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Natasha Richardson
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Natasha Richardson
Richardson in May 1999
Born
Natasha Jane Richardson
(1963-05-11)11 May 1963
Marylebone, London, England
Died
18 March 2009(2009-03-18) (aged 45)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Cause of death
Head injury after a skiing accident
Nationality
English
Citizenship
British and American
Education
St Paul's Girls' School
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1968–2009
Spouse(s)
Robert Fox
(m. 1990; div. 1992)
Liam Neeson
(m. 1994)
Children
2
Parent(s)
Tony Richardson
Vanessa Redgrave
Relatives
Joely Richardson (sister)
Carlo Gabriel Nero (half-brother)
Daisy Bevan (niece)
Lynn Redgrave (aunt)
Corin Redgrave (uncle)
Jemma Redgrave (cousin)
Natasha Jane Richardson (11 May 1963 – 18 March 2009) was an English stage and screen actress.
Richardson was a member of the Redgrave family: she was the daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave and director/producer Tony Richardson, and the granddaughter of Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson. Early in her career, she portrayed Mary Shelley in Ken Russell's Gothic (1986) and Patty Hearst in the eponymous 1988 film directed by Paul Schrader, and later received critical acclaim and a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the 1993 revival of Anna Christie.
She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical, and the Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance as Sally Bowles in the 1998 Broadway revival of Cabaret. Some of her notable films included Patty Hearst (1988), The Handmaid's Tale (1990), Nell (1994), The Parent Trap (1998), and Maid in Manhattan (2002).
Richardson died on 18 March 2009 from an epidural hematoma, after hitting her head in a skiing accident in Quebec, Canada.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Theatre
2.2 Film
2.3 Television
3 Personal life
4 Injury and death
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 Theatre
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Richardson was born and raised in Marylebone, London, a member of the Redgrave family, known as a theatrical and film acting dynasty. She was the daughter of director and producer Tony Richardson and actress Vanessa Redgrave,[2] granddaughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson,[2][3] sister of Joely Richardson, half-sister of Carlo Gabriel Nero and Katharine Grimond Hess,[4] niece of actress Lynn Redgrave and actor Corin Redgrave,[2] and cousin of Jemma Redgrave.
Richardson's parents divorced in 1967.[5] The following year, she made her film debut at the age of four in an uncredited role in The Charge of the Light Brigade, directed by her father.[2]
Richardson was educated in London at two independent schools, the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle in South Kensington, London, and St. Paul's Girls' School in Hammersmith, London,[6] before training at the Central School of Speech and Drama.[7]
Career[edit]
Theatre[edit]
Richardson began her career in regional theatre at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, and, in 1984, at the Open Air Theatre in London's Regent's Park, when she appeared in A Midsummer Night's Dream with Ralph Fiennes and Richard E. Grant. Her first professional work in London's West End was in a revival of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull in 1985.[8] Soon after, she starred in a London stage production of High Society, adapted from the Cole Porter film. In 1993 she made her Broadway debut in the title role of Anna Christie, which is where she met future husband, Liam Neeson. In 1998, she played the role of Sally Bowles in Sam Mendes' revival of Cabaret on Broadway, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. The following year she returned to Broadway in Closer, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play, and in 2005, she appeared again with the Roundabout, this time as Blanche DuBois in their revival of Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire,[2] opposite John C. Reilly as Stanley Kowalski. In January 2009, two months before her death, Richardson played the role of Desirée in a concert production of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music, opposite her mother, Vanessa Redgrave who played Mme. Armfeldt. At the time of Richardson's death, the pair were preparing to co-star in a Broadway revivial of the musical.[6]
Film[edit]
Richardson at the UK premiere of The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, June 2008
In 1984, Richardson made her first credited screen appearance as an art tutor in the James Scott-directed Every Picture Tells A Story, based on the early life of the painter William Scott.[9] She later starred as Mary Shelley in the 1986 film Gothic, a fictionalised account of the author's creation of Frankenstein. The following year she starred opposite Kenneth Branagh and Colin Firth in A Month in the Country, directed by Pat O'Connor. Director Paul Schrader signed her for the title role in Patty Hearst, his 1988 docudrama about the heiress and her kidnapping. Her performances opposite Robert Duvall and Faye Dunaway in The Handmaid's Tale and Christopher Walken, Rupert Everett and Helen Mirren in The Comfort of Strangers (directed by Schrader) won her the 1990 Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress. In 1991, she appeared in The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish alongside Bob Hoskins. He later credited her with giving him the best kiss of his life during the film. "She got hold of me and kissed me like I've never been kissed before. I was gobsmacked".[10]
Richardson was named Best Actress at the 1994 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for Widows' Peak, and that same year appeared in Nell opposite Jodie Foster and future husband Liam Neeson. Additional film credits include The Parent Trap (1998), Blow Dry (2001), Chelsea Walls (2001), Waking Up in Reno (2002), Maid in Manhattan (2002), Asylum (2005), which won her a second Evening Standard Award for Best Actress, The White Countess (2005), and Evening (2007). Her last screen appearance was as headmistress of a girls' school in the 2008 comedy Wild Child. During the last week of January 2009, she recorded her offscreen role of the wife of climber George Mallory, who disappeared while climbing Mount Everest during a 1924 expedition, in the 2010 documentary film The Wildest Dream, for which Liam Neeson provided narration. Director Anthony Geffen described listening to the film since her death as "harrowing."[11]
Television[edit]
Richardson made her American television debut in a small role in the 1984 CBS miniseries Ellis Island. That same year she made her British television debut in an episode of the BBC series Oxbridge Blues. The following year she appeared as Violet Hunter alongside Jeremy Brett and David Burke in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, in the episode entitled "The Copper Beeches". She starred with Judi Dench, Michael Gambon and Kenneth Branagh in a 1987 BBC adaptation of the Henrik Ibsen play Ghosts; with Maggie Smith and Rob Lowe in a 1993 BBC adaptation of Suddenly, Last Summer by Tennessee Williams; portrayed Zelda Fitzgerald in the 1993 television movie Zelda; and starred in Haven (2001) on CBS and The Mastersons of Manhattan (2007) on NBC.
Personal life[edit]
Richardson's first marriage was to filmmaker Robert Fox, whom she had met in 1985, during the making of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull; they were married from 1990 to 1992.[12] She married actor Liam Neeson in the summer of 1994, at the home they shared near Millbrook, New York;[13] and had become a naturalized American citizen.[14] Richardson had two sons with Neeson: Micheál (born 1995) and Daniel (born 1996).
Richardson helped raise millions of dollars in the fight against AIDS; her father, director Tony Richardson, had died of AIDS-related causes in 1991.[15] Richardson was also actively involved in AmfAR; she became a Board of Trustees member in 2006, and participated in many other AIDS charities including Bailey House, God's Love We Deliver, Mothers' Voices, AIDS Crisis Trust, and National AIDS Trust, for which she was an ambassador. Richardson received amfAR's Award of Courage in November 2000.[16]
A long-time smoker,[17] although she had reportedly quit smoking,[18] Richardson was an outspoken opponent of the ban on smoking in New York City restaurants.[19]
Injury and death[edit]
On 16 March 2009, Richardson sustained a head injury when she fell while taking a beginner skiing lesson at the Mont Tremblant Resort in Mont-Tremblant, about 80 miles (130 km) from Montreal. She was flown to Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, where she died on 18 March, aged 45. On 19 March, theatre lights were dimmed on Broadway in New York and in London's West End as a mark of respect for Richardson.[20] The following day, a private wake was held at the American Irish Historical Society in Manhattan.[21] On 22 March, a private funeral was held at St. Peter's Episcopal Church near Millbrook, New York,[22] close to the family's upstate home, and Richardson was buried near her maternal grandmother Rachel Kempson in the churchyard.[23] Richardson's aunt Lynn Redgrave was buried in the same churchyard on 8 May 2010, near Richardson and Kempson.[24] Richardson's family issued a statement the day of her death: "Liam Neeson, his sons, and the entire family are shocked and devastated by the tragic death of their beloved Natasha. They are profoundly grateful for the support, love, and prayers of everyone, and ask for privacy during this very difficult time."[25]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1968 The Charge of the Light Brigade Flower girl at wedding Uncredited appearance[26]
1983 Every Picture Tells a Story Miss Bridle [27]
1986 Gothic Mary Shelley [28]
1987 A Month in the Country Alice Keach [27]
1988 Patty Hearst Patty Hearst [28]
1989 Fat Man and Little Boy Jean Tatlock [27]
1990 The Handmaid's Tale Kate/Offred [28]
1990 The Comfort of Strangers Mary [29]
1991 The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish Sybil [30]
1992 Past Midnight Laura Mathews [31]
1994 Nell Dr. Paula Olsen [27]
1994 Widows' Peak Mrs Edwina Broome [32]
1998 The Parent Trap Elizabeth "Liz" James [28]
2001 Blow Dry Shelley Allen [33]
2001 Chelsea Walls Mary [34]
2002 Waking Up in Reno Darlene Dodd [35]
2002 Maid in Manhattan Caroline Lane [28]
2005 The White Countess Countess Sofia Belinskya [28]
2005 Asylum Stella Raphael Also executive producer[28]
2007 Evening Constance Lord [28]
2008 Wild Child Mrs. Kingsley Her final on-screen film appearance[28]
2010 The Wildest Dream Ruth Mallory (wife of George Mallory) Voice only, posthumously released[11]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Oxbridge Blues Gabriella Folckwack
1984 Ellis Island [36]
1985 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Violet Hunter Episode: "The Copper Beeches"[36]
1987 Ghosts Regina [37]
1992 Hostages Jill Morrell [36]
1993 Zelda Zelda Fitzgerald [26]
1993 Suddenly Last Summer Catharine Holly [26]
1996 Tales from the Crypt Fiona Havisham [38]
2001 Haven Ruth Gruber CTV Television Network
2007 Mastersons of Manhattan Victoria Masterson [39]
2008 Top Chef Guest Judge [28]
Theatre[edit]
Year
Production
Role
Notes
1983 On the Razzle [36]
1983 Top Girls
1983 Charley's Aunt [40]
1985 The Seagull Nina [28]
1985 A Midsummer Night's Dream Helena [26]
1985 Hamlet Ophelia [26]
1987 High Society Tracy [36]
1993 Anna Christie Anna Nominated—Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play[28]
1998 Cabaret Sally Bowles Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical[28]
1999 Closer Anna [28]
2003 The Lady from the Sea [41]
2005 A Streetcar Named Desire Blanche DuBois [28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Quick treatment could have saved Richardson". MSNBC. 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 20 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Natasha Richardson part of legendary acting family". CNN. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Debrett's People of Today. Debrett's Peerage Ltd., 2007
Jump up ^ "Natasha Richardson Leaves Bulk of Assets to Husband Liam Neeson". Fox News Channel. 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Laurence; Peter S. Green (19 March 2009). "Natasha Richardson, Actress of Elegance, Pedigree, Dead at 45". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Pulleine, Tim (19 March 2009). "Natasha Richardson The daughter of actor Vanessa Redgrave and director Tony Richardson was destined for the theatrical profession". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Singh, Anita (19 March 2009). "Natasha Richardson skiing accident in Canada: profile of actress". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (18 March 2009). "Natasha Richardson, actress, Dies at 45". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Aesthetica Magazine – James Scott: Every Picture Tells A Story, London". Aesthetica. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
Jump up ^ Greenstreet, Rosanna (18 June 2011). "Q&A: Bob Hoskins". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Director: Natasha Richardson "Powerful and Harrowing" in Final Film". Us Weekly. 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Obituaries – Natasha Richardson". The Daily Telegraph. 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Millbrook's Natasha Richardson suffers critical head injury from ski accident". Poughkeepsie Journal. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009. he and Neeson married in 1994 at their Millbrook home, and now have two sons [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Natasha Richardson: Member of celebrated acting family who found success on stage and screen – Obituaries, News". The Independent. London. 20 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Middlekauff, Tracey (2009). "Fighting AIDS in Memory of Her Father". People. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "amfAR :: Natasha Richardson :: The Foundation for AIDS Research :: HIV / AIDS Research". amfar.org. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Bearn, Emily (27 April 2003). "Prime Time for Natasha". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Chui, Alexis (24 March 2009). "Natasha Richardson: 'She Was So Much Fun'". People. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Franck, Elisabeth (8 April 2001). "Cigarette Aficionados Go to War". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Richardson gets West End tribute". BBC News. 20 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Richardson buried in New York". 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Family bid farewell to Richardson". BBC News. 22 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Richardson Buried Near Upstate NY Home". The Canadian Press. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Family, friends say goodbye to Redgrave CBC News 8 May 2010 Retrieved:8 May 2010. Archived 12 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (19 March 2009). "Natasha Richardson, actress, Dies at 45". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Weber, Bruce (2009-03-18). "Natasha Richardson, 45, Stage and Film Star, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Natasha Richardson: Obituary". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Natasha Richardson dies at 45". Los Angeles Times. 2009-03-19. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "The Comfort of Strangers". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish". Find and Watch. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Past Midnight | e.tv". ekasiplus.etv.co.za. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ Widows' Peak, archived from the original on 3 May 2017, retrieved 2017-05-07
Jump up ^ "FILM REVIEW; The Full Gel, Curlers and Cream Rinse - NYTimes.com". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "request | Filmmaker Magazine". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Movie review: It may be hard to stay awake in Waking Up in Reno'". DeseretNews.com. 2002-11-15. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Natasha Richardson: Member of celebrated acting family who found". The Independent. 2009-03-20. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Vanessa's lullaby: Mother sang then Natasha's life-support machine was turned off". Mail Online. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "HBO CLASSIC: TALES FROM THE CRYPT S7". HBO Watch. 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Richardson Cast in NBC's 'Mastersons of Manhattan' Pilot | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Richardson Dies After Ski Accident". Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Matt (2003-06-01). "Review: 'The Lady From the Sea'". Variety. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natasha Richardson.
Natasha Richardson at the Internet Broadway Database
Natasha Richardson on IMDb
Natasha Richardson at AllMovie
Natasha Richardson – Daily Telegraph obituary
Natasha Richardson at Find a Grave
[show]
Awards for Natasha Richardson
[show]
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Imelda de Martin (1964)
no award (1965-1968)
Dorothy Loudon / Bernadette Peters (1969)
Lauren Bacall / Sandy Duncan / Ethel Merman (1970)
Helen Gallagher / Alexis Smith (1971)
Jonelle Allen (1972)
Glynis Johns / Michele Lee (1973)
Ruby Lynn Reyner (1974)
Angela Lansbury (1975)
Donna McKechnie (1976)
Clamma Dale (1977)
Nell Carter (1978)
Angela Lansbury (1979)
Patti LuPone (1980)
Lena Horne (1981)
Jennifer Holliday (1982)
Natalia Makarova (1983)
Chita Rivera (1984)
No award (1985)
Bernadette Peters (1986)
Teresa Stratas (1987)
Patti LuPone (1988)
Toni DiBuono (1989)
Tyne Daly (1990)
Lea Salonga (1991)
Faith Prince (1992)
Chita Rivera (1993)
Donna Murphy (1994)
Glenn Close (1995)
Julie Andrews (1996)
Bebe Neuwirth (1997)
Natasha Richardson (1998)
Carolee Carmello / Bernadette Peters (1999)
Heather Headley (2000)
Marla Schaffel (2001)
Sutton Foster (2002)
Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003)
Donna Murphy (2004)
Victoria Clark (2005)
Christine Ebersole (2006)
Audra McDonald / Donna Murphy (2007)
Patti LuPone (2008)
Allison Janney (2009)
Catherine Zeta-Jones / Montego Glover (2010)
Sutton Foster (2011)
Audra McDonald (2012)
Laura Osnes (2013)
Jessie Mueller (2014)
Kristin Chenoweth (2015)
Cynthia Erivo (2016)
Bette Midler (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Grace Hartman (1948)
Nanette Fabray (1949)
Mary Martin (1950)
Ethel Merman (1951)
Gertrude Lawrence (1952)
Rosalind Russell (1953)
Dolores Gray (1954)
Mary Martin (1955)
Gwen Verdon (1956)
Judy Holliday (1957)
Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon (1958)
Gwen Verdon (1959)
Mary Martin (1960)
Elizabeth Seal (1961)
Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll (1962)
Vivien Leigh (1963)
Carol Channing (1964)
Liza Minnelli (1965)
Angela Lansbury (1966)
Barbara Harris (1967)
Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams (1968)
Angela Lansbury (1969)
Lauren Bacall (1970)
Helen Gallagher (1971)
Alexis Smith (1972)
Glynis Johns (1973)
Virginia Capers (1974)
Angela Lansbury (1975)
Donna McKechnie (1976)
Dorothy Loudon (1977)
Liza Minnelli (1978)
Angela Lansbury (1979)
Patti LuPone (1980)
Lauren Bacall (1981)
Jennifer Holliday (1982)
Natalia Makarova (1983)
Chita Rivera (1984)
No Award (1985)
Bernadette Peters (1986)
Maryann Plunkett (1987)
Joanna Gleason (1988)
Ruth Brown (1989)
Tyne Daly (1990)
Lea Salonga (1991)
Faith Prince (1992)
Chita Rivera (1993)
Donna Murphy (1994)
Glenn Close (1995)
Donna Murphy (1996)
Bebe Neuwirth (1997)
Natasha Richardson (1998)
Bernadette Peters (1999)
Heather Headley (2000)
Christine Ebersole (2001)
Sutton Foster (2002)
Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003)
Idina Menzel (2004)
Victoria Clark (2005)
LaChanze (2006)
Christine Ebersole (2007)
Patti LuPone (2008)
Alice Ripley (2009)
Catherine Zeta-Jones (2010)
Sutton Foster (2011)
Audra McDonald (2012)
Patina Miller (2013)
Jessie Mueller (2014)
Kelli O'Hara (2015)
Cynthia Erivo (2016)
Bette Midler (2017)
[show]
v
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The Robin Fox family tree
Matthew Hanbury
(1841–1911) Elizabeth Davis
(1845–1916) Samson Fox
(1838–1903) Mary Anne Slinger
(1841–1895) John Henry Leonard
(1846–19??) Susan Belford
(1845–19??) Charles John Morice
(1850–1932) Rebecca Garnett (Gould)
(1843–1885)
Lily Hanbury[i]
(1873–1908) Hilda Louise Alcock
(1875–1961) Arthur William Fox
(1870–1956) Frederick Lonsdale
(1881–1954) Muriel Rose Morice
(1881–1956)
Robin Fox
(1913–1971) Angela Worthington
(1912–1999)
Tracy Reed
(1942–2012) Edward Fox
(born 1937) Joanna David
(born 1947) James Fox
(born 1939) Mary Elizabeth Piper
Natasha Richardson
(1963–2009) Robert Fox
(born 1952) Fiona Golfar
(born 1962)
Jenico, Viscount Gormanston
(born 1939) Lucy Fox
(born 1960) Billie Piper
(born 1982) Laurence Fox
(born 1978) Jack Fox
(born 1985)
Jared Harris
(born 1961) Emilia Fox
(born 1974) Jeremy Gilley
(born 1969) Freddie Fox
(born 1989) Lydia Fox
(born 1979) Richard Ayoade
(born 1977)
Notes:
Jump up ^ The family members who were actors, or associated with the theatre, are highlighted in amber
Family tree of the Robin Fox family
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 46960648
LCCN: no98094337
ISNI: 0000 0000 6302 2144
GND: 129579130
SUDOC: 120406438
BNF: cb14032176b (data)
MusicBrainz: 897e755e-47ca-4b0f-80c6-12f508885179
BNE: XX1091763
SNAC: w6bd94fz
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natasha_Richardson&oldid=826810248"
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Geology of Iceland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This image displays a global distribution of 45 hotspots including Iceland.
The geology of Iceland is unique and of particular interest to geologists. Iceland lies on the divergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the North American plate. It also lies above a hotspot, the Iceland plume. The plume is believed to have caused the formation of Iceland itself, the island first appearing over the ocean surface about 16 to 18 million years ago.[1][2] The result is an island characterized by repeated volcanism and geothermal phenomena such as geysers.
The eruption of Laki in 1783 caused much devastation and loss of life, leading to a famine that killed approximately 25% of the island's human population[3] and resulting in a drop in global temperatures, as sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere. This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in India. The eruption has been estimated to have killed over six million people globally,[4] making it one of the deadliest volcanoes, with Tambora being number one.[citation needed]
In the period from 1963 to 1967, the new island of Surtsey was created on the southwest coast by a volcanic eruption.
Contents
1 Geologic history
1.1 Opening of the North Atlantic
1.2 Glaciations
1.3 Holocene changes and volcanism
2 Rock types
2.1 Volcanic deposits
2.2 Intrusive rocks
2.3 Sedimentary deposits
3 Active tectonics
4 Glacial geology
5 Human impact and natural catastrophes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geologic history[edit]
Opening of the North Atlantic[edit]
Iceland plume
Iceland hotspot
Rifting of the north Atlantic
Glaciations[edit]
Glacier extent
Nunataks and ice free areas
Interglacials
Tuyas and subcanism
Holocene changes and volcanism[edit]
Revegetation
Increased volcanism
Soil formation
Isostatic rebound
Holocene sediments
Coastal erosion
Rock types[edit]
Volcanic deposits[edit]
Main article: Volcanology of Iceland
Tholeiitic volcanic series
Alkalic volcanic series
Hyaloclastite
Tephras and ash
Intrusive rocks[edit]
Dikes
Sills
Plutons
Sedimentary deposits[edit]
One of the rare examples of sedimentary rocks in Iceland is the sequence of marine and non-marine sediments present on the Tjörnes Peninsula in northern Iceland. These Pliocene and late Pleistocene deposits are composed of silt and sandstones, with fossils preserved in the lower layers.[5] The primary fossil types found in the Tjörnes beds are marine mollusk shells and plant remains (lignite).
Vegetational changes
Past climate
Origin of the strata
Fossil preservation
Active tectonics[edit]
Main article: Geological deformation of Iceland
The tectonic structure of Iceland is characterized by various seismically and volcanically active centers. Iceland is bordered to the south by the Reykjanes Ridge segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and to the north by the Kolbeinsey Ridge. Rifting in the southern part of Iceland is focused in two main parallel rift zones. The Reykjanes Peninsula Rift in SW Iceland is the landward continuation of the Reykjanes Ridge that connects to the Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ). The more active Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) represents a rift jump, although it is unclear how the eastward propagation of the main rifting activity has occurred. [6] The offset between the WVZ and the EVZ is accommodated by the South Iceland Seismic Zone, an area characterized by high earthquake activity. The EVZ transitions northward into the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), which contains Krafla volcano. The NVZ is connected to the Kolbeinsey Ridge by the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, another major center of seismicity and deformation.
Glacial geology[edit]
Main article: Glaciers of Iceland
Glaciers cover approximately 11% of Iceland, the largest of which being Vatnajökull. As many glaciers overlie active volcanoes, subglacial eruptions can pose hazards due to sudden floods produced by glacial meltwater, known as jökulhlaups. Icelandic glaciers have generally been retreating over the past 100 years, with Vatnajökull having lost as much as 10% of its volume.[7]
Human impact and natural catastrophes[edit]
Overgrazing
Soil erosion
Jökulhlaups
Fluorosis
Laki eruption
2008 Iceland earthquake
Deforestation
Geothermal energy use
See also[edit]
Geography of Iceland
Geological deformation of Iceland
Geothermal power in Iceland
Iceland plume
List of fjords of Iceland
List of glaciers of Iceland
List of islands of Iceland
List of lakes of Iceland
List of rivers of Iceland
List of volcanoes in Iceland
List of waterfalls of Iceland
Volcanology of Iceland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tobias Weisenberger (2013). "Introduction to the geology of Iceland".
Jump up ^ "Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World, Vol. 24" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
Jump up ^ Gunnar Karlsson (2000), Iceland's 1100 Years, p. 181
Jump up ^ How The Earth Was Made: The Age of Earth (video), History.com
Jump up ^ Símonarson, L. A., & Eiríksson, J. (2008). "Tjörnes-Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments and faunas" (PDF). Jökull. 58: 331–342. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Einarsson, Páll (2008). "Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland" (PDF). Jökull. 58: 35–58.
Jump up ^ Björnsson, H., & Pálsson, F. (2008). "Icelandic glaciers" (PDF). Jökull. 58: 365–386. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Maps and illustrative photos from Union College
Trønnes, R.G. 2002: Field trip: Introduction. Geology and geodynamics of Iceland. In: S. Planke (ed.) Iceland 2002 – Petroloeum Geology Field Trip Guide, prepared for Statoil Faroes Licence Groups by Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research, Nordic Volcanological Institute and Iceland National Energy Authority, p. 23-43.
Thor Thordarson. Outline of Geology of Iceland. Chapman Conference 2012
Bamlett M. and J.F. Potter (1994) "Iceland". Geologists' Association Guide No.52.

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School children in Cape Town
Education in South Africa is governed by two national departments, namely the department of Basic Education (DBE), which is responsible for primary and secondary schools, and the department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), which is responsible for tertiary education and vocational training. Prior to 2009, these two departments were represented in a single Department of Education.
The DBE department deals with public schools, private schools (also referred to by the department as independent schools), early childhood development (ECD) centres, and special needs schools. The public schools and private schools are collectively known as ordinary schools, and comprise roughly 97% of schools in South Africa.
The DHET department deals with further education and training (FET) colleges, adult basic education and training (ABET) centres, and higher education (HE) institutions.
The nine provinces in South Africa also have their own education departments that are responsible for implementing the policies of the national department, as well as dealing with local issues.
In 2010, the basic education system comprised 12 644 208 learners, 30 586 schools, and 439 394 teachers.[1] In 2009, the higher education and training system comprised 837 779 students in HE institutions, 420 475 students in state-controlled FET institutions and 297 900 in state-controlled ABET centres.[2]
In 2013, the South African government will spend 21% of the national budget on education. Some ten percent of the education budget is for higher education.[3]
According to the national census of 2011, among the South African population, 35.2% of black/African, 32.6% of coloureds, 61.6% of Indians/Asians and 76% of white citizens have completed an education of high school or higher. 41.7% of the total population has completed an education of high school or higher, whereas 8.6% of the population aged 20 years and older have not completed any schooling.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure and policies
2 Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)
2.1 Optional grades
2.2 Learner ratios
2.3 School income and expenses
2.3.1 Sample school fees
2.3.2 Poverty and school fees
2.4 Private schools
3 Higher education and training system
3.1 Restructuring of universities and technikons
4 History
4.1 1806 to 1900
4.2 1900 to 1948
4.3 1948 to 1974
4.4 1974 to 1983
4.5 1984 to 1990
4.6 1990 to 1993
4.7 1994 to 1997
4.8 1997 to 2005
4.9 2006 until now - use of English
5 Performance
6 Violence
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
Structure and policies[edit]
The department of Basic Education is headed by the director-general Bobby Soobrayan, and its policy is made by the minister Angie Motshekga and the deputy minister Enver Surty. The department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director-general Mary Metcalfe, and its policy is made by the minister Blade Nzimande and the deputy minister Comfort Manana.
Both these departments are funded from central government taxes. The department of Basic Education pays a portion of teachers' salaries in government schools, whereas independent schools are funded privately. Government schools may under certain circumstances supplement their funds through parent contributions.
Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)[edit]
The DBE officially groups grades into two "bands" called General Education and Training (GET), which includes grade 0 plus grades 1 to 9, and Further Education and Training (FET), which includes grades 10-12 as well as non-higher education vocational training facilities.
The GET (General Education and Training band) is subdivided further into "phases" called the Foundation Phase (grade 0 plus grade 1 to 3), the Intermediate Phase (grades 4 to 6), and the Senior Phase (grades 7 to 9).
The administrative structure of most ordinary schools in South Africa do not reflect the division of bands and phases, however. For historical reasons, most schools are either "primary" schools (grade R plus grades 1 to 7) or "secondary" schools, also known as high schools (grades 8 to 12).
Optional grades[edit]
Some home schools and private schools offer the option to complete an additional year after grade 12, sometimes known as grade 13 or "post-matric". The South African governmental school system does not have a grade 13, but it forms part of non-South African curriculums that are sometimes followed by private schools in South Africa.[5][6]
The DBE's Foundation Phase includes a pre-school grade known as grade R, for "reception". Grade R is compulsory, but not all primary schools offer grade R. Grade R may also be attended at pre-school facilities. Other grades that can be completed at a pre-school centre include grade 0 and grade 000 (although the 000 and 00 designations are not universally applied). Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 (pronounced "grade nought"),[7][8] particularly in previously white schools, where the usage was once common.
Learner ratios[edit]
According to the DBE's 2010 statistics report (published in 2012), on average there are 30 learners per teacher, 480 learners per school, and 16 teachers per school. The ratio of learners per teacher is roughly the same in all provinces, but the ratio of learners per school varies per province. For example, in Gauteng there are 800 learners per school and 28 teachers per school, whereas in the Eastern Cape there 350 learners per school and 12 teachers per school.
Updated 2013 statistics (published in 2015) is available.[9]
School income and expenses[edit]
Schools in South Africa receive a grant from government for their operational costs, such as maintaining the grounds, administrative costs, salaries, books and educational materials, and extramural activities. Most schools supplement the government grant with other streams of income, such as school fees paid by parents, fundraising events, and receiving donations. Generally, higher school fees prevent poorer children from attending affluent schools. There is no limit to the amount of the fees that a school may set. Parents may apply to the school for full or partial reduction of school fees, and many affluent schools do provide financial assistance to a small number of learners (for example, if the parents are alumni), but it is not a legal requirement.[10][11]
Children at South African schools are usually required to wear school uniforms, which can be expensive and are not provided for free, although it is often possible to buy them second-hand. Most schools offer extra mural activities such as a variety of sports and cultural activities, which requires money to maintain. Many schools maintain their own sports fields as well.
The size of the grant paid by government is determined largely by the poverty level of the neighbourhood in which the school is situated, as well as unemployment rate and general education rate of the population in that neighbourhood. Consequently, schools in more affluent areas have to raise more money from other sources to maintain the same standard of education, but schools from affluent areas often have so much additional income that their standard of education is much higher than that of less affluent schools anyway.
The size of the government grant per child depends on the "quintille" of the school. In 2009, schools in quintille 1 (the poorest) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year, respectively, where as schools in quintille 4 and quintille 5 (the richest) received R404 and R134 per child per year. Schools in quintille 1-3 may apply for classification as a "No Fee" school. 5% of all schools are quintille 5 schools, and 15% of all schools are quintille 4 schools.[12]
Sample school fees[edit]
Schools are not required to publish their school fees publicly and many schools are secretive about it, but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa:
The Settler's High, Bellville: R15200 per child per year[13]
Monument Park High, Kraaifontein: R9000 per child per year[14]
Poverty and school fees[edit]
Schools may not refuse admission to children who live in the immediate vicinity of the school. Schools may not refuse entry to children or refuse to hand over report cards even if their parents neglect to pay the school fees, but schools are permitted to sue parents for non-payment of school fees.
Since 1996, children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all school fees. Since 1998, the formula is as follows: If the combined annual income of the parents is less than ten times the annual school fee, the child is legally exempt from paying school fees. If the income is more than ten times the school fee but less than thirty times the school fee, the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees. In practice, these regulations help only very poor families, and not working-class and middle-income families.
Orphans and children of parents who receive poverty-linked social grants are also exempt from paying school fees.[12]
Since 2006 the Education department offers the following incentive to the poorest 40% of schools: if the school charges no school fees, the education department increases the grant to make up for the lack of income from school fees. It was originally planned to increase this incentive to the poorest 60% of schools by 2009. The incentive only applies to children in the GED band, and children who wish to complete grade 10-12 must still pay the full fee.
In 2008, some 5 million learners in 14 264 schools benefited from the No Fee school programme, and most of those learners were in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces. Not all schools who qualify for this incentive make use of it.
Private schools[edit]
Main article: Private school § South_Africa
Private schools, also known as independent schools, are schools that are not owned by the state. They are usually owned and operated by a trust, church or community, or by a for-profit company. Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees. Certain private schools also receive a grant from the state, depending on the community served and fees charged.[15]
Higher education and training system[edit]
A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks (NQF) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017. NQFs are a key component of the South African higher education system.
See also: List of universities in South Africa
See also: Academic ranks in South Africa
For university entrance, a "Matriculation Endorsement" is required, although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a vibrant higher sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country’s universities, colleges and universities of technology. All the universities are autonomous, reporting to their own councils rather than government. The National Qualifications Framework (NQF) system of administering higher education broadly in the country is run by the South African Qualifications Authority.
Restructuring of universities and technikons[edit]
The Extension of Universities Act of 1959 made provision for separate universities for separate races. In addition, the independent homelands were given universities of their own. After the re-incorporation of the independent homelands, there were 36 universities and technikons in South Africa, often in close proximity and offering the same courses.[16]
In 1994, the government embarked on a restructure of the universities and technikons by a series of mergers and incorporations. This was completed by January 2005. It created 22 new institutions from the previous 36. Ten of the universities got new names.
History[edit]
1806 to 1900[edit]
The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation. In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters) taught basic literacy and math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony.[17]
Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the Cape Colony by 1827, but their presence rankled among devout Afrikaners, who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and Afrikaner values. Throughout the nineteenth century, Afrikaners resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the English language and British values, and many educated their children at home or in the churches.[17]
After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the Cape Colony in 1820, the Colonial Office screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications. They selected educated families, for the most part, to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony. After their arrival, these parents placed a high priority on education. Throughout this time, most religious schools in the eastern Cape accepted Xhosa children who applied for admission; in Natal many other Nguni-speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century. The government also financed teacher training classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout the nineteenth century.[17]
By 1877 some 60 percent of white school-age children in Natal were enrolled in school, as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony. After the Boer War (ended 1902) in the former Afrikaner republics, however, enrolments remained low—only 12 percent in the Orange Free State and 8 percent in the Transvaal—primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education. Enrolments in these republics increased after the government of the Union agreed to the use of Afrikaans in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education.[17]
By the late nineteenth century, three types of schools were receiving government assistance—ward schools, or small rural schools generally employing one teacher; district schools, providing primary-level education to several towns in an area; and a few secondary schools in larger cities. But during the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools. African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance.[17]
Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial South African College, which later became the University of Cape Town. Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841. In 1852 the independent state of Transvaal and in 1854 the Orange Free State established their own institutions of higher learning in Dutch. The government established Grey College—later the University of the Orange Free State—in Bloemfontein in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church. The Grey Institute was established in Port Elizabeth in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. The Christian College was founded at Potchefstroom in 1869 and was later incorporated into the University of South Africa and renamed Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.[17]
1900 to 1948[edit]
Following the British victory in the South African War, the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Alfred Milner, brought thousands of teachers from Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to instil the English language and British cultural values, especially in the two former Afrikaner republics. To counter the British influence, a group of Afrikaner churches proposed an education program, Christian National Education, to serve as the core of the school curriculum. The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program, but Jan C. Smuts, the Transvaal leader who later became prime minister, was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers; he favoured local control over many aspects of education. Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century, and all four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites.[17]
The National Party (NP) was able to capitalise on the fear of racial integration in the schools to build its support. The NP's narrow election victory in 1948 gave Afrikaans new standing in the schools and, after that, all high-school graduates were required to be proficient in Afrikaans and English. The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding philosophy of education.[17]
1948 to 1974[edit]
Before 1953, many black people attended schools set up by religions organisations. These schools provided schooling of the same quality that white children received in state schools. Following the Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely.[18]
The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity.
Although CNE advanced principles of racial inferiority, it promoted teaching of cultural diversity and enforced mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. The government gave strong management control to the school boards, who were elected by the parents in each district.[17]
In 1959, the Extension of University Education Act prohibited established universities from accepting most black students, although the government did create universities for black, coloured, and Indian students.[18]
The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and textbooks.[17]
1974 to 1983[edit]
In 1974, the Minister of Bantu Education and Development issued a decree commonly known as the "Afrikaans medium decree" in which the use of both English and Afrikaans was made compulsory in black secondary schools.[19] In this decree, physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English, mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in Afrikaans, and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner's native language. The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people.
This decree was unpopular with learners and teachers alike, particularly in towns like the Johannesburg township of Soweto, where practically no-one spoke Afrikaans. Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976, when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country. The schools suffered further damage as vandals damaged or destroyed school property. Students who tried to attend school and their teachers were attacked, and school staff found it increasingly difficult to maintain normal school activities.
1984 to 1990[edit]
The National Policy for General Affairs Act (No. 76) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by the Bantu education system.
The Department of Education and Training was responsible for black education outside the homelands. Each of the three houses of parliament—for whites, coloureds, and Indians—had an education department for one racial group. Each of the ten homelands had its own education department. In addition, several other government departments managed specific aspects of education.[17]
Education was compulsory for all racial groups, but at different ages, and the law was enforced differently. Whites were required to attend school between the ages of seven and sixteen. Black children were required to attend school from age seven until the equivalent of seventh grade or the age of sixteen. This law was enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools were unavailable. For Asians and coloured children, education was compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen.[17]
Teacher-pupil ratios in primary schools averaged 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in coloured schools, and 1:39 in black schools. Moreover, whereas 96 percent of all teachers in white schools had teaching certificates, only 15 percent of teachers in black schools were certified. Secondary-school pass rates for black pupils in the nationwide, standardised high-school graduation exams were less than one-half the pass rate for whites.[17]
1990 to 1993[edit]
The white education system was restructured, in anticipation of democracy, by the apartheid government. From the beginning of 1991, white schools were required to select one of four "Models": A, B, C, or D. "Model C" was a semi-private structure, with decreased funding from the state, and greatly increased autonomy for schools. Although most white schools opted for the status quo, by 1993, due to government policy, 96% of white public schools became "Model C" schools.[20]
Although the form of "Model C" was abolished by the post-apartheid government, the term is still commonly used to describe former whites-only government schools, as of 2013.
1994 to 1997[edit]
Under Apartheid South Africa, there were eight education departments that followed different curricula and offered different standards of learning quality. This included nationwide departments for coloured people, for Indians and for black people, a department for independent schools, and provincial departments for white people in each of the former four provinces. Some of the Bantustans that were incorporated back into South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments.
In terms of the Interim Constitution, the Mandela government restructured these departments as well as tertiary education departments, splitting responsibilities between nine newly formed provincial education departments and a single national education department. It also set about reforming the educational system by first removing all racially offensive and outdated content and then introducing continuous assessment into schools.[21]
The South African Schools Act, 1996 was promulgated to "provide for a uniform system for the organisation, governance and funding of schools".
1997 to 2005[edit]
In 1997, the government launched its new education system called Curriculum 2005, which would be based on "outcomes based education" (OBE). By 2006 it was clear that OBE as a social experiment had failed, and it was quietly shelved.[22]
2006 until now - use of English[edit]
South Africa has 11 official languages.[23] and the first year of schooling is provided in all these home languages.[24]
Before 2009, schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 (except in Afrikaans language schools). Since 2009, all schools teach English as a subject from grade 1 and all subjects are taught in English from grade 4. Afrikaans language schools are an exception, in that all subjects (other than other languages) are taught in Afrikaans.[25]
Performance[edit]
An independent study by Stellenbosch University researchers found that undue union influence and "critical educational factors", including weak institutional functionality, uneducated teachers, and insufficient learning time, were responsible for the poor state of South Africa.[26]
Violence[edit]
The South African Human Rights Commission has found that 40% of children interviewed said they had been the victims of crime at school. More than a fifth of sexual assaults on South African children were found to have taken place in schools.[27] The Education Department and the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention initiated a program named Hlayiseka, the purpose of which is to staunch the epidemic of school violence in South African schools.[28]
Map of South Africa with English labels
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Photographic image". Education.gov.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130321030525/http://www.southafrica.info:80/about/education/budget13e.htm#.WfUHDTBLfDc. Retrieved 2017-08-27. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Web.archive.org. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "High School - Roseway Waldorf School". Rosewaywaldorf.co.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ http://www.sprogs.co.za/resources/kids-questions-answers/child-‘school’-gr-000-send-he’s-6-turning-7-gr-1
Jump up ^ "Is there a difference between Gr0 and Gr00 ? - Sprogs". Sprogs.co.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Education Statistics 2013" (PDF). Gov.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Education Policy: School Fees". Etu.org.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 28 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "NO fees Schools in South Africa - Policy Brief 7" (PDF). Create-rpc.org. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "SCHOOL FEES 2013" (PDF). Settlers.org.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Monument Park School fees (Afrikaans)". Hsmp.co.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m South Africa country study. Library of Congress Federal Research Division. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b Ocampo, Lizet (2004-09-19). "Global Perspectives on Human Language: The South African Context - Timeline of Education and Apartheid". stanford.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Boddy, Alistair (1976-06-16). "The Afrikaans Medium Decree & the Soweto Uprising". africanhistory.about.com. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "'Model C' is the model to emulate - 1 February 2011 - South AfricanInstitute of Race Relations". Sairr.org.za. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Curriculum reform in South Africa : a critical analysis of outcomes-based education" (PDF). Repository.up.ac.za. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "South Africa: Foundation Phase Learners to Take More Subjects". Allafrica.com. 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Education | Statistics South Africa". Statssa.gov.za. Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Megan Doidge (2014). "Factors influencing Grade 7 teachers' implementation of outcomes-based approaches in the National Curriculum when teaching "Human Reproduction"" (PDF). Doctors Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ Masondo, Sipho (2016-05-31). "Education in South Africa: A system in crisis". CityPress. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Jump up ^ Violence rife in S Africa schools. (2008, March 12). BBC News Online. London.
Jump up ^ "Children of wrath". Mail & Guardian. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
External links[edit]
(Ministry) Department of Basic Education
(Ministry) Department of Higher Education and Training
(Ministry) Department of Science and Technology
Education in South Africa at SouthAfrica.info
Education in South Africa from the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
Education in South Africa, webdossier by Education Worldwide, a portal of the German Education Server
The Presidency, South Africa (Date unknown): Improving Government Performance: Our Approach
Tertiary Education Options in South Africa
Further reading[edit]
The Next Twenty-Five Years: Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa. David L. Featherman, et al. University of Michigan Press. 2009. 416 pages. ISBN 978-0-472-11705-5
Estudiantes negros en Sudáfrica alzan la voz y piden una verdadera transformación. Norimitsu Onishi, The New York Times, September 11, 2015.
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Enver Surty

values: Edit section: Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)

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Matriculation (South Africa)

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Dutch Reformed Church in Africa

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Teacher training

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South African War

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Jan C. Smuts

values: South African Schools Act, 1996 (page does not exist)

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http://www.love2learn.co.za/about7.html

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values: Timeline of South Africa (page does not exist)

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values: Military history of South Africa during World War II

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Crime Intelligence (SAPS)

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Military of South Africa

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South African Commando System

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Architecture of South Africa

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Media in South Africa

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Asian South African

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Indian South African

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Chinese South African

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South Ndebele people

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Cape Coloured

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White South African

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values: Education in the Central African Republic

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/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena
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Education in Saint Helena

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Education in Tristan da Cunha

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Health care in South Africa

values: Income inequality in South Africa (page does not exist)

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Flag of South Africa

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values: Category:Use South African English from May 2012

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in South African English

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2010

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