text:
History of the New York City Subway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
New York City Subway R1 car at the 23rd Street station, on a holiday train special in 2007
showAnnual passenger ridership
Year
Passengers
%±
1901 253,000,000 —
1905 448,000,000 +77.1%
1910 725,000,000 +61.8%
1915 830,000,000 +14.5%
1920 1,332,000,000 +60.5%
1925 1,681,000,000 +26.2%
1930 2,049,000,000 +21.9%
1935 1,817,000,000 −11.3%
1940 1,857,000,000 +2.2%
1945 1,941,000,000 +4.5%
1946 2,067,000,000 +6.5%
1950 1,681,000,000 −13.4%
1955 1,378,000,000 −18.0%
1960 1,345,000,000 −2.4%
1965 1,363,000,000 +1.3%
1970 1,258,000,000 −7.7%
1975 1,054,000,000 −16.2%
1980 1,009,000,000 −4.3%
1982 989,000,000 −2.0%
1985 1,010,000,000 +2.1%
1990 1,028,000,000 +1.8%
1995 1,093,000,000 +6.3%
2000 1,400,000,000 +28.1%
2005 1,450,000,000 +3.6%
2010 1,605,000,000 +10.7%
2011 1,640,000,000 +2.2%
2012 1,654,000,000 +0.1%
2013 1,708,000,000 +3.3%
2014 1,751,287,621 +2.6%
2015 1,762,565,419 +0.6%
2016 1,756,814,800 -0.3%
[1][2][3][4][5]
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City, New York: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Its operator is the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), which is controlled by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) of New York. In 2016, an average of 5.66 million passengers used the system daily, making it the busiest rapid transit system in the United States and the seventh busiest in the world.[6][7]
The first underground line opened on October 27, 1904,[8] almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line.[9] By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Many present lines were built under the Dual Contracts, and after 1913, all lines built for the IRT and most other lines built or improved for the BRT were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down. However, it was kept within the core of the city because of the low amount of startup capital provided to the municipal Board of Transportation by the state.[10] This required it to be run "at cost", necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time.[11]
In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city, and some elevated lines closed immediately while others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, which now operate as one division called the B Division. Since the IRT tunnel segments are too small and the stations too narrow to accommodate B Division cars, the IRT remains its own division, the A Division.
The NYCTA, a public authority presided over by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city.[12] The NYCTA was under control of the state-level MTA in 1968.[13] Soon after the MTA took control of the subway, New York City entered a fiscal crisis. It closed many elevated subway lines that became too expensive to maintain. Graffiti and crime became common, and equipment and stations fell into decrepit condition. The New York City Subway tried to stay solvent, so it had to make many service cutbacks and defer necessary maintenance projects. In the 1980s an $18 billion financing program for the rehabilitation of the subway began.
The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan, particularly the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center between the Chambers Street and Rector Street stations. Sections of the tunnel, as well as the Cortlandt Street station, which was directly underneath the Twin Towers, were severely damaged by the collapse and had to be rebuilt, requiring suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. Ten other nearby stations were closed while dust and debris were cleaned up. By March 2002, seven of those stations had reopened. The rest (except for Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) reopened on September 15, 2002, along with service south of Chambers Street.[14][15]
Since the 2000s, construction has been undertaken in order to expand the subway system. Expansions include the 7 Subway Extension that opened in September 2015,[16][17] and the Second Avenue Subway, the first phase of which opened on January 1, 2017.[18][19] However, at the same time, under-investment in the subway system led to a transit crisis that peaked in 2017.
Contents
1 Precursors
1.1 Steam railways
1.2 Beach Pneumatic Transit
2 Beginnings and rapid expansion
2.1 The first subways
2.1.1 IRT
2.1.2 BRT
2.2 Contracts
2.2.1 Original IRT contracts
2.2.2 Electrification
2.2.3 Triborough Plan
2.2.4 Dual Contracts
2.3 Independent System
2.3.1 Lines
2.4 Expansion plans
3 Unification
3.1 Division differences
3.2 Post-unification expansion and reorganization
4 Decline
4.1 Late 1950s and early 1960s
4.2 Program for Action
4.3 Deferred maintenance
4.3.1 Graffiti
4.3.2 Ridership and service cuts
4.3.3 Infrastructure
4.3.4 Crime
4.3.5 Effects of the Program for Action
4.3.6 Debris falling from and on the tracks
4.3.7 Fare evasion
4.4 Rehabilitation and rising trend
4.5 Projects during this time
4.6 Planned rolling stock
5 Revitalization and recent history
5.1 1990s
5.2 September 11, 2001
5.3 Later 2000s
5.3.1 Ridership increases
5.3.2 Expansions start
5.3.3 Budget cuts
5.4 2010s
5.4.1 Hurricane Sandy damage
5.4.2 Expansions open
5.4.3 2017 state of emergency
5.5 Future
6 Accidents and incidents
6.1 Train accidents
6.2 Other disasters
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Precursors[edit]
Steam railways[edit]
Charles Harvey demonstrating his elevated railroad design on Greenwich Street in 1867
Even though there was an earlier, underground railroad called the Atlantic Avenue Tunnel since 1844, it had no underground subway stops.[20][21][22] Construction of this tunnel, which was built mainly to create a grade-separated right of way for the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad (now the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Branch), began in May 1844, and the tunnel was open by December 1844. This led to South Ferry at the foot of Atlantic Avenue, where passengers could catch ferries to Manhattan.[23] This extension, running under Cobble Hill, was closed by 1861. The tunnel was reopened for tourism in 1982,[24] and closed again in 2010.[25][26]
The beginnings of the actual Subway came from various excursion railroads to Coney Island and elevated railroads in Manhattan and Brooklyn. At that time, New York County (Manhattan Island and part of the Bronx), Kings County (including the cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg), and Queens County were separate municipal entities. Competing steam-powered elevated railroads were built over major avenues. The first elevated line was constructed in 1867-1870 by Charles Harvey and his West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway company along Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue (although cable cars were the initial mode of transportation on that railway). More lines were built on Second, Third and Sixth Avenues. None of these structures remain today, but these lines later shared trackage with subway trains as part of the IRT system.[27]
In Kings County, elevated railroads were built by several companies, over Lexington, Myrtle, Third and Fifth Avenues, Fulton Street and Broadway. These also later shared trackage with subway trains, and even operated into the subway, as part of the BRT and BMT. Most of these structures have been dismantled, but some have been rebuilt and upgraded. These lines were linked to Manhattan by various ferries and later the tracks along the Brooklyn Bridge (which originally had their own line and were later integrated into the BRT/BMT). Also in Kings County, six steam excursion railroads were built to various beaches in the southern part of the county; all but one (the Manhattan Beach Line) eventually fell under BMT control.[28]
Beach Pneumatic Transit[edit]
Beach Pneumatic Transit
The Beach Pneumatic Transit was the first attempt to build an underground public transit system in New York City. In 1869, Alfred Ely Beach and his Beach Pneumatic Transit Company of New York began constructing a pneumatic subway line beneath Broadway. Funneled through a company he set up, Beach put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project.[29] Built in only 58 days,[30] its single tunnel, 312 feet (95 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter, was completed in 1870 and ran under Broadway from Warren Street to Murray Street.[31]
It remained little more than a curiosity, running only a single car on its one-block-long track to a dead-end at its terminus. Passengers would simply ride out and back, to see what the proposed subway might be like. During its first two weeks of operation, the Beach Pneumatic Transit sold over 11,000 rides, with 400,000 rides provided during its first year of operation.[32][33] Although the public showed initial approval, Beach was delayed in getting permission to expand it. By the time he finally gained permission in 1873, public and financial support had waned, and the subway was closed down.
The final blow to the project was a stock market crash in 1873 which caused investors to withdraw support.[34] After the project was shut down, the tunnel entrance was sealed, and the station, built in part of the basement of the Rogers Peet Building, was reclaimed for other uses. The entire building was lost to fire in 1898.[35] In 1912, workers excavating for the present-day BMT Broadway Line dug into the old Beach tunnel; today, no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall Station under Broadway.[36]
Beginnings and rapid expansion[edit]
The first subways[edit]
IRT[edit]
Political cartoon critical of IRT service in 1905. The IRT is labeled as the "Interborough Rattled Transit".
Main article: Early history of the IRT subway
In 1898, New York, Kings and Richmond Counties, and parts of Queens and Westchester Counties and their constituent cities, towns, villages, and hamlets, were consolidated into the City of Greater New York. During this era the expanded City of New York resolved that it wanted the core of future rapid transit to be underground subways but realized that no private company was willing to put up the enormous capital required to build beneath the streets.[10][37]
Planning for the system began with the Rapid Transit Act, signed into law on May 22, 1894, which created the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. The act provided that the commission would lay out routes with the consent of property owners and local authorities, either build the system or sell a franchise for its construction, and lease it to a private operating company. A line through Lafayette Street (then Elm Street)[38] to Union Square was considered, but at first a more costly route under lower Broadway was adopted. A legal battle with property owners along the route led to the courts denying permission to build through Broadway in 1896. The Elm Street route was chosen later that year, cutting west to Broadway via 42nd Street. This new plan, formally adopted on January 14, 1897, consisted of a line from City Hall north to Kingsbridge and a branch under Lenox Avenue and to Bronx Park, to have four tracks from City Hall to the junction at 103rd Street. The "awkward alignment...along Forty-Second Street", as the commission put it, was necessitated by objections to using Broadway south of 34th Street. Legal challenges were finally resolved in 1899.[39]
Subway construction in the Bowery, 1901
The city decided to issue rapid transit bonds outside of its regular bonded debt limit and build the subways itself; it contracted with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (which by that time ran the elevated lines in Manhattan) to equip and operate the subways, sharing the profits with the city and guaranteeing a fixed five-cent fare.[40]
BRT[edit]
Main article: Rapid transit operations of the BRT and BMT
Starting in 1899, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; 1896–1923) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT; 1923–1940) operated rapid transit lines in New York City — at first only elevated railways and later also subways.
The BRT was incorporated January 18, 1896,[41] and took over the bankrupt Long Island Traction Company in early February,[42] acquiring the Brooklyn Heights Railroad and the lessee of the Brooklyn City Rail Road. It then acquired the Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad.[43] The BRT took over the property of a number of surface railroads, the earliest of which, the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad or West End Line, opened for passenger service on October 9, 1863, between Fifth Avenue at 36th Street at the border of Brooklyn City and Bath Beach in the Town of Gravesend, New York. A short piece of surface route of this railroad, the BMT West End Line (today's D train) on the west side of the Coney Island Complex north of the Coney Island Creek, is the oldest existing piece of rapid transit right-of-way in New York City and in the U.S., having opened on June 8, 1864.[44]
On January 30, 1899, the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad was incorporated; it acquired the property of the bankrupt Brooklyn Elevated Railroad on February 17. The BRT gained control a month later, on March 25[45] and leased the elevated company to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad, which was until then solely a street railway company. The other elevated company in Brooklyn, the Kings County Elevated Railway, was sold under foreclosure to the BRT on July 6, 1899.[46] Initially the surface and elevated railroad lines ran on steam power, but between 1893 and 1900 the lines were converted to run on electricity. An exception was the service on the Brooklyn Bridge. Trains were operated by cables from 1883 to 1896, when they were converted to electric power.[47]
Routes in 1897
By 1900, The BRT had acquired virtually all of the rapid transit and streetcar operations in its target area. Only the Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad and the short Van Brunt Street and Erie Basin Railroad remained independent; the former was acquired in 1913 or 1914.[48] The incorporated lines were:
Sea Beach Railway, acquired in November 1897[49] and leased to the BHRR
Sea View Railroad (Coney Island Elevated), acquired in November 1897[49] and leased to the BHRR
Nassau Electric Railroad (lessee of the Atlantic Avenue Railroad, Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad, Coney Island and Gravesend Railway, and South Brooklyn Railway), acquired in November 1898[50] and leased to the BHRR in April 1899[51]
Brooklyn Elevated Railroad, acquired in March 1899[52] and leased to the BHRR in April 1899[51]
Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad (Brighton Beach Line), acquired in March 1899[53]
Kings County Elevated Railroad (Fulton Street Line), acquired in November 1899[48][54] and merged into the Brooklyn Union Elevated on May 24, 1900[55]
Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad (Culver Line), leased to the BHRR on June 18, 1899[56]
The BRT became bankrupt by 1918. The New York Consolidated Railroad and New York Municipal Railway were merged in June 1923, the same month that the BRT was reorganized as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, to form the New York Rapid Transit Corporation.[57]
Contracts[edit]
Original IRT contracts[edit]
1906 IRT map
A contract, later known as Contract 1, was executed on February 21, 1900, between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont, for the construction of the subway and a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. Ground was broken at City Hall on March 24. A plan for an extension from City Hall to the Long Island Rail Road's Flatbush Avenue terminal station (now known as Atlantic Terminal) in Brooklyn was adopted on January 24, 1901, and Contract 2, giving a lease of 35 years, was executed between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company on September 11, with construction beginning at State Street in Manhattan on November 8, 1902. Belmont incorporated the IRT in April 1902 as the operating company for both contracts; the IRT leased the Manhattan Railway, operator of the four elevated railway lines in Manhattan and the Bronx, on April 1, 1903. Operation of the subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of all stations from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch.[8][58]
Service was extended to 157th Street on November 12, 1904. The West Side Branch was extended northward to a temporary terminus of 221st Street and Broadway on March 12, 1906.[59] This extension was served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street.[60] The original system as included in Contract 1 was completed on January 14, 1907, when trains started running across the Harlem Ship Canal on the Broadway Bridge to 225th Street,[59] meaning that 221st Street could be closed. Once the line was extended to 225th Street, the structure of the 221st Street was dismantled and was moved to 230th Street for a new temporary terminus. Service was extended to the temporary terminus at 230th Street on January 27, 1907. An extension of Contract 1 north to 242nd Street at Van Cortlandt Park was approved in 1906[61] and opened on August 1, 1908.[62] (The original plan had been to turn east on 230th Street to just west of Bailey Avenue, at the New York Central Railroad's Kings Bridge station.[63]) When the line was extended to 242nd Street the temporary platforms at 230th Street were dismantled, and were rumored to be brought to 242 Street to serve as the station's side platforms. There were two stations on the line that opened later; 191st Street and 207th Street. 191st Street was not open until January 14, 1911 because the elevators and other work had not yet been completed. 207th Street was completed in 1906, but since it was located in a sparsely occupied area, the station was opened in 1907.
The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904 between East 180th Street and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line, with a connection running from the Third Avenue local tracks at Third Avenue and 149th Street to Westchester Avenue and Eagle Avenue. Once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line.[64] Elevated service via this connection was resumed on October 1, 1907 when Second Avenue locals were extended to Freeman Street during rush hours.[65]
The line was then extended to Fulton Street on January 16, 1905,[66] to Wall Street on June 12, 1905,[67] and to Bowling Green and South Ferry on July 10, 1905.[68] In order to complete Contract 2, the subway had to be extended under the East River to reach Brooklyn. The tunnel was named the Joralemon Street Tunnel, which was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, and it opened on January 9, 1908, extending the subway from Bowling Green to Borough Hall.[69] On May 1, 1908, the construction of Contract 2 was completed when the line was extended from Borough Hall to Atlantic Avenue near the Flatbush Avenue LIRR station.[70] With the opening of the IRT to Brooklyn, ridership fell off on the BRT's elevated and trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge with Brooklyn riders choosing to use the new subway.[71]
Electrification[edit]
IRT main powerhouse in 1904
Further information: Railway electrification system
The subway system began during the War of Currents when Thomas Edison and his opponent, George Westinghouse, struggled over acceptance of direct current or alternating current as the standard way to deliver electricity. Alternating current became the standard for non-railroad purposes, but New York City Subway adopted direct current as more suitable for urban railroad purposes.[72]:21 The companies built their own power stations to generate their DC. To this day, the New York City Transit Authority converts alternating current to 600V DC third rail to power the trains, as do most transit railways around the world. (The A Division uses 625V DC third rail.[73])
Triborough Plan[edit]
1918 IRT map, after Contracts 1 and 2 were signed
1924 BMT map
After the statutory debt ceiling for the now united city of New York had been raised, there were more plans for subway construction until 1908. The Triborough Plan comprised three new lines:
An IRT line from South Ferry–Whitehall Street in Manhattan, with the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to Pelham Bay Park and Woodlawn in the Bronx
The BRT Nassau Street Loop, later the BMT Nassau Street Line. The BRT's track went over the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; the Nassau Street Line was to connect to the Brooklyn Bridge, but never did. The connections to the other two bridges were built; the Manhattan Bridge connection was cut in 1967 with the building of the Chrystie Street Connection.
A BRT subway under Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn, leading to Bay Ridge and Coney Island. This corresponded to today's BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Sea Beach Line.
The BRT lines were built to wider profiles because the BRT did not want to use IRT trackage, which was narrower by comparison and carried far fewer passengers per hour. The design was inspired by the cars built for the Cambridge Subway (Red Line) which were designed based on the results of studies done on how best to design and operate a subway car that could carry the most passengers the most efficiently. The rolling stock, however, had to be the same track gauge so the trains could interoperate under the Dual Contracts. The Fourth Avenue and Sea Beach Lines were opened on June 19, 1915, after years of delays for building of these lines and the Nassau Street Line. The first BRT section, however, had opened on September 16, 1908, from Essex Street across the Williamsburg Bridge, but using narrow-width cars.[74]
Until the completion of the Fourth Avenue Line, there was a tram across the Manhattan Bridge which did not connect to any other trackage in the New York City Subway. The track was called "Manhattan Bridge Three Cent Line" because the fare was three cents. Along with the Brooklyn and North River Railroad, the two streetcar companies began operations on those tracks. When trackage was connected to the bridge in 1915, the trolleys were moved to the upper level roadways until 1929, when service was discontinued.[75]
Dual Contracts[edit]
Main article: Dual Contracts
The BRT, which just barely entered Manhattan via the Brooklyn Bridge, wanted the opportunity to compete with the IRT, and the IRT wanted to extend its Brooklyn line to compete with the BRT. This led to the city's agreement to contract for future subways with both the BRT and IRT.
The expansion of rapid transit was greatly facilitated by the signing of the Dual Contracts on March 19, 1913. Contract 3 was signed between the IRT and the city; the contract between the BRT and the city was Contract 4. The majority of the present-day subway system was either built or improved under these contracts.[40] The Astoria Line and Flushing Line were built at this time and were for some time operated by both companies. Under the terms of Contracts 3 and 4, the city would build new subway and elevated lines, rehabilitate and expand certain existing elevated lines, and lease them to the private companies for operation. The cost would be borne more-or-less equally by the city and the companies. The city's contribution was in cash raised by bond offerings, while the companies' contributions were variously by supplying cash, facilities, and equipment to run the lines.[40]
The track layout of Queensboro Plaza was complex because the Contracts necessitated two different types of rolling stock and two different fare control areas.
As part of the contracts, the two companies were to share lines in Queens: a short line to Astoria called the Astoria Line; and a longer line reaching initially to Corona, and eventually to Flushing, called the Corona Line. The lines operated jointly and began from Queensboro Plaza. The IRT accessed the station both from the 1907 Steinway Tunnel and an extension of the Second Avenue Elevated from Manhattan over the Queensboro Bridge. The BRT fed the Queens lines from a new tunnel from the 60th Street Tunnel to Manhattan. Technically the line was under IRT ownership, but the BRT/BMT was granted trackage rights in perpetuity, essentially making it theirs also.[76][77] However, both lines were built to IRT specifications. This meant that IRT passengers had a one-seat ride to Manhattan destinations, whereas BRT passengers had to make a change at Queensborough Plaza. This came to be important when service was extended for the 1939 World's Fair, as the IRT was able to offer direct express trains from Manhattan, and the BRT was not. This practice lasted well into the municipal ownership of the lines and was not ended until 1949.[76][77]
Several provisions were imposed on the companies: the fare was limited to five cents, and this led to financial troubles for the two companies after post-World War I inflation; the city had the right to "recapture" any of the lines it built and run them as its own; and the city was to share in the profits. This eventually led to their downfall and consolidation into city ownership in 1948.[76][77]
As part of the Dual Contracts, the operations of the original IRT system changed drastically. Instead of having trains go via Broadway, turn onto 42nd Street, and finally turn onto Park Avenue, there were two trunk lines connected by the 42nd Street Shuttle. The system was changed from a "Z" system to an "H" system. The first trunk line, the Lexington Avenue Line assumed the portion of the original IRT system south of Grand Central. The line was extended northward with a new station at Grand Central and turned onto Lexington Avenue, where the line remained as four tracks. The line had connections to the new IRT Pelham Line and IRT Jerome Avenue Line in the Bronx, in addition to a new connection to the IRT White Plains Road Line. The second trunk, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line assumed the portion of the original IRT system north of Times Square, and it extended southward with a new station at Times Square, running down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street and West Broadway. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Lower West Side, and to neighborhoods such as Chelsea and Greenwich Village. South of Chambers Street, two branches were constructed. The first branch ran to the Battery via Greenwich Street, while the second branch turned eastward under Park Place and Beeckman Street and down William Street, running under the East River through a tunnel before running under Clark Street and Fulton Street until it reached a junction at Borough Hall with the existing Contract 2 IRT Brooklyn Line.[78]
On June 3, 1917, the first portion of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line south of Times Square–42nd Street, a shuttle to 34th Street–Penn Station, opened; a separate shuttle service, running between 42nd and 34th Streets, was created.[79] This short extension was opened even though the rest of the route was not yet completed in order to handle the mass of traffic to and from Pennsylvania Station. Only the northern part of the station was opened at this time, and piles of plaster, rails, and debris could be seen on the rest of the platforms.[80] This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shorter shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1, 1918.[81] The new portion of the Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central to 125th Street opened on July 17, 1918.[82] However, until the evening of August 1, 1918, it ran as a shuttle on the local tracks only, terminating at 42nd Street and at 167th Street on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (where the connection from the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line merged). Finally, the new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, and the two halves of the Lexington Avenue Line.[83] An immediate result of the switch was the need to transfer using the 42nd Street Shuttle. The completion of the "H" system doubled the capacity of the IRT system.[78] The local tracks ran to South Ferry, while the express tracks used the Brooklyn Branch to Wall Street, extended into Brooklyn to Atlantic Avenue via the Clark Street Tunnel on April 15, 1919.[84]
The Dual Contracts resulted in the expansion of New York City; people moved to the newly built homes along the newly built subway lines. These homes were affordable, about the same cost as the houses in Brooklyn and Manhattan.[77](p7) The Dual Contracts were the key to dispersion of the city’s congested areas. They helped alleviate densely population areas and probably helped save lives as people were no longer living in heavily diseased areas. The population in Manhattan below 59th Street decreased between the years of 1910 and 1920.[85] People were allowed to move to better parts at the same cost and could have a better and more comfortable life in the suburbs.[77](p7)
Independent System[edit]
Main article: Independent Subway System
Mayor John F. Hylan was a strong advocate of public operation of the subway. He was fired from the BRT after working as a motorman for some time, and he wanted to avoid having to spend more money to recapture the IRT and BRT, so he tried to push the two operators out of business. To that end, Hylan had denied allocating money for the BRT by refusing to build new lines, refusing to raise fares (thereby putting the BRT in more debt), denied building permits so that some major building work lasted longer than planned, and even refused to build a new subway yard for the BRT. The Malbone Street Wreck in 1918 contributed to the losses incurred by the two companies, which led to the bankruptcy of the BRT in 1918. The BRT, however, was reorganized into the BMT. The IRT was almost bankrupt, but managed to complete the line to Flushing by 1928. So, Hylan drew up plans for a third subway network, which would be built and operated in contrast to the existing subway lines, which were privately operated.[76]
On the other hand, New York City had grown to over five and a half million inhabitants and urgently needed new subway lines. The dual system could not keep pace with this ever-increasing ridership. So, a compromise solution was finally found that would allow Hylan's plans as well as the interests of private operators to be considered. However, the city's and Hylan's long-term goal was the unification and consolidation of the existing subway, with the city operating a unified subway system. The city, bolstered by political claims that the private companies were reaping profits at taxpayer expense, determined that it would build, equip and operate a new system itself, with private investment and without sharing the profits with private entities. This led to the building of the Independent City-Owned Subway (ICOS), sometimes called the Independent Subway System (ISS), the Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad, or simply The Eighth Avenue Subway after the location of its premier Manhattan mainline. After the city acquired the BMT and IRT in 1940, the Independent lines were dubbed the IND to follow the three-letter initialisms of the other systems.[86]
The original IND system, consisting of the Eighth Avenue mainline and the Sixth Avenue, Concourse, Culver, and Queens Boulevard branch lines, was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of the Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations on the Culver Viaduct over the Gowanus Canal in Gowanus, Brooklyn.[86]
Lines[edit]
As the first line neared completion, New York City offered it for private operation as a formality, knowing that no operator would meet its terms. Thus the city declared that it would operate it itself, formalizing a foregone conclusion. The first line opened without a formal ceremony. The trains began operating their regular schedules ahead of time, and all stations of the Eighth Avenue Line, from 207th Street in Inwood to Hudson Terminal (now World Trade Center), opened simultaneously at one minute after midnight on September 10, 1932.[87]
On January 1, 1936, a second trunk line—the Sixth Avenue Line—opened from West Fourth Street (where it splits from the Eighth Avenue Line) to East Broadway.[88][89][90] During construction, streetcar service along Sixth Avenue was terminated. The city could either restore it upon the completion of construction or abandon it immediately; as the city wanted to tear down the IRT Sixth Avenue Line right away and save on the costs of shoring it up while construction proceeded underneath it, the IRT Sixth Avenue Line was purchased for $12.5 million and terminated by the city on December 5, 1938, with the steel from the el sold to Japan.[91] To help compensate for the loss in service, service on the Ninth Avenue Elevated was increased.[92]
The first section of the Queens Boulevard Line, west from Roosevelt Avenue to 50th Street, opened on August 19, 1933.[93] E trains ran local to Hudson Terminal (today's World Trade Center) in Manhattan, while the GG (predecessor to current G service) ran as a shuttle service between Queens Plaza and Nassau Avenue on the IND Crosstown Line.[94][95][96][97][98][99] An extension east to Union Turnpike opened on December 31, 1936.[100][101]:416–417[102][93] The line was extended to Hillside Avenue and 178th Street, with a terminal station at 169th Street on April 24, 1937.[94][101][103][104] That day, express service began on the Queens Boulevard Line during rush hours, with E trains running express west of 71st–Continental Avenues, and GG trains taking over the local during rush hours.[96][105] The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes.[106] 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station opened as an in-fill station on August 28, 1939.[107][108] Upon its extension into Jamaica, the line drew Manhattan-bound passengers away from the nearby BMT Jamaica Line subway and the Long Island Rail Road.[109]
On July 1, 1937, a third trunk line, the Crosstown Line, opened from Nassau Avenue to Bergen Street.[86] Two years later, on December 15, 1940, local service was begun along the entire IND Sixth Avenue line, including its core part through Midtown Manhattan.[86]
Meanwhile, on the East Side, the need for the IND Second Avenue Line had been evident since 1919, when the New York Public Service Commission launched a study at the behest of engineer Daniel L. Turner to determine what improvements were needed in the city's public transport system. The Great Depression resulted in soaring costs, and the expansion became unmanageable, so it was not built along with the other three IND trunk lines. Construction on the first phase of the IND was already behind schedule, and the city and state were no longer able to provide funding. A scaled-down proposal including a turnoff at 34th Street and a connection crosstown was postponed in 1931.[86] Further revision of the plan and more studies followed. By 1939, construction had been postponed indefinitely, and Second Avenue was relegated to "proposed" status. The 1939 plan for subway expansion took the line not only into the Bronx (by now as a single line to Throggs Neck) but also south into Brooklyn, connecting to the stub of the IND Fulton Street Line at Court Street. Construction of the line resumed in 1972 but was ended in 1975 during the city's fiscal crisis, and work was again restarted in 2007.[86]
Expansion plans[edit]
1929 expansion plans
1939 expansion plans
Main article: Proposed New York City Subway expansion
Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904, various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system. One of the better known proposals was the "Second System," which was part of a plan by the Independent Subway to construct new subway lines in addition and take over existing subway lines and railroad right-of-ways. Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the Second Avenue Subway. Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s.[110][111]
On August 28, 1922, Mayor John Francis Hylan revealed his own plans for the subway system, which was relatively small at the time. His plan included taking over nearly 100 miles of existing lines and building over 100 miles of new lines. Construction of all these new lines would be completed by December 31, 1925, and passengers would be able to ride between the ends of New York City on one fare. The lines were designed to compete with the IRT and BMT.[112][113]
In 1926, a loop subway service was planned to be built to New Jersey.[114]
The most grandiose plan, conceived in 1929, was to be part of the city-operated IND. By 1939, with unification planned, all three systems were included. As this grandiose expansion was not built, the subway system is only 70% of what it was planned to be. Magnificently engineered, almost entirely underground, with 670 feet (200 m) platforms and flying junctions throughout, the IND system tripled the city's rapid transit debt, ironically contributing to the demise of plans for an ambitious expansion proposed before the first line of the first system was even opened.
Because of this debt, after the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed, only 28 new stations were built. Five stations were on the abandoned NYW&B-operated IRT Dyre Avenue Line, fourteen stations were on the abandoned LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch (now the IND Rockaway Line), six were on the Archer Avenue Lines and 63rd Street Lines (built as part of a 1968 plan), two stations (57th Street and Grand Street) were part of the Chrystie Street Connection, and the Harlem–148th Street terminal. Four MTA Capital Construction-funded stations (the 34th Street station on the 7 Subway Extension and the three stations on the Second Avenue Subway) have been constructed with up to 14 more planned. However, the four MTA Capital Construction stations cost US$6 billion, reflecting the scale of the debt that the IND brought the city into.
Unification[edit]
The IRT Second Avenue Line, being demolished shortly after unification.
In June 1940, the transportation assets of the former BMT and IRT systems were taken over by the City of New York for operation by the city's Board of Transportation, which already operated the IND system.[12] In June 1953 the New York City Transit Authority, a state agency incorporated for the benefit of the city, now known to the public as MTA New York City Transit, succeeded the BoT.[12][115] A combination of factors had this takeover coincide with the end of the major rapid transit building eras in New York City. The city immediately began to eliminate what it considered redundancy in the system, closing several elevated lines including the IRT Ninth Avenue Line[116] and most of the IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan,[117] and the BMT Fifth and Third Avenue Lines and most of the BMT Fulton Street Line[118][119][120] in Brooklyn.
Division differences[edit]
Despite the unification, a distinction between the three systems survives in the service labels: IRT lines (now referred to as A Division) have numbers and BMT/IND (now collectively B Division) lines use letters.[121] There is also a physical and less widely noticed difference, as A Division cars are narrower than those of B Division by 18 inches (46 cm)[122] and shorter by 9 feet (2.7 m) to 24 feet (7.3 m).[122][123] Because the A Division lines are of lower capacity for a given capital investment, all new extensions and lines built between World War II and 2007[124][125][126] have been for the B Division. A Division cars can travel on B Division lines when necessary but are not used for passenger service on those lines because of the dangerously wide gap between the car and the station platform. This stems from the IRT and BRT's disagreement during the early days of the subway, where the BRT built cars that were purposefully too wide for the IRT.[76]
The interior of an IRT Third Avenue Line car before the line's demolition in the 1950s.
The original IRT subway lines (those built before the Dual Contracts) were built to modified elevated line dimensions. Whereas the IRT lines were originally equipped with cars that were 47 feet (14 m) long, the cars designed for the IRT subway measure 51.3 feet (15.6 m) long. Both sets of lines did not permit cars wider than 9 feet (2.7 m). The clearances and curves on these lines are too narrow and too sharp for any IND or BMT equipment. The later extensions of the IRT, constituting the bulk of the IRT system, were built to wider dimensions, and so are of a profile that could support the use of IND/BMT sized equipment. In other words, B Division equipment could operate on much of A Division if station platforms were trimmed and trackside furniture moved, thus letting A Division service carry more passengers. However, there is virtually no chance of this happening because the older, narrower portions of A Division are centrally situated, such that it would be impossible to put together coherent through services. The most that can be reasonably hoped for is that some branch lines of Division A might be resized and attached to B Division lines. This was done with the BMT Astoria Line in Queens[127] (which had formerly been dual-operated with normal IRT trains and special narrow BMT shuttles),[40] and has been proposed for a connection of the Second Avenue Subway to the IRT Pelham Line in the East Bronx.[128]
Post-unification expansion and reorganization[edit]
New York hoped that the profits from the remaining formerly privately operated routes would support the expensive and deficit-ridden IND lines and simultaneously be able to repay the systems' debts, without having to increase the original fare of five cents. But during World War II, which gave a reprieve to the closure of most rail transit in the U.S., some closures continued, including the remainder of the IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan (1942)[117] and the surviving BMT elevated services over the Brooklyn Bridge (1944).[129] The Second World War also caused renewed inflation, which finally caused a fare increase to ten cents in 1947 and six years later to 15 cents.[76]
Ridership skyrocketted during the late 1940s, and on December 23, 1946, the system-wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set.[130]:73
Because the consolidation dragged in the first years after unification, some improvements in operational processes were rather slow, and soon the question of organization was raised. The outsourcing of subway operations to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was favored at one point. On June 15, 1953, the NYCTA was founded with the aim of ensuring a cost-covering and efficient operation in the subways.[76]
There was a need to overhaul rolling stock and infrastructure of the once-private routes, especially for the IRT, where nearly all of the infrastructure was aged. The oldest cars came there from the time the subway opened in 1904, and the oldest subway cars of BMT in 1953 dated from the system's first years, in 1913. Therefore, a total of 2,860 cars for the A Division were delivered between 1948 and 1965, which constituted the replacement of almost the entire prewar IRT fleet. On the B Division, 2,760 cars were ordered. Platforms were doubled in length systemwide. At some stations, gap fillers were installed because the station extensions were curved. Also in this period, the BMT replaced their signals. The Main Line R36 cars were the first equipment to be equipped with two-way radio as delivered standard equipment in 1965, with the first use of radio in the subway system on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in May 1965, and the first successful air conditioned train (R38) was placed into service July 19, 1967.[131]
In 1946, Mayor William O'Dwyer initiated a program to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car trains. The first contract, which was completed on August 8, 1946, extended the platforms at 125th Street, 207th Street, 215th Street, 225th Street, 231st Street and 238th Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for $423,000. Additional platform extensions were completed on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue LIne on October 18, 1946. On this date the platform extensions at 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, 137th Street, 145th Street, 157th Street, 168th Street, 181st Street, 191st Street and Dyckman Street were completed. This project cost $3,891,000. The platform extensions at the Hoyt Street station on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line opened on November 15, 1946, being completed for $733,200. Stations along the IRT Lexington Avenue Line were next to receive the improvements. On January 24, 1947, the 23rd Street, 28th Street and 33rd Street platform extensions were completed, costing $4,003,000. Work was subsequently completed at the Bleecker Street and Spring Street stations for $1,970,000. The $1,992,000 contract to lengthen the platforms at the Canal Street and Worth Street stations to the south was completed on April 26, 1947. On September 4, 1947, a contract extending the platforms for stations in the Bronx was completed. The first stage of the plan was completed on June 13, 1949, lengthening the platforms at Prospect Avenue, Jackson Avenue, Intervale Avenue, Simpson Street, Freeman Avenue, 174th Street and 177th Street on the IRT White Plains Road Line for $315,000. On September 14, 1949 the Chairman of the Board of Transportation, William Reid, announced that the program to lengthen 32 IRT stations had been completed for $13,327,000. Reid also announced that the Board had created a five-year plan to lengthen all remaining BMT and IRT stations to accommodate ten-car trains.[132]
An A train on the IND Rockaway Line, opened in 1956 as one of two major expansions of the system in the mid-20th century
Only two new lines were opened in this era,[115] the IRT Dyre Avenue Line in 1941[133] and the IND Rockaway Line in 1956,[134][135][136][137] with an extension of the latter to Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue in 1958.[138] Both of these lines were rehabilitations of existing railroad rights-of-way rather than new construction. The former line was the City portion of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, an electrified commuter line closed in 1937,[133] and the latter a line obtained from the Long Island Rail Road.[139] While the latter is a long and substantial line, it consists mostly of a long right-of-way crossing Jamaica Bay with a single station on Broad Channel island and two branches on a peninsula that is only several city blocks wide.[140] For a time, the IND Rockaway Line was considered its own subway division.[86]
The 169th Street station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four track line, and this required the turning of F trains at Parsons Boulevard, and no storage facilities were provided at the station. Therefore, the line was going to be extended to 184th Place with a station at 179th Street with two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four ten-car trains. The facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station.[141][142] Construction on the extension started in 1946, and was projected to be completed in 1949.[142] The extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950.[143] This extension was delayed due to the Great Depression and World War II. Both E and F trains were extended to the new station.[143][144]
Decline[edit]
The Culver Ramp was completed in 1954.
Soon after the Culver Ramp was completed, parts of the ex-BMT Culver Line was demolished. This is a stub to the former line.
The originally planned IND system was built to the completion of its original plans after World War II ended, but the system then entered an era of deferred maintenance in which infrastructure was allowed to deteriorate. In 1951 a half-billion dollar bond issue was passed to build the Second Avenue Subway, but money from this issue was used for other priorities and the building of short connector lines, namely a ramp extending the IND Culver Line over the ex-BMT Culver Line at Ditmas and McDonald Avenues in Brooklyn (1954), allowing IND subway service to operate to Coney Island for the first time,[115] the 60th Street Tunnel Connection (1955), linking the BMT Broadway Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line,[115] and the Chrystie Street Connection (1967), linking the BMT line via the Manhattan Bridge to the IND Sixth Avenue Line.[145]
By January 1955, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority could theoretically raise $1.25 billion effective immediately (equivalent to $11,419,000,000 in 2017). In his 1974 book The Power Broker, Robert A. Caro estimated that this amount of money could modernize both the Long Island Rail Road for $700 million and the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad for $500 million, with money left over to build the Second Avenue Subway as well as proposed extensions of subway lines in Queens and Brooklyn.[146]:928–929 However, Robert Moses, the city's chief urban planner at the time, did not allow funding for most mass transit expansions in the New York City area,[146]:930–933 instead building highways and parkways without any provisions for mass transit lines in the future.[146]:939–958 Caro noted that the lack of attention to mass transit expansions and routine maintenance contributed to the decline of the subway: "When Robert Moses came to power in New York in 1934, the city’s mass transportation system was probably the best in the world. When he left power in 1968 it was quite possibly the worst."[146]:933
Soon after, the city entered a fiscal crisis. Closures of elevated lines continued. These closures included the entire IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan (1955) and the Bronx (1973), as well as the BMT Lexington Avenue Line (1950), much of the remainder of the BMT Fulton Street Line (1956), the downtown Brooklyn part of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line (1969), and the BMT Culver Shuttle (1975), all in Brooklyn, and the BMT Jamaica Line in Queens starting in 1977.[147] The BMT Archer Avenue Line was supposed to replace the BMT Jamaica Line's eastern end, but it was never completed to its full extent, and opened in 1988 as a stub-end line, terminating at Jamaica Center.[115]
Much of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line in Brooklyn was demolished. Pictured is the remaining portion in 1974.
In addition, construction and maintenance of existing lines was deferred, and graffiti and crime were very common. Trains frequently broke down, were poorly maintained, and were often late, while ridership declined by the millions each year. As in all of the city, crime was rampant in the subway in the 1970s. Thefts, robberies, shootings and killings became more frequent. The rolling stock was very often graffiti-painted or vandalism-damaged both inside and outside. As the New York City Police Department was completely overwhelmed, the public reacted with unease, and the subway was deliberately avoided. Around 1980, the reliability of the vehicles was a tenth of their reliability in the 1960s, and 40 percent of the network required speed restrictions. Because there had been no further studies of the subway since 1975, one third of the fleet was out of use during rush hours due to serious technical defects. In addition, signs were fitted incorrectly, and spare parts were missing or were bought in too large quantities, could not be found, or could not be installed due to lack of repairmen.[147]
The New York City Subway tried to keep its budget balanced between spending and revenue, so deferred maintenance became more common, which drew a slow but steady decline of the system and rolling stock. Furthermore, the workers were consolidated into the Transport Workers Union in 1968. A pension was set up, and workers were allowed to retire after 20 years of service without any transitional period. About a third of the most highly experienced staff immediately retired, resulting in a large shortage of skilled workers.[147]
Only in the 1980s did an $18 billion financing program for the rehabilitation of the subway start. Between 1985 and 1991 over 3,000 subway cars were overhauled and fitted with air conditioning. In this way, comfort, reliability and durability would be increased in order to postpone new purchases. The TA only replaced the oldest cars each division, so that despite the fact that the fleet was overaged, the TA bought only 1,350 new vehicles. Increased patrols and fences around the train yards offered better protection against graffiti and vandalism.[128] At the same time, the TA began an extensive renovation of the routes. Within ten years the tracks were thereby renewed almost systemwide. The Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, which had strong corrosion damage, were refurbished over the years. The renovation of the stations was initially limited to security measures, fresh paint, new lighting and signs, but the TA also tried to improve the service that had been neglected. This ranged from new uniforms and training for the staff to correct destination signs on the rolling stock. Some subway services were also adapted to the changing needs of customers.[128] Another stated goal was to reduce crime or at least an improvement in the subjective sense of security. At night, the railway police and members of the citizens' initiative Guardian Angels, formed in 1979, patrolled in the subway trains.[128] It was not until the 1990s that the crime in the city and its subway declined significantly.
Late 1950s and early 1960s[edit]
In 1956, the NYCTA chairman, Charles Patterson, proposed removing the seats from the trains on the 42nd Street Shuttle to increase the passenger load.[148]
On May 1, 1957, a standard maximum interval of 20 minutes between trains was put into place during late nights, with the exception of the Rockaway lines where it was 24 minutes. Some lines had service run as infrequently as 30 minutes. Also on this date, BMT express service was extended to 57th Street from 42nd Street. Earlier in 1957, local service on the BMT Jamaica Line was extendedd to Crescent Street from Eastern Parkway, and rush hour service was increased to run every 5 minutes.[149]
Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train. Switching at a junction north of 96th Street, delayed service as trains from the Lenox Avenue Line which ran local switched from the express to the local, while trains from the Broadway Branch that ran express switched from the local to the express. This bottleneck was removed on February 6, 1959. All Broadway trains were locals, and all Lenox Avenue trains were expresses, eliminating the need to switch tracks. All 3 trains began to run express south of 96th Street on that date running to Brooklyn. 1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times. Trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with 8-car trains consisting of new R21s and R22s on the line.[150]
On November 15, 1962, the express platforms at Lexington Avenue–59th Street opened to reduce transfer congestion at Grand Central–42nd Street, and to allow transfers between the express trains and BMT trains to Queens. Even before the express platforms were added, this station was the busiest on the line.[151] Construction on the express station had begun on August 10, 1959.[152]
Program for Action[edit]
A Second Avenue Subway tunnel
Main article: Program for Action
In the mid-1960s, US$600,000,000 was made available to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) of New York City for a large subway expansion proposed by then-Mayor John Lindsay. About $1,230,000,000 was spent to create three tunnels and a half-dozen holes as part of construction on the Second Avenue and 63rd Street Lines.[128][147] Construction for the lines stopped in 1975 because the city almost went bankrupt, yet none of the lines were done when federal payments were suspended in 1985.[153] The two-phase "Program for Action" was funded as follows:[154]
Phase I was to cost $1.6 billion and be completed over the span of a decade.[128]
Phase II came after Phase I and cost $1.3 billion. Phase II was composed of mostly extensions of existing lines and Phase I-built lines.[128]
A summary of the new subway lines and new subway related expenditures proposed in phase I of the 1968 "Program for Action" follows:[128]
Aggressive completion of the 63rd Street Lines as well as the connections to the IND Sixth Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line.
A super-express, non-stop bypass for the IND Queens Boulevard Line between 21st Street–Queensbridge and Forest Hills–71st Avenue.
A new double-tracked subway line would diverge from the IND Queens Boulevard Line near Woodhaven Boulevard and go to Kissena Boulevard.
A 2-track subway line, splitting from the IND Queens Boulevard Line at Briarwood, to Springfield Boulevard in southeastern Queens via the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road.
Construction of the Second Avenue Subway from 34th Street in East Midtown to the Bronx, with a connection to the 63rd Street Tunnel. The portion of the line from 63rd Street in Manhattan to 138th Street in the Bronx, would be built as two tracks.
The IRT Pelham Line north of Hunts Point Avenue and the IRT Dyre Avenue Line would be converted to IND standard width, with conversion to Second Avenue Subway service. The Second Avenue Line would use the former New York, Westchester and Boston Railway's right-of-way to Dyre Avenue and the IRT Pelham Line's right-of-way to Pelham Bay Park. Cross-platform interchanges would be provided at multiple IRT stations. The junctions at East 180th Street, and 149th Street – Grand Concourse would also be renovated.
The Rogers Junction would be reconstructed, with at-grade junctions eliminated, to make capacity for the extensions of the IRT Eastern Parkway Line's two branches. The IRT Nostrand Avenue Line would be extended along either Flatbush Avenue to Avenue U/Kings Plaza or along Nostrand Avenue to Voorhies Avenue. The IRT New Lots Line would be extended southerly to Flatlands Avenue; the line would run at ground level.
The purchase of about 500 high-speed air-conditioned subway cars for operation on the new subway extensions.
Yards and shops would be expanded to serve the new subway lines and the increased fleet size.
The Staten Island Rapid Transit would be rehabilitated from end to end for the first time since 1925, and would also get new rolling stock.
A new "Metropolitan Transportation Center" at 48th Street and Third Avenue, with a transfer to Grand Central–42nd Street and to Grand Central Terminal, similar to the contemporary East Side Access project.
Phase II of the 1968 "Program for Action" contained the following plans:[128]
Completion of the Second Avenue Subway from 34th Street south to the Financial District along Water Street to Whitehall Street. A cross-platform interchange would be provided at Grand Street.
A midtown tunnel distribution system along 57th, 48th, 42nd and 33rd Streets
Extension of the subway east of Jamaica to Hollis, Queens and demolition the BMT Jamaica Line above Jamaica Avenue east of 121st Street
Extension of the Long Island Expressway line to Springfield Boulevard
Replacing the Bronx portion of the IRT Third Avenue Line with a new subway line running adjacent to the New Haven Line along Park Avenue
Extending the IND Pelham Line to Co-op City in the Bronx
Extending the IND Concourse Line to White Plains Road
The purchase of 500 more air-conditioned, high-speed subway cars
Extending the LIRR from Flatbush Avenue into lower Manhattan
A new railroad station at 149th Street in the Bronx, near the current Yankees–East 153rd Street station
Also as part of the Program for Action, existing elevated structures were to be replaced with new subways. The eastern end of the BMT Jamaica Line was to be replaced with the BMT Archer Avenue Line, while the IRT Third Avenue Line was being torn down in favor of a new subway line running parallel to the Metro-North tracks at Park Avenue.[128]
Deferred maintenance[edit]
Because the early subway systems competed with each other, they tended to cover the same areas of the city, leading to much overlapping service. The amount of service has actually decreased since the 1940s as many elevated railways were torn down, and finding funding for underground replacements has proven difficult. The subway's decline began in the 1960s and continued through the late 1980s.[128]
Graffiti[edit]
See also: Graffiti in New York City
Fast food stands operated in stations until the 1980s
A typical graffiti-tagged car in 1979
A graffitied car on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (1973)
In 1973, the city's graffiti epidemic surged to levels never seen before; nearly every subway car was tagged with graffiti by the end of the year.[155] It was aided by the budgetary restraints on New York City, which limited its ability to remove graffiti and perform transit maintenance.[156] Mayor John Lindsay declared the first war on graffiti in 1972, but it would be a while before the city was able and willing to dedicate enough resources to that problem to start impacting the growing subculture.[156][157] The MTA tried rubbing the graffiti off with an acid solution, but maintaining the cars to keep them relatively graffiti-free was costing them around $1.3 million annually. In the winter of 1973, the car-washing program was stopped. In September 1974, exterior washing with an acid solution started, but the solution was found to have caused more harm than good.[128]
As graffiti became associated with crime, many demanded that the government take a more serious stance toward it, particularly after the popularization of the Fixing Broken Windows philosophy in 1982.[157][158][159] By the 1980s, increased police surveillance and implementation of increased security measures (razor wire, guard dogs) combined with continuous efforts to clean it up led to the weakening of the New York's graffiti subculture.[155]
An extensive car-washing program in the late 1980s ensured the elimination of graffiti throughout the system's rolling stock. In 1984 the NYCTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti. The years between 1985 and 1989 became known as the "die hard" era.[156] A last shot for the graffiti artists of this time was in the form of subway cars destined for the scrap yard.[156] With the increased security, the culture had taken a step back. The previous elaborate "burners" on the outside of cars were now marred with simplistic marker tags which often soaked through the paint. By mid-1986 the NYCTA were winning their "war on graffiti". On May 12, 1989, the rolling stock was made 100% graffiti-free, with the washing of the last train in the subway system that still had graffiti.[115][156][157][160][161] As the population of artists lowered so did the violence associated with graffiti crews and "bombing".[156]
Ridership and service cuts[edit]
By June 1975, ridership had fallen to 1918 levels, and ridership was decreasing at an average of 25 million passengers per year. In January 1977, to both save money and increase safety, subway trains were shortened during off hours. By October 1977, a planned Metropolitan Transportation Center at Third Avenue and 48th Street was dropped. LIRR trains using the 63rd Street tunnel would run to Grand Central, whenever that line would be built. $63 million had been spent on Second Avenue Subway construction through December 1978, even though subway construction only consisted of three short segments of tunnel when it was halted in April 1975. Ridership kept dropping rapidly; it dropped by 25 million passengers between June 30, 1976 and June 30, 1977, and within a span of eight years, 327 million passengers stopped using the subway. Some estimated that if this rate of decline were to continue, there would be no passengers on the system by 2002.[128]
As a result of declining ridership, the number of subway cars used during the morning rush hours dropped from 5,557 in 1974 to about 4,900 in 1978. Headways were increased, too, so people were waiting longer periods of time for shorter trains that were intensely crowded. Headways on the A, D, N and RR services were 5 minutes during rush hours (or 12 trains per hour) in 1978; they were 4 minutes (or 15 trains per hour) in 1974.[128][162]
On May 27, 1975, the NYCTA announced that in September of that year 94 daily IRT trips would be discontinued, accounting for 4 percent of then-existing service on the IRT. The trips were to be discontinued to cut operating deficits. Express service on the 7 was to be discontinued between the hours of 9:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. and was to be replaced by more frequent local service.[163] Also, during the same month, the NYCTA was considering making the A train a local at all times except rush hours, when it would remain an express.[164]
On December 17, 1975, the MTA announced that a 4.4 percent cutback of rush hour train service would take place on January 18, 1976. The cutbacks, the third of the year, trimmed 279 train runs from the previous 6,900. Service was most drastically reduced on the Lexington Avenue Line, with seven fewer express trains during the morning rush hour heading southbound. The cuts were the first of a three-phase program that was put in effect between January and July 1976. The cuts permitted a savings of $12.6 million a year for the NYCTA, which had an increasing deficit. Other subway services were changed or discontinued as part of the plan. On January 19, F trains were planned to stop running express in Brooklyn, and the GG was to be cut back to Smith–Ninth Streets. In April it was planned that all rush hour 1 trains would begin running to 242nd Street; these runs had previously terminated at 137th Street. During midday hours, trains on the 1 were to be shortened to five cars. In July, it was planned that the EE would be discontinued; N trains were to have been extended to Continental Avenue via the Queens Boulevard Line to replace it. Manhattan-bound N trains were to continue running express, while in the opposite direction they would run local. N trains would alternate between terminating at Whitehall Street or Coney Island during rush hours. CC trains, in July, were planned to be extended from Hudson Terminal to Rockaway Park replacing the E, which was to have been cut back to Hudson Terminal. The K was planned to be discontinued in July.[165]
The changes that were supposed to take place in July instead took effect on August 30. 215 more runs were eliminated on that date. In 1967 there were 8,200 daily trips, and on August 30, 1976 there were 6,337 daily trips.[162]
On December 14, 1976, the NYCTA proposed another package of service cuts. The cuts, planned to take effect in January 1977, would have eliminated service on the Bowling Green–South Ferry Shuttle, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and AA service, which was to be replaced by the A during late nights. GG service would be cut back to Queens Plaza during late evenings and late nights. B and N service would have been cut back to shuttles, running between 36th Street and Coney Island on their respective lines. It was also proposed that during off-peak hours 10-car trains would be cut to eight, six or four car trains.[166]
Infrastructure[edit]
The BMT Sea Beach Line. Note the single express track; the other express track was removed in the 1980s due to deferred maintenance.
The R46s, the newest cars in the system in 1976, broke down the most due to their cracked trucks.
The subway had been gradually neglected since the 1940s, and its situation had been exacerbated by the low fare. On May 20, 1970, two people died at the Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue station in the worst subway collision since the 1928 Times Square derailment. Following the 1970 accident, New York Magazine highlighted the state of the subway system in a lengthy expose.[167] Even though each of the approximately 7,200 subway cars were checked once every six weeks or 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of service, four or five dead motors were allowable in a peak-hour 10-car train, according to some transit workers' accounts. About 85.8% of trains were on schedule in 1970, with 1,142 equipment-related delays in April 1970.[167] However, issues such as broken lights, fans, and signs; defective doors, wheels, and brakes; and subway cars that often became uncoupled or "pulled apart", were still prevalent. One out of three IRT stations did not have running water in case of emergency. In addition, the system's staff were leaving in massive numbers, with 5,655 workers having retired or quit from early 1969 to mid-1970.[167]
In the late 1970s, hundreds of slow speed orders were found throughout the system due to the risk of derailments. Graffiti covered every single subway car in the system, and the number of available cars for rush hour services continued to drop, from 5,557 in 1976, then to 5,025 in 1977, and finally to 4,900 in May 1978. Mean Distance Between Failures (MDBF) rates were at all time lows, as the MDBF rate system-wide was 6,000 miles by 1980. Maintenance on rolling stock was so bad that by 1979, two hundred retired R16 cars were put back into service to replace the newest rolling stock in the system, the R46. Most R46s had cracked trucks, and were only allowed to operate during rush hours as they were sent for rehabilitation.[128]
At the height of the transit crisis in 1983, on-time performance dropped below 50%.[168] Hundreds of trains never made it to their destination and in 1981, 325 train runs were abandoned on a typical day.[168] Additionally, cars caught fire 2,500 times every year.[168]
In December 1978 a New York Daily News article highlighted the worst part of the subway. The worst subway station overall, in terms of crime and its condition, was Grand Central–42nd Street, while the worst elevated station was Metropolitan Avenue in Queens. The subway cars in the worst condition were the R10s. The subway line with the worst signals was the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, so the signals were upgraded in the 1980s. The track in the worst shape was that of the BMT Sea Beach Line, which had more or less the same infrastructure as when it opened in 1915.[147]
Even with the addition of $800 million of state funds promised in 1978, less than half of the $600 million authorized in the 1967 bond issue for major construction had been spent. The MTA made improvements to tunnels, tracks, switches and signals. It had to do this with a smaller amount of funding than available in the past due to the fiscal crisis, and keep the subway operating 24 hours a day. However, it had a major public relations problem. As people didn't see any improvements, they assumed that crime was out of control, and for a while it was, but this assumption was maintained even during periods of reduced crime. In an attempt to alleviate the crime situation and extend the service life of rolling stock, half-length trains began running during off-peak hours. Infrastructure was in such poor condition that even the 63rd Street and Archer Avenue subway projects were threatened by 1980. The 63rd Street Line was flooded with water, while the Archer Avenue Line could barely be built past Parsons Boulevard.[128]
Due to deferred maintenance, the condition of the subway system reached dangerous conditions in the early 1980s; new construction was, by then, considered ludicrous. Even as the only new construction was going on in the 63rd Street Line, Manhattan residents at the vicinity of York Avenue and East 63rd Street protested over the MTA's intention to build a ventilation shaft for the line. During the early 1980s, work on the 63rd Street and Archer Avenue lines continued, although the MTA considered stopping work on these projects in October 1980, and spending the money instead on maintaining the existing system.
Structural defects were found in elevated structures systemwide and on the Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges, causing frequent closures or delays on many subway lines during the 1980s. Reroutes from both bridges were necessitated; while the Manhattan Bridge, between 1986 and 2004, had two of its four tracks closed at a time for construction, the Williamsburg Bridge needed a shutdown from April to June 1988 for emergency structural repairs to be made.[128] Federal funding for the repair of the BMT Jamaica Line was deferred throughout the 1980s due to the extremely bad state of the Williamsburg Bridge. On the bridge, pigeon droppings corroded the bridge's steel, broken cable strands suspending the bridge numbered over 200, and concrete in the bridge began to come off and leave large holes.[128]
Due to low ridership and the increasing shabbiness of the subway, parts or most of several lines—the BMT Canarsie Line; the IND Crosstown Line; either the IND Concourse Line or the IRT Jerome Avenue Line north of 161st Street–Yankee Stadium; and the BMT Jamaica Line east of either Broadway Junction or Cypress Hills—were proposed for closure and abandonment in 1981. Other lines proposed for closure included the remaining part of the IND Culver Line, the BMT West End Line, the IRT Dyre Avenue Line, part of the IND Rockaway Line, part of the IRT White Plains Road Line, and the remaining part of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line.[169] In fact, the eastern part of the BMT Jamaica Line was actually demolished, mainly as part of the Program for Action, but also due to low ridership.[128] Officials also proposed shutting the subway at night between midnight and 6 a.m. in order to reduce crime.[170] Off-peak train trips, as well as trips on the branches outside the city's core, were reduced sharply.[171]
In 1981, operation on the New York City Subway was so bad that:[172][173]
In January 1981, there was one Tuesday where 1⁄3 of the subway fleet was not in service. In the first two weeks of January, 500 trains were canceled each day. A trip that could take 10 minutes in 1910, took 40 minutes in 1981.
There were 30 derailments in 1980 (by comparison, there was one in 2014).
By January 1981, none of the 2,637 A Division cars had ever had an overhaul. Infrastructure was not routinely inspected and few repairs were made until a failure occurred. Most rolling stock had gone unmaintained and unrepaired since 1975. The average Mean Distance Between Failures in 1981 was 6,639 miles, down from 13,900 in 1977 and 24,000 in 1970.
The R44s and R46s, the newest cars in the system, made up 1⁄4 of the B Division's 4,178 subway cars. Even thought they were the newest cars, they had a variety of problems. The R46s broke down the most and had cracked trucks, while the R44s had issues because of the sophisticated technology that was installed in anticipation of operating on a fully automated IND Second Avenue Line.[128]
In 1986, the MTA and Regional Plan Association again considered closing 26 miles (42 km) of above-ground lines to follow population shifts. They included the Jerome Avenue, Dyre Avenue, Franklin Avenue, Crosstown, and Rockaway lines, as well as parts of the Myrtle and Jamaica lines. The south end of the Culver Line and the north ends of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue and White Plains Road Lines were also proposed for closure, as was all of the BMT Sea Beach Line. However, unlike the 1981 proposal, this plan called for a net expansion of the subway system, as 37 miles (60 km) of new underground and surface lines would also be built.[174]
Crime[edit]
See also: Crime in New York City
In the 1960s, mayor Robert Wagner ordered an increase in the Transit Police force from 1,219 to 3,100 officers. During the hours at which crimes most frequently occurred (between 8:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m.), the officers went on patrol in all stations and trains. In response, crime rates decreased, as extensively reported by the press.[175] Due to another crime increase in the subway, the rear cars of subway consists were shut at night beginning in July 1974.[176]
However, during the subway's main era of decline following the city's 1976 fiscal crisis, crime was being announced on the subway every day, with an additional 11 "crimes against the infrastructure" in open cut areas of the subway in 1977, wherein TA staff were injured, some seriously. There were other rampant crimes as well, so that two hundred were arrested for possible subway crimes in the first two weeks of December 1977, under an operation dubbed "Subway Sweep". Passengers were afraid of the subway because of its crime, angry over long waits for trains that were shortened to save money, and upset over the general malfunctioning of the system. The subway also had many dark subway cars.[147] Further compounding the issue, on July 13, 1977, a blackout cut off electricity to most of the city and to Westchester.[147] Due to a sudden increase of violent crimes on the subway in the last week of 1978, police statistics about crime in the subway were being questioned. In 1979, six murders on the subway occurred in the first two months of the year, compared to nine during the entire previous year. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line was known to frequent muggers, so in February 1979, a group headed by Curtis Sliwa, began unarmed patrols of the 4 train during the night time, in an effort to discourage crime. They were known as the Guardian Angels, and would eventually expand their operations into other parts of the five boroughs. By February 1980, the Guardian Angels' ranks numbered 220.[177]
To attract passengers, in September 1978 the TA introduced the “Train to the Plane”, a premium-fare service that provided limited stops along Sixth Avenue in Manhattan from 57th Street to Howard Beach, where passengers could transfer to a shuttle bus to JFK Airport. The service was staffed by a transit police officer 24/7, and the additional fare was paid on board. This was discontinued in 1990 due to low ridership and the high cost of its operation.[178][179][180]
In March 1979, Mayor Ed Koch asked the city's top law enforcement officials to devise a plan to counteract rising subway violence and to stop insisting that the subways were safer than the streets. Two weeks after Koch's request, top TA cops were publicly requesting Transit Police Chief Sanford Garelik's resignation because they claimed that he lost control of the fight against subway crime. Finally, on September 11, 1979, Garelik was fired, and replaced with Deputy Chief of Personnel James B. Meehan, reporting directly to City Police Commissioner Robert McGuire. Garelik continued in his role of chief of security for the MTA.[147] By September 1979, around 250 felonies per week (or about 13,000 that year) were being recorded on the subway, making the crime rate the most of any other mass transit network anywhere in the world. Some police officers supposedly could not act upon quality of life crimes, and that they should only look for violent crimes. Among other problems included:
MTA police radios and New York City Police Department radios transmitted at different frequencies, so they could not coordinate with each other. Subway patrols were also adherent to tight schedules, and felons quickly knew when and where police would make patrols. Public morale of the MTA police was low at the time. so that by October 1979, additional decoy and undercover units were deployed in the subway.[147]
Meehan had claimed to be able to, along with 2.3 thousand police officers, "provide sufficient protection to straphangers", but Sliwa had brought a group together to act upon crime, so that between March 1979 and March 1980, felonies per day dropped from 261 to 154. However, overall crime grew by 70% between 1979 and 1980.[181]
On the IRT Pelham Line in 1980, a sharp rise in window-smashing on subway cars caused $2 million in damages; it spread to other lines during the course of the year. When the broken windows were discovered in trains that were still in service, they needed to be taken out of service, causing additional delays; in August 1980 alone, 775 vandalism-related delays were reported.[182] Vandalism of subway cars, including windows, continued through the mid-1980s; between January 27 and February 2, 1985, 1,129 pieces of glass were replaced on subway cars on the 1, 6, CC, E, and K trains.[183] Often, bus transfers, sold on the street for 50 cents, were also sold illegally, mainly at subway-to-bus transfer hubs.[184] Mayor Koch even proposed to put a subway court in the Times Square subway station to speed up arraignments, as there were so many subway-related crimes by then. Meanwhile, high-ranking senior City Hall and transit officials considered raising the fare from 60 to 65 cents to fund additional transit police officers, who began to ride the subway during late nights (between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m.) owing to a sharp increase in crime in 1982. Operation High Visibility, commenced in June 1985, had this program extended to 6 a.m., and a police officer was to be present on every train in the system during that time.[185]
On January 20, 1982, MTA Chairman Richard Ravitch told the business group Association for a Better New York, that he would not let his teenage sons ride the subway at night, and that even he, as the subway chairman, was nervous riding the trains.[186] The MTA began to discuss how the ridership issue could be fixed, but by October 1982, mostly due to fears about transit crime, poor subway performance and some economic factors, ridership on the subway was at extremely low levels matching 1917 ridership.[187] Within less than ten years, the MTA had lost around 300 million passengers, mainly because of fears of crime. In July 1985, the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City published a study showing this trend, fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances.[188] As a result, the Fixing Broken Windows policy, which proposed to stop large-profile crimes by prosecuting quality of life crimes, was implemented.[158][189] Along this line of thinking, the MTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984, and hired one of the original theorists of Broken Windows policing, George L. Kelling, as a consultant for the program in 1985.[190][191][192]
In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, Bernhard Goetz shot four young African American men from the Bronx on a New York City Subway train; the incident got nationwide media coverage. That day, the men—Barry Allen, Troy Canty, Darrell Cabey (all 19), and James Ramseur (18)—boarded a downtown 2 train (Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line express) carrying screwdrivers, apparently on a mission to steal money from video arcade machines in Manhattan.[193] When the train arrived at the 14th Street station in Manhattan, 15 to 20 other passengers remained with them in R22 subway car 7657,[194][195] the seventh car of the ten-car train.[196][197] At the 14th Street station, Goetz entered the car through the rearmost door, crossed the aisle, and took a seat on the long bench across from the door. After Canty asked Goetz how he was, Goetz replied affirmatively, at which point the four boys supposedly moved over to the left of Goetz, blocking Goetz off from the other passengers in the car. They then asked Goetz for money. He fired five shots, seriously wounding all four men. Nine days later he surrendered to police and was eventually charged with attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and several firearms offenses. A jury found him not guilty of all charges except for one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm, for which he served eight months of a one-year sentence.[198] The incident sparked a nationwide debate on race and crime in major cities, the legal limits of self-defense, and the extent to which the citizenry could rely on the police to secure their safety.[199] Although Goetz, dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by New York City's press, came to symbolize New Yorkers' frustrations with the high crime rates of the 1980s, he was both praised and vilified in the media and public opinion. The incident has also been cited as a contributing factor to the groundswell movement against urban crime and disorder,[200] and the successful National Rifle Association campaigns to loosen restrictions on the concealed carrying of firearms.
In 1989, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority asked the transit police (then located within the NYCTA) to focus on minor offenses such as fare evasion. In the early nineties, the NYCTA adopted similar policing methods for Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal. When in 1993, Mayor Rudy Giuliani and Police Commissioner Howard Safir were elected to official positions, the Broken Windows strategy was more widely deployed in New York City under the rubrics of "zero tolerance" and "quality of life". Crime rates in the subway and city dropped,[201] prompting New York Magazine to declare "The End of Crime as We Know It" on the cover of its edition of August 14, 1995. Giuliani's campaign credited the success to the zero tolerance policy.[202] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed.[203] Incoming New York City Police Department Commissioner William J. Bratton and author of Fixing Broken Windows, George L. Kelling, however, stated the police played an "important, even central, role" in the declining crime rates.[204]
On April 2, 1995, the New York City Police Department and the Transit Police Department merged.[115]
Effects of the Program for Action[edit]
The IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx was a casualty of the Program for Action.
Ironically, the Program for Action forced the closure of a large number of subway lines. The Bronx remnant of the IRT Third Avenue Line closed in 1973, to be provisionally replaced by a new subway under the Metro-North Railroad tracks on Park Avenue, one block to the west. The E train stopped using the lower level of the 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal station on February 28, 1975. The Culver Shuttle between Ditmas Avenue and Ninth Avenue, having been reduced to a single track for many years and in deteriorating condition, closed permanently on May 11, 1975.[205][206][207][208] On August 27, 1976, GG service was cut back from Church Avenue to Smith–Ninth Streets. The K and EE routes were eliminated. On December 15, 1976, GG service at the other terminal was cut back to Queens Plaza. The BMT Jamaica Line was cut back from 168th Street to 121st Street between September 11, 1977 and the early 1980s, replaced by the BMT Archer Avenue Line in 1988.[128]
Debris falling from and on the tracks[edit]
As elevated structures were torn down as part of the Program for Action, existing elevated structures became more dangerous by the day. One individual walking under the BMT Astoria Line displayed, for the New York Post, a large collection of debris that rained from the line as trains passed by. In January 1979, another individual was almost killed by falling debris under the IRT Pelham Line between Zerega and Castle Hill Avenues. In September 1979, multiple claims of "stuff falling from the (West End) El" along New Utrecht Avenue led attorneys for a Bensonhurst anti-noise group and state senator Martin Solomon to file suit against the MTA to fix the structure.
On October 27, 1976, loose chunks of concrete were falling from a retaining wall on the southbound side of the BMT Brighton Line just south of the Beverley Road station. After many temporary reroutes and usage of the Manhattan-bound express track in both directions, the southbound track alignment had to be changed; all trains had to use a single track and a shuttle had to be created between Beverley Road and Prospect Park. Starting November 1, 1976 and continuing until February 25, 1977, hundreds of trains were cancelled and/or rerouted due to the construction.[128]
Fare evasion[edit]
See also: New York City transit fares § Fare evasion
Fare evasion seemed a small problem compared to the graffiti and crime; however, fare evasion was causing the NYCTA to lose revenue.[209] NYCTA’s strategy for restoring riders’ confidence took a two-pronged approach. In 1981, MTA’s first capital program started system’s physical restoration to a State-of-Good-Repair. Improving TA’s image in riders’ minds is as important as overcoming deferred maintenance. Prompt removal of graffiti [210] and prevention of blatant fare evasion would become central pillars of the strategy to assure customers that the subway is “fast, clean, and safe”:[211]
Similarly, fare evasion was taken seriously. The NYCTA began formally measuring evasion in November 1988. When TA’s Fare Abuse Task Force (FATF) was convened in January 1989, evasion was 3.9%. After a 15-cent fare increase to $1.15 in August 1990, a record 231,937 people per day, or 6.9%, didn’t pay. The pandemonium continued through 1991.[212] To combat the mounting problem, FATF designated 305 “target stations” with most evaders for intensive enforcement and monitoring. Teams of uniformed and undercover police officers randomly conducted “mini-sweeps”, swarming and arresting groups of evaders.[213] Special “mobile booking centers” in converted city buses allowed fast-track offender processing.[214] Fare abuse agents covered turnstiles in shifts and issued citations. Plainclothes surveyors collected data for five hours per week at target locations, predominantly during morning peak hours. Finally, in 1992, evasion began to show a steady and remarkable decline, dropping to about 2.7% in 1994.[215]
The dramatic decrease in evasion during this period coincided with a reinvigorated Transit Police, a 25% expansion of City police, and a general drop in crime in U.S. cities. In the city, crime rate decline begun in 1991 under Mayor David Dinkins and continued through next two decades under Mayors Rudolph Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg. Some observers credited the “broken windows” approach of law enforcement [216] where minor crimes like evasion are routinely prosecuted, and statistical crimefighting tools, whereas others have indicated different reasons for crime reduction.[217][218] Regardless of causality, evasion checks resulted in many arrests for outstanding warrants or weapons charges, likely contributing somewhat to public safety improvements. Arrests weren’t the only way to combat evasions, and by the early 1990s NYCTA was examining methods to improve fare control passenger throughputs, reduce fare collection costs, and maintain control over evasions and general grime. The AFC system was being designed, and evasion-preventing capability was a key consideration.
TA’s queuing studies concluded that purchasing tokens from clerks was not efficient. Preventing ‘slug’ use required sophisticated measures like tokens with metal alloy centers and electronic token verification devices. To provide better access control, the NYCTA experimented with floor-to-ceiling gates and “high wheel” turnstiles. Prototypes installed at 110th Street/Lexington Avenue station during a “target hardening” trial reduced evasions compared to nearby “control” stations.[219] However, controls consisting entirely of “high-wheels” created draconian, prison-like environments, with detrimental effects on station aesthetics. Compromises with more secure low-turnstile designs were difficult, as AFC did not prevent fare evasion.[220]
Production Automated Fare Collection (AFC) implementation began in 1994. New turnstiles, including unstaffed high wheels, and floor-to-ceiling service gates, featured lessons learned from trials. As AFC equipment was rolled out, evasion plummeted. Fare abuse agents, together with independent monitoring, were eliminated.
Rehabilitation and rising trend[edit]
The BMT Franklin Avenue Line (at Botanic Garden) in the 1970s was in a state of rapid degradation
Ridership during 1979, which increased 4% over 1978 levels, was attributed to an improving economy.[221]
A multi-part Daily News series on the subway in 1979 advertised "a whole new subway"; numerous improvements and rehabilitations were performed as a result:
Installation of air conditioning in all IRT cars by 1990
Improvements to all 460 stations between 1979 and 1984, at a cost of $304 million; ultimately, 84 were.
Installation of closed-circuit television in stations to improve passenger safety.
Completion of the 63rd Street Line bypass to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, which was ultimately not completed, was projected to be finished by 1990.
Over six years, $1.7 billion would be provided by the state and the Port Authority under the Urban Mass Transit Act.[221]
Phyllis Cerf Wagner, the aesthetics chairman at the time, additionally announced "Operation Facelift", a program calling for new paint, better lighting, increased platform seating, and faster window and door replacements. She planned the removal underground concession stands, persuaded the MTA to cease painting rolling stock silver with a blue stripe, and envisioned an underground mall modeled after Underground Atlanta, that would stretch from Herald Square to 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center stations (connecting with the existing Rockefeller Center concourse) and Grand Central–42nd Street. The underground mall was not completed, but the majority of the aforementioned improvements were eventually carried out.[221]
During the mid-1980s, reconstruction began. Stations were refurbished and rolling stock was repaired and replaced. "Neighborhood maps" for wayfinding were added in subway stations starting in 1985.[222] Poor maintenance trends began to reverse by 1986. There were three in-service derailments in 1985, compared with 15 in 1984 and 21 in 1983. The number of "red tag" areas — areas of track necessitating immediate repairs, meaning trains needed to slow to 10 mph — dropped from over 500 to two in 1986.[223] As an example, the BMT Brighton Line's tracks between Sheepshead Bay and Prospect Park were replaced in 1986 — the first time this had been done in 20 years. However, when the project was completed, trains were either too high or too far away from many of the platforms. Some areas necessitated the ripping up of tracks, removal of the ballast trackbed, and finally replacement of the track.[224] The 325 R62 cars, in service for a year on the 4, were proving reliable, at an average of 50,000 miles between failures (compared to 9,000 for the other subway car models), with the newly overhauled World's Fair R36 equipment on the Flushing Line averaging over 30,000 miles in 1986-87.[225] The Mean Distance between Failures of many rolling stock classes was improving; it had been as low as 6,000 miles in 1980, and increased to 10,000 miles by September 1986. At that time, 670 new cars were accepted, 850 overhauled cars were in service, and 3,000 cars were made graffiti-free. Speedometers were also installed on existing and new rolling stock.[221]
On January 1, 1982, the MTA implemented the first of its five-year Capital Improvement programs to repair the existing system.[115] Scheduled Maintenance Services were formed to replace components before they failed. Subway cars in classes R26 to R46 went through general overhaul programs to fix and rehabilitate rolling stock. Older equipment (any car classes with contract numbers below R32s on the B Division and R26s on the A Division) were retrofitted with air conditioning. The red tag areas were incrementally repaired and welded rail could be seen on many lines by the end of the 1980s. At the end of the century, the MDBF rates for the entire system were at record highs and steadily increasing. The Franklin Avenue Shuttle, however, was worse in 1989 than it was in 1980, and necessitated a complete renovation by 1998, because the MTA planned to abandon the line by the end of the century.[221]
Projects during this time[edit]
Smith–Ninth Streets, which received new escalators
Starting in the early 1970s, there were plans for improving the subway system.
Halfway through Phase I of the 1968 Program for Action, a status report was issued. It stated: "Almost all of the projects are well ahead of the goal recommended five years ago. Despite technical setbacks, legal roadblocks, administrative frustrations and limited funding, progress has been substantial." Other improvements, not stated in the report, were also being done. As of 1973, progress had been made on several projects, the first six of which were Program for Action projects:
The 63rd Street Tunnel was completed and outfitting for the new lines that were to run through it was to begin in early 1974.
Three new subway lines were under construction (63rd Street, Second Avenue, and Archer Avenue Lines).
Eight new subway lines were under design.
Two underground crosstown people-movers were being studied.
Rolling stock ordered during these years had a common front end, with a silver finish with a blue stripe along the side:
800 new R40 and R42 subway cars were placed into service. In 1968, 27% of the fleet was considered to be beyond retirement age (which was said to be 30 years if a subway car is properly maintained); in 1973, this was halved to about 14%. In 1968, there were 6,975 subway cars in the fleet, of which 1,883 were beyond their useful lives; by 1973, there were 6,826 cars in the fleet, of which 956 were beyond their useful lives.
The first 8-car train of R44s was placed into revenue service on December 16, 1971 on a one-month trial. The first train of R44s in "permanent" revenue service left 179th Street - Jamaica on the F train on April 19, 1972. By 1973, 300 R44s were placed in service and 745 R46 subway cars were ordered from Pullman Standard (and this number would increase slightly to 754 cars). The first four R46 cars would be delivered on March 27, 1975, and would be tested on the express tracks of the Sea Beach Line. The first R46 train went into revenue service on July 14, 1975.
Bowling Green modernization and expansion. This project started on July 19, 1972 to relieve overcrowding as a result of new office development in the area.
49th Street modernization, to be completed in 1974.
50th Street station design, to be completed in late 1973.
50 BMT stations had their platforms extended (or were currently being extended) to accommodate 600-foot trains.
200 new token booths were deployed with another 300 planned.
980 new on-train radios were installed aboard subway cars that did not previously have them.
Projects to figure out how to air condition IRT cars were started. Two IRT cars completed a two-year air conditioning test on September 5, 1973, and the first two 10-car IRT trains retrofitted with air conditioning entered service on June 24, 1975.
In April 1974, the City approved emergency appropriations to fix the following problems:
Rebuilding a collapsing section of a retaining wall on the BMT Sea Beach Line between Fort Hamilton Parkway and New Utrecht Avenue. At times, trains were rerouted to the express tracks to avoid vibrations in the area.
Reinstall cable in the Steinway Tunnel that was temporarily shored up when a duct fell on a Flushing-bound IRT train
Fix a sinking pier on a trestle near Broad Channel on the IND Rockaway Line
A $3.5 billion bond issue, declined on November 6, 1973, would have financed the following subway improvements:
Extension of the IRT Dyre Avenue Line to Co-op City
Building the long-proposed IND Queens Boulevard Line to Springfield Boulevard
Building joint LIRR/subway extensions from the Atlantic Avenue LIRR terminal to lower Manhattan
Building a two-track subway off the IND Queens Boulevard Line under the Long Island Expressway to Kissena Boulevard and Queens College
Another branch off the IND Queens Boulevard Line at 63rd Drive to the IND Rockaway Line
Even through the late 1970s, there were improvement plans, many of which were implemented.[147]
Closed circuit television in the Times Square–42nd Street/Port Authority Bus Terminal station complex
New lighting on the BMT Brighton Line south of Newkirk Avenue
A new escalator at Brighton Beach
New escalators at Smith–Ninth Streets
Signal improvements on the eastern end of the IRT New Lots Line
A grant consisting of $27 million in federal funds in October 1978 enabled the following improvements:[147]
Repairing roof canopies of ten IND Culver Line stations
Conversion of 15 escalators to automatic operation in various stations
Rehabilitation of other Manhattan escalators and those at Smith–Ninth Streets in Brooklyn
Replacement of third rail on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line between 168th Street and Dyckman Street in Manhattan
Transit improvements planned for 1979 included:[86]
Welded rail along the IND Eighth Avenue Line between Jay Street and Worth Street
40 closed circuit television monitors at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
Power substation renovations to the substations at Flatbush Avenue and Empire Blvd, and Joralemon Street and Willow Place.
A new car wash facility in Coney Island Yard
Canopy replacement along BMT West End Line and BMT Brighton Line stations
New signage on 2,496 IRT cars
Marcy Avenue
In May 1979, $19.9 million in federal funds was requested for the following transit improvements:[86]
Rebuilding the Marcy Avenue station
Equipping 170 token booths with a direct intercom to MTA headquarters that would also act as a silent alarm
Replacement of the wooden platforms at Sutter Avenue station on the BMT Canarsie Line
In 1976, the MTA, as a cost saving measure, looked to discontinue the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, but neighborhood support for it saved it from being closed.[86] The possibility of the discontinuation was revisited again in 1998, but again, fierce community opposition to it forced the MTA to rehabilitate the line.[226]
In 1977, the Linden Shops opened in Brooklyn, enabling the MTA to build track panels indoors throughout the year, among other objects.[86]
Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center transfer
On January 16, 1978, the MTA opened three transfer stations:[86]
A transfer between the 14th Street station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platforms with those of the BMT Canarsie Line and the IND Sixth Avenue Line
A transfer between the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at Canal Street with the local platforms of the BMT Broadway Line
A transfer between the BMT Brighton Line at Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center with the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and with the IRT Eastern Parkway Line
In April 1981, the following projects were considered by the MTA:[227]
The N and RR services would swap northern terminals.
A rush hour T train would run from Bay Parkway on the BMT West End Line to the Financial District
Additional service on Sixth Avenue. B trains would run to 168th Street at the expense of AA service
A K train would run from Canarsie to midtown Manhattan through the Chrystie Street Connection
A proposal for non-stop express service between 59th Street and the World Trade Center was found to be unworkable due to existing lines running at capacity and the inclusion of the JFK Express on the IND Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street.
In 1981, the MTA began installing welded rails on a few underground portions of the system.[86]
In June 1983, the following projects were considered by the MTA:[228][229]
The JFK Express would be extended to Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street, and the $5 fare and the special guard would be eliminated, making it like any other subway line. Trains would be 8 cars long instead of 4 cars long, and the headway between trains would be 18 minutes, instead of 20 minutes.
During rush hours, the CC would terminate at Euclid Avenue, instead of serving the Rockaways.
B train service would run all day from Coney Island to 168th Street, instead of terminating at 57th Street during non-peak hours.
AA service, which operated during non-rush hours, would be eliminated.
A new shuttle service, named H, would run between 57th Street and World Trade Center.
On March 25, 1986, the Regional Plan Association (RPA) proposed several changes.[230][231] A major part of the plan was eliminating parts of the system and expanding the system to reflect population shifts. The plan called for eliminating 26 miles of elevated lines and building 17 miles of new subway lines, and 20 miles of new surface lines. Proposals included:[232]
Expanding the subway fleet to reduce crowding
Allow city residents to ride LIRR or Metro-North trains to Midtown Manhattan at reduced fares
More premium services for which higher fees could be charged, like the JFK Express. Another suggestion was an express bus from the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal to midtown Manhattan.
One person train operation during off-peak hours
Closing 10 percent of stations, 45 out of 437, those that are underused, to increase speeds to 17 miles per hour for local trains and 21 to 25 miles per hour for express trains.
The doubling of off-peak service to every 5 to 7 minutes during middays and to every 10 minutes during night hours.
The RPA also recommended the following prioritized expenditures looking forward to the year 2000:[230]
Extend the IND 63rd Street Line's "tunnel to nowhere" to southeast Queens via the LIRR's Montauk Branch and the subway's Archer Avenue Lines at a cost of $310 million,
Build the Second Avenue Subway from Chatham Square, Manhattan to East 180th Street in the Bronx at a cost of $3.1 billion
Reactivate the Rockaway Beach Branch north of Liberty Avenue to serve John F. Kennedy International Airport at a cost of $160 million
Build a spur of the IND Queens Boulevard Line along Jewel Avenue to serve northeast Queens at a cost of $420 million
Extend the IRT Flushing Line into New Jersey via a new cross-Hudson tunnel at a cost of $1.2 billion (planned as part of a modification of the 7 Subway Extension)
Provide the East Side Access to Grand Central Terminal via the lower level of the 63rd Street Line at a cost of $1.4 billion (to be completed in the early 2020s)
Purchase 500 new subway cars at a cost of $500 million.
In April 1986, the New York City Transit Authority began to study the possibility of eliminating sections of 11 subway lines because of low ridership. The segments are primarily located in low-income neighborhoods of the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens, with a total of 79 stations, and 45 miles of track, for a total of 6.5 percent of the system. The lines were first identified in the first part of a three-year project, the Strategic Plan Initiative, which started in April 1985, by the MTA to evaluate the region's bus, subway, and commuter rail systems. The eleven segments all had low ridership, needed expensive rebuilding, and duplicated service on parallel lines. The lines being studied included the following lines:[232]
The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 215th Street to 242nd Street, which was duplicated by buses.
The IRT White Plains Road Line from East 180th Street to 241st Street, which was duplicated by buses.
The entire IRT Dyre Avenue Line, which was duplicated by buses.
The IRT Jerome Avenue Line from 167th Street to Woodlawn, which was paralleled by the IND Concourse Line.
The entire IND Rockaway Line south of Howard Beach, due to low ridership.
The IND Culver Line south of Avenue U, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.
The entire IND Crosstown Line, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.
The BMT Jamaica Line between Crescent Street and 121st Street, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.
The entire BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, which was duplicated by buses.
The entire BMT Sea Beach Line, which ran close to the BMT West End Line.
The entire BMT Franklin Avenue Line, due to major deterioration.
The Broadway – Lafayette Street station to the northbound IRT Lexington Avenue Line at Bleecker Street
By August 1989, the MTA was considering these projects:[233]
Connecting the IND 63rd Street Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line (done in December 2001)
Reverse signaling on both express tracks on the IND Queens Boulevard Line, and 250 new subway cars that would be used to provide the additional service
The Second Avenue Subway (under construction as of 2007[update])
A 1.25 miles (2.01 km) connection between Parkside Avenue on the BMT Brighton Line and Seventh Avenue on the IND Culver Line, to alleviate train delays caused by frequent Manhattan Bridge closures
700 new IRT subway cars that would be purchased in two groups: the first by 1996, the second by 2011, and a new storage yard on the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch near the Brooklyn Terminal Market
Additional yards at 65th Street, Brooklyn and Sunnyside, Queens
Extension of the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line about 1,000 feet for the creation of a double crossover and turnback facilities
Extension of South Ferry to accommodate 10-car trains (done in March 2009)
Additional transfer points were planned as well:
The Broadway – Lafayette Street station to the northbound IRT Lexington Avenue Line at Bleecker Street (done in September 2012)
A connection between the South Ferry, Bowling Green and Whitehall Street stations (done between South Ferry and Whitehall Street in March 2009)
Botanic Garden on the Franklin Avenue Shuttle with the Franklin Avenue station on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line (done in 1999)
Creation of a new station at Union Street for J and M trains on the BMT Jamaica Line that would have a direct transfer to Broadway on the IND Crosstown Line. Had this been built, Hewes Street and Lorimer Street stations would be closed.
21st Street – Queensbridge, opened on October 29, 1989
In December 1988, three transfers were opened between existing stations, and three brand-new stations were opened. They were:[234]
Lexington Avenue / 53rd Street and 51st Street stations
Long Island City – Court Square and 23rd Street – Ely Avenue stations (now known as Court Square and Court Square – 23rd Street, respectively)
42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal and Times Square – 42nd Street stations
The new stations were Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport, Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer, and Jamaica – Van Wyck.[115] Other service changes were implemented that day. Skip-stop service on the J/Z trains was also started on December 11, 1988. Additionally, IND Fulton Street Line express service was extended from weekdays only to all times except late nights. Discontinuous services on the B, D, and Q trains over the Manhattan Bridge were replaced by continuous services.
On May 12, 1989, the last train with graffiti was taken out of service;[235] the subway has been mostly graffiti-free since this point.[160]
On October 29, 1989, the IND 63rd Street Line was opened. It was nicknamed the "tunnel to nowhere" due to its stub end at 21st Street–Queensbridge, and also due to the fact that the three-station extension lay dormant for over a decade after completion.[115][236] The 3.2 mile line included three new stations and cost a total of $868 million. The line was viewed as an enormous waste of money.[237]
Planned rolling stock[edit]
R62A 42nd Street Shuttle train
R68A D train at Bay Parkway
In the 1980s, the MTA considered buying 208 63-foot (19 m) subway cars to replace 260 51-foot (16 m) IRT cars, even though these longer cars were never tried anywhere on the IRT. The cars would be purchased using $190 million from the Transportation Bond Act voters approved in November 1979. Advantages of the car were the same as in the R44 and R46 orders—fewer subway cars of longer length can make up a 510-foot train and reducing operating and maintenance costs; however, drawbacks identified for these cars included not lining up with the movable platforms at 14th Street–Union Square, and not fitting tight curves, such as at South Ferry. After paying consultant Louis T. Klauder and Associates $894,312 to evaluate the merits of the 63-foot car, the plans were dropped.[238]
By March 1982, the MTA closed a deal to purchase 325 new IRT subway cars from Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan. It would be the first purchase of foreign-made subway cars that ever ran on the New York City Subway system.[239] Other candidates for this order included Bombardier and the Budd Company.[239] The first Capital Program allocated funding for the purchase of 1,150 subway cars, and Kawasaki was not interested in building another 825 IRT cars. Bombardier ended up winning the contract for the R62As.
In October 1982, a consortium of French engineering companies was selected by the MTA to build 225 subway cars, which became known as the R68s. The consortium was chosen over bids from the Budd Company and the Sumitomo Group. The first regular R68 train went into revenue service in Brighton Beach on June 20, 1986, after passing a successful 30-day test. Two hundred option-1 cars were later delivered for a total of 425 cars. The option for 200 additional R68s was given to Kawasaki and the car class became known as the R68A. The first R68A cars were delivered to New York City on April 12, 1988 and transferred to the MTA the following day. The first train of R68As began a 30-day acceptance test on May 18, 1988 on the IND Concourse Line.
The R10, R14, R16, R17, R21, and R22 car classes all were retired with the deliveries of the R62/As and R68/As.
Revitalization and recent history[edit]
1990s[edit]
Subway ridership increased through the 1990s. Throughout David Dinkins's mayoralty from 1989 to 1993, the city went from being in debt to having a $200 million surplus, which was achieved by raising taxes. However, Dinkins's tax plans were unpopular, and he lost the 1993 election to Rudy Giuliani.[101]:360 Giuliani wanted to demonstrate that he could successfully run New York City without raising taxes, so he eliminated $400 million from the MTA's capital budget in 1994. He did not suggest any transit improvements, however.[240] State lawmakers also reduced MTA funding in the 1990s, which remained mostly unchanged through the 2000s.[240]
September 11, 2001[edit]
Cortlandt Street was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks and needed to be demolished.
Main article: Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks § New York City Subway
The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan. Tracks and stations under the World Trade Center were shut down within minutes of the first plane crash. All remaining New York City Subway service was suspended from 10:20am to 12:48pm.[241] Immediately after the attacks and more so after the collapses of the Twin Towers, many trains running in Lower Manhattan lost power and had to be evacuated through the tunnels. Some trains had power, but the signals did not, requiring special operating procedures to ensure safety.
The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which ran below the World Trade Center between Chambers Street and Rector Street was the most crippled. Sections of the tunnel as well as Cortlandt Street were badly damaged and had to be rebuilt. Service was immediately suspended south of Chambers Street and then cut back to 14th Street. There was also subsequent flooding on the line south of 34th Street–Penn Station. After the flood was cleaned up, express service was able to resume on September 17 with 1 trains running between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street and 14th Street, making local stops north of and express stops south of 96th Street, while 2 and 3 trains made all stops in Manhattan (but bypassed all stations between Canal Street and Fulton Street until October 1). 1/9 skip-stop service was suspended.
After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19. The 1 train resumed local service in Manhattan, but was extended to New Lots Avenue in Brooklyn (switching onto the express tracks at Chambers Street) to replace the 3, which now terminated at 14th Street as an express. The 2 train continued to make local stops in Manhattan and service between Chambers Street and South Ferry as well as skip-stop service remained suspended. Normal service on all four trains was restored September 15, 2002, but Cortlandt Street will remain closed while the World Trade Center site is redeveloped.[242][14]
Service on the BMT Broadway Line was also disrupted because the tracks from the Montague Street Tunnel run adjacent to the World Trade Center and there were concerns that train movements could cause unsafe settling of the debris pile. Cortlandt Street station, which sits under Church Street, sustained significant damage in the collapse of the towers. It was closed until September 15, 2002 for removal of debris, structural repairs, and restoration of the track beds, which had suffered flood damage in the aftermath of the collapse. Starting September 17, 2001, N and R service was suspended and respectively replaced by the M (which was extended to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via the BMT Montague Street Tunnel, BMT Fourth Avenue Line, and BMT Sea Beach Line) and the J (also extended via Fourth Avenue to Bay Ridge–95th Street). In Queens, the Q replaced the R while the W replaced the N. All service on the BMT Broadway Line ran local north of Canal Street except for the Q, which ran normally from 57th Street to Brighton Beach via Broadway and Brighton Express. J/Z skip-stop service was suspended at this time. Normal service on all seven trains resumed on October 28.
The only subway line running between Midtown and Lower Manhattan was the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, which was overcrowded before the attacks and at crush density until the BMT Broadway Line reopened. Wall Street was closed until September 21.
The IND Eighth Avenue Line, which has a stub terminal serving the E train under Five World Trade Center was not damaged, but covered in soot. E trains were extended to Euclid Avenue, Brooklyn, replacing the then suspended C train (the A and D trains replaced it as the local north of 59th Street–Columbus Circle on nights and weekends, respectively. The B train, which ran normally from 145th Street or Bedford Park Boulevard to 34th Street–Herald Square via Central Park West Local, also replaced C trains on weekdays). Service was cut back to Canal Street when C service resumed on September 21, but Chambers Street and Broadway–Nassau Street remained closed until October 1. World Trade Center remained closed until January 2002.[14][15]
Later 2000s[edit]
With many parts of the system approaching or exceeding 100 years of age, general deterioration can be seen in many subway stations.
Ridership increases[edit]
Generally, ridership kept rising as the subway system improved in its maintenance, cleanliness, frequency, and on-time ratio; ridership started to increase as graffiti and crime rates dropped heavily after 1989. From 1995 to 2005, ridership on city buses and subways grew by 36%, compared with a population gain in the city of 7%.[243] With dramatic increases in fuel prices in 2008, as well as increased tourism and residential growth, ridership on buses and subways grew 3.1% up to about 2.37 billion trips a year compared to 2007. This is the highest ridership since 1965.[244]
By 2013, ridership had reached 1.7 billion riders per year (despite closures related to Hurricane Sandy), a level not seen since 1949.[245] In April 2013, New York magazine reported that the system was more crowded than it had been in the previous 66 years.[246] The subway reached a daily ridership of 6 million for 29 days in 2014, and was expected to record a similar ridership level for 55 days in 2015; by comparison, in 2013, daily ridership never reached 6 million.[247]
Expansions start[edit]
Several expansions started construction or were opened during the mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg from 2001 to 2013.[240] The IND 63rd Street Line's connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line was first, opened on December 16, 2001. To serve the new connection, the F train was rerouted via the 63rd Street Line, and to replace the F along 53rd Street, a new V train was created–running between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Second Avenue via the Queens Boulevard and Sixth Avenue local tracks. The G, to allow for room to operate the V, was cut back to Court Square. Two out-of-system transfers were put into place; the first was to allow F passengers to continue to have a free transfer to the Lexington Avenue Line, which was lost when the line was rerouted–the transfer connects the Lexington Avenue/59th Street station and the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street stations. The second one connected the Court Square station with the 45th Road–Court House Square station.[248][249][250]
In 2003, money was allocated for the construction of a new station at South Ferry, and in 2005, construction commenced on the new station.[251] Initially, the station's construction had been opposed because of the high cost and low perceived time savings.[252] The South Ferry loop station only accommodates the first five cars of a train, so that the rear five cars of a 10-car 1 train cannot load or unload.[253] Because of the curve at the station gap fillers are required, and as a result the new station was built as a two-track, full (10-car)-length island platform on a less severe curve, permitting the operation of a typical terminal station.[253][254] The MTA claimed that the new station saved four to six minutes of a passenger's trip time and increased the peak capacity of the 1 service to 24 trains per hour, as opposed to 16 to 17 trains per hour with the loop station.[253]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, talk began to circulate about taking up the construction of the Second Avenue Subway. Most New Yorkers regarded these plans with cynicism, since citizens were promised the line since well before the Third Avenue elevated was torn down in 1955. Funds have been set aside and environmental impact reports have been completed. A tunnelling contract was awarded to the consortium of Schiavone/Shea/Skanska (S3) by the MTA on March 20, 2007.[255] This followed preliminary engineering and a final tunnel design completed by a joint venture between AECOM and Arup.[256][257] A ceremonial groundbreaking for the subway was held on April 12, 2007 and contractor work to prepare the project's initial construction site at 96th Street and Second Avenue began on April 23, 2007.[255][258]
7 Subway Extension construction in June 2011
In October 2007, the 7 Subway Extension construction contract was awarded, extending the IRT Flushing Line to 34th Street.[125] Groundbreaking began in June 2008 and the tunnels were completed by 2010. The project, which was the first one funded by the city in over sixty years,[259] was intended to aid redevelopment of Hell's Kitchen around the West Side Yard of the Long Island Rail Road.[260]
Budget cuts[edit]
The MTA faced a budget deficit of US$1.2 billion in 2009.[261] This resulted in fare increases (three times from 2008 to 2010)[262] and service reductions (including the elimination of two part-time subway services, the V and W). Several other routes were modified as a result of the deficit. The N was made a full-time local in Manhattan (in contrast to being a weekend local/weekday express before 2010), while the Q was extended nine stations north to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on weekdays, both to cover the discontinued W. The M was combined with the V, routing it over the Chrystie Street Connection, IND Sixth Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills–71st Avenue on weekdays instead of via the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and BMT West End Line to Bay Parkway. The G was truncated to Court Square full-time. Construction headways on eleven routes were lengthened, and off-peak service on seven routes were lengthened.[263]
2010s[edit]
Hurricane Sandy damage[edit]
The old South Ferry loop station closed between March 16, 2009 and April 4, 2013. It closed permanently in June 2017.
Hurricane Sandy caused serious damage to the IND Rockaway Line and isolated one part of the line from the rest of the system, requiring the NYCTA to truck in 20 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service in the Rockaways. This shows one of the cars being loaded onto a flatbed to be carried to the Rockaways.
On October 28, 2012, a full closure of the subway was ordered the day before the arrival of Hurricane Sandy. All services on the subway, the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North were gradually shut down that evening.[264] The storm caused serious damage to the system, especially the IND Rockaway Line, which had many sections between Howard Beach–JFK Airport and Hammels Wye on the Rockaway Peninsula heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 R32 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service, which was temporarily designated the H.[265][266] The H ran between Beach 90th Street and Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, where passengers could transfer to a free shuttle bus.[267] The line reopened on May 30, 2013, with a new retaining wall along the line to prevent against future storm surges.[268][269][270]
Several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge.[271] The South Ferry suffered serious water damage, and on April 4, 2013, the older loop-configured station reopened to provide temporary service.[272][273] The first tunnel to be repaired, the Greenpoint Tube under Newtown Creek, was fixed during a series of weekend closures in 2013 and a full closure during summer 2014.[274] The second tunnel, the Montague Street Tunnel, was closed completely from August 2013[275][276] to September 2014.[277][278][279]
Hurricane Sandy also damaged the Clark Street Tubes, necessitating a full closure on weekends between June 2017 and June 2018, thus affecting 2, 3, 4, and 5 service.[280] The new South Ferry station reopened on June 27, 2017, in time to accommodate the Clark Street closures.[281][282][283] A week after South Ferry reopened, the MTA closed the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line for ten months to rebuild two of the line's viaducts, the 310-foot-long (94 m) approaches to the line's junction with the BMT Jamaica Line and Fresh Pond Bridge over the Montauk Branch in Queens. This was in preparation for a reconstruction of the BMT Canarsie Line tunnels under the East River.[284][285][286][286][287]
From early 2019 to mid-2020, the BMT Canarsie Line shutdown would close the line west of Bedford Avenue for 18 months.[288][289][290] In April 2017, the shutdown was shortened to 15 months.[291]
Expansions open[edit]
Originally budgeted at $400 million, the new South Ferry station opened in 2009 at a total of $530 million, with most of the money being a grant from the Federal Transit Administration earmarked for World Trade Center reconstruction.[253] In January 2009, the opening was delayed because the tracks were too far from the edge of the platform. Other delays were attributed to leaks in the station.[292] The problem was corrected and the station opened on March 16, 2009. With the opening of the new station, a transfer was available to the Whitehall Street station with a new connecting passageway.[293][294][295][296]
On December 20, 2013, Mayor Michael Bloomberg took a ceremonial ride on a train to the new 34th Street terminal of the IRT Flushing Line, celebrating a part of his legacy as Mayor, during a press tour of the uncompleted station.[297] The project was 90% complete in 2013,[297] and was expected to open in 2014,[298][299][300][301] but did not open until September 13, 2015.[302][303][304] According to The New York Times, the delay in the extension's opening was due to the installation of custom-made incline elevators that kept malfunctioning.[305] A December 2014 New York Post article also attributed the delay to Hudson Yards' developer, The Related Companies', need to dig caissons for the foundations, just above the subway station; the foundation work needed to be complete before the MTA could proceed with opening the station.[306]
The Fulton Center building opened to the public on November 10, 2014, completing a decade-long refurbishment of the Fulton Street station in lower Manhattan.[307][308][309] It was controversially funded as part of the post-9/11 rebuilding project.[240]
Second Avenue Subway opening at 86th Street
As part of the Second Avenue Subway's opening, W service, which had not run since 2010, was restored on November 7, 2016.[310] On January 1, 2017, the Second Avenue Subway was opened,[311] with stations crowded with passengers seeking to check out the new line.[312][313][314] About 48,200 passengers entered the new stations on that day, excluding passengers who toured the line by entering at a station in the rest of the system.[315]
2017 state of emergency[edit]
Main article: 2017 New York City transit crisis
Underlying the fanfare of expansions, however, there was a gradual decline in maintenance of the subway, and consequently, fewer trains started arriving to their destinations on time. Maintenance spending declined before rising again from the 1990s to 2012, but on-time performance slowly eroded during that same time period. By 2017, only 65% of weekday trains reached their destinations on time, the lowest rate since the transit crisis of the 1970s.[240] In the summer of that year, the subway system was officially put in a state of emergency after a series of derailments,[316][317] track fires,[318][319] and overcrowding incidents.[318][320]
To solve the system's problems, the MTA officially announced the Genius Transit Challenge on June 28, 2017, where contestants could submit ideas to improve signals, communications infrastructure, or rolling stock.[321][322] On July 25, 2017, Chairman Joe Lhota announced a two-phase, $9 billion New York City Subway Action Plan to stabilize the subway system and to prevent the continuing decline of the system.[323][324][325][326] The first phase, costing $836 million, consisted of five categories of improvements in Signal and Track Maintenance, Car Reliability, System Safety and Cleanliness, Customer Communication, and Critical Management Group. The $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems.[324][325][326] Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018.[327]
In October 2017, city comptroller Scott Stringer released an analysis of the effect of subway delays on the economy and on commuters. The study found that based on a normal wait time of 5 minutes and an average wage of $34 per hour in 2016, "worst-case" subway delays of more than 20 minutes could cost up to $389 million annually in lost productivity.[328] By comparison, "mid-case" delays of between 10 and 20 minutes could cost $243.1 million per year, and "best-case" delays of between 5 and 10 minutes could cost $170.2 million per year.[329]
In November 2017, The New York Times published its investigation into the crisis. It found that the crisis had arisen as a result of financially unsound decisions by local and state politicians from both the Democratic and Republican parties. By this time, the subway's 65% average on-time performance was the lowest among all major cities' transit systems, and every non-shuttle subway route's on-time performance had declined in the previous ten years.[240]
Future[edit]
There are several lines being planned. This includes a subway line under Utica Avenue in Brooklyn;[330][331] an outer-borough circumferential line, the Triboro RX;[332][333] a reuse of the northern part of the Rockaway Beach Branch;[334][335] and a line to LaGuardia Airport.[336]
In November 2016, the MTA requested that the Second Avenue Subway's Phase 2 project be entered into the Project Development phase under the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts program.[337] The FTA granted this request in late December 2016.[338] Under the approved plan, the MTA would complete an environmental reevaluation by 2018, receive funding by 2020, and open Phase 2 between 2027 and 2029.[339] The line will be built in four phases and will eventually run as far north as 125th Street in East Harlem during Phase 2, and south to Hanover Square in Lower Manhattan in Phases 3 and 4.[340]
Accidents and incidents[edit]
Train accidents[edit]
Many train accidents have been recorded since 1918, when a train bound for South Ferry smashed into two trains halted near Jackson Avenue on the IRT White Plains Road Line in the Bronx.[341]
Only accidents that caused injuries, deaths, or significant damage are listed.
Aftermath of F train derailment in May 2014
The Malbone Street Wreck killed 97 people
June 27, 2017: A southbound A train derailed then caught fire near 125th Street.[342] The derailment, caused by improperly secured replacement rails,[343] resulted in 39 minor injuries.[344]
September 10, 2015: A southbound G train with approximately 80 people on board derailed near Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets, injuring at least 5 people.[345]
May 2, 2014: A Manhattan-bound F train with 1,000 people on board derailed near 65th Street, injuring at least 19 people.[346][347]
June 21, 2000: A southbound B train derailed just after leaving the DeKalb Avenue station in Brooklyn, injuring more than 80 people. Officials said the third car jumped off the track, pulling the second car along.[348][347]
April 12, 2000: A northbound 5 train derailed near 68th Street, injuring nine people.[347]
November 20, 1997: A Forest Hills-bound R train rear-ended a G train in a tunnel near the Steinway Street station in Astoria. There were no serious injuries reported among the approximately 40 victims, who mainly suffered minor head and neck injuries. All of the injured were treated and released. The cars, which were estimated traveling at about 10 miles per hour at the time of the collision, suffered only limited damage.[349]
July 14, 1997: The last car of a southbound 2 train derailed near Franklin Avenue, injuring four people.[347]
July 3, 1997: A Queens-bound A train derailed in Harlem, near the 135th Street station, injuring 15 people.[347]
August 23, 1995: 18 people were injured when a 6 train bypassed a red signal and struck another train stopped at Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station.[349][350]
June 5, 1995: In a collision on the Williamsburg Bridge, a Manhattan-bound J train crashed into a stopped Manhattan-bound M train. The motorman of the J train was killed and approximately 50 passengers were injured. Investigations concluded that the J train ran a red signal at high speed, and spacing of signals and poor performance of train and track brakes contributed to the crash.[349][350]
February 9, 1995: An M train carrying no passengers smashed into a Manhattan-bound B train near the Ninth Avenue station. The motorman and six people aboard the B train suffered minor injuries. The motorman of the M train was blamed for the crash.[349][350]
December 21, 1994: Edward Leary exploded a homemade bomb that sent a fireball whooshing through a subway car, injuring himself and 47 others. The crude bomb went off while the subway train was parked in a station.[351]
August 15, 1994: Eleven people were injured when the last car of a southbound B train derailed near Ninth Avenue in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and slammed into a tunnel wall.[347][349]
October 7, 1993: A Manhattan-bound L train collided with another L train in the Graham Avenue station; 45 were injured.[349][350]
August 28, 1991: In a derailment at Union Square, 5 people were killed and more than 200 were injured when a southbound 4 train came off the tracks. The motorman was drunk at the time of the crash and was later convicted of manslaughter.[347][349][350]
December 28, 1990: An electrical fire in tunnel near Clark Street kills two and injures 188.[349]
July 26, 1990: Thirty-six people were injured when a B train rear-ended an M train in Borough Park.[349]
November 20, 1980: A 2 train derailed as it entered Chambers Street injuring 16 passengers.[352]
April 25, 1986: An out of service F train relaying along the tail tracks that extend east (railroad north) of 179th Street crashed into a wooden barrier at the end of the tunnel wall. The motorman who was operating the train suffered a heart attack and was pronounced dead at the scene; the conductor was unharmed. The first car was badly damaged and had to be scrapped.[353][347][349]
July 3, 1981: A motorman is killed and 135 passengers are injured as a Manhattan bound train plowed into the rear of a second train halted for a failed signal between Sutter Avenue and Utica Avenue.[354]
January 12, 1981: A D train derailed on the BMT Brighton Line near Kings Highway injuring 10 passengers.[355]
December 13, 1978: A CC train derailed south of 59th Street Columbus Circle crashing into the tunnel wall, injuring 16 of 100 passengers.[356]
June 30, 1978: Three people were injured when an L train derailed, with nine of the cars leaving the track, damaging the track and platform.[357]
April 12, 1977: Two passengers were injured when an N train derailed between the Manhattan Bridge and DeKalb Avenue.[358]
December 1, 1974: Six people were injured as a Franklin Avenue Shuttle train consisting of R32s derailed at the same spot of the Malbone Street Wreck hitting the wall leaving a massive gash in the side of one of the cars.[359][360][361][362]
October 25, 1973: A fire in two train cars at Longwood Avenue caused these cars to be scrapped; the following train ended up rear-ending the disabled train.[347][349]
October 4, 1973: Three passengers were injured when a Lexington Avenue Express train derailed 900 feet south of the Bergen Street station.[363]
August 28, 1973: A 20-foot-long chunk of a concrete ceiling duct in the Steinway Tunnel collided with a Queens-bound 7; one person in the first car was killed and 18 were injured.[347][349][364]
July 16, 1971: A fire took place south of 14th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, injuring 11.[365]
May 27, 1971: A 7 train was disabled in the Steinway Tunnel after a short-circuit in a third rail contact shoe filled the tunnel with smoke. The train was stuck in the tunnel of almost two hours because of difficulty and hazards in evacuating the passengers. One person died of a heart attack while the train was stuck.[366]
August 1, 1970: A tunnel fire near Bowling Green killed one and injured 50.[349]
July 17, 1970: A Manhattan-bound E train rammed into the back of a halted A train near the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station after the motorman of the E train failed to observe proper safety procedures after passing a red signal. 37 people were injured.[367]
May 20, 1970: An empty Brooklyn-bound GG train running on the southbound local track crashed into another GG train west of Roosevelt Avenue that was crossing from the southbound express track to the southbound local track. Two passengers were killed and 77 were injured.[349]
February 27, 1970: A 6 train hit a bumper block at the Pelham Bay Park station, injuring 7.[368]
December 29, 1969: A southbound train derailed near East 180th Street in the Bronx, injuring 48.[349]
May 4, 1965: A work crane fell from the IRT New Lots Line on the center track east of Utica Avenue, killing one.[349]
November 28, 1962: A railroad crane toppled off from the IND Culver Line onto a street in Coney Island, killing three.[349]
September 26, 1957: A motorman and three passengers were killed at an accident at 231st Street.[349]
August 27, 1938: A collision at a 116th Street IRT station (the exact station is unknown) killed 2 and injured 51.[349]
August 24, 1928: A Derailment in Times Square on a southbound express train on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line killed 16[369] and injured 100.[349]
August 6, 1927: Two bombs exploded at 28th Street (BMT Broadway Line) and 28th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line).[349]
November 1, 1918: A dispatcher, filling in for striking motormen, lost control while entering the tunnel at Malbone Street; 97 were killed and 200 injured.[349][370]
October 3, 1918: A collision at Jackson Avenue killed two and injured 18 people.[341][349]
Additionally, in an accident recorded before 1918, a derailment happened on the Ninth Avenue Elevated in Manhattan on September 11, 1905, resulting in 13 deaths and 48 serious injuries.[371][372]
Other disasters[edit]
Other accidents in the history of the subway do not involve trains;[373][374][375] several people have been fatally electrocuted by the subway's third rails,[376][377] and yet others have been fatally pushed onto the tracks.[378][379]
In 1960, someone nicknamed the Sunday Bomber set off a series of bombs in the New York City Subway[380][381][382] and ferries[383] during Sundays and holidays, killing one woman and injuring 51 other commuters.
See also[edit]
History of New York City transportation
Beach Pneumatic Transit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Annual Information Statement 2001 Appendix A The Related Entities" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). 2001. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion That Saved New York (2001).
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Subway Ridership". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Retrieved April 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Facts and Figures: Annual Subway Ridership 2012–2017". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Ari (October 23, 1982). "RIDERSHIP OF SUBWAYS SINCE 1917". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Facts and Figures: Average Weekday Subway Ridership 2012–2017". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(New York City) Subways (Facts and Figures under title of Annual Subway Ridership)". MTA.info. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York City subway opens - Oct 27, 1904". HISTORY.com. A&E Television Networks. 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New York Elevated - Charles Harvey". Mid-Continent Railway Museum. April 8, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Clifton Hood (2004). 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801880544.
Jump up ^ Mark S. Feinman (2000). "History of the Independent Subway". nycsubway.org. nycsubway.org. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New York City Transit - History and Chronology". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New York Transit Museum - Teacher Resource Center - History of Public Transportation in New York City". Transitmuseumeducation.org. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kennedy, Randy. "Tunnel Vision; With Station's Reopening, Even Commuters Smile", The New York Times, September 17, 2002. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Brian Abbott. September 11: Three Years Later. Several maps showing changes in lower Manhattan from July 2001 to September 2002.
Jump up ^ "New York will have to wait till spring for No. 7 subway extension". Daily News. New York. December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sill, Andrew. "Hudson Yards subway extension delayed again".
Jump up ^ MTA.info—Second Avenue Subway Quarterly Report Q4 2013
Jump up ^ The Launch Box—Fewer Than 1,000 Days to Go!
Jump up ^ Hilger, James (March 23, 2009). "Notes from the Underground: The Secret Tunnels of Brooklyn". psfk.com. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Citynoise: Oldest Subway Tunnel in the World Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Av Tunnel".
Jump up ^ "Events That Led To The Creation Of The Atlantic Avenue Tunnel" (PDF). Brooklyn Historic Railway Association. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Multiple sources:
"The Atlantic Avenue Tunnel". Brooklynrail.net. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
"Urban Underground Passageways An Historical Overview" (PDF). Brooklynrail.net. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
"The Atlantic Avenue Tunnel". New York City Subway Transit Scenes. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
"Brooklyn Historic Railway Association and Atlantic Avenue Tunnel". Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
"Cobble Hill (Atlantic Avenue) Tunnel History". RapidTransit.net. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Joseph, Yonette (February 15, 2009). "The Tunnel Rats of Atlantic Avenue". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
"The New York Moon – Undertone – Music video in the tunnel". nymoon.com. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ adrianne. "Tunnel vision: how an obsessed explorer found and lost the world's oldest subway". The Verge.
Jump up ^ "Brooklyn Underground Tunnel Tours Are Now Six Feet Under". NBC New York.
Jump up ^ "Early Transit in New York". NYCSubway.org. Retrieved October 29, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Early Transit in Brooklyn". NYCSubway.org. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Inventor of the Week - Alfred Beach" Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. (MIT)
Jump up ^ "Beach Pneumatic Transit". nycsubway.org.
Jump up ^ Brennan, Joseph (2005). "They found the tube in excellent condition". Beach Pneumatic. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The remarkable pneumatic people mover" on Damn Interesting
Jump up ^ "The Secret Subway" (PBS)
Jump up ^ "Beach Pneumatic Transit - The Interborough Rapid Transit subway" (plrog.org)
Jump up ^ Barry, Keith (February 26, 2010). "Feb. 26, 1870: New York City Blows Subway Opportunity". Wired.
Jump up ^ nycsubway.org—Beach Pneumatic Transit
Jump up ^ Hood, Clifton (1995). 722 Miles. The Johns Hopkins University Press; First Edition (September 1, 1995). p. 59. ISBN 978-0801852442.
Jump up ^ "Lower Manhattan Necrology (continued) - Forgotten New York". forgotten-ny.com. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864-1917, published 1918, pp. 139-161
^ Jump up to: a b c d nycsubway.org — The Dual System of Rapid Transit (1912)
Jump up ^ "L.I. Traction Reorganization". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. January 18, 1896. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Local Stocks and Bonds". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. February 9, 1896. p. 23.
Jump up ^ "Rapid Transit Statement". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. August 26, 1898. p. 7.
Jump up ^ The Third Rail Online - Gunther and His Railroad Archived May 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Transit in Possession of Brooklyn Elevated". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. March 25, 1899. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "To Run Road Next Week". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. July 7, 1899. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Early Rapid Transit in Brooklyn, 1878 to 1913", nycsubway.org
^ Jump up to: a b 1914 Moody's Manual: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Local Stocks and Bonds". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. November 14, 1897. p. 31.
Jump up ^ "Of the Nassau-Transit Railroad Consolidation Deal". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. November 6, 1898. p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Flynn Enjoins Nassau Lease". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. April 4, 1899. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Local Stocks and Bonds". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. March 19, 1899. p. 35.
Jump up ^ "Rapid Transit Company Gets Brighton Beach R.R.". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. March 21, 1899. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Local Stocks and Bonds". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. April 16, 1899. p. 57.
Jump up ^ "L Merger Certificate". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. May 24, 1900. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Transit Co. Leases P.P. and C.I. Road". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. June 17, 1899. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Transit Truths". BMT-Lines.com. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Walker, James Blaine (January 1, 1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864-1917. Law Print. Company. pp. 162–191.
^ Jump up to: a b New York Times, Farthest North in Town by the Interborough, January 14, 1907, page 18
Jump up ^ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/1906_IRT_map_north.png
Jump up ^ James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864-1917, published 1918, p. 204
Jump up ^ New York Times, Our First Subway Completed at Last, August 2, 1908, page 10
Jump up ^ Burroughs and Company, the New York City Subway Souvenir, 1904
Jump up ^ "DISCUSS SUBWAY SIGNS IN 18TH ST. STATION; Engineer Parsons and Mr. Hedley Inspect Advertising Scheme. BRONX VIADUCT WORKS WELL Delays There Only Those of Newness -Lenox Avenue Service Makes Fuss Below Ninety-sixth Street" (PDF). Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kahn, Alan Paul; May, Jack (1973). Tracks of New York Number 3 Manhattan and Bronx Elevated Railroads 1920. New York City: Electric Railroaders' Association. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Subway at Fulton Street Busy" (PDF). The New York Times. January 17, 1905. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Merritt, A. L. (1914). "The Remarkable Story of the Opening and Growth of the World's Greatest and Most Efficient Transportation System Ten Years of the Subway (1914)". nycsubway.org. Interborough Bulletin. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SUBWAY TRAINS RUNNING FROM BRONX TO BATTERY; West Farms and South Ferry Stations Open at Midnight. START WITHOUT A HITCH Bowling Green Station Also Opened -- Lenox Avenue Locals Take City Hall Loop Hereafter" (PDF). The New York Times. July 10, 1905. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN OPENED FOR TRAFFIC; First Regular Passenger Train Went Under the East River Early This Morning. NOT A HITCH IN THE SERVICE Gov. Hughes and Brooklyn Officials to Join in a Formal Celebration of Event To-day. SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN OPENED TO TRAFFIC" (PDF). The New York Times. January 19, 1908. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BROOKLYN JOYFUL OVER NEW SUBWAY; Celebrates Opening of Extension with Big Parade and a Flow of Oratory. AN ODE TO AUGUST BELMONT Anonymous Poet Calls Him "the Brownie of the Caisson and Spade" -- He Talks on Subways". The New York Times. May 2, 1908. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Another Centennial–Original Subway Extended To Fulton Street". New York Division Bulletin. New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. 48 (1). January 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issu.
Jump up ^ Cudahy, Brian J. (2003). A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-2292-6.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Tracy (March 22, 2007). "How Subways Work". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "MAYOR RUNS A TRAIN OVER NEW BRIDGE" (PDF). The New York Times. September 17, 1908. p. 16. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Feinman, Mark; Darlington, Peggy; Pirmann, David; Brennan, Joseph (2012). "BMT 4th Avenue Line". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Diehl, Lorraine (2004). The Tracks that Built New York City. New York. ISBN 9781400052271.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Derrick, Peter (2001). Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion that Saved New York. NYU Press. ISBN 0814719104.
^ Jump up to: a b "THE SEVENTH AND LEXINGTON AVENUE SUBWAYS WILL REVIVE DORMANT SECTIONS; Change in Operation That Will Transform Original Four-Tracked Subway Into Two Four-Tracked Systems and Double Present Capacity of the Interborough. Change in Operation. Will Revive Dead Sections. Assessed Valuation. Inadequate Terminal Facilities. West Side Development. Residential Possibilities. Comparative Assessed Values" (PDF). The New York Times. March 10, 1918. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "THREE NEW LINKS OF THE DUAL SUBWAY SYSTEM OPENED, INCLUDING A SHUTTLE SERVICE FROM TIMES SQUARE TO THIRTY-FOURTH STREET; Service on the Jerome Avenue Branch Frorm 149th Street North to About 225th Street Began Yesterday Afternoon--The Event Celebrated by Bronx Citizens and Property Owners-- The Seventh Avenue Connection Opened This Morning". The New York Times. June 3, 1917. p. 33. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "OPEN SUBWAY SPUR TO 34TH STREET; Pennsylvania Station Now Accessible by Seventh AvenueLine from Times Square. RUN MADE IN TWO MINUTES Rush Work at Finish Leaves Pilesof Debris Still to be Cleared Up" (PDF). The New York Times. June 4, 1917. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "OPEN NEW SUBWAY TO REGULAR TRAFFIC; First Train on Seventh Avenue Line Carries Mayor and Other Officials. TO SERVE LOWER WEST SIDE Whitney Predicts an Awakening of the District--New Extensions of Elevated Railroad Service. Present Service Tentative. Currents of Travel to Change" (PDF). The New York Times. July 2, 1918. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LEXINGTON AV. LINE TO BE OPENED TODAY; Subway Service to East Side of Harlem and the Bronx Expected to Relieve Congestion. BEGINS WITH LOCAL TRAINS Running of Express Trains to Await Opening of Seventh AvenueLine of H System" (PDF). The New York Times. July 17, 1918. p. 13. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "OPEN NEW SUBWAY LINES TO TRAFFIC; CALLED A TRIUMPH; Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction.NO HITCH IN THE PLANS But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations.THOUSANDS GO ASTRAYLeaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor. Thousands Go Astray. OPEN NEW SUBWAY LINES TO TRAFFIC First Train Made Slow Time. Some Confusion Expected. Stations on the New Lines". The New York Times. August 2, 1918. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "OPEN CLARK STREET LINE.; New Route Doubles Subway Service Between the Two Boroughs". The New York Times. April 16, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LOWER MANHATTAN LOST IN POPULATION" (PDF). The New York Times. June 13, 1920. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "History of the Independent Subway". nycsubway.org. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in New Subway". The New York Times. September 10, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link". The New York Times. January 2, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Two Subway Links Start Wednesday". The New York Times. April 6, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Subway Link Opened by Mayor". The New York Times. April 9, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Topics of The Times; They Meet Again For Sweeter Uses Many Car Dwellers Young Labor Unions". The New York Times. December 7, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "GAY CROWDS ON LAST RIDE AS SIXTH AVE. ELEVATED ENDS 60-YEAR EXISTENCE; 350 POLICE ON DUTY But the Noisy Revelers Strip Cars in Hunt for Souvenirs SUIT MAY DELAY RAZING Little Threat Seen to Plan, However-Jobless Workers to Press Their Protest Makes Only One Stop Entrances Are Boarded Up FINAL TRAINS RUN ON ELEVATED LINE Police Guard Structure". The New York Times. December 5, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Seyfried, Vincent F. (1995). Elmhurst : from town seat to mega-suburb. Vincent F. Seyfried. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kramer, Frederick A. (January 1, 1990). Building the Independent Subway. Quadrant Press. ISBN 978-0-915276-50-9.
Jump up ^ Raskin, Joseph B. (November 1, 2013), The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System, Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-8232-5369-2
^ Jump up to: a b "Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932". thejoekorner.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "TWO SUBWAY UNITS OPEN AT MIDNIGHT; Links in City-Owned System in Queens and Brooklyn to Have 15 Stations" (PDF). The New York Times. August 18, 1933. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Queens Subway Service Will Be Launched Tonight; Tunnel From Manhattan Open to Jackson Heights; Service Will Eventually Be Extended Through To Jamaica". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. August 18, 1933. p. 20. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Queens Tube To Open Saturday: Brooklyn-Long Island City Link of City Line Also to Be Put in Operation". New York Evening Post. Fultonhistory.com. August 17, 1933. p. 18. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reproduction Poster of Extension to Union Turnpike – Kew Gardens". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roger P. Roess; Gene Sansone (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
Jump up ^ "PWA Party Views New Subway Link: Queens Section to Be Opened Tomorrow Is Inspected by Tuttle and Others" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. December 30, 1936. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Subway Link Opens Soon: City Line to Jamaica Will Start About April 24" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. March 17, 1937. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trial Run to Jamaica on Subway Tomorrow: Section From Kew Gardens to 169th Street Will Open to Public in Two Weeks" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. April 9, 1937. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
Jump up ^ "TRANSIT LINK OPEN TODAY; 8th Ave. Line Extended to Jamaica--Celebration Arranged". The New York Times. April 24, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Subway Station Opens Aug. 28" (PDF). The New York Times. August 5, 1939. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ELY SUBWAY STOP TO OPEN; Queens Station on City-Owned Line Begins Service Tomorrow" (PDF). The New York Times. August 26, 1939. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Lines Shift City Travel". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 8, 1937. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "A New Subway Line for New York City, The Triborough System: Its History (1910)". nycsubway.org. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Dual System of Rapid Transit (1912)". nycsubway.org. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Two Subway Routes Adopted by City". The New York Times. August 4, 1923. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "Plans Now Ready to Start Subways". The New York Times. March 12, 1924. p. 1.
Jump up ^ nycsubway.org—Extensive Rapid Transit Plan Proposed for North Jersey (1926-1927)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "About NYC Transit - History". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Remembering the 9th Avenue El". MTA.info. October 26, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Second Avenue El by Alexander Nobler Cohen -The Third Rail Online - July 2001". thethirdrail.net. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ B.M.T. 'El' Lines to Shift Service; City to Close 2 Sections This Week, The New York Times May 27, 1940 page 19
Jump up ^ Broadway Junction Transportation Study (Part 1) (NYC.gov) Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ New York Times, Last Train is Run on Fulton St. 'El', June 1, 1940
Jump up ^ nycsubway.org—Subway FAQ: Letter, Number, and Color Designation Systems
^ Jump up to: a b "NYC Subway". Banksofthesusquehanna.com. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Observed Customer Seating and Standing Behaviors and Seat Preferences Onboard Subway Cars in New York City Archived August 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. by Aaron Berkovich, Alex Lu, Brian Levine, and Alla V. Reddy.
Jump up ^ "Top New York Projects" (PDF). New York Construction. June 2008. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mayor Bloomberg and Governor Spitzer Announce Start of Construction on #7 Subway Extension" (Press release). New York City Mayor's Office. December 3, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "No. 7 Subway Line Extension". Richard Dattner & Partners Architects. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria". The New York Times. October 15, 1949. p. 17. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Feinman, Mark. "The New York Transit Authority in the 1980s". nycsubway.org. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cudahy, Brian (2002). How We Got to Coney Island: The Development of Mass Transportation in Brooklyn and Kings County. Fordham University Press
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Joseph; DeHart, Leonard O. (1993). A History of the New York City Subway System. J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang.
Jump up ^ "New York City Transit Authority: Facts & Figures 1979", New York City Transit Authority, 1979., pg. 17 (PDF) http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.021.0058.060284.11.PDF
Jump up ^ Crowell, Paul (September 15, 1949). "PLATFORMS ADDED AT 32 IRT STATIONS; City Pays Out $13,327,000 in Lengthening Local Stops to Take 10-Car Trains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rail Line is Added to Subway System". The New York Times. May 16, 1941. p. 25. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. pp. 1, 6. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "TA's New Line To Rockaways Begins Today: Fifty Piece Band To Play as Special Train Makes First Run". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation". Greenpoint Weekly Star. Fultonhistory.com. June 29, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Subway Unit Ready: Far Rockaway IND Terminal Will Be Opened Today" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. January 16, 1958. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Years of Subway Service to the Rockaways". New York Division Bulletin. New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. 49 (6). June 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issuu.
Jump up ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Report including analysis of operations of the New York City transit system for five years, ended June 30, 1945. New York City: Board of Transportation of the City of New York. 1945.
^ Jump up to: a b Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Subway Link Opening in Queens" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. December 12, 1950. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Subway Extension In Queens Is Voted" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. August 2, 1946. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Board of Transportation - 1951". Thejoekorner.com. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Caro, Robert A. (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Knopf. ISBN 9780394480763.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Feinman, Mark. "The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s". nycsubway.org. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Seatless I.R.T. Shuttle Trains Proposed by Transit Board Head; SHUTTLE MAY RUN SEATLESS TRAINS" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report For The Year Ended June 30, 1957". New York City Transit Authority. October 1957. p. 9. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "New Hi-Speed Locals 1959 New York City Transit Authority". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ * "IRT Will Open Express Station at Lexington and 59th Thursday", New York Times; November 9, 1962; page 37
"IRT Express Stop Opens at 59th St.", New York Times; November 16, 1962; page 22
Jump up ^ "New 59th Street Express Station brochure". www.thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit Authority. November 15, 1962. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas (November 17, 1996). "Subway Planners' Lofty Ambitions Are Buried as Dead-End Curiosities". The New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "1968 NYCTA Expansion Plans (Picture)". Second Avenue Sagas. Retrieved December 2013. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b David Grazian, "Mix It Up", W W Norton & Co Inc, 2010, ISBN 0-393-92952-3, p.14
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f About New York City Graffiti, part 1
^ Jump up to: a b c "A History of Graffiti in Its Own Words". New York.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelling, George L. (2009). "How New York Became Safe: The Full Story". City Journal. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Glazer, Nathan (1979), "On Subway Graffiti in New York" (PDF), National Affairs (54), pp. 3–12, retrieved November 24, 2009 [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "MTA | news | Twenty-Five Years Ago Today NYCT Subways Became Graffiti-Free". www.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 12, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ About New York City Graffiti, part 2
^ Jump up to: a b Burks, Edward C. (August 14, 1976). "215 More Daily Subway Runs Will Be Eliminated by Aug. 30". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Burks, Edward C. (May 28, 1975). "4 Per Cent Cut in IRT Subway Service Scheduled for September". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Burks, Edward C. (May 26, 1975). "The A Train, a Loser, May Cut Express Runs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Burks, Edward C. (December 18, 1975). "Subways to Trim Service In Rush Hours on Jan. 18". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (December 15, 1976). "$30 Million Cuts Proposed to Meet New York Transit Agency Shortage; Plan Emphasizes Curbs on Off-Hour Service Control Board Asked $42 Million Trim $30 MILLION IN CUTS IN TRANSIT PROPOSED". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas R. Brooks (June 15, 1970). "Subway Roulette: The Game Is Getting Dangerous". New York. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seamen, Mark; de Cerreño, Allison L. C.; English-Young, Seth. "From Rescue to Renaissance: The Achievements of the MTA Capital Program 1982 - 2004" (PDF). wagner.nyu.edu. NYU Rudin Center for transportation policy and management. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Ari L. (1981-12-30). "Calls for Subway Service Cuts Rise as System Continues to Limp Along". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
Jump up ^ Cummings, Judith (1981-07-16). "6-Hour Nightly Shutdown of Subways Is Proposed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Subway Service Shuffled to Cope In Repair 'Crisis'; Off-Peak Runs Will Be Cut for a Rush-Hour Reserve 'This Program Will Be Painful' Trouble-Shooters Added Subway Service Shuffled to Cope in a Repair 'Crisis'" (PDF). The New York Times. November 5, 1980. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Plan to put new cops on train patrol," Daily News (New York), January 28, 1982, page 23.
Jump up ^ "Source for all the bullets: Can We Save Our Subways," Daily News (New York), January 25, 1981, page 7.
Jump up ^ Brooke, James (1986-04-29). "Subway Aides to Weigh Cuts on 11 Routes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
Jump up ^ Chaiken, Jan M.; Lawless, M.; Stevenson, K.A. (1974). "The Impact of Police Activity on Crime". RAND Corporation.
Jump up ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (July 31, 1974). "Rear Subway Cars To Be Shut at Night To Reduce Crimes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Subway Savages," New York Daily News, January 1, 1980, page 22.
Jump up ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 25, 2009). "If You Took the Train to the Plane, Sing the Jingle". Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Linder, Bernard (December 2008). "Sixth Avenue Subway Service Changes". New York Division Bulletin. Electric Railroaders' Association. 51 (12): 2–4. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ The New York Times (March 11, 1990). "JFK express subway to be discontinued". Observer–Reporter. New York City. p. 54. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "65 cent fare considered in talks on coping with subway crime," New York Times, September 27, 1980, page A1.
Jump up ^ "Smashed windows: vandals New Kick," New York Daily News, October 14, 1980, page 5.
Jump up ^ "Vandals on the Rails," New York Daily News, February 17, 1985, Brooklyn section, page 1.
Jump up ^ "Illegal Transfers Costing TA $1.2M," New York Daily News, December 21, 1984, page 29.
Jump up ^ "Cops Are Night Riders," New York Daily News, front page picture caption, June 6, 1985.
Jump up ^ "The Fear Hits Home: Ravitch Kin Are Not Night Riders," New York Daily News, January 21, 1982, page 4.
Jump up ^ "Subway Ridership Hits 65 Year Low," New York Daily News, October 1, 1982, page 7.
Jump up ^ Citizens Crime Commission of New York City; Regional Plan Association (1986). "Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development (Paperback)". Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development. New York, NY, USA: Downtown Research & Development. p. 148. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Glazer, Nathan (1979). "On Subway Graffiti in New York City" (PDF). National Affairs (54). pp. 3–12. Retrieved November 24, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "DON'T DO IT (1988)". MTA.info (YouTube). January 9, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (2002). The Tipping Point. Little Brown. p. 304. ISBN 0-316-34662-4.
Jump up ^ Kelling, George L.; Wilson, James Q. (March 1, 1982). "Broken Windows". The Atlantic.
Jump up ^ Raab, Selwyn (January 10, 1985). "4 Youths Shot By Goetz Faced Criminal Counts". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Showing Image 72501".
Jump up ^ Photo – interior of similar model car, an R-17, New York Transit Museum – Goetz car was an R-22 with fiberglass seating
Jump up ^ Lesly, Mark (1988). Subway Gunman: A Juror's Account of the Bernhard Goetz Trial. British American Publishing. ISBN 0-945167-08-3.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, George P. (June 1990). A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-25334-1.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Tina (September 10, 2000). "FOLLOWING UP; Still Seeking Payment From Bernard Goetz". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ JSTOR 25112354
Jump up ^ "Behavior: Low Profile for a Legend Bernard Goetz". Time. January 21, 1985.
Jump up ^ Wolff, Craig (November 12, 1993). "Subway Crime Declining, New Transit Figures Show". The New York Times. New York, NY, USA. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rudy Giuliani". JoinRudy2008.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Levitt, Steven D.: "Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 163–190
Jump up ^ Kelling, George L.; Bratton, William J. (1998). "Declining crime rates: insiders' view of the New York City story". The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973–). Northwestern University. 88 (4): 1217–1220. doi:10.2307/1144255. JSTOR 1144255.
Jump up ^ Chiasson, George (May 2010). "A History of the F (and V) Train Service". New York Division Bulletin. Electric Railroaders' Association. 53 (5): 1, 4.
Jump up ^ New York Times, Brooklyn's Culver Shuttle Makes Festive Final Run, May 12, 1975, page 20
Jump up ^ Fowler, Glenn (April 27, 1975). "For Culver Shuttle It's the 11th Hour". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hanley, Robert (May 12, 1975). "Brooklyn's Culver Shuttle Makes Festive Final Run". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weidner, Robert R. Target Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price? In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 6, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1996.
Jump up ^ Rivera, Joseph. Vandal Squad – Inside the New York City Transit Police Department 1984-2004. Brooklyn, N.Y., 2008.
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The 1980 “Train to the Plane” TV Commercial, from the Transit Museum Archives, New York, N.Y., 1980. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkL1LIUsmqc on June 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sims, Calvin. Despite Curbs, Fare Beating Is Surging Again in Subways. In the New York Times, August 16, 1991.
Jump up ^ Bratton, William and P. Knobler. Ch. 9. In The Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. Random House, New York, N.Y., 1998.
Jump up ^ Sims, Calvin. Fare Beaters in Subway Pay in the End, in Sweat. In New York Times, February 18, 1991.
Jump up ^ Hom, Keith J. Reinventing Transit: the Twenty-Year “Overnight” Success Story of NYC Transit. Presented at the Metropolitan Conference on Public Transportation Research, Chicago, Ill., June 11, 1999.
Jump up ^ Kelling, George L. and J.Q. Wilson. Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. In Atlantic Monthly, March 1982.
Jump up ^ Levitt, Steven D. and S.J. Dubner. Ch. 4: Where Have All the Criminals Gone. In Freakonomics: A Rouge Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York, N.Y. 2005.
Jump up ^ Langan, Patrick A. and M.R. Durose. The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City. Presented at the International Conference on Crime, the Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, December 3~5, 2003. Retrieved from http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/ relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf on October 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Weidner, Robert R. Target-Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price? In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 6, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1996.
Jump up ^ Strom, Stephanie. Cheats Outfox New Turnstile For Subways. In New York Times, May 16, 1991.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Bulletin, New York Division Electric Railroaders' Association, January 1987, page 5.
Jump up ^ Dunlap, David W. (1985-12-17). "New Maps to Help Rider Gain His Journey's End". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Wheels of Fortune: Case in Point 1 – Looking for Mr. Goodcar," New York Daily News Magazine, March 23, 1986, page 26.
Jump up ^ "Again, the TA is on the Wong Track," Daily News (New York), November 13, 1986, page 7.
Jump up ^ "R36 MDBFs", R36 Preservation, Inc. http://www.coronayard.com/r36preservation/r36mdbf.html
Jump up ^ "Forgotten NY - The lore of the Franklin Avenue Shuttle". October 4, 1998. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TA proposed four route changes," Daily News (New York), April 28, 1981, page 5.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Ari L. (June 5, 1983). "CHANGES PLANNED FOR SUBWAYS TO ROCKAWAYS AND WEST SIDE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Ari L. (June 2, 1983). "CUT IN FARE TO $1.50, END OF GUARDS URGED FOR 'TRAIN TO PLANE'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Making the Right Connections," Daily News (New York) Magazine, March 23, 1986, page 6.
Jump up ^ Brooke, James (March 3, 1986). "REPORT SUGGESTS CHANGES TO GAIN SUBWAY RIDERS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Brooke, James (April 29, 1986). "SUBWAY AIDES TO WEIGH CUTS ON 11 ROUTES". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Bulletin, New York Division Electric Railroaders' Association, August 1989, page 1.
Jump up ^ "lower left front". railfanwindow.com.
Jump up ^ Gunn, David L. New York’s Transit Rebound. In Progressive Railroading, August 1989.
Jump up ^ Andelman, David A. (October 11, 1980). "Tunnel Project, Five Years Old, Won't Be Used". The New York Times. p. 25. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lorch, Donatella (October 29, 1989). "The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Longer subway cars may be too long," New York Post, January 3, 1980, page 8.
^ Jump up to: a b "MTA Seeking Japanese Cars for IRT System," The New York Times, March 9, 1982, page B1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rosenthal, Brian M.; Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; LaForgia, Michael (November 18, 2017). "How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (April 2002). "EFFECTS OF CATASTROPHIC EVENTS ON TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS: NEW YORK CITY- SEPTEMBER 11". Retrieved November 5, 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "1 9 2 3 Service Restored" (PDF). mta.info. September 15, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2003. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lueck, Thomas J. (August 24, 2006). "M.T.A. Ridership Grows Faster Than Population". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (February 20, 2009). "Subway and Bus Ridership Sets Record". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ mta.info—2013 Ridership Reaches 65-Year High
Jump up ^ "The Approval Matrix, bottom left quadrant". New York. April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Harshbarger, Rebecca (September 21, 2015). "Ridership below prediction at new 7 train station". am New York. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Darlington, Peggy. "IND 6th Ave./63rd St. Line". nycsubway.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Opening of the New 63 St Connector New Routes More Options Less Crowding". thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit. November 2001. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Opening of the New 63 St Connector". thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit. November 2001. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About FTA". FTA. December 3, 2003. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Young, Dana. "Opposition to South Ferry subway project grows". DOWNTOWN EXPRESS | The Newspaper of Lower Manhattan. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Neuman, William (December 11, 2008). "At the Last Subway Stop, a New Exit Strategy". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Yates, Maura (December 12, 2008). "New subway station has plenty of upside". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b MTA Press Release March 20, 2007—First Construction Contract Signed for Second Avenue Subway; Work to Begin in April
Jump up ^ "Arup to design new Second Avenue Subway, New York". Arup. November 20, 2001. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Second Avenue Subway – Transport Consulting". Arup. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Second Avenue Subway – A Status Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kelly Weill. "Photos: Inside The New 7 Train Extension". Gothamist. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "No. 7 Subway Extension". Hudson Yards Development Corporation. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Neuman, Sewell Chan and William. "M.T.A. Faces $1.2 Billion Deficit". City Room. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "City straphangers feel sting as fares hiked again". NY Daily News. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MTA/New York City Transit – NYC Transit 2010 Service Reduction Proposals". MTA. March 19, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt. "M.T.A. Chief Announces Storm Plan for Subways, Buses and Commuter Trains". City Room. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "RETURN OF THE H TRAIN - Forgotten New York". forgotten-ny.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt. "Free Subway Shuttle Starting for Part of Rockaway Peninsula". City Room. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The H Train lives: Free Rockaway shuttle to debut tomorrow". Second Ave. Sagas. November 19, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (May 30, 2013). "The A Line Returns to the Rockaways, Mostly for the Better". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MTA | Press Release | NYC Transit | A Service Returns to the Rockaways Easing Commuting Concerns for 30,000 Customers". www.mta.info. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "mta.info | Rebuilding the Rockaways After Hurricane Sandy". web.mta.info. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Raw: Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded on YouTube
Jump up ^ "mta.info | Old South Ferry Station to Reopen for Service". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 4, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "mta.info | Restoring South Ferry Station". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "G Line Review". mta.info. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "mta.info - R Service affected by 14 month closure of Montague Under River Tube". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2013. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (August 4, 2013). "On R Train, Unwelcome Reminder of Storm's Impact". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Newman, Andy; Goodman, J. David (September 15, 2014). "The R Roars Back". New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "EXCLUSIVE: R train's East River tunnel may reopen early". Brooklyn Daily. Brooklyn Daily. September 8, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "R Train To Resume Service Between Brooklyn And Manhattan Monday". cbslocal.com. CBS Local. September 14, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Transit & Bus Committee Meeting December 2016" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 12, 2016. pp. PDF–169 to PDF–175. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Ferry subway station in Manhattan reopens". ABC 7 New York. June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Danielle Furfaro (June 27, 2017). "South Ferry station finally reopening nearly 5 years after Sandy". New York Post.
Jump up ^ Warerkar, Tanay (June 26, 2017). "South Ferry subway station readies for its reopening after Sandy". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rivoli, Dan (March 17, 2016). "M line to be shut down next year for repairs". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, Nicole (March 18, 2016). "MTA: M line will shut down for part of next year". am New York. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Myrtle Avenue Line Infrastructure Projects". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "mta.info | Myrtle Av Line Infrastructure Projects". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MTA | news | Decision to Completely Close the Tunnel Follows Months of Community Meetings, Stakeholder and Public Input on Reconstruction Options; MTA Will Develop and Announce Service Plans as 2019 Project Approaches". www.mta.info. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The L Train Shutdown: Here's How to Commute Between Brooklyn and Manhattan". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 25, 2016). "L Train Will Shut Down From Manhattan to Brooklyn in '19 for 18 Months". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2017. p. 62. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Staten Island commuters counting down days until new subway station opens". SILive.com. March 11, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ NEW AND OLD DOWNTOWN: Wall Street and South Ferry. Forgotten NY. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "MTA opens new $530M South Ferry station". Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ South Ferry Station To Open Next Week Archived March 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "MTA Opens New South Ferry Subway Terminal" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 16, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Flegenheimer, Matt (December 20, 2013). "For a Mayor on His Way Out, a Subway Station on Its Way In". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bloomberg Takes Inaugural Ride on 7 Train Extension to Far West Side - Hell's Kitchen & Clinton - DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. December 20, 2013. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Three cheers for the No. 7 extension". December 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mayor Bloomberg gets ride on No. 7 subway line extension he championed". Daily News. New York. October 21, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Davies, Alex (December 20, 2013). "Mayor Bloomberg Took The First Ride On NYC's New Subway Extension". Business Insider. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (September 10, 2015). "Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tangel, Andrew (September 13, 2015). "New Subway Station Opens on NYC's Far West Side". WSJ. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MTA's 469th Station is First Addition to Subway System in 26 Years". mta.info. September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (January 27, 2014). "More Delays and Rising Cost for Project Connecting L.I.R.R. to Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Harshbarger (December 15, 2014). "7 train opening delayed". New York Post.
Jump up ^ Yee, Vivian (November 9, 2014). "Out of Dust and Debris, a New Jewel Rises". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fulton Center subway hub to open in November". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fulton Transit Hub Will Finally Open on Nov. 10, MTA Says". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - SUB-DIVISION B - TRAIN OPERATOR/CONDUCTOR - ROAD & NON-ROAD WORK PROGRAMS" (PDF). New York City Transit Authority. July 29, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Furfaro, Danielle; Fenton, Reuven; Mongelli, Lorena (January 1, 2017). "Riders say Second Avenue Subway already has issues". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Slotnik, Daniel E.; Wolfe, Jonathan; Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Palmer, Emily; Remnick, Noah (January 1, 2017). "Opening of Second Avenue Subway: Updates". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rivoli, Dan; Sandoval, Edgar; Brown, Stephen Rex (January 1, 2017). "New Yorkers take historic first ride on Second Ave. subway". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nessen, Stephen (January 1, 2017). "See Inside: The 2nd Avenue Subway Opens to All". WNYC. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barone, Vincent (January 2, 2017). "Second Avenue subway's New Year's Day opening drew 48,200". am New York. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Santora, Marc; Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (June 27, 2017). "Subway Derailment in Manhattan Injures Dozens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 21, 2017). "Subway Train Derails in Brooklyn, Disrupting Morning Commute". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 17, 2017). "Subway Track Fire Sends 9 to Hospital and Snarls Morning Commute". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kirby, Jen (July 17, 2017). "Track Fire Is the Latest Subway Disaster". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Muoio, Danielle (July 16, 2017). "These photos sum up just how bad New York's commuter nightmare has gotten". Business Insider. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barron, James (June 29, 2017). "M.T.A. Asks Transit Fans, 'Who Wants to Be a Subway-Saving Millionaire?'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gabrielli, Sarah; McShane, Larry (June 29, 2017). "MTA seeks 'genius' to fix subways for $1M prize". NY Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 25, 2017). "Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "MTA | Press Release | MTA Headquarters | MTA Chairman Joseph Lhota Unveils New York City Subway Action Plan". www.mta.info. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
See also: "NYC Subway Action Plan". Retrieved July 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "MTA Chair Unveils $836 Million Subway Stabilization Plan". NBC New York. July 25, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Dray (July 25, 2017). "MTA chairman unveils plan to fix NYC subway system". ABC7 New York. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vantuono, William (2018-03-12). "MTA Genius Transit Challenge winners announced". Railway Track & Structures. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
Jump up ^ Hu, Winnie (October 1, 2017). "New York's Subway Delays Could Cost City $389 Million a Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stringer, Scott M. (October 1, 2017). "The Economic Cost of Subway Delays". nyc.gov. Office of the New York City Comptroller. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Emma G. Fitzsimmons (April 22, 2015). "Mayor de Blasio Revives Plan for a Utica Avenue Subway Line". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Fermino (April 22, 2015). "De Blasio unveils 'One New York' plan combining efforts to fight poverty, improve environment, add transit". Daily News. New York. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "How About A Subway Linking Brooklyn, Queens & The Bronx WITHOUT Manhattan?". Gothamist. August 22, 2013. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Third Regional Plan Summary". rpa.org. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. (February 13, 2012). "Lawmakers: southern Queens commuters need a new railway more than the Queensway". Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rafter, Domenick (March 21, 2013). "Rockaway Beach rail plan to be backed by Reps. Jeffries, Meeks". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Revamped La Guardia Airport Could Look Like This In 2021". Curbed NY. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Garliauskas, Lucy (December 23, 2016). "Re: Project Development Initiation – Second Avenue Subway Phase 2" (PDF). maloney.house.gov. Federal Transit Administration. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Phase 2 of 2nd Avenue Subway Clears Preliminary Funding Hurdle". Harlem, NY Patch. December 23, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New York City 2nd Ave Subway Phase 2 Profile" (PDF). FTA. December 27, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MTA Capital Construction - Second Avenue Subway Project Description". mta.info. MTA. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "NYC Subway accidents". nycsubway.org. 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Santora, Marc; Ferré-sadurní, Luis (June 27, 2017). "Subway Derailment in Manhattan Injures Dozens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Kiley; Eltman, Frank (June 28, 2017). "l Supervisors suspended amid NYC subway derailment probe". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MTA: Unsecure Rail Stored on Tracks Caused Harlem Subway Derailment". NY1. June 28, 2017. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tangel, Andrew; Shallwani, Pervaiz (September 12, 2015). "Derailed G Train Hit Deteriorated Wall". WSJ. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt; Ishayik, Edna (May 3, 2014). "Late-Morning Jolt: Subway Derailment in Queens Injures 19". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "NYC Subway Derailments Over the Past 30 Years". NBC New York. May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Newman, Andy (June 21, 2000). "Train Derails In Brooklyn, Injuring Scores". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w nycsubway.org—Subway FAQ: Accidents
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Barron, James (November 21, 1997). "87 Are Hurt as Subway Train Runs Into Another in Queens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barron, James (December 22, 1994). "THE SUBWAY FIREBOMB: THE OVERVIEW; Firebomb Ignites in Subway Car, Hurting at Least 40". New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Two IRT Cars Leave Track In 3d Derailment in a Week; Safety Record Defended". Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fatal Subway Accident Is Subject of an Inquiry". The New York Times. April 27, 1986. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mcfadden, Robert D. (July 4, 1981). "MOTORMAN KILLED AND 135 INJURED IN AN IRT TRAIN CRASH IN BROOKLYN". Retrieved June 29, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "10 Subway Riders Hurt In Brooklyn Derailment". January 12, 1981. Retrieved June 29, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Subway Riders Delayed by Cleanup After Derailment". Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "3 Hurt in Subway Derailment". Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2 Subway Riders Hurt as Car Goes Off Track in Rush Hour". Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "6 Hurt in Subway at 1918 Disaster Site; Six Hurt in Subway Derailment At Site of '18 Malbpne St. Wreck Firemen Praised". Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "R-32 (Budd, 1964)". www.nycsubway.org. 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Grotjahn, Doug (December 1, 1974). "R32 3669 Derails at Malbone Street Tunnel Portal". nycsubway.org. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kihss, Peter (December 2, 1974). "6 Hurt in Subway at 1918 Disaster Site" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "IRT TRAIN DERAILED, 3 HURT IN BROOKLYN". Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (August 29, 1973). "1,000 Trapped in an IRT Tunnel Accident; Man Dies of Heart Attack in 115o Heat--18 Need Stretchers as Ceiling Falls RIDERS TRAPPED IN IRT ACCIDENT Some Attempt Jokes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Clines, Francis X. (July 17, 1971). "900 Flee Blaze on IRT; Lindsay Attacks M.T.A." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Prial, Frank J. (May 28, 1971). "Hazards Cited in Rescuing Stranded IRT Passengers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (July 18, 1970). "37 HURT IN CRASH OF TWO IND TRAINS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ "7 Hurt in IRT Crash; Other Lines Delayed". The New York Times. February 28, 1970. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Jump up ^ "25 Aug 1928 - TWENTY PERSONS KILLED Train Derailed in New York". Trove.nla.gov.au. August 25, 1928. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Mayor to Begin B.R.T Inquiry Today" (PDF). The New York Times. New York City, NY. November 1, 1918. p. 24. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Robert C. Reed, The New York Elevated, South Brunswick, NJ and New York: Barnes, 1978, ISBN 0-498-02138-6, p. 138.
Jump up ^ "Catastrophe on New York 'L': Worst Accident in its History," The Summary, Elmira, NY, September 16, 1905.
Jump up ^ "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tina Kelley. "City's Worst Transportation Disasters - New York Times". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Short History of Death on the New York City Subway - ANIMAL". Animalnewyork.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ New York Magazine - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ New York Magazine - Google Books. Books.google.com. July 27, 1981. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ New York Magazine - Google Books. Books.google.com. January 23, 1995. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Joe (March 27, 2012). "Arrest in L train subway fight that left college student dead". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Buckley, Thomas (November 7, 1960). "Bomb in IND Car Kills Woman and Hurts 18 at 125th St. Stop". The New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hailey, Foster (October 13, 1960). "Bomb Injures 33 at Times Sq. Shuttle". The New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Sunday Bomber' Hunted by 600 New York Cops". Jet. November 24, 1960. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Third Sunday Bomb Rips Staten Island Ferry Deck". The New York Times. October 24, 1960. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Further reading[edit]
Brian J. Cudahy (1995). Under the Sidewalks of New York: The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-1618-5.
Cunniff, M. G. (September 1904). "The New York Subway". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. VIII: 5347–5364. Retrieved July 10, 2009. Includes numerous construction photos.
Cunningham, Joseph; de Hart, Leonard (1993) [1976, 1977]. A History of the New York City Subway System.
Derrick, Peter (April 2002). Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion That Saved New York. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1954-1.
Hood, Clifton (2004). 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lange, Tod (2011). New York Subways and Stations, 1970–1990. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0764338496.
Most, Doug (February 2014). The race underground: Boston, New York, and the incredible rivalry that built America's first subway (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 9780312591328.
"America's Newest Subway, First Built In Model". Popular Science. October 1931.
New York Transit Museum (2004). The City Beneath Us: Building the New York Subway. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393057973.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Transportation Deployment Casebook/New York Subway 1901 to 2012
MTA timeline of events
nycsubway.org: A thorough treatment of the current system and history, including historic and track maps
Early Days of the NYC Subway – slideshow by Life magazine
The New York City Subway: A Century by John Stern
The Subway Issue – special October 2010 regional news section by The New York Times
show
v
t
e
New York City Subway
Current services
Shuttles
42nd Street
Franklin Avenue
Rockaway Park
Planned
Defunct services
1985–present
Pre-1985
8
AA
BB
CC
EE (Eighth Avenue)
EE (Broadway)
GG
HH (Court Street)
JJ
K (Jamaica)
KK
LL
MJ
NX
QB
QJ
QT
RJ
RR
T / TT
Shuttles
Bowling Green
Broadway/63rd Street
Culver
Grand Street
Nassau Street
Sixth Avenue/63rd Street
BMT numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Brooklyn Loops
East New York Loop
Unused labels
I, O, P, U, X, Y
Stations
By borough
The Bronx
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Queens
By type
Closed
Terminals
Transfer
Accessible
Divisions
A Division
IRT
B Division
BMT
IND
Other lists
Lines
Yards
Rolling stock
R-type contracts
History
Early history
IRT
BMT
BRT
Dual Contracts
Expansions
MTA Capital Construction
Chrystie Street Connection
Program for Action
7 Subway Extension
Second Avenue Subway
Historic proposals
Other proposals
Major crashes
Ninth Avenue, 1905
Malbone Street, 1918
Times Square, 1928
Union Square, 1991
Williamsburg Bridge, 1995
Strikes
1966
1980
2005
Other major
incidents
1984 shooting
2000 lawsuit
2017 attempted bombing
2017–2018 transit crisis
2019–2020 L train shutdown
Infrastructure
58 Joralemon Street
Fulton Center
Corbin Building
Dey Street Passageway
Substations
7
18
219
401
IRT
Dyckman-Hillside
Arts and culture
In popular culture
Mass Transit Super Bowl
Miss Subways
MTA Arts & Design
Music Under New York
"Showtime"
Subway Challenge
Subway Series
Tiles
Miscellaneous
Automation and signals
Chaining
Fares
MetroCard
Pizza Principle
Map
Nomenclature
Technology
Other rapid
transit in NYC
AirTrain JFK
PATH
Staten Island Railway
Stations
Historical
Beach Pneumatic Transit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&oldid=854993963"
Categories:
History of the New York City Subway
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Pages using web citations with no URL
CS1 errors: dates
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use mdy dates from December 2017
Pages using New York City Subway service templates
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Pages using Rail-interchange with newyork-s
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 August 2018, at 05:37 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

attrs: class role tabindex

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: background-color:#ccf; background-color:#ccf; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px; font-size:110%; text-align:center;

value: tr

value: abbr

values: font-size: 95%; text-align: center; display: none;

values: border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:center

values: toccolours collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: float: right; clear: both; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:right;

values:
/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)
mw-redirect
Borough (New York City)

values: List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership

values: List of New York City Subway inter-division connections

values: Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks

values: Chambers Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Rector Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Greenwich_Street_(Manhattan)
mw-redirect
Greenwich Street (Manhattan)

values:
/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_Tunnel
mw-redirect
Atlantic Avenue Tunnel

values:
/wiki/Right-of-way_(railroad)
mw-redirect
Right-of-way (railroad)

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn_and_Jamaica_Railroad
mw-redirect
Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad

values:
/wiki/Elevated_railroad
mw-redirect
Elevated railroad

values:
/wiki/New_York_County
mw-redirect
New York County

values:
/wiki/BMT_Third_Avenue_Line
mw-redirect
BMT Third Avenue Line

values:
/wiki/BMT_Fifth_Avenue_Line
mw-redirect
BMT Fifth Avenue Line

values:
/wiki/BMT_Fulton_Street_Line
mw-redirect
BMT Fulton Street Line

values:
/wiki/BMT_Broadway_(Brooklyn)_Line
mw-redirect
BMT Broadway (Brooklyn) Line

values:
/wiki/Steam_railroad
mw-redirect
Steam railroad

values:
/wiki/Public_transit
mw-redirect
Public transit

values: Edit section: Beginnings and rapid expansion

values:
/wiki/Lafayette_Street_(Manhattan)
mw-redirect
Lafayette Street (Manhattan)

values:
/wiki/City_Hall,_Manhattan
mw-redirect
City Hall, Manhattan

values: Rapid transit operations of the BRT and BMT

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn_City_Rail_Road
mw-redirect
Brooklyn City Rail Road

values: Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad

values: Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad

values:
/wiki/History_of_Brooklyn
mw-redirect
History of Brooklyn

values:
/wiki/Gravesend,_New_York
mw-redirect
Gravesend, New York

values:
/wiki/Coney_Island_Complex
mw-redirect
Coney Island Complex

values:
/wiki/Kings_County_Elevated_Railroad
mw-redirect
Kings County Elevated Railroad

values: Van Brunt Street and Erie Basin Railroad (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sea_Beach_Railway
mw-redirect
Sea Beach Railway

values: Sea View Railroad (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)

values: Coney Island and Gravesend Railway (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Manhattan_Railway
mw-redirect
Manhattan Railway

values: 145th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: 157th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: 221st Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Harlem_Ship_Canal
mw-redirect
Harlem Ship Canal

values: Marble Hill–225th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Van Cortlandt Park – 242nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Kings Bridge (NYC station) (page does not exist)

values: 191st Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: 207th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Atlantic Avenue (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)

values:
/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue_(LIRR_station)
mw-redirect
Flatbush Avenue (LIRR station)

values:
/wiki/War_of_Currents
mw-redirect
War of Currents

values: South Ferry–Whitehall Street (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/Nassau_Street_Loop
mw-redirect
Nassau Street Loop

values: Bay Ridge–95th Street (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

values: Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn_and_North_River_Railroad
mw-redirect
Brooklyn and North River Railroad

values:
/wiki/Fare_control
mw-redirect
Fare control

values:
/wiki/Trackage_rights
mw-redirect
Trackage rights

values:
/wiki/1939_World%27s_Fair
mw-redirect
1939 World's Fair

values: Times Square–42nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: 34th Street–Penn Station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: South Ferry loops (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Wall Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_shuttles
mw-redirect
New York City Subway shuttles

values:
/wiki/Clark_Street_Tunnel
mw-redirect
Clark Street Tunnel

values:
/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(IND_Culver_Line)
mw-redirect
Fourth Avenue (IND Culver Line)

values:
/wiki/Culver_Viaduct
mw-redirect
Culver Viaduct

values: Hudson Terminal (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

values: West Fourth Street – Washington Square (IND Sixth Avenue Line)

values: Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street (New York City Subway)

values: World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/GG_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
mw-redirect
GG (New York City Subway service)

values:
/wiki/23rd_Street%E2%80%93Ely_Avenue
mw-redirect
23rd Street–Ely Avenue

values:
/wiki/In-fill_station
mw-redirect
In-fill station

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/IND_Second_System
mw-redirect
IND Second System

values: New York, Westchester and Boston Railway

values:
/wiki/Archer_Avenue_Lines
mw-redirect
Archer Avenue Lines

values:
/wiki/63rd_Street_Lines
mw-redirect
63rd Street Lines

values: Harlem–148th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/34th_Street_(IRT_Flushing_Line)
mw-redirect
34th Street (IRT Flushing Line)

values: Edit section: Post-unification expansion and reorganization

values: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

values: Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue (IND Rockaway Line)

values:
/wiki/Broad_Channel
mw-redirect
Broad Channel

values: 169th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: Jamaica–179th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values:
/wiki/Culver_Ramp
mw-redirect
Culver Ramp

values:
/wiki/BMT_Culver_Line
mw-redirect
BMT Culver Line

values: Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway

values:
/wiki/BMT_Culver_Shuttle
mw-redirect
BMT Culver Shuttle

values:
/wiki/BMT_Archer_Avenue_Line
mw-redirect
BMT Archer Avenue Line

values: Edit section: Late 1950s and early 1960s

values: Lexington Avenue/59th Street (New York City Subway)

values: Grand Central–42nd Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

values: 21st Street–Queensbridge (IND 63rd Street Line)

values: Forest Hills–71st Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: Woodhaven Boulevard (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: East 180th Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)

values: 149th Street – Grand Concourse (New York City Subway)

values: Franklin Avenue – Botanic Garden (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/Staten_Island_Rapid_Transit
mw-redirect
Staten Island Rapid Transit

values: Grand Central–42nd Street (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway
mw-redirect
Long Island Expressway

values: Gun Hill Road (IRT White Plains Road Line)

values: Lower Manhattan – Jamaica / JFK Transportation Project

values: Yankees–East 153rd Street (Metro-North station)

values:
/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows
mw-redirect
Fixing Broken Windows

values: Edit section: Ridership and service cuts

values: Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: 137th Street–City College (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Expose_(journalism)
mw-redirect
Expose (journalism)

values: Metropolitan Avenue (BMT Myrtle Avenue Line)

values: 161st Street–Yankee Stadium (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/Mean_Distance_Between_Failures
mw-redirect
Mean Distance Between Failures

values:
/wiki/IND_Second_Avenue_Line
mw-redirect
IND Second Avenue Line

values:
/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Robert F. Wagner, Jr.

values: Howard Beach–JFK Airport (IND Rockaway Line)

values:
/wiki/CC_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
mw-redirect
CC (New York City Subway service)

values: Citizens Crime Commission of New York City

values:
/wiki/Bernhard_Goetz
mw-redirect
Bernhard Goetz

values:
/wiki/African_American
mw-redirect
African American

values:
/wiki/Video_arcade
mw-redirect
Video arcade

values: 14th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/New_York_Magazine
mw-redirect
New York Magazine

values:
/wiki/William_J._Bratton
mw-redirect
William J. Bratton

values: Edit section: Effects of the Program for Action

values: Times Square–42nd Street/Port Authority Bus Terminal (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/K_(Broadway_Brooklyn_Local)
mw-redirect
K (Broadway Brooklyn Local)

values: EE (1967-1976 New York City Subway service)

values: Queens Plaza (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: Edit section: Debris falling from and on the tracks

values:
/wiki/Prospect_Park_(BMT_Brighton_Line)
mw-redirect
Prospect Park (BMT Brighton Line)

values:
/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani
mw-redirect
Rudolph Giuliani

values: 110th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Automated_fare_collection_system
mw-redirect
Automated fare collection system

values: Edit section: Rehabilitation and rising trend

values: Botanic Garden (BMT Franklin Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)
mw-redirect
Daily News (New York)

values:
/wiki/Underground_mall
mw-redirect
Underground mall

values: 34th Street–Herald Square (New York City Subway)

values: 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center (IND Sixth Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)
mw-redirect
R32 (New York City Subway car)

values:
/wiki/Welded_rail
mw-redirect
Welded rail

values:
/wiki/R40_(New_York_City_Subway_car)
mw-redirect
R40 (New York City Subway car)

values: Bowling Green (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

values: 50th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Fort Hamilton Parkway (BMT Sea Beach Line)

values:
/wiki/Atlantic_Terminal_(LIRR_station)
mw-redirect
Atlantic Terminal (LIRR station)

values:
/wiki/Queens_College
mw-redirect
Queens College

values:
/wiki/Closed_circuit_television
mw-redirect
Closed circuit television

values: 168th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Dyckman Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Coney_Island_Yard
mw-redirect
Coney Island Yard

values:
/wiki/Linden_Shops
mw-redirect
Linden Shops

values: Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center (New York City Subway)

values: Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center (New York City Subway)

values:
/wiki/RR_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
mw-redirect
RR (New York City Subway service)

values:
/wiki/AA_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
mw-redirect
AA (New York City Subway service)

values: Canarsie – Rockaway Parkway (BMT Canarsie Line)

values: 59th Street – Columbus Circle (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

values: West Fourth Street – Washington Square (New York City Subway)

values: Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street (IND Rockaway Line)

values: JFK Express (New York City Subway service)

values:
/wiki/One_person_train_operation
mw-redirect
One person train operation

values:
/wiki/IND_63rd_Street_Line
mw-redirect
IND 63rd Street Line

values:
/wiki/Chatham_Square,_Manhattan
mw-redirect
Chatham Square, Manhattan

values: Broadway – Lafayette Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)

values: Bleecker Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Brooklyn Terminal Market (page does not exist)

values: South Ferry (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values: South Ferry loops (New York City Subway)

values: Whitehall Street – South Ferry (BMT Broadway Line)

values: Franklin Avenue (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)

values:
/wiki/J_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
mw-redirect
J (New York City Subway service)

values: 21st Street – Queensbridge (IND 63rd Street Line)

values: Lexington Avenue / 53rd Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: Long Island City – Court Square (IND Crosstown Line)

values: 23rd Street – Ely Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: 42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

values: Times Square – 42nd Street (New York City Subway)

values: Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport (New York City Subway)

values: Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer (New York City Subway)

values: Jamaica – Van Wyck (IND Archer Avenue Line)

values: 14th Street–Union Square (New York City Subway)

values: Edit section: Revitalization and recent history

values: Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values: 14th Street/Sixth Avenue (New York City Subway)

values: 96th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Canal Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Fulton Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/BMT_Montague_Street_Tunnel
mw-redirect
BMT Montague Street Tunnel

values:
/wiki/Canal_Street_(BMT_Broadway_Line)
mw-redirect
Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line)

values: 57th Street – Seventh Avenue (BMT Broadway Line)

values:
/wiki/Five_World_Trade_Center
mw-redirect
Five World Trade Center

values: 59th Street–Columbus Circle (New York City Subway)

values: Bedford Park Boulevard (IND Concourse Line)

values: Chambers Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

values: Broadway–Nassau Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Effects_of_2000s_energy_crisis
mw-redirect
Effects of 2000s energy crisis

values: Lexington Avenue–63rd Street (63rd Street Lines)

values: 45th Road–Court House Square (IRT Flushing Line)

values:
/wiki/Terminal_station
mw-redirect
Terminal station

values:
/wiki/Arup_Group_Limited
mw-redirect
Arup Group Limited

values: Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard (BMT Astoria Line)

values:
/wiki/Court_Square_(IND_Crosstown_Line)
mw-redirect
Court Square (IND Crosstown Line)

values:
/wiki/H_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
mw-redirect
H (New York City Subway service)

values:
/wiki/South_Ferry_loops
mw-redirect
South Ferry loops

values:
/wiki/Greenpoint_Tube
mw-redirect
Greenpoint Tube

values:
/wiki/Incline_elevator
mw-redirect
Incline elevator

values:
/wiki/Genius_Transit_Challenge
mw-redirect
Genius Transit Challenge

values: Jackson Avenue (IRT White Plains Road Line)

values: Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets (New York City Subway)

values: 68th Street–Hunter College (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

values: Steinway Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street (New York City Subway)

values: Clark Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

values: 231st Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values:
/wiki/Times_Square_derailment
mw-redirect
Times Square derailment

values:
nofollow
external text
http://citynoise.org/article/8748

values:
nofollow
http://wt.mit.edu/Subway/Tunnel/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://nymoon.com/pubs/undertone/
external text

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle
mw-redirect
Brooklyn Daily Eagle

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bmt-lines.com/moodybrt.pdf

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
http://docs.trb.org/prp/13-1693.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tienyi.com/rda/trans6.html

values:
nofollow
http://fordham.bepress.com/nysh/2/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://web.mta.info/maps/submap.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.at149st.com/hpart1.html

values:
nofollow
http://nymag.com/guides/summer/17406/
external text

values:
/wiki/City_Journal_(New_York)
mw-redirect
City Journal (New York)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.at149st.com/hpart2.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?3217

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112354

values:
nofollow
http://www.joinrudy2008.com/issues/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1144255

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1144255

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://nycsubway.org/lines/6thave.html

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mtamovingforward.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rpa.org/node/2213

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/World%27s_Work
mw-redirect
World's Work

values: wikibooks:Transportation Deployment Casebook/New York Subway 1901 to 2012

values:
nofollow
http://www.nycsubway.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Life_magazine
mw-redirect
Life magazine

values: Unused New York City Subway service labels

values: List of New York City Subway stations in the Bronx

values: List of New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn

values: List of New York City Subway stations in Manhattan

values: List of New York City Subway stations in Queens

values: List of closed New York City Subway stations

values: List of New York City Subway transfer stations

values: Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority

values: List of New York City Subway R-type contracts

values: Seong Sil Kim v. New York City Transit Authority

values:
/wiki/Substation_18
mw-redirect
Substation 18

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:History of the New York City Subway

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from December 2017

values: Category:Pages using New York City Subway service templates

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Pages using Rail-interchange with newyork-s

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 紐約地鐵歷史 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway rootpage-History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway skin-vector action-view