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Voting
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"Vote" redirects here. For other uses, see Vote (disambiguation).

Voting is a method for a group, such as, a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting. Residents of a place represented by an elected official are called "constituents", and those constituents who cast a ballot for their chosen candidate are called "voters". There are different systems for collecting votes.
Contents
[hide]
1 In politics
1.1 Electoral systems
1.2 Referendums
1.3 Fair voting
1.4 Negative voting
1.5 Proxy voting
1.6 Anti-voting
1.7 Voting and information
1.8 Religious views
2 Meetings and gatherings
2.1 Voting basis
3 Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
4 Voting methods
4.1 Paper-based methods
4.2 Machine voting
4.3 Online voting
4.4 Postal voting
4.5 Open ballot
4.6 Theoretical blockchain voting
4.7 Other methods
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
In politics[edit]
In a democracy, a government is chosen by voting in an election: a way for an electorate to elect, i.e. choose, among several candidates for rule. In a representative democracy voting is the method by which the electorate appoints its representatives in its government. In a direct democracy, voting is the method by which the electorate directly make decisions, turn bills into laws, etc.
A vote is a formal expression of an individual's choice for or against some motion (for example, a proposed resolution); for or against some ballot question; or for a certain candidate, selection of candidates, or political party. Many countries use a secret ballot, a practice to prevent voters from being intimidated and to protect their political privacy.
Voting often takes place at a polling station; it is voluntary in some countries, compulsory in others, such as Australia.
Electoral systems[edit]
Part of the Politics series
Voting
Absentee ballot
Abstention
Ballot
Ballot box
Ballot stuffing
Caging
Coattail effect
Compulsory voting
Donkey vote
Early voting
Election boycott
Election ink
Electorate
Electoral fraud
Electronic voting
Instant-runoff voting
Issue voting
Likely voter
None of the above
Open ballot system
Open list
Paradox of voting
Passive electioneering
Polling place
Popular vote
Postal voting
Precinct
Protest vote
Provisional ballot
Refused ballot
Secret ballot
Spoilt vote
Slate
Split-ticket voting
Straight-ticket voting
Tactical voting
Tally
Ticket
Vote center
Vote counting
Vote pairing
Voter apathy
Voter fatigue
Voter registration
Voter suppression
Voter turnout
Voting booth
Voting system
Voting machine
Write-in candidate
Politics portal
v
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Main articles: Voting system and Election
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In Switzerland, without need to register, every citizen receives at home the ballot papers and information brochure for each voting (and can send it by post). Switzerland has a direct democracy system and votes are organised about four times a year.
Different voting systems use different types of votes. Plurality voting does not require the winner to achieve a vote majority, or more than fifty percent of the total votes cast. In a voting system that uses a single vote per race, when more than two candidates run, the winner may commonly have less than fifty percent of the vote.
A side effect of a single vote per race is vote splitting, which tends to elect candidates that do not support centrism, and tends to produce a two-party system. An alternative to a single-vote system is approval voting.
To understand why a single vote per race tends to favor less centric candidates, consider a simple lab experiment where students in a class vote for their favorite marble. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed "up for election", and if three of them are green, one is red, and one is blue, then a green marble will rarely win the election. The reason is that the three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in this analogy, the only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than sixty percent of the voters prefer green. If the same percentage of people prefer green as those who prefer red and blue, that is to say if 33 percent of the voters prefer green, 33 percent prefer blue, and 33 percent prefer red, then each green marble will only get eleven percent of the vote, while the red and blue marbles will each get 33 percent, putting the green marbles at a serious disadvantage. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority will still rarely win. In other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-vote system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority. If the experiment is repeated using approval voting, where voters are encouraged to vote for as many candidates as they approve of, then the winner is much more likely to be any one of the five marbles, because people who prefer green will be able to vote for every one of the green marbles.
A development on the 'single vote' system is to have two-round elections, or repeat first-past-the-post. The winner must receive a majority, which is more than half.[1] If subsequent votes must be used, often a candidate, the one with the fewest votes or anyone who wants to move their support to another candidate, is removed from the ballot.
An alternative to the Two-round voting system is the single round instant-runoff voting system (Also referred to as Alternative vote or Preferential voting) as used in some elections in Australia, Ireland and the USA. Voters rank each candidate in order of preference (1,2,3 etc.). Votes are distributed to each candidate according to the preferences allocated. If no single candidate has 50% or more votes than the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes redistributed according to the voters nominated order of preference. The process repeating itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes. The system is designed to produce the same result as an exhaustive ballot but using only a single round of voting.
In a voting system that uses a multiple vote, the voter can vote for any subset of the alternatives. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes.
In a voting system that uses a ranked vote, the voter has to rank the alternatives in order of preference. For example, they might vote for Bob in first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie. Ranked voting systems, such as those famously used in Australia, use a ranked vote.
In a voting system that uses a scored vote (or range vote), the voter gives each alternative a number between one and ten (the upper and lower bounds may vary). See cardinal voting systems.
Some "multiple-winner" systems may have a single vote or one vote per elector per available position. In such a case the elector could vote for Bob and Charlie on a ballot with two votes. These types of systems can use ranked or unranked voting, and are often used for at-large positions such as on some city councils.
Referendums[edit]
Most of the time, when the citizens of a country are invited to vote, it is for an election. However, people can also vote in referendums and initiatives. Since the end of the eighteenth century, more than five hundred national referendums (including initiatives) were organised in the world; among them, more than three hundred were held in Switzerland.[2] Australia ranked second with dozens of referendums.
Fair voting[edit]
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Results may lead at best to confusion, at worst to violence and even civil war, in the case of political rivals. Many alternatives may fall in the latitude of indifference—they are neither accepted nor rejected. Avoiding the choice that the most people strongly reject may sometimes be at least as important as choosing the one that they most favor.
There are social choice theory definitions of seemingly reasonable criteria that are a measure of the fairness of certain aspects of voting, including non-dictatorship, unrestricted domain, non-imposition, Pareto efficiency, and independence of irrelevant alternatives but Arrow's impossibility theorem states that no voting system can meet all these standards.
Negative voting[edit]
Main article: Disapproval voting
Negative voting allows a vote that expresses disapproval of a candidate. For explanatory purposes, consider a hypothetical voting system that uses negative voting. In this system, one vote is allowed, with the choice of either for a candidate, or against a candidate. Each positive vote adds one to a candidate's overall total, while a negative vote subtracts one, arriving at a net favorability. The candidate with the highest net favorability is the winner. Note that not only is a negative total possible, but also, a candidate may even be elected with 0 votes if enough negative votes are cast against their opponents.
Under this implementation, negative voting is no different from a positive voting system, when only two candidates are on the ballot. However, in the case of three or more candidates, each negative vote for a candidate counts positively towards all of the other candidates.
Consider the following example:
Three candidates are running for the same seat. Two hypothetical election results are given, contrasting positive and negative voting. Both polling accuracy and voter turnout are assumed to be 100 percent.
Current standing in the polls
Candidate
Party
Polling
A
Liberal 40%
B
Centrist 30%
C
Conservative 30%
Election results after positive voting
Candidates
A voters
B voters
C voters
Net total
A
+40 +15 0 +55
B
0 0 0 0
C
0 +15 +30 +45
Election results after negative voting
Candidates
A voters
B voters
C voters
Net total
A
+40 -15 -30 -5
B
0 0 0 0
C
0 -15 0 -15
Election results with positive voting:
A-voters, with the clear advantage of 40%, logically vote for Candidate A. B-voters, unconfident of their candidate's chances, split their votes exactly in half, giving both Candidates A and C 15% each. C-voters, also logically vote for their candidate. A is the winner with 55%, C at 45% and B 0%.
Election results with negative voting:
A-voters again, with the clear advantage of 40%, logically vote for Candidate A. B-voters again, split exactly in half. Each B-voter decides to vote negatively against their least favorite candidate, with the reasoning that this negative vote allows them to express approval for the two other candidates. C-voters also decide to vote negatively against Candidate A, reasoning along similar lines. Candidate B is the winner with 0 votes. Enough negative votes were cast against Candidate B's opponents, resulting in negative totals. Candidate A, despite having polled at 40%, winds up with -5%, offset due to the aggregate 45% of negative votes cast by B and C voters. Candidate C ends up with -15%.
Proxy voting[edit]
Main article: Proxy voting
Proxy voting is the type of voting where a registered citizen who is able to vote passes on his or her vote to a different voter or electorate legitimately.
Anti-voting[edit]
Main article: Abstention
In South Africa, there is a strong presence of anti-voting campaigns by poor citizens. They make the structural argument that no political party truly represents them. For instance, this resulted in the "No Land! No House! No Vote!" Campaign which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections.[3][4] The campaign is prominent among three of South Africa's largest social movements: the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Abahlali baseMjondolo, and the Landless Peoples Movement.
Other social movements in other parts of the world also have similar campaigns or non-voting preferences. These include the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and various anarchist-oriented movements.
It is possible to make a blank vote, carrying out the act of voting, which may be compulsory, without selecting any candidate or option, often as an act of protest. In some jurisdictions, there is an official none of the above option and it is counted as a valid vote. Usually, blank and null votes are counted (together or separately) but are not considered valid.
Voting and information[edit]
Modern political science has questioned whether average citizens have sufficient political information to cast meaningful votes. A series of studies coming out of the University of Michigan in the 1950s and 1960s argued that voters lack a basic understanding of current issues, the liberal–conservative ideological dimension, and the relative ideological dilemma.[5]
Studies from other institutions have suggested that the physical appearance of candidates is a criterion upon which voters base their decision.[6][7]
Religious views[edit]
Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Old Order Amish, Rastafarians, the Assemblies of Yahweh, and some other religious groups, have a policy of not participating in politics through voting.[8][9] Rabbis from all Jewish denominations encourage voting; some even consider it a religious obligation.[10]
Meetings and gatherings[edit]
Whenever several people who do not all agree need to make some decision, voting is a very common way of reaching a decision peacefully. The right to vote is usually restricted to certain people. Members of a society or club, or shareholders of a company, but not outsiders, may elect its officers, or adopt or change its rules, in a similar way to the election of people to official positions. A panel of judges, either formal judicial authorities or, say, judges of a competition, may make decisions by voting. A group of friends or members of a family may decide which film to see by voting. The method of voting can range from formal submission of written votes, through show of hands, voice voting or audience response systems, to informally noting which outcome seems to be preferred by more people.
Voting basis[edit]
See also: Majority, Supermajority, and Unanimity
According to Robert's Rules of Order, a widely used guide to parliamentary procedure, the bases for determining the voting result consist of two elements: (1) the percentage of votes that are required for a proposal to be adopted or for a candidate to be elected (e.g. more than half, two-thirds, three-quarters, etc.); and (2) the set of members to which the proportion applies (e.g. the members present and voting, the members present, the entire membership of the organization, the entire electorate, etc.).[11] An example is a majority vote of the members present and voting.
The voting result could also be determined using a plurality, or the most votes among the choices.[12]
In addition, a decision could be made without a formal vote by using unanimous consent.[13]
Part of the Politics series
Electoral systems
Plurality/majoritarian[show]
Plurality
First-past-the-post
Single non-transferable vote
Limited voting
Plurality-at-large (block voting)
General ticket
Multi-round voting
Two-round
Exhaustive ballot
Ranked/preferential systems
Instant-runoff (alternative vote)
Contingent vote
Coombs' method
Condorcet methods (Copeland's, Dodgson's, Kemeny-Young, Minimax, Nanson's, Ranked pairs, Schulze)
Borda count
Bucklin voting
Oklahoma primary electoral system
Preferential block voting
Cardinal/graded systems
Range voting
Approval voting
Multi-winner approval voting (Proportional, Sequential proportional, Satisfaction)
Majority judgment
Proportional representation[show]
Party-list (Open lists, Closed lists, Local lists)
Highest averages (D'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë, Huntington-Hill)
Largest remainder (Hare, Droop, Imperiali, Hagenbach-Bischoff)
Single transferable vote (CPO-STV, Gregory, Schulze STV, Wright)
Biproportional apportionment
Fair majority voting
Mixed systems[show]
Mixed member proportional
Additional Member System
Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
Scorporo
Majority bonus
Alternative Vote Plus
Dual member proportional
Other systems & related theory[show]
Cumulative voting
Binomial voting
Proxy voting
Delegated voting
Random selection (Sortition, Random ballot)
Comparison of electoral systems
Social choice theory
Arrow's theorem
Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem
Public choice theory
Politics portal
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This article is about the physical means of casting ballots. It is not to be confused with details of voting theory, for which see Electoral system.
A voting method is the way in which people cast their votes in an election or referendum. There are several different methods in use around the world.
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies[edit]
Main article: Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Deliberative assemblies—bodies that use parliamentary procedure to arrive at decisions—use several methods of voting on motions (formal proposal by a member or members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. The assembly could decide on the voting method by adopting a motion on it. Different legislatures may have their own voting methods.
Voting methods[edit]
"Voting method" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Electoral system.
Paper-based methods[edit]
The most common voting method uses paper ballots on which voters mark their preferences. This may involve marking their support for a candidate or party listed on the ballot, or a write-in, where they write out the name of their preferred candidate if it is not listed.
Ballot letters in Israel
An alternative paper-based system known as ballot letters is used in Israel, where polling booths contain a tray with ballots for each party contesting the elections; the ballots are marked with the letter(s) assigned to that party. Voters are given an envelope into which they put the ballot of the party they wish to vote for, before placing the envelope in the ballot box.
Machine voting[edit]
Main articles: Voting machine and Electronic voting
Machine voting uses voting machines, which may be manual (e.g. lever machines) or electronic. In Brazil, voters type in the number of the candidate they wish to vote for and then confirm their vote when the candidate's photo is displayed on screen.[14]
Online voting[edit]
In some countries people are allowed to vote online. Estonia was one of the first countries to use online voting: it was first used in the 2005 local elections.[15]
Postal voting[edit]
Many countries allow postal voting, where voters are sent a ballot and return it by post.
Open ballot[edit]
In contrast to a secret ballot, an open ballot takes place in public and is commonly done by a show of hands. An example is the Landsgemeinde system in Switzerland, which is still in use in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Grisons, and Schwyz.
Theoretical blockchain voting[edit]
Blockchain-based voting is similar to cryptocurrency blockchains in that the verification process prevents fraud by having public records all the way back to the genesis block (first vote). Each voter would have a unique voter ID.[16]
Other methods[edit]
In Gambia voting is carried out using marbles, a method introduced in 1965 to deal with illiteracy.[17] Polling stations contain metal drums painted in party colours and emblems with candidates' photos attached to them.[18][17] Voters are given a marble to place in the drum of their chosen candidate; when dropped into the drum, a bell sounds to register the vote. To avoid confusion, bicycles are banned near polling booths on election day.[17] If the marble is left on top of the drum rather than placed in it, the vote is deemed invalid.[19]
A similar system used in social clubs sees voters given a white ball to indicate support and a black ball to indicate opposition. This led to the coining of the term blackballing.
See also[edit]
Cosmopolitan democracy
Democratic mundialization
Dollar voting
Electoral fraud
Electoral system
Gerrymandering
Mandate (politics)
Ranked voting systems
Opinion poll
Presidential election
Proportional representation
Psephology
Redistricting
Referendum
Suffrage
Voter turnout
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Voting system
Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin
Vote Splitting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Majority rule.
Jump up ^ (in French) Bruno S. Frey et Claudia Frey Marti, Le bonheur. L'approche économique, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2013 (ISBN 978-2-88915-010-6).
Jump up ^ "The 'No Land, No House, No Vote' campaign still on for 2009". Abahlali baseMjondolo. 5 May 2005.
Jump up ^ "IndyMedia Presents: No Land! No House! No Vote!". Anti-Eviction Campaign. 12 December 2005. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Summary)
Jump up ^ Kesten C. Greene and J. Scott Armstrong and Randall J. Jones, Jr., and Malcolm Wright (2010). "Predicting Elections from Politicians' Faces" (PDF). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Andreas Graefe & J. Scott Armstrong (2010). "Predicting Elections from Biographical Information about Candidates" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Leibenluft, Jacob (2008-06-28). "Why Don't Jehovah's Witnesses Vote? Because they're representatives of God's heavenly kingdom". Slate.
Jump up ^ https://www.assembliesofyahweh.com/statement-of-doctrine/
Jump up ^ "Ask the Rabbis // Voting." Moment Magazine. May–June 2016. 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, pp. 404–405
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 54
Jump up ^ Illiterate voters: Making their mark The Economist, 5 April 2014
Jump up ^ Voting methods in Estonia: Statistics about Internet Voting in Estonia VVK
Jump up ^ Meylan, Phillip (2018-01-16). "Blockchains Will Change the Way the World Votes". Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gambians vote with their marbles BBC News, 22 September 2006
Jump up ^ Gambia vote a roll of the marbles The Telegrapgh, 29 November 2016
Jump up ^ Gambia election: Voters use marbles to choose president BBC News, 30 November 2016
External links[edit]
Look up vote or voting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voting.
A history of voting in the United States from the Smithsonian Institution.
A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825
Can I Vote?—a nonpartisan US resource for registering to vote and finding your polling place from the National Association of Secretaries of State.
The Canadian Museum of Civilization — A History of the Vote in Canada
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vote". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Politics portal
Human rights portal
Authority control
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text:
Jeff Jimerson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jeff Jimerson is a Pittsburgh-based singer, best known as the national anthem singer for the Pittsburgh Penguins for over two decades.[1][2][3] He also performs with Airborne,[4] a Pittsburgh-based band.[5][6]
In 2011, Bleacher Report named Jimerson one of the eight best national anthem singers in hockey.[7]
Jimerson, credited as "Anthem Singer," sang the national anthem in the 1995 Jean-Claude Van Damme film, Sudden Death.[8]
He performed on One Nation Under God.
Jeff has also performed with B.E. Taylor
As the Penguins anthem singer, he has sung the national anthem during the Stanley Cup Finals in 2008, 2009, 2016, and 2017.
He was known as The Penguins' Own.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Anthem Singer Auditions". Retrieved 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ Grupp, John (May 6, 2009). "Anthem singer fires up Mellon crowd". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
Jump up ^ Rutkoski, Rex (July 2, 2009). "Penguins' anthem singer Jeff Jimerson goes Airborne in Ford City". Valley News Dispatch. The Tribune-Review Publishing Co.
Jump up ^ "Home". Jeff Jimerson & Airborne. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ Lenk, Laura (June 24, 2009). "Easy Street brings a spring break atmosphere". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. ...Jeff Jimerson, the Pittsburgh Penguins' national anthem singer, performing with Airborne on Fridays.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Jimerson & Airborne". Entertainment Unlimited.
Jump up ^ Khatchaturian, Andre. "The 8 Best National Anthem Singers in Hockey". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Jimerson". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc.
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