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Twelfth grade
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Twelfth grade, senior year, or grade 12 is the final year of secondary school in North America. In other regions it is also equivalently referred as class 12 or Year 13. In most countries students then graduate at age 17–18. Some countries have a thirteenth grade, while other countries do not have a 12th grade/year at all. Twelfth grade is typically the last year of high school; graduation year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Belgium
3 Brazil
4 Bulgaria
5 Canada
6 Denmark
7 Finland
8 France
9 Germany
10 Hong Kong
11 India
12 Ireland
13 Israel
14 Italy
15 Lebanon
16 Malaysia
17 Mexico
18 New Zealand
19 The Netherlands
20 Norway
21 Pakistan
22 Philippines
23 Portugal
24 Scotland
25 South Africa
26 Sweden
27 Turkey
28 United Kingdom
29 United States
29.1 Traditions associated with senior year
30 Latin America
31 References
32 See also
Australia[edit]
In Australia, the twelfth grade is referred to as Year 12. In New South Wales, students are usually 16 or 17 years old when they enter Year 12 and 17–18 years during graduation (end of year). A majority of students in Year 12 work towards getting an ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admission Rank) or OP (Overall Position, which applies only to students in the state of Queensland), which will allow them access to courses at university.[1][2][3][4] In South Australia, this is achieved by completing the SACE; in Victoria, this is achieved by completing the VCE; in the Australian Capital Territory, this is achieved by completing the AST[5] and in New South Wales this is achieved by completing the HSC.[6]
In New South Wales, when completing the [HSC], students are required to satisfactorily complete at least 10 units of study in ATAR courses which must include:
eight units from Category A courses
two units of English
three Board Developed courses of two units or greater
four subjects
Some Year 12s may receive a Year 12 Jersey. Schools choose the design, colours and writing which are printed or stitched onto the jersey. Sometimes the last two digits of the year they are graduating are printed on the back (for example, "12" for 2012 school leavers) along with a personalised nickname. The front may show the school emblem and the student's name, which is occasionally stitched in.
Many schools conduct end of year "formals" (similar to a senior prom). They are held from any time between graduation in September to November. Australian private schools often conduct Year 12 balls in January or February of Year 12 instead of an end of year formal.
Belgium[edit]
In Belgium, the 12th grade is called 6de middelbaar or laatste jaar in Dutch, rétho or 6e année in French. In the General Education, this year guides and prepares students for their first year in University by recalling everything learned during the past six years of secondary school. In the Skills Education, this year prepares the students for the professional life with an Intership in the chosen domain.
Brazil[edit]
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In Brazil, the 12th grade is called terceiro ano do ensino médio, also informally called terceiro colegial, meaning literally third grade of high school. It is typically attended by 17–18 years old students. During this grade, most students apply to what is called Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), the Brazilian equivalent of the SATs in the US, and vestibular, the individual entrance examination particular to each university.
As in many countries, Grade 12 students attend Graduation, which involves a formal official ceremony, a party where students, relatives and friends are invited and another party just for the students.
Bulgaria[edit]
In Bulgaria the twelfth grade is the last year of high-school. Twelfth-grade students tend to be 18–19 years old. Usually students are preparing to take the Matriculation exam in the end of their 2nd semester.
Canada[edit]
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In Canada, the twelfth grade is referred to as Grade 12. Grade 12 is the 12th year after kindergarten. Students generally enter their Grade 12 year when they are 16 or 17 years old. If they are 16 years old, they will be turning 17 by December 31 of that year. In many Canadian high schools, student during their year, hold a series of fundraisers, grade-class trips, and other social events. Grade 12 Canadian students attend Graduation which usually involves an official ceremony and a dinner dance.
Ontario previously had Grade 13, which was briefly renamed Ontario Academic Credit (OAC), before being phased out, leaving Grade 12 as the final year. Grades 12 and 13 were similar to sixth form in England.
Quebec is the lone province that does not have Grade 12; their students finish secondary school at the equivalent of Grade 11 and then do two years of college before going to university. Thus, when a student is in Grade 12 in Ontario, for instance, the student in Quebec is in his first year of college.
Newfoundland and Labrador did not introduce Grade 12 until 1983.
Denmark[edit]
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In Denmark, the twelfth grade is the 3rd G, which is the final year of secondary school. 3.g is equivalent to 3rd grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory through 9th grade. Students are often 18-19 or older when they finish secondary school. The age of graduation is caused by the fact that Danish children first start school at 6. The reason that many students will be at the age of 20 when they graduate is because some people choose to have one-year gap between the 9th grade and gymnasium's 1st G (the first year of secondary school), where students typically go to special art- or sport-oriented boarding schools or become exchange students all over the world. This is optional though; you can go directly to the first year of secondary school after 9th grade.
Finland[edit]
The twelfth grade is the third and usually last year (a fourth year is possible) of High School or secondary school (or Gymnasium) The students graduate from High School the year they turn 19. The twelfth grade is shorter than the previous ones because the twelfth graders lessons end in February and they go on to take their final exams shortly afterwards. Compulsory education ends after the ninth grade, so the upper grades are optional.
France[edit]
The equivalent grade in this country is Terminale, it is the third year of lycée which is equivalent to High-School, upon completion of which students sit for a test, the Baccalauréat. French-language schools that teach the French government curriculum (i.e. are part of the AEFE network) use the same system of grades as their counterparts in France. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until students turn 16.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, students wishing to take the Abitur usually had to attend a thirteenth grade, but most states are shortening the Gymnasium (the university-bound secondary school system in Germany) from nine to eight years.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, 12th grade is called Form 6. Students in Form 6 are required to take the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (DSE)
India[edit]
In India, the equivalent grade is referred to as the "HSC", or "plus 2" or in some regions "second year junior college" (SYJC) or PreUniversity Course (PUC). Most students who pass out of class 12 are 16-18 years old. With the introduction of separate entrance examinations for entry into medicine, engineering and law courses. Entrance exams usually comprise multiple-choice-questions on physics, chemistry and biology (or mathematics) and are conducted separately on national and state levels. Additionally some highly coveted institutions hold their own entrance tests. These competitive exams are among the toughest in the world with JEE MAIN, administered by CBSE being the second most competitive entrance exam. Over 14,00,000 students also appear for the IIT-JEE exam, competing for 9,800 odd seats at the IITs. From this year, NEET exam has been introduced for all medical admissions barring a few and is considered tougher than JEE MAIN due to lesser seats. The AIIMS entrance test is also one of the toughest exams for admission to undergraduate courses in medicine. Around 80,000 students compete for 50 seats. The CBSE and ICSE boards conduct twelfth standard courses nationally, while state boards operate at the state-level.
See also: Education in India
Ireland[edit]
In the Republic of Ireland, it is the sixth and final year of Secondary School, referred to as Sixth Year (for 17-18 year olds), in which students take the Leaving Certificate Examinations. Students usually attend a dance or formal party at the end of this year before they move on to third level education or start their adult lives: this is known as a Debs or Grad and is similar to prom in the United States.
In Northern Ireland there is a 7th year of primary school and a 7th year of secondary school.
Israel[edit]
In Israel, the twelfth grade is the third and last year of High School. Students typically begin this grade when they are about 17 years old, and in order to graduate, they have to pass and get a Bagrut certificate. Once finished, student are required to either serve in the Israeli military or do the Israeli community service for a time period (the number of years may vary).
Italy[edit]
In Italy, the twelfth grade is the fourth year of the high school (which is called Scuola media superiore or Scuola secondaria di secondo grado). There are five years of high school total, sometimes grouped in different ways (2+3, 2+1+2), depending on the type of high school the student is attending. Students get the "Maturità", when they are at the fifth year of high school, de facto the thirteenth grade.
Last Day of Yeghishe Manoukian College Seniors of 2016, Lebanon.
Lebanon[edit]
In Lebanon, the twelfth grade is the third year of high school, also referred to as The Third Year Of Higher Secondary Education. It can be called the class of seniors or the last class of school. People in the twelfth grade are between the ages of 17 and 18.[7]
Malaysia[edit]
In Malaysia, the 12th grade is also known as Form 6 in secondary school which is further divided into Lower 6 and Upper 6. The students at this stage are 18 years old and will usually complete their schooling at 19 years old.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, the twelfth grade is the last year of high school, where students are normally aged 17–18. As in Mexico the education is divided in "primaria" (6 years), "secundaria" (3 years) and "preparatoria" or "bachillerato" (3 years), the twelfth grade is usually called "tercero de preparatoria" (third grade of preparatory) or "Quinto y Sexto Semestre" (Fifth and Sixth Semester).
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, 12th grade is known as Year 13 (New Zealand students attend 13 years of school, starting at the age of 5). Students in Year 13 are usually 17–18 years old. This is the last year of secondary school. In Year 13, students complete NCEA Level 3, which involves getting a certain number of 'credits' from different external exams and other internal assessments. Students must gain 80 achieved credits or higher (20 of which are taken from Level 2) to pass the year.[8]
The Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, 12th grade is named by school level. From low to high: "VMBO", "HAVO" and "VWO". VMBO is composed of four years, with 12th grade being the fourth (4th) and final year. A higher school level is the HAVO, which lasts for five (5) years. The highest school level is VWO, which lasts for six (6) years. So at the HAVO, students are considered senior if they are in "5th class", whereas at VWO, in "6th class" respectively. The last year mainly focuses on preparing for the final exams, after which students should be ready to go to college or university. Usually, 4th and 5th grade students are aged 16 to 17 and those who are in 6th grade usually are aged 17 to 18.[9]
Norway[edit]
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In Norway, 12th grade does not officially exist, but its equivalent is the 2nd grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until 10th grade.
Courses vary as students choose a specific programme in 1st grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. Examples of programmes are: General Studies, Media and Communication, Health and Care, Industrial work, Design and craftmanship, agriculture. There are 12 national programmes, where 9 will get the students ready for work, and 3 will prepare the students for more advanced studies. Two of the vocational programs (media and communication, and agriculture) may also prepare the students for more advanced studies if taken a third year.
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, the twelfth grade is the second and final year of college (the first being the eleventh grade) and is equivalently called the "second year." Students who graduate from the second year are normally between seventeen and eighteen years old. For entrance into universities and postgraduate education, students undergo standardised academic exams conducted by the National Testing Service.
Philippines[edit]
From 1945 until 2011, the basic education system was composed of six years of elementary education starting at the age of 6, and four years of high school education starting at the age of 12 (in which the fourth year was the equivalent of tenth grade/Grade 10). Further education was provided by technical or vocational schools, or in higher education institutions such as universities. Although the 1987 Constitution stated that elementary education was compulsory, this was never enforced.[citation needed]
In 2011, the country started to transition from its old 10-year basic educational system to a K to 12 educational system as mandated by the Department of Education; the department stated that the 10-year basic educational system was congested and designed for twelve years of teaching, not ten. Thus, the K to 12 system was introduced in order to establish educational continuity not just integrated with the ASEAN region system of basic education but aligned with the rest of the world.[10] The 12-year system is currently compulsory, along with the adoption of an improved, decongested curriculum for all schools (see 2010s and the K–12 program). The transition period will end with the 2017–2018 school year, which is the first graduation year for the first group of students who entered the new educational system. Grade 12 is the second year of Senior High School and is now the new final year of high school prior to employment, entrepreneurship, or college/university in the country. Students are usually 17 – 18 years old.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, the 12th grade is considered the last year of compulsory education and the last year of high school. Students choose 5 out of a wide range of subjects, one of which being mandatorily physical education. Out of the other four, two of them are the subjects that will be evaluated in their final exams or national exams (exames nacionais), one must be considered a branch of one of the two subjects that have been already evaluated in the 11th grade national exams and the last can be a broadening of an already studied subject or a whole new one. The obligatory subjects (submitted to nacional exams)depend on the field the student chose to study in the 10th grade:arts; science and technologies (best known as science);socioeconomic sciences (economy); humanistic and linguistic sciences (humanities) or a professional/technical course. Even inside a field, you can opt between speciefics (subjects, whose exam is compulsory to a certain college course application), depending on what the student intends to study in college and on which university he plans to attend.
Scotland[edit]
In Scotland, this is sixth year (or S6). Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education. Highers are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5, S6 and college, with Advanced Highers being the equivalent to year one of university[11] which can be sat following higher exams.
South Africa[edit]
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In South Africa, Grade 12 is the final year of high school. It is more commonly referred to as matric, which is itself short for matriculation. (See Matriculation in South Africa).
At the end of Grade 12, students are said to be matriculated. This also refers to the minimum requirement for progressing to University. On average, Grade 12 students are between the ages of 17 and 19.
Sweden[edit]
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In Sweden, the twelfth grade does not officially exist, but its equivalent is the 3rd grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until 9th grade.
Courses vary as students choose a specific programme in 1st grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. Examples of programmes are: Nature and science, Arts, Economics, Health and care, Industry. There are 18 national programmes, where 12 of them will get the students ready for work, and 6 will prepare the students for more advanced studies.
Students graduate the same year they'll turn 19, depending on if you are born early or late in the year you are either 19 or 18 at the day of your graduation.
Turkey[edit]
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In Turkey, 12th grade is the last year of high school and compulsory education. In March, students who are interested to go to college take a test named Transition to Higher Education Examination (YGS). In this exam, students have to answer 160 questions (40 Turkish, 31 Maths, 9 Geometry, 15 History, 12 Geography, 8 Philosophy, 5 Religious Knowledge, 13 Biology, 14 Physics, 13 Chemistry) in 160 minutes. Those who answer correct at least 25% of this questions are allowed to take the Undergraduate Placement Examination (LYS). This exam also has different sessions for different branches, which include Mathematics, Geometry, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Turkish Literature, History, Geography, Philosophy, Religious Knowledge and Foreign Languages. It is not compulsory to take all of the subjects. Students usually are at the age of 18 at the end of the year.
United Kingdom[edit]
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In England and Wales, "Year 13" (or "upper Sixth") is the last year of A-Level certifications, which are completed at the end of the year. Students are usually 16-17 in Year 12 and 17-18 in Year 13. In Northern Ireland this takes place in Years 13 and 14. In England, these two years are now compulsory as of 2015 and are generally required for entry into higher education. There exist specific sixth form colleges dedicated to these years of education, sometimes known as "further education" to distinguish it from both secondary education, which is compulsory, and higher education, which implies university studies.
In Scotland, this is sixth year (or S6). Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education. Highers are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5, S6 and college, with Advanced Highers being the equivalent to year one of university[3] which can be sat following higher exams.
United States[edit]
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The twelfth grade is the twelfth school year after kindergarten. It is also the last year of compulsory secondary education, or "high school". Students often enter the grade as 17- and 18-year-olds and graduate as mostly 17 or 18-year-olds. Twelfth graders are referred to as Seniors.[citation needed]
Many students consider the twelfth grade a year to relax and prepare for transition out of their old lives into college/university or the workplace. Others take advantage of the opportunity to complete additional higher level courses, such as Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate, to earn credits for college/university.
Mathematics courses normally include Pre-Calculus, Trigonometry, College Prep Math, Advanced Placement Calculus, Advanced Placement Statistics, Probability and Statistics, or SUPA Calculus.
Science courses include Advanced Placement Chemistry, Advanced Placement Biology, Advanced Placement Environmental Science, Astronomy/Meteorology, CSI Forensic Science, Marine Biology or Advanced Placement Physics B, Advanced Placement Physics C: Mechanics, or Advanced Placement Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism.
Social Studies courses include Government Law, Economics, Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics, Advanced Placement Comparative Government and Politics, Advanced Placement Psychology, Advanced Placement European History, Advanced Placement Microeconomics, or Advanced Placement Macroeconomics.
English classes include Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition, Film and Literature, Sports and Literature, or Contemporary Lit. Popular works include Beowulf, The Canterbury Tales, Pygmalion, The Handmaid's Tale, Frankenstein, Othello, Inferno, Goethe's Faust, Hamlet, and Brave New World, as well as works of Romantic poets such as Edgar Allan Poe, John Keats, William Wordsworth, and Emily Dickinson.
Art classes include Advanced Placement Art History, Advanced Placement Studio Art, Advanced Placement Music Theory, Applied art in Theatre, Music Theory For Garage Band Musicians, IB Musical Analysis, IB Theatre Arts, Advanced Technical Theatre, Advanced Photography, Advanced Cyramics, Fashion Design and Illustration, Theatre Dance, Jazz Dance, IB Dance Studies Madrigal Singers, Jazz Singers, or Wind Ensemble.
Technology classes include Advanced Placement Computer Science, Java, Advanced Web Design, and C++ Programming.
Business classes include College Marketing, College Entrepreneurship, Sports and Entertainment Marketing, College Preparatory Interview Classes, and Advanced Fundamentals in Business.
Wellness classes include Physical Education, Health (if not yet taken), Weightlifting, and Advanced Training in First Aid.
Traditions associated with senior year[edit]
In the United States and some other countries, there is a graduation event near to the end of the school year (typically in May or June) more formally referred to as commencement, where "seniors" formally graduate from high school and receive their diplomas.
In many schools, seniors sit for formal senior portraits at the beginning of the school year or the summer prior to their senior year. These portraits are used in the upcoming graduating class' yearbook. The senior portraits in the yearbook are either in full color or black and white, but bigger than the smaller black and white pictures typically used for lower grades. Many modern yearbooks are in full color. Some may have a caption other than the student's name, or a quote from the student.
There is a formal dance for this year's students, called senior prom. Some schools hold a combined prom for juniors and seniors, while others segregate the two grades into separate dances.
Senior skip day (also known as senior ditch day) is a day during which the seniors do not attend school and skip all their classes. This event/tradition is often not recognized by school administrations and teachers. In some areas it is countered with an officially recognized senior day off, or by allowing graduating seniors to skip their final tests ("final exams"). This official senior day can also be used to sponsor a "senior field trip" or "senior class trip" where the class would, for example, go to a theme park, a lake, a resort, the beach, or some other vacation-type activity. Following graduation, many seniors go on Senior Week, where they spend a week at the beach with their friends.[12] Many seniors that are in the arts (but sometimes other areas), such as band or choir, will have the opportunity to go on an extended vacation following graduation. The students, faculty, parents, and other people may fund the trip through fundraisers, donations, etc. Travel usually involves going out of the local state, and possibly overseas.
In some schools, Seniors receive a class ring at the beginning of their senior year.[citation needed] A "senior prank" is another common tradition in which the class may contribute towards a practical joke on the school, administration, or local community. A related tradition is the senior class either raising money or contributing money for equipment or other things to the school as a token of gratitude and respect for the school's support of the seniors. An example of this could be a senior class contributing money for a new weight room for the school or a state-of-the-art telescope for the science department. A similar project could involve the outside local community as well.
Latin America[edit]
In Latin America —except in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay— there is no grade 12; secondary education terminates with the 11th grade.
Mexico's 12th grade is called "tercero de preparatoria" (3rd grade of preparatory school), or 5th & 6th semesters.
Panama's 12th grade is called "Senior Year" which is also 11th grade.
In Chile the 12th grade is called 4to (cuarto) medio, meaning "fourth secondary".[13]
Dominican Republic's 12th grade is called "cuarto de bachillerato" or "doceavo".
In Guatemala is called "quinto de bachillerato".
In Argentina it is called quinto año, sexto año or tercero polimodal (Provinces have different curriculums). Students usually rent a saloon and organize a dinner and a party for themselves, their friends and families. They have an entrance with specially chosen music and they are often accompanied with one of their parents.
In Ecuador it is the final year of high school and it is called Tercero de Bachillerato (formerly, Sexto Curso) because secondary education consists of three years of Educación Basica (basic education) and three years of Bachillerato (baccalaureate). This follows the Escuela Primaria (primary school) which consists of 7 years of basic education, beginning from Primero de Educación Básica (First) until Séptimo (Seventh).
In Brazil, the 12th grade is called terceiro ano and is the third and last grade of the secondary education.
In Colombia there are some schools that use the 12th grade, so it can be called "senior year" in some of them.
In Venezuela it is only available in technical schools, called as "sexto año". In the rest of the country, the secondary education terminates with the 11th year.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Garnett, Patrick (13 January 2018). "Year 12 Student Achievement Data 2017" (PDF). https://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/460293/Year-12-School-Achievement-Data-2017.PDF. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority, Queensland Government (13 January 2018). "2016 Data summary" (PDF). https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/downloads/publications/qcaa_stats_yr12_enrol_cert_2016.pdf. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ View Table 3.: 56.8% of Year 12 students receive an ATAR http://www.mitchellinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Educational-opportunity-in-Australia-2015-Who-succeeds-and-who-misses-out-19Nov15.pdf Lamb, S, Jackson, J, Walstab, A & Huo, S (2015), Educational opportunity in Australia 2015: Who succeeds and who misses out, Centre for International Research on Education Systems, Victoria University, for the Mitchell Institute, Melbourne: Mitchell Institute.
Jump up ^ Figure 3.25, Page 37 indicates that under 50% of Year students receive an ATAR score. http://www.cese.nsw.gov.au/state-of-education/images/pdf/school_education_AA.pdf
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Cost/Benefit Analysis Relating to the Implementation of a Common School Starting Age and Associated Nomenclature by 1 January 2010" (PDF). Atelier Learning Solutions Pty Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-05-25.
Jump up ^ "NCEA levels and certificates". Nzqa.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Education in the Netherlands". Expatica. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "K-12 Primer as of 20 December 2011" (PDF). Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "SQA". Sqa.org.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Dawn (June 13, 2002). "Senior Week: A blessing, a curse". Morning Star. Wilmington, NC. Knight Ridder. p. 7B. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ es:Estudiante
See also[edit]
Educational stage
Senioritis
Preceded by
Eleventh grade Twelfth Grade
age 17-18 Succeeded by
Higher education or Thirteenth grade
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Bad Lip Reading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bad Lip Reading
YouTube information
Channel
BadLipReading
Years active
2011–present
Genre
Comedy
Subscribers
6.6 million
Total views
967 million
Subscriber and view counts updated as of January 30, 2018.
Bad Lip Reading (abbreviated as BLR) is a YouTube channel, run by an anonymous individual[1][2] in the music production business, that spoofs clips from films, TV shows, songs, sports, and political news stories by overdubbing humorous vocal work that matches the lip movements of the targets. Rolling Stone described the channel as "the breakout hit" of the 2012 United States presidential cycle.[1] As of January 2018, the Bad Lip Reading YouTube channel had amassed over 6.5 million subscribers and over 942 million views across its videos.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Copyright dispute
3 Videos
3.1 Based on songs
3.2 Based on movies and TV shows
3.3 Other videos
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The "Bad Lip Reader" behind the channel is an anonymous music and video producer originally from Texas.[3] The first Bad Lip Reading video released was a spoof of Rebecca Black's song "Friday", entitled "Gang Fight". New music and lyrics were matched to Black's video to make it appear as though she were singing about gang warfare. The "Gang Fight" YouTube video, released in March 2011, earned BLR a million hits and thousands of subscribers.[1]
More spoof videos followed, including interpretations of The Black Eyed Peas' "Boom Boom Pow" (a viral video[4] called "Everybody Poops"); Taylor Swift's "Our Song"; and Michael Bublé's "Haven't Met You Yet". The latter was transformed into the "electronica-inspired" "Russian Unicorn",[1] which Bublé himself praised as his "new favorite song"[5] and "one of the coolest things I've ever seen".[6]
In September 2011, BLR branched out from pop singers to politicians with a "bad lip-reading" of Texas governor and US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry. BLR replaced clips of Perry with invented dialogue matched to his lip movements. After airing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, the video was featured by news and media outlets across the United States, leading to a sudden surge in Bad Lip Reading's popularity. Following the Perry spoof, BLR released bad lip-readings of President Obama,[7] Republican presidential candidates Michele Bachmann,[8] Mitt Romney, Herman Cain, Ron Paul, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum.
The channel found even more success in November 2012 when it began overdubbing popular movie and television shows. BLR's version of Twilight quickly went viral, followed by parodies of The Hunger Games; The Walking Dead; and Game of Thrones. The videos have been well-received not only by the public, but also by the cast and creators of the properties being spoofed. In her online blog, Elizabeth Banks, Jennifer Lawrence's co-star in The Hunger Games, said, "Bad Lip Reading is awesome. I was introduced to it by none other than Jennifer Lawrence. Yup — she saw this, people. And she laughed. And so did I. A lot." Lawrence's co-star Josh Hutcherson also praised the video, tweeting it to his fans. The cast and creators of The Walking Dead have publicly praised the Bad Lip Reading "Walking Dead" videos on several occasions.[citation needed]
Expanding his scope yet again, in January 2013 BLR released a bad lip-reading of National Football League players, coaches, and referees, which would go on to become the channel's most popular video. A second NFL video followed in 2014,[9][10] and a third was released in 2015.[11] The NFL Bad Lip Reading video would go on to become an annual event for the channel, with each video being released shortly before the Super Bowl each year.
In December of 2015, Bad Lip Reading simultaneously released three new videos, one for each of the three films in the original Star Wars trilogy. These videos found BLR using guest voices for the first time, featuring Jack Black as Darth Vader, Maya Rudolph as Princess Leia, and Bill Hader in multiple roles.[12] The Empire Strikes Back BLR video featured a scene of Yoda singing to Luke about an unfortunate encounter with a seagull on the beach. BLR would later expand this scene into a full-length standalone song known as "Seagulls! (Stop It Now)", which was released in November 2016 (eventually hitting #1 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart[13].) As of late 2017, the "Seagulls!" video is Bad Lip Reading's second most viewed YouTube upload, and most popular musical production. In the song, Yoda sings to Luke Skywalker about the dangers posed by vicious seagulls if one dares to go to the beach. Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars films, publicly praised "Seagulls!" (and Bad Lip Reading in general) while speaking at Star Wars Celebration in 2017: "I love them, and I showed Carrie [Fisher] the Yoda one… we were dying. I showed it to her in her trailer. She loved it. I retweeted it… and [BLR] contacted me and said ‘Do you want to do Bad Lip Reading?’ And I said, ‘I’d love to…’”. Hamill and Bad Lip Reading would go on to collaborate on Bad Lip Reading's version of The Force Awakens, with Hamill providing the voice of Han Solo.[14]
The Star Wars Trilogy Bad Lip Reading videos also spawned a second musical number titled "Bushes of Love", which featured Ben Kenobi singing to Luke Skywalker about the perils of love. The song would hit #2 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart.[15] Hamilton creator and star Lin-Manuel Miranda described the song as "THE summer jam of 2017".[16]
In January 2017, BLR released a Bad Lip Reading of Donald Trump's inauguration, which quickly went viral, amassing over 36 million views in 2017 alone. YouTube would rank the video at #7 on its list of the Top Ten Trending Videos of 2017.[17]
In a Rolling Stone interview, the producer behind the Bad Lip Reading videos said that he first encountered the technique of lip reading when his mother, then in her 40s, lost her hearing due to unknown causes. While she excelled at lip reading, he was unable to pick up the skill despite trying: "I was terrible at it."[1]
In 2013, Bad Lip Reading won the Webby Awards' People's Voice Award for "Comedy: Long Form or Series". In April 2014, BLR won the American Comedy Award for Best Viral Video for its "NFL: A Bad Lip Reading" video. Patrick Stewart accepted the award on BLR's behalf during the televised ceremony on NBC.
On June 8, 2014 the BLR Facebook page announced the release of the full version of "Modify" by Kniles, a song that has been used in multiple BLR productions. The fact that this song was used without previous attribution, as well as stylistic similarities to other BLR-produced songs, have prompted speculation that Kniles is another pseudonym for the individual behind Bad Lip Reading.[18]
A Bad Lip Reading of the Disney Channel original movie High School Musical premiered as a half-hour special on July 11, 2016 on Disney XD.
Copyright dispute[edit]
One of Bad Lip Reading's works, "Dirty Spaceman", a redubbing of "Check It Out" by Will.i.am featuring Nicki Minaj, was taken down due to a claim of copyright infringement. It is unclear if Universal Music issued a formal DMCA takedown request or if YouTube's Content ID Match system detected the work and removed it automatically.[19] Also, in March 2012, the video "Beard With Glue," a bad lip reading of "You're Beautiful" by James Blunt, was taken down by Warner Music Group on a copyright claim. Unlike "Dirty Spaceman", the claim was soon released, and the video was returned. Likewise, "Gang Fight" was taken down in 2011, but returned. UMG has also taken down "Rockin' All Nite Long", the Taylor Swift spoof that also features Wiz Khalifa.
Videos[edit]
Based on songs[edit]
Artist
Featuring
Original song(s)
Release date(s)
BLR song
Upload date
Rebecca Black "Friday" Mar 14, 2011 "Gang Fight" Mar 21, 2011
Justin Bieber Rascal Flatts "That Should Be Me" Mar 19, 2010 "Asian Baby" Mar 24, 2011
Black Eyed Peas "Boom Boom Pow" Mar 30, 2009 "Everybody Poops" Mar 29, 2011
Miley Cyrus Snoop Dogg "Party in the U.S.A.", "Boom" Aug 11, 2009; Mar 8, 2011 "Black Umbrella (The Right Stuff)" Apr 7, 2011
Ludacris The Bee Gees "My Chick Bad", "Too Much Heaven" Feb 23, 2010; Oct 24, 1978 "Magic Man" Apr 18, 2011
Justin Bieber Rascal Flatts "That Should Be Me" Mar 19, 2010 "Hot Jumping Beans" May 1, 2011
Taylor Swift "Our Song" Aug 22, 2007 "(Rockin') All Nite Long" May 29, 2011
Michael Bublé "Haven't Met You Yet" Aug 31, 2009 "Russian Unicorn" Jul 11, 2011
Bruno Mars Lady Gaga, Jay-Z "The Lazy Song", "Alejandro", "Empire State of Mind", "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)" Feb 15, 2011; Apr 20, 2010; Oct 20, 2009; Dec 14, 1999 "Morning Dew" Aug 8, 2011
Barack Obama N/A N/A "Trick the Bridesmaid" Sep 19, 2011
will.i.am Nicki Minaj "Check It Out" Sept 3, 2010 "Dirty Spaceman" Oct 1, 2011
James Blunt "You're Beautiful" May 30, 2005 "Beard with Glue" Oct 28, 2011
Gotye Kimbra "Somebody That I Used to Know" Jul 5, 2011 "Kicked Your Monkey" May 3, 2012
Double Take "Hot Problems" Apr 15, 2012 "Time to Rock" May 16, 2012
Coldplay "In My Place" Aug 5, 2002 "Yeti" Jul 24, 2012
One Direction "Gotta Be You" Nov 11, 2011 "SHADOW PICO Trailer" Dec 27, 2012
Beyoncé "The Star-Spangled Banner" Jan 21, 2013 "La Fway" Jan 26, 2013
Carl Grimes Oct 10, 2012 "Carl Poppa" Oct 2, 2014
Obi-Wan Kenobi Luke Skywalker, R2-D2 N/A N/A "Bushes of Love" Jan 1, 2016
N/A Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, Chewbacca, R2-D2 N/A N/A "Not The Future" Feb 9, 2016
Yoda Luke Skywalker, R2-D2 N/A N/A "SEAGULLS! (Stop It Now)" Nov 25, 2016
Luke Skywalker General Veers, Wedge Antilles, Zev Senesca N/A N/A "Hostiles on the Hill" Dec 18, 2017
Grand Moff Tarkin Leia Organa, Obi-Wan Kenobi, General Tagge, Admiral Motti, Saw Gerrera, Luke Skywalker N/A N/A "It's Not A Moon" Mar 12, 2018
Donald Trump "The Star-Spangled Banner" Jan 8, 2018 "Trump Anthem" Jan 9, 2013
Based on movies and TV shows[edit]
Film/TV show
Release date
BLR title(s)
Upload date(s)
High School Jun 1, 2012 A BLR of a scene from "High School" May 30, 2012
Veep Apr 22, 2012 Selina Meyer- A BLR Sound Bite from "VEEP" Jun 4, 2012
Jeff, Who Lives at Home Mar 16, 2012 Jeff, Who Lives at Home Jul 6, 2012
Twilight Nov 28, 2008 Edward and Bella Sept 4, 2012
The Hunger Games Mar 23, 2012 The Hunger Games Sept 20, 2012
The Campaign Aug 10, 2012 Iraqi Gold Oct 26, 2012
The Twilight Saga: New Moon Nov 20, 2009 More Twilight Nov 21, 2012
The Amazing Spider-Man Jul 3, 2012 Peter and Gwen Mar 4, 2013
The Walking Dead Oct 31, 2010 The Walking (And Talking) Dead May 2, 2013
More Walking (And Talking) Dead: Part 1 Sept 25, 2014
More Walking (And Talking) Dead: Part 2 Oct 10, 2014
Game of Thrones Apr 17, 2011 Medieval Land Fun-Time World — Extended Trailer Oct 16, 2013
Bonus and Extended Scenes — Medieval Land Fun-Time World Oct 22, 2013
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse Jun 24, 2010 Twilight III Apr 24, 2014
American Idol Jun 11, 2002 Sing-Song Contest of America May 22, 2014
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Nov 22, 2013 More Hunger Games Nov 27, 2014
Obsidiots: Live From District 11 Nov 27, 2014
The Avengers May 4, 2012 Redneck Avengers: Tulsa Nights May 23, 2015
Star Wars May 25, 1977 Star Wars: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16, 2015
The Empire Strikes Back May 21, 1980 The Empire Strikes Back: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16, 2015
Return of the Jedi May 25, 1983 Return of the Jedi: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16, 2015
High School Musical Jan 20, 2006 High School Musical: A Bad Lip Reading Jul 11, 2016
The Force Awakens Dec 18, 2015 THE FORCE AWAKENS: A Bad Lip Reading (Featuring Mark Hamill as Han Solo) Apr 6, 2017
Narcos Aug 28, 2015 "SOY PABLO" Extended Trailer Sept 13, 2017
Descendants Jul 31, 2015 Bad Lip Reading Presents: Descendants Nov 18, 2017
Stranger Things Jul 15, 2016 "STRANGER THINGS: A Bad Lip Reading" Dec 9, 2017
Other videos[edit]
BLR title
Featuring
Upload date
Rick Perry Rick Perry Sept 18, 2011
Michele Bachmann Michele Bachmann Oct 3, 2011
Mitt Romney Mitt Romney Oct 14, 2011
Herman Cain Herman Cain Oct 28, 2011
Ron Paul Ron Paul Dec 5, 2011
Rick Santorum Rick Santorum Jan 31, 2012
Newt Gingrich Newt Gingrich Feb 7, 2012
Joe Biden Joe Biden Apr 16, 2012
A Bad Lip Reading of Rick Perry's "Strong" Ad Rick Perry May 22, 2012
Bush & Clinton Bill Clinton, George W. Bush June 28, 2012
More Mitt Mitt Romney Aug 13, 2012
Paul Ryan's Video Diary Paul Ryan Oct 2, 2012
Eye of the Sparrow Mitt Romney, Barack Obama, Jim Lehrer Oct 9, 2012
2012 Debate Highlights Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, Joe Biden, Paul Ryan, Martha Raddatz, Bob Schieffer Nov 6, 2012
The NFL: A Bad Lip Reading Jan 15, 2013
Inauguration 2013: A Bad Lip Reading Barack Obama, John Roberts, Beyoncé Jan 24, 2013
2013 Independent Spirit Awards: Best Screenplay Nominees Bradley Cooper, Jennifer Lawrence, Sam Rockwell, Olga Kurylenko, Paul Dano, Zoe Kazan, Tilda Swinton, Bruce Willis, Edward Norton, Thure Lindhardt, Zachary Booth Feb 26, 2013
More NFL Jan 24, 2014
NFL 2015 Highlights from the 2014 NFL season Jan 22, 2015
First Republican Debate Highlights: 2015 Bret Baier, Megyn Kelly, Chris Wallace, Chris Christie, Ted Cruz, Donald Trump, Ben Carson, Mike Huckabee, Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio, John Kasich, Scott Walker, Rand Paul Aug 19, 2015
First Democratic Debate Highlights: 2015 Anderson Cooper, Bernie Sanders, Martin O'Malley, Hillary Clinton, Jim Webb, Lincoln Chafee Oct 28, 2015
NFL 2016: Part One Highlights from the 2015 NFL season Feb 2, 2016
NFL 2016: Part Two Feb 5, 2016
Ted Cruz Ted Cruz Mar 1, 2016
Bernie & Hillary Bernie Sanders, Hillary Clinton, Wolf Blitzer Apr 21, 2016
Cruz Talks Trump[20] Ted Cruz Jul 25, 2016
Democratic National Convention Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, Michelle Obama, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Chelsea Clinton, Alicia Keys Aug 19, 2016
Debate Night! Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, Lester Holt Oct 6, 2016
Presidential Poetry Slam Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Anderson Cooper, Martha Raddatz Oct 21, 2016
Inauguration Day Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Mike Pence, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts, Michelle Obama, Melania Trump, Hillary Clinton, Karen Pence Jan 25, 2017
NFL 2017 Highlights from the 2016 NFL season Feb 1, 2017
Mayweather vs. McGregor Floyd Mayweather, Conor McGregor Jul 14, 2017
Christmas is Here! Donald Trump, Melania Trump, Donald Trump animatronic Dec 27, 2017
NFL 2018 Feb 3, 2018
Interrogating Zuckerberg Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Nelson, Chuck Grassley, Roy Blunt, Gary Peters, Maria Cantwell, Patrick Leahy, Lindsey Graham, Ted Cruz, Jon Tester, Ben Sasse, Sheldon Whitehouse, John Kennedy, Tom Udall, Dan Sullivan Apr 24, 2018
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dickinson, Tim (October 7, 2011). "Exclusive: The Bad Lip Reader Speaks". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bell, Melissa (October 18, 2011). "Bad Lip Reading: behind the viral videos everyone's talking about". Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pinto, Nick. "Bad Lip Reading: An Interview With the Man Behind The Beautiful Nonsense". Village Voice. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading Translates Rick Perry, Gets It About Right". The Huffington Post. September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Live On Ustream". Ustream.tv. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bublé, Michael (July 21, 2011). "Michael Bublé Video Reply: Russian Unicorn". YouTube. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Macarthur, Amber (September 30, 2011). "Why Bad Lip Reading is way more awesome than Auto-Tune The News". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (October 4, 2011). "Michele Bachmann honored by Bad Lip Reading". Boing Boing. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading: The NFL Like You've Never Heard It". MTV. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
Jump up ^ "'The NFL: A Bad Lip Reading' stars Adrian Peterson, Tom Brady and more (VIDEO)". Sporting News. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Check out the latest edition of NFL Bad Lip Reading". Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading Facebook".
Jump up ^ "Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks Sales 12-17-2016".
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (April 6, 2017). "Mark Hamill Does an Outstanding Han Solo in 'Bad Lip Reading' Installment". Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks January 23, 2016". Billboard.com.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Lin-Manuel. "Lin-Manuel Miranda Twitter".
Jump up ^ "YouTube Reveals 2017 Top Viral and Music Videos". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading - A lot of people have asked about the... | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ Masnick, Mike. "Universal Uses Copyright To Censor Bad Lip Reading Parody; Why Not Embrace It?". techdirt. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "CRUZ TALKS TRUMP" — A Bad Lip Reading of Ted Cruz on YouTube
External links[edit]
Official website
Bad Lip Reading's channel on YouTube
Authority control
MusicBrainz: f3278fc5-9e86-447a-a004-01d66ae01125
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Middle name
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First/given, middle, and last/family/surname diagram with John Fitzgerald Kennedy as example. This shows a structure typical for English-speaking cultures (and some others). Other cultures use other structures for full names.
In several cultures, people's names usually include one or more names. These names can be in addition to the number that are usually considered adequate to identify someone. In a number of cultures where a given name is expected to precede the surname, additional names are likely to be placed after the given name and before the surname,[1][2] and thus called middle names. In English-speaking American culture, that term is often applied (arguably mistakenly) to names occupying that position even if the bearer would insist that that name is being mistakenly called a "middle name", and is actually (to mention several types of common cases):
part of a two-word given name (e.g. Mary Anne, about Mary Anne Clarke, and "Joe Bob Briggs"),
a maiden name (e.g. Rodham),
a patronymic (e.g. Sergeyevich),
a baptismal name (e.g. "Christopher" invoking Saint Christopher), or
a maternal surname (such as in names of Filipinos).
In the USA such names are specifically referred to as middle names; in most other countries, as far as they are given names and not, for example, patronymics, they would simply be regarded as second, third etc. given names. The US "middle name" is often abbreviated to the middle initial (e.g. Mary Lee Bianchi becomes Mary L. Bianchi, which is usually standard for signatures[citation needed]) or omitted entirely in everyday use (e.g. just Mary Bianchi). An individual may have more than one middle name, or none. In the United Kingdom, for comparison, she would usually be referred to as either Mary Bianchi, M. L. Bianchi or Mary Lee Bianchi, or she may choose Lee Bianchi, and informally there may be familiar shortenings.
It is debatable how long multiple given names have existed in English-speaking countries, but it is certain that among royalty and aristocracy the practice existed by the late 17th century (and possibly earlier), as exemplified in the name of the Stuart pretender James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766).
Despite their relatively long existence in North America, the phrase "middle name" was not recorded until 1835, in the periodical Harvardiana.
The use of multiple middle names has been somewhat impeded recently[citation needed] by the increased use of computer databases that occasionally allow for only a single middle name or more commonly a middle initial in storing personal records, effectively preventing people with multiple middle names from being listed in such databases under their full name. This is worsened by longer compound names, like María del Pilar Pereyra or María de las Nieves García.
The abbreviation "N.M.N." (no middle name) or "N.M.I." (no middle initial), with or without periods, is sometimes used in formal documents in the United States, where a middle initial or name is expected but the person does not have one. The middle name can also be a maiden name.
Since 1905, "middle name" has also developed a figurative usage meaning a notable or outstanding attribute of a person, as in the phrase "discretion is my middle name."
Contents
[hide]
1 English
2 East Asia
2.1 Chinese
3 Scandinavia
4 Southeast Asia
4.1 Vietnam
4.2 The Philippines
5 Latin America
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
English[edit]
In countries that primarily speak English—such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United States, and the United Kingdom—the forename of a relative is sometimes used as one's middle name to honor familial heritage.[3] In many cases in the United States, however, a person's middle name has little or no lineage-related context, and is used instead to honor close family friends or notable public figures.[3]
In the United States, those who choose to be known primarily by their middle name may abbreviate their first name as an initial, e.g. J. Edgar Hoover (John Edgar Hoover). Others simply omit the first name, like Woodrow Wilson (Thomas Woodrow Wilson). A rare case of an individual being given only an initial as a middle name, with the initial not explicitly standing for anything, was Harry S. Truman. (He once told reporters—apparently at odds with his own practice—that the S should thus not be followed by period.)[4]
More than two given names are fairly common. In England they are traditionally more common among the "upper classes" and "middle classes".[5] Examples are J. R. R. Tolkien, W.E.B. Du Bois, George H. W. Bush and V. V. S. Laxman.
Middle names can be also used as first names. Major examples are Paul McCartney, Mitt Romney, Dakota Fanning, Elle Fanning, Jonathan Demme, Riley Keough, Reese Witherspoon, Hayley Orrantia, Brad Pitt, Ashton Kutcher, Scott Chandler, Nomar Garciaparra, Bill Mumy, Roger Waters and Jim Acosta.
East Asia[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chinese[edit]
Further information: Chinese name, Generation name, Courtesy name, and Art name
Middle names do not traditionally exist for the Chinese people. Most Chinese names consist of three characters – the surname, followed by a two-character given name (ming), which is not separated into a first and middle name in usage. Some Chinese given names contain only one syllable (e.g. Wong Kit). In some cases, two-character given names follow a naming tradition in which the first character of the given name (and thus the second character in the three-character full name) indicates the person's generation in his/her family. For example, the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty has the given name Yinzhen (胤禛) while his brothers' names all begin with the character "Yin" (胤). His sons' and nephews' given names all begin with the character Hong (弘). Traditionally, the list of generational names may be decided many generations in advance by the ancestors. In such naming systems, the de facto given name is the last character of a person's full name. Even if that was the case most of the time, sometimes the person's given name is the middle character and not the last. The one that's common in all the names of a generation of children of the same gender determines the "generation name".
A fading Chinese tradition is to use a courtesy name, called zì (字) in place of a male's given name in adulthood. Traditionally zì is given by one's father upon reaching the age of maturity at 20 years old. This name is intended for use in formal situations and formal writing and confers a status of adulthood and respect. Like the ming, the zì is composed of two characters which usually reflect the meaning of the ming. Prior to the 20th century, sinicized Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese were also referred to by their zì. An alternative courtesy name is the hào (号; 號; hào; Japanese gō; Korean: ho; Vietnamese: hiệu), which usually referred to as the pseudonym. A hào was usually self-chosen and it was possible to have more than one. It had no connection with the bearer's míng or zì; rather it was often a personal choice and may have reflected a personal belief or philosophy. Chinese adults may more frequently use the hào to refer to themselves. The zì or hào can be used independently of the given name and of each other, but the given name is almost always used with the family name in official situations.
Some Chinese Americans move their Chinese given name (transliterated into the Latin alphabet) to the middle name position and use an English first name, e.g. James Chu-yu Soong, Jerry Chih-Yuan Yang, and Michelle Wingshan Kwan. The Chinese given name usually has two characters which are usually combined into a single middle name for better organizational purposes, especially with Cantonese names, such as Bruce Lee's middle name, Junfan. There are also some new immigrants whose Chinese given names are their first names followed by English middle names.
The practice of taking English and Chinese given names is also common in Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. However, rather than placing the Chinese given name between the English given name and the family name, it is commonly placed after the family name in these places. Under such a system, Bruce Junfan Lee would have been Bruce Lee Junfan. This practice is consistent with both the Western convention of putting the given name before the family name and the Chinese convention of putting the given name after the family name.
Scandinavia[edit]
In Denmark and Norway, the term middle name refers to names that are originally surnames, but not part of the last name of the name bearer. The term middle name does not refer to additional given names, which are instead referred to as given names. A middle name could be e.g. one's mother's maiden name or the last name of another recent ancestor (for instance a grandparent). One can have several middle names, but it is unusual to have more than one or two. In law, middle names have a separate status. In practice, their status is similar to that of additional given names, and middle names are often omitted in everyday use, just like a person with 3 or 4 given names would only use one of them in most situations. The historical purpose of middle names is to honour some related family or person, a godparent, or even a completely unrelated person, such as a locally or nationally prominent figure. Until the 19th century, it was not unusual to have the last name of a godparent as one's middle name, even when the godparent was not a blood relative. This practice, and the use of middle names in general, however, was mostly limited to the bourgeois class and the nobility, and was seldom seen among common people. In the 20th century, the use of middle names, especially one's mother's maiden name, was more widely adopted, although it is by no means mandatory. There are few set rules for how names are constructed today; people are required to have one given name and one family name, but can have as many additional given names and middle names as they like.
In the example Carl Viggo Manthey Lange, the names Carl and Viggo are given names, while Manthey is a middle name and Lange is the family name. Manthey is his mother's maiden name. Unless his full name is used, he is correctly referred to as Mr. Lange, not as Mr. Manthey Lange. Carl Viggo Manthey Lange has a name typical of the Norwegian bourgeois class, with both his family name and his middle name being of foreign origin and being recognised surnames. Most Norwegians and Danes of the working class and peasant class used patronymics until the 19th century, when permanent family names became mandatory, first in Denmark in the early 19th century and then in Norway around 1900. A middle name is usually a recognised surname and not a patronymic. One reason middle names have become popular in the 20th century, particularly in Denmark, is that most Danish surnames originated as patronymics and are shared by a large number of people. The use of middle names in modern times serves to differentiate them from other people. For example, Danish politician Lars Løkke Rasmussen has some of the most common given and last names in Denmark (Lars and Rasmussen); his mother's maiden name is the slightly more unusual name Løkke, derived from a small agricultural property, so he uses it as a middle name, which differentiates him from other people named Lars Rasmussen.
In Sweden, the position is much the same as in Denmark. Middle names were inaugurated in the previous Name Act of 1963, then called "tilläggsnamn" (additional name), and are called "mellannamn" (middle name) as of the present Name Act of 1983. However, it had previously been more common to join e.g. the last names of both of a child's parents, or for a married woman to join her maiden name and the husband's last name, as a double name with a hyphen; and large portions of the Swedish population have not adapted to the official system to this day, i.e. for almost 50 years. People often use a hyphen between their middle name and last name themselves, and/or are spelled that way by other people and by mass media.
Furthermore, when the term middle name was introduced in Swedish ("mellannamn") the word was assumed by many to mean the additional given names (apart from the "name of address" (tilltalsnamn)), so since 1983 the word is being used more and more in this, officially, erratic meaning.
Occasionally, Scandinavians choose to use their middle name as their surname in everyday life. So Per Gottfrid Svartholm Warg has Per and Gottfrid as his given names, where Gottfrid, not Per, is his name of address, Svartholm as his middle name and Warg as his last name, but in practice he uses Svartholm as a surname. This usage, however, is unofficial. Historically, a middle name could become part of a double-barreled surname (family name) and hence cease to be a middle name, especially if used for several generations. There are many family names of this kind, which contributes to the confusion about middle names that shall not be hyphenated. Some of these double-barreled surnames are combined with a hyphen, while others are not, so a double surname without a hyphen can sometimes be indistinguishable from a middle name followed by a family name.
In Scandinavia, there is no limit on how many given names one can have. Given names have never been referred to as middle names, apart from many in Sweden believing so, as mentioned above. The use of more than two or three given names is generally associated with the upper class. The first given name is not necessarily the name of address. For the sake of completeness, Swedish forms often ask people to fill in all their given names and to indicate which one is their "name of address" (tilltalsnamn).
Southeast Asia[edit]
Vietnam[edit]
Further information: Vietnamese name
Traditional middle names in Vietnamese are "Văn" for male names and "Thị" for female names. However, modern Vietnamese do not consider these to be attractive names, especially "Thị". Therefore, nowadays popular middle names also are popular first names. Middle names play an important role in Vietnamese full names; they could help creating beautiful names when combine with first names, distinguishing people who have the same first name (there are many common last names in Vietnam), and also distinguishing the gender of the names (unisex names are used widely in Vietnam). Hence, Vietnamese rarely abbreviate their middle names.
The Philippines[edit]
Further information: Filipino name
In names of Filipinos, the middle name is usually a maternal surname, which is the maiden surname of a person's mother. The use of the maternal surname as middle name is from American influence, where Filipinos adopted English naming customs, when they once used Spanish naming customs, that used two surnames (paternal and maternal) joined with the particle y (or e, before "i"), which remains in use but became restricted to very formal purposes, police records and legal proceedings. In the Spanish naming system, the middle name corresponds to the maternal surname. The middle name (or the maternal surname) is usually being abbreviated to a middle initial. Thus, a person with the full name Juan Santos Macaraig, with Santos the middle name in the present order, may become Juan S. Macaraig with the middle name abbreviated, and Juan Macaraig y Santos in the Spanish system, such as those used in names on police records, especially those seen on name placards held by a convicted person on official mug shots. The Philippine system, using "given name-middle name-surname" order (or "Christian name-mother's surname-father's surname") coincidentally follows the Portuguese naming system that uses two surnames, the first being maternal and the second being paternal.
But, the maternal surname may not be the middle name at some cases. It may be a second given name, like what the term really means, as in Jose P. Laurel, where "P." (a middle initial) corresponds to Paciano.
In illegitimate children, the middle name is the maiden surname of the mother, and the middle name (maternal surname) of the mother as surname, but the surname become of the father's upon legal and administrative acknowledgement by his/her father. Children of a single father takes no middle name, even when the mother's identity is known.
To illustrate that, the daughter of an unmarried couple named Ana Cristina dela Cruz Manansala and Jose Maria Panganiban Lozada, named '"Maria Cristina'", will be named Maria Cristina Manansala dela Cruz (or Ma. Cristina M. dela Cruz), with Ana Cristina's middle name, dela Cruz, as surname. But once Jose Maria wants to acknowledge her as his child legally and administratively, Maria Cristina will take the surname Lozada, but keep the maternal surmame Manansala as middle name, thus, Maria Cristina Manansala Lozada (or Ma. Cristina M. Lozada). As the daughter of only Jose Maria, Maria Cristina will be rather called Maria Cristina Lozada or Ma. Cristina Lozada, even when the mother is known.
In married women, the middle name usually corresponds to the maiden surname, but on professional society, women usually add the husband's surname after their maiden name, keeping the maternal surname. A married woman may decline taking the husband's surname and keep her maiden name as no Philippine law compels women to take her husband's surname. Thus, a woman named Maria Concepcion Perez Limchauco (or Ma. Concepcion P. Limchauco), once marrying Juan Pablo Sanchez Marasigan (or Juan Pablo S. Marasigan) may take the name Maria Concepcion Perez Limchauco-Marasigan (or Ma. Concepcion P. Limchauco-Marasigan), maintaining the maternal surname Perez, Maria Concepcion Limchauco Marasigan (or Ma. Concepcion L. Marasigan), taking the maiden surname Limchauco as middle name and Marasigan as married surname, or keep her maiden names, remaining Maria Concepcion Perez Limchauco upon marriage.
Latin America[edit]
In Argentina, most people have a middle name. According to a study, approximately 9 out of 10 Argentines born in 2010 had a middle name given to them. It used to be even more common in the past, as it is an old tradition. It's very common to use the name of a grandparent as middle name. It is termed "segundo nombre" (lit. second name). However, its widespread use is slowly shrinking due to the influence of neighboring countries.[6]
See also[edit]
Icelandic name
Roman naming conventions
Personal name
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "middle name (language) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
Jump up ^ "Middle name - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.genfiles.com/articles/middle-names/
Jump up ^ http://www.trumanlibrary.org/speriod.htm
Jump up ^ http://nameberry.com/blog/british-baby-names-two-middle-names
Jump up ^ https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/segundo-nombre-pasa-moda-usa-poner-solo_0_ryME5BGvb.html
External links[edit]
The Power and Peril of the Middle Name from BBC News
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Middle name
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