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Forrest Gump
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This article is about the film. For other uses, see Forrest Gump (disambiguation).
Forrest Gump
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Zemeckis
Produced by
Wendy Finerman
Steve Tisch
Steve Starkey
Screenplay by
Eric Roth
Based on
Forrest Gump
by Winston Groom
Starring
Tom Hanks
Robin Wright
Gary Sinise
Mykelti Williamson
Sally Field
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Don Burgess
Edited by
Arthur Schmidt
Production
company
Wendy Finerman Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23) (Los Angeles)
July 6, 1994 (1994-07-06) (United States)
Running time
142 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$55 million[1]
Box office
$677.9 million[1]
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American romantic comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom. It was directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth, and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field. The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump (Hanks), a slow-witted but kind-hearted man from Alabama who witnesses several defining historical events in the 20th century in the United States.
The film differs substantially from the novel. Principal photography took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate Hanks into archived footage and develop other scenes. The soundtrack features songs reflecting the different periods seen in the film.
Released in the United States on July 6, 1994, Forrest Gump became the top-grossing film in North America released that year and earned over US$677 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The soundtrack sold over 12 million copies. Forrest Gump won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Hanks, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Film Editing. It won many other awards and nominations, including Golden Globes, People's Choice Awards, and Young Artist Awards.
Varying interpretations have been made of the protagonist and the film's political symbolism. In 1996, a restaurant based on the film, Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, opened, and has since expanded to locations worldwide. The scene of Gump running across the country is often referred to when real-life people attempt the feat.[2] In 2011, the Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[3]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Script
3.2 Filming
3.3 Visual effects
4 Release
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office performance
4.3 Home media
4.4 Accolades
5 Author controversy
6 Symbolism
6.1 Feather
6.2 Political interpretations
7 Soundtrack
8 Proposed sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1981, Forrest Gump recounts his life story to strangers who sit next to him on a bench at a bus stop in Savannah, Georgia.
On his first day of school in Greenbow, Alabama in 1956, Forrest meets a girl named Jenny Curran who, unlike the other children, immediately befriends him. Due to leg braces fitted to correct a curved spine, Forrest is unable to walk properly. One day, a young truck driver stays at the boarding house that Forrest lives in with his mother. The young truck driver turns out to be Elvis Presley, who, while playing guitar for him, becomes enthralled at the jerky hip thrusting movements that the hobbled Forrest makes while trying to dance. Later on, Elvis becomes famous by imitating the dance.
Forrest is often bullied because of his physical disability and marginal intelligence. One day, while trying to escape some bullies chasing him, his braces fall off revealing the young Forrest to be a very fast runner. Jenny yells to him, "Run, Forrest, run!" Despite his low intelligence quotient, Forrest's new running ability leads to him receiving a football scholarship to the University of Alabama in 1963, becoming a top running back, being named on the All-American team, and meeting President John F. Kennedy. After his college graduation, he enlists in the U.S. Army, where he befriends a fellow soldier named Bubba, who convinces Forrest to go into the shrimping business with him when the war is over. In 1967, they are sent to Vietnam and, during an ambush, Bubba is killed in action. Forrest saves many of his platoon, including his lieutenant, Dan Taylor, who loses both his legs. Forrest is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism.
While Forrest is in recovery for a gunshot wound to his buttocks received while saving his platoon-mates, he develops a talent for ping pong. He becomes a ping pong celebrity and plays competitively against Chinese teams in ping pong diplomacy. At an anti-war rally in Washington, D.C., Forrest briefly reunites with Jenny, who has been living a hippie lifestyle. While in D.C. in 1972, Forrest meets president Richard Nixon and is put up in the Watergate hotel, where he accidentally reveals the Watergate scandal, ultimately forcing Nixon to resign.
Returning home, Forrest endorses a company that makes ping pong paddles. He uses the earnings to buy a shrimping boat, fulfilling his promise to Bubba. Lieutenant Dan joins Forrest in 1974, they initially have little success. After their boat becomes the only one to survive Hurricane Carmen they pull in huge amounts of shrimp. They use their income to purchase a fleet of shrimp boats. Dan invests the money in Apple Computer (which Forrest naïvely thinks is "some kind of fruit company") and Forrest is financially secure for the rest of his life but gives half of his earnings to Bubba's family. He then returns home to see his mother's last days.
In late 1978, Jenny returns to visit Forrest, and he soon proposes to her. She declines but slips into his bedroom and makes love to him that night before leaving early the next morning. Heartbroken, Forrest elects to go for a run. He decides to keep running across the country several times over three and a half years, becoming famous in the process.
In the present, Forrest reveals that he is waiting at the bus stop because he received a letter from Jenny who, having seen him run on television, asked him to visit her. Reunited with Jenny, she introduces him to his son, named Forrest Gump, Jr. Jenny tells Forrest she is sick with an unknown virus. The three then move back to Greenbow. Jenny and Forrest finally marry but she dies a year later. Forrest and his son await the school bus on Forrest Jr.'s first day of school.
Cast[edit]
Tom Hanks (left) and Gary Sinise (right) on the film set in 1993.
Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump: Though at an early age he is deemed to have a below average IQ of 75, he has an endearing character and shows devotion to his loved ones and duties, character traits which bring him into many life-changing situations. Along the way, he encounters many historical figures and events throughout his life. Tom's younger brother Jim Hanks is his acting double in the movie for the scenes when Forrest runs across the U.S. Tom's daughter Elizabeth Hanks appears in the movie as the girl on the school bus who refuses to let young Forrest (Michael Conner Humphreys) sit next to her. John Travolta was the original choice to play the title role and admits passing on the role was a mistake.[4][5][6] Bill Murray and Chevy Chase were also considered for the role.[7] Sean Penn stated in an interview having been second choice for the role. Hanks revealed that he signed on to the film after an hour and a half of reading the script.[8] He initially wanted to ease Forrest's pronounced Southern accent, but was eventually persuaded by director Robert Zemeckis to portray the heavy accent stressed in the novel.[8] Hanks agreed to take the role only on the condition that the film be historically accurate.
Michael Conner Humphreys portrayed the young Forrest Gump. Hanks revealed in interviews that after hearing Michael's unique accented drawl, he incorporated it into the older character's accent. Winston Groom, who wrote the original novel, describes the film as having taken the "rough edges" off of the character, and envisioned him being played by John Goodman.[9]
Robin Wright as Jenny Curran: Forrest's childhood friend with whom he immediately falls in love, and never stops loving throughout his life. A victim of child sexual abuse at the hands of her bitterly widowed father, Jenny embarks on a different path from Forrest, leading a self-destructive life and becoming part of the hippie movement in the 1960s and the 1970s/1980s drug culture. She re-enters Forrest's life at various times in adulthood. Jenny eventually becomes a waitress in Savannah, Georgia, where she lives in an apartment with her (and Forrest's) son, Forrest Jr. They eventually get married, but soon afterward she dies from complications due to hepatitis C.
Hanna R. Hall portrayed the young Jenny.
Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor: Forrest and Bubba Blue's platoon leader during the Vietnam War, whose ancestors have died in every U.S. war and who regards it as his destiny to do the same. After losing his legs in an ambush and being rescued against his will by Forrest, he is initially bitter and antagonistic towards Forrest for leaving him a "cripple" and denying him his family's destiny, falling into a deep depression. He later serves as Forrest's first mate at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, gives most of the orders, becoming wealthy with Forrest, and regains his will to live. He ultimately forgives and thanks Forrest for saving his life. By the end of the film, he is engaged to be married and is sporting "magic legs" – titanium alloy prosthetics which allow him to walk again.
Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue: Bubba was originally supposed to be the senior partner in the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, but due to his death in Vietnam, their platoon leader, Dan Taylor, took his place. The company posthumously carried his name. Forrest later gave Bubba's mother Bubba's share of the business. Throughout filming, Williamson wore a lip attachment to create Bubba's protruding lip.[10] David Alan Grier, Ice Cube and Dave Chappelle were all offered the role but turned it down.[7][11] Chappelle said he believed the film would be unsuccessful, and also acknowledged that he regrets not taking the role.[7]
Sally Field as Mrs. Gump: Field reflected on the character, "She's a woman who loves her son unconditionally. … A lot of her dialogue sounds like slogans, and that's just what she intends."[12]
Haley Joel Osment as Forrest Gump, Jr.: Osment was cast in the film after the casting director noticed him in a Pizza Hut commercial.[13]
Peter Dobson as Elvis: Although Kurt Russell was uncredited, he provided the voice for Elvis in the scene.[14]
Dick Cavett as himself: Cavett played a version of himself in the 1970s, with makeup applied to make him appear younger. Consequently, Cavett is the only well-known figure in the film to play a cameo role rather than be represented through the use of archival footage like John Lennon or President John F. Kennedy[15]
Sonny Shroyer as Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant
Grand L. Bush, Michael Jace, Conor Kennelly, and Teddy Lane Jr. as the Black Panthers
Production[edit]
Script[edit]
Main article: Forrest Gump (novel)
"The writer, Eric Roth, departed substantially from the book. We flipped the two elements of the book, making the love story primary and the fantastic adventures secondary. Also, the book was cynical and colder than the movie. In the movie, Gump is a completely decent character, always true to his word. He has no agenda and no opinion about anything except Jenny, his mother and God."
—director Robert Zemeckis[16]
The film is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom. Both center on the character of Forrest Gump. However, the film primarily focuses on the first eleven chapters of the novel, before skipping ahead to the end of the novel with the founding of Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. and the meeting with Forrest, Jr. In addition to skipping some parts of the novel, the film adds several aspects to Gump's life that do not occur in the novel, such as his needing leg braces as a child and his run across the United States.[17]
Gump's core character and personality are also changed from the novel; among other things his film character is less of a savant — in the novel, while playing football at the university, he fails craft and gym, but receives a perfect score in an advanced physics class he is enrolled in by his coach to satisfy his college requirements.[17] The novel also features Gump as an astronaut, a professional wrestler, and a chess player.[17]
Two directors were offered the opportunity to direct the film before Robert Zemeckis was selected. Terry Gilliam turned down the offer.[18] Barry Sonnenfeld was attached to the film, but left to direct Addams Family Values.[19]
Filming[edit]
The shrimping boat Jenny used in the film.
Filming began in August 1993 and ended in December of that year.[20] Although most of the film is set in Alabama, filming took place mainly in and around Beaufort, South Carolina, as well as parts of coastal Virginia and North Carolina,[8] including a running shot on the Blue Ridge Parkway.[21] Downtown portions of the fictional town of Greenbow were filmed in Varnville, South Carolina.[22] The scene of Forrest running through Vietnam while under fire was filmed on Fripp Island, South Carolina.[23] Additional filming took place on the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, and along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Boone, North Carolina. The most notable place was Grandfather Mountain where a part of the road is named "Forrest Gump Curve".[24] The Gump family home set was built along the Combahee River near Yemassee, South Carolina, and the nearby land was used to film Curran's home as well as some of the Vietnam scenes.[25] Over 20 palmetto trees were planted to improve the Vietnam scenes.[25] Forrest Gump narrated his life's story at the southern edge of Chippewa Square in Savannah, Georgia, as he sat at a bus stop bench. There were other scenes filmed in and around the Savannah area as well, including a running shot on the Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge in Beaufort while he was being interviewed by the press, and on West Bay Street in Savannah.[25] Most of the college campus scenes were filmed in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California. The lighthouse that Forrest runs across to reach the Atlantic Ocean the first time is the Marshall Point Lighthouse in Port Clyde, Maine. Additional scenes were filmed in Arizona, Utah's Monument Valley, and Montana's Glacier National Park.[26]
Visual effects[edit]
Gump with President John F. Kennedy. A variety of visual effects were used to incorporate Tom Hanks into archive footage with various historical figures and events.
Ken Ralston and his team at Industrial Light & Magic were responsible for the film's visual effects. Using CGI techniques, it was possible to depict Gump meeting deceased personages and shaking their hands. Hanks was first shot against a blue screen along with reference markers so that he could line up with the archive footage.[27] To record the voices of the historical figures, voice actors were filmed and special effects were used to alter lip-syncing for the new dialogue.[16] Archival footage was used and with the help of such techniques as chroma key, image warping, morphing, and rotoscoping, Hanks was integrated into it.
In one Vietnam War scene, Gump carries Bubba away from an incoming napalm attack. To create the effect, stunt actors were initially used for compositing purposes. Then, Hanks and Williamson were filmed, with Williamson supported by a cable wire as Hanks ran with him. The explosion was then filmed, and the actors were digitally added to appear just in front of the explosions. The jet fighters and napalm canisters were also added by CGI.[28]
The CGI removal of actor Gary Sinise's legs, after his character had them amputated, was achieved by wrapping his legs with a blue fabric, which later facilitated the work of the "roto-paint" team to paint out his legs from every single frame. At one point, while hoisting himself into his wheelchair, his legs are used for support.[29]
The scene where Forrest spots Jenny at a peace rally at the Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool in Washington, D.C., required visual effects to create the large crowd of people. Over two days of filming, approximately 1,500 extras were used.[30] At each successive take, the extras were rearranged and moved into a different quadrant away from the camera. With the help of computers, the extras were multiplied to create a crowd of several hundred thousand people.[8][30]
Release[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The film received generally positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 72% of critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.2/10, based on a sample of 88 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, "Forrest Gump may be an overly sentimental film with a somewhat problematic message, but its sweetness and charm are usually enough to approximate true depth and grace."[31] At the website Metacritic, the film earned a rating of 82 out of 100 based on 20 reviews by mainstream critics.[32] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[33]
Snap from Wax Museum at Innovative Film city Bangalore
The story was commended by several critics. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "I've never met anyone like Forrest Gump in a movie before, and for that matter I've never seen a movie quite like 'Forrest Gump.' Any attempt to describe him will risk making the movie seem more conventional than it is, but let me try. It's a comedy, I guess. Or maybe a drama. Or a dream. The screenplay by Eric Roth has the complexity of modern fiction...The performance is a breathtaking balancing act between comedy and sadness, in a story rich in big laughs and quiet truths...What a magical movie."[34] Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote that the film "has been very well worked out on all levels, and manages the difficult feat of being an intimate, even delicate tale played with an appealingly light touch against an epic backdrop."[35] The film did receive notable pans from several major reviewers. Anthony Lane of The New Yorker called the film "Warm, wise, and wearisome as hell."[36] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said that the film "reduces the tumult of the last few decades to a virtual-reality theme park: a baby-boomer version of Disney's America."[37]
Critics have compared Gump with various characters and people including Huckleberry Finn, Bill Clinton, and Ronald Reagan.[38][39][40] Peter Chomo writes that Gump acts as a "social mediator and as an agent of redemption in divided times".[41] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Gump "everything we admire in the American character – honest, brave, and loyal with a heart of gold."[42] The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin called Gump a "hollow man" who is "self-congratulatory in his blissful ignorance, warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing."[43] Marc Vincenti of Palo Alto Weekly called the character "a pitiful stooge taking the pie of life in the face, thoughtfully licking his fingers."[44] Bruce Kawin and Gerald Mast's textbook on film history notes that Forrest Gump's dimness was a metaphor for glamorized nostalgia in that he represented a blank slate by which the Baby Boomer generation projected their memories of those events.[45]
The film is commonly seen as a polarizing one for audiences, with Entertainment Weekly writing in 2004, "Nearly a decade after it earned gazillions and swept the Oscars, Robert Zemeckis's ode to 20th-century America still represents one of cinema's most clearly drawn lines in the sand. One half of folks see it as an artificial piece of pop melodrama, while everyone else raves that it's sweet as a box of chocolates."[46]
Box office performance[edit]
Produced on a budget of $55 million, Forrest Gump opened in 1,595 theaters in its first weekend of domestic release, earning $24,450,602.[1] Motion picture business consultant and screenwriter Jeffrey Hilton suggested to producer Wendy Finerman to double the P&A (film marketing budget) based on his viewing of an early print of the film. The budget was immediately increased, per his advice. The film placed first in the weekend's box office, narrowly beating The Lion King, which was in its fourth week of release.[1] For the first ten weeks of its release, the film held the number one position at the box office.[47] The film remained in theaters for 42 weeks, earning $329.7 million in the United States and Canada, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film at that time (behind only E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Star Wars IV: A New Hope, and Jurassic Park).[47][48] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 78.5 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[49]
The film took 66 days to surpass $250 million and was the fastest grossing Paramount film to pass $100 million, $200 million, and $300 million in box office receipts (at the time of its release).[50][51][52] The film had gross receipts of $329,694,499 in the U.S. and Canada and $347,693,217 in international markets for a total of $677,387,716 worldwide.[1] Even with such revenue, the film was known as a "successful failure"—due to distributors' and exhibitors' high fees, Paramount's "losses" clocked in at $62 million, leaving executives realizing the necessity of better deals.[53] This has, however, also been associated with Hollywood accounting, where expenses are inflated in order to minimize profit sharing. It is Robert Zemeckis' highest-grossing film to date.
Home media[edit]
Forrest Gump was first released on VHS tape on April 27, 1995, as a two-disc Laserdisc set on April 28, 1995, before being released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001. Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests.[54] The film was released on Blu-ray disc in November 2009.[55] Paramount released the film on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on June 12, 2018.[56]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Forrest Gump
Forrest Gump won Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Director, Best Visual Effects, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing at the 67th Academy Awards. The film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards, winning three of them: Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, Best Director – Motion Picture, and Best Motion Picture – Drama. The film was also nominated for six Saturn Awards and won two for Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actor (Film).
In addition to the film's multiple awards and nominations, it has also been recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists. The film ranks 37th on 100 Years...100 Cheers, 71st on 100 Years...100 Movies, and 76th on 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). In addition, the quote "Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get," was ranked 40th on 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.[57] The film also ranked at number 61 on Empire's list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[58]
In December 2011, Forrest Gump was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry.[59] The Registry said that the film was "honored for its technological innovations (the digital insertion of Gump seamlessly into vintage archival footage), its resonance within the culture that has elevated Gump (and what he represents in terms of American innocence) to the status of folk hero, and its attempt to engage both playfully and seriously with contentious aspects of the era's traumatic history."[60]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #71
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Forrest Gump – Nominated Hero
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get." – #40
"Mama says, 'Stupid is as stupid does.'" – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #37
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #76
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film
Author controversy[edit]
Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel Forrest Gump and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film's net profits.[61] However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money. Tom Hanks, by contrast, contracted for a percent share of the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million.[61][62] Additionally, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches.[63]
Groom's dispute with Paramount was later effectively resolved after Groom declared he was satisfied with Paramount's explanation of their accounting, this coinciding with Groom receiving a seven-figure contract with Paramount for film rights to another of his books, Gump & Co.[64] This film was never made, remaining in development hell for at least a dozen years.[65]
Symbolism[edit]
Feather[edit]
"I don't want to sound like a bad version of 'the child within'. But the childlike innocence of Forrest Gump is what we all once had. It's an emotional journey. You laugh and cry. It does what movies are supposed to do: make you feel alive."
—producer Wendy Finerman[40]
Various interpretations have been suggested for the feather present at the opening and conclusion of the film. Sarah Lyall of The New York Times noted several suggestions made about the feather: "Does the white feather symbolize the unbearable lightness of being? Forrest Gump's impaired intellect? The randomness of experience?"[66] Hanks interpreted the feather as: "Our destiny is only defined by how we deal with the chance elements to our life and that's kind of the embodiment of the feather as it comes in. Here is this thing that can land anywhere and that it lands at your feet. It has theological implications that are really huge."[67] Sally Field compared the feather to fate, saying: "It blows in the wind and just touches down here or there. Was it planned or was it just perchance?"[68] Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compared the feather to an abstract painting: "It can mean so many things to so many different people."[69]
Political interpretations[edit]
In Tom Hanks' words, "The film is non-political and thus non-judgmental."[40] Nevertheless, in 1994, CNN's Crossfire debated whether the film promoted conservative values or was an indictment of the counterculture movement of the 1960s. Thomas Byers, in a Modern Fiction Studies article, called the film "an aggressively conservative film".[70]
"...all over the political map, people have been calling Forrest their own. But, Forrest Gump isn't about politics or conservative values. It's about humanity, it's about respect, tolerance and unconditional love."
—producer Steve Tisch[70]
It has been noted that while Gump follows a very conservative lifestyle, Jenny's life is full of countercultural embrace, complete with drug usage, promiscuity, and antiwar rallies, and that their eventual marriage might be a kind of reconciliation.[34] Jennifer Hyland Wang argued in a Cinema Journal article that Jenny's death to an unnamed virus "...symbolizes the death of liberal America and the death of the protests that defined a decade [1960s]." She also notes the film's screenwriter, Eric Roth, when developing the screenplay from the novel, had "...transferred all of Gump's flaws and most of the excesses committed by Americans in the 1960s and 1970s to her [Jenny]."[41]
Other commentators believe the film forecast the 1994 Republican Revolution and used the image of Forrest Gump to promote movement leader Newt Gingrich's traditional, conservative values. Jennifer Hyland Wang observes that the film idealizes the 1950s, as made evident by the lack of "whites only" signs in Gump's Southern childhood, and "revisions" [sic] the 1960s as a period of social conflict and confusion. She argues that this sharp contrast between the decades criticizes the counterculture values and reaffirms conservatism.[71] As viewed by political scientist Joe Paskett,[36] this film is "one of the best films of all time".[72] Wang argued the film was used by Republican politicians to illustrate a "traditional version of recent history" to gear voters towards their ideology for the congressional elections.[41] In addition, presidential candidate Bob Dole cited the film's message in influencing his campaign with its "...message that has made [the film] one of Hollywood's all-time greatest box office hits: no matter how great the adversity, the American Dream is within everybody's reach."[41]
In 1995, National Review included Forrest Gump in its list of the "Best 100 Conservative Movies" of all time.[73] Then, in 2009, the magazine ranked the film number four on its 25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years list.[74] "Tom Hanks plays the title character, an amiable dunce who is far too smart to embrace the lethal values of the 1960s. The love of his life, wonderfully played by Robin Wright Penn, chooses a different path; she becomes a drug-addled hippie, with disastrous results."[74]
James Burton, a communication arts professor at Salisbury University, argued that conservatives claimed Forrest Gump as their own due less to the content of the film and more to the historical and cultural context of 1994. Burton claimed the film's content and advertising campaign were affected by the cultural climate of the 1990s, which emphasized family values and "American values"—values epitomized in the successful book Hollywood vs. America. He claimed this climate influenced the apolitical nature of the film, which allowed for many different political interpretations.[75]
Burton points out that many conservative critics and magazines (John Simon, James Bowman, the World Report) initially either criticized the film or praised it only for its non-political elements. Only after the popularity of the film was well-established did conservatives embrace the film as an affirmation of traditional values. Burton implies the liberal-left could have prevented the conservatives from claiming rights to the film, had it chosen to vocalize elements of the film such as its criticism of military values. Instead, the liberal-left focused on what the film omitted, such as the feminist and civil rights movements.[75]
Some commentators see the conservative readings of Forrest Gump as indicants of the death of irony in American culture. Vivian Sobchack notes that the film's humor and irony rely on the assumption of the audience's historical (self-) consciousness.[75]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main articles: Forrest Gump (soundtrack) and Forrest Gump – Original Motion Picture Score
The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994. With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri's score, all the songs are previously released; the soundtrack includes songs from Elvis Presley, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, The Byrds, The Beach Boys, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, The Doors, The Mamas & the Papas, The Doobie Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Seger, and Buffalo Springfield among others. Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: "We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically."[76] The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists. According to Sills, this was due to Zemeckis' request, "All the material in there is American. Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it. He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American."[76]
The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the Billboard album chart.[76] The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the United States.[77] The score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994.
Proposed sequel[edit]
Main article: Gump and Co.
The screenplay for the sequel was written by Eric Roth in 2001. It is based on the original novel's sequel, Gump and Co. written by Winston Groom in 1995. Roth's script begins with Forrest sitting on a bench waiting for his son to return from school. After the September 11 attacks, Roth, Zemeckis, and Hanks decided the story was no longer "relevant."[78] In March 2007, however, it was reported Paramount producers took another look at the screenplay.[65]
On the very first page of the sequel novel, Forrest Gump tells readers "Don't never let nobody make a movie of your life's story," though "Whether they get it right or wrong, it doesn't matter."[79] The first chapter of the book suggests the real-life events surrounding the film have been incorporated into Forrest's storyline, and that Forrest got a lot of media attention as a result of the film.[17] During the course of the sequel novel, Gump runs into Tom Hanks and at the end of the novel in the film's release, including Gump going on The David Letterman Show and attending the Academy Awards.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ « News from the Library of Congress – 2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates »
Jump up ^ Smith, Neil (2017-06-16). "9 stars who turned down great film roles". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Iconic Roles and the Stars Who Regret Turning Them Down". Celebs.Answers.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Forbes staff (February 25, 2009). "Star Misses – 4) Forrest Gump Starring … John Travolta". Forbes. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wiser, Paige (December 17, 2006). "Might-have-beens who (thankfully) weren't: The wacky world of Hollywood's strangest casting calls" (Fee required). Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mal, Vincent (July 6, 1994). "Show Some Gumption Hanks Excels in Tale of a Simple Man's Brushes with Fame" (Fee required). The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Grimes, William (September 1, 1994). "Following the Star Of a Winsome Idiot". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daly, Sean (September 15, 1997). "Mykelti Williamson later said the 'Forrest Gump' role nearly ruined his acting career". Jet. FindArticles. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Boucher, Geoff (March 26, 2000). "On the Trail of a Hollywood Hyphenate; Rapper/Actor/Writer/Producer/Director. Is There Room For Anything Else on Ice Cube's Resume?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wuntch, Philip (July 18, 1994). "In character – Sally Field finding the good roles" (Fee required). San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Daly, Sean (July 1, 2001). "Haley Joel Osment on Robots and Reality" (Fee required). The Buffalo News. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Eler, Robert K. (January 22, 2009). "598-page encyclopedia covers a whole lot of Elvis". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Archived from the original (Fee required) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-John Lennon with Dick Cavett) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Mills, Bart (July 8, 1994). "In 'Forrest Gump,' Historical Figures Speak for Themselves" (Fee required). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Delarte, Alonso (February 2004). "Movies By The Book: Forrest Gump" (PDF). Bob's Poetry Magazine. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Plume, Kenneth (August 24, 2005). "Gilliam on Grimm". IGN. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fretts, Bruce (November 3, 1995). "Get Barry". Entertainment Weekly. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ McKenna, Kristine (December 19, 1993). "He's Serious About This One For Tom Hanks, it's been a long ride from 'Splash' to 'Philadelphia,' in which the likable comedy actor plays an AIDS patient who's fired from his job" (Fee required). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Must-see sites abound along Blue Ridge Parkway – The Indiana Gazette Online: Indiana County Area News. Indianagazette.com (June 12, 2011). Retrieved on March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Film locations for Forrest Gump (1994). Movie-locations.com. Retrieved on March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Katherine. "Island getaway is motion-picture perfect". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grandfather Mountain audio tour
^ Jump up to: a b c Forrest Gump-(Building the World of Gump: Production Design) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001.
Jump up ^ D'Arc, James V. (2010). When Hollywood came to town: a history of moviemaking in Utah (1st ed.). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 9781423605874.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Through the eyes of Forrest Gump) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. Event occurs at 12:29.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-Vietnam) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-Lt. Dan's Legs) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-Enhancing Reality) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001.
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^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Roger (July 6, 1994). "Forrest Gump". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (July 10, 1994). "Forrest Gump". Variety. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lane, Anthony. "Forrest Gump". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (July 15, 1994). "Forrest Gump (1994)". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hinson, Hal (August 14, 1994). "Forrest Gump, Our National Folk Zero". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank (July 21, 1994). "The Gump From Hope". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Corliss, Richard; Julie Grace; Martha Smilgis (August 1, 1994). "The World According to Gump". Time. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wang, Jennifer Hyland (Spring 2000). ""A Struggle of Contending Stories": Race, Gender, and Political Memory in Forrest Gump" (PDF). Cinema Journal. 39 (3): 92–102. doi:10.1353/cj.2000.0009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 8, 2000). "Forrest Gump". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (June 20, 1994). "Loss of innocence: 'Forrest Gump' at 10". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010. Film critic Pauline Kael came out of retirement to bash the film on a book tour; by year's end, New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin had gone from mildly praising the film in her initial review to putting it on her worst of 1994 list, describing Forrest as a "hollow man" who's 'self-congratulatory in his blissful ignorance, warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing.'
Jump up ^ Vincenti, Marc (August 1994). "Forrest Gump". Palo Alto Weekly. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mast, Gerald (2007). A Short History of the Movies: 10th Edition. London: Longman.
Jump up ^ Bal, Sumeet; Marc Bernardin; Monica Mehta; Joshua Rich; Erin Richter; Michael Sauter; Missy Schwartz; Nancy Sidewater (January 9, 2004). "Cry Hard 2 The Readers Strike Back". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Forrest Gump Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
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Jump up ^ McDonald, Paul, and Janet Wasko. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden: Blackwell, 2008. Pg:79 #
Jump up ^ Lowman, Rob (August 28, 2001). "Video Enchanted Forrest the Much-beloved "Forrest Gump" Arrives on DVD with Sweetness Intact" (Fee required). Beacon Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Schweiger, Arlen (June 23, 2009). "Paramount Saves Top Titles for Blu-ray 'Sapphire' Treatment". Electronic House. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Paramount Preps 'Forrest Gump' for 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray | High-Def Digest". www.highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years... The Complete Lists". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Braund, Simon; et al. "Empire's 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time". Empire. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nuckols, Ben (December 28, 2011). "Forrest Gump, Hannibal Lecter join film registry". Associated Press. Cox Newspapers. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates". Library of Congress. December 28, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Horn, John (May 25, 1995). "'Forrest Gump' Has Yet to Make a Net Profit". The Journal Record. FindArticles. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Davis, Charles E. (Summer 1997). "Accounting is like a box of chocolates: A lesson in cost behavior". Journal of Accounting Education. 15 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1016/S0748-5751(97)00008-0.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (March 28, 1995). "Calender Goes to the Oscars Analysis Life Is Like a Box of Oscars But Statues Are Divvied Up, Quite Fittingly" (Fee required). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Gump' Author Settles Fight With Studio". San Francisco Chronicle (June 15, 1995). Retrieved on June 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyler, Josh (March 7, 2007). "Forrest Gump Gets A Sequel". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lyall, Sarah (July 31, 1994). "It's 'Forrest Gump' vs. Harrumph". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Through the eyes of Forrest Gump) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. Event occurs at 23:27.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Through the eyes of Forrest Gump) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. Event occurs at 23:57.
Jump up ^ Forrest Gump-(Through the eyes of Forrest Gump) (DVD). Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. Event occurs at 26:29.
^ Jump up to: a b Byers, Thomas B. (1996). "History Re-Membered: Forrest Gump, Postfeminist Masculinity, and the Burial of the Counterculture". Modern Fiction Studies. 42 (2): 419–444. doi:10.1353/mfs.1995.0102. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wang, Jennifer (Spring 2000). ""A Struggle of Contending Stories": Race, Gender, and Political Memory in "Forrest Gump"". Cinema Journal. 39 (3): 92–115. doi:10.1353/cj.2000.0009.
Jump up ^ Gordinier, Jeff (February 10, 1995). "Mr. Gump Goes to Washington". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Quillen, Ed (May 7, 1995). "Why are modern conservatives so enchanted with Forrest Gump?". Denver Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, John J. (February 23, 2009). "The Best Conservative Movies". National Review. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Burton, James Amos (September 2007). "Film, History and Cultural Memory: Cinematic Representations of Vietnam-Era America During the Culture Wars, 1987–1995". PhD Thesis.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice, Lynette (August 14, 1994). "Songs Set the Mood for 'Gump'". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top Albums at the Recording Industry Association of America". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on June 19, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sciretta, Peter (December 7, 2008). "9/11 Killed the Forrest Gump Sequel". /Film. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Groom, Winston (1996). Gump & Co. Pocket Books. p. 1. ISBN 0-671-52264-7.
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text:
List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A total of 113 Justices have served on the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest judicial body in the United States. Justices have life tenure, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are impeached and removed from office (which has never happened; the one impeached Justice was acquitted). Among the current members of the Court, Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of 7004110580000000000♠11,058 days (7004110580000000000♠30 years, 100 days) as of May 29, 2018. For the 104 non-incumbent justices, the mean length of service was 6,112 days (16.7 years) with a standard deviation of 3,620 days (9.9 years). The median length of service was 5,740 days (15.7 years). Their period of service ranges from William O. Douglas's 13,358 days (7004133580000000000♠36 years, 209 days) on the Court to the 163-day tenure of Thomas Johnson.
The table below ranks all United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office. The basis of the ranking is the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater, with the exception of Charles Evans Hughes and John Rutledge, who would receive two days each.
The length of incumbency for the five individuals confirmed for associate justice, and later confirmed for chief justice separately—Charles Evans Hughes, William Rehnquist, John Rutledge, Harlan F. Stone, and Edward Douglass White—measures their cumulative length of service on the Court. A nominee who was confirmed by the United States Senate but declined to serve, such as Robert H. Harrison, or who died before taking his seat, such as Edwin M. Stanton, is not considered to have served as a Justice.[1][2] Such individuals are not included. The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the oath of office,[1] with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[1] A highlighted row indicates justice currently serving on the Court.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Justices by time in office
1.1 Notes
2 See also
3 References
Justices by time in office[edit]
Longest Supreme Court tenure

William O. Douglas
13,358 days
(1939–1975)

Stephen Johnson Field
12,614 days
(1863–1897)
Shortest Supreme Court tenure[a]

James F. Byrnes
452 days
(1941–1942)

Thomas Johnson
163 days
(1792–1793)
Rank
Justice
Length
in days
Start date[1]
End date[1]
1 Douglas, William O.William O. Douglas 7004133580000000000♠13,358 000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939 000000001975-11-12-0000November 12, 1975
2 Field, Stephen JohnsonStephen Johnson Field 7004126140000000000♠12,614 000000001863-05-20-0000May 20, 1863 000000001897-12-01-0000December 1, 1897
3 Stevens, John PaulJohn Paul Stevens 7004126110000000000♠12,611 000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975 000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010
4 Marshall, JohnJohn Marshall[b] 7004125700000000000♠12,570 000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801 000000001835-07-06-0000July 6, 1835
5 Black, HugoHugo Black 7004124470000000000♠12,447 000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937 000000001971-09-17-0000September 17, 1971
6 Harlan, John MarshallJohn Marshall Harlan 7004123600000000000♠12,360 000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877 000000001911-10-14-0000October 14, 1911
7 Brennan Jr., William J.William J. Brennan Jr. 7004123300000000000♠12,330 000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956 000000001990-07-20-0000July 20, 1990
8 Rehnquist, WilliamWilliam Rehnquist[b] 7004122930000000000♠12,293[c] 000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972
September 26, 1986 000000002005-09-03-0000September 26, 1986
September 3, 2005
9 Story, JosephJoseph Story 7004122730000000000♠12,273 000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812 000000001845-09-10-0000September 10, 1845
10 Wayne, James MooreJames Moore Wayne 7004118600000000000♠11,860 000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835 000000001867-07-05-0000July 5, 1867
11 McLean, JohnJohn McLean 7004114060000000000♠11,406 000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830 000000001861-04-04-0000April 4, 1861
12 White, ByronByron White 7004113960000000000♠11,396 000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962 000000001993-06-28-0000June 28, 1993
13 Washington, BushrodBushrod Washington 7004112520000000000♠11,252 000000001799-02-04-0000February 4, 1799 000000001829-11-26-0000November 26, 1829
14 Kennedy, AnthonyAnthony Kennedy 7004110580000000000♠11,058[d] 000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
15 Johnson, WilliamWilliam Johnson 7004110460000000000♠11,046 000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804 000000001834-08-04-0000August 4, 1834
16 Scalia, AntoninAntonin Scalia 7004107320000000000♠10,732 000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986 000000002016-02-13-0000February 13, 2016
17 Holmes, Oliver WendellOliver Wendell Holmes 7004106270000000000♠10,627 000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902 000000001932-01-12-0000January 12, 1932
18 Taney, Roger B.Roger B. Taney[b] 7004104250000000000♠10,425 000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836 000000001864-10-12-0000October 12, 1864
19 Miller, Samuel FreemanSamuel Freeman Miller 7004103110000000000♠10,311 000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862 000000001890-10-13-0000October 13, 1890
20 Catron, JohnJohn Catron 7004102560000000000♠10,256 000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837 000000001865-05-30-0000May 30, 1865
21 Nelson, SamuelSamuel Nelson 7004101360000000000♠10,136 000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845 000000001872-11-28-0000November 28, 1872
22 White, Edward DouglassEdward Douglass White[b] 7003992900000000000♠9,929[c] 000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894
December 19, 1910 000000001921-05-19-0000December 19, 1910
May 19, 1921
23 McKenna, JosephJoseph McKenna 7003984000000000000♠9,840 000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898 000000001925-01-05-0000January 5, 1925
24 Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas 7003971500000000000♠9,715[d] 000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
25 Van Devanter, WillisWillis Van Devanter 7003964700000000000♠9,647 000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911 000000001937-06-02-0000June 2, 1937
26 McReynolds, James ClarkJames Clark McReynolds 7003960800000000000♠9,608 000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914 000000001941-01-31-0000January 31, 1941
27 Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg 7003905800000000000♠9,058[d] 000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
28 O'Connor, Sandra DaySandra Day O'Connor 7003889400000000000♠8,894 000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981 000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
29 Blackmun, HarryHarry Blackmun 7003882100000000000♠8,821 000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970 000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994
30 Marshall, ThurgoodThurgood Marshall 7003876500000000000♠8,765 000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967 000000001991-10-01-0000October 1, 1991
31 Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer 7003870000000000000♠8,700[d] 000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
32 Frankfurter, FelixFelix Frankfurter 7003861100000000000♠8,611 000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939 000000001962-08-28-0000August 28, 1962
33 Clifford, NathanNathan Clifford 7003858600000000000♠8,586 000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858 000000001881-07-25-0000July 25, 1881
34 Grier, Robert CooperRobert Cooper Grier 7003857500000000000♠8,575 000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846 000000001870-01-31-0000January 31, 1870
35 Duvall, GabrielGabriel Duvall 7003845300000000000♠8,453 000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811 000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835
36 Stewart, PotterPotter Stewart 7003829800000000000♠8,298 000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958 000000001981-07-03-0000July 3, 1981
37 Brandeis, LouisLouis Brandeis 7003828800000000000♠8,288 000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916 000000001939-02-13-0000February 13, 1939
38 Bradley, Joseph P.Joseph P. Bradley 7003797500000000000♠7,975 000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870 000000001892-01-22-0000January 22, 1892
39 Fuller, MelvilleMelville Fuller[b] 7003793800000000000♠7,938 000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888 000000001910-07-04-0000July 4, 1910
40 Stone, Harlan F.Harlan F. Stone[b] 7003772100000000000♠7,721[c] 000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925
July 3, 1941 000000001941-07-02-0000July 2, 1941
April 22, 1946
41 Gray, HoraceHorace Gray 7003755300000000000♠7,553 000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882 000000001902-09-15-0000September 15, 1902
42 Cushing, WilliamWilliam Cushing 7003752700000000000♠7,527 000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790 000000001810-09-13-0000September 13, 1810
43 Thompson, SmithSmith Thompson 7003741300000000000♠7,413 000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823 000000001843-12-18-0000December 18, 1843
44 Brewer, David JosiahDavid Josiah Brewer 7003738500000000000♠7,385 000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890 000000001910-03-28-0000March 28, 1910
45 Day, William R.William R. Day 7003719600000000000♠7,196 000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903 000000001922-11-13-0000November 13, 1922
46 Reed, Stanley FormanStanley Forman Reed 7003696500000000000♠6,965 000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938 000000001957-02-25-0000February 25, 1957
47 Swayne, Noah HaynesNoah Haynes Swayne 7003693700000000000♠6,937 000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862 000000001881-01-24-0000January 24, 1881
48 Todd, ThomasThomas Todd 7003685400000000000♠6,854 000000001807-05-04-0000May 4, 1807 000000001826-02-07-0000February 7, 1826
49 Souter, DavidDavid Souter 7003683800000000000♠6,838 000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990 000000002009-06-29-0000June 29, 2009
50 Daniel, Peter VivianPeter Vivian Daniel 7003671600000000000♠6,716 000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842 000000001860-05-31-0000May 31, 1860
51 Clark, Tom C.Tom C. Clark 7003650100000000000♠6,501 000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949 000000001967-06-12-0000June 12, 1967
52 Burger, Warren E.Warren E. Burger[b] 7003630400000000000♠6,304 000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969 000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
53 Hughes, Charles EvansCharles Evans Hughes[b] 7003621400000000000♠6,214[c] 000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910
February 24, 1930 000000001941-06-30-0000June 10, 1916
June 30, 1941
54 Butler, PiercePierce Butler 7003616200000000000♠6,162 000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923 000000001939-11-16-0000November 16, 1939
55 Harlan II, John MarshallJohn Marshall Harlan II 7003602300000000000♠6,023 000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955 000000001971-09-23-0000September 23, 1971
56 Livingston, Henry BrockholstHenry Brockholst Livingston 7003590100000000000♠5,901 000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807 000000001823-03-18-0000March 18, 1823
57 Warren, EarlEarl Warren[b] 7003574000000000000♠5,740 000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953 000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969
58 Powell, Lewis FranklinLewis Franklin Powell 7003564900000000000♠5,649 000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972 000000001987-06-26-0000June 26, 1987
59 Brown, Henry BillingsHenry Billings Brown 7003562100000000000♠5,621 000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891 000000001906-05-28-0000May 28, 1906
60 Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase 7003561300000000000♠5,613 000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796 000000001811-06-19-0000June 19, 1811
61 Sutherland, GeorgeGeorge Sutherland 7003558600000000000♠5,586 000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922 000000001938-01-17-0000January 17, 1938
62 Roberts, OwenOwen Roberts 7003553800000000000♠5,538 000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930 000000001945-07-31-0000July 31, 1945
63 McKinley, JohnJohn McKinley 7003530500000000000♠5,305 000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838 000000001852-07-19-0000July 19, 1852
64 Baldwin, HenryHenry Baldwin 7003520700000000000♠5,207 000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830 000000001844-04-21-0000April 21, 1844
65 Davis, DavidDavid Davis 7003519800000000000♠5,198 000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862 000000001877-03-04-0000March 4, 1877
66 Waite, MorrisonMorrison Waite[b] 7003513300000000000♠5,133 000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874 000000001888-03-23-0000March 23, 1888
67 Peckham, Rufus WheelerRufus Wheeler Peckham 7003503900000000000♠5,039 000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896 000000001909-10-24-0000October 24, 1909
68 Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson 7003492900000000000♠4,929 000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793 000000001806-09-09-0000September 9, 1806
69 Jackson, Robert H.Robert H. Jackson 7003483800000000000♠4,838 000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941 000000001954-10-09-0000October 9, 1954
70 Burton, Harold HitzHarold Hitz Burton 7003476000000000000♠4,760 000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945 000000001958-10-13-0000October 13, 1958
71 Roberts, JohnJohn Roberts[b] 7003462500000000000♠4,625[d] 000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
72 Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito 7003450100000000000♠4,501[d] 000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
73 Blatchford, SamuelSamuel Blatchford 7003411300000000000♠4,113 000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882 000000001893-07-07-0000July 7, 1893
74 Pitney, MahlonMahlon Pitney 7003394000000000000♠3,940 000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912 000000001922-12-31-0000December 31, 1922
75 Strong, WilliamWilliam Strong 7003392800000000000♠3,928 000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870 000000001880-12-14-0000December 14, 1880
76 Shiras Jr., GeorgeGeorge Shiras Jr. 7003378700000000000♠3,787 000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892 000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903
77 Murphy, FrankFrank Murphy 7003345200000000000♠3,452 000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940 000000001949-07-19-0000July 19, 1949
78 Iredell, JamesJames Iredell 7003344800000000000♠3,448 000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790 000000001799-10-20-0000October 20, 1799
79 Hunt, WardWard Hunt 7003330500000000000♠3,305 000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873 000000001882-01-27-0000January 27, 1882
80 Wilson, JamesJames Wilson 7003324200000000000♠3,242 000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789 000000001798-08-21-0000August 21, 1798
81 Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor 7003321600000000000♠3,216[d] 000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
82 Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft[b] 7003312900000000000♠3,129 000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921 000000001930-02-03-0000February 3, 1930
83 Chase, Salmon P.Salmon P. Chase[b] 7003306500000000000♠3,065 000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864 000000001873-05-07-0000May 7, 1873
84 Campbell, John ArchibaldJohn Archibald Campbell 7003294100000000000♠2,941 000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853 000000001861-04-30-0000April 30, 1861
85 Matthews, StanleyStanley Matthews 7003286600000000000♠2,866 000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881 000000001889-03-22-0000March 22, 1889
86 Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan 7003285200000000000♠2,852[d] 000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
87 Vinson, Fred M.Fred M. Vinson[b] 7003263300000000000♠2,633 000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946 000000001953-09-08-0000September 8, 1953
88 Sanford, Edward TerryEdward Terry Sanford 7003257400000000000♠2,574 000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923 000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
89 Minton, ShermanSherman Minton 7003256000000000000♠2,560 000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949 000000001956-10-15-0000October 15, 1956
90 Rutledge, Wiley BlountWiley Blount Rutledge 7003239900000000000♠2,399 000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943 000000001949-09-10-0000September 10, 1949
91 Woods, William BurnhamWilliam Burnham Woods 7003232000000000000♠2,320 000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881 000000001887-05-14-0000May 14, 1887
92 Cardozo, Benjamin N.Benjamin N. Cardozo 7003230800000000000♠2,308 000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932 000000001938-07-09-0000July 9, 1938
93 Curtis, Benjamin RobbinsBenjamin Robbins Curtis 7003218200000000000♠2,182 000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851 000000001857-09-30-0000September 30, 1857
94 Woodbury, LeviLevi Woodbury 7003217200000000000♠2,172 000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845 000000001851-09-04-0000September 4, 1851
95 Clarke, John HessinJohn Hessin Clarke 7003217000000000000♠2,170 000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916 000000001922-09-18-0000September 18, 1922
96 Blair, JohnJohn Blair 7003209100000000000♠2,091 000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790 000000001795-10-25-0000October 25, 1795
97 Jay, JohnJohn Jay[b] 7003207900000000000♠2,079 000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789 000000001795-06-29-0000June 29, 1795
98 (tie) Lamar, Lucius Quintus CincinnatusLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar 7003183200000000000♠1,832 000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888 000000001893-01-23-0000January 23, 1893
Whittaker, Charles EvansCharles Evans Whittaker 7003183200000000000♠1,832 000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957 000000001962-03-31-0000March 31, 1962
100 Lamar, Joseph RuckerJoseph Rucker Lamar 7003182500000000000♠1,825 000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911 000000001916-01-02-0000January 2, 1916
101 Barbour, Philip PendletonPhilip Pendleton Barbour 7003175000000000000♠1,750 000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836 000000001841-02-25-0000February 25, 1841
102 Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth[b] 7003174200000000000♠1,742 000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796 000000001800-12-15-0000December 15, 1800
103 Lurton, Horace HarmonHorace Harmon Lurton 7003165100000000000♠1,651 000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910 000000001914-07-12-0000July 12, 1914
104 Moody, William HenryWilliam Henry Moody 7003143400000000000♠1,434 000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906 000000001910-11-20-0000November 20, 1910
105 Moore, AlfredAlfred Moore 7003137500000000000♠1,375 000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800 000000001804-01-26-0000January 26, 1804
106 Fortas, AbeAbe Fortas 7003131800000000000♠1,318 000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965 000000001969-05-14-0000May 14, 1969
107 Goldberg, ArthurArthur Goldberg 7003102800000000000♠1,028 000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962 000000001965-07-25-0000July 25, 1965
108 Jackson, Howell EdmundsHowell Edmunds Jackson 7002887000000000000♠887 000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893 000000001895-08-08-0000August 8, 1895
109 Trimble, RobertRobert Trimble 7002801000000000000♠801 000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826 000000001828-08-25-0000August 25, 1828
110 Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge[b] 7002563000000000000♠563[c] 000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790
July 1, 1795 000000001795-12-28-0000March 5, 1791
December 28, 1795
111 Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes 7002452000000000000♠452 000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941 000000001942-10-03-0000October 3, 1942
112 Gorsuch, NeilNeil Gorsuch 7002414000000000000♠414[d] 000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017 000000002018-05-29-0000Incumbent
113 Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson 7002163000000000000♠163 000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792 000000001793-01-16-0000January 16, 1793
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Excluding Neil Gorsuch, the junior-most incumbent justice, who joined the Supreme Court in April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Served as chief justice
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tenure as associate justice and chief justice combined
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i As of May 29, 2018
See also[edit]
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Members of the Supreme Court from the Supreme Court of the United States". Official website of the Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Stanton took the oath of office on his deathbed, but according to the Supreme Court Historical Society, he never took "the necessary steps toward becoming a Member of the Court."
Jump up ^ "Judges of the United States Courts". Official website of the Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
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