text:
Olga E. Custodio
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Olga E. Custodio
Then Lieutenant Custodio climbing down from the cockpit of a T-38
Born
1953
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
United States Air Force
Air Force Reserve
Years of service
1980–2003
Rank
Lieutenant Colonel
Other work
American Airlines Pilot - one of the first Hispanic women to become a commercial airline captain
Lieutenant Colonel Olga E. Custodio [note 1] (born 1953) is a former United States Air Force officer who became the first female Hispanic U.S. military pilot. She was the first Hispanic woman to complete U.S. Air Force military pilot training. Upon retiring from the military, she became one of the first female Hispanic commercial airline captains.[1]
Contents
1 Early years
2 Military career
3 Commercial airline captain
4 Later years
5 Memberships
6 Education and professional certificates
7 Recognitions
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
Early years[edit]
Custodio was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Her father, a sergeant in the United States Army, was often stationed in various countries where the United States has its military installations. Custodio and the rest of the family would accompany him on his overseas assignments. Custodio began her primary education in Taiwan. She also attended schools in New Jersey, Iran and Paraguay.[1]
The family returned to Puerto Rico when she was 15 years old. She graduated high school at age 16, and was immediately accepted into the University of Puerto Rico. Custodio's father, and all the traveling she did at a young age, were key factors in her choice of career - she decided to join the military. While in college she attempted to join the university’s ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Corps), but at the time only men were admitted into the program.[1]
Military career[edit]
A USAF T-38A Talon from 560th Flying Training Squadron, Randolph Air Force Base Texas
Custodio earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Puerto Rico and worked for various industries before landing a job in the accounting department of Prinair (Puerto Rico International Airlines). There she met Edwin Custodio, with whom she would eventually have two children. She later worked for the US Department of Defense (DoD) in Panama. With the support of her husband, she presented herself before Headquarters, Air Force Military Personnel Center (AFMPC) to apply for the United States Air Force Officer Training School. Upon admission, Custodio was accepted as a pilot candidate to become a United States Air Force pilot.[1]
She entered the Flight Screening Pilot Officer Training School in January 1980. After successful completion of Flight Screening she entered Officer Training School and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant. She qualified for Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) at Laughlin Air Force Base in Texas and graduated the following year, thus becoming the first Latina to complete the U.S. Air Force military pilot training.[1]
Her first military assignment was that of instructor pilot at Laughlin AFB. She was the first female to become a Northrop T-38 Talon (T-38) UPT flight instructor at that base.[1] The T-38 Talon is the Air Force’s two-seat, supersonic jet trainer. On one occasion a bird struck the engine of her plane in bad weather while she was in flight. She was able to overcome the emergency and safely land her plane. Because of this she was recognized by the Air Force, and awarded the HQ AETC Aviation Safety Award for superior airmanship.[2]
Custodio was later assigned to Randolph Air Force Base where she was also the first female T-38 Instructor Pilot.[1] During her career she also served as Pilot Instructor Training; T-41 Flight Screening - Operations Officer and Check Pilot.
Custodio retired from the Air Force with the rank of lieutenant colonel in October 2003, after serving in the military for 23 years and 10 months. Her last assignment as an Air Force Reserve officer was that of accountability and readiness the Directorate of Personnel, HQ USAF.[3]
Commercial airline captain[edit]
Boeing 767–300ER, one of the many types of American Airline aircraft flown by Custodio
In June 1988, while she was serving in the US Air Force Reserve, she was hired by American Airlines as a commercial pilot. Custodio became one of the first Latina commercial airline captains.[4] During her years with American, she flew various types of aircraft. She piloted the Boeing 727, Fokker 100, Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 to various countries in Europe, the Caribbean, Central America and South America. She also flew to Mexico, Canada and to various cities in the United States. Custodio retired from American Airlines in February 2008, with over 11,000 flight hours.[1]
Later years[edit]
Custodio retired from the military after 24 years of service and lives in San Antonio, Texas, with her husband. There she founded "Dragonfly Productions LLC," a production company that creates personal film documentaries. In 1992, she founded the Ballet Folklorico Borikèn, the Puerto Rican folk ballet.[1][2]
Custodio is a Trustee of the Order of Daedalians Foundation, a Board Member and Treasurer for the Women in Aviation Alamo City Chapter and Board Member for the Dee Howard Foundation. Custodio also serves as vice president of the Hispanic Association of Aviation and Aerospace Professionals (HAAAP). These organizations inspire young students in the San Antonio and surrounding areas to seek civilian and military aviation careers. They hosts students to tour various airplanes and control towers and also speak to students in all grades to present career opportunities in aviation and aerospace.[1][2]
Memberships[edit]
Among the many associations in which Custodio is a member are the following:[1][2][3]
Charter member of the Women Military Aviators Association
The Women in Aviation, International, Inc.
Order of Daedalians
The Allied Pilots Association.
Education and professional certificates[edit]
Besides the Bachelor of Arts degree which she earned in the University of Puerto Rico, Custodio has also earned the following:[1][2][3]
Air Transport Pilot certificate with single and multiengine land and instrument ratings.
Flight Engineer Certificate – Turbojet Powered rating
Radiotelephone Operator permit
FAA Medical Certificate
Recognitions[edit]
Custodio was recognized twice by the Senate of Puerto Rico. In 2001, she was recognized by Elizabeth Arden/Revista Imagen of Puerto Rico as one of the recipient of La Belleza Inteligente 2001 award.[1][2][3]In 2017, Custodio was inducted into the San Antonio Aviation and Aerospace Hall of Fame for being the first Hispanic Female Military pilot in the United States Air Force.[5]
See also[edit]
Puerto Rico portal
United States Air Force portal
List of Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican women in the military
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Military history of Puerto Rico
Hispanics in the United States Air Force
History of women in Puerto Rico
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Custodio is the surname by marriage.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tiscareño-Sato, Graciela (May 28, 2012). "Our American Dream: Meet the First Latina US Military Pilot". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Olga E. Custodio". MilitaryCityUSARadio.com. March 5, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Daily Mail Reporter (28 May 2012). "'When I was told to list the three jobs I wanted, I said: "Pilot, pilot or pilot"': Meet the first Latina to fly planes for the US military". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Reaching Your Potential: Personal and Professional Development", Linda Pauwels as First Hispanic Woman to captain a jet for American Airlines, Retrieved 2018-08-07
Jump up ^ San Antonio Aviation and Aerospace Hall of Fame
Further reading[edit]
92nd Air Refueling Wing Public Affairs (September 30, 2014). "First Air Force Latina pilot: Lt. Col. Olga E. Custodio". Fairchild Air Force Base. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
Boudonck, Greg (March 14, 2014). Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own. ISBN 1497421837.
"National Hispanic Heritage Month: Olga E. Custodio". TransportationHistory.org. September 22, 2017. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_E._Custodio&oldid=856957775"
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text:
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the slave act of 1793, see Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Long title
An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled "An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters," approved February twelfth, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three.
Enacted by
the 31st United States Congress
Citations
Statutes at Large
9 Stat. 462
Legislative history
Signed into law by President Millard Fillmore on September 18, 1850
Major amendments
Repealed by Act of June 28, 1864, 13 Stat. 200
An April 24, 1851 poster warning the "colored people of Boston" about policemen acting as slave catchers.
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The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.
The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a "slave power conspiracy". It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 New law
2.1 Nullification
2.2 Effects
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Background[edit]
Events leading to
the American Civil War
Slavery
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Battle of Negro Fort
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification Crisis
The Amistad
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Manifest destiny
Underground Railroad
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Impending Crisis of the South
Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter
v
t
e
By 1843, several hundred slaves a year were successfully escaping to the North, making slavery an unstable institution in the border states.[1]
The earlier Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal law which was written with the intent to enforce Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, which required the return of runaway slaves. It sought to force the authorities in free states to return fugitive slaves to their masters.
Many Northern states wanted to circumvent the Fugitive Slave Act. Some jurisdictions passed "personal liberty laws", mandating a jury trial before alleged fugitive slaves could be moved; others forbade the use of local jails or the assistance of state officials in the arrest or return of alleged fugitive slaves. In some cases, juries refused to convict individuals who had been indicted under the Federal law.[2]
The Missouri Supreme Court routinely held with the laws of neighboring free states, that slaves who had been voluntarily transported by their owners into free states, with the intent of the masters' residing there permanently or indefinitely, gained their freedom as a result.[3] The Fugitive Slave Law dealt with slaves who escaped to free states without their master's consent. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), that states did not have to offer aid in the hunting or recapture of slaves, greatly weakening the law of 1793.
After 1840, the black population of rural Cass County, Michigan, grew rapidly as families were attracted by white defiance of discriminatory laws, by numerous highly supportive Quakers, and by low-priced land. Free and runaway blacks found Cass County a haven. Their good fortune attracted the attention of southern slaveholders. In 1847 and 1849, planters from Bourbon and Boone counties in northern Kentucky led raids into Cass County to recapture runaway slaves. The raids failed but the situation contributed to Southern demands in 1850 for passage of the strengthened Fugitive Slave Act.[4]
Southern politicians[who?] often exaggerated[citation needed] the number of escaped slaves and often blamed escapes on Northerners interfering with Southern property rights. Since there was no way to confirm the number of runaway slaves,[dubious – discuss] Congress enacted stricter laws regarding fugitive slaves in the United States.[5]
New law[edit]
Print by E. W. Clay, an artist who published many proslavery cartoons, supports the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. In the cartoon, a Southerner mocks a Northerner who claims his goods—several bolts of fabric—have been stolen. "They are fugitives from you, are they?" asks the slaveholder. Adopting the rhetoric of abolitionists, he continues, "As to the law of the land, I have a higher law of my own, and possession is nine points in the law."
In response to the weakening of the original fugitive slave act, the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 penalized officials who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave, and made them liable to a fine of $1,000 (about $29,000 in present-day value). Law-enforcement officials everywhere were required to arrest people suspected of being a runaway slave on as little as a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. The suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf.[6] In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers who captured a fugitive slave were entitled to a bonus or promotion for their work.
Slave owners needed only to supply an affidavit to a Federal marshal to capture an escaped slave. Since a suspected slave was not eligible for a trial, the law resulted in the kidnapping and conscription of free blacks into slavery, as suspected fugitive slaves had no rights in court and could not defend themselves against accusations.[7]
The Act adversely affected the prospects of slave escape, particularly in states close to the North. One study finds that while slave prices rose across the South in the years after 1850 it appears that "the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act increased prices in border states by 15% to 30% more than in states further south", illustrating how the Act altered the chance of successful escape.[8]
Nullification[edit]
In 1855, the Wisconsin Supreme Court became the only state high court to declare the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional, as a result of a case involving fugitive slave Joshua Glover and Sherman Booth, who led efforts that thwarted Glover's recapture. In 1859 in Ableman v. Booth, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the state court.[9]
In November 1850, the Vermont legislature passed the "Habeas Corpus Law," requiring Vermont judicial and law enforcement officials to assist captured fugitive slaves. It also established a state judicial process, parallel to the federal process, for people accused of being fugitive slaves. This law rendered the federal Fugitive Slave Act effectively unenforceable in Vermont and caused a storm of controversy nationally. It was considered a "nullification" of federal law, a concept popular in the South among states that wanted to nullify other aspects of federal law, and was part of highly charged debates over slavery. Noted poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier had called for such laws, and the Whittier controversy heightened angry pro-slavery reactions to the Vermont law. Virginia governor John B. Floyd warned that nullification could push the South toward secession, while President Millard Fillmore threatened to use the army to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act in Vermont. No test events took place in Vermont, but the rhetoric of this flare-up echoed South Carolina's 1832 nullification crisis and Thomas Jefferson's 1798 Kentucky Resolutions.[10]
"Jury nullification" occurred as local Northern juries acquitted men accused of violating the law. Secretary of State Daniel Webster was a key supporter of the law as expressed in his famous "Seventh of March" speech. He wanted high-profile convictions. The jury nullifications ruined his presidential aspirations and his last-ditch efforts to find a compromise between North and South. Webster led the prosecution against men accused of rescuing Shadrach Minkins in 1851 from Boston officials who intended to return Minkins to his owner; the juries convicted none of the men. Webster sought to enforce a law that was extremely unpopular in the North, and his Whig Party passed him over again when they chose a presidential nominee in 1852.[11]
Effects[edit]
The Fugitive Slave Law brought the issue home to anti-slavery citizens in the North, as it made them and their institutions responsible for enforcing slavery. "Where before many in the North had little or no opinions or feelings on slavery, this law seemed to demand their direct assent to the practice of human bondage, and it galvanized Northern sentiments against slavery."[12] Moderate abolitionists were faced with the immediate choice of defying what they believed to be an unjust law, or breaking with their own consciences and beliefs. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) to highlight the evils of slavery.[13][14]
Many abolitionists defied the law openly. Reverend Luther Lee, pastor of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Syracuse, New York, wrote in 1855:
I never would obey it. I had assisted thirty slaves to escape to Canada during the last month. If the authorities wanted anything of me, my residence was at 39 Onondaga Street. I would admit that and they could take me and lock me up in the Penitentiary on the hill; but if they did such a foolish thing as that I had friends enough on Onondaga County to level it to the ground before the next morning.[15]
This was far from empty rhetoric. Several years before, in the Jerry Rescue, Syracuse abolitionists freed by force a fugitive slave who was to be sent back to the South; they successfully smuggled him to Canada.[16] The case of Anthony Burns was an example of an unsuccessful attempt by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Law to use force to free a captured slave.[17] Other famous examples include Shadrach Minkins in 1851 and Lucy Bagby in 1861, whose forcible return in 1861 has been cited by historians as important and "allegorical."[18] Pittsburgh abolitionists organized groups whose purpose was the seizure and release of any slave passing through the city, as in the case of a free black servant of the Slaymaker family, erroneously "rescued" by black waiters in a hotel dining room.[6]
Other opponents, such as African-American leader Harriet Tubman, simply treated the law as just another complication in their activities. One important consequence was that Canada became a major destination for escaped slaves; the black population of Canada increased from 40,000 to 60,000 between 1850 and 1860 and many reached freedom by the Underground Railroad.[19] In Pittsburgh, for example, during the September following the passage of the law, organized "squads" of escaped slaves set out for Canada—armed and sworn to "die rather than be taken back into slavery"—with more than 200 men leaving by the end of the month.[6]
With the outbreak of the American Civil War, General Benjamin Butler justified refusing to return runaway slaves under this law because the Union and the Confederacy were at war: he confiscated the slaves as contraband of war and set them free, figuring that the loss of workers would also damage the Confederacy.[20] As the war continued with little progress for the Union side, slavery came to be seen as an institution that needed to be undermined to weaken the Confederacy's economy. As such the US Congress eventually passed legislation that forbade US forces to return runaway slaves to their masters, and President Abraham Lincoln consolidated that shifting attitude towards slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation that made the institution's destruction an official war goal. Thus the spirit and letter of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 were completely abandoned.
See also[edit]
Fugitive slave laws
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Ableman v. Booth
Fugitive Slave Law Convention of 1850, Cazenovia, New York
Underground Railroad
Emancipation Proclamation
Slave Trade Acts
Incidents involving fugitive slaves:
Passmore Williamson
William Still
Christiana incident (or riot), 1851
Joshua Glover
Jerry Rescue
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Nevins, Allan (1947). Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852. 1. Collier Books. ISBN 002035441X. ISBN 978-0020354413
Jump up ^ Thomas D. Morris (1974). Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780-1861. p. 49.
Jump up ^ Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. Oxford University Press. p. 84. Missouri courts on a number of occasions had granted freedom to slaves whose owners had taken them for long periods of residence in free states or territories
Jump up ^ Wilson, Benjamin C. (1976). "Kentucky Kidnappers, Fugitives, and Abolitionists in Antebellum Cass County Michigan". Michigan History. 60 (4): 339–358.
Jump up ^ Gara, Larry. Underground Railroad. National Park Service. p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Irene E. (1921). "The Operation of the Fugitive Slave Law in Western Pennsylvania from 1850 to 1860". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine. 4: 150–60. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ Meltzer, Milton (1971). Slavery: A World History. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-306-80536-3.
Jump up ^ Lennon, Conor (2016-08-01). "Slave Escape, Prices, and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850". The Journal of Law and Economics. 59 (3): 669–695. doi:10.1086/689619. ISSN 0022-2186.
Jump up ^ "Booth, Sherman Miller 1812 - 1904". Dictionary of Wisconsin biography. wisconsinhistory.org. 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Houston, Horace K., Jr. (2004). "Another Nullification Crisis: Vermont's 1850 Habeas Corpus Law". New England Quarterly. 77 (2): 252–272. JSTOR 1559746.
Jump up ^ Collison, Gary (1995). "'This Flagitious Offense': Daniel Webster and the Shadrach Rescue Cases, 1851-1852". The New England Quarterly. 68 (4): 609–625. JSTOR 365877.
Jump up ^ Groom, Winston (2012). Shiloh, 1862. Washington, D.C., USA: National Geographic. p. 50. ISBN 9781426208744.
Jump up ^ HEDRICK, JOAN D. (1994). Harriet Beecher Stowe: a life. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509639-2.
Jump up ^ Hedrick, Joan D. "Stowe's Life and Uncle Tom's Cabin". utc.iath.virginia.edu. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee, Luther (1882). Autobiography of the Rev. Luther Lee. New York: Phillips & Hunt. p. 336. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Jerry Rescue". New York History Net. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Anthony Burns captured". Africans in America. pbs.org. 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Hollis (June 12, 2011). "Whitewashing Civil War History". The Root. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Landon, Fred (1920). "The Negro migration to Canada after the passing of the fugitive slave act". The Journal of Negro History. 5 (1): 22–36. doi:10.2307/2713499. JSTOR 2713499.
Jump up ^ Goodheart, Adam (April 1, 2011). "How Slavery Really Ended in America". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
References[edit]
Campbell, Stanley W (1970). The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Fehrenbacher, Don E. (February 8, 2001 – December 19, 2002). The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery. Oxford University Press/NetLibrary, Incorporated. ISBN 9780198032472. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Franklin, John Hope; Schweninger, Loren (1999). Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. Oxford University Press.
"Fugitive Slave Law" (2008)
Nevins, Allan (1947). Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852. 1. Collier Books. ISBN 002035441X. ISBN 978-0020354413
Further reading[edit]
Basinger, Scott J. "Regulating slavery: Deck-stacking and credible commitment in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850". Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 19.2 (2003): 307-342.
Campbell, Stanley W. The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850–1860 (U North Carolina Press, 2012).
Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers, and Barry R. Weingast. "The fugitive slave act of 1850: Symbolic gesture or rational guarantee." (2006). online
Landon, Fred. "The Negro migration to Canada after the passing of the fugitive slave act." Journal of Negro History 5.1 (1920): 22-36. online
Smith, David G. On the Edge of Freedom: The Fugitive Slave Issue in South Central Pennsylvania, 1820-1870 (Fordham Univ Press, 2013).
Snodgrass, M. E. The Underground Railroad Set: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations. (M. E. Sharpe, 2008).
Walker, Christopher David. "The fugitive slave law, antislavery and the emergence of the republican party in Indiana." (PhD, Purdue, 2013). online
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Fugitive Slave Act
Complete text of the Fugitive Slave Law
Compromise of 1850 and related resources at the Library of Congress
"Slavery in Massachusetts" by Henry David Thoreau
Runaway Slaves a Primary Source Adventure featuring fugitive slave advertisements from the 1850s, hosted by The Portal to Texas History
Serialized version of Uncle Tom's Cabin in The National Era by the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center
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