text:
United Russia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United Russia
Единая Россия
Chairman
Dmitry Medvedev
Secretary-General
Andrey Turchak
Parliamentary Leader
Sergey Neverov
Founders
Sergey Shoygu
Yury Luzhkov
Mintimer Shaimiev
Founded
1 December 2001 (2001-12-01)
Merger of
Fatherland – All Russia
Unity
Our Home – Russia
Headquarters
39 Kutuzovsky Avenue
Moscow, Moscow Oblast
121170[1]
Youth wing
Young Guard of United Russia[2]
Membership (2013)
2,073,772[3]
Ideology
Big tent[4]
Centrism[5]
National conservatism[6][7]
Russian conservatism[8][9]
Russian nationalism[10]
Statism[5][11][12]
Authoritarianism[13]
National affiliation
All-Russia People's Front
Colours
White Blue Red (Russian national colors)
Seats in the Federation Council
128 / 170
[14]
Seats in the State Duma
338 / 450
Governors
77 / 85
Seats in the Regional Parliaments
3,091 / 3,980
Ministers
20 / 31
Website
er.ru
Politics of Russia
Political parties
Elections
United Russia (Russian: Еди́ная Росси́я, tr. Yedínaya Rossíya, IPA: [(j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə]) is the ruling political party of the Russian Federation. United Russia is the largest party in Russia and as of 2017[update] it holds 340 (or 75.56%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma.
The United Russia party formed in December 2001 through a merger of the Unity and the Fatherland – All Russia parties. As of 2017[update], the United Russia party supports the policies of the presidential administration. Although the United Russia party's popularity declined from its peak of 64.4% in the 2007 Duma elections to 49.32% in the 2011 elections, it remained the most popular party in the country, ahead of the second-placed Communist Party at 19.19%. In the 2016 elections, it received 54.2% while the second-place Communist Party received 13.3%.
The party has no coherent ideology, but it embraces specific politicians and officials[15] with a variety of political views who support the administration.[16] The party appeals mainly to non-ideological voters,[17] therefore United Russia is often classified by political scientists as a "catch-all party"[18][19][20] or as a "party of power".[21][22] In 2009, it proclaimed Russian conservatism as its official ideology.[23][24]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 1999 State Duma election
1.3 Creation of United Russia
1.4 2003 State Duma elections
1.5 2007 State Duma elections
1.6 Medvedev/Putin: 2008–2012
1.7 Putin/Medvedev: 2012–present
2 Electoral results
2.1 President
2.2 State Duma
3 Current status
3.1 Federal Assembly
3.2 Party membership
4 Party platform
4.1 Electorate
4.2 Foreign opinions
4.2.1 International alliances
5 Structure
5.1 Internal groupings
5.2 Chairmen of United Russia
6 Allegations of crime and corruption
7 Notable members
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
United Russia's predecessor was the Unity bloc, which was created three months before the December 1999 Duma elections to counter the advance of the Fatherland – All Russia (OVR) party led by Yuri Luzhkov. The creation of the party was heavily supported by Kremlin insiders, who were wary of what looked like a certain OVR victory. They did not expect Unity to have much chance of success since President Boris Yeltsin was very unpopular and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's ratings were still minuscule. The new party attempted to mimic OVR's formula of success, placing an emphasis on competence and pragmatism. Charismatic Minister of Emergency Situations Sergei Shoigu was appointed as the party leader.[25]
In 1999, Prime Minister Putin's popularity soared to double digit figures after he decisively sent troops to the rebellious Chechnya republic as a retaliation for terrorist bombings in Moscow and other cities and in response for the Chechen invasion of Dagestan. Putin's war effort was hugely popular and portrayed positively by the Boris Berezovsky-owned Channel One Russia as well as by state-controlled RTR.[26]
1999 State Duma election[edit]
Contrary to its creators' expectations, Unity's election campaign was a huge success and the party received 23.3% of the votes, considerably more than OVR's 13.3% and within one percentage point of the Communist Party's 24.3%.[25][26] The popularity of the prime minister proved decisive for Unity's victory.[26] The election results also made clear that Putin was going to win the 2000 presidential election, which resulted in competitors Luzhkov and Yevgeni Primakov dropping out. Yeltsin also gave Putin a boost by resigning as President on 31 December 1999.[25]
Creation of United Russia[edit]
While Unity had initially had only one narrow purpose, limited only to the 1999 Duma elections, after the victory state officials began to transform the party into a permanent one. A large number of independent deputies who had been elected to the Duma were invited to join the party's delegation. Many OVR deputies also joined, including its leader Luzhkov.[25] In April 2001, OVR and Unity leaders issued a joint declaration that they had started the process of unification. In July 2001, the unified party, called Union of Unity and Fatherland, held its founding congress and in December 2001 it became All-Russian Party of Unity and Fatherland, or more commonly, United Russia. In the second party congress in March 2003, Sergei Shoygu stood down and Boris Gryzlov was elected as the new party leader.[27]
Instead of the "communism versus capitalism" dichotomy that had dominated the political discourse in the 1990s, in the 1999–2000 electoral cycle Putin started to emphasize another reason to vote for his party: stability, which was yearned for by Russian citizens after a decade of chaotic revolutionary change. With the exception of the continued fighting in the Northern Caucasus, Putin delivered it.[26]
On 13 January 2003, United Russia had 257,000 members—behind Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (600,000) and the Communists (500,000).[27]
2003 State Duma elections[edit]
Throughout Putin's first years as President, the country's economy improved considerably, growing more each year than in all of the previous decade and Putin's approval ratings hovered well above 70%. Russia's economic recovery was helped by high prices for its primary exports such as oil, gas and raw materials.[26]
The passage rate of law proposals increased considerably after United Russia became the dominant party in the Duma. In 1996–1999, only 76% of the legislation that passed the third reading was signed by the President while in 1999–2003 the ratio was 93%. While Yeltsin had often relied on his decree powers to enact major decisions, Putin almost never had to. United Russia's dominance in the Duma enabled Putin to push through a wide range of fundamental reforms,[28] including a flat income tax of 13%, a reduced profits tax, an overhaul of the labour market, breakups of national monopolies and new land and legal codes.[28][29][30] United Russia characterised itself as wholly supportive of Putin's agenda, which proved a recipe for success and resulted in the party scoring a major victory in the 2003 Duma elections, receiving more than a third of the popular vote.[26]
Throughout its history, United Russia has been successful in using administrative resources to weaken its opponents. For example, state-controlled news media portrayed the Communist Party as hypocritical for accepting money from several "dollar millionaries" during the 2003 Duma election campaign.[25] United Russia also introduced tougher party, candidate and voter registration requirements and increased the election threshold from 5% to 7% for the 2007 elections.[26]
Opposition parties also made several strategic mistakes. For example, Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces seemed to spend more effort attacking each other than Putin, which made it easier for United Russia to win over liberal voters on the strength of market reforms under Putin.[25] The opposition parties faltered in the 2003 elections, with the Communists gaining just 52 seats, a drop from 113 in 1999. Liberal opponents fared even worse, with Yabloko and Union of the Right Forces failing to cross the 5 percent threshold.[26]
2007 State Duma elections[edit]
United Russia campaigners in Saint Petersburg during the 2007 election
As the economy continued improving and Putin executed several popular moves, such as reining in the unpopular oligarchs, Putin's approval ratings stayed high and he won the 2004 presidential election with over 71% of the votes. The 2007 Duma elections proved a stunning victory for United Russia, which won 64.3% of the votes. The Communist Party became a distant second with 11.57% of the votes. Putin was the only name on United Russia's national list and his popularity helped the party to ensure victory.[26]
During the December 2007 election, the party was accused by voters and election monitoring group Golos of numerous election law violations banned in the Russian Constitution.[31]
The legislative agenda shifted somewhat after the 2007 elections. Anti-terrorism legislation, large increases in social spending and the creation of new state corporations became the dominant issues while less energy was devoted to economic reform.[28]
Medvedev/Putin: 2008–2012[edit]
Then party leader Vladimir Putin with Yury Luzhkov, Dmitry Medvedev, Sergey Shoygu and Boris Gryzlov in 2009 at the 11th United Russia Party Congress
For the 2008 presidential election, United Russia nominated Dmitry Medvedev to succeed Putin. Medvedev received Putin's blessing and scored a clear victory, receiving 71% of the votes. As President, Medvedev nominated Putin as his Prime Minister. On 15 April of the same year, Putin accepted a nomination to become the party's leader, but declared that this did not mean he would become a member. Medvedev has also refused to become a member.[25]
During regional elections of 11 October 2009, United Russia won a majority of seats in almost every Russian municipality. Opposition candidates claim they were hindered from campaigning for the elections and some were denied places on the ballot.[32][33] There are also accusations of widespread ballot stuffing and voter intimidation as well as statistical analysis results supporting these accusations.[32]
Support for United Russia was 53% in a poll held in October 2009.[34] In 2010–2011 and following the economic crisis, support for United Russia went up and down, but declined overall. The share of the population ready to vote for the party reached its lowest point in January 2011 (35%) before recovering to 41% in March 2011.[35]
The Agrarian Party supported the candidacy of Dmitry Medvedev in the 2008 presidential election and it merged into United Russia.[36]
Putin/Medvedev: 2012–present[edit]
Medvedev and Putin in the XII Congress of the party in September 2011
At the party's XII Congress held on 24 September 2011, Medvedev supported the candidacy of Prime Minister Putin in the presidential election of 2012—a move that effectively assured Putin would return to the presidency, given the party's near-total dominance of Russian politics. Medvedev accepted the invitation of Prime Minister Putin to head the party in the State Duma elections and said that in his opinion Putin should run for President in 2012.[37] Delegates applauded this statement standing and they unanimously supported his candidacy for President.[38] Medvedev responded immediately, saying that applause is proof of Putin's popularity among the people. Medvedev's speech listened to about ten thousand participants of the meeting. Total congress was attended by about 12,000 participants, guests and journalists.[39][40]
At the same congress it was also approved by the election list of candidates from the party in the December elections to the State Duma. The list includes 416 party members and 183 non-partisan, 363 of them for the first time participate in the elections. On 29 September, the list was handed over to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. The party list was led by President Medvedev. 582 delegates of the Congress voted in support of the list—against one.[41][42]
Election program of United Russia was announced during speeches of Medvedev and Putin. Medvedev has identified seven strategic priorities of government policy and Putin offered to cancel the erroneous tax debts of 36 million Russians in the amount of 30 billion rubles and increase from 10 October salaries of public sector employees by 6.5%. Putin also said that taxes for the wealthy citizens should be higher than for the middle class and offered to raise utility tariffs only excess baggage. Among other priorities, Putin called a complete re army and navy in 5–10 years, doubling the pace of road construction for 10 years, the creation or update of 25 million jobs in 20 years in and out of Russia in the five largest economies in the world.[43]
At the party's XIII Congress held on 26 May 2012, Medvedev was elected chairman of United Russia.[44] United Russia decided not use his portraits of President Medvedev and President Putin during the fall election campaign.[45]
In March 2013, about 50 members of the United Russia from Abansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai announced their withdrawal from the party. They sent an open letter (it is said that under it signed 60 people) to the party chairman Medvedev, which criticized the activities of the party which according to them has ceased to fulfill its political function.[46]
Electoral results[edit]
President[edit]
Election year
Candidate
1st round
2nd round
No. of overall votes
% of overall vote
No. of overall votes
% of overall vote
2004
Vladimir Putin (Putin refused to be nominated by United Russia and ran as an independent) 49,565,238 71.3 (won)
2008
Dmitry Medvedev 52,530,712 71.2 (won)
2012
Vladimir Putin 46,602,075 63.6 (won)
2018
Vladimir Putin (Putin refused to be nominated by United Russia and ran as an independent) 56,430,712 76.7 (won)
State Duma[edit]
Year
Party leader
Performance
Status
Votes
Percentage
Seats
2003 Boris Gryzlov 22,779,279 37.6%
223 / 450
1st Majority (government)
2007 Vladimir Putin 44,714,241 64.3%
315 / 450
1st Supermajority (government)
2011[47] Dmitry Medvedev 32,448,000 49.3%
238 / 450
1st Majority (government)
2016 Dmitry Medvedev 28,271,600 54.2%
343 / 450
1st Supermajority (government)
Current status[edit]
Federal Assembly[edit]
United Russia currently holds 340 of the 450 seats in the State Duma.[26] It heads all five[48] of the Duma's commissions and holds 14[49] of the 26 committee chairmanships and 10[50] of the 16 seats in the Council of Duma, the Duma's steering committee. The speaker of the Duma is United Russia's Vyacheslav Volodin.[51][52]
The party has only informal influence in the upper house, the Federation Council, as the Council has rejected the use of political factions in decision making.[28]
Party membership[edit]
In 2013, United Russia claimed it had 2 million members.[3] According to a study conducted by Timothy J. Colton, Henry E. Hale and Michael McFaul after the March 2008 presidential elections, 30% of the Russian population are loyalists of the party.[25]
Party platform[edit]
According to the party's 2003 political manifesto, The Path of National Success, the party's goal is to unite the responsible political forces of the country, aiming to minimize the differences between rich and poor, young and old, state, business and society. The economy should combine state regulation and market freedoms, with the benefits of further growth distributed for the most part to the less fortunate. The party rejects left-wing and right-wing ideologies in favour of "political centrism" that could unite all sections of society.[27] In addition, the official party platform emphasizes pragmatism and anti-radicalism. The party regards itself to be one of the heirs to Russia's tradition of statehood, both tsarist and communist.[53] United Russia's long-time moniker is "the party of real deeds".[54]
United Russia has always characterised itself as wholly supportive of the agenda of the popular current President Vladimir Putin and this has proved key to its success.
Since 2006, when Vladislav Surkov introduced the term sovereign democracy, many figureheads of the party have taken usage of the term. Former President and current Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev has criticised the term. United Russia voted against the Council of Europe resolution 1481 (Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes).[55][56]
The party has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social, cultural and political matters, both at home and abroad. Putin has attacked globalism and economic liberalism as well as scientific and technological progress.[57][58] Putin has promoted new think tanks that bring together like-minded intellectuals and writers. For example, the Izborsky Club, founded in 2012 by Aleksandr Prokhanov, stresses Russian nationalism, the restoration of Russia's historical greatness and systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies.[59] Vladislav Surkov, a senior government official, has been one of the key ideologists during Putin's presidency.[60]
In cultural and social affairs, United Russia has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. Mark Woods provides specific examples of how the Church under Patriarch Kirill of Moscow has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine.[61] More broadly, The New York Times reports in September 2016 how that Church's policy prescriptions support the Kremlin's appeal to social conservatives:
A fervent foe of homosexuality and any attempt to put individual rights above those of family, community or nation, the Russian Orthodox Church helps project Russia as the natural ally of all those who pine for a more secure, illiberal world free from the tradition-crushing rush of globalization, multiculturalism and women’s and gay rights.[62]
Electorate[edit]
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of state employees, pensioners and military personnel who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[54] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[63]
Foreign opinions[edit]
Foreign media and observers describe United Russia as a pure "presidential party", with the main goal of securing the power of the Russian President in the Russian parliament. The vast majority of officeholders in Russia are members of the party, hence it is sometimes described as a "public official party" or "administration party". Due to this, it is also often labelled the "Party of Power".[64][65]
International alliances[edit]
United Russia has signed cooperation agreements with the far-right Freedom Party of Austria[66] and Lega Nord of Italy.[67] It has a tentative cooperation agreement with the populist Five Star Movement in Italy as well.[68] Its youth wing, the Young Guard of United Russia, has an alliance with the youth wing of the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany, Young Alternative for Germany.[2]
Structure[edit]
Putin (standing) at the 9th United Russia Party Congress on 15 April 2008
In April 2008, United Russia amended Section 7 of its charter, changing its heading from Party Chairman to Chairman of the Party and Chairman of the Party's Supreme Council. Under the amendments, United Russia may introduce a supreme elective post in the party, the post of the party's chairman, at the suggestion of Supreme Council and its chairman.
The Supreme Council, led by the Supreme Council chairman, defines the strategy for the development of the party.
The General Council has 152 members, is the foremost party platform in between party congresses and issues statements on important social or political questions. The Presidium of the General Council is led by a secretary, consists of 23 members and leads the political activity of the party, for instance election campaigns or other programmatic publications.
United Russia introduced a local chapter system that mimicked the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party's (LDP) organization as a strong foundation for the one-party dominant system in the early 2000s. United Russia eagerly interviewed the LDP mission and studied their party structure. The number of party members was steadily increased by the introduction of the system.[69]
United Russia runs local and regional offices in all parts of the Russian Federation, and also operates a foreign liaison office in Israel through a deal with the Kadima party.[70]
As of 20 September 2005, the party has a total of 2,600 local and 29,856 primary offices.
Internal groupings[edit]
United Russia is a large and diverse party and has several internal subdivisions. The party has 4 internal groupings, organized around common policy interests. In addition, the party makes use of four internal political clubs to debate policy: liberal conservative 4 November Club, social conservative Centre for Social Conservative Politics, conservative liberal State Patriotic Club and liberal Liberal Club.[28] Based on this division, the party considered entering the 2007 Duma elections as three separate "columns" (liberal, conservative and social), but the idea was subsequently abandoned.
Chairmen of United Russia[edit]
№
Chairmen
Portrait
Took Office
Left Office
—
Collective leadership
Sergey Shoygu Yury Luzhkov Mintimer Shaimiev
1 December 2001 27 November 2004
1
Boris Gryzlov
27 November2004 7 May 2008
2
Vladimir Putin[71][72]
7 May 2008 30 May 2012
3
Dmitry Medvedev[73]
30 May 2012 Incumbent
Allegations of crime and corruption[edit]
Russians protest against Putin's re-election in 2012
United Russia has come in for criticism that it is "the party of crooks and thieves" (партия жуликов и воров, a term coined by activist Alexey Navalny)[74] due to the continuing prevalence of corruption in Russia.[75] In October 2011, Novaya Gazeta published an article describing how members of the public were writing the slogan on banknotes in protest.[76] In December 2011, Putin rejected the accusation of corruption, saying that it was a general problem that was not restricted to one particular party: "They say that the ruling party is associated with theft, with corruption, but it's a cliché related not to a certain political force, it's a cliché related to power [...] What's important, however, is how the ruling government is fighting these negative things".[75]
A poll made in November 2011 found that more than one-third of Russians agreed with the characterisation of United Russia as "the party of crooks and thieves".[77]
After the 2011 legislative elections, a few leaders within United Russia called for investigations of fraud and reform of the party.[78]
In August 2016, opposition leader Ilya Yashin released a report titled "The Criminal Russia Party", which stated that United Russia had essentially become a tool of political legitimisation for organised crime.
Notable members[edit]
Vladimir Putin, President of Russia and former leader of the party
Boris Gryzlov, former Interior Minister and Chairman of the Supreme Council of the United Russia and former leader of the party
Vyacheslav Volodin, current Chairman of the State Duma
Sergey Shoygu, current Defence Minister, former Emergency Minister, former leader of Unity party and former leader of the party
Mintimer Shaymiev, President of Tatarstan until 2010
Vladislav Surkov, First Deputy Chief of Staff of the President
Alexander Zhukov, First Vice Chairman of the State Duma and former Deputy Prime Minister
Dmitry Medvedev, chairman of the party, Prime Minister of Russia, former President of Russia and the leader of the party's Federal list to the Duma (since 24 September 2011)
See also[edit]
Conservatism portal
Russia portal
Politics portal
Belaya Rus
For United Ukraine, a political alliance created two weeks later in Ukraine and led by the Party of Regions
Russian Unity
Serbian Progressive Party
Unity Party (South Ossetia)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Пресс-служба / Контакты". er.ru.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rechtspopulisten - AfD-Jugend und Putin-Jugend verbünden sich" [Right-wing populists - AfD youth and Putin youth join forces]. Spiegel Online (in German). 23 April 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b ИНФОРМАЦИЯ о численности членов Всероссийской политической партии "ЕДИНАЯ РОССИЯ" в каждом из ее региональных отделений (по состоянию на 1 января 2011 года) [Information on the number of members of the political party "UNITED RUSSIA" in each of its regional offices (as at 1 January 2011)] (in Russian). minjust.ru. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original (DOC) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Chen, Cheng (2016). The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. Retrieved 30 October 2017. .
^ Jump up to: a b Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Parties and Elections in Europe". parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
Jump up ^ Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (20 April 2015). Putin’s Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. .
Jump up ^ "Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?". Diena. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The History Of The Party". United Russia. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "In the Kremlin told about the right shift of "United Russia"". RBK Group. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Laruelle, Marlène (2009). "Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia". In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 119–152. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3.
Jump up ^ Sakwa, Richard (2013). Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ de Vogel, Sasha (25 October 2012). "New Russian "Patriots"". The Institute of Modern Russia. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ http://theglobalstate.com/main-current-events/putins-new-authoritarian-russia/
Jump up ^ "Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Кто есть кто / Члены Совета Федерации РФ - члены партии «Единая Россия»". er.ru.
Jump up ^ Roberts, S. P. (2012). Putin's United Russia Party. Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 9781136588334.
Jump up ^ Way, Lucan (2010), "Resistance to Contagion: Sources of Authoritarian Stability in the Former Soviet Union", Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 246–247
Jump up ^ Hutcheson, Derek S. (2010). Political marketing techniques in Russia. Global Political Marketing. Routledge. p. 225.
Jump up ^ Sakwa, Richard (2011). The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218.
Jump up ^ Bodrunova, Svetlana S.; Litvinenko, Anna A. (2013). New media and political protest: The formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–12. Russia's Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin years and afterwards. Routledge. pp. 29–65, at p. 35.
Jump up ^ Rose, Richard (2009). Understanding Post-Communist Transformation: A bottom up approach. Routledge. p. 131.
Jump up ^ Compare: Remington, Thomas (2013). Patronage and the Party of Power: President—Parliament Relations under Vladimir Putin. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. p. 106. Retrieved 22 August 2016. The party of power in Russia has not achieved [..] single-minded mastery of the power and wealth associated with the control of patronage. The party is united only in its support for and dependence on the Kremlin; it is divided when its principal clients take opposing sides. [...] United Russia is not a programmatic party, but a mechanism for extracting rents and distributing patronage. [...] In Russia, the party is the creature of the presidency. [...] [T]he construction of a lasting party of power such as united Russia requires a sustained commitment on the part of the authorities, one which president Putin has been willing to undertake. [...] [T]he concerted effort by President Putin's administration to build up a lasting party of power is a significant development in post-1993 Russian politics [...].
Jump up ^ Moraski, Bryon J. (2013). The Duma's electoral system: Lessons in endogeneity. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society. Routledge. p. 109. Retrieved 22 August 2016. With the March 2000 election of President Vladimir Putin, [...] the suspicion was that [...] institutional changes 'could resurrect a system dominated by a single "party of power"' (McFaul 2000, 30). [...] Still, Russia's electoral system remained largely unchanged for the 2003 Duma election, although the results certainly fuelled speculation that a dominant-party-state had begun to emerge. [...] With the union of Fatherland-All Russia and Unity, Russia's party of power had changed once again, this time emerging as United Russia. The 2003 Duma election provided some evidence that the electoral system was working in the party of power's favour.
Jump up ^ Mezhuev, Boris V. (2013). Democracy in Russia: Problems of Legitimacy. Power and Legitimacy—Challenges from Russia. Routledge. p. 115.
Jump up ^ White, Stephen (2011). Understanding Russian Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 362.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hale, Henry E. (2010). "Russia's political parties and their substitutes". In White, Stephen. Developments in Russian Politics 7. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22449-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j McFaul, Michael; Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn (2010). "Elections and Voters". In White, Stephen. Developments in Russian Politics 7. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22449-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c White, Stephen (2005). "The Political Parties". In White, Gitelman, Sakwa. Developments in Russian Politics. 6. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3522-0. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Remington, Thomas F. (2010). "Parliamentary Politics in Russia". In White, Stephen. Developments in Russian Politics 7. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22449-0.
Jump up ^ "The Putin Paradox". Americanprogress.org. 24 June 2004. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Sharlet, Robert (2005). "In Search of the Rule of Law". In White, Gitelman, Sakwa. Developments in Russian Politics. 6. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3522-0. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Russians complain of being pressured to vote". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2 December 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Medvedev hails, opponents decry Kremlin party win" (12 October 2009). Reuters.
Jump up ^ "Pro-Kremlin party sweeps Moscow elections" (12 October 2009). Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Poll ratings of Russia's Putin, Medvedev tumble". Kyiv Post. Reuters. 2 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Voting Behaviour – Duma". Levada.
Jump up ^ "Russia's Agrarian Party to merge with United Russia". Xinhuanet. China View. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Путин уверен в победе 'Единой России' [Putin is confident of victory for 'United Russia']. inotv.rt.com (in Russian). 24 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Medvedev vozglavit spisok Edinoj-Rossii". Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Медведев рекомендовал Путина в президенты" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Народ к возврату готов" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Единая Россия официальный сайт партии / Новости / "Единая Россия" подала в ЦИК РФ список народных кандидатов в Госдуму" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Д. Медведев единолично возглавил федеральный список "ЕР"". РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Речи Медведева и Путина стали предвыборной программой "Единой России"" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Дмитрий Медведев избран председателем «Единой России», 26 May 2012, Vesti.ru
Jump up ^ ""Единая Россия" откажется от портретов Путина и Медведева" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Полсотни красноярских единоросов вышли из партии" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma" (6 December 2011). itar-tass.com.
Jump up ^ "Комитеты и комиссии Государственной Думы". duma.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Комитеты и комиссии Государственной Думы". duma.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Состав Совета Государственной Думы". duma.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Russian Justice Ministry Warns RFE/RL As Duma Passes New Media Restrictions". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Володин Вячеслав Викторович". duma.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Morozov, Oleg (15 April 2006). Центризм – это антирадикализм [Centrism – is anti-radicalism]. United Russia Official Site (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Reuter, Ora John (26 November 2011). "United Russia and the 2011 Elections" (PDF). Russia Analytical Digest. Research Centre for East European Studies at the University of Bremen (102): 2–6. ISSN 1863-0421. Retrieved 1 April 2006.
Jump up ^ The information from the Encyclopedia of communism (English translation).
Jump up ^ The Council of Europe resolution 1481 (official text).
Jump up ^ Goble, Paul A. (January 20, 2015). "Alfred Koch: Putin's rejection of science and fear of the educated destroying Russia's future". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Sergei Prozorov. "Russian conservatism in the Putin presidency: The dispersion of a hegemonic discourse". Journal of Political Ideologies 10.2 (2005): 121–143.
Jump up ^ Marlene Laruelle. "The Izborsky Club, or the New Conservative Avant‐Garde in Russia". Russian Review 75.4 (2016): 626–644.
Jump up ^ Sirke Mäkinen. "Surkovian narrative on the future of Russia: making Russia a world leader". Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 27#2 (2011): 143–165.
Jump up ^ Mark Woods. "How the Russian Orthodox Church is backing Vladimir Putin's new world order" (3 March 2016). Christian Today.
Jump up ^ Andrew Higgins. "In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower" (13 September 2016). The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Yevgeny Utkin. "Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome" (23 November 2011). Russia Beyond the Headlines.
Jump up ^ "Putin's 'Party of Power' and the Declining Power of Parties in Russia" (April 2005). The Foreign Policy Centre.
Jump up ^ "What is Russian party of power?" (14 June 2005). RIA Novosti.
Jump up ^ Smale, Alison. "Austria's Far Right Signs a Cooperation Pact With Putin's Party". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "ЕР заключила договор о взаимодействии с итальянской партией "Лига Севера"" (in Russian). RIA. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Rettman, Andrew (7 March 2017). "Moscow 'ready' to sign pact with Italy's Grillo". Brussels: Euobserver.com. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "武部幹事長が「統一ロシア」の訪日団と会談]」" (in Japanese). 1 November 2004.
Jump up ^ "Russian PM Putin to open official party branch in Israel". Haaretz. Israel. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Putin to lead United Russia party" (15 April 2008). BBC News. Retrieved on 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Putin Named Party Chairman". Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. The Moscow News (17 April 2008). Retrieved on 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Russia PM Medvedev set to be elected United Russia leader" (26 May 2012). BBC. Retrieved on 1 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Medvedev 'tweet' sends the Russian blogosphere into a frenzy". The Guardian. 7 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Police and protesters clash in Moscow after election protests". The Daily Telegraph. 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "«Жулики и воры» пошли по рукам" (12 October 2011). Novaya Gazeta.
Jump up ^ "Putin Faces Push to Regain Support After Election". The Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Schwirtz, Michael (28 December 2011). "An Insider Takes a Public Stand Against Putin's Party". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Hale, Henry E. (2004). "The Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency: The Role of Contingency in Party-System Development" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya. 12 (2): 169–194.
Jeffries, Ian (2011). Political Developments in Contemporary Russia. Routledge.
Laruelle, Marlène (2009). "Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia". In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 119–152.
White, Stephen (2013). Russia's Client Party System. Politics In Russia: A Reader. CQ Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289653.001.0001. ISBN 9780199289653.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Russia.
Official website of United Russia (in Russian)
Official website of the Duma fraction (in Russian)
Youth wing of the party (in Russian)
[show]
v
t
e
United Russia
Chairmen
Sergey Shoygu/Yuri Luzhkov/Mintimer Shaimiev (2001–2005)
Boris Gryzlov (2005–2007)
Vladimir Putin (2007–2012)
Dmitry Medvedev (2012–)
Presidents
Dmitry Medvedev (2008–2012)
Vladimir Putin (2012–)
Prime Ministers
Viktor Zubkov (2007–2008)
Vladimir Putin (2008–2012)
Dmitry Medvedev (2012–)
Federation Council Chairmen
Aleksander Torshin[1] (2011)
Valentina Matviyenko (2011–)
State Duma Chairmen
Boris Gryzlov (2003–2011)
Sergey Naryshkin (2011–2016)
Vyacheslav Volodin (2016–)
Parliamentary Leaders
Boris Gryzlov (2003–2011)
Andrey Vorobyov (2011–2012)
Vladimir Vasilyev (2012–2017)
Sergey Neverov (2017–)
Presidential candidates
Vladimir Putin[2] (2004)
Dmitry Medvedev (2008)
Vladimir Putin (2012)
Vladimir Putin[2] (2018)
Notes
Jump up ^ Acting Chairman
^ Jump up to: a b Supported by the party, but was nominated as an independent candidate
[hide]
v
t
e
Registered political parties in Russia
Represented in State Duma
United Russia (339)
Communist Party (42)
Liberal Democratic Party (40)
A Just Russia (23)
Rodina (1)
Civic Platform (1)
Only in regional parliaments
Patriots of Russia
Communist Party of Social Justice
Communists of Russia
Green Alliance
Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice
Yabloko
Party of Growth
People's Freedom Party
Other registered
(in the Justice Ministry's order)
Democratic Party of Russia
People's Party for the Women of Russia
Union Towns People
People's Party of Russia
Social Democratic Party of Russia
Cities of Russia
Young Russia
New Russia
Party of Free Citizens
Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"
Agrarian Party of Russia
Russian All-People's Union
Party for Justice
Civilian Power
Clever Russia
Monarchist Party
Home Country
Party of Peace and Unity
Democratic Choice
Will
Against All
Russian United Labour Front
Party Action
Civil Position
Party of Russia's Rebirth
Official list of parties registered by the Ministry of Justice
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of Russia
Russian political movements and non-registered parties
[show]
v
t
e
Vladimir Putin
2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008, 2012–present)
33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000, 2008–2012)
Political activities
Electoral history
Presidential elections
2000
2004
2012
2018 (campaign)
First Cabinet
Second Cabinet
United Russia
All-Russia People's Front
Presidency
Inaugurations
first
second
third
fourth
Political groups
Sovereign democracy
Speeches
Munich 2007
Crimea 2014
Valdai 2014
Protests
2011–2013
2014
2017–2018
Domestic policy
Legislation and programs
national champions
priority projects
stabilization fund
Putin's Plan
2008–2009 recession
2014–2017 financial crisis
Foreign policy
International trips
European energy sector
Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
Military intervention in Ukraine
Syrian Civil War
military intervention
Russian World
Family
Lyudmila Putina (former wife)
Katerina Tikhonova (daughter)
Pets
Konni (family dog)
Public image
Followers
Chapel of Russia's Resurrection
Nashi movement
PutinTeam
Walking Together
Tributes
"A man like Putin"
Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin!
Vladimir Putin Peak
Criticism
Putin khuylo!
Putin Must Go
Putin's Palace
Putin. Corruption
Putin. War
Putinland
Putinversteher
Putinisms
Tandemocracy
← Boris Yeltsin
Category:Vladimir Putin
Dmitry Medvedev →
[show]
v
t
e
Dmitry Medvedev
Born 14 September 1965
3rd President of Russia (2008–2012)
37th Prime Minister of Russia (2012–present)
Political activities
2008 presidential election
Inauguration
Presidency
First Cabinet
Second Cabinet
Leadership of United Russia
Internal policy
Medvedev modernisation programme
Amendments to the Constitution
Skolkovo Innovation Center
Police reform
Military reform
Anti-corruption campaign
Foreign policy
Russo-Georgian War
List of international trips
New START
Family
Svetlana Medvedeva (spouse)
Ilya Medvedev (son)
Dorofei (family cat)
See also
He Is Not Dimon to You
2017–2018 Russian protests
Tandemocracy
← Vladimir Putin
Category:Dmitry Medvedev
Vladimir Putin →
[show]
v
t
e
Russian nationalism
History
Russification
Slavophilia
Pochvennichestvo
Western Ukrainian Russophiles
White movement
Smenovekhovtsy
Soviet socialist patriotism
Russian March
2006
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Concepts
All-Russian nation
Collector of Russian lands
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
Russia for Russians
Russophilia
Soviet nostalgia
Third Rome
Variants
Eurasianism
National Bolshevism
Nashism
Neo-Sovietism
Neo-Stalinism
Pan-Slavism
Putinism
Radical nationalism
Organizations
Black Hundreds
CPRF
Derzhava
Donetsk Republic
DPNI
ESM
Essence of Time
Eurasia Party
FNS
Format18
Great Russia
KRO
LDPR
LDPSU
Mladorossi
Nashi (1991)
Nashi (2005)
NBF
NBP
NDPR
New Russia Party
NNP
Nochnoy Dozor
NSO
NSPR
NTS
ONF
The Other Russia
Pamyat
Patriots of Russia
PDV
Peace for Lugansk Region
People's Union
Primorsky Partisans
Republican Party of Crimea
RFO
RFP
RGFD
RMU
RNE
RNS
Rodina
RONDD
RONS
ROS
ROVS
Russian Assembly
Russian Bloc (2001)
Russian Bloc (2002)
Russian Goal
Russian National Party
Russian Unity
The Saviour
SFM
Slavic Party
Slavic Union
Spiritual Heritage
Union of Fascist Little Ones
Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (Boys)
Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (Girls)
Young Guard of United Russia
VFO
WWN
Literature
Fashist
Foundations of Geopolitics
The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
Nash Put'
Sankya
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: nr2004004316
SUDOC: 13156157X
VIAF: 204108037
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Russia&oldid=843294083"
Categories:
United Russia
2001 establishments in Russia
Centrist parties in Russia
Conservative parties in Russia
Eurosceptic parties in Russia
National conservative parties
Nationalist parties in Russia
Political parties established in 2001
Registered political parties in Russia
Social conservative parties
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)
EngvarB from October 2017
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with Russian-language external links
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Татарча/tatarça
Türkçe
Українська
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
吴语
中文
54 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 05:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class style

values:
nickname
font-size: 0.8em;

values: padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #0C2C84; border-bottom:2px solid #0C2C84; line-height: 1;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: background-color:##FFFFFF; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#0039A6; color:white; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#D52B1E; color:white; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 75%; height: 100%;

values: List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 91%; height: 100%;

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 78%; height: 100%;

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 65%; height: 100%;

values: text-align:center;line-height: 0.8em; padding-top:0.5em; padding-bottom:0;

values: line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #0C2C84;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Communist Party of the Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Catch-all_party
mw-redirect
Catch-all party

values:
/wiki/Yuri_Luzhkov
mw-redirect
Yuri Luzhkov

values: Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)

values:
/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu
mw-redirect
Sergei Shoigu

values:
/wiki/Yevgeni_Primakov
mw-redirect
Yevgeni Primakov

values:
/wiki/Sergei_Shoygu
mw-redirect
Sergei Shoygu

values:
/wiki/Northern_Caucasus
mw-redirect
Northern Caucasus

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Ballot_stuffing
mw-redirect
Ballot stuffing

values: Edit section: Putin/Medvedev: 2012–present

values: cite_ref-Медведев_рекомендовал_Путина_в_президенты_39-0

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 50%; height: 100%;

values: background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 70%; height: 100%;

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 53%; height: 100%;

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #0C2C84; width: 76%; height: 100%;

values:
/wiki/Steering_committee
mw-redirect
Steering committee

values:
/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Federation Council of Russia

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values: RIAN archive 395745 President of the Republic of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiyev.jpg

values: Dmitry Medvedev official large photo -5.jpg

values: Edit section: Allegations of crime and corruption

values:
/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_Russian_protests
mw-redirect
2011–13 Russian protests

values:
/wiki/Alexey_Navalny
mw-redirect
Alexey Navalny

values:
/wiki/Mintimer_Shaymiev
mw-redirect
Mintimer Shaymiev

values:
/wiki/President_of_Tatarstan
mw-redirect
President of Tatarstan

values: List of Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/For_United_Ukraine
mw-redirect
For United Ukraine

values:
nofollow
http://er.ru/press/society/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://er.ru/history/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://er.ru/persons/federal_council/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values: cite_note-Медведев_рекомендовал_Путина_в_президенты-39

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=804994

values:
nofollow
http://lenta.ru/news/2013/03/18/out/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tass.ru/en/archive/665967

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1863-0421

values:
nofollow
external text
https://euobserver.com/foreign/137136

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7347124.stm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.er-duma.ru/
external text

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:#0C2C84; color:white;

values: Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)

values:
/wiki/Aleksander_Torshin
mw-redirect
Aleksander Torshin

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice

values: People's Party for the Women of Russia (page does not exist)

values: Union Towns People (page does not exist)

values: People's Party of Russia (page does not exist)

values: Social Democratic Party of Russia (2012) (page does not exist)

values: Young Russia (political party) (page does not exist)

values: New Russia (political party) (page does not exist)

values: Party of Free Citizens (political party in Russia) (page does not exist)

values: Home Country (Russia) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Democratic_Choice_(Russia)
mw-redirect
Democratic Choice (Russia)

values: Will (political party in Russia) (page does not exist)

values: Against All (political party in Russia) (page does not exist)

values: Civil Position (Russia) (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner

values: Vladimir Putin presidential campaign, 2018

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency

values: List of Vladimir Putin legislation and programs

values: Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation

values: List of international presidential trips made by Vladimir Putin

values: Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)

values: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

values: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: 2008 amendments to the Constitution of Russia

values: List of international presidential trips made by Dmitry Medvedev

values:
/wiki/Western_Ukrainian_Russophiles
mw-redirect
Western Ukrainian Russophiles

values:
/wiki/Russian_March
mw-redirect
Russian March

values:
/wiki/2006_Russian_March
mw-redirect
2006 Russian March

values:
/wiki/Radical_nationalism_in_Russia
mw-redirect
Radical nationalism in Russia

values: Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/Nashi_(1991)
mw-redirect
Nashi (1991)

values: National Alliance of Russian Solidarists

values: Russian All National Popular State Movement

values: Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)

values: Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/13156157X

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/204108037

values: Category:Political parties established in 2001

values: Category:Registered political parties in Russia

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with Russian-language external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/United_Russia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: روسيا الموحدة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ইউনাইটেড রাশিয়া – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Берҙәм Рәсәй – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Адзіная Расія – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Адзіная Расея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Единна Русия – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Пĕрлĕ Раççей – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ενωμένη Ρωσία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: روسیه واحد – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 통합 러시아 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Միասնական Ռուսաստան – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Иугонд Уæрæсе – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: רוסיה המאוחדת – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ერთიანი რუსეთი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Единствена Русија – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: Нэгдсэн Орос – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: متحده روسيه – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Единая Россия – Russian

values: Биир ньыгыл Арассыыйа – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Јединствена Русија – Serbian

values: Бердәм Русия – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: Єдина Росія – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_Russia rootpage-United_Russia skin-vector action-view


text:
Light-year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Light year (disambiguation).
Light-year
Map showing the stars that lie within 12.5 light-years of the Sun[1]
Unit information
Unit system
astronomy units
Unit of
length
Symbol
ly[2]
Unit conversions
1 ly[2] in ... ... is equal to ...
metric (SI) units
7015946070000000000♠9.4607×1015 m
7015946070000000000♠9.4607 Pm
imperial & US units
7015946068963840000♠5.8786×1012 mi
astronomical units
7015946071894093870♠63241 au
7015946068746477840♠0.3066 pc
The light-year is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles.[note 1] As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days).[2] Because it includes the word "year", the term light-year is sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of time, as a year is a unit of time equivalent to approximately 365 days.
The light-year is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in nonspecialist and popular science publications. The unit most commonly used in professional astrometry is the parsec (symbol: pc, about 3.26 light-years; the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second of arc).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 History
3 Usage of term
4 Related units
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Definitions[edit]
As defined by the IAU, the light-year is the product of the Julian year[note 2] (365.25 days as opposed to the 365.2425-day Gregorian year) and the speed of light (7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s).[note 3] Both these values are included in the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants, used since 1984.[4] From this, the following conversions can be derived. The IAU recognized abbreviation for light-year is ly,[2] although other standards like ISO 80000 use "l.y."[5][6] and localized symbols are frequent, such as "al" in French (from année-lumière) and Spanish (from año luz), "Lj" in German (from Lichtjahr), etc.
1 light-year = 7015946073047258080♠9460730472580800 metres (exactly)
≈ 7000946100000000000♠9.461 petametres
≈ 7000946100000000000♠9.461 trillion kilometres
≈ 7000587862500000000♠5.878625 trillion miles
≈ 7004632410770000000♠63241.077 astronomical units
≈ 6999306601000000000♠0.306601 parsecs
Before 1984, the tropical year (not the Julian year) and a measured (not defined) speed of light were included in the IAU (1964) System of Astronomical Constants, used from 1968 to 1983.[7] The product of Simon Newcomb's J1900.0 mean tropical year of 7007315569259747000♠31556925.9747 ephemeris seconds and a speed of light of 7008299792500000000♠299792.5 km/s produced a light-year of 7015946053000000000♠9.460530×1015 m (rounded to the seven significant digits in the speed of light) found in several modern sources[8][9][10] was probably derived from an old source such as C. W. Allen's 1973 Astrophysical Quantities reference work,[11] which was updated in 2000, including the IAU (1976) value cited above (truncated to 10 significant digits).[12]
Other high-precision values are not derived from a coherent IAU system. A value of 7015946053620700000♠9.460536207×1015 m found in some modern sources[13][14] is the product of a mean Gregorian year (365.2425 days or 7007315569520000000♠31556952 s) and the defined speed of light (7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s). Another value, 7015946052840500000♠9.460528405×1015 m,[15][16] is the product of the J1900.0 mean tropical year and the defined speed of light.
Abbreviations used for light years and multiples of light years are
"ly" for one light year[2]
"kly" for a kilolight-year (1,000 light years)[17]
"Mly" for a megalight-year (1,000,000 light years)[18]
"Gly" for a gigalight-year (1,000,000,000 light years)[19]
History[edit]
The light-year unit appeared a few years after the first successful measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun, by Friedrich Bessel in 1838. The star was 61 Cygni, and he used a 6.2-inch (160 mm) heliometer designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer. The largest unit for expressing distances across space at that time was the astronomical unit, equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit (7011150000000000000♠1.50×108 km or 7011149668992000000♠9.30×107 mi). In those terms, trigonometric calculations based on 61 Cygni's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds, showed the distance to the star to be 7005660000000000000♠660000 astronomical units (7016990000000000000♠9.9×1013 km or 7016981699840000000♠6.1×1013 mi). Bessel added that light employs 10.3 years to traverse this distance.[20] He recognized that his readers would enjoy the mental picture of the approximate transit time for light, but he refrained from using the light-year as a unit. He may have resented expressing distances in light-years because it would deteriorate the accuracy of his parallax data due to multiplying with the uncertain parameter of the speed of light. The speed of light was not yet precisely known in 1838; its value changed in 1849 (Fizeau) and 1862 (Foucault). It was not yet considered to be a fundamental constant of nature, and the propagation of light through the aether or space was still enigmatic. The light-year unit appeared, however, in 1851 in a German popular astronomical article by Otto Ule.[21] The paradox of a distance unit name ending on "year"' was explained by Ule by comparing it to a hiking road hour (Wegstunde). A contemporary German popular astronomical book also noticed that light-year is an odd name.[22] In 1868 an English journal labelled the light-year as a unit used by the Germans.[23] Eddington called the light-year an inconvenient and irrelevant unit, which had sometimes crept from popular use into technical investigations.[24]
Although modern astronomers often prefer to use the parsec, light years are also popularly used to gauge the expanses of interstellar and intergalactic space.
Usage of term[edit]
Distances expressed in light-years include those between stars in the same general area, such as those belonging to the same spiral arm or globular cluster. Galaxies themselves span from a few thousand to a few hundred thousand light-years in diameter, and are separated from neighbouring galaxies and galaxy clusters by millions of light-years. Distances to objects such as quasars and the Sloan Great Wall run up into the billions of light-years.
List of orders of magnitude for length
Scale (ly)
Value
Item
10−9 7008382213511092264♠40.4×10−9 ly Reflected sunlight from the Moon's surface takes 1.2–1.3 seconds to travel the distance to the Earth's surface (travelling roughly 7005350000000000000♠350000 to 7005400000000000000♠400000 kilometres).
10−6 7011149479541466776♠15.8×10−6 ly One astronomical unit (the distance from the Sun to the Earth). It takes approximately 499 seconds (8.32 minutes) for light to travel this distance.[25]
7012120151277001776♠127×10−6 ly The Huygens probe lands on Titan off Saturn and transmits images from its surface, 1.2 billion kilometres from Earth.
7012476820815818072♠504×10−6 ly New Horizons encounters Pluto at a distance 4.7 billion kilometres, and the communication takes 4 hours 25 minutes to reach Earth.
10−3 7013192998901640648♠2.04×10−3 ly The most distant space probe, Voyager 1, was about 18 light-hours away from the Earth as of October 2014[update].[26] It will take about 7004175000000000000♠17500 years to reach one light-year (7015946073047258080♠1.0×100 ly) at its current speed of about 17 km/s (7004169875200000000♠38000 mph) relative to the Sun. On September 12, 2013, NASA scientists announced that Voyager 1 had entered the interstellar medium of space on August 25, 2012, becoming the first manmade object to leave the Solar System.[27]
100 7016151371687561292♠1.6×100 ly The Oort cloud is approximately two light-years in diameter. Its inner boundary is speculated to be at 7015747989353500000♠50000 au, with its outer edge at 7016149597870700000♠100000 au.
7016189214609451616♠2.0×100 ly Maximum extent of the Sun's gravitational dominance (Hill sphere/Roche sphere, 7016186997338375000♠125000 au). Beyond this is the deep ex-solar gravitational interstellar medium.
7016399242825942909♠4.22×100 ly The nearest known star (other than the Sun), Proxima Centauri, is about 4.22 light-years away.[28][29]
7016813622820641948♠8.60×100 ly Sirius, the brightest star of the night sky. Twice as massive and 25 times more luminous than the Sun, it outshines more luminous stars due to its relative proximity.
7017112582692623711♠11.90×100 ly HD 10700 e, an extrasolar candidate for a habitable planet. 6.6 times as massive as the earth, it is in the middle of the habitable zone of star Tau Ceti.[30][31]
7017193944974687906♠20.5×100 ly Gliese 581, a red-dwarf star with several detectable exoplanets.
7018293282644650004♠310×100 ly Canopus, second in brightness in the terrestrial sky only to Sirius, a type A9 bright giant 7004107000000000000♠10700 times more luminous than the Sun.
103 7019283821914177424♠3×103 ly A0620-00, the nearest known black hole, is about 7003300000000000000♠3000 light-years away.
7020245978992287100♠26×103 ly The centre of the Milky Way is about 7004260000000000000♠26000 light-years away.[32][33]
7020946073047258079♠100×103 ly The Milky Way is about 7005100000000000000♠100000 light-years across.
7021156102052797583♠165×103 ly R136a1, in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the most luminous star known at 8.7 million times the luminosity of the Sun, has an apparent magnitude 12.77, just brighter than 3C 273.
106 7022236518261814520♠2.5×106 ly The Andromeda Galaxy is approximately 2.5 million light-years away.
7022283821914177424♠3×106 ly The Triangulum Galaxy (M33), at about 3 million light-years away, is the most distant object visible to the naked eye.
7023558183097882267♠59×106 ly The nearest large galaxy cluster, the Virgo Cluster, is about 59 million light-years away.
7008150000000000000♠150×106 – 7024236518261814520♠250×106 ly The Great Attractor lies at a distance of somewhere between 150 and 250 million light-years (the latter being the most recent estimate).
109 7025113528765670969♠1.2×109 ly The Sloan Great Wall (not to be confused with Great Wall and Her–CrB GW) has been measured to be approximately one billion light-years distant.
7025227057531341939♠2.4×109 ly 3C 273, optically the brightest quasar, of apparent magnitude 12.9, just dimmer than R136a1. 3C 273 is about 2.4 billion light-years away.
7026432355382596942♠45.7×109 ly The comoving distance from the Earth to the edge of the visible universe is about 45.7 billion light-years in any direction; this is the comoving radius of the observable universe. This is larger than the age of the universe dictated by the cosmic background radiation; see here for why this is possible.
Related units[edit]
Distances between objects within a star system tend to be small fractions of a light year, and are usually expressed in astronomical units. However, smaller units of length can similarly be formed usefully by multiplying units of time by the speed of light. For example, the light-second, useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics, is exactly 7008299792458000000♠299792458 metres or 1⁄7007315576000000000♠31557600 of a light-year. Units such as the light-minute, light-hour and light-day are sometimes used in popular science publications. The light-month, roughly one-twelfth of a light-year, is also used occasionally for approximate measures.[34][35] The Hayden Planetarium specifies the light month more precisely as 30 days of light travel time.[36]
Light travels approximately one foot in a nanosecond; the term "light-foot" is sometimes used as an informal measure of time.[37]
See also[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Light-year" dated 27 June 2005, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Look up light-year in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
1 petametre (examples of distances on the order of one light-year)
Einstein protocol
Hubble length
Orders of magnitude (length)
Speed of light
Distance measures (cosmology)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ One trillion here is taken to be 1012 (one million million, or billion in long scale).
Jump up ^ One Julian year is of exactly 365.25 days (or 7007315576000000000♠31557600 s based on a day of exactly 7004864000000000000♠86400 SI seconds)[3]
Jump up ^ The speed of light is exactly 7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s by definition of the metre.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Universe within 12.5 Light Years: The Nearest Stars
^ Jump up to: a b c d e International Astronomical Union, Measuring the Universe: The IAU and Astronomical Units, retrieved 10 November 2013
Jump up ^ IAU Recommendations concerning Units, archived from the original on 2007-02-16
Jump up ^ "Selected Astronomical Constants" in Astronomical Almanac, p. 6.
Jump up ^ ISO 80000-3:2006 Quantities and Units – Space and Time
Jump up ^ IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2010, American National Standard for Metric Practice
Jump up ^ P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ed. (1992), Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Mill Valley, California: University Science Books, p. 656, ISBN 0-935702-68-7
Jump up ^ Basic Constants, Sierra College
Jump up ^ Marc Sauvage, Table of astronomical constants, archived from the original on 2008-12-11
Jump up ^ Robert A. Braeunig, Basic Constants
Jump up ^ C. W. Allen (1973), Astrophysical Quantities (third ed.), London: Athlone, p. 16, ISBN 0-485-11150-0
Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox, ed. (2000), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (fourth ed.), New York: Springer-Valeg, p. 12, ISBN 0-387-98746-0
Jump up ^ Nick Strobel, Astronomical Constants
Jump up ^ KEKB, Astronomical Constants
Jump up ^ Thomas Szirtes (1997), Applied dimensional analysis and modeling, New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 60, ISBN 9780070628113
Jump up ^ Sun, Moon, and Earth: Light-year
Jump up ^ Comins, Neil F. (2013), Discovering the Essential Universe (fifth ed.), W. H. Freeman, p. 365, ISBN 978-1-4292-5519-6
Jump up ^ Hassani, Sadri (2010), From Atoms to Galaxies, CRC Press, p. 445, ISBN 978-1-4398-0850-4
Jump up ^ Deza, Michel Marie; Deza, Elena (2016), Encyclopedia of Distances (fourth ed.), Springer, p. 620, ISBN 978-3-662-52843-3
Jump up ^ Bessel, Friedrich (1839). "On the parallax of the star 61 Cygni". London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 14: 68–72. Retrieved 4 April 2014. Bessel's statement that light employs 10.3 years to traverse the distance.
Jump up ^ Ule, Otto (1851). "Was wir in den Sternen lesen". Deutsches Museum: Zeitschrift für Literatur, Kunst und Öffentliches Leben. 1: 721–738. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Diesterweg, Adolph Wilhelm (1855). Populäre Himmelskunde u. astronomische Geographie. p. 250.
Jump up ^ The Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature and Art. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Stellar movements and the structure of the universe". Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 1, Table 1-1", IERS Conventions (2003)
Jump up ^ WHERE ARE THE VOYAGERS?, retrieved 14 October 2014
Jump up ^ NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey Into Interstellar Space, retrieved 14 October 2014
Jump up ^ NASA, Cosmic Distance Scales – The Nearest Star
Jump up ^ "Proxima Centauri (Gliese 551)", Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
Jump up ^ "Tau Ceti's planets nearest around single, Sun-like star". BBC News. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Tuomi, Mikko; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Jenkins, James S.; Tinney, Chris G.; Butler, R. Paul; Vogt, Steve S.; Barnes, John R.; Wittenmyer, Robert A.; O'Toole, Simon; Horner, Jonathan; Bailey, Jeremy; Carter, Brad D.; Wright, Duncan J.; Salter, Graeme S.; Pinfield, David (March 2013). "Signals embedded in the radial velocity noise: periodic variations in the τ Ceti velocities" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551. arXiv:1212.4277  . Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..79T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220509.
Jump up ^ Eisenhauer, F.; Schdel, R.; Genzel, R.; Ott, T.; Tecza, M.; Abuter, R.; Eckart, A.; Alexander, T. (2003), "A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center", The Astrophysical Journal, 597 (2): L121, arXiv:astro-ph/0306220  , Bibcode:2003ApJ...597L.121E, doi:10.1086/380188
Jump up ^ McNamara, D. H.; Madsen, J. B.; Barnes, J.; Ericksen, B. F. (2000), "The Distance to the Galactic Center", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 112 (768): 202, Bibcode:2000PASP..112..202M, doi:10.1086/316512
Jump up ^ Fujisawa, K.; Inoue, M.; Kobayashi, H.; Murata, Y.; Wajima, K.; Kameno, S.; Edwards, P. G.; Hirabayashi, H.; Morimoto, M. (2000), "Large Angle Bending of the Light-Month Jet in Centaurus A", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 52 (6): 1021–26, Bibcode:2000PASJ...52.1021F, doi:10.1093/pasj/52.6.1021, archived from the original on 2009-09-02
Jump up ^ Junor, W.; Biretta, J. A. (1994), "The Inner Light-Month of the M87 Jet", in Zensus, J. Anton; Kellermann; Kenneth I., Compact Extragalactic Radio Sources, Proceedings of the NRAO workshop held at Socorro, New Mexico, February 11–12, 1994, Green Bank, WV: National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), p. 97, Bibcode:1994cers.conf...97J
Jump up ^ Light-Travel Time and Distance by the Hayden Planetarium Accessed October 2010.
Jump up ^ David Mermin (2009). It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-691-14127-5.
hide
v
t
e
Units of length used in Astronomy
Astronomical system of units
Earth radius (R⊕ or RE)
Light-second (ls)
Solar radius (R☉)
gigametre (Gm)
Astronomical unit (AU)
terametre (Tm)
light-year (ly)
parsec (pc)
kiloparsec (kpc)
megaparsec (Mpc)
gigaparsec (Gpc)
See also
Cosmic distance ladder
Orders of magnitude (length)
Conversion of units
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-year&oldid=845171855"
Categories:
Light
Units of length
Units of measurement in astronomy
1838 in science
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2014
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Spoken articles
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
贛語
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
मराठी
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oromoo
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Seeltersk
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
文言
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Lingua Franca Nova
118 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 June 2018, at 22:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: img

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Light_year_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Light year (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: b

value: sup

value: td

values:
/wiki/Astronomical_distance
mw-redirect
Astronomical distance

values:
/wiki/Second_of_arc
mw-redirect
Second of arc

values:
/wiki/Ephemeris_second
mw-redirect
Ephemeris second

values:
/wiki/Significant_digits
mw-redirect
Significant digits

values:
/wiki/Coherent_units
mw-redirect
Coherent units

values:
/wiki/Huygens_probe
mw-redirect
Huygens probe

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Roche_sphere
mw-redirect
Roche sphere

values:
/wiki/Galactic_center
mw-redirect
Galactic center

values:
/wiki/Great_Wall_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Great Wall (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Comoving_distance
mw-redirect
Comoving distance

values:
/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium
mw-redirect
Hayden Planetarium

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 100px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 200px; position: relative;

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
float: left; margin-left: 5px;
floatnone

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values: font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iau.org/Units.234.0.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1212.4277

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306220

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F380188

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F316512

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fpasj%2F52.6.1021

values:
/wiki/David_Mermin
mw-redirect
David Mermin

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Units of length used in Astronomy

values: Template talk:Units of length used in Astronomy

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Units of measurement in astronomy

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2014

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Light-year
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligjaar
Ligjaar – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: የብርሃን ዓመት – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: سنة ضوئية – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyo_luz
Anyo luz – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: আলোক-বৰ্ষ – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: আলোক বর্ষ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Светлавы год – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Сьветлавы год – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Светлинна година – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_llum
Any llum – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtjahr
Lichtjahr – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Έτος φωτός – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumjaro
Lumjaro – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argi-urte
Argi-urte – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: سال نوری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_luz
Ano luz – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values: પ્રકાશવર્ષ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Լուսային տարի – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: प्रकाश-वर्ष – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumyaro
Lumyaro – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_luce
Anno luce – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: שנת אור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಜ್ಯೋತಿರ್ವರ್ಷ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: სინათლის წელიწადი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Жарық жылы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leechjaor
Leechjaor – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Светлосна година – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: പ്രകാശവർഷം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_dawl
Sena dawl – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values: प्रकाश-वर्ष – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values: Гэрлийн жил – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: အလင်းနှစ် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtjaar
Lichtjaar – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: प्रकाश वर्ष – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ଆଲୋକବର୍ଷ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-om
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼-ਸਾਲ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: ឆ្នាំពន្លឺ – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_lus
Ann lus – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano-luz
Ano-luz – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Світловый рік – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Световой год – Russian

values: Сырдык сыла – Sakha

values: प्रकाशवर्षः – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: نوري سال – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Светлосна година – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valovuosi
Valovuosi – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஒளியாண்டு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Яктылык елы – Tatar

values: కాంతి సంవత్సరం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ปีแสง – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Світловий рік – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: نوری سال – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_luxe
Ano luxe – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litayel
Litayel – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: ליכט יאר – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Light-year rootpage-Light-year skin-vector action-view