text:
Posterior pituitary
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Posterior pituitary
Pituitary gland. Posterior pituitary is in blue and Anterior pituitary is in orange. Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk are not labeled, but pars nervosa is at bottom and infundibular stalk is at top.
Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. (Posterior lobe labeled at bottom right.)
Details
Precursor
Neural tube (downward-growth of the diencephalon)[1]
Artery
inferior hypophyseal artery
Vein
hypophyseal vein
Identifiers
Latin
Pars nervosa glandulae pituitariae,
pars nervosa hypophyseos,
lobus posterior hypophyseos
MeSH
A06.407.747.734
NeuroLex ID
Neurohypophosis
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Posterior pituitary hormones
TA
A11.1.00.006
FMA
74628
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.[2] The hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system is composed of the hypothalamus (the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus), posterior pituitary, and these axonal projections.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
2.1 Hormone secretion
3 Clinical significance
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
7 Additional images
Structure[edit]
The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) of magnocellular neurosecretory cells extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These axons store and release neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin into the neurohypohyseal capillaries, from there they get into the systemic circulation (and partly back into the hypophyseal portal system). In addition to axons, the posterior pituitary also contains pituicytes, specialized glial cells resembling astrocytes assisting in the storage and release of the hormones.[3]
Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the two regions below:
Pars nervosa
Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary and is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. Sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with the posterior pituitary, the pars nervosa includes Herring bodies and pituicytes.[4]
Infundibular stalk
Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems.
The median eminence is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary.[5]
A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis.
Function[edit]
Hormone secretion[edit]
Two hormones are classically considered as being related to the posterior pituitary: oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are created in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary. After creation, they are stored in neurosecretory vesicles regrouped into Herring bodies before being secreted in the posterior pituitary via the bloodstream.
Hormone
Other names
Symbol(s)
Main targets
Effect
Source
Oxytocin OT Uterus, mammary glands Uterine contractions; lactation supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Vasopressin Antidiuretic hormone VP, AVP, ADH Kidneys and arterioles Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Clinical significance[edit]
Insufficient secretion of vasopressin underlies diabetes insipidus, a condition in which the body loses the capacity to concentrate urine. Affected individuals excrete as much as 20 liters of dilute urine per day. Oversecretion of vasopressin causes the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Anterior pituitary
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Embryology at unc.edu
^ Jump up to: a b Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 246, 248–259. ISBN 9780071481274.
•The hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system secretes two peptide hormones directly into the blood, vasopressin and oxytocin. ...
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), released by the anterior pituitary; and glucocorticoids, released by the adrenal cortex.
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH); the anterior pituitary hormone thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH); and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis comprises hypothalamic gonadotropin–releasing hormone (GnRH), the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonadal steroids.
Jump up ^ Hatton, GI (September 1988). "Pituicytes, glia and control of terminal secretion." (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 139: 67–79. PMID 3062122.
Jump up ^ Histology image:14004loa from Vaughan, Deborah (2002). A Learning System in Histology: CD-ROM and Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195151732.
Jump up ^ Median eminence at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
External links[edit]
www.pituitary.org — The Pituitary Network Association
Additional images[edit]
The posterior pituitary comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland
Anterior
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis
Acidophil cell
Somatotropic cell
Prolactin cell
Somatomammotrophic cell
Basophil cell
Corticotropic cell
Gonadotropic cell
Thyrotropic cell
Chromophobe cell
Posterior
Pars nervosa
Median eminence
Stalk
Pituicyte
Herring bodies
Thyroid
Follicular cell
Parafollicular cell
Parathyroid gland
Chief cell
Oxyphil cell
Adrenal gland
Cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Medulla
Chromaffin cell
Gonads
Testicle
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Ovary
Theca interna
Granulosa cell
Corpus luteum
Islets of pancreas
Alpha cell
Beta cell
PP cell
Delta cell
Epsilon cell
Pineal gland
Pinealocyte
Corpora arenacea
Other
Enteroendocrine cell
Paraganglia
Organ of Zuckerkandl
Placenta
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Infundibulum
Grey matter
Autonomic zones
Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
Endocrine
posterior pituitary: Paraventricular
Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
Supraoptic
oxytocin/vasopressin
other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
Preoptic (GnRH)
Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
Emotion
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Ventromedial
Dorsomedial
White matter
afferent
Medial forebrain bundle
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efferent
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Stria terminalis
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Pituitary
Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular
Subthalamus
Subthalamic nucleus
Zona incerta
Nuclei campi perizonalis (Fields of Forel)
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PR interval
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Schematic representation of normal EKG
In electrocardiography, the PR interval is the period, measured in milliseconds, that extends from the beginning of the P wave (the onset of atrial depolarization) until the beginning of the QRS complex (the onset of ventricular depolarization); it is normally between 120 and 200ms in duration. The PR interval is sometimes termed the PQ interval.
Interpretation[edit]
Variations in the PR interval can be associated with certain medical conditions:
Duration
A long PR interval (of over 200 ms) may indicate a first degree heart block.[1] Prolongation can be associated with hypokalemia, acute rheumatic fever,[2] or carditis associated with Lyme disease.[3]
A short PR interval (of less than 120ms) may be associated with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome, or Junctional rhythms.
A variable PR interval may indicate other types of heart block.[citation needed]
PR segment depression may indicate atrial injury[4] or pericarditis.[5]
Variable morphologies of P waves in a single EKG lead is suggestive of an ectopic pacemaker rhythm such as wandering pacemaker or multifocal atrial tachycardia.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ First-Degree Atrioventricular Block at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Karacan M, Ceviz N, Olgun H (2012). "Heart rate variability in children with acute rheumatic fever". Cardiol Young. 22 (3): 285–92. doi:10.1017/S1047951111001429. PMID 21933462.
Jump up ^ Costello, J. M.; Alexander, M. E.; Greco, K. M.; Perez-Atayde, A. R.; Laussen, P. C. (2009). "Lyme Carditis in Children: Presentation, Predictive Factors, and Clinical Course". Pediatrics. 123 (5): e835–41. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3058. PMID 19403477.
Jump up ^ Rao, B.N. Vijay Raghawa (2009). "Evolution of ECG Changes". Clinical Examinations in Cardiology. pp. 561–2. ISBN 978-81-312-0964-6.
Jump up ^ Pedley, D. K.; Brett, C; Nichol, N (2002). "P-R segment depression: An early diagnostic feature in acute pericarditis: A telephone survey of UK accident and emergency departments". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 9 (1): 43–5. PMID 11989495.
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Ganesh Jayanti
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Ganesha Jayanti
Ganesha
Also called
Tilo Chauth, Sakat Chauthis, Tilkund chouth
Observed by
Hindus
Type
Hindu
Observances
Veneration of Ganesha
Date
Shukla paksha chaturthi in Magh month (fourth day of the bright half of moon’s cycle during January/February), decided by Hindu calendar (lunar calendar)
2016 date
11 February
2017 date
31 January
Frequency
annual
Related to
Birthday of Ganesha
Ganesh Jayanti (literally "Ganesha's birthday"), also known as Magha shukla chaturthi, Tilkund chaturthi, and Varad chaturthi, is a Hindu festival. This occasion celebrates the birth day of Ganesha, the lord of wisdom.[1] It is a popular festival particularly in the Indian state of Maharashtra and it is also celebrated in goa held during the shukla paksha chaturthi day (fourth day of the bright fortnight or the waxing moon) in the month of Maagha as per almanac, which corresponds to the Gregorian calendar month of January/February. The distinction between the Ganesh Jayanti and the more popular, almost pan-Indian Ganesh Chaturthi festival is that the latter festival is observed in the month of August/September (Bhadrapada Hindu month). According to one tradition, Ganesh Chaturthi is also considered as the birthday of Ganesha.[2][3] This festival of Ganesha is also called as the Tilo Chauth or Sakat Chauthis in Uttar Pradesh, where Ganesha is invoked on behalf of the son of a family.[3] It is also called as Tilkund chaturthi in Maharashtra.
Legend[edit]
As a legend narrated by Nandi to the Sanatkumara sages, god Krishna was charged with stealing as he saw the moon on Bhadrapad Shukla Chaturthi - which was prohibited. He observed fast on Magha Shukla Chaturthi this day and got rid of the accusation of stealing.
Observances[edit]
On the festival day, an image of Ganesha, in symbolic conical form is made out of turmeric or sindhoor powder or some times of cowdung and worshipped. It is later immersed in water on the fourth day after the festival. A special preparation made of til (sesame seeds) is offered to Ganesha and then distributed to the devotees as prasad for eating. A fast is observed during worship during the day time followed by feasting in the night as a part of the rituals.[3]
In addition to fasting on this day, before observing the puja rites for Ganesha (also known as "Vinayaka"), devotees take bath with water mixed with til seeds, after smearing a paste made out of til (sesame) on their body. The fast observed on this day is stated to enhance the name and fame of the individual.[4]
Even though Ganesha is considered a celibate god in Uttar Pradesh (in other places, he is considered as "married"), but on the occasion of the Ganesh Jayanti celebrations, couples worship him to beget a son.[5]
Vishnu fighting Madhu-Kaitabh
On Ganesh Jayanti, devotees flock to the Moreshwar temple in Morgaon, Pune district, Maharashtra - in large numbers. The temple is starting and ending point of a pilgrimage of eight revered Ganesha temples called Ashtavinayaka. Legend has it that Ganesha killed demon Kamlasur at this place, riding a peacock (in Sanskrit, a mayura, in Marathi - mora) and thus is known as Mayureshwar or Moreshwar ("Lord of the peacock").[6] Another temple on the Ashtavinayak circuit is the Siddhivinayaka temple at Siddhatek, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. Large crowds visit the temple on the occasion of Ganesh Jayanti. This ancient temple located on the eastern bank of the Bhima River - has an idol of Ganesha, seated in a crossed leg posture flanked by his consort Siddhi. The Ganesha image is adorned with saffron paste and has its trunk turned to the right, which is considered a rare depiction. Thus, it is held in deep reverence and a strict set of religious vows are observed to please the deity. Devotees take a pradakhsina (circumambulation) of the hill seven times in the rough hilly terrain to seek favour of Ganesha. Legend states that god Vishnu invoked the blessings of Ganesha at this venue before killing the demons Madhu-Kaitabh to put an end to their depredations.[6][7]
On the Konkan Coast, at Ganpatipule, a beach temple houses a swayambhu (self-manifest) idol of Ganesha, which is much venerated and visited by thousands of devotees every year. The Ganesha deified in this temple is popularly known as the Paschim Dwardevta ("Western sentinel god of India"). Ganesh Jayanti is also celebrated at this Konkan coastal temple.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thapan, Anita Raina (1997), Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult, New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, ISBN 81-7304-195-4 p.215
Jump up ^ Wright, Daniel (1993). History of Nepal. Ganesh chauth. Asian Educational Services. p. 41. ISBN 81-206-0552-7. ISBN 9788120605527. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sharma, Usha. Festivals in Indian Society (2 Vols. Set). Ganesh Chathurthi. Mittal Publications. pp. 70–71. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
Jump up ^ Dwivedi, Dr. Bhojraj (2006). Religious Basis of Hindu Beliefs. Magh Chathurthi: Vinayak Chathurthi. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. pp. 175–76. ISBN 81-288-1239-4.
Jump up ^ Brown, Robert L (1991). Ganesh: studies of an Asian god. The wives of Ganesha. SUNY Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-7914-0656-3. ISBN 9780791406564.
^ Jump up to: a b Gunaji, Milind (2003). Offbeat tracks in Maharashtra. Siddhatek. Popular Prakashan. pp. 104–7. ISBN 81-7154-669-2. ISBN 9788171546695. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
Jump up ^ Loving Ganesa: Hinduism's Endearing Elephant-Faced God. Siddhatek Village temple to Shri Siddhi Vinayaka. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2000. pp. 279–280. ISBN 0-945497-77-6. ISBN 9780945497776. Retrieved 2009-11-26. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ "Beaches". Retrieved 2009-12-07.
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