried as an adult is variable below the age of 18 or (less often) below 16.[16] For example, in Kentucky, the lowest age a juvenile may be tried as an adult, no matter how heinous the crime, is 14.
The death penalty for those who have committed a crime while under the age of 18 was discontinued by the U.S. Supreme Court case Roper v. Simmons in 2005.[17] The court's 5–4 decision was written by Justice Kennedy and joined by Justices Ginsburg, Stevens, Breyer, and Souter, and cited international law, child developmental science, and many other factors in reaching its conclusion.
The twenty-sixth amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1971, granted all citizens the right to vote in every state, in every election, from the age of 18.
Main article: Minors detained in the global war on terror
The U.S. Department of Defense took the position that they would not consider "enemy combatants" held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps minors unless they were less than sixteen years old.[verification needed] In any event, they only separated three of more than a dozen detainees under 16 from the adult prison population. Several dozen detainees between sixteen and eighteen were detained with the adult prison population. Now those under 18 are kept separate, in line with the age of majority and world expectations.
Some states, including Florida, have passed laws that allow a person accused of an extremely heinous crime, such as murder, to be tried as an adult, regardless of age. These laws, however, have been challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union. An estimated 250,000 youth are tried, sentenced, or incarcerated as adults every year across the United States.[18]
Emancipation of minors[edit]
Main article: Emancipation of minors
Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a minor is no longer under the control of their parents or guardians, and is given the legal rights associated with adults. Depending on country, emancipation may happen in different manners: through marriage, attaining economic self-sufficiency, obtaining an educational degree or diploma, or participating in a form of military service. In the United States, all states have some form of emancipation of minors.[19]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Liquor Control Act". State of Connecticut. 'Minor' means any person under twenty-one years of age.
^ Jump up to: a b "Offenses Against the Family". State of Tennessee. As used in this section, minor means a person under twenty-one (21) years of age.
Jump up ^ "Prisons and Prison Life: Juvenile crime is on the rise. Is it right or fair to treat and charge juveniles as adults?". Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Age of Majority Act 1970". Retrieved 9 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Richard Rudman. Zealand Employment Law Guide (2013 edition). Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Age of Majority Table".
Jump up ^ "Drinking age will remain 19 in Saskatchewan". CBC News. (March 8, 2013). Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Youth Criminal Justice Act
Jump up ^ "Italie". WIPO Lex. WIPO. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Bennet & (2017-12-21). "Class XI student to be tried as adult for Ryan boy's Murder". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Family Law Reform Act 1969".
Jump up ^ "Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991".
Jump up ^ "Age of criminal responsibility".
Jump up ^ "Youth justice - Department of Justice". youthjusticeagencyni.gov.uk. 2 September 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S4/SB_11-53rev.pdf
Jump up ^ Gaines, Larry K and Roger Leroy Miller. "Criminal Justice in Action" 4th ed., Thompson Wadsworth Publishing, 2007. Pg 495
Jump up ^ "Roper v. Simmons (No. 03-633)". LII / Legal Information Institute.
Jump up ^ Campaign for Youth Justice, Key Facts: Youth in the Justice System. Washington, D.C.: Campaign for Youth Justice, 2007. Web. May 2011. Citing Woolard, J. “Juveniles within Adult Correctional Settings: Legal Pathways and Developmental Considerations.” International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 4.1 (2005)
Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/emancipation_of_minors
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Minor (law)
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Infant.
Legal Definition of Juvenile - Australia
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text:
Gretchen Mol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gretchen Mol
Mol in June 2009
Born
(1972-11-08) November 8, 1972 (age 44)
Deep River, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, former model
Years active
1996–present
Spouse(s)
Kip Williams (m. 2004)
Children
2
Gretchen Mol (born November 8, 1972) is an American actress and former model. She is known for her roles in the films Rounders, Celebrity, 3:10 to Yuma, The Thirteenth Floor, and The Notorious Bettie Page, in which she played the title character. She also appeared as Gillian Darmody in HBO's Boardwalk Empire.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Stage
3 Film
4 Television
5 Personal life
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Mol was born in Deep River, Connecticut, where her mother, Janet (née Morgan), is an artist and teacher, and her father was a school teacher at RHAM.[1][2] She went to high school with Broadway actor Peter Lockyer, with whom she performed in school musicals and plays. Her brother, Jim Mol, is a director and editor in the film industry. Mol attended The American Musical and Dramatic Academy and graduated from the William Esper Studio. After summer stock in Vermont, she took a job for a while as an usher at Angelika Film Center. She was living in a Hell's Kitchen walk-up when she was noticed by a talent agent who spotted her working as a hat check girl at Michael's Restaurant in New York.[3]
Stage[edit]
Mol's acting career began in summer stock theatre in Vermont where she played a variety of roles including Godspell and 110 in the Shade.[3] She played Jenny in Neil LaBute's The Shape of Things on stage in both London and New York in 2001,[4] in a role she reprised in the film version, released in 2003. The New York Times critic Ben Brantley, in his review of the play (which he disliked),[5] wrote, "[Mol] gives by far the most persuasive performance as the unworldly Jenny, and you wind up feeling for her disproportionately, only because she seems to be entirely there, in the present tense". In 2004, Mol spent a year singing and dancing as Roxie in the Broadway production of Chicago. In 2014–2015, Mol played the role of Emily in the Broadway debut of the Pulitzer Prize–winning Ayad Akhtar play Disgraced.[6]
Film[edit]
In 1994, Mol was spotted by photographer David William Powell.[7] He photographed her in New York's Central Park and replaced her unrepresentative portfolio with professional-looking black-and-white images which landed her on the cover of W within weeks, and foreshadowed her "It Girl" and "Bettie Page" looks. Shortly afterwards, she ended her brief modeling career and entered acting full-time.
While major roles have been sporadic, Mol has been in more than 30 feature films. She made her film debut in Spike Lee's 1996 film, Girl 6. She said, "I was auditioning for Guiding Light and I was happy I got a Spike Lee movie, which was a tiny part, but all of a sudden I had Spike Lee on my resume. I didn't audition for day player anymore".[3]
After Girl 6, New York filmmaker Abel Ferrara took notice and cast her in two movies, The Funeral (1996) and New Rose Hotel (1998). She had a small role in Donnie Brasco (1997), but by now, she was being typecast as "the girlfriend", which she attempted to change by taking a role opposite Jude Law in Music from Another Room (1998), a romantic comedy. The film went virtually unnoticed by critics and audiences.[8]
In 1998, she appeared in several notable films including Rounders, starring Matt Damon and Woody Allen's Celebrity opposite Leonardo DiCaprio. In 1998, she also came to prominence when she was featured on the cover of Vanity Fair, dubbed the "It Girl of the Nineties" by the magazine.
For her second film with Woody Allen, 1999's Sweet and Lowdown, she played a minor role which the Greenwich Village Gazette called "notable".[9] She played the female lead role in the 1999 film The Thirteenth Floor. She played the victim of a con artist in the 2003 film, Heavy Put-Away, based on the Terry Southern story. In 2006, she shared the lead in a romantic comedy, Puccini for Beginners, in which her character has a lesbian affair.
Mol worked with Mary Harron for two years as the director struggled to finance The Notorious Bettie Page: "I kind of felt like I lived with it for a while; certainly not as long as Mary Harron did but I got a good chance to really feel like I knew something about Bettie so by the time the role was mine and I was on set, I was pretty confident. I felt like I really worked for it."[10]
The next year, 2007, was one of her busiest, with four films in production or in release, including a remake of 3:10 to Yuma starring Russell Crowe, and An American Affair, in which her character, Catherine Caswell, has an affair with John F. Kennedy. When released in February 2009, the film was harshly criticized by New York Times critic Stephen Holden, though he said that Mol's part was "quite well acted".[11]
In April 2008, she began filming Tenure in Philadelphia, working opposite Luke Wilson and Andrew Daly. Though it had received some good reviews after being screened at several film festivals, it was released direct-to-video in February 2010.[12]
Television[edit]
Mol discussing Boardwalk Empire in 2015
Mol's first television work was in a Coca-Cola commercial. Mol had a small role of Maggie Tilton in the 1996 miniseries Dead Man's Walk, based on the Larry McMurtry novel. She also was in a few episodes of Spin City.[8] She was the star of the short-lived David E. Kelley series Girls Club (2002), a drama about three women lawyers. The series was not well received and it was cancelled after two episodes.
She appeared in two TV remakes of classic films: Picnic (2000), in the role of Madge Owens, and The Magnificent Ambersons as Lucy Morgan (2002). She made a Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie in January 2007, starring in The Valley of Light, a story set in post-World War II based on a novel by Terry Kay.[13] It was her second Hallmark production. She had a minor role in Calm at Sunset in 1996.[14]
She played Norah in The Memory Keeper's Daughter which aired in the U.S. on The Lifetime Channel in the U.S. in April 2008.[15]
She played Annie in the ABC series Life on Mars, the U.S. remake of the British show of the same name. It started airing in the U.S. on October 9, 2008 and ran 17 episodes, concluding on April 1, 2009.
She had a recurring role on HBO's Boardwalk Empire as Gillian Darmody, a showgirl at the Beaux Arts and mother to gangster Jimmy Darmody (played by Michael Pitt).[16]
Personal life[edit]
Interviewed by the Associated Press in Baltimore in December 2006, Mol commented about how she maintained her confidence as an actress: "It is an ongoing struggle. Confidence is something that sometimes you have and sometimes you don't. And the older you get, hopefully, the more you have some tools to at least fake it".[17]
She married film director Kip Williams on June 1, 2004. Their first child, Ptolemy John Williams, was born September 10, 2007. On February 17, 2011, Mol gave birth to their second child, daughter Winter Morgan Williams.[18] While raising Ptolemy, Mol has only taken jobs close to her home in New York City. "I told my agent I didn't want to work in L.A., even if it was the greatest job in the world. I didn't want to compromise."[19]
Mol serves as the national spokesperson in the United States for the PMD Foundation, which funds research and awareness of Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, a neurological disorder afflicting children worldwide. Mol became involved with PMD after one of her cousins died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (familiarly known as "Lou Gehrig's Disease").[20]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996 Girl 6 Girl #12
1996 Funeral, TheThe Funeral Helen
1997 Donnie Brasco Sonny's Girlfriend
1997 Last Time I Committed Suicide, TheThe Last Time I Committed Suicide Mary Greenway
1997 Deli, TheThe Deli Mary
1998 Too Tired to Die Capri
1998 Music from Another Room Anna Swann
1998 Rounders Jo
1998 New Rose Hotel Hiroshi's Wife
1998 Celebrity Vicky
1998 Finding Graceland Beatrice Gruman
1998 Bleach Gwen Short film
1999 Thirteenth Floor, TheThe Thirteenth Floor Jane Fuller / Natasha Molinaro
1999 Cradle Will Rock Marion Davies
1999 Sweet and Lowdown Ellie
1999 Forever Mine Ella Brice
2000 Zoe Loses It Amber Short film
2000 Attraction Liz
2000 Get Carter Audrey Uncredited
2003 The Shape of Things Jenny
2004 Heavy Put-Away Mary Short film
2005 Notorious Bettie Page, TheThe Notorious Bettie Page Bettie Page
2006 Puccini for Beginners Grace
2007 Ten, TheThe Ten Gloria Jennings
2007 Trainwreck: My Life as an Idiot Lynn
2007 3:10 to Yuma Alice Evans
2008 American Affair, AnAn American Affair Catherine Caswell
2008 Tenure Elaine Grasso
2014 Laggies Bethany
2015 True Story Karen Hannen
2015 Anesthesia Sarah
2016 Manchester by the Sea Elise
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996 Dead Man's Walk Maggie TV miniseries
1996 Spin City Gwen "Pride and Prejudice"
1996 Calm at Sunset, Calm at Dawn Emily TV film
2000 Picnic Madge Owens TV film
2002 Magnificent Ambersons, TheThe Magnificent Ambersons Lucy Morgan TV film
2002 Girls Club Lynne Camden Main role
2002 Freshening Up Janelle TV short
2007 Valley of Light, TheThe Valley of Light Eleanor TV film
2008 Memory Keeper's Daughter, TheThe Memory Keeper's Daughter Norah Henry TV film
2008–2009 Life on Mars Annie Norris Main role
2010–2014 Boardwalk Empire Gillian Darmody Regular role
2015 Mozart in the Jungle Nina Recurring role
2016 Chance Jaclyn Blackstone Main role
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gretchen Mol Biography (1972–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "interview". Broadway.com. 2016-09-09. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "The Shape of Things" CurtainUp: The Internet Theater Magazine of Reviews, Accessed April 4, 2007
Jump up ^ New York Times, October 11, 2001. Accessed April 4, 2007
Jump up ^ Isherwood, Charles (October 23, 2014). "When the Soul Must Be Heard".
Jump up ^ New York Photographer in Australia
^ Jump up to: a b "NYT bio". Movies2.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "?". Greenwich Village Gazette.
Jump up ^ "The Two One three, Gretchen Mol: Puccini and Lesbians". Interview. February 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ Stephen Holden, "An American Affair (2009)", New York Times, February 27, 2009
Jump up ^ Crossman, Kevin (February 15, 2010), "‘Tenure’ Coming to Blockbuster DVD Feb 19, Nationally in April", The Frat Pack Tribute, retrieved February 24, 2010
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Hall of Fame Presents The Valley of Light, Premiering Jan. 28 on CBS"
Jump up ^ CBS bio.
Jump up ^ Variety, "The Memory Keeper's Daughter", April 9, 2008
Jump up ^ "Cast and Crew: Gretchen Mol: Bio". HBO. 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Stardom stalled for Vanity Fair 'It Girl'", December 29, 2006
Jump up ^ 04:00 PM ET. "Gretchen Mol Welcomes Daughter Winter Morgan – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com". Celebritybabies.people.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ Cookie Magazine, Gretchen Mol Interview, (2009)
Jump up ^ "Gretchen Mol & Son In Cookie Magazine". Babyrazzi.com. Conde Nast. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gretchen Mol.
Gretchen Mol on IMDb
Gretchen Mol shares her favorite NY places at ontheinside.info
Gretchen Mol gets notorious as pinup legend Bettie Page at Popentertainment.com, April 17, 2006. (accessed May 31, 2010)
interview at SuicideGirls.com
[hide]
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VIAF: 221612625
LCCN: no99060858
ISNI: 0000 0003 6081 0104
GND: 137819420
SUDOC: 162354126
BNF: cb14207793h (data)
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