text:
2009 Nobel Peace Prize
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2009 Nobel Peace Prize
← 2008
Nobel Peace Prize
2010 →
This article is part of
a series about
Barack Obama
Political positions
Electoral history
Early life and career
Family
Public image
Illinois State Senator
U.S. Senator from Illinois
44th President of the United States
Policies
Economy
Energy
Foreign policy
Obama Doctrine
Foreign trips
Pardons
Social
Space
Appointments
Cabinet
Judges
First term
Campaign for the Presidency
2008 General election
Primaries
Transition
1st inauguration
Presidency
First 100 days
Affordable Care Act
Iraq Withdrawal
Death of Osama bin Laden
Timeline: '09
'10
'11
'12
Second term
Reelection campaign
2012 General election
Reactions
2nd inauguration
Presidency
Immigration executive action
Iran Deal
Cuban Thaw
Timeline: '13
'14
'15
'16
'17
Dreams from My Father
The Audacity of Hope
Planned Library
Nobel Peace Prize

v
t
e
U.S. President Barack Obama receiving the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize
The 2009 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United States President Barack Obama for his "extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[1] The Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the award on October 9, 2009, citing Obama's promotion of nuclear nonproliferation[2] and a "new climate" in international relations fostered by Obama, especially in reaching out to the Muslim world.[3][4]
The Nobel Committee's decision drew mixed reactions from US commentators and editorial writers across the political spectrum, as well as from the rest of the world.
Obama accepted the prize in Oslo on December 10, 2009. In a 36-minute speech, he discussed the tensions between war and peace and the idea of a "just war"[5] saying, "perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of the military of a nation in the midst of two wars."[6]
Obama is the fourth President of the United States to have been awarded a Nobel Prize (after Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Jimmy Carter, with Carter's honor happening after leaving office).
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomination and announcement
2 Reactions
2.1 Barack Obama
2.2 In the United States
2.2.1 Political reaction
2.3 In Norway
2.4 Other reactions
3 Nobel lecture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Nomination and announcement[edit]
The winner is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee from nominations submitted by committee members and others. Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize closed just 11 days after Obama took office. There were 205 nominations for the 2009 award, which included Chinese and Afghan civil rights activists and African politicians. Colombian Senator Piedad Córdoba,[7][8] Afghanistan's Sima Samar,[7] Chinese dissident Hu Jia and Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Morgan Tsvangirai had been speculated to be favorites for the award.[2]
The five members of the Nobel Committee are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to roughly reflect the party makeup of that body. The 2009 Committee comprised two members of the Norwegian Labor Party, one from the left-wing Socialist Left Party, one from the Conservative Party of Norway and one from the right-wing Progress Party. The chairman of the Committee was Thorbjørn Jagland, former Norwegian Labor Party prime minister and Secretary General of the Council of Europe since September 29, 2009. The panel met six or seven times in 2009, beginning several weeks after the February 1 nomination deadline. The winner was chosen unanimously on October 5.[9] but was initially opposed by the Socialist Left, Conservative and Progress Party members until strongly persuaded by Jagland.[10]
Jagland said "We have not given the prize for what may happen in the future. We are awarding Obama for what he has done in the past year. And we are hoping this may contribute a little bit for what he is trying to do," noting that he hoped the award would assist Obama's foreign policy efforts. Jagland said the committee was influenced by a speech Obama gave about Islam in Cairo in June 2009, the president's efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation and climate change, and Obama's support for using established international bodies such as the United Nations to pursue foreign policy goals.[11] The New York Times reported that Jagland shrugged off the question of whether "the committee feared being labeled naïve for accepting a young politician's promises at face value", stating that "no one could deny that 'the international climate' had suddenly improved, and that Mr. Obama was the main reason...'We want to embrace the message that he stands for.'"[9]
Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.
Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, after Theodore Roosevelt (1906) and Woodrow Wilson (1919)—both of whom received the award during their terms—and Jimmy Carter (2002), who received the award 21 years after leaving office. In addition, then-sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain (1925), and former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)
Obama was the first U.S. president to receive the award during his first year in office (at eight and a half months, after being nominated less than two weeks in office), although several other world leaders were awarded in the year following their election to national office, including Óscar Arias (1987)[12] and Aung San Suu Kyi (1991).[13]
Reactions[edit]
Barack Obama[edit]
Obama said he was "surprised" and "deeply humbled" by the award.[14] In remarks given at the White House Rose Garden on the day of the announcement, Obama stated, "I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations."[15]
"Throughout history, the Nobel Peace Prize has not just been used to honor specific achievement; it's also been used as a means to give momentum to a set of causes," Obama said. "And that is why I will accept this award as a call to action — a call for all nations to confront the common challenges of the 21st century." He said those common challenges included the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons (which he said might not occur in his lifetime), nuclear proliferation, climate change, tolerance "among people of different faiths and races and religions", peace between and security for Israelis and Palestinians, better social conditions for the world's poor, including "the ability to get an education and make a decent living; the security that you won't have to live in fear of disease or violence without hope for the future." The United States, he said, is "a country that's responsible for ending a war and working in another theater to confront a ruthless adversary that directly threatens the American people and our allies."[15]
The award, he said, "must be shared with everyone who strives for justice and dignity — for the young woman who marches silently in the streets on behalf of her right to be heard even in the face of beatings and bullets; for the leader imprisoned in her own home because she refuses to abandon her commitment to democracy [referring to Aung San Suu Kyi]; for the soldier who sacrificed through tour after tour of duty on behalf of someone half a world away; and for all those men and women across the world who sacrifice their safety and their freedom and sometime their lives for the cause of peace."[15] He did not take questions from reporters after giving his statement.
Obama announced early that he would donate the full 10 million Swedish kronor (about US$1.4 million) monetary award to charity.[16] The largest donations were given to the housing charity Fisher House Foundation who received $250,000, and the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund which received $200,000. Eight organizations which support education also received a donation. $125,000 was donated to the College Summit, the Posse Foundation, the United Negro College Fund, the Hispanic Scholarship Fund, the Appalachian Leadership and Education Foundation, and the American Indian College Fund. $100,000 was donated to Africare, and the Central Asia Institute.[17][18]
In the United States[edit]
Obama's winning of the peace prize was largely unanticipated and called a "stunning surprise" by The New York Times, though major oddsmaker Centrebet had in fact put him at 7–1 odds of winning, with Piedad Córdoba and Sima Samar at 6–1 and Morgan Tsvangirai at 7–1.[19][20]
In a USA Today / Gallup Poll conducted October 16–19, 61% of American adults polled responded that they thought Obama did not deserve to win the prize, while 34% responded that he did; when asked if they were personally glad that Obama won the award, 46% of respondents said they were and 47% said they were not glad (poll margin of error +/-3%).[21]
There was widespread criticism of the Nobel Committee's decision from commentators and editorial writers across the political spectrum. The New York Times published a mildly-supportive editorial which said the prize was "a (barely) implicit condemnation of Mr. Bush's presidency. But countering the ill will Mr. Bush created around the world is one of Mr. Obama's great achievements in less than nine months in office. Mr. Obama's willingness to respect and work with other nations is another." It said that much remains to be done.[22] Among those agreeing that the award was a criticism of the Bush administration were the editorial pages of the Los Angeles Times,[23] Wall Street Journal,[24] and Washington Post,[25] as well as Thomas L. Friedman of the New York Times.[26] Today host Matt Lauer and Jonah Goldberg of the National Review said that less than a year into the first term, there have been "no major foreign policy achievements to date."[27] Goldberg added: "surely someone in Iran—or maybe the Iranian protestors generally—could have benefitted more from receiving the prize"[28] while in CounterPunch, political journalist Alexander Cockburn said that, in historical context of other former U.S. Presidents winning the Nobel Peace Prize, the award to Obama "represents a radical break in tradition, since he's only had slightly less than nine months to discharge his imperial duties." Peter Beinart of the Daily Beast called the decision a "farce",[29] while Noam Chomsky said : "In defense of the committee, we might say that the achievement of doing nothing to advance peace places Obama on a considerably higher moral plane than some of the earlier recipients".[30]
Many were critical of the Nobel Committee. A Wall Street Journal editorial, noting Obama's comment that the world's problems "can't be met by any one leader or any one nation", opined, "What this suggests to us—and to the Norwegians—is the end of what has been called 'American exceptionalism'. This is the view that U.S. values have universal application and should be promoted without apology, and defended with military force when necessary. Put in this context, we wonder if most Americans will count this peace-of-the-future prize as a compliment."[24] Washington Post columnist Michael Gerson wrote that the committee members "have forfeited any claim to seriousness. Peace—the kind of peace that keeps people from being killed and oppressed—is an achievement, not a sentiment. [...] Intending to honor Obama, the committee has actually embarrassed him."[31] Commentary magazine's Peter Wehner wrote that the award, with past awards that seemed aimed at criticizing the Bush administration, showed the Nobel Committee "long ago ceased to be a serious entity; this choice merely confirms that judgment."[32]
According to The Washington Post news analyst Dan Balz, "[E]ven among his supporters there was a sense of surprise and even shock on Friday [the day of the announcement], a belief that the award was premature, a disservice and a potential liability."[33] An editorial in The Washington Post began, "It's an odd Nobel Peace Prize that almost makes you embarrassed for the honoree", and compared the Nobel Committee's statement that Obama had "created a new climate in international politics" to a recent satirical skit on television.[25] A Los Angeles Times editorial said the committee "didn't just embarrass Obama, it diminished the credibility of the prize itself".[23] Thomas L. Friedman of The New York Times wrote, "It dismays me that the most important prize in the world has been devalued in this way".[26] Much of the commentary across the political spectrum involved describing the award as something risible, with the humor focusing on Obama's getting the award without having accomplished much. According to an analysis in The New York Times, "it [...] [is] striking how so many people seemed to greet the Nobel news with shock followed by laughter,"[34] On the morning of the announcement, several of The Washington Post's opinion-page columnists, posting at the newspaper's "Post Partisan" blog, characterized the award as laughable or directly satirized it, including such supportive columnists as Ruth Marcus ("ridiculous—embarrassing, even"),[35] Richard Cohen (who satirized the award),[36] and foreign-affairs columnist David Ignatius ("goofy" and "weird"),[37] and Michael Kinsley (whose satirical response came the next day).[38] Other prominent commentators who often supported Obama but responded with ridicule included Peter Beinart[39] and Ann Althouse.[40]
James Taranto wrote in The Wall Street Journal an article summarising various opinions on the Internet, concluding how the award was embarrassing for Obama. He said the award was a "staggeringly premature honor--the equivalent of a lifetime-achievement Oscar for a child star--makes yesterday's satire into today's news".[41] Fred Greenstein, presidential historian and author and professor of politics emeritus at Princeton University, told FOX News that giving President Obama the Nobel Peace Prize is a "premature canonization" and an "embarrassment to the Nobel process."[42] Slate magazine blogger Mickey Kaus,[43] New York Times columnist David Brooks[44] and former U.N. ambassador John Bolton[45] amongst others, called for Obama to not accept the award; pundit Michael Crowley argued that it was a "mixed blessing".[46]
Subsequent to the award many Americans now consider that Obama did not deserve it in the light of following events.[21][47] Opponents of the award cite the expansion of the War on Terror and the large increase in the number of drone strikes carried out under Obama, specifically in Pakistan.[48][49] There have been a number of calls for Obama to either return the award or to have the Nobel Committee recall it, most recently in 2013.[50] In April 2013 a petition was begun asking the Nobel Committee to rescind the Peace Prize. The petition garnered 10,000 signatures in its first day and nearly 20,000 by the end of its first week.[50][51]
Political reaction[edit]
Nobel laureate and former U.S. Vice President Al Gore called the award "extremely well deserved",[52] Obama received congratulations and kind words from other elected officials, such as from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and former rival, Senator John McCain, who said "As Americans, we're proud when our president receives an award of that prestigious category".[53] RNC chairman Michael Steele discussed his disapproval of the award in a fund-raising letter, writing, "the Democrats and their international leftist allies want America made subservient to the agenda of global redistribution and control."[54]
In 2015, Geir Lundestad, the non-voting Director of the Nobel Institute and secretary for the Nobel Committee at the time of the award, published a memoir, "Secretary of Peace". In it, he wrote "In hindsight, we could say that the argument of giving Obama a helping hand was only partially correct. Many of Obama's supporters believed it was a mistake." Lundestad said that Obama had been surprised by the award, and considered not going to Oslo to accept it.[55] He also said in his memoir that Obama had since failed to live up to the Nobel Committee's expectations.[56][57]
In Norway[edit]
A poll conducted by Synovate for the newspaper Dagbladet showed that 43% of the Norwegian population believed giving Obama the prize was right, while 38% believed it was wrong. 19% had no opinion. The poll showed a sharp divide between younger and older people; of those over 60 years of age 58% were for and only 31% against it. Of those between 18 and 29 years of age, only 25% approved of the decision, while 42% disapproved.[58]
The award divided opinion among politicians. Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg congratulated Obama for a "well-deserved prize".[59] Siv Jensen, leader of the opposition Progress Party, said that while Obama had taken several good initiatives the committee should have waited to see their results.[60] Erna Solberg, leader of the Conservative Party, also said that the prize came early and increased pressure on Obama to live up to the expectation.[60] Torstein Dahle, the leader of the leftist party Red, called the award a scandal, citing the fact that Obama was the commander-in-chief of a country at war in Iraq and Afghanistan.[61]
Other reactions[edit]
The response from U.S. allies was generally positive;[62] reactions around the world were mixed:
Several Nobel Laureates have commented: Bangladeshi economist Muhammad Yunus, (co-winner 2006 prize), said the committee's award was "an endorsement of [Obama] and the direction he is taking."[63] Archbishop Desmond Tutu said the award to Obama "anticipates an even greater contribution towards making our world a safer place for all."[64] Mairead Corrigan, (co-winner 1976), expressed her disappointment, stating, "[g]iving this award to the leader of the most militarized country in the world, which has taken the human family against its will to war, will be rightly seen by many people around the world as a reward for his country's aggression and domination."[65] Lech Wałęsa, (1983) cofounder of the Solidarity trade union, and former president of Poland said the award was premature. "He has not yet made a real input."[66] The 14th Dalai Lama congratulated Obama.[67]
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon praised the Nobel Committee's choice. "We are entering an era of renewed multilateralism [...] President Obama embodies the new spirit of dialogue and engagement on the world's biggest problems: climate change, nuclear disarmament and a wide range of peace and security challenges."[68]
In Europe, French President Nicolas Sarkozy said the award would reinforce Obama's determination to work for justice and peace. He added that the award "finally confirms the return of America in the hearts of all the peoples of the world".[69] Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev said the award will encourage warmer U.S.–Russian relations, and he hoped it would "serve as an additional incentive" for both governments to foster a better "climate in world politics".[54] British Prime Minister Gordon Brown sent a private message of congratulations to President Obama.[70] Hope that the prize would assist Obama's efforts toward nuclear disarmament was also a part of congratulatory statements from Ireland's Taoiseach Brian Cowen and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Vatican spokesman Fr. Federico Lombardi said the Vatican "appreciated" the nomination.[71] Kosovar President Fatmir Sejdiu congratulated Obama by saying, "This award is testimony to your success as a leader of a free country aimed at creating a safer and more peaceful world."[72]
In Australia, former Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said that the selection was "a political decision of gross stupidity", laying the blame on the selection committee for a "hideous display of cynical politics".[73] Stuart Rees, director of the Sydney Peace Foundation in Australia, questioned the award. "Perhaps the Nobel organisation wants to give him a magic wand. I think the guy is full of promise, but I don't think the promise has been realised yet particularly in regards the Middle East."[74]
In Asia and the Middle East: Afghanistan, President Hamid Karzai said that Obama was the "appropriate" person to win the Nobel Peace Prize. "His hard work and his new vision on global relations, his will and efforts for creating friendly and good relations at global level and global peace make him the appropriate recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize," said Siamak Hirai, a spokesman for Karzai.[75] Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid said the decision was ridiculous, saying, "The Nobel prize for peace? Obama should have won the 'Nobel Prize for escalating violence and killing civilians.'"[2][76][77][78][79] Indonesia's, Masdar Mas'udi, deputy head of the Islamic organisation Nahdlatul Ulama, praised Obama's policy towards his country as confirmation of his worthiness as a Nobel laureate. "I think it's appropriate because he is the only American president who has reached out to us in peace," he said. "On the issues of race, religion, skin colour, he has an open attitude."[80] Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama,[81] Indian President Pratibha Patil and Israeli President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shimon Peres sent congratulatory messages to Obama,[82][83] but Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki told reporters that "the decision was taken hastily and the award was [too] early."[81]
In Latin America, former Cuban President Fidel Castro called the award "positive" and said the prize should be seen as a criticism to the "genocidal policy" carried out by past U.S. presidents.[84] Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro said the award was a surprise and perhaps premature. "As President Hugo Chávez said at the United Nations, (the Obama administration) is a government that has raised expectations and hopes in many people in the world, amid great contradictions."[85]
In Africa, the news of the Obama Nobel Peace Prize was positively received. Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki issued a statement saying that the prize was a "recognition of the contribution [Obama is] making for the well being of humanity."[86] In South Africa, President Jacob Zuma used Ubuntu—the Zulu term for "the importance of community"—in his congratulatory message, saying that the U.S. president's "leadership reflects the true spirit of Ubuntu because your approach celebrates our common humanity."[87] Zimbabwe Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, who was touted as a possible Nobel laureate, said Obama deserved the honor.[88]
In 2011 Bolivian President Evo Morales and Russian Liberal Democratic Party leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky condemned the award calling it hypocritical in light of US policy during the Libyan Civil War.[89]
After the death of Anwar al-Awlaki and his son Abdulrahman al-Awlaki by CIA predator drones in Yemen, Nasser al-Awlaki, the father and grandfather of Anwar and Abdulrahman respectively, released an audio message condemning the killings:
I urge the American people to bring the killers to justice. I urge them to expose the hypocrisy of the 2009 Nobel Prize laureate. To some, he may be that. To me and my family, he is nothing more than a child killer.[90]
Nobel lecture[edit]
Barack Obama presenting his Nobel lecture
President Obama accepted the Nobel Peace prize in person at the Oslo City Hall in Norway on December 10, 2009. In a 36-minute speech, reportedly written by Obama and then edited by Jon Favreau and Ben Rhodes,[91] he discussed the tensions between war and peace and the idea of a "just war".[92] The address contained elements of the ideas of Reinhold Niebuhr, someone Obama once described as one of his favorite philosophers.[93]
The speech was generally well received by American pundits on both ends of the political spectrum.[94] Several noted similarities between Obama's message and the rhetoric of President George W. Bush.[95][96] This was also mentioned by former Bush speechwriter Michael Gerson, who called it a "very American speech" and wrote that "Obama was recognizing that the great commitments and themes of American foreign policy are durably bipartisan".[97] A number of prominent Republican politicians publicly praised the speech, including Newt Gingrich and Sarah Palin.[98] Conservative New York Times columnist Ross Douthat called it an oftentimes impressive speech that was "An extended defense of using realist means in the service of liberal internationalist ends".[99] Columnist Andrew Sullivan distinguished between the Obama and Bush messages, stating that "Obama is far more conservative than his predecessor" in his views on human imperfection, reality, and war; he also linked the speech back to the tragic nature of Obama's line "the audacity of hope".[100]
“ To say that force is sometimes necessary is not a call to cynicism – it is a recognition of history; the imperfections of man and the limits of reason. ”
— Barack Obama[101]
Former Jimmy Carter speechwriter Hendrik Hertzberg said that the speech "will live on for a long time as a text for peacemakers in power".[102] A few commentators were more critical, with former US Ambassador to the UN John Bolton calling it "pedestrian, turgid, and uninspired"[103] and US Congressman Dennis Kucinich "Once we are committed to war's instrumentality in pursuit of peace, we begin the Orwellian journey to the semantic netherworld where war is peace..."[104]
The New York Times praised the eloquence of the speech, noting that "President Obama gave the speech he needed to give, but we suspect not precisely the one the Nobel committee wanted to hear."[105] The Wall Street Journal echoed this sentiment and congratulated Obama for defending the occasional necessity of war and for stating that evil exists in the world, though used the same editorial to criticize him for current disarmament talks with Russia and a lack of progress with Iran and North Korea.[106] The Los Angeles Times lauded the speech as "a blockbuster even by Obama's lofty standards", and even though the ideas were not new, "Obama's special gift is to make them seem achievable by appealing to our higher nature." It was also received well by columnists in The Washington Post.[107][108][109]
Abroad, British historian Simon Schama said of the speech that "in its seriousness, bravery and clarity, [it] was on a par with FDR and Churchill" and "summoned the spirit of Cicero".[110]
See also[edit]
List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
List of black Nobel Laureates
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Obama wins 2009 Nobel Peace Prize". BBC News Online. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Erlanger, Steven (October 9, 2009). "Barack Obama Wins Nobel Peace Prize". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Obama Wins Nobel for Peace". The Saturday Evening Post. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 10, 2009). "Accepting Peace Prize, Obama Evokes 'Just War'". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Obama acceptance speech transcript
^ Jump up to: a b "Nobel Peace prize seeks return to activist roots". Reuter. October 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Colombia's Cordoba Contending for Nobel Peace Prize". Bloomberg. October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibbs, Walter (October 10, 2009). "From 205 Names, Panel Chose the Most Visible". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Dagbladet, "- Nobel-flertallet argumenterte mot Obama"
Jump up ^ Wilson, Scott. "President Obama Wins Nobel Peace Prize". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Aarvik, Egil. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 – Presentation Speech". Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sejersted, Francis. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 – Presentation Speech". Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize". Reuters. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Remarks by the President on Winning the Nobel Peace Prize" Archived April 10, 2010, at Archive-It, October 9, 2009, retrieved same day
Jump up ^ Kahn, Huma; Nies, Yunji de; Travers, Karen (October 9, 2009). "Obama on Nobel Prize Win: 'This Is Not How I Expected to Wake up This Morning'". ABC News. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Helene (March 11, 2010). "Obama Lists Who Will Get Prize Money From Nobel". New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "President Obama donates $1.4M in Nobel Peace Prize award money to 10 charities, as promised". Daily News. New York. March 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Moskwa, Wojciech (October 7, 2009). "PREVIEW-Nobel Peace prize seeks return to activist roots". Reuters. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Reactions: Obama Wins Nobel Peace Prize". The Washington Post. September 22, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, David (October 20, 2009). "Poll: Most don't think Obama deserved Nobel award". USA Today. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Peace Prize". The New York Times. October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Obama and the Nobel: He loses by winning". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Hope Prize: An award for the end of American exceptionalism". The Wall Street Journal. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "President Obama wins the Nobel Prize for Peace Â but that's not his fault". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Thomas L. (October 11, 2009). "The Peace (Keepers) Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Noyes, Rich (October 9, 2009). "NBC's Lauer: Not to Be Rude, but Obama Hasn't Done Anything". Media Research Center. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Jonah (October 9, 2009). "Hilarious . . . And Sad". Nationalreview Online. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Beinart, Peter (October 9, 2009). "Obama's Nobel Farce". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hopes And Prospects", Amnesty International Lecture given in Belfast, Northern Ireland, October 30, 2009
Jump up ^ Gerson, Michael (October 9, 2009). "PostPartisan – Obama's Nobel for Good Intentions". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Another Slap at Bush—But He Can Take It."
Jump up ^ "A Weighty Prize". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Leibovich, Mark (October 11, 2009). "Another Fine Mess: Comics Whack Obama". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Ruth. "PostPartisan - A Nobel for a Good Two Weeks?". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Richard. "PostPartisan - Palin, Vaughn, Rabinowitz Win Awards". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ignatius, David. "PostPartisan - Obama's Nobel and America's Popularity". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Obama Wins Booker Prize". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ [1], Bienart, a columnist at The Daily Beast website, used to be editor of The New Republic
Jump up ^ [2]; in addition to being a blogger, Althouse has guest blogged at Instapundit.com, The Volokh Conspiracy blog and has written for The New York Times Op-Ed page and the newspapers website; Her comment: "Riddle: Why didn't Barack Obama win the Nobel Prize for Literature? Answer: He wrote 2 books."
Jump up ^ Taranto, James (October 9, 2009). "Most Embarrassing Moment". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett (October 9, 2009). "Obama's Nobel Is Premature, Historians and Political Scientists Say". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kausfiles : What Obama Should Do With His Nobel Peace Prize". Slate.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Brooks, Marcus Discuss Potential Peace Prize Backfire, Rangel Controversy". PBS. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bolton: Decline It — Robert Costa — The Corner on National Review Online". Corner.nationalreview.com. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Obama's Nobel: Mixed Blessing At Best | The New Republic". Tnr.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jak Phillips (October 7, 2011). "Top 10 Obama Backlash Moments". Time. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Steven Nelson (April 12, 2013). "Ron Paul: Bradley Manning Promotes Peace More Than Obama". US News. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Toby Harden (June 5, 2012). "So much for that Nobel Peace Prize! How anti-war Obama has become Lord High Executioner". Daily Mail. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Norman Solomon (April 4, 2013). "The Growing Campaign to Revoke Obama's Nobel Peace Prize". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Christopher Orlet (April 18, 2013). "Revoke Obama's Peace Prize". The American Spectator. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Samuelsohn, Darren (October 9, 2009). "Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "McCain says Nobel award based on expectations (video)". CNN Political Ticker. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b The Associated Press (October 10, 2009). "GOP mocks Obama's peace prize, Russians praise it". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize". BBC. September 17, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Former Nobel secretary says Obama's peace prize didn't have desired effect". US News and World Report. September 16, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nobel director regretted Obama peace prize". The Local. September 16, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norge er Obama-delt på midten". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Her gratulerer Stoltenberg Obama" (in Norwegian). NRK. October 9, 2009N. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Siv Jensen: - Svekker Nobelprisen" (in Norwegian). VG Nett. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fredspris til Obama er en skandale" (in Norwegian). Rødt. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Joseph Weber (October 9, 2009). "Reaction to Obama's Nobel prize varies". The Washington Times.
Jump up ^ "World hails Obama Nobel Peace Prize win". Middle East Online. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide Reactions to Obama's Nobel Peace Prize". The Boston Globe. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nobel Peace Laureate: Obama Choice "Disappointing"". Institute for Public Accuracy. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 23, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ferris-Rotman, Amie (October 9, 2009). "Praise and skepticism greet Obama Nobel award". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lalit K. Jha (October 10, 2009). "Dalai congratulates Obama on winning Nobel prize". The Press Trust of India. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "UN leaders praise awarding of Nobel Peace Prize to US President Obama". UN News Service. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nobel de la paix: Sarkozy adresse ses "plus chaleureuses félicitations" à Obama" (in French). Le Nouvel Observateur. Associated Press. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "PM congratulates Nobel winner Obama". The Press Association. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Vatican appreciates Obama winning Nobel Peace Prize". Catholic News Agency. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009. "World leaders hail Obama's peace prize". Euronews. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009. "Cowen praises Obama's 'diplomatic engagement'". The Irish Times. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kosovo President congratulates Obama" newkosovareport.com 10-10-09. Retrieved 14-10-09
Jump up ^ Downer, Alexander (October 12, 2009). "Obama should give back Nobel Prize". The Advertiser. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Shock as Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize". The Australian. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Obama the right man to win Nobel Peace Prize: Karzai", AFP (via AsiaOne), October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Massoud, Waheedullah (October 10, 2009). "Taliban condemns Obama's Nobel Peace Prize". AFP. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Praise and scepticism greet Obama Nobel award". Reuters India. October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Abcarian, Robin (October 9, 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize reaction: Taliban thumbs down, Israeli thumbs up, Asian disappointment". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Weinberg, Ali (October 9, 2009). "Leaders respond to Obama Nobel win". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Praise, Shock Greet Obama's Nobel Win". Toronto Star. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mixed world reaction to Obama's Nobel". Washington Times. October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "President congratulates Obama". Press Trust of India. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009. "Peres to Obama: Under your leadership, peace became an original agenda". The Jerusalem Post. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Boudreaux, Richard (October 10, 2009). "Israeli, Palestinian leaders mostly praise peace prize for Obama". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ The Bells are Tolling for the Dollar Fidel Castro, ACN Cuban News Agency, October 9, 2009
Jump up ^ "Venezuela urges Obama to remove US bases from Colombia as token of peace". El Universal. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ " Kenyans Express Joy, Urgency, at President Obama's Nobel Peace Award" Voice of America 09-10-09. Retrieved October 15, 2009
Jump up ^ " GOP mocks Obama's peace prize, Russians praise it" Associated Press 11-10-09. Retrieved October 15, 2009
Jump up ^ " Tsvangirai congratulates 'deserving' Obama" The Times Online 09-10-09. Retrieved October 15, 2009
Jump up ^ Norman Solomon (March 23, 2011). "Obama Nobel Peace Prize Appeal Sought By Bolivian President And Russian Lawmaker". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ An American Teenager in Yemen: Paying for the Sins of His Father?
Jump up ^ Williamson, Elizabeth; Weisman, Jonathan (December 11, 2009). "Obama Defends 'Just War' at Oslo". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 10, 2009). "Accepting Peace Prize, Obama Evokes 'Just War'". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Fred (December 10, 2009). "Obama's War and Peace". Slate.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Feldmann, Linda (December 10, 2009). "Left and right, pundits applaud Obama Nobel Peace Prize speech". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fineman, Howard (December 10, 2009). "In Oslo, Obama Sounds Like Bush". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mead, Walter Russell (December 10, 2009). "Walter Russell mead's response to 'Assess Obama's Nobel Prize acceptance speech'". The Politico. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gerson, Michael (December 10, 2009). "Obama shows maturity in Nobel speech". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Javers, Eamon (December 10, 2009). "Conservative praise for Nobel speech". The Politico. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Douthat, Ross (December 10, 2009). "Obama's Nobel Speech". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Andrew (December 11, 2009). "The Tragedy Of Hope". The Daily Dish. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Remarks by the President at the Acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize". Whitehouse.gov. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ask the Author Live: Hendrick Hertzberg and Steve Coll". The New Yorker. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on December 8, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bolton: Obama's 'Pedestrian, Turgid, and Uninspired' Address". The Corner. National Review. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on December 17, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Miller, S. A. (December 11, 2009). "Anti-war forces bristle at Obama's Nobel speech". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "President Obama in Oslo". The New York Times. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Disarmament President". The Wall Street Journal. December 11, 2009. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Eugene (December 11, 2009). "War and Peace". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Parker, Kathleen (December 11, 2009). "An American triumph at Oslo". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Huffman, Kevin (December 11, 2009). "The presidency in microcosm". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Schama, Simon (December 14, 2009). "A Nobel speech that summoned the spirit of Cicero". The Financial Times. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Barack Obama's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech
Media related to Nobel Peace Prize 2009 at Wikimedia Commons
Official Nobel Page
Barack Obama's 36-minute Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech
Remarks by the President on Winning the Nobel Peace Prize from The White House, October 9, 2009
Kenyans Take Pride in Obama's Nobel Prize by Edmund Sanders, Los Angeles Times, October 9, 2009
[show]
v
t
e
Nobel Peace Prize
General topics
Laureates
Committee (members)
Institute
Center
Concert
Oslo Spektrum
Oslo City Hall
World Summit
By year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
[show]
v
t
e
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
[show]
v
t
e
2009 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry:
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (United States, United Kingdom)
Thomas A. Steitz (United States)
Ada Yonath (Israel)
Literature:
Herta Müller (Germany, Romania)
Peace:
Barack Obama (United States)
Physics:
Charles K. Kao (Hong Kong, United Kingdom, United States)
Willard Boyle (Canada, United States)
George E. Smith (United States)
Physiology or Medicine:
Elizabeth Blackburn (United States, Australia)
Carol W. Greider (United States)
Jack W. Szostak (United Kingdom, United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
1990
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
[show]
v
t
e
Barack Obama
44th President of the United States (2009–2017)
U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008)
Illinois Senator from the 13th district (1997–2004)
Life and politics
Early life and career
Illinois Senate career
2004 Democratic National Convention
U.S. Senate career
Political positions
Administration foreign policy
Economic
Energy
Mass surveillance
Social
Space
Nobel Peace Prize
West Wing Week
Presidency
Transition
2009 inauguration
2013 inauguration
First 100 days
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
January 2017
Foreign policy
U.S. War in Afghanistan
Iraq withdrawal
Death of Osama bin Laden
Iran deal
Cuban Thaw
Obama Doctrine
Health Care reform
Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act
New START
Pardons
Presidential trips
international
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Cabinet
Presidential Library and Center
Books
Dreams from My Father (1995)
The Audacity of Hope (2006)
Of Thee I Sing (2010)
Speeches
"The Audacity of Hope" (2004)
"Yes We Can" (2008)
"A More Perfect Union" (2008)
"Change Has Come to America" (2008)
"A New Birth of Freedom" (2009)
Joint session of Congress (2009)
"A New Beginning" (2009)
Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (2009)
State of the Union address
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Tucson memorial speech (2011)
Joint session of Congress (jobs) (2011)
"You didn't build that" (2012)
Selma 50th anniversary (2015)
Farewell address (2017)
Elections
Illinois State Senate election, 1996, 1998, 2002
Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000
United States Senate election, 2004
Democratic presidential primaries, 2008
2012
Obama primary campaign, 2008
Democratic National Convention, 2008
2012
Presidential campaign, 2008
endorsements
GOP/conservative support
Presidential election, 2008
Presidential campaign, 2012
endorsements
Presidential election, 2012
international reactions
Family
Michelle Obama (wife)
Ann Dunham (mother)
Barack Obama Sr. (father)
Lolo Soetoro (step-father)
Maya Soetoro-Ng (maternal half-sister)
Stanley Armour Dunham (maternal grandfather)
Madelyn Dunham (maternal grandmother)
Marian Shields Robinson (mother-in-law)
Craig Robinson (brother-in-law)
Bo (family dog)
Sunny (family dog)
[show]
Public image
News and
political events
Oprah Winfrey's endorsement
Citizenship conspiracy theories
litigation
legislation
Religion conspiracy theories
Bill Ayers controversy
Jeremiah Wright controversy
Republican and conservative support (2008)
Assassination threats
2008 Denver
2008 Tennessee
First inauguration invitations
Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial
Citizen's Briefing Book
Tea Party protests
New Energy for America
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Gates-Crowley Rose Garden meeting
Firing of Shirley Sherrod
Impeachment efforts
Books about
Bibliography
Obama: From Promise to Power
Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy
Redemption Song
The Case Against Barack Obama
The Obama Nation
Culture of Corruption
Catastrophe
Barack and Michelle
The Speech
The Obama Story
Game Change
Game Change 2012
Rising Star
Music
Obama Girl
"I Got a Crush... on Obama"
"Barack the Magic Negro"
will.i.am
"Yes We Can"
"We Are the Ones"
"There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama"
"Sí Se Puede Cambiar"
"My President"
"Deadheads for Obama"
"Air and Simple Gifts"
Change Is Now
Hope! – Das Obama Musical
"Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney"
Barack's Dubs
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
Film
By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (2009)
2016: Obama's America (2012)
The Road We've Traveled (2012)
Southside with You (2016)
Barry (2016)
Other media
On social media
Artists for Obama
"Hope" poster
"Joker" poster
Situation Room
Obama logo
In comics
Miscellaneous
Obama Day (Illinois and Kenya)
Awards and honors
Namesakes
← George W. Bush
Donald Trump →
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize&oldid=800218770"
Categories:
2009 awards
2009 in Norway
2009 in American politics
Nobel Peace Prize
Presidency of Barack Obama
2009 controversies
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template other archives
CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Use mdy dates from December 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
فارسی
Bahasa Indonesia
Norsk
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 04:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: ul

value: td

values: text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold;

value: tbody

value: table

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg

attrs: href class

values: background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;

values: background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;

values: United States Senate career of Barack Obama

values: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration

values: Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration

values: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama

values: List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama

values: Social policy of the Barack Obama administration

values: Space policy of the Barack Obama administration

values: List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama

values: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008

values: United States presidential election, 2008

values: Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008

values: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency

values: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2010)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2011)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2012)

values: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012

values: United States presidential election, 2012

values: International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2013)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2014)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2015)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2016)

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2017)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Seal of the President of the United States.svg

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border: 4px double #d69d36;

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_nonproliferation
mw-redirect
Nuclear nonproliferation

values: Edit section: Nomination and announcement

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway
mw-redirect
Parliament of Norway

values:
/wiki/Norwegian_Labor_Party
mw-redirect
Norwegian Labor Party

values:
/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Norway
mw-redirect
Conservative Party of Norway

values: Secretary General of the Council of Europe

values: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

values:
/wiki/Swedish_kronor
mw-redirect
Swedish kronor

values: Hispanic Scholarship Fund (page does not exist)

values: Appalachian Leadership and Education Foundation (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal
mw-redirect
Wall Street Journal

values:
/wiki/Thomas_L._Friedman
mw-redirect
Thomas L. Friedman

values:
/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)
mw-redirect
Today (NBC program)

values:
/wiki/Green_Revolution_(Iran)
mw-redirect
Green Revolution (Iran)

values:
/wiki/Daily_Beast
mw-redirect
Daily Beast

values: Richard Cohen (Washington Post columnist)

values:
/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)
mw-redirect
David Brooks (journalist)

values:
/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Drone attacks in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Red_(Norway)
mw-redirect
Red (Norway)

values:
/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan
mw-redirect
Mairead Corrigan

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General
mw-redirect
United Nations Secretary-General

values:
/wiki/Russian_Liberal_Democratic_Party
mw-redirect
Russian Liberal Democratic Party

values:
/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War
mw-redirect
2011 Libyan Civil War

values:
/wiki/Predator_drones
mw-redirect
Predator drones

values:
/wiki/Ben_Rhodes_(speechwriter)
mw-redirect
Ben Rhodes (speechwriter)

values: color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;

values: color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;

values: padding-top:10px; font-size:smaller; line-height:1em; text-align:right;

values: border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; float:right; margin:0.5em 0.75em; width:33%;

values:
/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_Laureates
mw-redirect
List of black Nobel Laureates

values:
nofollow
external text
http://chomsky.info/talks/20091030.htm

values: ACN Cuban News Agency (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://www.slate.com/id/2238081/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikisource:Barack Obama's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech

values: Executive Office of the President of the United States

values: List of members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

values:
/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize
mw-redirect
2004 Nobel Peace Prize

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates

values: Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant

values: International Committee of the Red Cross

values: Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

values: Nansen International Office for Refugees

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

values: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

values: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of United States Senators from Illinois

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2009

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2010

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2011

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2012

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2013

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2015

values: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2016

values: Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies

values: 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address

values: s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night

values: Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008

values: Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009

values: Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009

values: Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech

values: Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama

values: Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000

values: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012

values: List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008

values: Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008

values: List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012

values: Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama

values: Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories

values: Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation

values: United States presidential eligibility legislation

values: Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories

values: Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy

values: Assassination threats against Barack Obama

values: Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver

values: Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee

values: Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama

values: We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial

values: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

values: The Speech: Race and Barack Obama's "A More Perfect Union"

values:
/wiki/Barack_the_Magic_Negro
mw-redirect
Barack the Magic Negro

values: There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama

values: Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise

values: By the People: The Election of Barack Obama

values: List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template other archives

values: Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:Use mdy dates from December 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: جایزه صلح نوبل (۲۰۰۹) – Persian

values: Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian 2009 – Indonesian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize rootpage-2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize skin-vector action-view


text:
Daubert standard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In United States federal law, the Daubert standard is a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses' testimony. A party may raise a Daubert motion, a special motion in limine raised before or during trial, to exclude the presentation of unqualified evidence to the jury. The Daubert trilogy are the three United States Supreme Court cases that articulated the Daubert standard:
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, which held in 1993 that Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence did not incorporate the Frye "general acceptance" test as a basis for assessing the admissibility of scientific expert testimony, but that the rule incorporated a flexible reliability standard instead;
General Electric Co. v. Joiner,[1] which held in 1997 that a district court judge may exclude expert testimony when there are gaps between the evidence relied on by an expert and that person's conclusion, and that an abuse-of-discretion standard of review is the proper standard for appellate courts to use in reviewing a trial court's decision of whether it should admit expert testimony;
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael,[2] which held in 1999 that the judge's gatekeeping function identified in Daubert applies to all expert testimony, including that which is non-scientific.
Important appellate-level opinions that clarify the standard include Judge Kozinski's opinion in Daubert on remand (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 43 F.3d 1311 (9th Cir. 1995)), and Judge Becker's opinion in In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717 (3d Cir. 1994).
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Use
2.1 Daubert motion: timing
3 History
4 International influence
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Definition[edit]
In Daubert, seven members of the Court agreed on the following guidelines for admitting scientific expert testimony:
Judge is gatekeeper: Under Rule 702, the task of "gatekeeping", or assuring that scientific expert testimony truly proceeds from "scientific knowledge", rests on the trial judge.
Relevance and reliability: This requires the trial judge to ensure that the expert's testimony is "relevant to the task at hand" and that it rests "on a reliable foundation". Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 584-587. Concerns about expert testimony cannot be simply referred to the jury as a question of weight. Furthermore, the admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Rule 104(a), not Rule 104(b); thus, the Judge must find it more likely than not that the expert's methods are reliable and reliably applied to the facts at hand.
Scientific knowledge = scientific method/methodology: A conclusion will qualify as scientific knowledge if the proponent can demonstrate that it is the product of sound "scientific methodology" derived from the scientific method.[3]
Illustrative Factors: The Court defined "scientific methodology" as the process of formulating hypotheses and then conducting experiments to prove or falsify the hypothesis, and provided a set of illustrative factors (i.e., not a "test") in determining whether these criteria are met:
Whether the theory or technique employed by the expert is generally accepted in the scientific community;
Whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication;
Whether it can be and has been tested;
Whether the known or potential rate of error is acceptable; and
Whether the research was conducted independent of the particular litigation or dependent on an intention to provide the proposed testimony.[4]
In 2000, Rule 702 was amended in an attempt to codify and structure elements embodied in the "Daubert trilogy." The rule then read as follows:
Rule 702. Testimony by Experts
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
(As amended Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
In 2011, Rule 702 was again amended to make the language clearer. The rule now reads:
RULE 702. TESTIMONY BY EXPERT WITNESSES
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) The expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
(As amended Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000; Apr. 26, 2011, eff. Dec. 1, 2011)
While some federal courts still rely on pre-2000 opinions in determining the scope of Daubert, as a technical legal matter any earlier judicial rulings that conflict with the language of amended Rule 702 are no longer good precedent.
Use[edit]
Although the Daubert standard is now the law in federal court and over half of the states, the Frye standard remains the law in some jurisdictions including California, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington.[5]
Florida passed a bill to adopt the Daubert standard as the law governing expert witness testimony, which took effect on July 1, 2013.[6] However, the Florida Supreme Court rejected the Legislature's "Daubert Amendment" to the extent it is procedural in nature.[7]
Although trial judges have always had the authority to exclude inappropriate testimony, prior to Daubert, trial courts often preferred to let juries hear evidence proffered by both sides.[8] Once certain evidence has been excluded by a Daubert motion because it fails to meet the relevancy and reliability standard, it will likely be challenged when introduced again in another trial. Even though a Daubert motion is not binding to other courts of law, if something was found untrustworthy by one court, other judges may choose to follow that precedent. Of course, a decision by an appellate court that a piece of evidence is inadmissible under Daubert would be binding on district courts within that court's jurisdiction.
Daubert motion: timing[edit]
To attack expert testimony as inadmissible, counsel may bring pretrial motions, including motions in limine.[9] The motion in limine may be brought prior to trial, although counsel may bring the motion during trial as well.[10]
A motion attacking expert testimony should be brought within a reasonable time after the close of discovery if the grounds for the objection can be reasonably anticipated.[11] The hearing should be made well in advance of the first time a case appears on a trial calendar.
In one case where a Daubert hearing was conducted on the day of the trial, in which the district court excluded all plaintiff's expert testimony, resulting in the dismissal of all claims, the appellate court remanded the case because of multiple irregularities and a defective record of lower court proceedings.[12]
The appellate court noted that in cases that rely heavily on expert testimony, a district court should set a discovery[13] and trial schedule that realistically provides both sides with an adequate opportunity to introduce necessary evidence. The application of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to proposed expert testimony can often be an uncertain process, and is best conducted in such a manner that litigants have a reasonable opportunity to locate experts who meet the rule's requirements.
In another case in which the defendant was apparently at fault for filing a motion to exclude expert testimony one week before the trial date, the district court denied the motion on that ground, but it advised the defendant that it might conduct its own voir dire of the expert in question before he testified. The district court preliminarily found that defendant's motion was predicated on a ruling made almost three months earlier by a district court in another state, and that defendant had shown no good cause for waiting to file the motion. The defendant ultimately lost that case, following the admission of the disputed expert testimony, and ultimately failed in its appeal.[14]
An evidentiary hearing on the motion may not be necessary if the court finds that it would not assist the court in ruling on any of the matters in the motion.
History[edit]
Prior to Daubert, relevancy in combination with the Frye test were the dominant standards for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence in Federal courts. Frye is based on a 1923 Federal Court of appeals ruling involving the admissibility of polygraph evidence.[15] Under Frye, the Court based the admissibility of testimony regarding novel scientific evidence on whether it has "gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs." The trial court's gatekeeper role in this respect is typically described as conservative, thus helping to keep pseudoscience out of the courtroom by deferring to those in the field.
In Daubert, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1923 Frye test was superseded by the 1975 Federal Rules of Evidence, specifically Rule 702 governing expert testimony. Rule 702 originally stated (in its entirety),
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.
In Daubert, the Court ruled that nothing in the Federal Rules of Evidence governing expert evidence "gives any indication that 'general acceptance' is a necessary precondition to the admissibility of scientific evidence. Moreover, such a rigid standard would be at odds with the Rules' liberal thrust and their general approach of relaxing the traditional barriers to 'opinion' testimony."
By requiring experts to provide relevant opinions grounded in reliable methodology, proponents of Daubert were satisfied that these standards would result in a fair and rational resolution of the scientific and technological issues which lie at the heart of product liability adjudication.[16]
Ironically, Daubert has not appeared to further the Federal Rules philosophy of admitting generally all relevant testimony, and specifically of relaxing the traditional barriers to 'opinion' testimony." The Daubert decision has instead been heralded by some political commentators as one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in imposing higher barriers for toxic tort and product liability cases, by allegedly reducing the volume of so-called junk science in the court room.
According to a 2002 RAND study, post Daubert, the percentage of expert testimony by scientists that was excluded from the courtroom significantly rose. This rise likely contributed to a doubling in successful motions for summary judgment in which 90% were against plaintiffs.[17] Beyond this study, there is little empirical evidence of the impact of Daubert. However, some critics argue that Daubert has disrupted the balance between plaintiffs and defendants, “The exclusion of expert testimony affects plaintiffs far more than defendants because plaintiffs may then not be able to meet their required burden of proof. Furthermore, there is little point in plaintiffs going to the expense of Daubert motions to exclude defendant’s experts until they know if their case will proceed. So if more experts are now being excluded, then Daubert has undoubtedly shifted the balance between plaintiffs and defendants and made it more difficult for plaintiffs to litigate successfully.”[8] Similarly, Daubert hearings can be subject to various abuses by attorneys attempting to bolster a weak case. These tactics can range from simply attempting to delay the case to driving up the costs of the litigation forcing settlement.[18]
A different pattern has emerged in criminal cases. In criminal cases, the prosecution has the burden of proof and uses a host of forensic science methods as evidence to prove their case. But, Daubert motions are rarely made by criminal defendants and when they do, they lose a majority of the challenges.[19][20] Some critics of the use of unreliable science in court argue that Daubert has had beneficial effects in civil litigation, but fails to address the underlying pathologies of the forensic science system that leads to dubious verdicts in criminal cases.[21]
Some commentators believe that Daubert caused judges to become—in the phrase used in former Chief Justice William Rehnquist’s dissent in Daubert—amateur scientists, many lacking the scientific literacy to effectively fulfill their role as gatekeeper of scientific evidence.[22] Although "science for judges" forums have emerged in the wake of Daubert in order to educate judges in a variety of scientific fields, many are still skeptical about the usefulness of the Daubert standard in discerning valid science.[23][24][25] The responsibility to assess scientific relevance has shifted from highly trained expert witnesses to judges deficient in science education. The "Daubert" ruling furthermore admits the possible introduction of non-peer reviewed data and conclusions. This increasingly shifts the burden of scientific judgement onto judges who have not had an education which would enable them to properly evaluate such data.[26]
Pursuant to Rule 104(a), in Daubert the U.S. Supreme Court suggested that the following factors be considered:[27]
Has the technique been tested in actual field conditions (and not just in a laboratory)?
Has the technique been subject to peer review and publication?
What is the known or potential rate of error?
Do standards exist for the control of the technique's operation?
Has the technique been generally accepted within the relevant scientific community?
The Supreme Court explicitly cautioned that the Daubert list should not be regarded by judges as "a definitive checklist or test..." Yet in practice, judges have judged the admissibility of scientific evidence using the "Daubert factors" as a checklist; for example, the trial court judge in Kumho admitted to erroneously treating the factors as mandatory.[8]
International influence[edit]
The Canadian Supreme Court has expressly adopted the Daubert standard in two cases. R. v. Mohan,;[28] R. v. J.L.-J., [2000].[29] In J.L.-J., the Court took a look at the development of U.S. law in this regard, noted the U.S. Supreme Court's rejection of the Frye standard and its replacement with the Daubert Standard. While the Court did note that: " Daubert must be read in light of the specific text of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which differs from our own procedures," the Court also stated in the same sentence that "the U.S. Supreme Court did list a number of factors that could be helpful in evaluating the soundness of novel science."[30] The Court then applied the Daubert standard to a decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal. The Quebec Court had held that greater liberality should be applied by the Court in receiving pro-defense scientific evidence in a criminal case.[31] The Court rejected this decision and reinstated the defendant's conviction.
Additionally, in 2005, the United Kingdom House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommended the creation of a Forensic Science Advisory Council to regulate forensic evidence in the UK and observed that:
The absence of an agreed protocol for the validation of scientific techniques prior to their being admitted in court is entirely unsatisfactory. Judges are not well-placed to determine scientific validity without input from scientists. We recommend that one of the first tasks of the Forensic Science Advisory Council be to develop a "gate-keeping" test for expert evidence. This should be done in partnership with judges, scientists and other key players in the criminal justice system, and should build on the US Daubert test.[32]
The Law Commission for England and Wales has proposed a consultation paper (No.190) to adopt a criterion like the Daubert Standard to help reform the law of evidence in regards to the admissibility of scientific evidence.[33]
See also[edit]
Frye standard
Objective historian
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 522 U.S. 136 (1997)
Jump up ^ 526 U.S. 137 (1999)
Jump up ^ Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993) 509 U.S. 579, 589.
Jump up ^ Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 43 F.3d 1311 (9th Cir. 1995)
Jump up ^ Giannelli & E. Imwinkelried, Scientific Evidence §§ 1.06, 1.16 (4th ed. 2007).
Jump up ^ Reuters
Jump up ^ http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/2017/sc16-181.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c Berger, Margaret A. (2005). "What Has a Decade of Daubert Wrought". American Journal of Public Health. 95(S1): S59–65. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044701. PMID 16030340. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
Jump up ^ The third circuit has emphasized the importance of conducting in limine hearings under Fed. R. Evid. 104 (resolution of preliminary questions) when making reliability determinations required by Fed. R. Evid. 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1993). See Padillas v. Stork-Gamco, Inc., 186 F.3d 412, 417 (3d Cir. 1999) ; Voilas v. General Motors Corp., 73 F. Supp. 2d 452, 455 (D.N.J. 1999) (not holding hearing in this case, however). See also 1 Weinstein's Federal Evidence, Ch. 104, Preliminary Questions (Matthew Bender 2d ed.); Edward J. Imwinkelried & David A. Schlueter, Federal Evidence Tactics, Ch. 1, Article I: General Provisions, § 1.04 (Matthew Bender).
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Smoot v. Mazda Motors of America, Inc., 469 F.3d 675, 676 (7th Cir. 2006) (case dismissed after plaintiff expert's testimony excluded); Curtis v. M&S Petroleum, Inc., 174 F.3d 661, 667 (5th Cir. 1999) ; United States v. Nichols, 169 F.3d 1255, 1265-1266 (10th Cir. 1999 ); Heller v. Shaw Indus., Inc., 167 F.3d 146, 155, 157-158 (3d Cir. 1999) ; Ruiz-Troche v. Pepsi Cola of Puerto Rico, 161 F.3d 77, 90 (1st Cir. 1998) ; Jack v. Glaxo Wellcome Inc., 239 F. Supp. 2d 1308, 1319 (D. Ga. 2002) (rejecting objection of untimeliness of motion in limine to exclude expert testimony on ground that motion in limine is not dispositive); United States v. Lester, 234 F. Supp. 2d 595, 597-598 (E.D. Va. 2002) (criminal defendant's motion to allow expert testimony regarding reliability of eyewitness testimony denied); Lentz v. Mason, 32 F. Supp. 2d 733, 737 (D.N.J. 1999).
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Pineda v. Ford Motor Co., 520 F.3d 237, 241-242 (3d Cir. 2008) (after deposition of plaintiff's expert, defendant filed alternative motions to exclude testimony of plaintiff's expert and for summary judgment, and motion for Daubert hearing).
Jump up ^ Webster v. Fulton County, Ga., 85 F. Supp. 2d 1375, 1377 (N.D. Ga. 2000) (denying defendant's Daubert motion as untimely, when brought after court had relied on plaintiff expert's report in denying defense summary judgment motion, and within days of trial date). See also Alfred v. Caterpillar, Inc., 262 F.3d 1083, 1087 (10th Cir. 2001 ) (counsel should not sandbag Daubert concerns until close of opponent's case; however, appellate court did not reach issue of late filing of motion because district court chose to address defendant's Daubert objections on merits, rather than deeming them waived); Pullman v. Land O'Lakes, Inc., 262 F.3d 759, 763 (8th Cir. 2001) (appellate court noted with disapproval that defendant failed to bring Daubert motion until shortly before the trial began; Daubert inapplicable to experimental test evidence not presented by expert witnesses).
Jump up ^ See Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 713, 722 (7th Cir. 2000) . See also Goebel v. Denver and Rio Grande W. R.R., 215 F.3d 1083, 1087 (10th Cir. 2000) (district court orally denied motion to exclude expert testimony on morning of trial); McPike v. Corghi S.p.A., 87 F. Supp. 2d 890, 891 n.1 (E.D. Ark. 1999) (court telephoned attorneys with ruling denying defendant's motion to exclude plaintiff's expert testimony, because closeness of trial did not allow time for formal written memo and order at that time; court later rendered substituted memorandum and order, fully stating reasons for its decision in writing).
Jump up ^ See Clay v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 663, 674 (6th Cir. 2000)
Jump up ^ Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (DC Cir. 1923)
Jump up ^ Owen, D. G. (2002). "A Decade of Daubert". Denver University Law Review. 80: 345. ISSN 0883-9409.
Jump up ^ Dixon, L, Gill B. Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Cases Since the Daubert Decision. RAND Institute for Civil Justice. 2002.
Jump up ^ Gutheil, Thomas G.; Bursztajn, Harold J. (1 June 2005). "Attorney Abuses of Daubert Hearings: Junk Science, Junk Law, or Just Plain Obstruction?". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 33 (2): 150–152. PMID 15985655.
Jump up ^ Risinger, D. Michael (2000). "Navigating Expert Reliability: Are Criminal Standards of Certainty Being Left on the Dock?". Albany Law Review. 64: 99. ISSN 0002-4678.
Jump up ^ Neufeld, P. (2005). "The (Near) Irrelevance of Daubert to Criminal Justice and Some Suggestions for Reform". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (S1): S107–S113. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056333. PMID 16030325.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, David E. (2007). "Expert Witnesses, Adversarial Bias, and the (Partial) Failure of the Daubert Revolution". Iowa Law Review. SSRN 963461  .
Jump up ^ Gatowski, S. I.; et al. (2001). "Asking the gatekeepers: A National Survey of Judges on Judging Expert Evidence in a Post-Daubert world". Law and Human Behavior. 25 (5): 433–458. doi:10.1023/A:1012899030937.
Jump up ^ Rothman, K. J.; Greenland, S. (2005). "Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (S1): S144–S150. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204. PMID 16030331.
Jump up ^ Melnick, R. (2005). "A Daubert Motion: A Legal Strategy to Exclude Essential Scientific Evidence in Toxic Tort Litigation". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (S1): S30–S34. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.046250. PMID 16030335.
Jump up ^ Jasanoff, S. (2005). "Law's Knowledge: Science for Justice in Legal Settings". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (S1): S49–S58. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.045732. PMID 16030338.
Jump up ^ Tancredi, Laurence R & Giannini, A. James (December 1994). "The admissibility of scientific evidence in psychiatric malpractice: junk science and the Daubert case". J Clin Forensic Med. 1 (3): 145–8. doi:10.1016/1353-1131(94)90082-5. PMID 16371283.
Jump up ^ See (c) of the syllabus of the Daubert case.
Jump up ^ [1994] 2 S.C.R. 9
Jump up ^ 2 S.C.R. 600
Jump up ^ Id.
Jump up ^ [1998] R.J.Q. 2229, 130 C.C.C. (3d) 541, [1998] Q.J. No. 2493 (QL).
Jump up ^ House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (2005) Forensic Science on Trial, London: The Stationery Office Limited, HC96-I, para.173
Jump up ^ The Admissiblity of Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales (PDF)
External links[edit]
The Daubert Trilogy in the States
Daubert on the Web
Daubert-The Most Influential Supreme Court Decision You've Never Heard Of
Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy (SKAPP), collection of original documents and commentary on the Daubert standard and the use of science in public policy.
Barry Yeoman Putting Science in the Dock, The Nation
Bernstein, David (1 February 2007). "Expert Witnesses, Adversarial Bias, and the (Partial) Failure of the Daubert Revolution". Iowa Law Review (PDF 38 pages)|format= requires |url= (help). George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 07-11, 2008. George Mason University School of Law. 93 (451). SSRN 963461  . Date posted: 15 February 2007 ; Last revised: 28 November 2011
The Daubert Tracker
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daubert_standard&oldid=815673471"
Categories:
United States evidence law
Science and law
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
עברית
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 December 2017, at 09:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Rule_of_evidence
mw-redirect
Rule of evidence

values:
/wiki/Trial_(law)
mw-redirect
Trial (law)

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values: In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig. (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof
mw-redirect
Legal burden of proof

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
Canadian Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/R._v._Mohan
mw-redirect
R. v. Mohan

values:
/wiki/United_Kingdom_House_of_Commons
mw-redirect
United Kingdom House of Commons

values:
/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Committee
mw-redirect
Science and Technology Committee

values:
/wiki/Objective_historian
mw-redirect
Objective historian

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.044701

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030340

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0883-9409

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985655

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-4678

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.056333

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030325

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=963461

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1012899030937

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.059204

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030331

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.046250

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030335

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.045732

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030338

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371283

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp190.pdf

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.daubertontheweb.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.defendingscience.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dauberttracker.com

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Daubert_standard
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: הלכת דאוברט – Hebrew

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Daubert_standard rootpage-Daubert_standard skin-vector action-view