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Dadasaheb Phalke Award
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Dadasaheb Phalke Award
National award for contributions to Indian Cinema
Awarded for
"outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema"
Sponsored by
Directorate of Film Festivals
Reward(s)
Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus)
₹1,000,000 (US$15,000)
First awarded
1969
Last awarded
2017
Most recent winner
Vinod Khanna (Posthumous)
Highlights
Total awarded
49
First winner
Devika Rani
Dadasaheb Phalke, often credited as "the father of Indian cinema", made India's first full-length feature Raja Harishchandra (1913).
The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema. It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The recipient is honoured for their "outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema"[1] and is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry.[2] As of 2016[update], the award comprises a Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion, a shawl, and a cash prize of ₹1,000,000 (US$15,000).[3]
First presented in 1969, the award was introduced by the Government of India to commemorate Dadasaheb Phalke's contribution to Indian cinema.[4] Phalke (1870–1944), who is popularly known as and often regarded as "the father of Indian cinema", was an Indian film-maker who directed India's first full-length feature film, Raja Harishchandra (1913).[1]
The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani, who was honoured at the 17th National Film Awards. As of 2017[update], there have been 49 awardees. Among those, actor Prithviraj Kapoor (1971) and actor Vinod Khanna (2017) are the only posthumous recipients.[5] His actor-filmmaker son, Raj Kapoor, accepted the award on his behalf at the 19th National Film Awards in 1971 and was himself a recipient in 1987 at the 35th National Film Awards ceremony.[6][7][a] Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (1974) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy (1986);[10] Raj Kapoor (1987) and Shashi Kapoor (2014);[11] Lata Mangeshkar (1989) and Asha Bhosle (2000) along with Baldev Raj Chopra (1998) and Yash Chopra (2001) are the siblings who have won the award.[12][13][14] The most recent recipient of the award is actor Vinod Khanna who will be honoured at the 65th National Film Awards ceremony. Khanna has been awarded posthumously.
Contents
1 Recipients
2 Explanatory notes
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 Further reading
6 External links
Recipients[edit]
List of award recipients by year[1]
Year
(Ceremony)
Image
Recipient
Film industry
Notes
1969
(17th)
Devika Rani
Hindi Widely acknowledged as "the first lady of Indian cinema",[15] the actress debuted in Karma (1933), which was the first Indian English-language film and the first Indian film to feature an on-screen kiss.[16] She also founded the first Indian public limited film company, Bombay Talkies, in 1934.[17]
1970
(18th)
Birendranath Sircar
Bengali The founder of two production companies, International Filmcraft and New Theatres, Sircar is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indian cinema. He also built two cinema theatres in Calcutta, one for screening Bengali films and one for Hindi films.[18]
1971
(19th)
Prithviraj Kapoor[b]
Hindi Kapoor began his acting career in theatres and starred in India's first sound film, Alam Ara (1931). He founded Prithvi Theatre, a travelling theatre company in 1944 "to promote Hindi stage productions".[5]
1972
(20th)
Pankaj Mullick
• Bengali
• Hindi A composer, singer and actor, Mullick began his career providing background music by conducting live orchestras during the screening of silent films.[20] He is best known for Mahishasuramardini, a radio musical composed in 1931.[21]
1973
(21st)
Ruby Myers (Sulochana)
Hindi One of the highest-paid actresses of her time, Sulochana made her debut with Veer Bala (1925) and is considered to be "the first sex symbol of Indian cinema".[22]
1974
(22nd) –
Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy
Telugu The director of fifteen feature films in Telugu, Reddy was the first Indian film personality to be honoured with a Doctor of Letters and also the first to receive the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India.[23]
1975
(23rd)
Dhirendra Nath Ganguly
Bengali Considered one of the founders of Bengali film industry, Ganguly debuted as an actor in Bilat Ferat (1921). He established three production companies - Indo British Film Company (1918), Lotus Film Company (1922) and British Dominion Films Studio (1929) - to direct several Bengali films.[24]
1976
(24th)
Kanan Devi
Bengali Acknowledged as "the first lady of Bengali cinema", Kanan Devi made her acting debut in silent films in the 1920s. She also sang songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and was a producer with her film company, Shrimati Pictures.[25]
1977
(25th) –
Nitin Bose
• Bengali
• Hindi A cinematographer, director and screenwriter, Bose is noted for introducing playback singing to Indian cinema in 1935 through his Bengali film Bhagya Chakra and its Hindi remake Dhoop Chhaon.[26][27]
1978
(26th) –
Raichand Boral
• Bengali
• Hindi Considered one of the pioneers of Indian film music, Boral was a music director who, in collaboration with director Nitin Bose, introduced the system of playback singing in Indian cinema.[28]
1979
(27th)
Sohrab Modi
Hindi An actor and film-maker, Modi is credited with bringing Shakespearean classics to Indian cinema and was noted for his delivery of Urdu dialogue.[29]
1980
(28th)
Paidi Jairaj
• Hindi
• Telugu Initially having worked as a body double, actor-director Jairaj is known for his portrayal of Indian historical characters and was involved in instituting the Filmfare Awards.[30]
1981
(29th)
Naushad
Hindi Music director Naushad debuted with Prem Nagar (1940),[31] and is credited with introducing the technique of sound mixing to Indian cinema.[32]
1982
(30th) –
L. V. Prasad
• Telugu
• Tamil
• Hindi Actor-director-producer L. V. Prasad has the distinction of acting in the first talkie films produced in three languages: the Hindi Alam Ara, Tamil Kalidas and Telugu Bhakta Prahlada, all released in 1931.[33] He founded Prasad Studios in 1965 and the Colour Film Laboratory in 1976.[34] Prasad Studios has produced over 150 film in various Indian languages.[35]
1983
(31st)
Durga Khote
• Hindi
• Marathi Having acted in the first Marathi-language talkie Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), Khote is considered a pioneer among women in Indian cinema.[36] She set up two production companies, Fact Films and Durga Khote Productions, which produced short films and documentaries.[37]
1984
(32nd)
Satyajit Ray
Bengali Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[38] the film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[39]
1985
(33rd)
V. Shantaram
• Hindi
• Marathi Actor and film-maker V. Shantaram produced and directed India's first colour film, Sairandhri (1931).[40] He also produced and direct the first Marathi-language talkie, Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), and was associated with nearly 100 films over 50 years.[41]
1986
(34th) –
B. Nagi Reddy
Telugu Reddy produced more than 50 films, beginning in the 1950s. He established Vijaya Vauhini Studios which was at that time the biggest film studio in Asia.[10]
1987
(35th)
Raj Kapoor
Hindi Often revered as "The Show Man",[42] actor and film-maker Kapoor's performance in the Hindi film Awara (1951) was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine in 2010.[43]
1988
(36th)
Ashok Kumar
Hindi Popularly known as "Dadamoni" (the grand old man), Kumar is noted for his roles in Achhut Kannya (1936), Bandhan (1940) and Kismet (1943), the first blockbuster in Indian cinema.[44]
1989
(37th)
Lata Mangeshkar
• Hindi
• Marathi Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[45] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[46]
1990
(38th)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao
Telugu Having debuted in Dharma Pathini (1941), Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted in more than 250 films, mostly in the Telugu language.[47]
1991
(39th) –
Bhalji Pendharkar
Marathi Film-maker Pendharkar started his career in the 1920s and produced more than 60 Marathi films and eight Hindi films. He has been widely recognised for the historical and social narratives depicted in these films.[48]
1992
(40th)
Bhupen Hazarika
Assamese Popularly referred to as "the Bard of Brahmaputra", musician Hazarika is best known for his folk songs and ballads sung in the Assamese language.[49]
1993
(41st)
Majrooh Sultanpuri
Hindi Lyricist Sultanpuri penned his first Hindi song for Shahjehan (1946) and wrote around 8000 songs for over 350 Hindi films.[50]
1994
(42nd)
Dilip Kumar
Hindi Debuting in Jwar Bhata (1944), the "Tragedy King" Dilip Kumar acted in more than 60 Hindi films in a career that spanned over six decades.[51]
1995
(43rd)
Rajkumar
Kannada In a career spanning over 45 years, Rajkumar acted in more than 200 Kannada-language films and also won a National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1992.[52]
1996
(44th)
Sivaji Ganesan
Tamil Ganesan debuted as an actor in Parasakthi (1952) and went on to appear in more than 300 films. He is known for his "expressive and resonant voice".[53]
1997
(45th)
Kavi Pradeep
Hindi Best known for the patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo", lyricist Pradeep wrote around 1700 songs, hymns and fiery nationalistic poems, including the lyrics for more than 80 Hindi films.[54]
1998
(46th)
B. R. Chopra
Hindi Film-maker B. R. Chopra established his own production house, B. R. Films, in 1956,[55] and is best known for the films such as Naya Daur (1957) and Hamraaz (1967), as well as the TV series Mahabharat based on the similarly-titled epic of Hindu literature.[56]
1999
(47th)
Hrishikesh Mukherjee
Hindi Having directed 45 Hindi films, film-maker Mukherjee is credited with popularising "middle-of-the-road cinema" through films like Anuradha (1960), Anand (1971) and Gol Maal (1979).[57]
2000
(48th)
Asha Bhosle
• Hindi
• Marathi A playback singer of "extraordinary range and versatility",[58] Bhosle began her singing career in 1948 and is acknowledged by The Guinness Book of World Records as the "most recorded artist in music history".[59]
2001
(49th)
Yash Chopra
Hindi The founder of Yash Raj Films, Chopra debuted as a director with Dhool Ka Phool (1959). He directed 22 Hindi films.[60]
2002
(50th)
Dev Anand
Hindi Widely revered as "evergreen star of Hindi cinema",[61] actor and film-maker Anand co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 and produced 35 films.[62]
2003
(51st)
Mrinal Sen
Bengali Regarded as one of "India's most important film-makers",[63] Sen debuted as a director with Raat Bhore (1955) and made 27 films in 50 years.[64]
2004
(52nd)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Malayalam Credited with pioneering the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema, director Gopalakrishnan won the National Film Award for Best Direction for his debut film, Swayamvaram (1972). He has been acclaimed for his "ability to portray complex problems in a simplistic way".[65]
2005
(53rd)
Shyam Benegal
Hindi Benegal started his career by making advertising films. He directed his first feature film, Ankur, in 1973. His films have focused on women and their rights.[66]
2006
(54th) –
Tapan Sinha
• Bengali
• Hindi Film-maker Sinha debuted as a director in 1954 and made more than 40 feature films in the Bengali, Hindi and Oriya languages. Most of the films addressed problems faced by ordinary people.[67]
2007
(55th)
Manna Dey
• Bengali
• Hindi In a career spanning over five decades, playback singer Dey sang over 3500 songs in various Indian languages. He is also credited with "pioneering a new genre by infusing Indian classical music in a pop framework".[68]
2008
(56th)
V. K. Murthy
Hindi Best known for his collaboration with director Guru Dutt, cinematographer Murthy shot India's first cinemascope film, Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959).[69] He is best remembered for his lighting techniques in Pyaasa (1957) and the "beam shot" in Kaagaz Ke Phool is considered a classic in celluloid history.[70]
2009
(57th) –
D. Ramanaidu
Telugu In a career spanning over 50 years, D. Ramanaidu produced more than 130 films in various Indian languages but mostly Telugu.[71] He features in The Guinness Book of World Records for having produced films in nine languages.[72]
2010
(58th)
K. Balachander
• Tamil
• Telugu Film-maker K. Balachander debuted as a director with Neerkumizhi (1965). In a career that spanned over forty years, he directed and produced (through his production house, Kavithalayaa Productions, established in 1981) over 100 films in various Indian languages.[73]
2011
(59th)
Soumitra Chatterjee
Bengali Best known for his frequent collaboration with director Satyajit Ray,[74] Chatterjee debuted as an actor in Apur Sansar (1959) and worked with other directors, such as Mrinal Sen and Tapan Sinha, in a career lasting over 50 years.[75]
2012
(60th)
Pran
Hindi Known for his "compelling and highly stylized performances", actor Pran mainly played villainous characters in Hindi films during a career spanning over 50 years.[76]
2013
(61st)
Gulzar
Hindi Gulzar began his career as a lyricist for Bandini (1963) and debuted as a director with Mere Apne (1971). Known for his successful collaboration with music directors like R. D. Burman and A. R. Rahman, Gulzar won several awards for his lyrics in a career spanning over 50 years.[77][78]
2014
(62nd)
Shashi Kapoor
Hindi Winner of two National Film Awards including Best Actor for New Delhi Times in 1985, Kapoor debuted as a child actor at the age of four in the plays directed by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and later as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra. In 1978, Kapoor set up his production house Film "Valas" and played major role in reviving the Prithvi Theatre group, set up by his father.[11]
2015
(63rd)
Manoj Kumar
Hindi Known for his image as the patriotic hero, Kumar debuted as an actor with 1957 Hindi film Fashion. The actor and director of patriotic theme based movies, Kumar is fondly called as "Bharat Kumar".[14]
2016
(64th) –
Kasinathuni Viswanath
Telugu Viswanath started his career as a sound recordist. In a film career spanning sixty years, Viswanath has directed fifty three feature films in a variety of genres, including films based on performing arts, visual arts, and aesthetics. Viswanath has garnered five National Film Awards, and has received international recognition for his works.[79][80]
2017
(65th)
Vinod Khanna[c]
Hindi Debuted in Man Ka Meet (1968), Khanna was primarily known for his work as an actor in Hindi films during the 1970s.[82] He took a brief break from the films (1982–1987) and joined politics in 1997.[83]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In 1972, Raj Kapoor received the posthumous award given to his father, Prithviraj Kapoor. However, on 1 May 1988, when he was being conferred the award by the then President of India, R. Venkataraman, Kapoor had an asthmatic attack and was rushed in the President's ambulance. Kapoor died a month later on 2 June 1988.[8][9]
Jump up ^ Prithviraj Kapoor died on 29 May 1972, at the age of 65.[19] He was posthumously awarded for the year 1971.
Jump up ^ Vinod Khanna died on 27 April 2017, at the age of 70.[81] He was posthumously awarded for the year 2017.
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Jump up ^ "65th National Film Awards: Late veteran actor Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award posthumously". The Times of India. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award". The Indian Express. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Somaaya, Bhawana (5 October 2016). "Vinod Khanna: The Actor Who Became a Monk and Sold His Mercedes". The Quint. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5.
Further reading[edit]
Ramēś, Be. Gō (2009). Recipients of Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Pavai Publications. ISBN 978-81-7735-745-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients.
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Optic nerve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Optic Nerve.
Optic Nerve
The left optic nerve and the optic tracts.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
nervus opticus
MeSH
A08.800.800.120.680
TA
A14.2.01.006
A15.2.04.024
FMA
50863
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
Cranial nerves
CN 0 – Terminal
CN I – Olfactory
CN II – Optic
CN III – Oculomotor
CN IV – Trochlear
CN V – Trigeminal
CN VI – Abducens
CN VII – Facial
CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear
CN IX – Glossopharyngeal
CN X – Vagus
CN XI – Accessory
CN XII – Hypoglossal
Overview
Table
v
t
e
The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Disease
4 Regeneration
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain–Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.
Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts. Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst
The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex.
A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve.
The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers,[3] which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.
The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species.[4] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.[1]
Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe) with fibers from the retina; 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit). 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).[2]
From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus[citation needed].
Function[edit]
The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision).[1]
The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.[1]
Clinical significance[edit]
Disease[edit]
Main article: List of eye diseases and disorders
Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is diagnostically important. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general:
Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage.
Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia). It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma. (see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia)
Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields
Damage to the optic tract, which is behind (posterior) to the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage (so if the left optic tract is cut, there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field).
Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, toxicity, inflammation, ischemia, infection (very rarely), or compression from tumors or aneurysms. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma, optic neuritis (especially in those younger than 50 years of age), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (usually in those older than 50).
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve, it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve.
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head. There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.
Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye.
Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly, cerebral aneurysms (swelling of blood vessels) can also affect the nerve.
Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve [1]
Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve.
The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.
Regeneration[edit]
Similar to other CNS tracts, the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury. However, some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential.[5]
Additional images[edit]
MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.
The ophthalmic artery and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.
The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.
Structures of the eye labeled
This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye
Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Human brain dura mater (reflections)
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic nerve.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Cranial nerve
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top". Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1118492017.
^ Jump up to: a b Selhorst, JB; Chen, Y (2009). "The Optic Nerve". Seminars in Neurology. 29: 29–35.
Jump up ^ Jonas, Jost B.; et al. (May 1992). "Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 33 (6).
Jump up ^ Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 4th Edition. Dyce, Sack and Wensing
Jump up ^ "Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Research Group". www.ucl.ac.uk.
External links[edit]
The optic nerve on MRI
Stained brain slice images which include the "optic%20nerve" at the BrainMaps project
IFOND
online case history – Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). Also includes actual fundus photos.
Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of Liverpool)
lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (orbit4)
cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (II)
Notes on Optic Nerve
[show]
v
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The cranial nerves
terminal
Nuclei
Septal nuclei
Course
no significant branches
olfactory
Nuclei
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Course
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
optic
Nuclei
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Course
optic chiasm
optic tract
oculomotor
Nuclei
Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Branches
superior
parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion
inferior
trochlear
Nucleus
Branches
no significant branches
trigeminal
Nuclei
PSN
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
MN
TMN
Course
trigeminal ganglion
Branches
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
abducens
Nucleus
Branches
no significant branches
facial
near origin
intermediate nerve
geniculate
inside
facial canal
greater petrosal
pterygopalatine ganglion
nerve to the stapedius
chorda tympani
lingual nerve
submandibular ganglion
at stylomastoid
foramen
posterior auricular
suprahyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
parotid plexus
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
Nuclei
Facial motor nucleus
Solitary nucleus
Superior salivary nucleus
vestibulocochlear
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Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
cochlear nerve
striae medullares
lateral lemniscus
vestibular
Scarpa's ganglion
glossopharyngeal
before jugular fossa
ganglia
superior
inferior
after jugular fossa
tympanic
tympanic plexus
lesser petrosal
otic ganglion
stylopharyngeal branch
pharyngeal branches
tonsillar branches
lingual branches
carotid sinus
Nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Solitary nucleus
vagus
before jugular fossa
ganglia
superior
inferior
after jugular fossa
meningeal branch
auricular branch
neck
pharyngeal branch
pharyngeal plexus
superior laryngeal
external
internal
recurrent laryngeal (inferior)
superior cervical cardiac
thorax
inferior cardiac
pulmonary
vagal trunks
anterior
posterior
abdomen
celiac
renal
hepatic
anterior gastric
posterior gastric
Nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Solitary nucleus
accessory
Nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus
Spinal accessory nucleus
cranial
spinal
hypoglossal
Nucleus
Branches
lingual
[show]
v
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Optical illusions
List of optical illusions
Afterimage
Barberpole
Bezold
Blivet
Café wall
Cornsweet
Delboeuf
Ebbinghaus
Ehrenstein
Flash lag
Fraser spiral
Grid
Hering
Jastrow
Mach
McCollough
Müller-Lyer
Necker
Orbison
Penrose
stairs
triangle
Peripheral drift
Poggendorff
Ponzo
Rubin
Sander
Schroeder
Ternus
Vertical–horizontal
White's
Wundt
Zöllner
Related
Auditory
Tactile
Temporal
Op art
Ascending and Descending
Waterfall
Authority control
GND: 4205981-1
NDL: 00571252
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_nerve&oldid=802325872"
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text:
Computer Love (Zapp song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Computer Love"
Single by Zapp
from the album The New Zapp IV U
Released
1986 (1986)
Format
12", 7", cassette
Recorded
1985 (1985)
Genre
R&B
Length
4:44
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Shirley Murdock
Roger Troutman
Larry Troutman[1]
Producer(s)
Roger Troutman[2]
Zapp singles chronology
"Itchin' for Your Twitchin'"
(1986) "Computer Love"
(1986) "Ooh Baby Baby"
(1989)
"Itchin' for Your Twitchin'"
(1986) "Computer Love"
(1986) "Ooh Baby Baby"
(1989)
The New Zapp IV U track listing
"It Doesn't Really Matter"
(1) "Computer Love"
(2) "Itchin' for Your Twitchin'"
(3)
All the Greatest Hits track listing
"Midnight Hour"
(11) "Computer Love"
(12) "Night and Day '93"
(13)
"Computer Love" is a song performed by Zapp, with vocals by Charlie Wilson and Shirley Murdock, issued as the fourth and final single from their fourth studio album The New Zapp IV U. It was written by Shirley Murdock along with band members Roger and Larry Troutman;[1] and was produced by Roger.[2] The song peaked at #8 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1986.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart positions
2 Samples
3 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1986)[3]
Peak
position
US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard) 13
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard) 8
Samples[edit]
"Computer Love" has been sampled on the following songs:
"Thug Passion" by 2Pac featuring Outlawz and Jewell from the album All Eyez on Me
"Love" by Eric B. from the album Eric B.
"Download" by Lil' Kim feat T-Pain and Charlie Wilson
"Scandalous" by The Click feat Roger Troutman from the album "Game Related"
"Money Flow" by Do or Die from the album "Picture This"
"Piru Love" by Bloods & Crips from the album "Bangin' on Wax"
"I Get Around" by Tupac Shakur from the album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...
"What About Us" by Jodeci from the album Diary of a Mad Band
"Missing You" by Tichina Arnold from the album "Unforgettable"
"Baby Love" by Brownstone from the album "Still Climbing"
"Reminisce" by Blazin' Squad from the 2002 album "In the Beginning"
"Temptations" by 2Pac from the album Me Against The World
In popular culture[edit]
"Computer Love" is featured in the 1993 feature film, Menace II Society.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Elias, Jason. "All the Greatest Hits - Roger,Zapp - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zapp - Computer Love (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Zink Media. November 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zapp - Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
External links[edit]
"Computer Love" at AllMusic
"Computer Love" at Discogs (list of releases)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
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Zapp
Gregory Jackson
Lester Troutman
Terry "Zapp" Troutman
Larry Troutman
Roger Troutman
Album
Studio
Zapp
Zapp II
Zapp III
The New Zapp IV U
Zapp Vibe
Zapp VI: Back by Popular Demand
Compilation
All the Greatest Hits
The Compilation: Greatest Hits II and More
Singles
"More Bounce to the Ounce"
"Be Alright"
"Doo Wa Ditty (Blow That Thing)" / "A Touch of Jazz (Playin' Kinda Ruff Part II)"
"Dance Floor"
"Playin' Kinda Ruff" / "Do You Really Want an Answer?"
"Heartbreaker"
"I Can Make You Dance"
"Spend My Whole Life" / "Play Some Blues"
"Radio People"
"It Doesn't Really Matter"
"Itchin' for Your Twitchin'"
"Computer Love"
"Ooh Baby Baby"
"Fire" / "Jake E Stanstill"
"I Play the Talk Box"
"Mega Medley"
"Slow and Easy"
"Living for the City"
Related articles
Discography

This 1980s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Love_(Zapp_song)&oldid=798949465"
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This page was last edited on 4 September 2017, at 19:17.
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