text:
Hong Kong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China. For other uses, see Hong Kong (disambiguation).
"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hong Kong Cantonese)
Flag
Emblem
Anthem:
"March of the Volunteers"[1]
義勇軍進行曲
Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk
City flower
Bauhinia blakeana
洋紫荊
Joengzīgìng
Location of Hong Kong within China
Status
Special administrative region
Official languages
Chinesea
Englishb
Official scripts
Traditional Chineseb
English alphabet
Ethnic groups (2017)
92.0% Chinese
2.5% Fillipino
2.1% Indonesians
0.8% White
2.6% others[2]
Demonym
Hongkonger
Hong Kongese
Government
Devolved executive-led parliamentary system within socialist republic
• Chief Executive
Carrie Lam
• Chief Secretary
Matthew Cheung
• Financial Secretary
Paul Chan Mo-po
• Secretary for Justice
Teresa Cheng
• Council President
Andrew Leung
• Chief Justice
Geoffrey Ma
National representation
• National People's Congress
36 deputies (of 2,924)
• Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
203 delegates[3]
Legislature
Legislative Council
Autonomy within the People's Republic of China
• British possession
26 January 1841
• Treaty of Nanking
29 August 1842
• Convention of Peking
18 October 1860
• Extension of Hong Kong Territory
9 June 1898
• Imperial Japanese military occupation
25 December 1941
to 30 August 1945
• Transfer of sovereignty
from United Kingdom

1 July 1997
Area
• Total
2,755[4] km2 (1,064 sq mi) (184th)
• Water (%)
59.8 (1,649 km2; 637 sq mi)[5]
Population
• 2017 estimate
7,389,500[6] (100th)
• Density
6,544[2]/km2 (16,948.9/sq mi) (4th)
GDP (PPP)
2016[7] estimate
• Total
$429.652 billion (44th)
• Per capita
$58,322 (11th)
GDP (nominal)
2016[7] estimate
• Total
$320.668 billion (33th)
• Per capita
$43,528 (16th)
Gini (2016)
53.9[8]
high
HDI (2015)
0.917[9]
very high · 12th
Currency
Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zone
Hong Kong Time (UTC+8)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy
yyyy年mm月dd日
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+852
ISO 3166 code
HK
Internet TLD
.hk
.香港
Website
gov.hk
^ No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory, but Cantonese is the de facto standard.[10][11][12]
^ For all government use, documents written using Traditional Chinese characters are authoritative over ones inscribed with Simplified Chinese characters. English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.[13][14][15]
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港, Cantonese: [hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia, south of the mainland Chinese province of Guangdong, and east of the special administrative region of Macau. With over 7.3 million Hongkongers of various nationalities[note 1] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the fourth-most densely populated region in the world.
Hong Kong was formerly a colony of the British Empire, after the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from Qing China at the conclusion of the First Opium War in 1842. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War, and was further extended when Britain acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories starting in 1898. The Empire of Japan attacked the city as part of a co-ordinated offensive against the Allied Powers at the start of the Pacific War and held it under military occupation for the duration of the war, until the British resumed control of the colony in 1945. The entire territory, including ceded areas, was returned to China under the framework of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, signed by the United Kingdom and China in 1984 and marked with the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong at the end of the New Territories lease in 1997, when it became a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.[16]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[17][18] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system apart from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong retains independent executive, legislative, and judiciary powers.[19] Nevertheless, Hong Kong does directly develop relations with foreign states and international organizations in a broad range of "appropriate fields",[20] being actively and independently involved in institutions such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum and the World Trade Organization.[21][22]
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, holding the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranking as the world's most competitive and freest economic areas.[23][24] As the seventh-largest trading entity in the world,[25][26] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the 13th-most traded currency.[27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Although the city boasts one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]
The territory features the most skyscrapers in the world, surrounding Victoria Harbour, which lies in the centre of the city's dense urban region.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32] Over 90% of its population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[33] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[34][35][36]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial China
2.3 British colony
2.4 Japanese military occupation
2.5 Post-war industrialisation
2.5.1 The Hong Kong issue
2.6 Transfer of sovereignty
2.7 Special administrative region
3 Government and politics
3.1 Legal system and judiciary
3.2 Greater China relations
3.3 Foreign relations
3.4 Regional and administrative divisions
3.5 Electoral and political reforms
3.6 Sociopolitical issues and human rights
3.7 Military
4 Geography
4.1 Climate
4.2 Architecture
4.3 Cityscape
5 Demographics
5.1 Languages
5.2 Religion
6 Economy
6.1 Personal income and wealth
7 Infrastructure
7.1 Energy
7.2 Water and sanitation
7.3 Telecommunications
8 Transport
8.1 Rail
8.2 Roads and taxis
8.3 Aviation
8.4 Ferries
8.5 Buses and trams
9 Education
10 Health
11 Culture
11.1 Sport
12 Media
13 Notable people
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
16.1 Citations
17 Further reading
18 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong
"Hong Kong" in Chinese characters
Chinese
香港
Cantonese Yale
Hēunggóng or Hèunggóng
Literal meaning
Fragrant Harbour,
Incense Harbour[37][38]
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānggǎng
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shianggaang
Wade–Giles
Hsiang1-kang3
Yale Romanization
Syānggǎng
IPA
[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]
Wu
Romanization
shian平kaon上
Hakka
Romanization
Hiong1gong3
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng or Hèunggóng
IPA
[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ] or [hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]
Jyutping
Hoeng1gong2
Canton Romanization
Hêng1gong2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Hiong-kang
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Traditional Chinese
香港特別行政區
(香港特區)
Simplified Chinese
香港特别行政区
(香港特区)
Cantonese Yale
Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)
or
Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū
(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ
ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ
ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄑㄩ
(ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄑㄩ)
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu
(Shianggaang Tehchiu)
Wade–Giles
Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻê4-pieh2 Hsing2-chêng4-chʻü1
(Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻê4-chʻü1)
Yale Romanization
Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū
(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)
IPA
[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.pjě ɕǐŋ.ʈʂə̂ŋ.tɕʰý]
([ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.tɕʰý])
Wu
Romanization
shian平kaon上 deh入bih入
ghan平tsen去chiu平
(shian平kaon上 deh入chiu平)
Hakka
Romanization
Hiong1gong3 Tet6piet6 Hang2zin4ki1
(Hiong1gong3 Tet6ki1)
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)
or
Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)
IPA
[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]
([hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y])
or
[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]
([hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y])
Jyutping
Hoeng1gong2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3keoi1
(Hoeng1gong2 Dak6keoi1)
Canton Romanization
Hêng1gong2 Deg6bid6 Heng4jing3kêu1
(Hêng1gong2 Deg6kêu1)
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Hiong-kang Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu
(Hiong-kang Te̍k-khu)
The name Hong Kong originally referred to a small inlet between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. The town of Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[39] The source of the romanised name is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the spoken Cantonese pronunciation of 香港 (Cantonese Yale: hēung góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[37][38][40] Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water influx from the Pearl River estuary or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour was developed.[40] Another theory is that the name originates from the Tanka, early inhabitants of the region; it is equally probable that a romanisation of the name in their dialect was used (i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese).[41] Regardless of origin, the name was recorded in the Treaty of Nanking to encompass all of Hong Kong Island, and has been used to refer to the territory in its entirety ever since.[42]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[43] Nevertheless, a number of institutions founded during the early colonial era still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric, and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[44][45][46] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[47][48] Eight petroglyphs dated to the Shang Dynasty were discovered on the surrounding islands.[49]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, the Qin dynasty conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into China for the first time.[50] After a brief period of centralisation and subsequent collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[51] After the Han conquered Nanyue in 111 BC, Hong Kong was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and expansion of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[52]
Sung Wong Toi, believed to be a memorial to the last two boy emperors of the Southern Song dynasty, as it appeared before the Second Sino-Japanese War.
During the Tang dynasty, the Guangdong region flourished as an international trading centre. A military stronghold was established in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[53] Lantau Island was a salt production centre and smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the modern-day New Territories by the Song dynasty.[54] During their war against the Mongols, the Southern Song court was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[55]
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[56][57] Having established a settlement in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants began regularly trading in southern China. However, subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants in the 1520s.[58] The Portuguese were able to reestablish trade relations by 1549 with annual trade missions sent to Shangchuan Island and acquired a land lease from Ming authorities in 1557 to establish a permanent trade outpost at Macau.[59]
After the Qing conquest, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance, an imperial decree that ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669 as part of the new dynasty's efforts against Ming loyalist rebels in southern China. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County, which included Hong Kong, were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated returned in subsequent years.[60] With frequent pirate attacks and ever increasing incursions by European explorers, forts were constructed at Tung Chung and the Kowloon Walled City to guard the region.[61]
Though maritime trade had previously been banned, after repopulation of the coast and final defeat of all rebels with Ming sympathies, the Kangxi Emperor lifted the trade prohibition in 1684 and allowed foreigners to enter Chinese ports.[62] Trade with Europeans was more strictly regulated and became concentrated in the Pearl River Delta after establishment of the Canton System in 1757, which forbade non-Russian ships from northern Chinese ports and forced all commerce to be conducted solely in the port of Canton, just north of Hong Kong.[63] While European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was comparatively negligible, creating a large trade imbalance between Qing China and Great Britain. To counter this deficit, the British began to sell increasingly large volumes of Indian opium to China.[64] Faced with a drug addiction crisis,[65] Chinese officials pursued ever more aggressive actions in an attempt to halt the opium trade.[64]
British colony
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
Hong Kong Island and the City of Victoria, 1860s.
In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor, having rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium, tasked Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu with eradicating the opium trade. Lin ordered the confiscation and destruction of all opium stockpiles in Canton and a general blockade of foreign trade.[66] The British objected to the sudden seizure, especially without monetary compensation for the seized product, and dispatched an expeditionary force to China, starting the First Opium War. After British victory in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, the Qing initially admitted defeat. As part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Qishan, Viceroy of Liangguang, Hong Kong Island was declared to be ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi. British forces took formal possession of the island on 26 January 1841. However, disputes between high-ranking officials of both countries led to the failure of the treaty's ratification.[67] After more than another year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking on 29 August 1842.[68] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[69]
Queen's Road Central at the junction of Duddell Street, c. 1900.
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Jack raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese refugees crossed the open border fleeing from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons, and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[70][71] Further conflicts over the opium trade between the British and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula south of present-day Boundary Street and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860. The colony was expanded further in 1898, when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of additional territory from the Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory; Lantau Island, the remainder of Kowloon north of Boundary Street, further territory beyond Kowloon up to the Sham Chun River, and over 200 other outlying islands were given over to British control.[72][73]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants from both China and Europe. However, the population remained racially divided and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper class by the late 19th century, zoning laws prevented ethnic Chinese from acquiring property in reserved areas. Though enacted ostensibly to address health concerns of European residents,[74] the Peak Reservation Ordinance and other similar pieces of legislation enforced a system of residential zoning that racially segregated the population of the colony, creating exclusive communities of Europeans in areas like Victoria Peak and Cheung Chau.[75][76] At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population. Chinese appointments to the Legislative Council and Executive Council were not made until 1880 and 1926, with Wu Tingfang and Shouson Chow serving as the first members of the colony's ethnic majority on the respective chambers.[77][78]
Play media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937.
The colony continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. During the First World War, many Chinese residents left the city, fearing a German attack on the colony.[79] Hong Kong ultimately remained unscathed and continued growing; its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[80] Kai Tak Airport entered operation in 1925 and the colony was able to avoid a prolonged economic downturn after the Canton–Hong Kong strike ended, which had last for more than a year from 1925 through 1926..[81][82][83] At the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, when the Empire of Japan invaded China from its protectorate in Manchuria, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the colony a neutral zone to safeguard Hong Kong's status as a free port.[84]
Japanese military occupation
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
Liberation of Hong Kong in 1945. Picture taken at the Cenotaph in Central.
On 8 December 1941, the same morning as the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Imperial Japanese Army moved south from Guangzhou and crossed the Sham Chun River to attack Hong Kong as part of a coordinated military offensive against the Allied Powers.[85] The Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 17 days, through which British, Canadian, Indian, and local colonial units defended Hong Kong. By the fifth day, Commonwealth troops, under heavy artillery and aerial bombardment, had been forced to abandon their positions in Kowloon and retreated to Hong Kong Island.[86] With the remaining troops unable to further mount an effective defence, Governor Young surrendered the colony on Christmas Day. This day is remembered by locals as "Black Christmas".[87]
During the occupation, the garrisoned Japanese soldiers committed many atrocities against both civilians and prisoners of war, including the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents suffered widespread food shortages, strict rationing, and hyperinflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military yen. Widespread starvation and forced deportation of residents to mainland China for use as slave labour drastically reduced the population of Hong Kong from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945.[88] Some residents were able to flee to nearby Macau, which was comparatively untouched by the Japanese as a colony of neutral Portugal, with a few of these refugees further managing to find passage from there to Allied territory.[89] Britain resumed control of the colony shortly after the surrender of Japan, on 30 August 1945, after almost four years of occupation.[90]
Post-war industrialisation
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China sought refuge from the Chinese Civil War in a territory neutral to the conflict. When the Communist Party took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more refugees fled across the open border in fear of persecution.[72] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[72] The establishment of the People's Republic of China caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Hong Kong in 1965
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies that was undergoing rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries, and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[91] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme, which provided shelter for the less privileged and helped cope with the continuing influx of immigrants.
Under Governor Murray MacLehose, the government began a series of reforms to improve the quality of infrastructure and public services through the 1970s. Systemic corruption in the uniformed services had crippled trust in the government; MacLehose established the ICAC, an independent security service under the direct authority of the Governor, to restore the integrity of the civil service.[92] Chinese was recognised as an official language during his tenure, accelerating the process of localisation in the government, slowly handing key official posts long held only by British members of the government over to local ethnic Chinese people.[10][93] To alleviate road traffic congestion and provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, the Mass Transit Railway was constructed and began operations of its first line in 1979. The Island Line, Kwun Tong Line, and Tsuen Wan Line all opened in the early 1980s, connecting Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and parts of the New Territories to a single transport system.[94] MacLehose was the longest-serving colonial governor and, by the end of his governorship, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the territory. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Since 1983, the value of the Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to that of the United States dollar. The territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new industrial capacity developed in southern China under the Open Door Policy, which was introduced in 1978. Nevertheless, by the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia, and the world's exemplar of laissez-faire market policy.[95]
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
The Hong Kong issue
In 1971, China's permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council was transferred from the Republic of China, which had evacuated to Taiwan at the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, to the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong was soon after removed from the organisation's list of non-self-governing territories, at the request of the PRC. Facing an uncertain future for the colony and the expiration of the New Territories lease beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979.
Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984. The United Kingdom agreed to transfer to China the entirety of the colony, including the perpetually ceded areas of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula, at the conclusion of the 99-year New Territories lease in 1997. Hong Kong would then become a special administrative region governed separately from the mainland, retaining its free-market economy, common law judicial system, independent representation in international organisations, treaty arrangements, and self-governance in all areas except foreign diplomacy and military defence. The treaty further stipulated that the territory would be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for 50 years after the transfer, with the Basic Law of Hong Kong serving as its constitutional document.[72]
A street at the edge of the Kowloon Walled City at night.
Under the terms of the Second Convention of Peking, the colony was expanded out to the New Territories, but the treaty did not include a small military outpost over which the Kowloon Walled City would later be built. After the end of Japanese occupation, thousands of refugees fleeing from the mainland during the Chinese Civil War made their way to the Walled City and became squatters occupying this parcel of land where China was technically still the sovereign power. Over the following decades, the population of this 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) area dramatically increased, reaching 33,000 by 1987, making the Walled City the most densely populated area in the world at its peak.[96][97] Despite widespread illegal activity and unsanitary living conditions, the British largely took a 'hands-off' approach with regard to the Walled City due to the area's muddled territorial status and to avoid confrontation with the mainland authority.[98] The Joint Declaration laid the groundwork for bilateral co-operation concerning any Hong Kong-related issues, including the fate of the former military fort. The Chinese government acquiesced to the demolition of the settlement in 1987.[99] The structure was cleared away in 1994 and the area converted into the Kowloon Walled City Park.[100]
The signing of the Joint Declaration and impending retrocession of the colony to China triggered a wave of mass migration. Residents during the transitional period were apprehensive about life after the transfer of sovereignty and were fearful of a curbing of civil rights and individual liberties, erosion of the integrity of the legal system, and an overall reduction in quality of life post-handover.[101] Although colonial residents were British subjects, Parliament denied Hongkongers the right of abode in Britain.[102][103] Emigrants left with the goal of obtaining residency or citizenship in Western countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia.[104][105] Over half a million people in total left the territory during the peak migration period from 1987 until 1996.[106]
In preparation for the transfer of sovereignty, the colonial administration implemented a series of electoral reforms that gradually introduced elected seats to the then-fully appointed Legislative Council. Indirectly elected functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985 and directly elected geographical constituency seats in 1991.[107] However, following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, both the British and colonial governments were under intensified pressure to allow a faster pace of democratisation.[108] The outflow of emigrants rapidly accelerated,[109] increasing from around 20,000 people per year throughout most of the 1980s to over 66,000 in 1992.[106] Governor Chris Patten proposed further reforms that broadly expanded the electorate to enable a fully elected legislature in 1995.[110] The mainland authority considered these changes to be incompatible with the Basic Law and created a parallel Provisional Legislative Council that would assume legislative powers after the transfer of sovereignty.[110]
Transfer of sovereignty
Main article: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, where the handover ceremony took place in 1997
On 1 July 1997, sovereignty over Hong Kong was officially transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, marking the end of 156 years of British colonial rule. As Britain's last major and most populous remaining colony, the handover effectively represented the end of the British Empire. Exactly at midnight, all government organisations with royal patronage simultaneously dropped the Royal prefix from their titles and any regalia with references to the Crown were replaced with insignia bearing the Bauhinia.[111] After the handover ceremony, Chris Patten, the last Governor of Hong Kong, together with Prince Charles, departed the city on board the Royal Yacht Britannia.[112] Tung Chee-hwa was then sworn in as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong, with President Jiang Zemin administering the oath of office.[113] The following morning, the Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army entered the city and assumed control of the territory's military bases.[113]
Special administrative region
Main articles: 2000s in Hong Kong and Hong Kong–Mainland conflict
Almost immediately after the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong's economy was severely affected by the Asian financial crisis and further depressed by the outbreak of the H5N1 strain of avian flu. Financial Secretary Donald Tsang used the substantial territorial foreign currency reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg and spent over HK$120 billion on significant holdings of major Hong Kong companies to prevent a general market collapse.[72] While complete disaster was averted, Chief Executive Tung's housing policy of building 85,000 subsidised flats a year triggered a housing market crisis in 1998, depressing property prices and causing some homeowners to become bankrupt.[114] Hong Kong was again gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003.[115][116] In total, 1,755 people were infected, with 299 fatalities.[117] Economic activities slowed and schools were closed for weeks at the height of the epidemic. An estimated HK$380 million (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.[118] While Hong Kong was also severely affected by the global recession of the late 2000s, the Tsang government introduced a series of economic stimulus measures prevented a prolonged recession.[119]
Hong Kong Island north coast, overlooking Victoria Harbour and Central and East Kowloon from middle section of Lugard Road at daytime.
Infrastructure post-handover has been rapidly developed, with major transport links continuing to be planned and constructed. The Rose Garden Project, which began under British administration, to construct a new international airport was completed in 1998 and operations began at the new site during the same year. The Ngong Ping Cable Car, West Kowloon Cultural District, multiple new railway lines, and additional cross-harbour tunnels were all completed in the first 20 years of territorial self-governance. Direct infrastructure links with mainland China are also being actively developed, with both the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge and Hong Kong section of the national high-speed railway currently under construction. Construction of the rail link generated a high level of controversy surrounding the demolition of key landmarks and displacement of residents along the planned route.[120]
Political debates have centred themselves predominately on issues surrounding electoral reform and Hong Kong's jurisdictional independence from the central government. Following the handover, democratic reform of the Legislative Council was immediately terminated and the government attempted to legislate sweeping national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law. Coupled with years of economic hardships and discontent of Chief Executive Tung's pro-Beijing stance, over 500,000 people demonstrated against the government, which eventually led to Tung's resignation in 2005.[121] Further proposals by the government to introduce a national education curriculum and nominee pre-screening before allowing Chief Executive elections triggered a number of mass protests in 2014, collectively known as the Umbrella Revolution.[122]
Violent attacks on journalists, an increasing level of press self-censorship, alleged extraterritorial abduction of anti-China publishers,[123] and covert intervention into Hong Kong's educational, political, and independent institutions have posed challenges to the policy of one country, two systems. In the 2016 legislative election, there were reports of discrepancies in the electorate registry, which contained ghost registrations across constituencies, as well as political intervention to strip pro-independence individuals of their right to stand in elections[124] and alleged death threats to election candidates.[125] Social divisiveness on ethnic identity heightened markedly during Leung's term, especially among younger members of the population. An ongoing University of Hong Kong study found that 69.7% of those aged 18 to 29 considered themselves as Hongkongers, while only 0.3% identified as Chinese; at the end of 2011, before the start of Leung's tenure as Chief Executive, ethnic identity polling for that demographic measured 42.4% and 11.8%, respectively.[126][127]
Government and politics
Main articles: Government of Hong Kong, Politics of Hong Kong, and Elections in Hong Kong
Carrie Lam
Chief Executive
Matthew Cheung
Chief Secretary
Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, maintaining a separate legislature, executive, and judiciary from the rest of the country. It has an executive-led parliamentary government modelled after the Westminster system, inheriting this from British colonial administration.[128][129] The Sino-British Joint Declaration guarantees the territory's capitalist economic system and autonomous system of government for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty.[note 2] Under this framework and the concept of "one country, two systems", the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitutional document, establishing the structure and responsibility of the government.[130][131]
The head of government is the Chief Executive, who is selected for a once-renewable five-year term by the Election Committee, a 1,200-member nominating body composed of prominent corporate, community, and government leaders.[132] The central government provides oversight for the regional government; final interpretative power of the Basic Law rests with the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the Chief Executive is formally appointed by the State Council after nomination by the aforementioned Election Committee.[130] Responsibility for foreign and military affairs is also assumed by the central authority.[note 3]
Government House, official residence of the Chief Executive.
A chamber within the Legislative Council Complex.
Court of Final Appeal Building in Central. Formerly housed the Supreme Court and the Legislative Council before its current function.
The Legislative Council is a unicameral legislature with 70 members, consisting of 35 directly elected members apportioned to geographical constituencies, 30 members representing professional or special interest groups formed as functional constituencies, and 5 members nominated by members of the District Councils and selected in territory-wide elections.[17][133] Legislators are elected using multiple different voting systems, determined by whichever constituency a particular seat is representing. All directly elected seats are filled using a proportional representative system, while functional constituencies other than the all-territory District Council constituency choose their councillors using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting.[134]
Government policy is determined by the Executive Council, a body of advisors appointed by the Chief Executive with the authority to issue delegated legislation and proposes new bills to the legislature for debate and promulgation. Direct administration is managed by the Civil Service, an apolitical bureaucracy that ensures positive implementation of policy.[17][135] Hong Kong is nationally represented by 36 deputies in the National People's Congress chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government.[3][19][136]
22 political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election.[137] These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp who form the current government, the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups.[138] The Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong and its members do not run in local elections.[139]
The Monetary Authority is the currency board and de facto central bank of the territory.[140] It is responsible for regulation of the Hong Kong dollar and, along with HSBC, Standard Chartered Hong Kong, and the Bank of China, issues currency in the form of banknotes. Coinage is solely minted by the Monetary Authority.[141]
Legal system and judiciary
Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong Kong
The judicial system is derived from the common law system of English law, and was created at the establishment of the territory as a British colony. Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as an independent jurisdiction.[142] The Court of Final Appeal is the territory's highest court, exercising final adjudication over interpretation of laws and has the power to strike down statutes and legislation inconsistent with the Basic Law.[143][144] It is led by the Chief Justice and consists of three additional permanent judges and one non-permanent seat filled on a rotating basis by both local judges and those invited from overseas common law jurisdictions.[17][145] However, authoritative interpretative power over the Basic Law itself instead lies with the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Judges on all courts are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.[17][146] As a common law jurisdiction, Hong Kong courts may refer to precedents set in English law and Commonwealth judicial rulings.[17][145]
The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters on behalf of the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international judicial co-operation between different jurisdictions.[142] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice represent the government in any civil and administrative lawsuits against the administration.[142] The department may call for judicial review of government action or legislation and may intervene in cases that may involve the greater public interest.[147] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.[17][148] Law enforcement is a responsibility of the Security Bureau and the Hong Kong Police, with agencies like the Customs and Excise Department and Immigration Department handling more specialised tasks.
Greater China relations
Entrance to the Liaison Office, the representative body of the Central People's Government in the region.
The Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau is responsible for co-ordinating with the central government on issues related to the implementation and interpretation of the Basic Law, electoral matters, and bilateral economic and legal co-operative efforts.[149] Because national law does not automatically apply in the territory, the two governments periodically negotiate formal agreements that cover a range of issues, including cross-boundary trade, law enforcement co-operation, environmental protection, shipping logistics, among other fields.[150] The Liaison Office is the mainland authority's corresponding representative and co-operative body in the region and maintains an extensive network of relations with local commercial, educational, and cultural organisations in addition to its government functions.[151]
The Closer Partnership Economic Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between Hong Kong and the mainland, with each government committing to reduce regulations concerning cross-boundary trade and investments.[152] The agreement forms the basis for further integration between the two regions, with supplements concerning more areas of co-operation added to the arrangement almost every year since its signing.[152] A similar economic partnership arrangement with Macau also details liberalisation of trade and deregulation of the movement of goods and services between the two special administrative regions.[153] Cross-strait relations with Taiwan falls under the purview of the Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council.[154]
An area where the jurisdictional independence of the territory is most apparent is its immigration policy. The Immigration Department issues distinct passports for permanent residents different from those of the mainland or Macau.[155][156] The region maintains a regulated border with the mainland and all travellers between Hong Kong and both China and Macau, regardless of nationality or residency, must pass through border controls.[157]
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Hong Kong
Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon meeting Chief Executive Carrie Lam.
Responsibility for diplomatic affairs is assumed by the central government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but Hong Kong retains the ability to enter into international agreements in commercial, economic, and other appropriate fields defined by the Basic Law.[20] Under the name "Hong Kong, China", the territory co-operates with foreign nations in international organisations, such as the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the International Olympic Committee. Although not a member of the United Nations as the territory is not a sovereign nation, Hong Kong actively participates in the organisation's agencies and is party to many of its international agreements.[158][159][160]
Though no longer administering the territory after the transfer of sovereignty, the United Kingdom maintains strong ties with Hong Kong. Hundreds of British corporations maintain offices or their regional headquarters in the territory,[161] and both parties collaborate on a number of economic and bilateral agreements.[162][163] Hong Kong regularly invites British and Commonwealth judges to sit on the Court of Final Appeal,[164] and its universities remain involved in the Association of Commonwealth Universities.[165] As a party to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, the United Kingdom is obligated to ensure proper implementation of the treaty; the Foreign Secretary gives biannual reports to Parliament on the status of Hong Kong.[166]
123 countries maintain consular missions in Hong Kong, as well as major supranational organizations, including the European Union. A number of consulates-general, such as those of the United States and United Kingdom, operate independently of their corresponding embassies in Beijing, extend their areas of jurisdiction beyond Hong Kong to include Macau, are headed by officials with ambassadorial rank, and report directly to their respective foreign offices.[167][168] The regional government itself maintains trade offices for conducting external commercial relations throughout Greater China and in foreign countries.[169]
Regional and administrative divisions
Main articles: List of cities and towns in Hong Kong and Districts of Hong Kong
Hong Kong consists of three geographical regions, divided by their historical time of acquisition by the United Kingdom: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories. The city of Victoria, the first urban settlement in the territory, was established on Hong Kong Island, and its area is analogous to present-day Central and Western District.
The territory is administratively divided into 18 districts. Each district is represented by a District Council, which advises the government on local issues such as the provisioning of public facilities, maintenance of community programmes, promotion of cultural activities, and improvement of environmental policies.[170] There are a total of 458 seats in the District Councils, 431 of which are directly elected while the remaining 27 are filled by ex officio members consisting of rural committee chairmen, representing villages and towns of outlying areas of the New Territories.[170] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.[171] Local administration of municipal services was previously delegated to the Urban Council in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island and to the Regional Council in the New Territories, until they were abolished in 1999.[172]
Electoral and political reforms
Main article: Democratic development in Hong Kong
Presentation of an electoral reform consultation report in 2014.
Although the Basic Law lays the foundation for the regional government, some of its articles require more specific legislation to be adopted before implementation. Article 23 provides for laws that prohibit treason and subversion in the territory, and a bill was drafted pursuant to this constitutional requirement. The government dropped this proposal after fierce opposition and protests against its perceived potential to restrict freedom of information.[19][173]
Articles 45 and 68 state that the ultimate goal is for both the Chief Executive and all members of the Legislative Council to be selected by universal suffrage.[20] While the legislature is now partially directly elected, the executive continues to be selected by means other than direct election. From its establishment as a colony, Hong Kong has not had a fully representative democratic government. Colonial administration prior to the Second World War largely excluded Chinese representation.[174] While Hong Kong was a British territory, the executive was embodied by the Sovereign, who appointed and was personally represented by the Governor. The Legislative Council initially consisted exclusively of appointed white British members, with its first Chinese member not joining the chamber until 1880.[77] After the end of Japanese occupation and the resumption of British control, amidst the greater movement of global decolonisation, the government seriously considered constitutional reform in Hong Kong; this was ultimately shelved due to fears of government infiltration by communist sympathisers after their victory at the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War.[175]
After negotiation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, the Legislative Council was reformed from an assembly consisting solely of government officials and appointed members to include indirectly elected functional constituency seats in 1985 and directly elected seats in 1991.[107] Electoral reform introduced in 1994 greatly expanded the electorate for functional constituencies, effectively making them representative.[176] However, the legislature was abolished after the handover and replaced with an interim Provisional Legislative Council, before new elections in 1998 were held under a selection system similar to what was used prior to the last colonial era reforms.[177][178]
Electoral reform continues to be a contentious issue after the transfer of sovereignty. The government faces ongoing calls to introduce direct election of the Chief Executive and all Legislative Council members.[179] These efforts have been partially successful; the Election Committee no longer selects a portion of the Legislative Council and was slightly expanded from 800 to 1,200 members, and the number of legislature seats was increased from 60 to 70.[180] A central government decision in 2014 to require Chief Executive candidates to be pre-screened as part of a reform package to introduce universal suffrage incited large-scale protests demanding a more open process.[181] The proposal was later rejected by the legislature and the executive selection process remains unchanged.
Sociopolitical issues and human rights
Main article: Human rights in Hong Kong
Protest in Admiralty against an electoral reform proposal in 2014.
The Basic Law establishes a series of fundamental rights for every resident of Hong Kong.[182] Though the regional government generally observes these guarantees, the central government has been increasingly perceived to be encroaching on the autonomy of the territory.[183][184][185]
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress holds final interpretative power over the Basic Law, and use of it can override any regional judicial process. After the 2016 legislative elections, six incoming Legislative Council members took their oaths of office improperly. The Standing Committee subsequently issued a new interpretation of the Basic Law article regarding assumption of office, preempting a territorial judicial review and allowing the High Court to disqualify the legislators.[186][187] Judicial independence was also questioned after the disappearance of five staff members of a Causeway Bay bookstore that was known to sell literary material prohibited in the mainland.[188] Their possible abduction and rendition by Chinese public security bureau officials would represent a breach of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, violating the guarantee of regional autonomy;[189] mainland authorities do not have extraterritorial jurisdiction to enforce national laws.[182]
Freedom of the press since the handover have been threatened by incidents of physical violence against journalists and as news media organisations are pressured not to publish stories that portray the central government in a negative way.[190][191] News media has been increasingly prone to self-censorship, as publication owners expand business interests on the mainland or media organisations become acquired by Chinese corporations.[192][193] The police have been accused of using excessive force against protesters at public rallies and overtly barring demonstrators from free assembly.[194][195]
Ethnic minorities, excluding those of European ancestry, have marginal representation in government and are often discriminated against while seeking housing, education, and employment opportunities.[196][197] While legislation prohibits discrimination based on age, sex, and disability, it specifically excludes migrant workers, along with immigrants and mainland Chinese.[198][199] Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements, which minority job seekers frequently fail to meet, while language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners.[200][201] In recent years, residents of a minority ethnicity have been more frequently placed on government advisory committees to address racial issues.[202]
Foreign domestic helpers, predominately women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under territorial law. Although residing and working in Hong Kong, workers of this class are not treated as ordinarily resident, barring them from eligibility for right of abode.[203] Domestic helpers are required to live in the residence of the employer and must leave Hong Kong within two weeks on termination of an employment contract or face deportation.[204] Additionally, the Immigration Department does not renew visas for workers who change employers more than three times in a single year.[205] Legislation offers nominal protection for migrant workers, but the legal process for recourse is time-consuming and costly, potentially taking 15 months for cases to be heard in the District Court or Labour Tribunal.[206] The culmulative effect of these policies and legislation leaves foreign domestic helpers vulnerable to exploitation and abuse by employers and greatly restricts their labour mobility.[207][208]
Military
Main article: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison
A PLA navy Houjian-class missile boat patrolling Hong Kong waters.
The President of China holds the title of Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him supreme commander of the nation's armed forces.[209] Under the Basic Law, responsibility for the defence of Hong Kong is assumed by the central government.[19] The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is stationed in the territory and is headquartered at the Chinese People's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building in Central. 6,000 active duty servicemen serve as part of the garrison.[210] The Basic Law also protects civilians and civil affairs against interference by the garrison. Military personnel are subject to both national and Hong Kong laws while serving in the territory.[211] Under exceptional circumstances, the regional government may ask the central government for assistance from the garrison in disaster relief.[19]
Residents of Hong Kong are not required to perform military service. Current law has no provision for enlistment of local residents, meaning that the military force defending the territory is composed entirely of personnel originating outside of Hong Kong.[212] As responsibility for the defence of Hong Kong rests solely with the central authority, the regional government is not obligated to bear the expenditures of the garrison stationed in the city.[19] During the colonial era, territorial defence was the responsibility of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong, supplemented by local militia organized as the Royal Hong Kong Regiment.[213] The only military-affiliated organisation that recruits local residents is the Hong Kong Army Cadets Association, a uniformed youth organisation of children aged 6 and older sponsored by the People's Liberation Army.[214]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Hong Kong and Ecology of Hong Kong
Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Sham Chun River. The territory's 2,755 km2 (1,064 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,106 km2 (427 sq mi) is land and 1,649 km2 (637 sq mi) is water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 167th largest inhabited territory in the world.[215]
As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, while the majority is grassland, woodland, shrubland, and agricultural land.[216] About 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.[217] Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War, and higher altitudes are dominated by grassland. The territory is highly diverse: over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region, 300 of which are native to Hong Kong.[218] Over 2,000 species of moths, butterflies, dragonflies, and other insects can be found, as well as one third of the total bird species in China, and a variety of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals native to the Pearl River Delta.[219] The Bauhinia orchid, native to the region, serves as a symbol for the city, appearing on the territorial flag and emblem.
Higher-altitude areas of Hong Kong are often dominated by grassland: Lantau Island during the dry season.
Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon Peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.[220] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.[221] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.[222] On 18 September 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong Global Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.[223]
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,[224] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.[225] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.[226]
Climate
In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), though it is situated 128 kilometres (80 mi) south of the Tropic of Cancer.[227] Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Typhoons most often occur in summer, sometimes resulting in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.[228] Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs in areas of high elevation. Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,[229] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 18 January 1893, respectively.[230][231][not in citation given] The highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures across all of Hong Kong, on the other hand, are 38.4 °C (101 °F) at Waglan Island in June 1991[232] and −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016, respectively.
[hide]Climate data for Hong Kong (Hong Kong Observatory), normals 1981–2010, extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
26.9
(80.4) 28.3
(82.9) 30.1
(86.2) 33.4
(92.1) 35.5
(95.9) 35.6
(96.1) 35.7
(96.3) 36.6
(97.9) 35.2
(95.4) 34.3
(93.7) 31.8
(89.2) 28.7
(83.7) 36.6
(97.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
23.7
(74.7) 24.5
(76.1) 27.1
(80.8) 29.8
(85.6) 31.8
(89.2) 33.1
(91.6) 33.8
(92.8) 33.8
(92.8) 33.8
(92.8) 30.8
(87.4) 28.0
(82.4) 25.1
(77.2) 34.3
(93.7)
Average high °C (°F)
18.6
(65.5) 18.9
(66) 21.4
(70.5) 25.0
(77) 28.4
(83.1) 30.2
(86.4) 31.4
(88.5) 31.1
(88) 30.1
(86.2) 27.8
(82) 24.1
(75.4) 20.2
(68.4) 25.6
(78.08)
Daily mean °C (°F)
16.3
(61.3) 16.8
(62.2) 19.1
(66.4) 22.6
(72.7) 25.9
(78.6) 27.9
(82.2) 28.8
(83.8) 28.6
(83.5) 27.7
(81.9) 25.5
(77.9) 21.8
(71.2) 17.9
(64.2) 23.24
(73.83)
Average low °C (°F)
14.5
(58.1) 15.0
(59) 17.2
(63) 20.8
(69.4) 24.1
(75.4) 26.2
(79.2) 26.8
(80.2) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 23.7
(74.7) 19.8
(67.6) 15.9
(60.6) 21.37
(70.46)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
9.1
(48.4) 9.9
(49.8) 11.5
(52.7) 15.9
(60.6) 20.5
(68.9) 23.2
(73.8) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 23.2
(73.8) 19.6
(67.3) 14.4
(57.9) 10.0
(50) 7.7
(45.9)
Record low °C (°F)
0.0
(32) 2.4
(36.3) 4.8
(40.6) 9.9
(49.8) 15.4
(59.7) 19.2
(66.6) 21.7
(71.1) 21.6
(70.9) 18.4
(65.1) 13.5
(56.3) 6.5
(43.7) 4.3
(39.7) 0
(32)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
24.7
(0.972) 54.4
(2.142) 82.2
(3.236) 174.7
(6.878) 304.7
(11.996) 456.1
(17.957) 376.5
(14.823) 432.2
(17.016) 327.6
(12.898) 100.9
(3.972) 37.6
(1.48) 26.8
(1.055) 2,398.4
(94.425)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
5.37 9.07 10.90 12.00 14.67 19.07 17.60 16.93 14.67 7.43 5.47 4.47 137.65
Average relative humidity (%)
74 80 82 83 83 82 81 81 78 73 71 69 78.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
143.0 94.2 90.8 101.7 140.4 146.1 212.0 188.9 172.3 193.9 180.1 172.2 1,835.6
Percent possible sunshine
42 29 24 27 34 36 51 47 47 54 54 51 42
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[233][230][231][234]
Climate data for Hong Kong
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
19.1
(66.4) 18.9
(66.0) 20.1
(68.2) 22.7
(72.9) 26.8
(80.2) 28.5
(83.3) 29.1
(84.4) 28.6
(83.5) 28.3
(82.9) 26.5
(79.7) 24.3
(75.7) 21.0
(69.8) 24.5
(76.1)
Mean daily daylight hours
11.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 12.1
Average Ultraviolet index
7 9 11 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11 9 7 7 9.7
Source: Weather Atlas [235]
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong
See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.[236] It has more buildings taller than 500 feet (150 m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km (0.81 mi),[237] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.[238] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.[239][240]
As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.[241] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1,362 ft) high.[242] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.[243] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,[244] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.[245][246] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.[247][248][249]
There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,[250] waterfront redevelopment in Central,[251] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.[252] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.[253] The Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city and on lower-income residents.
Cityscape
City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong skyline.
A panoramic view of the Hong Kong Island skyline at night, taken from Tsim Sha Tsui.
View from the highest mountain of Kowloon overlooking Victoria Harbour and Hong Kong Island.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Hong Kong and Hong Kong people
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1841
7,450 —
1861
119,320 +1501.6%
1871
120,124 +0.7%
1881
160,402 +33.5%
1891
221,441 +38.1%
1901
368,987 +66.6%
1911
456,739 +23.8%
1921
625,166 +36.9%
1931
840,473 +34.4%
1941
1,640,000 +95.1%
1945
600,000 −63.4%
1951
2,070,000 +245.0%
1961
3,128,648 +51.1%
1971
3,936,630 +25.8%
1981
5,183,400 +31.7%
1991
5,752,000 +11.0%
2001
6,714,300 +16.7%
2011
7,071,600 +5.3%
2017
7,389,500 +4.5%
Sources: Census and Statistics Department,[254][255][256][6] CICRED,[257] Office for National Statistics[258]
The Census and Statistics Department estimated the population to be 7,389,500 people as of August 2017,[6] with an average annual growth rate of 0.66% over the previous five years.[2][259] The territorial population has multiplied by over a factor of 12 since the end of the Second World War, from about 600,000 in 1945.[257][6] Since 1979,[260] the fertility rate has consistently declined below the replacement level of 2.1, reaching 1.2 children per woman in 2016.[261] Continued growth can be attributed to high rates of immigration from foreign countries and Greater China; 40% of the population were born outside of the territory.[262]
92% of the population is Han Chinese,[2] the majority of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and a variety of other Cantonese peoples. A large portion of Hong Kong's majority population originated from the neighbouring province of Guangdong,[257] from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and after establishment of communist rule in China.[263][264][265][266]
Non-ethnic Chinese minorities constitute the remaining 8% of the population.[2] Filipinos and Indonesians form the city's largest ethnic minority groups, many of whom work as foreign domestic helpers. South Asians, largely descendants of British Indian soldiers stationed by the colonial government and migrants of that era, also make up a significant minority.[267] Like many Chinese who crossed the border after the communist victory at the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, Vietnamese refugees sought refuge and settled in Hong Kong during and after the Vietnam War.[268] Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans resident in the city largely work in the commercial and financial sector.[269]
A legacy of colonial rule, about 3 million residents hold some form of British nationality, including British National (Overseas) status and British citizenship.[270] The vast majority of them concurrently hold Chinese nationality, which was automatically granted to all residents of Chinese descent at the transfer of sovereignty.[271]
Chinese citizens ordinarily resident in mainland China are not entitled to right of abode in Hong Kong, and are subject to immigration controls. Like foreign nationals, they may apply for right of abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some rights may be acquired through marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office.[272] The influx of Chinese immigrants is a significant contributor to territorial population growth, and is limited by a daily quota of 150 people with existing family ties in Hong Kong. These immigrants are issued a One-way Permit and have their household registration in the mainland rescinded.[273]
Languages
Main article: Languages of Hong Kong
Language used most frequently[274]
Language Percent
Cantonese
88.9%
English
4.3%
Mandarin
1.9%
Native dialects
3.1%
Others
1.9%
The two official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English. Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from the province of Guangdong to the north of Hong Kong, is spoken by the vast majority of the population.[275] According to the 2016 by-census, 94.6% of the population speak Cantonese; 88.9% as a first language and 5.7% as a second language.[276]
The Basic Law is written in Chinese and English,[277][278] and legislation enacted since the handover has been drafted in both languages.[279] Colonial era legislation and court proceedings predominantly used English, so the two languages share a coequal status in the common law system of the territory.[280] Approximately half of the population speak English, though only 4.3% use it natively and 48.9% as a second language.[276] Hong Kong English is the common form of English used in the region, generally following British English in spelling and heavily influenced by Cantonese pronunciations. Among the bilingual members of the population, many exhibit code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation.[281]
Since the transfer of sovereignty, an influx of mainland Chinese immigrants and greater interaction with the rest of the national economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.[282] Mandarin is about as prevalent as English in the territory; 48.6% of the population can speak it, with 1.9% using it as a first language and 46.7% as a second language.[276] Hong Kong uses traditional Chinese characters in written script, rather than the simplified characters that are officially used in the mainland.[283]
Religion
Main article: Religion in Hong Kong
Clockwise from top left: St. John's Cathedral, Tian Tan Buddha, Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kowloon Masjid and Islamic Centre, Wong Tai Sin Temple.
Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Basic Law, and many religious organisations have an established presence in the territory. The majority of residents have no religious affiliation, professing some form of agnosticism, irreligion, or atheism. In a 2015 Gallup International poll, 26% of Hongkongers self-identified as religious.[284] Prior to the transfer of sovereignty, Christianity was the only faith with official presence in the government; only Anglican and Catholic bishops were placed in the colonial order of precedence.[285] Other religions with significant numbers of adherents are now similarly acknowledged by the post-handover government.[286]
Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China (Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism) have the most adherents, estimated to be around 1.5 million.[287] About 869,000 residents profess Christianity as their faith, forming 11.7% of the total population.[287] Protestants and Catholics make up the bulk of this number, while the remainder is composed of members of other denominations, including Mormons,[288] Jehovah's Witnesses,[289] and Eastern Orthodox Christians.[287] Islam has about 300,000 adherents in the territory, 50,000 of whom are Chinese.[287] Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and the Bahá'í Faith, generally ethnically originate from the same region as their faith.[287]
Regulation and restrictions on religion that are required in mainland China do not apply in Hong Kong. The Anglican and Catholic churches freely appoint their own bishops and maintain ties with the Church of England and the Vatican. Although banned by the central government, the practice of Falun Gong is tolerated in the territory.[290]
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Hong Kong and Tourism in Hong Kong
Economic indicators
Nominal GDP US$320 billion (2016) [291]
Real GDP growth 3.9% (2016) [291]
CPI inflation 2.4% (September 2017) [292]
Unemployment 3.0% (October 2017) [293]
Labour force
participation rate 61.2% (October 2017) [293]
Government debt US$191.9 million (September 2017) [294]
Household net worth US$1.193 trillion (2017) [295]
Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market.[296] It is the 33rd-largest economy in the world, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$320 billion.[291] Hong Kong's economy has consistently ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom since 1995,[297][298][299] and had been described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism,[300] but the territory suffers from a relatively high level of income disparity.[8]:92 The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$3.2 trillion as of December 2016.[301] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.[302]
Hong Kong is the world's seventh largest trading entity in both exports and imports, with the total value of traded goods exceeding its gross domestic product.[25][26] It is also the world's largest transshipment centre;[303] much of its exports consist of re-exports,[304] products manufactured outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States.[4]
The Port of Hong Kong is one of the busiest container ports in the world.
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90 per cent of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there.[305] Agricultural activity, relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1 per cent of its GDP, primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.
While the territory boasted one of the largest manufacturing economies in Asia during the latter half of the colonial era as the city industrialised, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the services sector. Services alone constitute 92.7 per cent of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10 per cent.[306] As one of the Four Asian Tigers, Hong Kong rapidly industrialised as a manufacturing centre driven by exports through the post-war decades of the 20th century, turning the territory into a developed high-income area by the end of the colonial era.[307] Between 1961 and 1997, Hong Kong's gross domestic product multiplied by a factor of 180, while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.[308][309][310]
The government traditionally played a passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong was often cited as a comprehensive example of laissez-faire capitalism.[307] While the economy transitioned to become service-based in the 1980s,[307] late colonial governments steadily introduced interventionist policies that were continued and expanded by post-handover administrations, including export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.[300]
Trading floor of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
Hong Kong's economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly from the start of market liberalisation in the mainland beginning in 1978. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, multiple rail and road links have been continuously improved and constructed, facilitating trade between the regions.[311][312] The Closer Partnership Economic Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between Hong Kong and the mainland, with each jurisdiction pledging to eliminate remaining obstacles to the trade of goods and services and cross-boundary investments.[313] Chinese companies have greatly expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty; mainland firms now represent over half of the total value of the Hang Seng Index, up from just 5 per cent in 1997.[314][315]
The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to the United States dollar since 1983. Because most business transactions in the territory are dealt in US dollars, the fixed exchange-rate system is intended to reduce foreign exchange risk for international traders and investors.[316] Policy changes implemented by the Federal Reserve affect Hong Kong, but do not necessarily take the territory into account, and volatility in the value of the US dollar itself requires the Monetary Authority to continually maintain the fixed exchange rate at substantial cost.[317] Consequently, there are periodic appeals to discontinue the existing currency peg, and to either allow the Hong Kong dollar to be freely floated or peg it to the Chinese renminbi.[318][319]
Tourism forms a major part of the territorial economy, comprising 5 per cent of GDP;[320] 26.6 million visitors contributed US$32.9 billion in international tourism receipts in 2016, making Hong Kong the fourteenth most popular destination for international tourists. It is also the most popular city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor, Macau.[321] The city is further consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates.[322][323]
Personal income and wealth
Hong Kong has the highest statistical income gap in the Asia-Pacific region. The Census and Statistics Department measured the Gini coefficient of the territory as 53.9 using data collected in the 2016 by-census.[8]:92 Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of economically inactive people.[8]:1 While median household income has also steadily increased in the last decade, the wage gap remains high, with the 90th percentile of earners receiving 41 per cent of all income.[8]:86 Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, with 8.5 per cent of all households holding at least one million US dollars.[324] The city is also ranked second in the world by the most billionaires per capita, with one per 132,075 people.[325] Despite government efforts to reduce growth of the disparity through assistance programmes such as the Old Age Living Allowance,[8]:5 median income for the top 10 per cent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 per cent.[326][8]:80 There were 908 homeless persons registered with the Social Welfare Department by the end of 2016,[327]:375 though it is estimated that the actual number is almost double that of the official figure.[328]
The government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to a worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. It has also stated that economic restructuring, household size changes, increases in high-income jobs, and other factors have negatively skewed this metric.[329][330]
Infrastructure
Energy
Main articles: Energy in Hong Kong and Electricity sector in Hong Kong
Lamma Power Station, the oldest operating generating plant in the territory
Hong Kong meets its energy requirements largely through imports from external sources, including both generated electricity and fuel.[331]:1 The vast majority of this energy came from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum.[331]:9 The remainder came from other imports, including nuclear energy generated on the mainland.[331]:29 Renewable sources accounts for a negligible amount of total energy generated for the territory;[331]:6 wind power sources have only been developed at a very small scale,[331]:1 while solar panels are deployed on a limited scale for use in private homes.[332]
Water and sanitation
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong
With few natural lakes and rivers, a high population density, groundwater sources inaccessible through hard granite bedrock, and extremely seasonal variations in rainfall, the territory does not have an adequately reliable local source of fresh water. 70 per cent of water demand is met by importing water from the Dongjiang River in the neighbouring province of Guangdong. Use of seawater for toilet flushing, supplied through a separate distribution system, greatly reduces strain on freshwater supply.[333] A planned desalination plant in Tseung Kwan O is expected to reduce dependence on external imports and to provide a more reliable water source during periods of low rainfall and severe droughts.[334]
Telecommunications
Mobile phone usage in Hong Kong is ubiquitous;[335]:9 there are more than 17 million active mobile phone subscribers,[336]:246 more than double the total number of residents in the territory.[6] Internet usage is similarly high with 5.58 million users, or 87.5% of the population.[335]:10 The regional average broadband connection speed is 21.9 Mbit/s, making Hong Kong fourth in the world in terms of internet speed.[337] 92.4% of households have broadband internet access and connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are becoming increasingly prevalent.[338] 29 submarine communications cables link the region's telecommunications network with the rest of the world.[339]
Transport
Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
Clockwise from top left: MTR train on the Tung Chung Line; Celestial Star, the oldest Star Ferry vessel in service; Double-decker KMB bus; Interior of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport.
Hong Kong has a highly developed and sophisticated transport network, encompassing both public and private modes of travel. Regulation and administrative policy is handled by the Transport Department. Over 90% of daily journeys are made on public transport, the highest such percentage in the world.[33] The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, buses, and ferries, and can be used for payment in retail stores.[340][341] Launched in 1997 on the Mass Transit Railway, it is the second contactless smart card system in the world to be used and is a ubiquitous form of payment throughout the territory.
Rail
The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger railway network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory.[342] With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city.[343] Service is extremely punctual, achieving an on-time rate of 99.9%.[344] The rapid transit network operates within inner urban Hong Kong and extends to New Kowloon, Lantau Island, and the northeastern and northwestern parts of the New Territories. Nine railway lines provide general metro services, while the Airport Express provides a direct link from Hong Kong International Airport to the city centre and a dedicated line transports passengers to and from Hong Kong Disneyland.
Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail Line, terminating at immigration checkpoints at Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau. Inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom Station.[345] Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is scheduled to begin in 2018, after construction of West Kowloon Station completes.[346]
Roads and taxis
Entrance to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hung Hom, Kowloon
Red taxis outside the International Commerce Centre in Kowloon
Main articles: Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System and Taxicabs of Hong Kong
Road traffic in the territory drives on the left, unlike that of mainland China. Highways are organized as the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, a system of major roads comprising 3 north-south routes, 5 east-west routes, and the New Territories Circular Road. All major geographic areas of the territory are connected over this road system; Route 8 runs along the Tsing Ma Bridge to connect the city centre with Tsing Yi and Lantau Island, and Routes 1, 2, and 3 pass through the three tunnels under Victoria Harbour to connect Hong Kong Island with the Kowloon Peninsula. Route 10 provides direct road access to Shenzhen, terminating at the Shenzhen Bay Port. The territory is connected to the national expressway system at Lok Ma Chau; the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong–Macau Expressway ends at the Huanggang Port and is connected to Route 9 by a short spur road beginning at immediately at the territorial border. When completed, the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge will provide an additional connection to the mainland road system and create a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.[312]
While public transport systems handle the majority of passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles licensed in Hong Kong.[347] Because of the territory's small size, residents are discouraged from private car ownership; cars are subjected to a first-time registration tax, which varies from 35% to over 100% depending on the size and value of the car, and over half the cost of petrol sold at filling stations is due to taxes.[348][349][350] Road traffic is extremely congested during peak hours, with average vehicle speeds reaching as a low as 10 km/h (6.2 mph) on major roads.[351] Congestion is exacerbated by the urban layout of the city, the physical constraints to expanding road transport infrastructure, and a growing number of vehicles.[352]
More than 18,000 taxicabs provide transport services for the city and they are easily identifiable by their brightly painted vehicles.[353] The geographical area that a taxicab operates is distinguished by vehicle color. Red taxis serve Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, all of the New Territories, and the northern part of Lantau Island; green taxis operate in portions of the New Territories and specific stations outside of their assigned area; blue taxis are available only on Lantau Island.[354]
Aviation
Hong Kong International Airport is the primary airport for the territory. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport and it is the main hub of flag carrier Cathay Pacific, Cathay Dragon, Air Hong Kong, and Hong Kong Airlines.[355] It is an important regional transhipment centre, passenger hub, and gateway for destinations in mainland China and the rest of Asia. The airport is a major international air passenger gateway and services the most air cargo traffic in the world.[356] Handling over 70 million passengers annually, it is the eighth busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic.[357] The airport is constructed on an artificial island north of Lantau Island and was built to replace the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon Bay.
Ferries
The Star Ferry, in service since 1888, operates two lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.[358] Outlying islands of the territory are inaccessible by other means and transport to those areas is provided exclusively by ferry operators, including New World First Ferry, Hong Kong & Kowloon Ferry, and Tsui Wah Ferry. Ferry services also operate routes to Macau and nearby cities in mainland China, including direct service between Hong Kong International Airport and Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport for transiting passengers.[359] Cross-boundary services operate out of the Macau Ferry Terminal, China Ferry Terminal, and Tuen Mun Ferry Pier.[360]
Hong Kong is famous for its junk ships that traverse the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.[361][362] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.[363]
Buses and trams
Public bus services are franchised and run by five private companies, together operating more than 700 routes across the territory. The largest are Kowloon Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories; Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; and New World First Bus, running an additional 56 routes in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. All three major bus operators provide cross-harbour services, serving as a major transport link for the 3.9 million daily bus passengers.[343] Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.[364]
Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.[365] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.[366] In the Central and Western District, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.[367] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.[368] The MTR operates the Light Rail system serving the districts of Tuen Mun and Yuen Long.
Education
Main article: Education in Hong Kong
Main building of the University of Hong Kong in 1912, shortly after the campus opened to students.
Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system.[369] Children are required to attend school from the age of six until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18.[370][371] Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7%.[372] At the end of secondary schooling, a public examination is administered to all students, awarding the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education on successful completion.[373] Of residents aged 15 and older, 81.3% completed lower secondary schooling, 66.4% graduated from upper secondary, 31.6% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[327]:66
Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are fully government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach based on other languages.[371]
Old campus of St. Paul's College, the first school established in the colonial era
The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction", in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,[374] with written education in both Chinese and English. In secondary schools, "biliterate and trilingual" proficiency is emphasised, which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.[375] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.[376]
Hong Kong has ten universities within its territory. The University of Hong Kong was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911.[377] The Chinese University of Hong Kong was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction.[378] Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and City University of Hong Kong, these universities are ranked among the best in Asia.[379] In subsequent years, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Baptist University, Lingnan University, Education University of Hong Kong, Open University of Hong Kong, and Hong Kong Shue Yan University were established to meet growing demand for higher education. Competition among students for admission into undergraduate programmes is fierce, as the number of available placements remains limited. The city additionally has post-secondary institutes that provide an alternative path for tertiary education.[380][381]
Health
Main articles: Health in Hong Kong and Healthcare in Hong Kong
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, once the largest hospital in the Commonwealth of Nations, was opened in 1963.
Healthcare in Hong Kong is mainly provided by the Hospital Authority, a government agency that administers the 42 public medical facilities in the territory.[382] Treatment in the universal public system is highly subsidised and available to all residents, permanent and non-permanent, who have an identity card.[383] While the statutory system fulfills the vast majority of medical service needs, private healthcare facilities provide more readily accessible and specialised care at higher cost, especially for individuals with non-resident status.[383] Healthcare policy and provisioning is set by the Department of Health, which also directly supervises the 12 registered private hospital facilities.[384]
Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.3 years for males and 87.3 years for females as of 2016[update], making it the highest in the world.[4][385] The region also has one of the lowest infant mortality rates, at 1.5 per 1,000 births.[386] Infants are generally well immunised against communicable diseases.[387]
Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and severe injuries caused by accidents are the five leading causes of death in the territory.[387] Obesity rates have increased sharply in the last decade; approximately 30 per cent of the population is obese and an additional 20 per cent is overweight.[388] Adolescent pregnancy rates are comparatively lower than many developed nations.[389] Official abortion rates are similarly low, but it is estimated that the number of people who seek termination is higher due to procedural barriers and costs.[390][391][392]
The territorial healthcare system is separate from those serving mainland China and Macau. Individuals from those regions seeking medical services in Hong Kong are not entitled to publicly subsidised care intended for local residents,[393] with the reverse being true as well.[394][395] Stricter medical procedure standards, lower mortality rates, and the prospect of permanent residency have led expectant mothers from the mainland to travel to the city to give birth, straining capacity of local maternity wards.[396][397] Macanese residents also often seek regular care in Hong Kong, due to a lack of developed healthcare infrastructure in Macau's physically limited area.[393]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
See also: Lingnan culture and Cinema of Hong Kong
A statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's martial arts
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the cultural mix of the territory's Chinese roots with Western influence from its time as a British colony.[398] Though the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, the long period of colonial administration and sustained exposure to Western culture has resulted in a distinct cultural identity from that of mainland China.[399] Mainstream culture in Hong Kong is an Eastern culture largely derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China, but influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's status as a major port of trade.[399][400]
Chinese immigrants after the Second World War fueled Hong Kong's economic growth in the post-war decades, creating the perception that residents enjoy high social mobility and a culture characterised by individual entrepreneurialism and a strong work ethic among those who arrived.[401][402] As most incoming migrants from the mainland were fleeing economic hardship, people in Hong Kong today tend to tie self-image and decision-making to material benefits quite closely.[401][403][404]
Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.[405] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[406] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,[407] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.[408] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.[409]
Hong Kong is a recognized global centre of trade and calls itself an "entertainment hub".[410] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.[410] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.[411]
The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.[412][413]
Sport
Main article: Sport in Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on the IRB Sevens World Series rugby sevens competition and is held annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March
Despite its small area, Hong Kong is home to a wide range of sports and recreational facilities. The city frequently sends regional teams to international competitions and was host to the 2009 East Asian Games, the equestrian events of the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy.[414] Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.[415] Major sporting venues in the territory have regularly hosted the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic, and Lunar New Year Cup. Hong Kong was also the host city for the inaugural 1956 tournament of the AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.
Competitive dragon boat racing originated in Hong Kong
Due to British colonial influence, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other East Asian regions.[416] As part of the government's active involvement in promoting sports participation, the Tourism Board organised the first international dragon boat racing competition in 1976.[417][418]
Hong Kong maintains territory-wide teams for participation in all international sporting events, and represents itself separately instead of as a part of Chinese national teams. The city has sent athletes to almost every Summer Olympics since 1952. As of 2017, Hong Kong has won 3 medals at the Olympic Games, 126 at the Paralympic Games, and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance at the Commonwealth Games was in 1994.
Media
Main article: Media of Hong Kong
TVB City, headquarters of the first wireless television station in the territory
The largest and dominant television broadcaster in the territory is TVB, which runs the largest commercial television production studio in Asia. Public broadcasting is operated by RTHK, operating seven radio channels and three television channels. Cable, satellite, and other premium content services cater to a variety of niche audiences.[419] Local television productions reach audiences throughout Greater China and internationally in the Cantonese-speaking overseas Chinese diaspora.[420]
Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.[421] Unlike the government's public presence in broadcasting, newspaper publications in the territory are all privately owned. The largest Chinese-language newspapers by local circulation are the Headline Daily and Oriental Daily News. The most widely circulating English-language counterparts are the South China Morning Post, which is the publication of record for the territory, and The Standard.
The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review pointed to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.[422]
Notable people
Main article: List of Hong Kong people
See also
Hong Kong portal
China portal
Index of articles related to Hong Kong
List of heads of Hong Kong by education
Youth in Hong Kong
Notes
Jump up ^ The identity of Hong Kong Permanent Resident can be of any nationality, including Chinese, British, or others. A person not of Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than seven years, and has taken Hong Kong as his or her place of permanent residence, is legally recognized as a Hongkonger. See "Right of Abode" of The Immigration Department of Hong Kong
Jump up ^ Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part: "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China … will remain unchanged for 50 years."
Jump up ^ Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
References
Citations
Jump up ^ "Basic Law Full Text - Annex III". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Main Tables - Population by Ethnicity and Year". 2016 Population By-Census. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Cheung, Tony (28 February 2017). "Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Geographic Data" (PDF). Lands Department. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Population". Census and Statistics Department. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Thematic Report : Household Income Distribution in Hong Kong 2016" (PDF). Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cap. 5 Official Languages Ordinance". Hong Kong: Legislative Council. 15 February 1974. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Basic Law Full Text - Chapter 1". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Liu, Juliana (29 June 2017). "Cantonese v Mandarin: When Hong Kong languages get political". BBC News. Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong – the Facts". GovHK. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Languages Division". Civil Service Bureau. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Disclaimer and Copyright Notice". Legislative Council. 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Basic Law Bulletin Issue No. 2" (PDF). Department of Justice, HKSAR.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Basic Law Full Text - Chapter 4". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Russell, Peter H.; O'Brien, David M. (2001). Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy: Critical Perspectives from around the World. University of Virginia Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8139-2016-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Basic Law Full Text - Chapter 2". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Basic Law Full Text – Chapter 7". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation". Trade and Industry Department. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "WTO - Hong Kong, China - Member information". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 22" (PDF). China Development Institute. September 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via Long Finance.
Jump up ^ "The 2017 IMD World Competitiveness Ranking" (PDF). International Institute for Management Development. 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Country Comparison: Exports". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Country Comparison: Imports". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016" (PDF). Monetary and Economic Department. Bank for International Settlements. September 2016. p. 5. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Economy: Population, Facts, GDP, Business, Trade, Inflation". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Country Comparison: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Ash, Russell (2006). The Top 10 of Everything 2007. Hamlyn. p. 78. ISBN 0-600-61532-4.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong". The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Lee, Danny; Cheah, Selina (28 July 2016). "Hong Kong women and men enjoy world's longest life expectancy due to low smoking rates, health experts claim". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Lam, William H. K.; Bell, Michael G. H. (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-08-044206-8.
Jump up ^ "Pollution Index 2017 Mid-Year". Numbeo. 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Health Effects of Air Pollution". Centre for Health Protection. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Zhen Yu, Jian; Huang, Hilda; Ng, Wai Man (June 2013). "Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Sample Chemical Analysis" (PDF). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aquilaria sinensis and origin of the name of Hong Kong". Hong Kong Herbarium. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Jo (8 March 2014). "Making scents: saviours of the incense tree". Post Magazine. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). China's Imperial Way. China Books and Periodicals. p. 218. ISBN 962-217-511-2. Retrieved 20 November 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Room, Adrian (2005). Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company. p. 168. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ So, Man-hing. "香港名稱的由來" [The Origin of the Name Hong Kong] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Fairbank, John King (1953). Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 978-0-8047-0648-3.
Jump up ^ "The Hong Kong Government Gazette, September 3, 1926" (PDF). Hong Kong Government Gazette. 3 September 1926. Retrieved 21 November 2017 – via University of Hong Kong.
Jump up ^ "The Trial Excavation at the Archaeological Site of Wong Tei Tung, Sham Chung, Hong Kong SAR". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ 港現舊石器製造場 嶺南或為我發源地 [Paleolithic site appears in Hong Kong, Lingnan perhaps discovered our birthplace]. People's Daily (in Chinese). 17 February 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Tang, Chung (2005). 考古與香港尋根 [Archaeologist help find Hong Kong's Roots] (PDF). New Asia Monthly (in Chinese). New Asia College. 32 (6): 6–8. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Li, Hui (2002). 百越遺傳結構的一元二分跡象 [The genetic structure of Baiyue divide in half] (PDF). Guangxi Ethnic Group Research (in Chinese). 70 (4): 26–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "2005 Field Archaeology on Sham Chung Site". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – New Territories". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. "地理誌" [Treatise on geography]. Book of Han (in Chinese). Volume 28. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 932. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archaeological Background". Hong Kong Yearbook. Hong Kong Government. 21. 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Siu Kwok-kin. 唐代及五代時期屯門在軍事及中外交通上的重要性 [The importance of Tuen Mun during Tang and Five Dynasties period for foreign traffic and military]. From Sui to Ming (in Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government: 40–45. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Sweeting, Anthony (1990). Education in Hong Kong, Pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. Hong Kong University Press. p. 93. ISBN 962-209-258-6.
Jump up ^ Barber, Nicola (2004). Hong Kong. Gareth Stevens. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8368-5198-4.
Jump up ^ Porter, Jonathan (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. Westview Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8133-2836-2.
Jump up ^ Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-52403-2.
Jump up ^ Von Glahn, Richard (1996). Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700. University of California Press. p. 116.
Jump up ^ Wills, John E. (1998). "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662". In Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 342-344. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
Jump up ^ Hayes, James (1974). "The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events Since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 14: 108–135. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials" (PDF). Hong Kong Museum of History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Jump up ^ 周膺; 吴晶 (2011). Research study on Hangzhou Trade in the Late Qing and Republican Eras (晚清民国杭商研究) (in Chinese). Hangzhou Publishing House (杭州出版社). ISBN 978-7-80758-499-5.
Jump up ^ Schottenhammer, Angela (2007). The East Asian Maritime World 1400–1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies. Harrassowitz. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-447-05474-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Li (7 November 2011). "Universalism and Equal Sovereignty as Contested Myths of International Law in the Sino-Western Encounter". Journal of the History of International Law. 13 (1): 75–116. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Griner, Allison (6 July 2016). "China's new opium wars: Battling addiction in Beijing". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Farooqui, Amar (March 2005). Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790–1843. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0886-7.
Jump up ^ Tsang, Steve (2004). A Modern History of Hong Kong. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 1845114191.
Jump up ^ Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9.
Jump up ^ Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1.
Jump up ^ John Thomson 1837–1921,Chap on Hong Kong, Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)
Jump up ^ Info Gov HK. "Hong Kong Gov Info Archived 6 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine.." History of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 16 February 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Volume II: 1901–1945 (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4.
Jump up ^ Scott, Ian (1989). Political change and the crisis of legitimacy in Hong Kong. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-1269-0.
Jump up ^ Wordie, Jason (2002). Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 962-209-563-1.
Jump up ^ "Peak District Reservation Ordinance, 1904". Legislative Council. 15 July 1904. Retrieved 7 December 2017 – via University of Hong Kong.
Jump up ^ "Cheung Chau (Residence) Ordinance, 1919". Legislative Council. 29 August 1919. Retrieved 7 December 2017 – via University of Hong Kong.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong Yearbook" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 2016. p. 338. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ King, Ambrose Y. C.; Lee, Rance P. L. (1981). Social Life and Development in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-9-62-201337-7 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Chu, Cindy Yik-yi (2005). Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-4039-8055-7. Retrieved 27 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Pomerantz-Zhang, Linda (1992). Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and modernization in modern Chinese history. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 8. ISBN 962-209-287-X.
Jump up ^ Landler, Mark (6 July 1998). "A 6-Hour Move, and Landing in Hong Kong Loses a Thrill". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Wan, Chin (14 June 2015). "A Federation for Hong Kong and China". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Horrocks, Robert James (1994). "The Guangzhou-Hongkong strike, 1925-1926: Hongkong workers in an anti-Imperialist movement" (PDF). White Rose University Consortium. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Yanne, Andrew; Heller, Gillis (2009). Signs of a Colonial Era. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-9-62-209944-9 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 7 December 1941 – 11 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
Jump up ^ L., Klemen (1999–2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 12 December 1941 – 18 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
Jump up ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 25 December 1941 – 31 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Bradsher, Keith (17 April 2005). "Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Reeves, John Pownall (12 April 2014). "The Lone Flag: Macau's WWII British consul". Post Magazine. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Kwong, Chi Man (9 September 2015). "Hong Kong during World War II: A Transnational Battlefield". China Policy Institute. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Moore, Lynden (1985). The growth and structure of international trade since the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-521-46979-1. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "About ICAC - Brief History". Hong Kong: Independent Commission Against Corruption. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Ming K.; Postiglione, Gerard A. (16 September 2016). The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-13-1-548835-6. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Forsyth, Neil, dir. Underground Pride. Mass Transit Railway Corporation, 1990. Film. 21 November 2013
Jump up ^ Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition. International Monetary Fund. p. 54. ISBN 1-55775-672-4.
Jump up ^ Girard, Greg; Lambot, Ian; Goddard, Charles (1993). City of Darkness: Life In Kowloon Walled City. Hong Kong: Ernst & Son. p. 208–11. ISBN 978-3-43-302355-6.
Jump up ^ "17 Most Densely Populated Places on Earth". kickassfacts.com. 26 October 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, William (26 June 2016). "The Lost Chinese City Police Feared to Enter". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ McHugh, Fionnuala (30 August 2014). "How Kowloon Walled City survived attempts to knock it down for almost a century". Post Magazine. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Walled City's transformation sparks hopes for other sites". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 23 December 1995. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Wong, Siu Lun (1992). Emigration and stability in Hong Kong (PDF). Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. p. 9. ISBN 962-7558-09-5. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Basler, Barbara (15 May 1989). "Hong Kong Journal; A Plea to the Motherland: Listen to Your Heart". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Britain's Obligation in Hong Kong". The New York Times. New York. 12 October 1995. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Kristoff, Nicholas D. (9 November 1987). "Hong Kong, Wary of China, Sees Its Middle Class Fleeing". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Kristoff, Nicholas D. (16 May 1990). "Foreign Passports Tell of a Desperate Hong Kong". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Report of the Task Force on Population Policy" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 2002. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Green Paper: The Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong". Hong Kong: Government Printer. 1984. p. 3. Retrieved 2 January 2018 – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ "Sir Percy Cradock". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Scott, Margaret (22 October 1989). "Hong Kong on Borrowed Time". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "CRS Report for Congress - Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Hollingsworth, Julia (23 June 2017). "'At midnight I took off my Royal Hong Kong Police badge and got on with fighting crime'". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Thistlethwaite, Tom (1 July 1997). "1997: Hong Kong fireworks". BBC News. England. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gargan, Edward A. (1 July 1997). "China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 19 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Links between SARS, human genes discovered". People's Daily. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Lee, S. H. (2006). SARS in China and Hong Kong. Nova Publishers. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-59454-678-5.
Jump up ^ "Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003". World Health Organization. 31 December 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
Jump up ^ 疫情衝擊香港經濟損失巨大 [The impact of economic losses in the great epidemic] (in Chinese). BBC News. 28 May 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ So, Bernice (6 January 2016). "How did Hong Kong and Japan Respond to the Recent Economic Crisis?". The Market Mogul. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Over-budget and behind schedule: Hong Kong must now make haste on high-speed rail link to Guangzhou". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Yau, Cannix (11 March 2005). "Tung's gone. What next?". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
Jump up ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit (2 January 2008). "Hong Kong politics: China sets reform timetable". The Economist. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong". New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chow Wing-kan pulls out of Legco race amid threat". 26 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "People's Ethnic Identity". University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Only 0.3% of young Hongkongers see themselves as Chinese: survey". EJ Insight. Hong Kong Economic Journal. 28 December 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law and Hong Kong - The 15th Anniversary of Reunification with the Motherland" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 2012. p. 66. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Gagnon-Bélanger, Rosette (2016). "Current vs. Envisioned Parliamentary System in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. 39 (3): 16–21. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basic Law Full Text - Chapter 8". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Chen, Wenmin; Fu, H. L.; Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Hong Kong's Constitutional Debate: Conflict Over Interpretation. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-9-62-209509-0.
Jump up ^ "Amendment to Annex I to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 28 August 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Madden, Frederick (2000). The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948. Part 1: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands. Volume VIII: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 188–196. ISBN 978-0-31-329072-5.
Jump up ^ "2016 Legislative Council Election - Facts about the Election". Hong Kong Government. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Burns, John P. (2004). Government Capacity and the Hong Kong Civil Service. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-590597-7.
Jump up ^ Lee, Colleen (6 December 2012). "Hong Kong deputies to NPC seen as having little influence". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of Political Affiliations of LegCo Members and DC Members" (PDF). District Councils of Hong Kong. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bush, Richard C.; Whelan-Wuest, Maeve (29 March 2017). "Another Hong Kong election, another pro-Beijing leader—why it matters". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sala, Ilaria Maria (1 September 2016). "As Hong Kong goes to the polls, why isn't the Communist Party on the ballot?". Quartz. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Monetary Authority - About the HKMA". Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Yiu, Enoch (2 October 2012). "Hong Kong mints new batch of HK$5 coins for first time in 14 years". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Legal System in Hong Kong". Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitutional Remedies under the Basic Law" (PDF). Department of Justice. December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law A Decade On: Implementation Challenges and Future Outlook" (PDF). Department of Justice. December 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ash, Robert F. (2003). Hong Kong in Transition: One Country, Two Systems. Routledge. pp. 161–188. ISBN 978-0-41-529954-1.
Jump up ^ Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (2009). Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-9-62-209978-4.
Jump up ^ "Secretary for Justice". Department of Justice. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Weisenhaus, Doreen; Cottrell, Jill; Yan, Mei Ning (2007). Hong Kong Media Law: A Guide for Journalists and Media Professionals. Hong Kong University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-9-62-209808-4.
Jump up ^ "Welcome Message". Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arrangements with the Mainland and the Macao SAR". Department of Justice. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Fong, Brian C.H. (2014). Hong Kong’s Governance Under Chinese Sovereignty: The Failure of the State-Business Alliance after 1997. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41-573828-6 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA)". Trade and Industry Department. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (HK-Macao CEPA)". Trade and Industry Department. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Background and Objectives". Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eligibility for the Right of Abode in the HKSAR". Immigration Department. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Brief Introduction to Chinese Visa and the Procedure for Visa Application". Government of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Control Point Locations". Immigration Department. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF". UNICEF. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "UNHCR Hong Kong". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of Treaties in Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Department of Justice. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Membership Directory". British Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Agreement between the UK and Hong Kong for the avoidance of double taxation". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "UK/Hong Kong air services agreement". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Judges". Court of Final Appeal. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "ACU members". Association of Commonwealth Universities. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Six-monthly report on Hong Kong: January to June 2017". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Chapter 1, Hong Kong Year Book 2011
Jump up ^ "House of Commons – The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration – Foreign Affairs". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offices Outside Hong Kong". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong: The Facts - District Administration" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission". Home Affairs Department. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Provision of Municipal Services (Reorganization) Ordinance" (PDF). Department of Justice. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (8 July 2003). "Hong Kong leader abandons fight to pass anti-subversion laws". The Telegraph. Shanghai. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Norton-Kyshe, James William (1898). History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong, Vol. 2. London: T Fisher Unwin.
Jump up ^ Tsang, Steve Yui-sang (1995). Government and Politics. Hong Kong University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9-622-09392-2.
Jump up ^ Loh, Christine (2010). Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-9-62-209996-8.
Jump up ^ "Provisional Legislative Council" (PDF). Hong Kong: Legislative Council. p. 12. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Van Kemenade, Willem (1997). China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Inc.: The Dynamics of a New Empire. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-67-977756-4.
Jump up ^ Wong, Joshua; Lim, Emily (23 February 2017). "We must resist until China gives Hong Kong a say in our future". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ming, Sing (August 2006). "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong". Journal of Contemporary China. Informa. 15 (48): 517–532. doi:10.1080/10670560600736558.
Jump up ^ "Hopes for full democracy in Hong Kong dealt blow by Beijing". Hong Kong Herald. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basic Law Full Text - Chapter 3". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Nash (29 January 2016). "Hong Kong's Existential Anxieties Continue to Mount in the Face of China's Encroachment". Time. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lau, Stuart (4 March 2017). "US accuses China of encroaching on Hong Kong's autonomy in new human rights report". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ French, Howard W (21 March 2017). "Is it too late to save Hong Kong from Beijing's authoritarian grasp?". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Full text: Interpretation of Article 104 of Basic Law of Hong Kong SAR". Xinhua News Agency. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lau, Chris; Hollingsworth, Julia; Cheung, Tony (15 July 2017). "Hong Kong lawmaker disqualification ruling 'opens huge floodgate', lawyers say". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Liu, Juliana (10 November 2015). "Hong Kong bookstore disappearances shock publishing industry". BBC News. Hong Kong. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Leavenworth, Stuart (12 February 2016). "Britain accuses China of serious breach of treaty over 'removed' Hong Kong booksellers". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Buckley, Chris; Forsythe, Michael (16 January 2015). "Press Freedom in Hong Kong Under Threat, Report Says". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Nossel, Suzanne (4 February 2015). "Closing a Vital Window Into China". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Barboza, David (11 December 2015). "Alibaba Buying South China Morning Post, Aiming to Influence Media". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Stone, R. (1998). "Control without repression: China's influence on the political economy of Hong Kong press system". 4. New Delhi: Asia Pacific Media Educator: 160-161.
Jump up ^ Wu, Venus; Pomfret, James (6 November 2016). "Hong Kong police, protesters clash over Beijing crackdown". Reuters. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Charlie (15 October 2014). "Claims of Police Brutality Threaten to Escalate the Hong Kong Protests". Time. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ngo, Jennifer; Cheung, Elizabeth (16 March 2016). "A case for inclusion: Carrie Lam pledges to tout list of 16 ethnic minority Hongkongers for government advisory positions". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Zhao, Shirley (6 September 2015). "'If you tell them you are Pakistani, they won't give you the flat': Finding a Hong Kong home is battle against prejudice for ethnic minorities". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Race Discrimination Ordinance". Hong Kong Government. 17 July 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Country Report 2009". Freedom House. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Chao, York (25 May 2013). "Racist Hong Kong is still a fact". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lhatoo, Yonden (17 September 2015). "Racism is rife in Hong Kong and the Equal Opportunities Commission is a toothless hamster to tackle it". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Blundy, Rachel (6 May 2017). "Meet the ethnic minorities breaking through Hong Kong's race barrier". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms". Immigration Department. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Conditions of Employment for Foreign Domestic Helpers" (PDF). Immigration Department. August 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Benitez, Mary Ann (20 August 2008). "Rough justice". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuo, Lily (19 February 2014). "How Hong Kong's "maid trade" is making life worse for domestic workers throughout Asia". Quartz. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Heifetz, Justin (4 April 2017). "Foreign Domestic Worker Abuse Is Rampant in Hong Kong". Vice. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bell, Allan (11 May 2017). "Domestic workers in Hong Kong are at the mercy of ruthless agencies. Why do we allow it?". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China - Chapter 3, Section 4". National People's Congress. 14 March 2004. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lendon, Brad (29 June 2017). "China makes its military more visible in Hong Kong". CNN. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. pp. 154–163. ISBN 978-1-59-033237-5.
Jump up ^ Mok, Danny; Lee, Eddie (4 March 2015). "Let Hongkongers serve in China's People's Liberation Army, says top military official". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Report of Proceedings" (PDF). Legislative Council. 2 December 1970. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Zhao, Shirley (15 January 2015). "Mystery surrounds new Hong Kong army cadet force inaugurated at PLA base". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Total Land and Sea Area of Hong Kong". Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2015". Planning Data. Planning Department. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9789622093881.
Jump up ^ Hu, Qi-ming (2003). "Preface". Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. ISBN 9628665219.
Jump up ^ "The Natural Environment, Plants & Animals in Hong Kong". The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "2006 Population By-census" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tai Mo Shan Country Park". Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Government. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong". Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Geopark leaflet" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. November 2001. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "HK harbour reclamation reprieve". BBC News. 9 January 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Bradsher, Keith (5 November 2006). "Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Distance between Hong Kong, Hong Kong and the Tropic of Cancer". dateandtime.info. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Climate of Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2014 for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Record-breaking high temperature" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ "自動氣象站每年數據摘錄". Hko.gov.hk. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Data for Single Element". Retrieved 2016-04-14. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at HKO from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cities with the most skyscrapers". Emporis. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (August 1997). "The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development". Transportation. 24 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1023/A:1004987422746.
Jump up ^ "World's Tallest Residential Towers". Emporis. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Vertical Cities: Hong Kong/New York". Time Out. 3 August 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Home page". Skyscraper Museum. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "International Commerce Centre". Emporis. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Two International Finance Centre". Emporis. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Emporis Skyline Ranking". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "The world's top 20 city skylines, CNNGo.com". Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best Skyline Poll". Retrieved 8 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Gramsbergen, Egbert; Paul Kazmierczak. "The World's Best Skylines". Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Hong Kong Island". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Kowloon Island". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Sinn, Elizabeth (1990). "Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27: 30–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tamar Development Project". Hong Kong Government. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Central Waterfront Design Competition". Designing Hong Kong. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "West Kowloon Cultural District Public Engagement Exercise". Home Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kai Tak building height restrictions lifted". Hong Kong Government. 10 July 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Census of Hongkong 31st December, 1853" (PDF). Hongkong Register Office. 1853. Retrieved 19 November 2017 – via University of Hong Kong.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Statistics 1947-1967" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. 1969. p. 14. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Demographic Trends in Hong Kong 1981-2011" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. December 2012. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fan, Shuh Ching (1974). "The Population of Hong Kong" (PDF). World Population Year. Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography: 1–2. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Census of England and Wales For the Year 1871. Census Office. 30 July 1873. p. 322. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table 003: Population Growth by Component". Census and Statistics Department. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Fertility Trend in Hong Kong, 1981 to 2014" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. December 2015. p. 12. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table 004: Vital Events". Census and Statistics Department. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Kerry J (12 July 2012). "Immigration and Hong Kong: "New Immigrants" and Ethnic Minorities" (PDF). Education University of Hong Kong. p. 1. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "A history of refugees in Hong Kong". Time Out Hong Kong. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013. The first wave of refugees came to Hong Kong in the 1930s to escape from the Chinese Civil War and the Sino-Japanese War, but it wasn't until 1949, during the Chinese exodus, when an estimated one million mainland Chinese started coming into the territory via the northern borders. Many people, mostly anti-communist Kuomintang officials and capitalists, rushed to Hong Kong in search of refuge.
Jump up ^ Lonely Planet Hong Kong (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. 2002. p. 16. ISBN 1-86450-230-4. The turmoil on the mainland, leading to the defeat of the Nationalists and takeover by the Communists in 1949, unleashed a torrent of refugees – both rich and poor -into Hong Kong.
Jump up ^ "Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Carroll, John (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3.
Jump up ^ Erni, John Nguyet; Leung, Lisa Yuk-ming (2014). Understanding South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-988-8208-34-0.
Jump up ^ "Former Vietnamese refugees in Hong Kong stuck in cycle of hopelessness under a bridge in Kowloon". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ International Labour Office (2009). Application of International Labour Standards 2009 (I). International Labour Organization. p. 640. ISBN 92-2-120634-3.
Jump up ^ "House of Commons - Foreign Affairs - Fifth Report". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 18 May 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Explanations of some questions by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress concerning the implementation of the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Immigration Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 15 May 1996. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Right of Abode in HKSAR—Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card". Immigration Department, Hong Kong Government. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Who is entitled to sponsor family members to come to live in Hong Kong? If I am a lawful resident of Hong Kong, can my family members in the Mainland (or elsewhere) apply to immigrate to Hong Kong?". Community Legal Information Centre. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Main Tables - Population Aged 5 and Over by Usual Language and Year". 2016 Population By-Census. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Westra, Nick (5 June 2007). "Hong Kong as a Cantonese speaking city". Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year". 2016 Population By-Census. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Basic Law Full Text". Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "基本法 全文及相關文件". Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong: The Facts - Legal System" (PDF). GovHK. November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings" (PDF). Legislative Council Secretariat. 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, John (November 2012). "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech". Asian Language Processing (IALP), 2012 International Conference: 165–168.
Jump up ^ Yum, Cherry (2007). "Which Chinese? Dialect Choice in Philadelphia's Chinatown" (PDF). Haverford College. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Tam, Tammy (20 December 2015). "Traditional or simplified, don't let the Chinese language become political". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "WIN/GIA Religiosity Index" (PDF). WIN/GIA. 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2017 – via The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Wong, Andrew (6 December 2000). "Precedence Table" (PDF). Legislative Council. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "HKSAR Precedence Table" (PDF). Protocol Division Government Secretariat. November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hong Kong: The Facts - Religion and Custom" (PDF). GovHK. May 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong China Temple". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 184.
Jump up ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – Hong Kong". United States Department of State. 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Gross Domestic Product (GDP)". Census and Statistics Department. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report on the Consumer Price Index 2016" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. February 2017. p. 7. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Labour Force - Latest Statistics". Census and Statistics Department. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Economic & Financial Data for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Global Wealth Databook". Credit Suisse. November 2017. p. 22. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jiang, Guorong; Tang, Nancy; Law, Eve; Sze, Angela (September 2003). "The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong" (PDF). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year". Government of Hong Kong. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "2008 Index of Economic Freedom". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008. [clarification needed]
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Countries". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "End of an experiment". The Economist. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Annual Statistics". World Federation of Exchanges. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ Bromma, Hubert (2007). How to Invest in Offshore Real Estate and Pay Little Or No Taxes. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-07-147009-4.
Jump up ^ "The Panama Canal: A plan to unlock prosperity". The Economist. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Dhungana, Gita (29 December 2006). "Growth in exports defies predictions". The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). "Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?". Modern Farmer. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong: The Facts - Hong Kong as a Service Economy" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. April 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). "Big Market, Small Government" (Press release). Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. Psychology Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN 978-0-7007-1637-1.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0.
Jump up ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary" (PDF). City of London. March 2007. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Lung, Charles C P; Sung, Y F (2010). "A Century of Railway Development - The Hong Kong Story" (PDF). Institution of Railway Signal Engineers. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nakamura, Yu (18 May 2017). "Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge construction set to finish this year". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA)". Trade and Industry Department. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Baldwin, Clare; Lee, Yimou; Jim, Clare (30 December 2014). "Special Report: The mainland's colonization of the Hong Kong economy". Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lam, Eric; Qiu, Yue (23 June 2017). "Hong Kong's Stock Market Tells the Story of China's Growing Dominance". Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Hong Kong dollar peg - change will come". Amsterdam: Atradius. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong dollar peg slips to weakest in 19 months". Financial Times. Hong Kong. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Russell, George W. (8 April 2017). "To peg or not to peg? That is the question for the Hong Kong dollar". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Li, Fion (18 June 2017). "HKMA Says Hong Kong Peg to Stay; Sets Yuan Link Conditions". Bloomberg Markets. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong: The Facts - Tourism" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. May 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition. Madrid: World Tourism Organization. July 2017. ISBN 978-92-844-1901-2. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Despite worldwide changes, multinationals focus on mobile workforces to support career growth and ensure competitiveness". New York: Mercer. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer. 29 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Global Wealth Continues Its Strong Recovery with $9 Trillion Gain, but Pressures on Wealth Managers Persist, Says Study by The Boston Consulting Group" (Press release). Finance Twitter. 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 15 most billionaire-dense countries".
Jump up ^ Yau, Cannix; Zhou, Viola (9 June 2017). "What hope for the poorest? Hong Kong wealth gap hits record high". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. July 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Blundy, Rachel (18 February 2017). "Number of rough sleepers in Hong Kong remains double the government estimate, experts say". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Subcommittee to Study the Subject of Combating Poverty" (PDF). Legislative Council. 23 June 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Policies in Assisting Low-income Employees" (PDF). Commission on Poverty. Legislative Council. 23 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hong Kong Energy Statistics - 2016 Annual Report" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. April 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Bernice (17 July 2017). "Hong Kong villagers using solar energy to help power their homes - and show its potential as a source of electricity for city". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, N. K. (2013). "The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 38 (3): 903. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12060.
Jump up ^ "Desalination Plant at Tseung Kwan O – Feasibility Study" (PDF). Environmental Protection Department. December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics: Feature Article - Usage of Information Technology and the Internet by Hong Kong Residents, 2000 to 2016" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. November 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics - December 2017" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Akamai's State of the Internet - Q1 2017 Report" (PDF). Akamai Technologies. 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Key Communications Statistics". Office of the Communications Authority. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ng, Naomi (21 July 2017). "Latest fibre optic technology in Hong Kong to vault the Pacific Ocean". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Octopus Card Information". Octopus Cards Limited. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (February 2001). "Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong". Electronic Markets. Informa. 11 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1080/101967801300197016.
Jump up ^ "MTR Railway Network". Mass Transit Railway. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Transport: Statistical Highlights" (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Follow-ups on the Service Suspension of Tseung Kwan O Line and Part of Kwun Tong Line on 16 December 2013, and Report on Subsequent Major Incidents on East Rail Line and Light Rail" (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cross Boundary Train Services". Mass Transit Railway. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Cheung, Tony (9 July 2017). "Hong Kong leader inspects high-speed train and stresses need for mainland Chinese officials at city terminus". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Registration and Licensing of Vehicles by Class of Vehicles" (PDF). Transport Department. September 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fees & Charges". Transport Department. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Importation and Registration of Motor Vehicle". Transport Department. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Types and Duty Rates". Customs and Excise Department. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong's perennial traffic jams can and should be cleared". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong" (PDF). Legislative Council. December 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong: The Facts - Transport" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. May 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Details of taxi operating areas". Transport Department. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Hong Kong International Airport". Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cargo Traffic for past 12 months : 12-MONTHS ENDING DEC 2015". Airports Council International. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 Annual Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Operational Information". Star Ferry. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong - Shenzhen Airports Link". Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ferry Services to Macau and the Mainland Ports". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Liam. "Hong Kong: 10 Things to Do in 24 Hours". Time. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. SEAP Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-87727-711-7.
Jump up ^ "HITℹ Hongkong International Terminals". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Cullinane, S. (January 2002). "The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong". Transport Policy. 9 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2.
Jump up ^ Thomson, John (1873). Illustrations of China and Its People. Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 96.
Jump up ^ Cavaliero, Eric (24 July 1997). "Grand old lady to turn 110". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). "Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Company". Hong Kong Tramways. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
Jump up ^ "Programme Highlights". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). "Creating a better education system". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Adult literacy rate". The Hong Kong Council of Social Service. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "HKDSE". Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
Jump up ^ 母語教學小冊子 [Mother Tongue Instruction Handbook] (in Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Policy for Secondary Schools -Medium of Instruction Policy for Secondary Schools". Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "History of HKU".
Jump up ^ Commission To Advise On The Creation Of a Federal-Type Chinese University In Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Fulton), John Scott Fulton (Baron (Summer 1963). "Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong". Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "QS University Rankings, Asia 2018". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Tan, Hwee Ann (5 June 2013). "Hong Kong Says International Schools Can't Meet Primary Demand". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Hsu, Cathy (12 November 2012). Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. pp. 139–142. ISBN 978-1-136-44847-8.
Jump up ^ "Clusters, Hospitals & Institutions". Hospital Authority. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kong, Xiangyi; Yang, Yi; Gao, Jun; Guan, Jian; Liu, Yang; Wang, Renzhi; Xing, Bing; Li, Yongning; Ma, Wenbin (14 February 2015). "Overview of the health care system in Hong Kong and its referential significance to mainland China" (PDF). Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 78 (10): 569–573. doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2015.02.006. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "List of Registered Private Hospitals". Department of Health. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Centre for Health Protection - Life Expectancy at Birth (Male and Female), 1971 - 2016". Centre for Health Protection. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics: Feature Article - Trends of Infant Mortality in Hong Kong, 1951 to 2015" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department. March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Health Facts of Hong Kong: 2017 Edition" (PDF). Department of Health. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Su, Xinqi (27 November 2017). "Half of Hongkongers over 15 now overweight or obese, damning government health study reveals". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Sedgh, Gilda; Finer, Lawrence B.; Bankole, Akinrinola; Eilers, Michelle A.; Singh, Susheela (February 2015). "Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries: Levels and Recent Trends". Journal of Adolescent Health. 56 (2): 223–230. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "LCQ14: Medical procedures for termination of pregnancy". Hong Kong Government. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Ng, Yupina (2 September 2017). "Are illegal abortions in Hong Kong related to 'class problem'?". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Heifetz, Jason (14 November 2016). "In Hong Kong, Accessing Abortion Is Difficult, Expensive, and Dangerous". Broadly. New York. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Yau, Elaine (12 September 2016). "Why Macau spends millions to send its patients to Hong Kong – some by air". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "LCQ10: Healthcare services for Hong Kong residents residing in the Mainland". Hong Kong Government. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Healthcare" (PDF). Macau Government. June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (22 February 2012). "Mainland Chinese Flock to Hong Kong to Give Birth". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Tsang, Emily (24 April 2016). "Mainland women gatecrashing Hong Kong's maternity wards, 3 years after CY Leung's 'zero-quota' policy". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Irvine, Dean (8 March 2009). "24 hours in Hong Kong: Urban thrills where East meets West". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Blundy, Rachel (12 November 2016). "What identity crisis? Hongkongers confront questions of belonging after Legco oath saga". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ He, Huifeng (13 January 2013). "Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chua, Bee-Leng. "Entrepreneurship in Hong Kong: Revitalizing Entrepreneurship" (PDF). Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Tak Wing (1994). "Social Mobility in Hong Kong". Oxford: Oxford University. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Tam, Luisa (11 September 2017). "Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lam, Wai-man (2015). Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31-745301-7.
Jump up ^ "Feng shui used in 90% of RP businesses". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 February 2009. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6.
Jump up ^ Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present. Hong Kong University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-962-209-605-9.
Jump up ^ Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience. Volume 1. Hong Kong University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-962-209-787-2.
Jump up ^ Stone, Andrew; Chow, Chung Wah; Ho, Reggie (15 January 2008). Hong Kong and Macau. Lonely Planet. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-74104-665-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong calls itself Asia's entertainment hub". Monsters and Critics. 23 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (24 September 2001). "Hong Kong music circles the globe with its easy-listening hits and stars". Time. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "General Information". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2004. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "About the Museum". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Venue (Beas River & Shatin)". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Phil (2006). National Geographic Traveler: Hong Kong (2nd ed.). National Geographic Society. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7922-5369-3.
Jump up ^ Hong, Fan; Lu, Zhouxiang (2014). Sport and Nationalism in Asia: Power, Politics and Identity. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-13-882814-8.
Jump up ^ "CCB (Asia) Hong Kong International Dragon Boat Races". Hong Kong Tourism Board. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Singh, Harminder (4 June 2016). "Way of the Dragon: All you need to know about the Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Broadcasting: Licences". Commerce and Economic Development Bureau. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Perez, Bien (15 September 2016). "TVB beefs up content distribution overseas with its own online mall". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Li, Jinquan (2002). Global Media Spectacle: News War Over Hong Kong. State University of New York Press. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7914-5472-5.
Jump up ^ Walker, Christopher; Cook, Sarah (12 October 2009). "China's Export of Censorship". Far Eastern Economic Review. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Further reading
Barrett, Dean, Hangman's Point, Hong Kong & southern China in 1857, Village East Books, ISBN 0-9661899-1-4, 1998
Callick, Rowan. Comrades & Capitalists: Hong Kong since the Handover (University of New South Wales Press, 1998) online
Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
Lee, James. Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (1999)
Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
External links
Find more aboutHong Kongat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Data from Wikidata
Hong Kong at UCB Libraries GovPubs
"Hong Kong". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Hong Kong at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Hong Kong from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong
Geographic data related to Hong Kong at OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong from International Futures
Government
GovHK Hong Kong SAR Government portal
Discover Hong Kong – Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board
Trade
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong
[show]
International membership
[show]
v
t
e
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Nations
Australia
Brunei
Canada
Chile
China
Hong Kong¹
Indonesia
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Chinese Taipei²
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
Summits
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Other
APEC Business Travel Card
APEC blue
APEC Climate Center
APEC Youth Science Festival
1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"; 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese Taipei"
[show]
v
t
e
World Trade Organization
System
Accession and membership
Appellate Body
Dispute Settlement Body
International Trade Centre
Chronology of key events
Issues
Criticism
Doha Development Round
Singapore issues
Quota Elimination
Peace Clause
Agreements
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Agriculture
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Technical Barriers to Trade
Trade Related Investment Measures
Trade in Services
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Government Procurement
Information Technology
Marrakech Agreement
Doha Declaration
Bali Package
Ministerial
Conferences
1st (1996)
2nd (1998)
3rd (1999)
4th (2001)
5th (2003)
6th (2005)
7th (2009)
8th (2011)
9th (2013)
10th (2015)
People
Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General)
Pascal Lamy
Supachai Panitchpakdi
Alejandro Jara
Rufus Yerxa
Members
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Cuba
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Fiji
Gabon
The Gambia
Georgia
Ghana
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong1
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Macau1
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Taiwan2
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
[show]
Languages
[show]
v
t
e
English-speaking world
Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region
[show]
Further links
Articles
English-speaking world
History of the English language
British Empire
English in the Commonwealth of Nations
Anglosphere
Lists
List of countries by English-speaking population
List of countries where English is an official language
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
Africa
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Americas
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Dominica
Falkland Islands
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Montserrat
Saba
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
United States Virgin Islands
Europe
Guernsey
Ireland
Isle of Man
Jersey
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Norfolk Island
Pitcairn Islands
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
Africa
Botswana
Cameroon
The Gambia
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Malawi
Mauritius
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Somaliland
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Puerto Rico
Asia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
India
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Europe
Gibraltar
Malta
Oceania
American Samoa
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Dependencies shown in italics.
[show]
Population
[show]
v
t
e
Metropolitan cities of China
[show]
Major Metropolitan regions
Jingjinji (JJJ)
Pearl River Delta (PRD) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area
Yangtze River Delta (YRD)
Central Plain (Zhongyuan)
Chengyu
Cross-Strait Western Coast
Guanzhong
Mid-Southern Liaoning
Shandong Peninsula
Yangtze River Mid-Reaches (Yangtze River Valley)
[show]
Major Cities
National Central Cities
Beijinga
Chongqinga
Guangzhoub2
Shanghaia2
Tianjina2
Special Administrative Regions
Hong Kong
Macau
Regional Central Cities
Chengdub
Nanjingb
Shenyangb
Shenzhenc1
Wuhanb
Xi'anb
Sub-provincial cities
Changchunb
Chengdub
Dalianc2
Guangzhoub2
Hangzhoub
Harbinb
Jinanb
Nanjingb
Ningboc2
Qingdaoc2
Shenyangb
Shenzhenc1
Wuhanb
Xi'anb
Xiamenc1
Provincial capitals
(Prefecture-level)
Changsha
Fuzhou2
Guiyang
Haikou
Hefei
Kunming
Lanzhou
Nanchang
Shijiazhuang
Taiyuan
Xining
Zhengzhou
Taibei5
Autonomous regional capitals
Hohhot
Lhasa
Nanning
Ürümqi
Yinchuan
Comparatively large cities
Anshan
Baotou
Benxi
Datong
Fushun
Handan
Huainan
Jilin
Luoyang
Suzhou
Tangshan
Qiqihar
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Zibo
[show]
Prefecture-level cities by Province
Hebei
Shijiazhuang*
Tangshan*
Qinhuangdao2
Handan*
Xingtai
Baoding
Zhangjiakou
Chengde
Cangzhou
Langfang
Hengshui
Shanxi
Taiyuan*
Datong*
Yangquan
Changzhi
Jincheng
Shuozhou
Jinzhong
Yuncheng
Xinzhou
Linfen
Lüliang
Inner Mongolia
Hohhot*
Baotou*
Wuhai
Chifeng
Tongliao
Ordos
Hulunbuir
Bayannur
Ulanqab
Liaoning
Shenyang*
Dalian*
Anshan*
Fushun*
Benxi*
Dandong
Jinzhou
Yingkou
Fuxin
Liaoyang
Panjin
Tieling
Chaoyang
Huludao
Jilin
Changchun*
Jilin
Siping
Liaoyuan
Tonghua
Baishan
Songyuan
Baicheng
Heilongjiang
Harbin*
Qiqihar*
Jixi
Hegang
Shuangyashan
Daqing
Yīchun
Jiamusi
Qitaihe
Mudanjiang
Heihe
Suihua
Jiangsu
Nanjing*
Wuxi*
Xuzhou*
Changzhou
Suzhou*
Nantong
Lianyungang2
Huai'an
Yancheng
Yangzhou
Zhenjiang
Tàizhou
Suqian
Zhejiang
Hangzhou*
Ningbo*
Wenzhou2
Jiaxing
Huzhou
Shaoxing
Jinhua
Quzhou
Zhoushan
Tāizhou
Lìshui
Anhui
Hefei*
Wuhu
Bengbu
Huainan*
Ma'anshan
Huaibei
Tongling
Anqing
Huangshan
Chuzhou
Fùyang
Sùzhou
Lu'an
Bozhou
Chizhou
Xuancheng
Fujian
Fúzhou*
Xiamen*
Putian
Sanming
Quanzhou
Zhangzhou
Nanping
Longyan
Ningde
Jiangxi
Nanchang*
Jingdezhen
Píngxiang
Jiujiang
Xinyu
Yingtan
Ganzhou
Jí'ān
Yíchun
Fǔzhou
Shangrao
Shandong
Jinan*
Qingdao*
Zibo*
Zaozhuang
Dongying
Yantai2
Weifang
Jĭning
Tai'an
Weihai
Rizhao
Laiwu
Linyi
Dezhou
Liaocheng
Binzhou
Heze
Henan
Zhengzhou*
Kaifeng
Luoyang*
Pingdingshan
Anyang
Hebi
Xinxiang
Jiaozuo
Puyang
Xuchang
Luohe
Sanmenxia
Nanyang
Shangqiu
Xinyang
Zhoukou
Zhumadian
Hubei
Wuhan*
Huangshi
Shiyan
Yichang
Xiangyang
Ezhou
Jingmen
Xiaogan
Jinzhou
Huanggang
Xianning
Suizhou
Hunan
Changsha*
Zhuzhou
Xiangtan
Hengyang
Shaoyang
Yueyang
Changde
Zhangjiajie
Yiyang
Chenzhou
Yongzhou
Huaihua
Loudi
Guangdong
Guangzhou*
Shaoguan
Shenzhen*
Zhuhai1
Shantou1
Foshan
Jiangmen
Zhanjiang2
Maoming
Zhaoqing
Huizhou
Meizhou
Shanwei
Heyuan
Yangjiang
Qingyuan
Dongguan
Zhongshan
Chaozhou
Jieyang
Yunfu
Guangxi
Nanning*
Liuzhou
Guilin
Wuzhou
Beihai2
Fangchenggang
Qinzhou
Guigang
Yùlin
Baise
Hezhou
Hechi
Laibin
Chongzuo
Hainan1
Haikou*
Sanya
Sansha4
Danzhou
Sichuan
Chengdu*
Zigong
Panzhihua
Luzhou
Deyang
Mianyang
Guangyuan
Suining
Neijiang
Leshan
Nanchong
Meishan
Yibin
Guang'an
Dazhou
Ya'an
Bazhong
Ziyang
Guizhou
Guiyang*
Liupanshui
Zunyi
Anshun
Bijie
Tongren
Yunnan
Kunming*
Qujing
Yuxi
Baoshan
Zhaotong
Lìjiang
Pu'er
Lincang
Tibet
Lhasa*
Shigatse
Chamdo
Nyingchi
Shannan
Shaanxi
Xi'an*
Tongchuan
Baoji
Xianyang
Weinan
Yan'an
Hanzhong
Yúlin
Ankang
Shangluo
Gansu
Lanzhou*
Jiayuguan
Jinchang
Baiyin
Tianshui
Wuwei
Zhangye
Pingliang
Jiuquan
Qingyang
Dingxi
Longnan
Qinghai
Xining*
Haidong
Ningxia
Yinchuan*
Shizuishan
Wuzhong
Guyuan
Zhongwei
Xinjiang
Ürümqi*
Karamay
Turpan
Hami
Taiwan5
(none)
[show]
Other cities (partly shown below)
Prefecture-level capitals
(County-level)
(Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot
Xilinhot)
Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang
Enshi, Hubei
Jishou, Hunan
(Sichuan：Xichang
Kangding
Barkam)
(Guizhou: Xingyi
Kaili
Duyun)
(Yunnan: Chuxiong
Mengzi
Wenshan
Jinghong
Dali
Mangshi
Shangri-La
Lushui)
(Gansu: Linxia
Hezuo)
(Qinghai: Yushu
Delingha)
(Xinjiang: Changji
Bole
Korla
Yining
Artux
Aksu
Kashgar1
Hotan
Tacheng
Altay)
Province-governed cities
(Sub-prefecture-level)
Jiyuan, Henan
(Hubei: Xiantao
Qiánjiang
Tianmen
Shennongjia)
(Hainan1: Wuzhishan
Qionghai
Wenchang
Wanning
Dongfang)
(Xinjiang - XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi
Aral
Tumxuk
Wujiaqu
Beitun
Tiemenguan
Shuanghe
Kokdala
Kunyu)
Former Prefecture-level cities
Chaohu, Anhui
Yumen，Gansu
Dongchuan, Yunnan
Shashi, Hubei
(Sichuan: Fuling
Wanxian)
(Jilin: Meihekou
Gongzhuling)
Sub-prefecture-level cities
(Prefecture-governed)
Qian'an, Hebei
Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia
Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
Golmud, Qinghai
[show]
County-level cities by Province
Hebei
Xinji
Jinzhou
Xinle
Zunhua
Qian'an*
Wu'an
Nangong
Shahe
Zhuozhou
Dingzhou
Anguo
Gaobeidian
Botou
Renqiu
Huanghua
Hejian
Bazhou
Sanhe
Shenzhou
Shanxi
Gujiao
Lucheng
Gaoping
Jiexiu
Yongji
Hejin
Yuanping
Houma
Huozhou
Xiaoyi
Fenyang
Inner Mongolia
Holingol
Manzhouli*
Yakeshi
Zhalantun
Ergun
Genhe
Fengzhen
Ulanhot*
Arxan
Erenhot*
Xilinhot*
Liaoning
Xinmin
Wafangdian
Zhuanghe
Haicheng
Donggang
Fengcheng
Linghai
Beizhen
Gaizhou
Dashiqiao
Dengta
Diaobingshan
Kaiyuan
Beipiao
Lingyuan
Xingcheng
Jilin
Yushu
Dehui
Jiaohe
Huadian
Shulan
Panshi
Gongzhuling
Shuangliao
Meihekou
Ji'an
Linjiang
Fuyu
Taonan
Da'an
Yanji
Tumen
Dunhua
Hunchun
Longjing
Helong
Heilongjiang
Shangzhi
Wuchang
Nehe
Hulin
Mishan
Tieli
Tongjiang
Fujin
Fuyuan
Suifenhe
Hailin
Ning'an
Muling
Dongning
Bei'an
Wudalianchi
Anda
Zhaodong
Hailun
Jiangsu
Jiangyin
Yixing
Xinyi
Pizhou
Liyang
Changshu
Zhangjiagang
Kunshan
Taicang
Qidong
Rugao
Haimen
Dongtai
Yizheng
Gaoyou
Danyang
Yangzhong
Jurong
Jingjiang
Taixing
Xinghua
Zhejiang
Jiande
Lin'an
Yuyao
Cixi
Fenghua
Rui'an
Yueqing
Haining
Pinghu
Tongxiang
Zhuji
Shengzhou
Lanxi
Yiwu
Dongyang
Yongkang
Jiangshan
Wenling
Linhai
Longquan
Anhui
Chaohu
Jieshou
Tongcheng
Tianchang
Mingguang
Ningguo
Fujian
Fuqing
Changle
Yong'an
Shishi
Jinjiang
Nan'an
Longhai
Shaowu
Wuyishan
Jian'ou
Zhangping
Fu'an
Fuding
Jiangxi
Leping
Ruichang
Gongqingcheng
Lushan
Guixi
Ruijin
Jinggangshan
Fengcheng
Zhangshu
Gao'an
Dexing
Shandong
Zhangqiu
Jiaozhou
Jimo
Pingdu
Laixi
Tengzhou
Longkou
Laiyang
Laizhou
Penglai
Zhaoyuan
Qixia
Haiyang
Qingzhou
Zhucheng
Shouguang
Anqiu
Gaomi
Changyi
Qufu
Zoucheng
Xintai
Feicheng
Rongcheng
Rushan
Laoling
Yucheng
Linqing
Henan
Gongyi
Xingyang
Xinmi
Xinzheng
Dengfeng
Yanshi
Wugang
Ruzhou
Linzhou
Weihui
Huixian
Qinyang
Mengzhou
Yuzhou
Changge
Yima
Lingbao
Dengzhou
Yongcheng
Xiangcheng
Jiyuan*
Hubei
Daye
Danjiangkou
Yidu
Dangyang
Zhijiang
Laohekou
Zaoyang
Yicheng
Zhongxiang
Yingcheng
Anlu
Hanchuan
Shishou
Honghu
Songzi
Macheng
Wuxue
Chibi
Guangshui
Enshi*
Lichuan
Xiantao*
Qianjiang*
Tianmen*
Hunan
Liuyang
Liling
Xiangxiang
Shaoshan
Leiyang
Changning
Wugang
Miluo
Linxiang
Jinshi
Yuanjiang
Zixing
Hongjiang
Lengshuijiang
Lianyuan
Jishou*
Guangdong
Lechang
Nanxiong
Taishan
Kaiping
Heshan
Enping
Lianjiang
Leizhou
Wuchuan
Gaozhou
Huazhou
Xinyi
Sihui
Xingning
Lufeng
Yangchun
Yingde
Lianzhou
Puning
Luoding
Guangxi
Cenxi
Dongxing
Guiping
Beiliu
Jingxi
Yizhou
Heshan
Pingxiang
Hainan
Wuzhishan*
Qionghai*
Wenchang*
Wanning*
Dongfang*
Sichuan
Dujiangyan
Pengzhou
Qionglai
Chongzhou
Jianyang
Guanghan
Shifang
Mianzhu
Jiangyou
Emeishan
Langzhong
Huaying
Wanyuan
Barkam*
Kangding*
Xichang*
Guizhou
Qingzhen
Chishui
Renhuai
Xingyi*
Kaili*
Duyun*
Fuquan
Yunnan
Anning
Xuanwei
Tengchong
Chuxiong*
Mengzi*
Gejiu
Kaiyuan
Mile
Wenshan*
Jinghong*
Dali*
Ruili
Mangshi*
Lushui*
Shangri-La*
Tibet
(none)
Shaanxi
Xingping
Hancheng
Huayin
Gansu
Yumen
Dunhuang
Linxia*
Hezuo*
Qinghai
Yushu*
Golmud*
Delingha*
Ningxia
Lingwu
Qingtongxia
Xinjiang
Changji*
Fukang
Bole*
Alashankou
Korla*
Aksu*
Artux*
Kashgar*
Hotan*
Yining*
Kuytun
Korgas
Tacheng*
Wusu
Altay*
Shihezi*
Aral*
Tumxuk*
Wujiaqu*
Beitun*
Tiemenguan*
Shuanghe*
Kokdala*
Kunyu*
Taiwan5
(none)
[show]
Notes
* Indicates this city has already occurred above.
aDirect-controlled Municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special Economic Zone Cities. 2Coastal development cities.
3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.
4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.
5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead.
All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in China
Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010)
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.

Shanghai

Beijing 1 Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900
Chongqing

Guangzhou
2 Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200
3 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700
4 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500
5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300
6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000
7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400
8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900
9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900
10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000
[show]
v
t
e
Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area)
Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
Guangdong Province
Guangzhou
Panyu
Huadu
Nansha
Zengcheng
Conghua
Shenzhen
Bao'an
Zhuhai
Hengqin
Dongguan
Zhongshan
Cuiheng
Foshan
Jiangmen
Enping
Taishan
Kaiping
Heshan
Huizhou
Zhaoqing
Sihui
Gaoyao
Special administrative regions
Hong Kong
New Territories
Kowloon
Hong Kong Island
Macau
Macau Peninsula
Taipa
Coloane
Cotai
[show]
v
t
e
Major cities along the Pearl River
Cities (from upper reaches to lower reaches)
Major
Tributaries
[show]
v
t
e
Bei River
Bei
Nanxiong
Shaoguan
Zhenjiang
Wujiang
Qujiang
Yingde
Qingyuan
Qingxin
Qingcheng
Foshan
Sanshui
waterways with Xi
Nanhai
Chancheng
Sanshui
Guangzhou
Panyu
Nansha
merged into the Shiziyang
[show]
v
t
e
Dong River
Dong
Heyuan
Yuancheng
Huizhou
Huicheng
Dongguan
Guangzhou
Zengcheng
Huangpu
merged into the Shiziyang
[show]
v
t
e
Xi River
Xi
Gui→Li
Guilin
Diecai
Qixing
Xiufeng
Xiangshan
Yanshan
Wuzhou
Changzhou
Wanxiu
merged into the Xi
Xun
Yong→Yu
Zuo
Chongzuo
Jiangzhou
Nanning
Jiangnan
Xixiangtang
merged into the Yong→Yu
You
Baise
Youjiang
Nanning
Xixiangtang
merged into the Yong→Yu
tributaries of Zuo & You
Nanning
Jiangnan
Xixiangtang
Qingxiu
Liangqing
Yongning
Guigang
Qintang
Gangnan
Gangbei
Guiping
merged into the Xun
Qian
Liu
Long
Hechi
Jinchengjiang
Yizhou
merged into the Liu
Rong
Liuzhou
Liubei
Liunan
Chengzhong
Yufeng
merged into the Liu
tributaries of Long & Rong
merged into the Qian
Hongshui
Beipan
Xuanwei
Liupanshui
Liuzhi
merged into the Hongshui
Nanpan
Qujing
Qilin
merged into the Hongshui
tributaries of Beipan & Nanpan
Heshan
Laibin
Xingbin
merged into the Qian
tributaries of Liu & Hongshui
Guiping
merged into the Xun
tributaries of Yong→Yu & Qian
Wuzhou
Changzhou
Longxu
Wanxiu
merged into the Xi
tributaries of Gui→Li & Xun
Wuzhou
Wanxiu
Yunfu
Yun'an
Zhaoqing
Gaoyao
Duanzhou
Dinghu
Foshan
Sanshui
waterways with Bei
Gaoming
Nanhai
Shunde
Heshan
Jiangmen
Pengjiang
waterways with Shiziyang & Lingdingyang
Zhongshan
Jiangmen
Jianghai
Xinhui
Zhuhai
Doumen
Jinwan
Xiangzhou
South China Sea
Pearl River
Pearl
Guangzhou
Baiyun
Foshan
Nanhai
Guangzhou
Liwan
Haizhu
Yuexiu
Tianhe
Huangpu
Dongguan
Shiziyang
Shiziyang
Pearl
tributary of Dong
Dongguan
Guangzhou
Panyu
tributary of Bei
Nansha
waterways with Xi
Lingdingyang
Lingdingyang
Shiziyang
Guangzhou
Nansha District
waterways with Xi
Zhongshan
Shenzhen
Bao'an District
Guangming New District
Longhua New District
Nanshan District, Shenzhen
Futian District
Luohu District
Yantian District
Longgang District
Pingshan New District
Dapeng New District
Zhuhai
Xiangzhou
Jinwan District
Doumen District
Hong Kong
New Territories
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon
Macau
Macau Peninsula
Taipa
Coloane
Cotai
Jiuzhouyang
Jiuzhouyang
Lingdingyang
South China Sea
Major cities along the Yangtze River · Major cities along the Yellow River
[show]
v
t
e
World's twenty most populous metropolitan areas
1 Tokyo-Yokohama
2 Shanghai
3 Jakarta
4 Delhi
5 Seoul-Incheon

6 Karachi
7 Guangzhou
8 Beijing
9 Shenzhen
7 Mexico City
11 São Paulo
12 Lagos
13 Mumbai
14 Cairo
15 New York
16 Osaka
17 Moscow
18 Wuhan
19 Chengdu
20 Dhaka
[show]
v
t
e
World's fifty most-populous urban areas
Tokyo–Yokohama (Keihin)
Jakarta (Jabodetabek)
Delhi
Manila (Metro Manila)
Seoul–Incheon (Sudogwon)
Shanghai
Karachi
Beijing
New York City
Guangzhou–Foshan (Guangfo)
São Paulo
Mexico City (Valley of Mexico)
Mumbai
Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto (Keihanshin)
Moscow
Dhaka
Greater Cairo
Los Angeles
Bangkok
Kolkata
Greater Buenos Aires
Tehran
Istanbul
Lagos
Shenzhen
Rio de Janeiro
Kinshasa
Tianjin
Paris
Lima
Chengdu
Greater London
Nagoya (Chūkyō)
Lahore
Chennai
Bangalore
Chicago
Bogotá
Ho Chi Minh City
Hyderabad
Dongguan
Johannesburg
Wuhan
Taipei-Taoyuan
Hangzhou
Hong Kong
Chongqing
Ahmedabad
Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley)
Quanzhou
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and dependencies of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Palestine
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and special
administrative regions
Australia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
China
Hong Kong
Macau
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
British Indian Ocean Territory
[show]
v
t
e
Provincial-level divisions of the People's Republic of China
Provinces
Anhui
Fujian
Gansu
Guangdong
Guizhou
Hainan
Hebei
Heilongjiang
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Jiangsu
Jiangxi
Jilin
Liaoning
Qinghai
Shaanxi
Shandong
Shanxi
Sichuan
Yunnan
Zhejiang
Autonomous regions
Guangxi
Inner Mongolia
Ningxia
Tibet
Xinjiang
Municipalities
Beijing
Chongqing
Shanghai
Tianjin
Special administrative regions
Hong Kong
Macau
Other
Taiwan¹
Note: Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see Political status of Taiwan).
Coordinates: 22°18′N 114°12′E / 22.3°N 114.2°E / 22.3; 114.2
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 261062131
LCCN: n81001722
ISNI: 0000 0001 2179 3140
GND: 4025822-1
SUDOC: 027953920
BNF: cb11988563q (data)
NLA: 36343200
NDL: 00563400
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&oldid=821852660"
Categories:
Hong Kong
South China
South China Sea
Cities in China
Chinese-speaking countries and territories
English-speaking countries and territories
Independent cities
Metropolitan areas of China
Pearl River Delta
Populated coastal places in Hong Kong
Populated places established in 1842
Port cities and towns in China
Special administrative regions of China
States and territories established in 1997
Hidden categories:
CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)
CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Use dmy dates from April 2017
EngvarB from August 2014
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from August 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with DMOZ links
Good articles
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Wikivoyage
Languages
Acèh
Afrikaans
Akan
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
Аҧсшәа
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bamanankan
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Basa Banyumasan
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Chi-Chewa
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
Eʋegbe
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gagauz
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
Gĩkũyũ
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Hausa
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Igbo
Ilokano
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
IsiXhosa
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Лезги
ລາວ
لۊری شومالی
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Papiamentu
پښتو
Patois
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Picard
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Sesotho
Setswana
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Tarandíne
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Tsetsêhestâhese
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Walon
文言
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 January 2018, at 00:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

values: mw-indicator-good-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Hong_Kong_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Hong Kong (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/HK_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
HK (disambiguation)

value: i

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg
image
Flag of Hong Kong

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Bauhinia_blakeana
mw-redirect
Bauhinia blakeana

values:
/wiki/Traditional_Chinese
mw-redirect
Traditional Chinese

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups

values:
/wiki/Filipino_people
mw-redirect
Filipino people

values:
/wiki/Indonesian_people
mw-redirect
Indonesian people

values: President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong

values: Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal

values: National People's Congress election, 2017 (Hong Kong)

values: Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

values: Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries and territories by population density

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic
mw-redirect
Right- and left-hand traffic

values:
nofollow
https://www.gov.hk/
external text

values: list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 1em; font-size:90%;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density

values:
/wiki/Tertiary_sector
mw-redirect
Tertiary sector

values: List of cities with the most skyscrapers

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

values: wikt:香港特別行政區

values: wikt:香港特别行政区

values: The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

values: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China

values:
/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty
mw-redirect
Southern Song dynasty

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Tamao
mw-redirect
Battle of Tamao

values:
/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming
mw-redirect
Qing conquest of the Ming

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/Tanka_(ethnic_group)
mw-redirect
Tanka (ethnic group)

values:
/wiki/Charcoal_maker
mw-redirect
Charcoal maker

values:
/wiki/Stonecutter%27s_Island
mw-redirect
Stonecutter's Island

values:
/wiki/Convention_of_Beijing
mw-redirect
Convention of Beijing

values: Peak District Reservation Ordinance, 1904

values: <video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm/712px--1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:712px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="76.68" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="712" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1004712" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-title="Original WebM file, 720 × 486 (3.78 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="720" data-height="486" data-bandwidth="3775036" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="238" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="126208" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="356" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="252312" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm/1937_Hong_Kong_VP8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="534" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="500712" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch

values: Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

values:
/wiki/Island_Line_(MTR)
mw-redirect
Island Line (MTR)

values:
/wiki/Kwun_Tong_Line
mw-redirect
Kwun Tong Line

values:
/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_Line
mw-redirect
Tsuen Wan Line

values: United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories

values: Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre

values: Organisations with former royal patronage in Hong Kong

values: President of the People's Republic of China

values: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison

values: Second term of Donald Tsang as Chief Executive of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Ngong_Ping_Cable_Car
mw-redirect
Ngong Ping Cable Car

values: Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link Hong Kong section

values:
/wiki/2003_July_1_march
mw-redirect
2003 July 1 march

values:
/wiki/Parliamentary_government
mw-redirect
Parliamentary government

values: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

values: State Council of the People's Republic of China

values: The grey dome and front gable of a granite neo-classical building, with a skyscraper in the background against a clear blue sky.

values: Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong)

values: Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau

values: Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

values: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport

values: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

values: Association of Commonwealth Universities

values: Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

values: Consulate General of the United States, Hong Kong and Macau

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: The main territory of Hong Kong consists of a peninsula bordered to the north by Guangdong province, an island to the south east of the peninsula, and a smaller island to the south. These areas are surrounded by numerous much smaller islands.

values: Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy

values: Chairman of the Central Military Commission

values: Chinese People's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building

values: Hong Kong Army Cadets Association Limited

values:
/wiki/Ecology_of_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Ecology of Hong Kong

values: Topographical satellite image with enhanced colours showing areas of vegetation and conurbation. Purple areas around the coasts indicate the areas of urban development

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area
mw-redirect
List of countries by area

values:
/wiki/Nature_reserves
mw-redirect
Nature reserves

values:
/wiki/Urban_development
mw-redirect
Urban development

values:
/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level
mw-redirect
Above mean sea level

values: see edit of 03:22 23 August 2017 (August 2017)

values: background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF3100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF7D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF8A16; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #00CE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #C6C600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #F1F112; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;

values:
/wiki/Two_International_Finance_Centre
mw-redirect
Two International Finance Centre

values:
/wiki/Central_Plaza,_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Central Plaza, Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower,_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong

values: List of the oldest buildings and structures in Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Central_Police_Station,_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Central Police Station, Hong Kong

values: City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong skyline.

values: File:Kowloon Panorama by Ryan Cheng 2010.jpg

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1608px;

values: Night time city skyline with Victoria Harbour in front and low hills behind

values: File:Hong Kong Skyline Panorama - Dec 2008.jpg

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1928px;

values: border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right

values: Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)

values: width:15em;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;

values: History of the People's Republic of China (1949–76)

values:
/wiki/Japanese_in_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Japanese in Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Right_of_Abode_in_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Right of Abode in Hong Kong

values: People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao

values: padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;

values: background:blue; width:88.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;

values: background:yellow; width:4.3%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:red; width:1.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:green; width:3.1%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:grey; width:1.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: overflow-x: auto; border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;

values:
/wiki/Standard_Cantonese
mw-redirect
Standard Cantonese

values: Immaculate Conception Cathedral of Hong Kong

values: Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia

values:
/wiki/Sheng_Kung_Hui
mw-redirect
Sheng Kung Hui

values: font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px

values:
/wiki/High-income_economy
mw-redirect
High-income economy

values:
/wiki/Mandatory_Provident_Fund
mw-redirect
Mandatory Provident Fund

values: List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees

values: Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong

values: List of countries by number of mobile phones in use

values:
/wiki/Tung_Chung_Line
mw-redirect
Tung Chung Line

values:
/wiki/Disneyland_Resort_Line
mw-redirect
Disneyland Resort Line

values:
/wiki/East_Rail_Line
mw-redirect
East Rail Line

values:
/wiki/Lo_Wu_Station
mw-redirect
Lo Wu Station

values:
/wiki/Lok_Ma_Chau_Station
mw-redirect
Lok Ma Chau Station

values:
/wiki/Hung_Hom_Station
mw-redirect
Hung Hom Station

values:
/wiki/West_Kowloon_Station
mw-redirect
West Kowloon Station

values: Taxis lined up along a drive outside a building. In the background is a city skyline with tall skyscrapers and a ridgeline under a blue sky with some clouds.

values: Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System

values: List of busiest airports by cargo traffic

values: List of busiest airports by passenger traffic

values: List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Sedan_chair
mw-redirect
Sedan chair

values:
/wiki/Moving_pavement
mw-redirect
Moving pavement

values:
/wiki/Central-Mid-Levels_escalator
mw-redirect
Central-Mid-Levels escalator

values: Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education

values: Programme for International Student Assessment

values: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: List of countries by infant mortality rate

values:
/wiki/Numbers_in_Chinese_culture
mw-redirect
Numbers in Chinese culture

values: The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts

values: Leisure and Cultural Services Department

values:
/wiki/Media_in_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Media in Hong Kong

values: Censorship in the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Western_media_outlets
mw-redirect
Western media outlets

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Institute for Management Development

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx16fx.pdf

values: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hkarch.org/en_news.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://comonca.org.cn/LH/Doc/A07.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34071.pdf

values:
nofollow
http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/legal/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/
external text

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004987422746

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.skyscraper.org/home.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/
external text

values: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/16591088

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hit.com.hk

values:
nofollow
http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/hkdse/
external text

values: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcma.2015.02.006

values:
/wiki/Oxford_University
mw-redirect
Oxford University

values: Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games

values: Commerce and Economic Development Bureau

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
http://www.gov.hk/
external text

values: Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

values: APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)

values: APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Indonesia 1994 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)

values: APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: World Trade Organization accession and membership

values: Timeline of the World Trade Organization

values: Criticism of the World Trade Organization

values: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

values: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

values: Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

values: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

values:
/wiki/Marrakech_Agreement
mw-redirect
Marrakech Agreement

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013

values: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015

values: Director-General of the World Trade Organization

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Economy of Burma

values: Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire
mw-redirect
Economy of Côte d'Ivoire

values: Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values: Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:English official language clickable map

values: Template talk:English official language clickable map

values: /wiki/Mauritius#Language circle 357,205,16 Mauritius#Language Mauritius#Language

values: /wiki/Rwanda#Demographics poly 299,161,307,166,303,171,296,168 Rwanda#Demographics Rwanda#Demographics

values: /wiki/Palau#Demographics circle 494,151,7 Palau#Demographics Palau#Demographics

values: Federated States of Micronesia#Languages

values: Demographics of the Cayman Islands#Languages

values: Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
mw-redirect
History of the English language

values: List of countries by English-speaking population

values: List of countries where English is an official language

values: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
padding:0px; padding:3px
navigation
navbox
English-speaking_world

values: Template talk:Metropolitan cities of China

values: Central Plain Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values: Chengyu Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values: Cross-Strait Western Coastal Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values: Guanzhong Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values: Mid-Southern Liaoning Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values: Shandong Peninsula Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values: Yangtze River Mid-Reaches Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region
mw-redirect
Special Administrative Region

values: Sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Prefecture-level_cities
mw-redirect
Prefecture-level cities

values:
/wiki/Anshan,_China
mw-redirect
Anshan, China

values:
/wiki/Lishui,_Zhejiang
mw-redirect
Lishui, Zhejiang

values:
/wiki/Fuyang,_Anhui
mw-redirect
Fuyang, Anhui

values:
/wiki/Pingxiang,_Jiangxi
mw-redirect
Pingxiang, Jiangxi

values:
/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jiangxi
mw-redirect
Ji'an, Jiangxi

values:
/wiki/Jining,_Shandong
mw-redirect
Jining, Shandong

values:
/wiki/Huanggang,_Hubei
mw-redirect
Huanggang, Hubei

values:
/wiki/Baise,_Guangxi
mw-redirect
Baise, Guangxi

values:
/wiki/Ziyang,_Sichuan
mw-redirect
Ziyang, Sichuan

values:
/wiki/Tongren,_Guizhou
mw-redirect
Tongren, Guizhou

values:
/wiki/Lijiang,_Yunnan
mw-redirect
Lijiang, Yunnan

values:
/wiki/Pu%27er,_Yunnan
mw-redirect
Pu'er, Yunnan

values:
/wiki/Jiayuguan_(city)
mw-redirect
Jiayuguan (city)

values: Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China

values: Prefectures of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Kaili,_Guizhou
mw-redirect
Kaili, Guizhou

values:
/wiki/Yining_City
mw-redirect
Yining City

values:
/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang
mw-redirect
Aksu, Xinjiang

values:
/wiki/Sub-prefecture-level_cities
mw-redirect
Sub-prefecture-level cities

values: Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

values:
/wiki/Manzhouli,_Inner_Mongolia
mw-redirect
Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia

values:
/wiki/Erenhot,_Inner_Mongolia
mw-redirect
Erenhot, Inner Mongolia

values:
/wiki/Golmud,_Qinghai
mw-redirect
Golmud, Qinghai

values:
/wiki/County-level_cities
mw-redirect
County-level cities

values:
/wiki/Wuchang_City
mw-redirect
Wuchang City

values:
/wiki/Lin%27an_City
mw-redirect
Lin'an City

values:
/wiki/Haining_City
mw-redirect
Haining City

values:
/wiki/Daye,_Hubei
mw-redirect
Daye, Hubei

values:
/wiki/Yidu,_Hubei
mw-redirect
Yidu, Hubei

values:
/wiki/Changning,_Hunan
mw-redirect
Changning, Hunan

values:
/wiki/Chishui,_Guizhou
mw-redirect
Chishui, Guizhou

values:
/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_China
mw-redirect
Special Economic Zones of China

values: Template:Administrative divisions of the Republic of China

values: Template:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China

values: Template talk:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float: left;height:2.6em;

values: Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Sihui,_Guangdong
mw-redirect
Sihui, Guangdong

values:
/wiki/File:Geography_of_Guangdong.gif
image
Pearl River Delta region

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Major cities along the Pearl River

values: Template talk:Major cities along the Pearl River

values: width:1%;width: 5em; background: #ececec; text-align: center

values: ;background: #ececec; text-align: center;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Template:Major cities along the Bei River

values: Template talk:Major cities along the Bei River

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background: #ececec; text-align: center

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Template:Major cities along the Dong River

values: Template talk:Major cities along the Dong River

values: Template:Major cities along the Xi River

values: Template talk:Major cities along the Xi River

values:
/wiki/Li_River_(Guangxi)
mw-redirect
Li River (Guangxi)

values: width:100%;padding:0px;width: 5em; background: #ececec; text-align: center

values:
/wiki/Longhua_New_District
mw-redirect
Longhua New District

values:
/wiki/Pingshan_New_District
mw-redirect
Pingshan New District

values: Template:Major cities along the Yangtze River

values: Template:Major cities along the Yellow River

values: Template:World's most populous metropolitan areas

values: Template talk:World's most populous metropolitan areas

values: List of metropolitan areas by population

values:
/wiki/Mumbai_metropolitan_area
mw-redirect
Mumbai metropolitan area

values:
/wiki/Greater_Dhaka_Area
mw-redirect
Greater Dhaka Area

values: border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;

values: Template:World's most populous urban areas

values: Template talk:World's most populous urban areas