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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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Established
April 20, 1983; 35 years ago (1983-04-20)
Location
1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard
(East Ninth Street at Lake Erie)
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. 44114
Coordinates
41°30′31″N 81°41′44″W / 41.50861°N 81.69556°W / 41.50861; -81.69556Coordinates: 41°30′31″N 81°41′44″W / 41.50861°N 81.69556°W / 41.50861; -81.69556
Visitors
441,290 (2013)[1]
President
Greg Harris
Public transit access
North Coast station
(RTA Rapid Transit)
Website
rockhall.com
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home.
Contents
1 Foundation and museum
1.1 Economic impact
1.2 Layout
1.3 Architecture
2 Exhibit history
2.1 Public programs
2.2 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll
2.2.1 Artists with four or more songs
2.3 25th anniversary concert
3 Inductees
3.1 Performers
3.2 Early Influences
3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement
3.4 Award for Musical Excellence
4 Library and archives
5 Criticism
5.1 2007 vote controversy
5.2 The Monkees controversy
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Foundation and museum[edit]
Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans, Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland.[citation needed]
Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term "rock and roll" and heavily promoted the new genre—and that Cleveland was the location of Freed's Moondog Coronation Ball, the first major rock and roll concert. In addition, Cleveland cited radio station WMMS, which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s, including David Bowie, who began his first U.S. tour in the city, Bruce Springsteen, Roxy Music, and Rush among many others.[2] Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands.
Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located. On May 5, 1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland. "The hall of fame should've been in Memphis, certainly," wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography.[3]
Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization's site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, "It was $65 million... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money." Co-founder Jann Wenner later said, "One of the small sad things is we didn't do it in New York in the first place," but then added, "I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland."
During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, the Foundation's board considered the Cuyahoga River. Ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium.
At one point in the planning phase, when a financing gap existed, planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then-vacant May Company Building, but finally decided to commission architect I. M. Pei to design a new building. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site. Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft (61 m) high, but had to be cut down to 162 ft (49 m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking.
The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others.
In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll, regardless of induction status. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie.[4]
Economic impact[edit]
Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees. The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times (1986–92, 1994–96, 1998–2008, 2010–11, 2014, 2016 and 2017); twice in Los Angeles (1993 and 2013); and four times in the Hall of Fame's home in Cleveland (1997, 2009, 2012 and 2015). Beginning in 2018, the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York.[5]
The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public–private partnership between the City of Cleveland, the State of Ohio, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and local foundations, corporations, civic organizations and individuals. Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events, including free concerts, a gospel celebration, exhibition openings, free admission to the museum, and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall.[6]
Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction-related events. The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million, and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region. The 2012 induction week yielded similar results.[7]
Layout[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's North Coast Harbor.
There are seven levels in the building. On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall, the museum's main gallery. It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll (gospel, blues, rhythm & blues and folk, country and bluegrass). It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll: Memphis, Detroit, London and Liverpool, San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York and Seattle. There are exhibits about soul music, the Fifties, Sun Records, Atlantic Records, hip hop music, Cleveland's rock and roll legacy, the music of the Midwest, rock and roll radio and dee-jays, and the many protests against rock and roll. This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists, including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix and others. Finally, the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters, one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects.[8]
The first floor of the museum is the entrance level. It includes a cafe, a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year, and a section called "Backstage Stories." The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one-hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. This level also includes a gallery with artifact-filled exhibits about Les Paul, Alan Freed, Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology.[9]
Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor. This section includes "The Power of Rock Experience," which includes one of Jonathan Demme's final works, a film shown in the Connor Theater. The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall's induction ceremonies.[10] Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor. That level features the Foster Theater, a state-of-the-art 3-D theater that is used for special events and programs.[11][12]
Finally, the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large, temporary exhibits. Over the years, numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels, including exhibits about Elvis Presley, hip-hop, the Supremes, the Who, U2, John Lennon, the Clash, Bruce Springsteen, Women Who Rock, and the Rolling Stones.
Architecture[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing Lake Erie in the foreground
Designed by I. M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates, the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie. It is a combination of geometric forms and cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162-foot tower. The tower supports a dual-triangular-shaped glass "tent" that extends (at its base) onto a 65,000-square-foot plaza that provides a main entry facade.
The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space, as well as administrative offices, a store, and a café.
"In designing this building," Pei said, "it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll. I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new, and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world." [13]
Exhibit history[edit]
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Since 1997, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level.
The museum's first major exhibit opened on May 10, 1997. It was called I Want to Take You Higher: The Psychedelic Era, 1965 – 1969. It included artifacts from numerous artists, including John Lennon, Eric Clapton, John Sebastian, the Jefferson Airplane, and Janis Joplin, as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock.
That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building, an exhibit about the "King of Rock and Roll", which ran from August 8, 1998, to September 5, 1999. This year-long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist, Elvis Presley, the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986. Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis' life and legendary career.[14] Next, the museum curated Roots, Rhymes and Rage: The Hip-Hop Story. That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip-hop. It ran from November 11, 1999, to August 6, 2000. It was followed by Rock Style, an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion. It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper, from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone. After it closed in Cleveland, Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S.
The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon: His Life and Work, which ran from October 20, 2000, to January 1, 2003. It was followed by In the Name of Love: Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections: The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection. A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words: Rock, Power, Politics.[15]
Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash (Revolution Rock: The Story of the Clash), the Doors (Break on Through: The Lasting Legacy of the Doors), the Who's Tommy (Tommy: The Amazing Journey), and Bruce Springsteen (From Asbury Park to the Promised Land: The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen). Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll (Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power). Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland. The museum's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone.[16]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits. Over the years, these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour, the Concert for Bangladesh, Woodstock's 40th anniversary, Austin City Limits, the Monterey International Pop Festival, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Marty Stuart, Paul Simon, Graham Nash, and John Mellencamp.
The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll. Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky, Alfred Wertheimer, Tommy Edwards, Kevin Mazur, Janet Macoska, Lynn Goldsmith, Mike McCartney, Robert Alford,[17] and George Shuba. The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits, and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts.[18][19]
Public programs[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs, including concerts, interviews, lectures, film screenings, and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll. Every February, the museum celebrates Black History Month[20] by hosting concerts, film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African-Americans have played in the history of rock and roll. Since the program began in 1996, such artists as Robert Lockwood, Jr., the Temptations, Charles Brown, Ruth Brown, the Ohio Players, Lloyd Price, Little Anthony and the Imperials, and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month.
Another program is the Hall of Fame Series. This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings, most often in the Museum's Foster Theater. The interviews are usually followed by a question-and-answer session with the audience and, often, a performance by the inductee. Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl "DMC" McDaniels of Run-D.M.C., Lloyd Price, Marky Ramone, Seymour Stein, Ray Manzarek of the Doors, Ronnie Spector, Bootsy Collins, Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart, and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane.
A similar program is the Legends Series. The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Peter Hook of Joy Division, Spinderella of Salt n Pepa, Tommy James, and the Chi-Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series. Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall's inductees with a week-long series of programs that include interviews, film screenings, and, often, a special exhibit. The celebration ends with an all-star concert held at a Cleveland theater. The concerts include a diverse mix of artists, from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians.
The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin': The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger. Since then, the programs have honored the following inductees: Jimmie Rodgers (1997), Robert Johnson (1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008),[21] Janis Joplin (2009),[22] Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011),[23] and Chuck Berry (2012).[24]
Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll[edit]
Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with "the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts", created an unordered list of "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".[25][26] The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995.[27] It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s. The oldest song on the list is "Wabash Cannonball", written circa 1882 and credited to J. A. Roff. Since then, however, an additional 160 songs have been added, and the list is now simply referred to as "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" and My Chemical Romance's "Welcome to the Black Parade", both released in 2006.[28] The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 660-song list, with eight songs each.
Artists with four or more songs[edit]
8 The Beatles
8 The Rolling Stones
7 Elvis Presley
5 The Beach Boys
5 Chuck Berry
5 Bob Dylan
5 Led Zeppelin
5 Bruce Springsteen
4 Stevie Wonder
4 David Bowie
4 James Brown
4 Ray Charles
4 The Drifters
4 Aretha Franklin
4 Jimi Hendrix
4 Robert Johnson
4 The Kinks
4 Bob Marley
4 The Miracles
4 Prince
4 Muddy Waters
25th anniversary concert[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30, 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York. The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis, U2, Patti Smith, Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, Simon & Garfunkel, Dion DiMucci, Metallica, James Taylor, Bonnie Raitt, Fergie, Mick Jagger, Lou Reed, Ray Davies, Ozzy Osbourne, Paul Simon, Jeff Beck, Buddy Guy, Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Sting, Little Anthony & the Imperials, and Crosby, Stills and Nash. The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty, Darlene Love, Tom Morello, Sam Moore, Jackson Browne, Peter Wolf, and Billy Joel.[29][30][31]
Inductees[edit]
English guitarist, singer, and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
See also: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony. Over the years, the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. However, on January 12, 1993, the ceremony was held in Los Angeles, and was held there again in 2013. On May 6, 1997, about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, the ceremony was held in Cleveland. It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012. Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years. Generally, the number of inductees ranges from about a half-dozen to a dozen. Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies, and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee's music. Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies, which also include numerous musical performances, by both the inductees and the presenters. The first group of inductees, inducted on January 23, 1986, included Elvis Presley, James Brown, Little Richard, Fats Domino, Ray Charles, Chuck Berry, Sam Cooke, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Robert Johnson, Jimmie Rodgers, and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences, John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers.
Performers[edit]
A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the "Performers" category (singers, vocal groups, bands, and instrumentalists of all kinds), which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world. Those selected to vote include academics, journalists, producers, and others with music industry experience. Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record. Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll. To be selected for induction, performers must receive the highest number of votes, and also greater than 50% of the votes. Around five to seven performers are inducted each year.[32]
In 2012, six additional groups, the Miracles, the Famous Flames, the Comets, the Blue Caps, the Midnighters, and the Crickets, were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[33]
Early Influences[edit]
Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras, primarily country, folk, jazz, and blues, whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists. Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots, country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams, blues musicians Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters, and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong. After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000, no one was inducted in this category until 2009, when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected. Unlike earlier inductees in this category, Jackson's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the "rock era".
Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement[edit]
Formerly the "Non-Performers" award, this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry, including record label executives, songwriters, record producers, disc jockeys, concert promoters and music journalists. This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009. Following the death of the Hall of Fame's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun, this award was renamed in his honor in 2008.[34]
Award for Musical Excellence[edit]
Formerly the "Sidemen" award, this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers. The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008. This honor was renamed the "Award for Musical Excellence" in 2010. According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[35]
Library and archives[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio November 2015
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives is the world's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll. The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland's Campus District.
The Library and Archives' mission is to collect, preserve and provide access to these materials. The Library and Archives operates on two levels: people may come into the library and read the books and magazines, listen to music and other recordings, and watch videos and films. More serious scholars, historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists.
The library is composed of books, academic dissertations, and other references. It also includes popular magazines, scholarly journals and trade publications; commercial audio and video recordings, and research databases.
The archival collections include music-business records from record executives, artist managers, labels, historic venues, recording studios, specialists in stage design and lighting, and long-running concert tours. The collections also contain important individual items, such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna, handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J, papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark, and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s.[36][37][38]
Criticism[edit]
The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians, such as founder Jann Wenner (co-founder and editor-in-chief of Rolling Stone magazine), former foundation director Suzan Evans, and writer Dave Marsh, reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole. A former member of the nominations board once commented that "At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there weren't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner. That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo-wop groups being considered in favor of a 'name' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the '50s and early '60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list, resulting in '70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them. Some of those pioneers still aren't in today."[39] Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered "The Godmother/Grandmother of Rock & Roll",[40][41] but was not chosen for induction until 2017. Also, the influential soul/funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored. Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the "Hall of Lame".[42]
There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process. Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote:
"With fame and money at stake, it's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on. Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders – and committee members say they want to keep it that way."[43]
Jon Landau, the chairman of the nominating committee, says they prefer it that way. "We've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent. It all dies in the room."[43]
According to Fox News, petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored, and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all.[39] The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres.[44] According to author Brett Milano, "entire genres get passed over, particularly progressive rock, '60s Top 40, New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music."[45] In contrast, since the mid-2000s (decade), numerous hip hop artists have been inducted, including Tupac Shakur (class of 2017), N.W.A (class of 2016) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five (class of 2007).[46]
Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted. In fifteen years, 97 different artists were inducted.[47] A minimum of 50% of the vote is needed to be inducted; although, the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees (five in 2011) is set before the ballots are shipped.[47] The committee usually nominates a small number of artists (12 in 2010) from an increasing number of different genres. Several voters, including Joel Selvin, himself a former member of the nominating committee, did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy.[48]
Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols, inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony, calling the museum "a piss stain" and "urine in wine".[49]
In BBC Radio 6 Music's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013, the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias, stating, "Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame, 259 are entirely male, meaning that Tina Weymouth's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts."[50][51] In fact, the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5%.[52] Combining all the categories, there have been 719 inductees, out of which only 61 have been women, none of whom has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement.[53]
2016 inductee Steve Miller voiced a litany of criticisms directed at the hall, both during his induction speech and, especially, in interviews after it. His complaints included a lack of female inductees, not enough support by the hall for music education, and treatment of inductees at the award ceremony.[54]
2007 vote controversy[edit]
On March 14, 2007, two days after that year's induction ceremony, Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee, as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. The article went on to say "Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in. In reality, The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash. But he felt we couldn't go another year without a rap act."[46]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote, although they did not deny that late votes were received, saying, "No. There is a format and rules and procedure. There is a specific time when the votes have to be in, and then they are counted. The bands with the top five votes got in."[55] The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year.[56]
The Monkees controversy[edit]
In June 2007, Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees, commenting:
[Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007.
In a Facebook post, fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside, and further stated: "I can see the HOF (Hall of Fame) is a private enterprise. It seems to operate as a business, and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise. The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner's pleasure. This seems proper to me. It is their business in any case. It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate, nor should it be compelled to conform to one."[57]
Various magazines and news outlets, such as Time,[58] NPR radio,[59] The Christian Science Monitor,[60] Goldmine magazine,[61][62] Yahoo Music[63] and MSNBC [64] have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
See also[edit]
Rock and Roll portal
Cleveland portal
List of music museums
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2013–14 Annual Report to the Community" (PDF). RockHall.com. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. 2014. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Exhibits". Rockhall.com. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick (author of Sam Phillips: The Man Who Invented Rock 'n' Roll), an interview, "Bostonia," Winter-Spring 2016, pp. 52-54.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline: 1995–2010". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Grzegorek, Vince (April 8, 2016). "Rock Hall President: Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018". CleveScene.com. Cleveland Scene. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong, 15 years after opening". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions, done 'the Cleveland way,' are a hit". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum: Interactive Graphic". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Swank, Niki. "Rock & Roll Hall of Fame: the heart of rock and roll". Builders Exchange Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Troy L. (June 29, 2017). "Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding 'The Power of Rock Experience'". Cleveland.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ McGregor, Ellen (June 8, 2011). "First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion". Scripps Media/News Net 5/ABC News (Cleveland). Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles". Article. NBC News/AP. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The House That Steel Built: A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects" (PDF). Business Literature. American Institute of Steel Construction. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ (see Larry G. Keeter, "Elvis Is In the Building," "Elvis International Forum," Summer 2000, pp. 28–29)
Jump up ^ Smith, Troy. "Rock Hall announces 'Rock, Power and Politics' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Troy. "Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine's remarkable impact". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yarborough, Chuck. ""Just Can't Get Enough: The Photography of Robert Alford" opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits". Official Website. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yarborough, Chuck. "'Herb Ritts: The Rock Portraits': Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer's skill at capturing stars' essence (review)". The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hake, A. "Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events". Article. WOIO/19 Action News. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ D.X., Ferris. "Slash, Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall's American Music Master's Concert". Article. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ DeMarco, Laura. "Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Patrick. "Chuck Berry Praises Obama, Laments Fading Health". Article. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Rockhall.com.
Jump up ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Artcom Museums Tour: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum, Cleveland, OH - Moving Companies". Art.com.
Jump up ^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert". NJ.com.
Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams. "Jagger, Springsteen, Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert". NJ.com. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams. "Songs for HBO's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced". NJ.com. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Induction Process". Rockhall.com. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John (February 9, 2012). "Crickets, Famous Flames, Comets, Miracles, Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award". Contactmusic.com.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John (December 15, 2010). "Neil Diamond, Alice Cooper, Dr. John, Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary. "Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week". Article. Billboard Magazine. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday". article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (April 4, 2001). "Rock Hall of Fame Fallout: 'There Is Resentment Building Up'". Fox News. Retrieved April 4, 2001.
Jump up ^ "The Godmother of Rock & Roll: Sister Rosetta Tharpe". BBC Four. May 24, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Godmother of Rock and Roll: Sister Rosetta Tharpe". PBS. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Doug Yule - Story". Olivier.landemaine.free.fr.
^ Jump up to: a b Morrissey, Janet (December 3, 2011). "Battle of the Bands (and Egos) for the Rock Hall of Fame". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Boehm, Mike (December 29, 2009). "Getting progressive: The Rock Hall votes in Genesis. Is Yes or Procol Harum next?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gundersen, Edna (March 12, 2007). "Dispute rocks the hall". USA Today. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (March 14, 2007). "Rock Hall Voting Scandal: Rock Group Actually Won". Fox News. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (January 12, 2007). "Three strikes, they're in". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Selvin, Joel (November 14, 2007). "View: Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Sex Pistols – The Filth and the Fury. February 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Transcript: Paul Resnikoff, "I'm Charlotte Church. And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry…," Digital Media News, October 15, 2013
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads". BBC.
Jump up ^ "scroll kit". Scrollkit.com. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Inductees". Rockhall.com.
Jump up ^ "Steve Miller Rips the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Pitchfork". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Heaton, Michael (March 17, 2007). "Rock Hall denies vote fix report". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on November 29, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees". CNN. Associated Press. 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Nesmith, Michael. ""Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?", you ask". Facebook. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCombs, Joseph (April 19, 2012). "Hey, Hey Let Them In: 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Time Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hirsh, Marc. "NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame?". NPR Radio. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: The top 5 biggest omissions". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marder, Phill. "No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame?". Goldmine Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marder, Phill. "10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame". Goldmine Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hoskyns, Barney. "Why Aren't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame?". Yahoo Music. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sclafani, Tony. "Hey hey, it's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall". MSNBC. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
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text:
United States foreign aid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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United States foreign aid is aid given by the United States government to other governments. The term generally does not include either money from private charitable organizations based in the United States, personal giving, or remittances. It is sometimes divided into two broad categories: military aid and economic assistance.[1] The Congressional Research Service divides it into five categories: bilateral development aid, economic assistance, humanitarian aid, multilateral economic contributions, and military aid.[2]
Foreign aid recipients include developing countries, countries of strategic importance to the United States, and countries recovering from war. The government channels about half of its economic assistance through a specialized agency, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Government-sponsored foreign aid began a systematic fashion after World War II, with the Marshall Plan of 1948 and the Mutual Security Act of 1951-61.
Foreign aid is generally unpopular with the general public, with a 2017 poll finding 57% favor a cut and 6% who want increased aid.[3] On the other hand, foreign aid has bipartisan support in Congress,[4] and most Americans overestimate foreign aid as a share of the total federal budget. In the past, less than 1% of the national budget went to foreign assistance.[5][6] As of fiscal year 2017, foreign aid between the U.S. State Department and USAID totaled $50.1 billion, or just over 1% of the budget.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 World War I
2.2 World War II
2.3 Cold War
3 USAID
3.1 2000s
4 Public Opinion
4.1 What does the US public know about foreign aid spending?
4.2 How do opinions on US foreign aid change?
4.3 Who does the US public want to support with foreign aid?
4.4 How much does the US spend and where does it go?
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
8 Further reading
Overview[edit]
In fiscal year 2014, the U.S. government allocated the following amounts for aid:
Total economic and military assistance: $43.10 billion
Total military assistance: $10.57 billion
Total economic assistance: $32.53 billion
of which USAID Implemented: $17.82 billion[8]
Top 25 Recipient Countries of U.S. Foreign Aid FY 2013 Reported in $US millions, Obligations [9]
Country
Economic and Military Assistance FY 2013, $US millions
Aid received per person recipient FY2013, $US
Economic Assistance FY 2013, $US millions
Military Assistance FY2013, $US millions
Afghanistan 4533.51 148 2653.93 1879.58
Israel 2961.04 367 17.81 2943.23
Egypt 1566.24 19 330.6 1235.6
Jordan 1211.83 188 879.64 332.19
West Bank/Gaza 1007.73 370
Ethiopia 686.53 7 685.19 1.34
South Sudan 618.74 55 598.79 19.96
Malawi 571.18 35 570.91 0.27
Uganda 541.93 14 538.3 3.62
South Africa 526.19 10 523.86 2.32
Nigeria 518.84 3 509.41 9.43
Russia 465.16 3 445.07 20.08
Iraq 444.81 13 382.7 62.11
Tanzania 430.66 9 427.82 2.84
Mexico 419.94 3 348.72 71.21
Congo (Kinshasa) 379.24 6 366.73 12.52
Haiti 378.77 37 377.04 1.73
Lebanon 376.41 84 286.03 90.38
Somalia 367.18 35 188 179.18
Zambia 310.8 22 310.26 0.54
Sudan (former)* 290.05 8 290.05
Notes:
Sudan (former) refers to the geographic area of Sudan, based on the area that was Sudan before the creation of South Sudan
Except special considerations to countries such as Israel and Egypt, the direction of US foreign aid flow reflects the government efforts in’ alleviating poverty, promoting democracy and encouraging economic openness of the recipient countries.
History[edit]
World War I[edit]
During World War One, the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB), which sent food to the hungry in that war-torn country, received $387 million from the U.S. government (as well as $314 million from the British and French governments and about $200 million from non-governmental sources). These government monies were given in the form of loans, but a considerable portion of those loans were forgiven.[10]
After the war, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover who had also been prominent in the CRB, continued food distribution to war-devastated European countries. It also distributed food and combated typhus in Russia during 1921-23. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20 million for the ARA under the Russian Famine Relief Act of 1921.
World War II[edit]
Levels of United States aid increased greatly during World War Two, mainly on account of the Lend-lease program. United States government aid remained high in the decade after the war because of contributions to European reconstruction, and competition for influence versus the Communist powers in the first years of the Cold War. By 1960, the annual aid amount had receded to about half of what it was in the early post-war years, and, in inflation-adjusted terms, it has remained at that level—with some fluctuations—until the present.[11]
The Lend-lease program, which began in 1941 (before the U.S. entrance in the war) was an arrangement whereby the United States sent large amounts of war materials and other supplies to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States. It began with the passage by Congress of the Lend-lease act (PL 77-11) on 11 March 1941.[12] Initially, the main recipient was Great Britain; the Soviet Union began receiving supplies (paid for in gold) in June 1941 outside of Lend-lease, and was included in the Lend-lease agreement in November 1941. By the end of the war, most of the Allied countries had been declared eligible for Lend-lease aid, although not all received it. By the time the program was ended by President Truman in August 1945, more than $50 billion worth of supplies had been disbursed, of which the Commonwealth countries received $31 billion and the Soviet Union $11 billion. Although formally the material was loaned, in the end only partial repayment was demanded.
A second wartime aid program, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), was founded in November 1943, by 44 Allied governments, for the purpose of assisting and resettling displaced victims of the war.[13] Its initial focus was on assisting people in areas the Allies had captured from the Axis powers: distributing food, clothing and other essentials, and helping with medical care and sanitation. Later it also assisted in the resumption of agriculture and industry. Each of the 44 signatories was supposed to contribute one percent of its national income.[14] The chief beneficiaries were China, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR and Yugoslavia. UNRRA returned about 7 million displaced people to their countries of origin and provided refugee camps for about one million who were unwilling to be repatriated. UNRRA ceased operations in Europe in mid-1947;[15] some of its activities in Asia continued under other auspices until early 1949. In the end 52 countries had contributed as donors. Contributions from governments and private organizations during the four years of the program totaled over $3.8 billion; more than half of that was from the United States.
Cold War[edit]
After the war, the United States began giving large amounts of aid to Greece and Turkey under the Truman doctrine. Both countries were experiencing civil strife between communist and anti-communist factions, and the President and his advisors feared that their efforts to keep European countries from adopting communism might be about to suffer a serious setback. In December 1946, the Prime Minister of Greece visited Washington and requested additional United States aid. Truman promulgated his containment doctrine in early 1947, a major component of which was to be aid to the world's poor countries in order to blunt the appeals of radicalism to their hungry peoples and to bolster their anti-communist political elements. In May 1947 the U.S. government granted Greece $300 million in military and economic aid. Turkey received $100 million. The U.S. government gave Greece $362 million in 1949, and U.S. aid to Greece generally remained over $100 million annually until 1998.[16]
The most well-known, and largest, United States aid program in the immediate post-war years was the European Recovery Program (ERP). More often known as the Marshall Plan, it was the creation of George Kennan, William Clayton, and others at the U.S. State Department under Secretary of State George Marshall. Publicly suggested by Marshall in June 1947, and put into action about a year later, the Plan was essentially an extension of the Greece–Turkey aid strategy to the rest of Europe. The U.S. administration considered the stability of the existing governments in Western Europe vital to its own interests. On 3 April 1948, President Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act, establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program, and actual disbursements got underway. The focus was on promoting production, stabilizing currencies, and promoting international trade. To be eligible for the aid, a country had to sign an agreement with the United States government committing itself to the Act's purposes. The Communist countries were formally invited to participate in the Plan although Secretary Marshall thought it unlikely that they would accept and they did in fact decline the aid. Also in 1948, the United States and the recipient countries created the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC – it became the OECD in 1961) to coordinate the use of the aid. A large portion of the money given was used to purchase goods from the United States, and the ships used to transport the goods had to be of U.S. nationality. Until after the Korean War, military aid was not part of the plan.[17] The Marshall Plan ended in December 1951 and its functions were transferred to the Mutual Security Administration.[18] The United States government gave out about $12.5 billion under the Plan during its three-and-a-half year existence. The countries receiving the most were Great Britain ($3.3 billion), France ($2.3 billion) and West Germany ($1.4 billion).[19]
From 1945 to 1953 – U.S. provides grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries, especially China/Taiwan ($1.051 billion), India ($255 million), Indonesia ($215 million), Japan ($2.44 billion), South Korea ($894 million), Pakistan ($98 million) and the Philippines ($803 million). In addition, another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East. The main category was economic aid, but some military aid was provided.[20] All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan.[21]
USAID[edit]
Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act on September 4, 1961, reorganizing U.S. foreign assistance programs and separating military and non-military aid. The Act mandated the creation of an agency to administer economic assistance programs, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which was established by President Kennedy two months later. USAID became the first U.S. foreign assistance organization whose primary focus was long-term economic and social development.
2000s[edit]
U.S. Foreign Aid by Implementing Agency FY2009-FY2013, Reported in $US millions, Obligations [22]
Implementing Agency 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
African Development Foundation 35.32 30.86 33.91 29.64 27.84 31.78
Department of Agriculture 244.23 545.52 329.56 369.45 334.82 248.86
Department of Commerce 9.26 9.87 6.23 15.65 18.33 9.11
Department of Defense 14,527.79 15,274.05 18,821.63 17,666.48 8,250.63 10552.90
Department of Energy 749.51 1,036.85 1,426.41 691.14 972.90 670.21
Department of Health and Human Services 2,713.37 2,717.16 2,258.21 2,281.97 3,079.29 2695.37
Department of Homeland Security 8.04 6.08 4.09 5.15 0.00 2.67
Department of Justice 43.60 36.46 20.86 18.72 14.06 13.85
Department of Labor 53.78 73.47 52.75 12.16 30.55 17.00
Department of State 6,674.46 6,477.13 6,023.83 6,089.06 5,390.79 6824.22
Department of the Air Force 4.90 6.43 18.51 0.00 0.06 3.62
Department of the Army 935.81 774.72 420.50 137.53 37.02 15.18
Department of the Interior 1,087.52 225.67 328.07 225.00 216.95 292.18
Department of the Navy 26.57 0.26 17.84 6.81 4.67
Department of the Treasury 1,637.74 2,245.32 2,033.89 2,834.18 2,673.16 2838.22
Department of Transportation 2.17 3.84 2.87 7.61 3.95 .27
Environmental Protection Agency 24.67 40.59 22.19 50.62 21.92 20.44
Federal Trade Commission 0.61 0.73 0.33 0.21 0.00
Inter-American Foundation 24.96 25.84 22.96 25.44 26.20 27.79
Millennium Challenge Corporation 1,016.78 873.67 581.00 413.02 1,115.55 567.34
Open World Leadership Center 15.50 12.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
Peace Corps 350.67 389.61 419.09 401.34 386.75 405.60
Trade and Development Agency 42.78 49.88 41.17 44.14 40.64 44.34
U.S. Agency for International Development 16,191.31 17,344.78 15,644.51 18,232.36 17,461.78 17822.82
President Obama announced to the UN Millennium Development Goals summit in September 2010 that the United States was changing its policy towards foreign aid. The President said the country would focus more on effectiveness, and make sure donated food, medicine, and money help countries get to the point where they no longer require such aid. Infrastructure set up for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief would be used to build capacity in local health care systems to improve maternal and child health, and also fight tropical diseases. The new policy would increase the profile and participation of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which would coordinate more directly with the National Security Council and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[23] Some observers criticized the link with national security and foreign policy as unhelpful for the impoverished, and others lamented the attempted streamlining as only adding more bureaucracy.[23] Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States, with liberals, on average, supporting government-funded foreign aid much more than conservatives do,[24] who tend to prefer to provide foreign aid privately.
Public Opinion[edit]
Interviews with 1,012 adult Americans were conducted by telephone by Opinion Research Corporation in January 2011: Published by CNN, the response was that 81% felt that reducing aid to foreign countries was a good way to reduce the federal budget deficit, while 18% thought aid was more important than reducing deficit.[25] Thomas Pogge, Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University, has predicted that public opinion will not change even while the hardships suffered by poor people are rising, partly as a result of the Global Financial Crisis.[26] Some claim the U.S. is helping corrupt governments with the aid.
Worldwide opinion of the United States improves with contributions to developing countries.[27]
What does the US public know about foreign aid spending?[edit]
Several polls have been done assessing the knowledge of the US Public in regards to how much they know about the government’s foreign aid spending. A poll conducted by World Public Opinion in 2010 found that the average estimate for how much of the government’s budget is spent on foreign aid was 25 percent.[28] The average amount proposed by the public was 10 percent of the federal government’s budget be used on foreign aid.[28] In actuality, less than 1 percent of the US federal budget goes towards foreign aid.[28] Less than 19 percent of respondents thought that the percent of the budget that goes towards foreign aid was less than 5 percent.[28] Steven Kull, director of PIPA, relates this overestimation towards an increase in hearing about foreign aid efforts during the Obama administration, but estimates of foreign aid have always been high.[28]
A poll conducted in 2013 by Research Pew Center found that the majority of Americans wanted to either maintain or increase spending on all US government initiatives except foreign aid. This is attributed to a gross misconception of how much of the federal budget is actually spent on foreign aid.[29]
How do opinions on US foreign aid change?[edit]
A study by the Washington Post from 2017 shows that Americans are easily persuaded in regards to their opinions on US foreign aid.[30] The percentage of people who were provided no argument regarding foreign aid and though the US spends too much on it was 67 percent.[30] The percentage of people who were provided a positive argument for foreign aid and thought the US spent too much on it was 28 percent.[30] The percentage of people who were provided a negative argument against foreign aid and thought that the US spends too much on it was 88 percent.[30] This shows that the US public is perceptive to changing their beliefs about US foreign aid based on the information presented.
Because the US public is perceptive to information regarding public aid, Steven Kull, Director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes, laid out steps to preserve or create a positive outlook on US foreign aid.[31]
Understand the attacks on foreign aid.
Do not frame questions about public opinion in terms of priorities because people are likely to prioritize domestic issues.
Emphasize that only 1 percent of the federal budget goes towards foreign aid, as the Clinton administration did in the 1990s.
Americans feel that the US does more than its fair share on the world stage, so differentiate between foreign aid and military spending.
Note that other countries apart of multilateral frameworks are doing their part in contributing to foreign aid efforts.
Discuss that NGOs get a large sum of foreign aid to counter claims that aid only leads to further governmental corruption.
Point out that foreign aid is a safe way to improve US relations with other nation-states, therefore promoting self interest.[31]
Who does the US public want to support with foreign aid?[edit]
A study by Andy Baker, a political scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, found that Americans are more likely to support foreign aid going to an African country than they are to support foreign aid going to an Eastern European country.[32] Respondents averaged wanting to cut aid going to those of European descent by 40 percent, while respondents averaged wanting to cut aid going to those of African descent by only 11 percent. Baker attributes this to a paternalistic view Americans have of themselves over those of African descent.[32]
How much does the US spend and where does it go?[edit]
Because of the enormity of the US federal budget, the .7 percent of the budget put towards foreign aid totaled 23 billion dollars in 2012.[29] Most US foreign aid does not go other governments due to skepticism about corruption in other countries. There is a fear amongst the American people that foreign aid is funneled and used to increase the personal wealth of corrupt government leaders of foreign countries. However, about 85 percent of foreign aid goes to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and US-government contractors, meaning that most of foreign aid is not being given directly to foreign governments anyways.[29]
See also[edit]
United States military aid
United States Foreign Military Financing
Feed the Future Initiative
Foreign policy of the United States
Criticism of U.S. foreign policy
Foreign Assistance Act
USAID
Compact of Free Association
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Development Assistance Database
General:
List of governments by development aid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Max Bearak, Lazaro Gamio (18 Oct 2016). "The U.S. foreign aid budget, visualized". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy (2005) 38 pp online
Jump up ^ "Most See U.S. Foreign Aid As A Bad Deal for America". Rasmussen. 20 Mar 2017. Retrieved 9 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ Liz Schrayer (3 Sep 2016). "The Surprise Bipartisan Success Story of Congress: American Aid". Retrieved 9 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ George M. Guess, The Politics of United States Foreign Aid (2013)
Jump up ^ "Rethinking US Development Policy Foreign Assistance and the US Budget". March 19, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Adam Edelman (28 Feb 2017). "Trump wants to slash federal costs, boost military spending". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Annotated CRB documents, retrieved September 2009. The U.S. aid commenced after April 1917; Britain had been contributing since 1914. The amounts contributed by the governments are from the table near the beginning of the web page. 200 million is calculated as 22 percent (100 - 78 percent) of the 900 million distributed by the committee (mentioned in the discussion preceding the table).
Jump up ^ This paragraph refers to inflation-adjusted ("constant-dollar") levels. Generally, the other data in this section is in historical dollars. USAID, Greenbook, interactive version, "Program Reports"; then selecting "Custom Report" allows you to get data going back to 1946. Retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ United States government (ourdocuments.gov), Lend-Lease Act (1941), essay about the Act, and transcript of the Act. Retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Although the UNRRA was called a "United Nations" agency, it was established prior to the founding of the United Nations. The explanation for this is that the term 'United Nations' was used at the time to refer to the Allies of World War II, having been originally coined for that purpose by Roosevelt in 1942.
Jump up ^ Assisting the victims of war: 'nations will learn to work together only by actually working together.' (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration). U.N. Publications, 1994.
Jump up ^ United Nations, Assisting the victims of war &helip;, op cit., says the UNRRA decided on 16 August 1947 to liquidate itself, "a process completed in 1948;" Infoplease (Columbia Encyclopedia), "United Nations Relief and Rehabilitatin Administration", says UNRRA discontinued its operations in Europe on 30 June 1947.
Jump up ^ These amounts are in historical (not inflation-adjusted) dollars. USAID, Greenbook Historical query, select Country Reports >> Greece, Custom Report >> the data you want, and the year (Ctrl+A selects all years). Retrieved September 2009. Also, Time Magazine, "Greece: The Poly-Papadopoulos", 03 April 1972; retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ This and the information about U.S. goods and ships is from u-s-history.com "Marshall Plan", retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk, "Marshall Plan", retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Other sources on the Marshall Plan used here include infoplease.com "Marshall Plan", and The Marshall Foundation, "The Marshall Plan".
Jump up ^ All data from the official document: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1954 (1955) table 1075 pp 899-902 online edition file 1954-08.pdf
Jump up ^ Harry Bayard Price, The Marshall Plan and its Meaning (Cornell UP, 1955), pp 179-219.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b [1], Bristol 2010.
Jump up ^ Peter Hays Gries, The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs (Stanford, 2014), pp. 108-112.
Jump up ^ "Cnn Research Poll" (PDF). CNN. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Pogge, Thomas (2014). "Are We Violating the Human Rights of the World's Poor?" (PDF). Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal. 17 (1): 31. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldsmith, Benjamin E.; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Wood, Terence. "Doing well by doing good: foreign aid improves opinions of the U.S". Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e WPO Admin (November 29, 2010). "American Public Vastly Overestimates Amount of U.S. Foreign Aid". World Public Opinion.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hu, Alice C. (March 11, 2015). "Foreign Aid and the 28 Percent Myth". Harvard International Review.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hurst, Hawkins, Tidwell, Reuben, Darren, Taylor (May 4, 2017). "Americans love to hate foreign aid, but the right argument makes them like it a lot more". The Washington Post. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Kull, Steven. “Preserving American Public Support for Foreign Aid.” Brookings Blum Roundtable Policy Briefs, pp. 53–60.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Andy. 2015. “Race, Paternalism, and Foreign Aid: Evidence from U.S. Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review 109 (1): 93–109.
External links[edit]
Foreign Aid Explorer
U.S. Foreign Assistance dashboard
Brief Chronology and Highlights of the History of U.S. Foreign Assistance Activities
Criticism of U.S. Foreign Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Rethinking U.S. Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Further reading[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: formatting and linking Please help improve this section if you can. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
USG sources of data on United States aid are:
Foreign Aid Explorer
U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945–September 30, 2013
ForeignAssistance.gov
Non-USG sources of data on United States aid are:
Publications of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The OECD offers large amounts of data on line. Complete access is by subscription, but useful amounts are made available free. The DAC does not include private aid in its main category, "Official Development Assistance (ODA)", but reports some of it under other headings.
AidData provides free access to a searchable database of foreign aid activities by donor, recipient, sector, and other criteria. Using the AidData database, it is possible to search for U.S. foreign aid activities financed between 1973 and 2008, and download them as a CSV file.
Congressional Research Service. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy (2011) 37 pp online
Guess, George M. The Politics of United States Foreign Aid (2013)
Lancaster, Carol. Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
Morgner, Aurelius. "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," Review of Politics (1967) 29#1 pp. 65–75 in JSTOR
Bristol, Nellie. 2010. "US Foreign Aid Restructuring: is it "a very big deal?" From World Report. Accessed 4/19/2010.
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Criticism of U.S. foreign policy

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http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=8127

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values: Category:Contributions to foreign aid by country

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