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History of contract bridge
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The history of contract bridge, one of the world's most popular partnership card games, may be dated from the early 16th-century invention of trick-taking games such as whist. Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch (or "Russian Whist") in the 19th century, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Boom years
3 Recent developments
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word bridge is the English pronunciation of the game called "biritch". It followed on from whist, which initially was the dominant trick-playing game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries. The oldest known reference to the rules of the game dates from 1886 and calls it "Biritch, or Russian Whist".[1] The game featured several significant developments from whist: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so; there was a call of no trumps (biritch); and the dealer's partner's hand became dummy. There were other similarities to bridge: points were scored above and below the line; the score could be doubled and redoubled; scoring a game in one deal required 3 odd tricks in no trumps, 4 in hearts, or 5 in diamonds (although it could not be done at all, undoubled, in clubs or spades); and there were slam bonuses.
Despite the popularity of whist,[2] this game, and variants of it, bridge [3] and bridge-whist,[4] became popular in the United States and the UK in the 1890s.
In 1904 auction bridge, known for a time as royal auction bridge,[5] was developed where the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer. The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for and penalties were introduced for failing to do so.
The modern game of contract bridge was the result of innovations to the scoring of auction bridge made by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others. The most significant change was that only the tricks contracted for were counted below the line towards game and slam. That made bidding much more challenging and interesting. Another innovation was the concept of vulnerability, a difference in the sizes of penalties incurred by partnerships that have or have not won one game. That discouraged sacrifice bidding to protect the lead in a rubber. Some other scores were adjusted to produce a more balanced game. Vanderbilt set out his rules in 1925, and within a few years contract bridge had so supplanted other forms of the game that "bridge" became synonymous with "contract bridge."
Boom years[edit]
The Beasley-Culbertson match of 1933
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)
Led by Ely Culbertson, contract bridge enjoyed a boom in popularity in the USA and the UK in the 1930s.
Recent developments[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)
In the USA and Australia today, bridge is usually duplicate bridge played at clubs, at tournaments, and online. In the UK, bridge is still widely played in private homes (rubber or Chicago) as well as at clubs (duplicate and rubber) and tournaments (duplicate).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ First Steps of Bridge in the West: Collinson's 'Biritch by Thierry Depaulis and Jac Fuchs in the Playing-Card Journal of the International Playing-Card Society, Volume 32, No. 2, Sept-Oct 2003. Collinson's rules are in a miniature bound book of 56 pages about 3 by 5 inches between plain brown hard covers; of the 56 pages, only 4 are printed on - the first 2 and the last 50 are blank. For the text, see wikisource:Biritch, or Russian Whist.
Jump up ^ (Foster 1889)
Jump up ^ (Elwell 1905 and Benedict 1900)
Jump up ^ (Melrose 1901)
Jump up ^ (Bergholt 1915)
External links[edit]
"Biritch, or Russian Whist" by John Collinson (1886), internet edition by John MacLeod (2007). — This provides useful detail not in wikisource:Biritch, or Russian Whist and it appears to be a more faithful reproduction.
"History of Bridge". Singapore Contract Bridge Association reprint from The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge.
Brief history of contract bridge
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Contract bridge
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Overview
General
Auction bridge
Bridge ethics
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Glossary of contract bridge terms
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OKbridge 2/1
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Conventions
List of bidding conventions
show
Card play
General
List of play techniques
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Basic:
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Coups:
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Coup
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Loser on loser
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Squeezes:
Backwash squeeze
Cannibal squeeze
Clash squeeze
Compound squeeze
Criss-cross squeeze
Double squeeze
Entry squeeze
Entry-shifting squeeze
Guard squeeze
Knockout squeeze
Non-simultaneous double squeeze
Progressive squeeze
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Simple squeeze
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Single-suit squeeze
Squeeze play
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Suit combinations:
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Journalist leads
Opening lead
Rule of 10-12
Rule of 11
Rusinow leads
Signal
Smith signal
show
People and organizations
General
ACBL Youngest Life Master
List of contract bridge people
List of nationality transfers in sport
Players by country
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Fiction
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Italy
Jewish players
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Taiwan
United States
Other lists
List of bridge people with Wikipedia (english) articles
List of bridge administrators
List of bridge writers
Teams
Blue Team
Dallas Aces
Four Aces
Clubs
Bridge Club Brașov
Cavendish Club
Crockford's
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Melville Bridge Club
Portland Club (London)
Savoy Club
Young Chelsea Bridge Club
Governing bodies
American Bridge Association
American Contract Bridge League
Austrian Bridge Federation
Brazilian Bridge Federation
British Bridge League
Canadian Bridge Federation
Dutch Bridge Federation
English Bridge Union
European Bridge League
Hungarian Bridge Federation
International Mind Sports Association
List of contract bridge governing bodies
Norwegian Bridge Federation
South African Bridge Federation
United States Bridge Federation
World Bridge Federation
show
Championships
General
List of bridge competitions and awards
World
Bermuda Bowl
Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games
Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games
Cavendish Invitational
Computer Olympiad
McConnell Cup
Rosenblum Cup
Senior Bowl (bridge)
Triple crown of bridge
Venice Cup
WBF Youth Award
World Bridge Championships
World IMP Pairs Championship
World Junior Pairs Championship
World Junior Teams Championship
World Mind Sports Games
World Mixed Pairs Championship
World Mixed Teams Championship
World Open Pairs Championship
World Senior Pairs Championship
World Senior Teams Championship
World Team Olympiad
World Transnational Open Teams Championship
World Women Pairs Championship
National and Zonal
Buffett Cup
Camrose Trophy
Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships
European Universities Bridge Championships
Gold Cup (bridge)
North American bridge Championships:
ACBL King or Queen of Bridge
Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs
Bruce LM–5000 Pairs
Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match
Fall National Open Pairs
Fast Open Pairs
Fishbein Trophy
Goren Trophy
Grand National Teams
Hilliard Mixed Pairs
Jacoby Open Swiss Teams
Keohane North American Swiss Teams
Lebhar IMP Pairs
Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs
Machlin Women's Swiss Teams
Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs
Marcus Cup
Master Individual
Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs
Mini-Spingold
Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams
Mott-Smith Trophy
Nail Life Master Open Pairs
National 199er Pairs
National 49er Pairs
National 99er Pairs
Non-Life Master Swiss Teams
Norman Kay Platinum Pairs
North American Bridge Championships
North American Pairs
Red Ribbon Pairs
Reisinger
Rockwell Mixed Pairs
Roth Open Swiss Teams
Senior Knockout Teams
Silodor Open Pairs
Smith Life Master Women's Pairs
Spingold
Sternberg Women's Board-a-Match Teams
Truscott Senior Swiss Teams
Vanderbilt Trophy
Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs
Wagar Women's Knockout Teams
Wernher Open Pairs
Whitehead Women's Pairs
Young LM–1500 Pairs
show
Publications and resources
Books
List of contract bridge books
25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know
Bridge Squeezes Complete
The Cardturner
Design for Bidding
Contract Bridge for Beginners
Edwin Kantar bibliography
Master Point Press
Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand
Terence Reese bibliography
The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge
Tickets to the Devil
Magazines
List of contract bridge magazines
Bridge d'Italia
Bridge Magazine
The Bridge World
External links
Bridge Base Basic
Bridge Base Inc.
OKbridge 2/1
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Gilmore Girls (season 7)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gilmore Girls (season 7)
Season 7 DVD cover
Starring
Lauren Graham
Alexis Bledel
Scott Patterson
Melissa McCarthy
Keiko Agena
Yanic Truesdale
Liza Weil
Sean Gunn
Matt Czuchry
Kelly Bishop
Edward Herrmann
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
September 26, 2006 – May 15, 2007
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
Next →
A Year in the Life
List of Gilmore Girls episodes
The seventh and final season of Gilmore Girls, an American dramedy television series, began airing on September 26, 2006 on The CW television network. The season and series concluded on May 15, 2007, after 22 episodes. This was the first and only season to air on The CW, which was a merge of UPN and the show's previous home, The WB. The season aired Tuesday nights at 8/7c.
This is the only season to not have Amy Sherman-Palladino or Daniel Palladino as a show-runner or a writer. The newly formed CW network claimed their departure was due to a salary dispute. Amy Sherman-Palladino later insisted that she and Daniel Palladino could not come to an agreement with CW because they needed a short series hiatus to rest, the hiring of more writers to relieve their work load, and an additional eighth season to finish the story lines properly. Because of this change, this season received mixed reviews from television critics and fans.
This was to be the last of the series to air until, in October 2015, it was reported that the series would return as a limited series on Netflix to consist of four 90-minute films.[1][2] Sherman-Palladino was in charge of the new revival.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
3 Episodes
4 DVD release
5 References
Overview[edit]
The season picks up with Lorelai having slept with Christopher immediately after ending her engagement to Luke, while Rory is attempting a long-distance relationship with Logan. Lorelai and Christopher attempt a relationship and, after going to Paris together, come back married. The marriage lasts until midway through the season but Christopher struggles to fit into Lorelai's life in Stars Hollow. Luke learns Anna is moving to New Mexico with April and applies for joint custody, winning after Lorelai gives him a glowing character reference. Christopher finds out and he and Lorelai argue, with Christopher feeling like second choice. Richard, who has just started working at Yale as a lecturer, has a heart attack during a class and Christopher stays away from the hospital while everyone worries about him. He and Lorelai eventually admit their marriage isn't right and split. Emily struggles with the finances while Richard is convalescing and Lorelai helps her out.
Lane comes back from her honeymoon pregnant with twins. Her mother moves in with her and Zach, sending Brian to live with her relatives, but is eventually convinced to back off, with Lane giving birth to sons Steve and Kwan. Sookie also becomes pregnant for the third time, since Jackson never had the vasectomy she arranged for him. Michel's dog Chin Chin dies and Lorelai organises a memorial at the inn. Luke sells the boat he inherited from his father to Kirk and buys a larger one so he can take a trip with April over the summer, but she has to cancel when she is accepted to science camp.
Rory and Logan try to spend time together while he works in London and New York. Rory feels awkward living in his old apartment rent-free so moves back in with Paris and Doyle. She also befriends Lucy and Olivia, two girls she met at an art exhibition. Lucy's boyfriend turns out to be Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Rory goes along with it, upsetting Lucy when Logan tells her the truth, but Lucy breaks up with Marty and reconciles with Rory. Logan pursues a software deal against Mitchum's wishes, losing his trust fund and costing the company a multimillion-dollar lawsuit for patent infringement. Logan resigns and takes a job in San Francisco. Paris is accepted into every grad school she applies to but Rory is rejected for an internship. In the penultimate episode, Paris and Doyle depart for Harvard Medical. Logan proposes to Rory at a graduation party thrown by Richard and Emily but she turns him down, not willing to put him ahead of her career, and he breaks up with her.
In the series finale, Rory gets a job covering Barack Obama's election campaign for an online newspaper but has to leave in three days, throwing off plans for a graduation re-enactment. Luke organises the town in throwing a farewell party for her. Emily tries to find a way to get involved in the running of the inn to stay close to Lorelai but Lorelai assures her she will keep attending Friday night dinners. Lorelai and Luke share a kiss at the party and the show's run ends with Lorelai and Rory sharing a last breakfast at Luke's diner.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Gilmore Girls characters
Main cast[edit]
Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore
Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore
Scott Patterson as Luke Danes
Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James
Keiko Agena as Lane Kim
Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard
Liza Weil as Paris Geller
Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason
Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger
Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore
Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore
Recurring cast[edit]
David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden
Liz Torres as Miss Patty
Sally Struthers as Babette Dell
Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville
Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim
Michael Winters as Taylor Doose
Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes
Michael DeLuise as TJ
Ted Rooney as Morey Dell
Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig
John Cabrera as Brian Fuller
Sebastian Bach as Gil
Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster
Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger
Sherilyn Fenn as Anna Nardini
Vanessa Marano as April Nardini
Krysten Ritter as Lucy
Michelle Ongkingco as Olivia Marquont
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions) [4]
132
1 "The Long Morrow" Lee Shallat-Chemel David S. Rosenthal September 26, 2006 (2006-09-26) 2T7751 4.48
Picking up on the day after last season's finale, Lorelai wakes up in bed with Christopher. Confused and mortified, she makes a hasty exit, ignoring Christopher's pleas that she stay. Once at home, Lorelai tries to get rid of everything that reminds her of Luke and ends up practically emptying her house. Rory receives a toy rocket ship as a parting gift from Logan and is baffled as to its meaning. She decides she should join him in London for the summer, only to learn he has bought her a ticket for a visit at Christmas. Lorelai reveals to Luke that she slept with Christopher after he pleas for her to marry him.[5]
133
2 "That's What You Get, Folks, for Makin' Whoopee" Bethany Rooney Rebecca Rand Kirshner October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03) 2T7752 4.62
Rory is upset over Logan's absence and the fact that they had to cancel their long-planned trip to Asia. Wanting to cheer Rory up and take her mind off her own sad love life, Lorelai turns her house into an Asian-themed wonderland. Meanwhile, Lane returns from her disastrous honeymoon and finds out she's pregnant. While repairing the damage to the diner, Luke tells TJ about his break-up with Lorelai. Finally, Rory is furious when she learns that Lorelai slept with Christopher.
134
3 "Lorelai's First Cotillion" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rina Mimoun October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10) 2T7753 4.71
When Richard and Emily have no real reaction to the news of her break up, Lorelai suddenly realizes that most of her emotional life has been based on doing and feeling the opposite of whatever her parents want. Later, when Michel forces Lorelai to attend Emily's cotillion dance, Lorelai discovers that some things her parents wanted for her weren't really that terrible. Meanwhile, Rory has a tough time making her long-distance relationship work.
135
4 "'S Wonderful, 'S Marvelous" Victor Nelli, Jr. Gayle Abrams October 17, 2006 (2006-10-17) 2T7754 4.77
Lorelai and Christopher have begun to date, and although Lorelai is finding it difficult to fully commit to the relationship, Christopher keeps coming up with romantic dates to win her over. Back at Yale, Rory meets some eccentric new girlfriends at an art exhibit, and Richard becomes a guest lecturer. April comes to stay with Luke for a few weeks while Anna is out of town. Finally, Emily gets arrested and Lorelai has to bail her out of jail. First appearance of Olivia and Lucy.
136
5 "The Great Stink" Michael Schultz Gina Fattore October 24, 2006 (2006-10-24) 2T7755 4.73
Emily and Richard are delighted when Lorelai and Christopher attend Friday night dinner together as a couple. Christopher reveals that Sherry has written him a letter saying she regrets leaving their daughter, Gigi, and asking him to send Gigi to visit her in Paris. Lorelai can't believe that Chris would consider this and they get into an argument over dinner. Logan returns to town on business to acquire an internet company and pays Rory a surprise visit. Rory is thrilled, but during a dinner with Logan's colleagues, she realizes that she has no connection to his new life.
137
6 "Go, Bulldogs!" Wil Shriner David S. Rosenthal, Rebecca Rand Kirshner November 7, 2006 (2006-11-07) 2T7757 4.34
Christopher talks Lorelai into visiting Rory at Yale during Parents' Weekend, and Lorelai is surprised to find that Richard and Emily are also there. Trying to prove how cool he is, Christopher invites all of Rory's co-workers on the "Yale Daily News" to an expensive lunch where they all drink too much. The meal ends abruptly when Rory insists they leave to cover a breaking story. Meanwhile, Luke meets April's swimming coach, who convinces him to take her adult swimming class. When the coach flirts with him, Luke asks her out on a date.
138
7 "French Twist" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Babcock November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) 2T7756 4.51
Christopher and Lorelai take his daughter Gigi to visit her mother in Paris. Despite severe jet lag, they manage to have a wonderful, romantic time enjoying the city and each other. Rory comes to the end of her tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Daily News" and suddenly finds herself unsure of her future. Her new friends Olivia (Michelle Ongkingco) and Lucy (Krysten Ritter)suggest a trip to Stars Hollow for a girls' night. When they return, Rory is surprised to find that Lucy's new boyfriend is her old friend Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Miss Kim wants Lane and Zack to move in, then wants to move in with them when they aren't interested. Christopher and Lorelai return home with a surprise, that they are now Mr. and Mrs. Hayden.
139
8 "Introducing Lorelai Planetarium" Lee Shallat-Chemel Jennie Snyder November 21, 2006 (2006-11-21) 2T7758 4.20
Rory goes home to Stars Hollow to have dinner with her parents, where it is revealed that they eloped while in Paris. Rory pretends to be happy, but later reveals her anger to Lorelai. Logan comes back to town for a launch party, which Rory attends and about which she later writes a judgmental article. Due to accusations by Logan, Rory plans to find a new apartment. Meanwhile, Luke turns to Lorelai in a time of medical emergency with April.
140
9 "Knit, People, Knit!" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Grae November 28, 2006 (2006-11-28) 2T7759 4.89
Here comes the birth of Liz's baby delivered by a midwife. Luke is informed of the news. A "knitathon festival" takes place in Stars Hollow, where Christopher donates substantially. Chris and Lorelai tell Emily and Richard about their marriage.
141
10 "Merry Fisticuffs" Jackson Douglas David S. Rosenthal December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05) 2T7760 4.81
Emily throws an extravagant party. Meanwhile, Luke talks to a lawyer about partial custody over April. Something big happens between Luke and Christopher. St. Nick might bring more than fruitcake this season.
142
11 "Santa's Secret Stuff" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23) 2T7761 3.72
Lorelai and Christopher decide to put their Christmas holidays on hold while Rory is in London over the holidays, Once Rory returns to Stars Hollow, they decorate several Christmas trees, do their shopping and even bake Christmas cookies for the first time as a family. Turning up unexpectedly at the inn, Luke asks Lorelai to write a character recommendation letter for his custody battle over April. Lorelai struggles to write the letter until she and Rory run into Luke and April at the mall and Lorelai suddenly remembers how important Luke has always been in Rory's life. Inspired, Lorelai writes the letter and mails it to Luke's attorney. Rory decides she will write an apology letter to her friend Lucy, explaining why she and Marty kept their past friendship a secret.
143
12 "To Whom It May Concern" Jamie Babbit David Babcock January 30, 2007 (2007-01-30) 2T7762 4.27
Noticing Sookie's recent odd behavior, Lorelai forces Jackson to tell her the reason. Luke and Anna attend a hearing to decide their custody battle over April. With help from Paris, Rory finally makes amends with Lucy, who tells her that she and Marty have broken up. While attending Richard's economics class at Yale, Rory witnesses a frightening scene. Finally, Christopher finds the letter Lorelai wrote for Luke's character reference and confronts Lorelai about whether he was her second choice.
144
13 "I'd Rather Be in Philadelphia" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner February 6, 2007 (2007-02-06) 2T7763 4.70
Lorelai and Rory receive unexpected comfort and some grief while at the hospital and at Richard's side: Christopher won't return Lorelai's calls, but Luke is there for her and the family. Emily is so distraught that she tries to distract herself by maintaining her rigorous social calendar with Luke offering to help her out in keeping up her appearances. Rory is met by Logan, who flies to the hospital in a helicopter. When Christopher finally does arrive, he speaks words of sympathy to Lorelai, but his emotions betray him: he's still mad at her from their fight
145
14 "Farewell, My Pet" Jamie Babbit Jennie Snyder February 13, 2007 (2007-02-13) 2T7764 4.37
Rory quickly develops a crush on Richard's replacement teaching assistant and feels compelled to confess the attraction to Logan. But she feels really bad about it and he completely understands and the two of them reassure each other that in the end they are crazy about each other. Meanwhile, Lorelai distracts herself from thinking about Christopher by arranging a memorial service for Michel's dog. Christopher seeks her out, however, and the two are forced to face their problems. Christopher feels like he's been trying to get Lorelai to fall in love with him, and Lorelai realizes she still has feelings for Luke. Lorelai and Christopher end their marriage.
146
15 "I Am Kayak, Hear Me Roar" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20) 2T7765 4.04
Lorelai puts off telling her parents about her separation from Christopher by helping Emily to arrange Richard's recovery. Rory celebrates Logan's birthday, but bad news from Logan's business partner spoils their evening.
147
16 "Will You Be My Lorelai Gilmore?" David Paymer Gina Fattore, Gayle Abrams February 27, 2007 (2007-02-27) 2T7766 4.17
Rory goes to meet with an editor from the New York Times just as she starts to put together Lane's baby shower. Lorelai takes over the production and has to arbitrate a disagreement between Lane and Mrs. Kim about how to raise the unborn children. Meanwhile, Luke decides to change his situation in life and buy a new boat. Logan comes home drunk and reveals to Rory his failed business venture, and then runs off to Las Vegas with his buddies.
148
17 "Gilmore Girls Only" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Babcock March 6, 2007 (2007-03-06) 2T7767 4.47
Lorelai, Rory, and Emily take a road trip to North Carolina to attend Mia's wedding. Lane goes into labor. Finally, Lane and Zack ask Luke to be the godfather to their twins Steve and Kwan.
149
18 "Hay Bale Maze" Stephen Clancy Rebecca Rand Kirshner April 17, 2007 (2007-04-17) 2T7768 3.83
During Stars Hollow's annual Spring Fling festival, a huge hay bale maze leads to a chance encounter for Luke and Lorelai, where they apologize to one another and talk about the problems that led to their engagement being called off. As Rory shows Logan around town, Lorelai begins to feel that Logan might be too irresponsible for her daughter. Meanwhile, Rory has a job interview with the Providence Journal Bulletin.
150
19 "It's Just Like Riding a Bike" Lee Shallat-Chemel Jennie Snyder April 24, 2007 (2007-04-24) 2T7769 3.75
Lorelai heads to Luke's for her first breakfast there in a while -- overall, it's an awkward experience for them both. Later on, when Lorelai's Jeep breaks down, Luke helps her shop for a new car. They argue and fight, which Lorelai thinks is ultimately a good sign. Paris considers breaking up with Doyle so she can be free of influences when it comes to picking which law or medical school she will attend. Rory receives a letter that will certainly influence her future plans.
151
20 "Lorelai? Lorelai?" Bethany Rooney David S. Rosenthal May 1, 2007 (2007-05-01) 2T7770 4.08
Rory stresses out as graduation approaches, which leads to a day of eating and shopping with Lorelai. Later, with Luke in tow, the Gilmores hit the bars, where Lorelai takes the stage for a karaoke number obviously intended for Luke. Logan returns from a business trip and looks to discuss his and Rory's future with Lorelai. After getting into a science camp, April tells Luke that she cannot go on the boating trip with him over the summer. Zach is asked to go on tour with another band.
152
21 "Unto the Breach" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Babcock, Jennie Snyder May 8, 2007 (2007-05-08) 2T7771 3.96
Lorelai and Christopher are reunited at a party Emily and Richard throw in honor of Rory's graduation. Logan surprises everyone at the party by proposing to Rory, but she is too shocked to give him an answer. Then, on graduation day, Rory and Paris receive their diplomas, and Rory finally gives Logan her answer and says no. Meanwhile, Lorelai is embarrassed about her recent karaoke serenade to Luke, and Luke is hurt when he overhears her saying it didn't mean anything.
153
22 "Bon Voyage" Lee Shallat-Chemel David S. Rosenthal May 15, 2007 (2007-05-15) 2T7772 4.90
Rory gets a job following the presidential campaign of one of the candidates running for president. While she prepares to leave in a mere three days, Lorelai adjusts to the idea that she may not see her daughter again for weeks, even months. Meanwhile, Luke is still trying to sort out how he really feels about Lorelai after they locked eyes at the karaoke jam. To see Rory off before she leaves for her new job, the entire town puts on a farewell party, despite the presence of rain.
DVD release[edit]
The Complete Seventh Season[6]
Set details Special features
22 episodes
6-disc set
1.33:1 aspect ratio
1.78:1 aspect ratio (international)
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Digital 5 1 Surround)
Additional scene
"The Great Stink"
Gilmore Fashionistas
A Best Friend's Peek Inside the Gilmore Girls with Keiko Agena
Kirk's Town Tours
Who Wants to Talk Boys – Season Montage
Release dates
North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Norway Australia
November 13, 2007 August 30, 2010 November 25, 2007 November 14, 2007 April 9, 2008
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 19, 2015). "Gilmore Girls Limited-Series Revival Set at Netflix — This Is Not a Drill". TVLine. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Gilmore Girls' revival series in the works at Netflix - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
Jump up ^ Satran, Joe. "Netflix Is Reportedly Reviving 'Gilmore Girls'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
Jump up ^ ""Gilmore Girls" USA ratings".
Jump up ^ "Episode list for Season 7 of Gilmore Girls". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Jeffrey (December 16, 2007). "Gilmore Girls – The Complete Seventh Season". DVD Talk. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
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Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
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Attack on Mers El Kébir
Part of the Battle of the Mediterranean during the Second World War

Battleship Strasbourg under fire.
Date
3 July 1940
Location
Off Mers El Kébir, French Algeria, North Africa
35°43′10″N 0°41′20″W / 35.71944°N 0.68889°W / 35.71944; -0.68889Coordinates: 35°43′10″N 0°41′20″W / 35.71944°N 0.68889°W / 35.71944; -0.68889
Result
British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom France–Vichy France
Commanders and leaders
James Somerville
Dudley Pound Marcel-Bruno Gensoul
François Darlan
Strength
1 aircraft carrier
2 battleships
1 battlecruiser
2 light cruisers
11 destroyers 4 battleships
5 destroyers
1 seaplane tender
Casualties and losses
6 aircraft destroyed
2 dead 1 battleship sunk
2 battleships damaged
3 destroyers damaged
1 destroyer grounded
1 tugboat destroyed[1]
1,297 dead
350 wounded
show
v
t
e
Battle of the Mediterranean
Malta
Club Run¹
Malta convoys¹
Axis convoys²
Espero ¹²
Mers-el-Kébir
Calabria¹²
Cape Spada
Hurry ¹
Cape Passero¹
MB8 ¹
Taranto
Strait of Otranto²
White ¹
Cape Spartivento¹
Excess ¹
Convoy AN 14¹
Genoa
Abstention
Souda Bay
Matapan
Tarigo ²
Crete ²
Substance ¹
Halberd ¹
U-boat Campaign
Duisburg ²
Bon²
1st Sirte¹²
Alexandria
2nd Sirte¹
Calendar ¹
Bowery ¹
Albumen
Harpoon ¹
Vigorous ¹
Pedestal ¹
Agreement
Torch
Stoneage ¹
Toulon
Portcullis ¹
Skerki²
Olterra¹
Algiers¹
Zuwarah
Cigno ²
Campobasso ²
Sicily
Gela
Scylla ²
Bastia
Strait of Bonifacio
Dodecanese
Santorini
Symi
Cape Bougaroun¹
Port Cros
La Ciotat
Ligurian Sea ¹
¹ — Involved an Allied convoy
² — Involved an Axis convoy
show
v
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e
Military actions of Vichy France during World War II
Mers-el-Kébir
Gibraltar
Dakar
Gabon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Indochina (1940)
Franco-Thai War (Ko Chang)
Syria–Lebanon
Madagascar
Réunion
Torch
Anton
Toulon
The Attack on Mers-el-Kébir (3 July 1940) also known as the Battle of Mers-el-Kébir, was part of Operation Catapult. The operation was a British naval attack on French Navy ships at the base at Mers El Kébir on the coast of French Algeria. The bombardment killed 1,297 French servicemen, sank a battleship and damaged five ships, for a British loss of five aircraft shot down and two crewmen killed.
The combined air-and-sea attack was conducted by the Royal Navy after the Second Armistice at Compiègne between Germany and France on 22 June. The only continental ally of Britain had been replaced by a government administered from Vichy, which inherited the French navy (Marine nationale). Of particular significance to the British were the seven battleships of the Bretagne, Dunkerque and Richelieu classes, the second largest force of capital ships in Europe after the Royal Navy. The British War Cabinet feared already that France would hand the ships to the Kriegsmarine, giving the Axis an advantage in the Battle of the Atlantic. Admiral François Darlan, commander of the French Navy, promised the British that the fleet would remain under French control but Winston Churchill and the War Cabinet judged that the fleet was too powerful to risk an Axis take-over.
After the attack at Mers-el-Kébir and the Battle of Dakar, French aircraft raided Gibraltar and the Vichy government severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. The attack created much rancour between France and Britain but also demonstrated to the world that Britain intended to fight on.[2] The attack is controversial and the motives of the British are debated. In 1979, P. M. H. Bell wrote that "The times were desperate; invasion seemed imminent; and the British government simply could not afford to risk the Germans seizing control of the French fleet... The predominant British motive was thus dire necessity and self-preservation".
The French thought they were acting honourably in terms of their armistice with Nazi Germany and were convinced they would never turn over their fleet to Germany. Vichy France was created on 10 July 1940, one week after the attack and was seen by the British as a puppet state of the Nazi regime. French grievances festered for years over what they considered a betrayal by their ally. On 27 November 1942, the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon foiled Operation Anton, a German attempt to capture the fleet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Franco-German armistice
1.2 British-French negotiations
1.3 Operation Catapult
2 Prelude
2.1 Ultimatum
3 Attack
4 Aftermath
4.1 Analysis
4.2 Casualties
4.3 Subsequent events
4.3.1 British–Vichy hostilities
4.3.2 Gibraltarian civilians
4.3.3 Case Anton
5 Orders of battle
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Footnotes
9 Bibliography
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Franco-German armistice[edit]
Main article: Armistice of 22 June 1940
After the Fall of France in 1940 and the armistice between France and Nazi Germany, the British War Cabinet was apprehensive about the Germans acquiring control of the French navy from the government of Vichy France. The French and German navies combined could alter the balance of power at sea, threatening British imports over the Atlantic and communications with the rest of the British Empire. That the armistice terms at article eight paragraph two stated that the German government "solemnly and firmly declared that it had no intention of making demands regarding the French fleet during the peace negotiations" and that similar terms existed in the armistice with Italy, were considered to be no guarantee of the neutralisation of the French fleet. On 24 June, Darlan assured Winston Churchill against such a possibility.[3] Churchill ordered that a demand be made that the French Navy (Marine nationale) should either join with the Royal Navy or be neutralised in a manner guaranteed to prevent the ships falling into Axis hands.[4]
At Italian suggestion, the armistice terms were amended to permit the French fleet to stay temporarily in North African ports, where they might be seized by Italian troops from Libya. The British made contingency plans to eliminate the French fleet (Operation Catapult) in mid-June, when it was clear that Philippe Pétain was forming a government with a view to signing an armistice and it seemed likely that the French fleet might be seized by the Germans.[5] In a speech to Parliament, Churchill repeated that the Armistice of 22 June 1940 was a betrayal of the Allied agreement not to make a separate peace. Churchill said "What is the value of that? Ask half a dozen countries; what is the value of such a solemn assurance? ... Finally, the armistice could be voided at any time on any pretext of non-observance ..."[6]
The French fleet had seen little fighting during the Battle of France and was mostly intact. By tonnage, about 40 percent was in Toulon, near Marseilles, 40 percent in French North Africa and 20 percent in Britain, Alexandria and the French West Indies. Although Churchill feared the fleet would be put into action, the Axis leaders did not intend to employ a combined Franco-Italian-German force. The German Navy and Benito Mussolini made overtures but Adolf Hitler feared that the French fleet would defect to the British and be used against German submarines in the Atlantic if he tried to take it over. Churchill and Hitler viewed the fleet as a potential threat; the Vichy French leaders used the fleet (and the possibility of its rejoining the Allies) as a bargaining counter against the Germans to keep them out of the Zone libre and French North Africa. The armistice was contingent on the French right to man their vessels and the French Navy Minister, Admiral François Darlan, had ordered the Atlantic fleet to Toulon to demobilise, with orders to scuttle if the Germans tried to take the ships.[7]
British-French negotiations[edit]
The British tried to persuade the French authorities in North Africa to continue the war, or alternatively to hand over the fleet to British control. A British admiral visited Oran on 24 June, and on 27 June Duff Cooper, Minister of Information, visited Casablanca.[8] The French Atlantic ports were in German hands, while the British needed to keep the German surface fleet out of the Mediterranean, to confine the Italian fleet to the Mediterranean and to blockade the Vichy ports. The Admiralty was against an attack on the French fleet, since if not enough damage were done to the ships, Vichy France would be provoked into declaring war and the French colonial empire as a result become more hostile to the Free French Forces. Given the need to keep the Atlantic approaches open, and given that the Royal Navy lacked the ships to provide a permanent blockade on the Vichy naval bases in North Africa, the risk of having the Germans or the Italians seize the French capital ships was deemed too great. Because the fleet in Toulon was well guarded by shore artillery, the Royal Navy decided to attack that based in North Africa.[9]
Operation Catapult[edit]
French ships based in Africa, June 1940
Along with French vessels in metropolitan ports, some had sailed to ports in Britain or to Alexandria in Egypt. Operation Catapult was an attempt to take these ships under British control or destroy them, and the French ships in Plymouth and Portsmouth were boarded without warning on the night of 3 July 1940.[10][11] The submarine Surcouf, the largest submarine in the world, had been berthed in Plymouth since June 1940.[12] The crew resisted a boarding party and three Royal Navy personnel, including two officers, were killed along with a French sailor. Other ships captured included the old battleships Paris and Courbet, the destroyers Le Triomphant and Léopard, eight torpedo boats, five submarines and a number of lesser ships. The French squadron in Alexandria, including the battleship Lorraine, heavy cruiser Suffren and three modern light cruisers, was neutralised by local agreement.[13]
Prelude[edit]
Ultimatum[edit]
The most powerful group of French warships was at Mers-el-Kébir in French Algeria, consisting of the old battleships Provence and Bretagne, the newer Force de Raid battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg, the seaplane tender Commandant Teste and six destroyers under the command of Admiral Marcel-Bruno Gensoul. Admiral James Somerville of Force H, based in Gibraltar, was ordered to deliver an ultimatum to the French but the British terms were contrary to the German-French armistice terms.[8][a] Somerville passed the duty of presenting the ultimatum to a French speaker, Captain Cedric Holland, commander of the carrier HMS Ark Royal. Gensoul was affronted that negotiations were not being conducted by a senior officer and sent his lieutenant, Bernard Dufay, which led to much delay and confusion. As negotiations dragged on, it became clear that neither side was likely to give way. Darlan was at home on 3 July and could not be contacted; Gensoul told the French government that the alternatives were internment or battle but omitted the option of sailing to the French West Indies.[8] Removing the fleet to United States waters had formed part of the orders given by Darlan to Gensoul in the event that a foreign power should attempt to seize his ships.[14]
Attack[edit]
Blackburn Skuas of No 800 Squadron Fleet Air Arm prepare to take off from HMS Ark Royal
The British force comprised the battlecruiser HMS Hood, the battleships HMS Valiant and Resolution, the aircraft carrier Ark Royal and an escort of cruisers and destroyers. The British had the advantage of being able to manoeuvre, while the French fleet was anchored in a narrow harbour and its crews did not expect an attack. The main armament of Dunkerque and Strasbourg was grouped on their bows and could not immediately be brought to bear. The British capital ships had 15-inch (381 mm) guns and fired a heavier broadside than the French. On 3 July, before negotiations were formally terminated, British Fairey Swordfish planes escorted by Blackburn Skuas from Ark Royal dropped magnetic mines in the harbour exit. The force was intercepted by French Curtiss H-75 fighters and a Skua was shot down into the sea with the loss of its two crew, the only British fatalities in the action.[15] French warships were ordered from Algiers and Toulon as reinforcements but did not reach Mers-El-Kebir in time to affect the outcome.[8]
Diagram of the British attack on Mers-el-Kébir
A short while later, at 5:54 p.m., Churchill ordered the British ships to open fire against the French ships and the British commenced from 17,500 yd (9.9 mi; 16.0 km).[16] The third British salvo scored hits and caused a magazine explosion aboard the Bretagne, which sank with 977 of her crew at 6:09 p.m. After thirty salvoes, the French ships stopped firing; the British force altered course to avoid return fire from the French coastal forts but Provence, Dunkerque and the destroyer Mogador were damaged and run aground by their crews.[17] Strasbourg and four destroyers managed to avoid the magnetic mines and escape to the open sea under attack from a flight of bomb-armed Swordfish from Ark Royal. The French ships responded with anti-aircraft fire and shot down two Swordfish, the crews being rescued by the destroyer HMS Wrestler. As the bombing had little effect, at 6:43 p.m. Somerville ordered his forces to pursue and the light cruisers HMS Arethusa and Enterprise engaged a French destroyer. At 8:20 p.m. Somerville called off the pursuit, feeling that his ships were ill deployed for a night engagement. After another ineffective Swordfish attack at 8:55 p.m., Strasbourg reached Toulon on 4 July.[18]
Battleship Bretagne burning fiercely and still under shellfire
On 4 July, the British submarine HMS Pandora sank the French aviso (gunboat) Rigault de Genouilly, sailing from Oran, with the loss of 12 of its crew. As the British believed that the damage inflicted on Dunkerque and Provence was not serious, Swordfish aircraft from Ark Royal raided Mers-el-Kébir again on the morning of 8 July. A torpedo hit the patrol boat Terre-Neuve, which was full of depth charges and moored alongside Dunkerque. Terre-Neuve quickly sank and the depth charges went off, causing serious damage to Dunkerque.[19] The last phase of Operation Catapult was another attack on 8 July, by aircraft from the carrier HMS Hermes against the battleship Richelieu at Dakar, which was seriously damaged. The French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) made reprisal raids on Gibraltar, including a half-hearted night attack on 5 July, when many bombs landed in the sea and raids on 24 September by forty aircraft and the next day with more than a hundred bombers.[20][21]
Aftermath[edit]
Analysis[edit]
The French destroyer Mogador running aground, after having been hit by a 15-inch shell.
Churchill later wrote: "This was the most hateful decision, the most unnatural and painful in which I have ever been concerned". [22] Relations between Britain and France were severely strained for some time and the Germans enjoyed a propaganda coup. Somerville said that it was "...the biggest political blunder of modern times and will rouse the whole world against us...we all feel thoroughly ashamed..."[23] Although it did rekindle anglophobia in France, the action demonstrated Britain's resolve to continue the war alone and rallied the British Conservative Party around Churchill (Neville Chamberlain, Churchill's predecessor as prime minister, was still party leader). The British action showed the world that defeat in France had not reduced the determination of the government to fight on, and ambassadors in Mediterranean countries reported favourable reactions.[20]
The French ships in Alexandria under command of Admiral René-Emile Godfroy, including the World War I era battleship Lorraine and four cruisers, were blockaded by the British in port on 3 July and offered the same terms as at Mers-el-Kébir. After delicate negotiations, conducted on the part of the British by Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the French admiral agreed on 7 July to disarm his fleet and stay in port until the end of the war.[24] Some sailors joined the Free French while others were repatriated to France; Surcouf and the ships at Alexandria went on to be used by the Free French after May 1943. The British attacks on French vessels in port sowed anger among the French towards the British and increased tension between Churchill and Charles de Gaulle, who was recognised by the British as the leader of the Free French Forces on 28 June.[25][26]
Churchill had a secondary reason for the operation. According to his principal private secretary Eric Seal, "[Churchill] was convinced that the Americans were impressed by ruthlessness in dealing with a ruthless foe; and in his mind the American reaction to our attack on the French fleet in Oran was of the first importance." On 4 July, Roosevelt told the French ambassador that he would have done the same.[27] De Gaulle's biographer Jean Lacouture blamed the tragedy mainly on miscommunication; had Darlan been in contact on the day or had Somerville possessed a more diplomatic character, a deal might have been done. Lacouture accepted that there was a danger that the French ships might have been captured by German or more likely Italian ground forces, as proven by the ease with which the British seized French ships in British ports or the German seizure of French ships in Bizerte in Tunisia in November 1942.[28][29]
Casualties[edit]
Memorial on the coast path at Toulon to the 1,297 French seamen killed at Mers El Kebir
Numbers killed at Mers-el-Kébir[30]
Officers
Petty
officers
Sailors,
marines
Total
Bretagne
36 151 825 1012
Dunkerque
9 32 169 210
Provence
1 2 — 3
Strasbourg
— 2 3 5
Mogador
— 3 35 38
Rigault de Genouilly
— 3 9 12
Terre Neuve
1 1 6 8
Armen
— 3 3 6
Esterel
1 5 — 6
Total
48 202 1,050 1,300
Fleet Air Arm[15]
— — — 2
Subsequent events[edit]
British–Vichy hostilities[edit]
Following the 3 July operation, Darlan ordered the French fleet to attack Royal Navy ships wherever possible; Pétain and his foreign minister Paul Baudouin overruled the order the next day. Military retaliation was conducted through ineffective air raids on Gibraltar but Baudouin noted that "the attack on our fleet is one thing, war is another". As sceptics had warned, there were also complications with the French empire; when French colonial forces defeated de Gaulle's Free French Forces at the Battle of Dakar in September 1940, recruitment for the Free French movement plummeted and Germany responded by permitting Vichy France to maintain its remaining ships armed, rather than demobilised.[31][32]
Gibraltarian civilians[edit]
Main articles: Military history of Gibraltar during World War II and Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II
In early June 1940, about 13,500 civilians had been evacuated from Gibraltar to Casablanca in French Morocco. Following the capitulation of the French to the Germans and the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, the Vichy government found their presence an embarrassment. Later in June, 15 British cargo vessels arrived in Casablanca under Commodore Crichton, repatriating 15,000 French servicemen who had been rescued from Dunkirk. Once the French troops had disembarked, the ships were interned until the Commodore agreed to take away the evacuees, who, reflecting tensions generated after the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, were escorted to the ships at bayonet point minus many of their possessions.[33]
Case Anton[edit]
Main article: Case Anton
On 27 November 1942, the Germans attempted to capture the French fleet based at Toulon—in violation of the armistice terms—as part of Case Anton, the military occupation of Vichy France by Germany. All ships of any military value were scuttled by the French before the arrival of German troops, notably Dunkerque, Strasbourg and seven (four heavy and three light) modern cruisers. For many in the French Navy this was a final proof that there had never been a question of their ships ending up in German hands and that the British action at Mers-el-Kébir had been an unnecessary betrayal.[15] Darlan was true to his promise in 1940 that French ships would not be allowed to fall into German hands. Godefroy, still in command of the French ships neutralised at Alexandria, remained aloof for a while longer but on 17 May 1943 joined the Allies.[34]
Orders of battle[edit]
Royal Navy
HMS Hood – battlecruiser – Flagship
HMS Resolution – battleship
HMS Valiant – battleship
HMS Ark Royal – aircraft carrier
HMS Arethusa – light cruiser
HMS Enterprise – light cruiser
HMS Faulknor – destroyer
HMS Foxhound – destroyer
HMS Fearless – destroyer
HMS Forester – destroyer
HMS Foresight – destroyer
HMS Escort – destroyer
HMS Keppel – destroyer
HMS Active – destroyer
HMS Wrestler – destroyer
HMS Vidette – destroyer
HMS Vortigern – destroyer
French Navy (Marine Nationale)
Dunkerque – battleship – Flagship
Strasbourg – battleship
Bretagne – battleship
Provence – battleship
Commandant Teste – seaplane tender
Mogador – destroyer
Volta – destroyer
Le Terrible – destroyer
Kersaint – destroyer
Lynx – destroyer
Tigre – destroyer
See also[edit]
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Battle of Taranto
Naval Battle of Casablanca
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ It is impossible for us, your comrades up to now, to allow your fine ships to fall into the power of the German enemy. We are determined to fight on until the end, and if we win, as we think we shall, we shall never forget that France was our Ally, that our interests are the same as hers, and that our common enemy is Germany. Should we conquer we solemnly declare that we shall restore the greatness and territory of France. For this purpose we must make sure that the best ships of the French Navy are not used against us by the common foe. In these circumstances, His Majesty's Government have instructed me to demand that the French Fleet now at Mers el Kebir and Oran shall act in accordance with one of the following alternatives; (a) Sail with us and continue the fight until victory against the Germans. (b) Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port. The reduced crews would be repatriated at the earliest moment. If either of these courses is adopted by you we will restore your ships to France at the conclusion of the war or pay full compensation if they are damaged meanwhile. (c) Alternatively, if you feel bound to stipulate that your ships should not be used against the Germans lest they break the Armistice, then sail them with us with reduced crews to some French port in the West Indies—Martinique for instance—where they can be demilitarised to our satisfaction, or perhaps be entrusted to the United States and remain safe until the end of the war, the crews being repatriated. If you refuse these fair offers, I must with profound regret, require you to sink your ships within 6 hours. Finally, failing the above, I have orders from His Majesty's Government to use whatever force may be necessary to prevent your ships from falling into German or Italian hands.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Playfair 1959, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Thomas 1997, pp. 643–670.
Jump up ^ Butler 1971, p. 218.
Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 2002, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Lacouture 1991, pp. 246–247.
Jump up ^ Hansard, War Situation, 25 June 1940, 304–05
Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 2002, p. 56.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lacouture 1991, p. 247.
Jump up ^ Bell 1997, pp. 19–20.
Jump up ^ Butler 1971, p. 222.
Jump up ^ Roskill 1957, pp. 240, 242.
Jump up ^ Smith 2010, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Smith 2010, pp. 47–56, 93.
Jump up ^ Butler 1971, pp. 224–225.
^ Jump up to: a b c Greene & Massignani 2002, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Brown 2004, p. 198.
Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 2002, pp. 58–59.
Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 2002, pp. 59–60.
Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 2002, pp. 60–61.
^ Jump up to: a b Playfair 1959, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 2002, pp. 94–95.
Jump up ^ Lacouture 1991, p. 246.
Jump up ^ Smith 2010, pp. 86, 88.
Jump up ^ Playfair 1959, pp. 140–141.
Jump up ^ Auphan & Mordal 1976, pp. 124–126.
Jump up ^ Butler 1971, p. 230.
Jump up ^ Smith 2010, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Lacouture 1991, p. 249.
Jump up ^ Smith 2010, p. 404.
Jump up ^ O'Hara 2009, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Playfair 1959, pp. 142–143.
Jump up ^ Smith 2010, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Bond 2003, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Roskill 1962, pp. 338, 444.
Bibliography[edit]
Books
Auphan, Gabriel; Mordal, Jacques (1976). The French Navy in World War II. London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8660-3.
Bell, P. M. H. Bell (1997). France and Britain, 1940–1994: The Long Separation. France and Britain. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-28920-8.
Bond, Peter (2003). 300 Years of British Gibraltar: 1704–2004. Gibraltar: Peter-Tan Ltd for Government of Gibraltar. OCLC 1005205264.
Brown, D. (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Cass: Naval Policy and History. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-5461-4.
Butler, J. R. M. (1971) [1957]. Grand Strategy: September 1939 – June 1941. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. II (2nd ed.). HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630095-9.
Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (2002) [1998]. The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 (pbk. ed.). Rochester: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-190-3.
Lacouture, Jean (1991) [1984]. De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (English trans. ed.). London: W W Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02699-3.
O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (1959) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I (3rd impr. ed.). HMSO. OCLC 494123451. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Roskill, S. W. (1957) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Roskill, S. W. (1962) [1956]. The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War: The War at Sea 1939–1945. II (3rd impression ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 174453986. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Smith, C. (2010) [2009]. England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–1942 (Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 978-0-7538-2705-5.
Journals
Thomas, Martin (1997). "After Mers-el-Kébir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940–43". English Historical Review. 112 (447). ISSN 0013-8266.
Further reading[edit]
Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War: The Mediterranean 1940–1945. IV. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-539-6.
Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques Ehrengardt; Shores, Christopher J. (1985). L'aviation de Vichy au combat: les campagnes oubliées 3 juillet 1940 – 27 novembre 1942 [The Vichy Air Force in Combat: The Forgotten Campaigns]. Grandes batailles de France. Tome I. Paris: C. Lavauzelle. ISBN 978-2-7025-0092-7.
Jenkins, E. H. (1979). A History of the French Navy: From its Beginnings to the Present Day. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-356-04196-4.
Lasterle, Philippe (2003). "Could Admiral Gensoul Have Averted the Tragedy of Mers el-Kebir?". Journal of Military History. 67 (3): 835–844. ISSN 0899-3718.
Paxton, Robert O. (1972). Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47360-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attack on Mers-el-Kébir.
A plan of the Mers-el-Kébir anchorage, hmshood.org.uk
Mers-El-Kebir (1979) a French made-for-TV movie
Churchill's Sinking of the French Fleet (3 July 1940), digitalsurvivors.com
Churchill's Deadly Decision, episode of Secrets of the Dead describing the attack and the events leading up to it
Kappes, Irwin J. (2003) Mers-el-Kebir: A Battle between Friends, Military History Online
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
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values: Distruzione della flotta francese a Mers-el-Kébir – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קרב מרס אל כביר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: メルセルケビール海戦 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: Нападение на Мерс-эль-Кебир – Russian

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: மிர்சு அல்-கபீர் சண்டை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Mers-el-Kebir Deniz Muharebesi – Turkish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Напад на Мерс-ель-Кебір – Ukrainian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values: 凱比爾港海戰 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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suggestions
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