text:
Bobby Joe Hill
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Bobby Joe Hill
Personal information
Born
(1943-06-12)June 12, 1943
Highland Park, Michigan
Died
December 8, 2002(2002-12-08) (aged 59)
El Paso, Texas
Listed height
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Career information
High school
Highland Park HS (Highland Park, MI)
College
UTEP (1961–1966)
NBA draft
1966 / Undrafted
Position
Guard
Career highlights and awards
NCAA champion (1966)
Tyrone Bobby Joe Hill (June 12, 1943 – December 8, 2002) was an American basketball player and was the leading scorer of the 1965–66 Texas Western College (now the University of Texas at El Paso) team,[1] helping the Miners win the 1966 NCAA basketball championship. The victory is considered one of the most important wins in sports history[citation needed] – Texas Western started an all-black starting lineup, against the all-white University of Kentucky.
Bobby Joe Hill was the 5'11 point guard from Highland Park, Michigan on the Texas Western college basketball team that won the national title in 1966. Texas Western's win over the top-ranked Kentucky team, nicknamed "Rupp's Runts," in the title game in College Park, Maryland, is considered one of the most historic games in the annals of college basketball. The school's all-black starting five defeated a white Kentucky team, 72–65. Bobby Joe Hill was one of the most prominent players on the court. In the first half, he stole the ball from both Louie Dampier and Tommy Kron twice within the span of a minute and converted both steals into easy layups. He led all scorers with twenty points, and his plays were complemented by talented teammates Harry Flournoy, Nevil Shed, David Lattin, and Willie Worsley. Don Haskins coached Texas Western, and Adolph Rupp directed Kentucky. The Miners' victory over the Kentucky Wildcats was a landmark event in the history of civil right and sports desegregation, comparable to Jackie Robinson's baseball tenure with the Brooklyn Dodgers, decisively proving that color of skin has no bearing on talent and ability. Of note is that Don Haskins and the entire Texas Western squad rose above racial threats, insults, vandalism, and violence throughout the 1965–1966 season to their against-all-odds triumph.
Bobby Joe Hill stayed in El Paso after his Texas Western career, married his college sweetheart Walltina Malachi, and retired as an executive with El Paso Natural Gas. He died in 2002 of a heart attack at age 59, the first player from the starting lineup to die. Bobby Joe Hill is interred at Restlawn Memorial Park in El Paso, Texas.[2][3]
The story of Bobby Joe Hill and the 1966 Texas Western national championship has been immortalized in the film Glory Road, which was released in the U.S. in January, 2006, forty years after the "fabulous five" forever altered the landscape of college basketball. Derek Luke was cast to play Bobby Joe in the movie.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Litsky, Frank (2002-12-13). "Bobby Joe Hill, 59, College Basketball Star". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
Jump up ^ "UTEP to Pay Tribute to Bobby Joe Hill Prior to Tennessee State Game". Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
Jump up ^ Anthony B (2006-01-25). "Bobby Joe Hill". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Video of 1966 NCAA Championship Game on YouTube
Bobby Joe Hill at Find a Grave
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Texas Western Miners basketball 1965–66 NCAA champions
10/11 Willie Cager
14 Bobby Joe Hill
20/23 Orsten Artis
24 Willie Worsley
32/33 Nevil Shed
42/43 Dave Lattin
44 Harry Flournoy
Head coach
Don Haskins
Assistant coach
Moe Iba
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Joe_Hill&oldid=866517849"
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History of the Rosary
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Part of a series on the
Rosary
of the Catholic Church
A Catholic rosary.
Overview
Blessed Virgin Mary
Roman Catholic Mariology
Devotions and spirituality
History of the rosary
Methods of praying the rosary
Our Lady of the Rosary
Rosary and scapular
Battle of Lepanto
Prayers and promises
Fatima Prayers
Fifteen rosary promises
The Mysteries
Rosary-based prayers
Rosary of the Holy Wounds
Three Hail Marys
Writings
God Alone
Ingruentium malorum
Marialis cultus
The Power of the Rosary
Rosarium Virginis Mariae
Secret of the Rosary
People and societies
Saint Dominic
Blessed Alanus de Rupe
Pope Saint Pius V
Saint Louis de Montfort
Rosary Pope (Leo XIII)
Confraternity of the Rosary
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There are differing views on the history of the Rosary. The exact origin of the Rosary as a prayer is less than clear and subject to debate among scholars. The use of knotted prayer ropes in Christianity goes back to the Desert Fathers in the 3rd and early 4th centuries. These counting devices were used for prayers such as the Jesus prayer in Christian monasticism. The period after the First Council of Ephesus in 431 witnessed a gradual growth in the use of Marian prayers during the Middle Ages.
According to some Catholic traditions, the Rosary was given to Saint Dominic in a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary and it was then promoted by Blessed Allan de la Roche. However, not all Catholics agree with that tradition. Some historians see a more gradual development for the Rosary, in that the repetition of Marian prayers which form the basis of the Rosary needed counting devices, which resulted in the modern form of the Rosary prayed on beads.
The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Marys was attributed to Dominic of Prussia (author of Liber experientiarum 1458), a 15th-century Carthusian monk, who called it the "Life of Jesus Rosary" (vita Christi Rosarium). However, in 1977, a theologian from Trier named Andreas Heinz discovered a vita Christi Rosary that dated to 1300, suggesting the origin of the current rosary extends back at least to that time.[1] [2] The Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was attributed to the praying of the Rosary by masses of Europeans based on the request of Pope Pius V and eventually resulted in the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary. In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church. In 2002 Pope John Paul II introduced the Luminous Mysteries - based on a compilation by St George Preca the first Maltese Saint, - as an option in an Apostolic Letter on the Rosary, Rosarium Virginis Mariae.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Historical development
3 Official devotion
4 Key dates
5 Ropes, beads and prayers
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
Prayers with beads like the rosary may have begun as a practice by the laity to imitate the Christian monasticism of the Liturgy of the Hours, during the course of which the monks prayed the 150 Psalms daily.[3] As many of the laity and even lay monastics could not read, they substituted 150 repetitions of the Our Father (Pater noster in Latin) for the Psalms, sometimes using a cord with knots on it to keep an accurate count.[4]
According to a Dominican tradition, the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition by the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year 1214 in the church of Prouille.[3] This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary.[5] In the 15th century Blessed Alanus de Rupe (aka Alain de la Roche or Saint Alan of the Rock), who was a learned Dominican priest and theologian, is said to have received a vision from Jesus about the urgency of reinstating the rosary as a form of prayer. Blessed Alanus de Rupe also said that he received the Blessed Mother's "15 Promises". Before his death on September 8, 1475 he reinstituted the rosary in many countries and established many rosary confraternities. Despite the popularity of Blessed Alanus's story about the origins of the rosary, there has never been found any historical evidence positively linking St. Dominic to the rosary. The story of St. Dominic's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus,[4] some 300 years later.
Historical development[edit]
Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica, Rosario Argentina, 1887, an example of Marian church architecture devoted to the rosary.
During the middle ages, evidence suggests that both the Our Father and the Hail Mary were recited with prayer beads.[3] In 13th century Paris, four trade guilds existed of prayer bead makers, who were referred to as paternosterers, and the beads were referred to as paternosters, suggesting a continued link between the Our Father (Pater noster in Latin) and the prayer beads.[4]
In the 12th century, the rule of the English anchorites, the Ancrene Wisse, specified how groups of 50 Hail Marys were to be broken into five decades of ten Hail Marys each. Gradually, the Hail Mary came to replace the Our Father as the prayer most associated with beads. Eventually, each decade came to be preceded by an Our Father, which further mirrored the structure of the monastic Divine Office.[4]
The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Marys is attributed to Dominic of Prussia (1382–1460), a Carthusian monk, who called it "Life of Jesus Rosary".[6] The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys already popular at his time, using quotes from scriptures. Promoted by his superior Adolf von Essen and others, his practice became popular among Benedictines and Carthusians from Trier to adjoining Belgium and France, where it was greatly promoted by the preaching of the Dominican priest Alan de Rupe, who helped to spread the devotion in France, Flanders, and the Netherlands between 1460 and his death in 1475.[7]
In 1475 James Sprenger formed one of the first rosary confraternities in Cologne.[8][9] Rosary confraternities in Venice and Florence were formed in 1480 and 1481.[10]
In the 16th century, Rosary confraternities for women spread in France and Italy, partly because women were excluded from most other societies and because this type did not involve common masses or processions, only private prayer.[11] In 1571 Pope Pius V called for all of Europe to pray the rosary for victory at the Battle of Lepanto, in which the Christian belligerents included the Papal States. The Christian victory at Lepanto was at first celebrated as the feast of "Our Lady of Victory" on October 7, but was later renamed the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary.[12][13][14]
Official devotion[edit]
See also: Rosary devotions and spirituality
Our Lady of Lourdes appearing at Lourdes with Rosary beads.
In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church.[15] Saint Peter Canisius, a Doctor of the Church, who is credited with adding to the Hail Mary the sentence "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners", was an ardent advocate of the rosary and promoted it (and its Marian devotion in general) as the best way to repair the damage done to the Church by the Reformation.[16]
From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged.[4] There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. In the 20th century the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became popular. After Vatican Council II, Msgr. Annibale Bugnini, architect of the liturgical reform, proposed further changes to the structure of the Rosary, but Pope Paul VI refused to implement the proposal on the grounds that changing such a well-established and popular devotion would unsettle the piety of the faithful and show a lack of reverence for an ancient practice. There were thus no other changes until 2002 when John Paul II instituted five new Luminous Mysteries.[17] In the 17th century, the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art. Key examples include Murrillo's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain, and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan. Several Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world have also been named after the rosary, e.g. Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica, in Rosario Argentina, the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Key dates[edit]
The table shows key dates in the development of the rosary.:[3]
4th century prayer rope used by the Desert Fathers to count repetitions of the Jesus Prayer
"Hail Mary full of grace" prayer employed in a Syriac ritual attributed to Severus, Patriarch of Antioch (c. 513) on line link http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07110b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia written in 1914
By the 7th century prayers to Mary were becoming more common.[18]
c. 1075 Lady Godiva refers in her will to "the circlet of precious stones which she had threaded on a cord in order that by fingering them one after another she might count her prayers exactly" (Malmesbury, "Gesta Pont.", Rolls Series 311)[4]
A rule for anchorites in mid-12th century England gives directions on how 50 Hail Marys are to be said divided into sets of ten, with prostrations and other marks of reverence.[4]
A rosary from 1475-1500, Germany.
It is recorded by a contemporary biographer that St. Aibert, who died in 1140, recited 150 Hail Marys daily, 100 with genuflexions and 50 with prostrations.[19]
1214 traditional date of Saint Dominic's reception of the rosary from the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of the Rosary[3]
It is recorded of St. Louis of France (1214–70) that "without counting his other prayers the holy King knelt down every evening 50 times and each time he stood upright then knelt again and repeated slowly an Ave Maria." [19]
1268 A reference to guild of "paternosterers" in Paris in "Livre des métiers" of Stephen Boyleau.[4]
Early 15th century, Dominic of Prussia, a Carthusian, introduces 50 mysteries, one for each Ave Maria[20]
15th century blessed Alanus de Rupe (Alain de la Roche) established the "15 rosary promises" and started many rosary confraternities
c. 1514 Hail Mary prayer attains its current form.[19]
1569 Pope Pius V established the current form of the original 15 mysteries[21]
1587 Rosario della Sacratissima Vergine Maria by Ven. Luis de Granada is published.
1589 Instructions for the use of the beades by John Bucke is published.[22]
1597 first recorded use of the term "rosary" to refer to prayer beads.[23]
1917 Our Lady of Fatima is said to ask that the Fatima Prayer be added to the Rosary. Her visionaries state that she also asks for the Rosary to be said to stop the war.
1974 Pope Paul VI issues the Apostolic Letter Marialis Cultus which devotes 14 sections to the use of the rosary within the Roman Catholic Church.[24]
2002 Pope John Paul II introduces the Luminous Mysteries as an option for Roman Catholics in an Apostolic Letter on the Rosary, Rosarium Virginis Mariae.[25]
Ropes, beads and prayers[edit]
See also: History of prayer beads
A Russian Lestovka. Unlike a Rosary, it has no Crucifix
The English word bead derives from the Old English noun bede which means a prayer.[26][27]
The earliest Christian devices for counting prayers trace to the Desert Fathers who started Christian monasticism in the 3rd century.[28] They had the habit of praying 150 psalms a day and in order to keep track of the count kept 150 pebbles in a bowl or a bag, and removed a pebble after each psalm. Anthony of Egypt and St. Pachomius are often associated with the development of prayer ropes in the 4th century. These were ropes with 150 knots and gained popularity because they weighed less than a bag of 150 pebbles. These prayer ropes (also called komboskini) continue to be used in Eastern Christianity today. These ropes were only used for prayers such as the Jesus Prayer and the Lord's Prayer and involved no prayers to the Virgin Mary.[29][30]
The earliest known prayer to Mary is the Sub tuum praesidium, which begins with the words: "Beneath your compassion, we take refuge."[31][32] The earliest text of Sub tuum praesidium traces to the Coptic Orthodox liturgy and a copy written in Greek dates to around the year 250.[33] After the First Council of Ephesus in 431 the title Theotokos and the veneration of Mary as the "Mother of God" were established and a period of growth for Marian prayers started.[34][35]
An Egyptian Coptic ostracon that dates to around the year 600 bears the Greek words: "Hail Mary full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, because thou didst conceive Christ, the Son of God, the Redeemer of our souls". This Eastern variant of the Ave Maria was apparently intended for liturgical use, just as the earliest form of the Hail Mary in the Western Church took the shape of an antiphon. However, there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted "devotional formula" before about 1050.[19] While two Anglo-Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum, one of which may be as old as the year 1030, show the words "Ave Maria" etc. and "benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui" it is not certain when these clauses were first joined to make one prayer[19]
See also[edit]
Book: Mary and Mariology
Catholic devotions
Christian meditation
Our Lady of the Rosary
Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity
Rosary
Rosary and scapular
Rosary devotions and spirituality
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Winston-Allen, Anne. Stories of the Rose (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), p. 17
Jump up ^ Heinz, Andreas. Die Entstehung des Leben-Jesu-Rosenkranzes, in Der Rosenkranz: Andacht, Geschichte, Kunst, editors, Fredy Bühler and Urs-Beat Frei. (Bern: Verlag Benteli/Museum Bruder Klaus Sachseln, 2003), pages 23–47.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Miller, John D., Beads and Prayers: The Rosary in History and Devotion, 2002 ISBN 0-86012-320-0 pages 7-15
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Thurston, Herbert, and Andrew Shipman. "The Rosary." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 30 April 2014
Jump up ^ Catherine Beebe, St. Dominic and the Rosary ISBN 0-89870-518-5
Jump up ^ A Heinz, Rosenkranz, Marienlexikon, Eos, St.Ottilien, 1993, 555
Jump up ^ McNicholas, John. "Alanus de Rupe." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 30 April 2014
Jump up ^ Falhbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, 2005 ISBN 0-8028-2416-1 p. 756
Jump up ^ Candelaria, Lorenzo. The Rosary Cantoral: Ritual and Social Design, 2008 ISBN 1-58046-205-7 pp. 70-72
Jump up ^ Winston-Allen, Anne. Stories of the rose: the making of the rosary in the Middle Ages, 1997 ISBN 0-271-01631-0 p. 69
Jump up ^ Black, Christopher F., Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century, 2003 ISBN 0-521-53113-6 p. 103
Jump up ^ Butler, Alban. Butler's Lives Of The Saints (April), (1999) ISBN 0-86012-253-0 page 222
Jump up ^ "Battle of Lepanto (1571)", EWTN
Jump up ^ Chesterton, Gilbert. Lepanto, 2004, Ignatius Press ISBN 1-58617-030-9
Jump up ^ Scaperlanda, Maria Ruiz. The Seeker's Guide to Mary, 2002, ISBN 0-8294-1489-4 p. 151
Jump up ^ Finley, Mitch. The Seeker's Guide to Saints, 2000, ISBN 0-8294-1350-2 p. 73
Jump up ^ APOSTOLIC LETTER ROSARIUM VIRGINIS MARIAE OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF JOHN PAUL II TO THE BISHOPS, CLERGY AND FAITHFUL ON THE MOST HOLY ROSARY (Dated Oct. 16, 2002)
Jump up ^ Thurston, Herbert. "Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 30 April 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Thurston, Herbert. "Hail Mary." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 April 2014
Jump up ^ Mougel, Ambrose. "Dominic of Prussia." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 30 April 2014
Jump up ^ "CONSUEVERUNT ROMANI Pope Pius V". Retrieved 2007-02-10.
Jump up ^ Bucke, John. Gallica Online Library Transcribed into Modern English
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary - Rosary". Retrieved 2007-02-10.
Jump up ^ Pope Paul VI. "Marialis Cultus"
Jump up ^ "Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae". Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
Jump up ^ The concise dictionary of English etymology by Walter W. Skeat 1988 ISBN 1-85326-311-7 page 38
Jump up ^ Your Faith, Your Life: An Invitation to the Episcopal Church by Jenifer Gamber, Bill Lewellis 2009 ISBN 0-8192-2321-2 pages 134-136
Jump up ^ Winston, Kimberly. Bead One, Pray Too, 2008 ISBN 0-8192-2276-3 pages 4-10
Jump up ^ Kasten, Patricia Ann. Linking Your Beads: The Rosary's History, Mysteries, and Prayers, 2011 ISBN 1-59276-929-2 OSV Publishers pages 11-13
Jump up ^ Mathewes-Green, Frederica. The Jesus Prayer, 2009 ISBN 1-55725-659-4 page 62
Jump up ^ Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978-1-57918-355-4 page 178
Jump up ^ Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry, William J. Abraham 2006 ISBN 0-8308-2569-X page 142
Jump up ^ Matthewes-Green, Frederica (2007). The Lost Gospel of Mary: The Mother of Jesus in Three Ancient Texts. Brewster MA: Paraclete Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-1-55725-536-5.
Jump up ^ Mary in the Christian tradition by Kathleen Coyle 1996 ISBN 0-85244-380-3 pages 49-50
Jump up ^ The Image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos Hymn by Leena Mari Peltomaa 2001 ISBN 90-04-12088-2 pages 76-77
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United States presidential line of succession
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is missing information about What happens if all successors are exhausted?. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2018)
The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The order of succession to the presidency is referred to three times in the U.S. Constitution – in Article II, Section 1, Clause 6; the 20th Amendment; and the 25th Amendment. Since the federal government was established in 1789, Congress has adopted three presidential succession acts. The current presidential line of succession was adopted in 1947 (and last revised in 2006).[1]
The succession follows the order of vice president, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen.
Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency,[2] and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Current order
2 Eligibility
2.1 Eligibility requirements
2.2 Acting officers
3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945
4 Constitutional provisions
5 Acting President of the United States
6 History of succession law set by Congress
6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792
6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886
6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947
6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971
6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006
7 Successions beyond Vice President of the United States
8 Constitutional concerns
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Current order[edit]
The current presidential order of succession is as follows:[4]
Key
Eligible Democrat (D)
Eligible Republican (R)
Eligible Independent (I)
Eligible unknown
Not eligible
No.
Office
Current officer
1
Vice President Mike Pence (R)
2
Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan (R)
3
President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch (R)
4
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo (R)
5
Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin (R)
6
Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis (I)
7
Attorney General Jeff Sessions (R)
8
Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke (R)
9
Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue (R)
10
Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross (R)
11
Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta (R)
12
Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar (R)
13
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson (R)
–
Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao (R)[a]
14
Secretary of Energy Rick Perry (R)
15
Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos (R)
16
Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Wilkie (R)[b]
17
Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen (I)
Jump up ^ Not a natural-born citizen (Chao acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and consequently is ineligible for the presidency.
Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession. See Acting officers below.
Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department's creation or the department of which their department is the successor (the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War, and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare).[a]
Eligibility[edit]
Eligibility requirements[edit]
To be eligible to serve as president, a person must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, at least 35 years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19(e)).
Acting officers[edit]
Acting officers may be eligible. In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission, a private non-partisan think tank, reported,
The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[5]
Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945[edit]
Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency.[6]
The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives, and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker, though this is not technically a requirement; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line, ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established.
In his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation. However, the changes to the succession, when signed into law, placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president.[7]
Some of Truman's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar.[8] Further motivation may have been provided by Truman's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.[7]
Constitutional provisions[edit]
The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve. The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19).
Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president-elect dies before his term begins, the vice president-elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president-elect was elected. The section also provides that if, on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the president-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the vice president-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president-elect qualifies. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect is eligible or available to serve.
The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1: that the vice president is the direct successor of the president. He or she becomes president if the president dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled, such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit.
The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession, by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty (through death, resignation, or removal from office), the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began.
Acting President of the United States[edit]
Main article: Acting President of the United States
New president Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963.
Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that:
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed, or a President elected.
This originally left open the question whether "the same" refers to "the said office" or only "the powers and duties of the said office." Some historians, including Edward Corwin[9] and John D. Feerick,[9] have argued that the framers' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency; however, there is also much evidence to the contrary, the most compelling of which is Article I, section 3, of the Constitution itself, the relevant text of which reads:
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse [sic] their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the presidency devolved upon the vice president on his succession. Thus, the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent, apart from adding new protocols for presidential disability.[original research?] Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested, and it was left to Vice President John Tyler, the first presidential successor in U.S. history, to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment.
In 1841, John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency.
Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation, Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely Acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office. However, some contemporaries—including John Quincy Adams,[9][10] Henry Clay[11] and other members of Congress[10][11] Whig party leaders[11] and even Tyler's own cabinet[10][11]—believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself.
Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[12] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[11] and this precedent was followed thereafter. The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that "In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President." The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president.
History of succession law set by Congress[edit]
Presidential Succession Act 1792[edit]
Main article: Presidential Succession Act
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1792
The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress. The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the Democratic-Republicans, to follow the vice president in the succession. There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line. The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president, followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
In either case, these officers were to "act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected." The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year, but no such election ever took place.
Presidential Succession Act 1886[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1886
In 1881, after the death of President Garfield, and in 1885, after the death of Vice President Hendricks, there had been no President pro tempore in office, and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene, no Speaker either,[13] leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president. When Congress convened in December 1885, President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act, which was passed in 1886. Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president's Cabinet, with the Secretary of State first in line. In the first 100 years of the United States, six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president, while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office. As a result, changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable.[citation needed]
Presidential Succession Act 1947[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1947
The Presidential Succession Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman, added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line, but switched the two from the 1792 order. It remains the sequence used today[update]. Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department (which governed the Army) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense, the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War. The office of Secretary of the Navy, which had existed as a Cabinet-level position since 1798, had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization, and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act.
Postmaster General removed 1971[edit]
Until 1971, the Postmaster General, the head of the Post Office Department, was a member of the Cabinet, initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added. Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession.[14]
Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006[edit]
The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002. On March 9, 2006, pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub.L. 109–177, the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession. The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established. Despite custom, many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list – below the Attorney General, above the Secretary of the Interior, and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense – because the Secretary, already in charge of disaster relief and security, would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries.[citation needed] Despite this, the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the "Secretary of Homeland Security" follows the "Secretary of Veterans Affairs" in the succession, effectively at the end of the list.[15]
Successions beyond Vice President of the United States[edit]
David Rice Atchison's tombstone (Plattsburg, Missouri), including the claim "President of the United States for One Day"
While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president, and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president, no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president. On March 4, 1849, President Zachary Taylor's term began, but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday, citing religious beliefs, and the vice president was not sworn either. As the last President pro tempore of the Senate, David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president, and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day. However, Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either, and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired.[16][17]
In 1865, when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln, the office of vice president became vacant. At that time, the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate, and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become Acting President. This posed a conflict of interest, as Wade's "guilty" vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties. Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin.
In his book The Shadow Presidents, which he published in 1979, Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election, when the First World War was raging in Europe. In view of the contemporary international turmoil, President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away, instead of waiting through the lame duck period, which at that time had a duration of almost four months. President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear. The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State. Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign, and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession, Hughes would become president immediately. As it happened, President Wilson won re-election, so the plan was never put into action.[18]
New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974.
Since the 25th Amendment's ratification, its Second Section, which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above, has been invoked twice.
During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy, House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line. As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon's removal or resignation possible, Albert would have become acting president and—under Title 3, Section 19(c) of the U.S. Code—would have been able to "act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term" on January 20, 1977. Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him, a Democrat, to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican. Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties, he would do so only as a caretaker. However, with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency, which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked, these series of events were never tested. Albert again became first-in-line during the first four months of Ford's presidency, before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller,[citation needed] which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked.
In 1981, when President Ronald Reagan was shot, Vice President George H. W. Bush was traveling in Texas. Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter's question regarding who was running the government by stating:
Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.[19]
A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig's remarks. Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority, due to his implied reference to the Constitution. Haig and his supporters, noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon's resignation, said he only meant that he was the highest-ranking officer of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States on-site, managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington.[citation needed]
Constitutional concerns[edit]
Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency.[20] James Madison, one of the authors of the Constitution, raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton.[21] Two of these issues can be summarized:
The term "Officer" in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an "Officer of the United States", who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch. The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense.
Under the principle of separation of powers, the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch. For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president, they must resign their position, at which point they are no longer in the line of succession. This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox. However, the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president "upon his resignation as Speaker" and as a member of Congress,[22] allowing for a seamless transition.
In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:[23]
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt (such as those expressed above by James Madison) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party". For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the president, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as president, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president).
See also[edit]
Central Locator System
Designated survivor
List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
United States presidential line of succession in fiction
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 61 Stat. 380, codified at 3 U.S.C. § 19
Jump up ^ "Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional?", Akhil Reed Amar, Stanford Law Review, November 1995.
Jump up ^ First Report p. 4, continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28, 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link
Jump up ^ Wilson, Reid (October 20, 2013). "The Presidential order of succession". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Continuity of the Presidency," Continuity of Government Commission, June 2009, p. 34. (Archived by WebCite at [1] Accessed: 2012-05-23)
Jump up ^ "Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency. June 19, 1945" by President Harry S. Truman; from the American Presidency Project archives
^ Jump up to: a b Wildavsky, Aaron B. (2003). Horowitz, Irving, ed. The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy (Google Books). Transaction Publishers. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7658-0960-5. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading -". kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (Autumn 1974). "On the Presidential Succession". Political Science Quarterly. 89 (3): 475, 495–496. JSTOR 2148451.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rankin, Robert S. (Feb 1946). "Presidential Succession in the United States". The Journal of Politics. 8 (1): 44–56. doi:10.2307/2125607. JSTOR 2125607.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Abbott, Philip (Dec 2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (4): 627, 638. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. JSTOR 27552721.
Jump up ^ Crapol, Edward P. (2006). John Tyler: the accidental president. UNC Press Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8078-3041-3. OCLC 469686610.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Willsey, Joseph H. (1895). Harper's Book of Facts: a Classified History of the World; Embracing Science, Literature, and Art. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 884. LCCN 01020386. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Postmasters General". postalmuseum.si.edu. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ US Congress (2005). USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005. 109th Congress Public Law 177. Retrieved on October 29, 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm.
Jump up ^ "1801: President for a Day -- March 4, 1849". May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ David Mikkelson (October 8, 2007). "President for a Day". snopes.
Jump up ^ Medved, Michael (1979). The Shadow Presidents: The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides. New York, U.S.A.: Times Books. p. 149. ISBN 0-8129-0816-3.
Jump up ^ "Alexander Haig", Time, April 2, 1984
Jump up ^ "Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional?" Archived January 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine., Akhil Reed Amar, Stanford Law Review, November 1995.
Jump up ^ "Article 2, Section 1, Clause 6: James Madison to Edmund Pendleton".
Jump up ^ Wikisource:Presidential Succession Act 1947
Jump up ^ First Report p. 4, continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28, 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link
External links[edit]
Ask Gleaves: Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University
"Presidential Line of Succession Examined", a September 20, 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
"WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional", David Tenner, Usenet group: soc.history.what-if, January 14, 2003.
Fools, Drunkards, & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website
Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website
The Presidency: Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission, June 2009 (includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792, 1886 and 1947)
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Secretary of Defense (Jim Mattis)
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Secretary of Education (Betsy DeVos)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Robert Wilkie)
Secretary of Homeland Security (Kirstjen Nielsen)
Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession.
Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation, she is not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the presidency.
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values: Linha de sucessão presidencial dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese

values: Actuala listă a liniei de succesiune prezidențiale SUA, 2006 – Romanian

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values: Наследование президентских полномочий в США – Russian

values: U.S. Presidential line of succession – Simple English

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values: Successionsordningen för USA:s president – Swedish

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values: ลำดับการสืบทอดตำแหน่งประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐ – Thai

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values: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanlık yerini alma sırası – Turkish

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values: Лінія наступності президентських повноважень у США – Ukrainian

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values: Thứ tự kế vị Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese

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values: 美國總統繼任順序 – Chinese

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