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Seasons in the Sun
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For the Spell album, see Seasons in the Sun (album).
For the 2012 book about British history, see Dominic Sandbrook.
"Le Moribond (The Dying Man)"
Song by Jacques Brel
from the album Marieke
Released
1961
Recorded
February 22, 1961
Genre
Chanson
Length
3:06
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Jacques Brel
Marieke track listing
"Marieke"
(1) "Le Moribond (The Dying Man)"
(2) "Vivre Debout"
(3)
"Seasons in the Sun" is an English-language adaptation of the song "Le Moribond" by Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Brel[1] with lyrics by American singer-poet Rod McKuen.[2] It became a worldwide hit in 1974 for Canadian singer Terry Jacks and became a Christmas number one in the UK in 1999 for Westlife. Jacks's version is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
1.1 Original version
1.2 Rod McKuen version
1.3 Terry Jacks version
2 Terry Jacks recording
2.1 Chart performance
2.1.1 Weekly charts
2.1.2 Year-end charts
3 Westlife recording
4 Other versions
5 Parodies and alternate lyrics
6 References
7 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The song is a dying protagonist's farewell to relatives and friends. The protagonist mentions how hard it will be to die now that the spring season has arrived (historically, spring is portrayed as the season of new life).
Original version[edit]
The original French-language song is a sardonic ballad, in which the speaker gives backhanded farewells to his adulterous wife and her lover and the priest he disagreed with while sarcastically expressing his wish that there should be singing and dancing when he is buried.
This is an English translation of the original final verse by Jacques Brel:
Good-bye, my wife, I loved you well
Good-bye, my wife, I loved you well, you know,
But I'm taking the train for the Good Lord,
I'm taking the train before yours
But you take whatever train you can;
Goodbye, my wife, I'm going to die,
It's hard to die in springtime, you know,
But I'm leaving for the flowers with my eyes closed, my wife,
Because I closed them so often,
I know you will take care of my soul.
("eyes closed" refers to closing his eyes to her infidelity, following on from the preceding verse in which he bids goodbye to his wife's lover Antoine).
Rod McKuen version[edit]
Rod McKuen, in his translation, attempted to retain the sarcastic tone of the original French song. The last verse in McKuen's three verse freehand rendering retains Brel's reference to the wife's infidelity but with a different sensibility:
Adieu, Françoise, my faithful wife;
Without you I'd have had a lonely life.
You cheated lots of times but then,
I forgave you in the end
Though your lover was my friend.
Adieu, Françoise, it's hard to die
When all the birds are singing in the sky.
Now that the spring is in the air
With your lovers everywhere,
Just be careful; I'll be there.
Terry Jacks version[edit]
Terry Jacks modified the McKuen translation to make the song more positive and sentimental. In each verse, the protagonist bids farewell to someone important in his life:
The first verse refers to "a trusted friend" that he had known since he was "9 or 10". The original specifically names the friend as "Émile", which Jacks's versions does not.
The second verse refers to the protagonist's father (who unsuccessfully tried to warn him of his lifestyle); this verse differed from the original as it was sung in a manner which downplayed the original's bitter tone of regret.
The third verse refers to "Michelle, my little one" (implied to be his daughter, who will now grow up without her father). This verse completely replaced the third and fourth verses referring to infidelity in the French original.
Terry Jacks's new third verse reads:
Goodbye, Michelle, my little one;
You gave me love and helped me find the sun,
And every time that I was down
You would always come around
And get my feet back on the ground.
Goodbye, Michelle, it's hard to die
When all the birds are singing in the sky;
Now that the spring is in the air,
With the flowers everywhere,
I wish that we could both be there!
Terry Jacks recording[edit]
"Seasons in the Sun"
Single by Terry Jacks
from the album Seasons in the Sun
B-side
"Put the Bone In"
Released
December 1973
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1973
Genre
Pop
Length
3:24
Label
Bell
Songwriter(s)
Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen
Producer(s)
Terry Jacks
Terry Jacks singles chronology
"Concrete Sea"
(1972) "Seasons in the Sun"
(1973) "If You Go Away"
(1974)
Music video
"Seasons in the Sun" on YouTube
Terry Jacks recorded "Seasons in the Sun" in Vancouver in 1973 with his then-wife Susan Jacks. They made the decision to record the song when The Beach Boys, who had recorded a version with Terry Jacks producing, decided to abandon their recording.
Jacks released his version as a single in 1973 on his own label, Goldfish Records. "Put the Bone In", an original composition about burying a deceased pet dog, was included as the B-side. The single soon topped the record charts in the U.S. (where it was released on Bell Records), in Canada, and the UK,[3] selling over 14 million copies worldwide.
Jacks's version was released in the United States in December 1973, and made the Billboard Hot 100 a month later. On March 2, 1974, the song began a three-week run at number one atop the Hot 100, and remained in the top 40 until almost Memorial Day weekend. Jacks's version also spent one week on the Easy Listening charts.[4] Billboard ranked it as the number two song for 1974.[5] Although he released several other singles that were moderately successful in Canada, "Seasons in the Sun" would become Jacks's only major solo hit in the United States.[6] In Canada, the single (Gold Fish GF 100) reached number sone on the RPM Magazine charts January 26, 1974, and remained there four weeks.
Though the song enjoyed contemporary success, modern criticism has tended to be more critical of Jacks's overly sentimentalized rewriting of the original song. Jacks's version is commonly held up as an example of bad music, having been called one of the worst pop songs ever recorded, and ranking number five in a CNN poll in 2006.[7]
Jacks also released a German language version in Germany with lyrics by Gerd Müller-Schwanke, "In den Gärten der Zeit".[8]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973–74)
Peak
position
Australia KMR [9] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 1
Belgium [11] 1
Canada RPM Top Singles [11] 1
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 1,
Denmark [11] 1
France [11] 1
Germany [11] 1
Ireland [11] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12] 7
Norway (VG-lista)[13] 1
South Africa [11] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[14] 1
New Zealand [15] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 1
US Adult Contemporary ('Billboard)[18] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 [19] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia [20] 5
Canada RPM Top Singles [21] 1
Denmark [11] 5
Netherlands [11] 6
South Africa [11] 6
Switzerland [22] 1
UK [23] 5
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [24] 2
U.S. Cash Box [25] 9
Westlife recording[edit]
"Seasons in the Sun"
Single by Westlife
from the album Westlife
A-side
"I Have a Dream"
Released
December 19, 1999
Format
CD single
Studio
PWL Studios, London
Genre
Pop
Length
4:09
Label
BMG
Songwriter(s)
Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen
Westlife singles chronology
"Flying Without Wings"
(1999) "Seasons in the Sun"
(1999) "Fool Again"
(2000)
Music video
"Seasons in the Sun" on YouTube
Irish boy band Westlife covered "Seasons in the Sun" for their self-titled debut album Westlife (1999). It was released on December 19, 1999, as a double A-side with a cover of ABBA's "I Have a Dream" and became the 1999 Christmas number one. It has sold over 650,000 copies in UK so far. [26]
Westlife's "Seasons In The Sun" music video was shot in late-1999 and directed by Cameron Casey & Simon Brand.
Other versions[edit]
There have been numerous cover versions of the song. Before Jacks popularized the song, earlier recordings had been released by The Kingston Trio, with the first cover version of McKuen's translation in 1963, and The Fortunes in 1968.
Generally, English-language versions since the Terry Jacks version was released have used his lyrics for the song.
Swedish dansband Vikingarna covered the song in Swedish in 1974, as "Sommar varje dag" on the album Här kommer Vikingarna.[27] The song has also been covered by Andy Williams, The Beach Boys, Nana Mouskouri, Bud Dashiell, Bad Religion, Too Much Joy, the Squirrels, Spell, Black Box Recorder, Nirvana, Indochine, Karel Gott (Léta prázdnin), Klaus Hoffmann (in German), Pearls Before Swine, Alcazar, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Second Run, The Others, Television Personalities, and Gob featuring blink-182.
In 1993, Nirvana recorded an informal version of the song which was never intended for release, but was eventually included on the DVD portion of their 2004 box-set With the Lights Out. Nirvana's lead singer, Kurt Cobain, would often reference the song in interviews, mentioning the fact that it made him cry as a child.
Another cover version, by Bobby Wright (son of Johnnie Wright and Kitty Wells), reached the Top 40 of the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1974.
The Manchester-based Coachmen's version was recorded at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in July 1966 and released on Columbia DB8057 in November 1966.
Spanish versions are entitled 'Epocas de Sol, Estaciones en el Sol, or Etapas de mi Vida.
There is a German version called Adieu Emile by Klaus Hoffmann published in 1975. The translated lyrics are very close to the French ones but the melody is slightly altered and the whole song has a 3/4 beat.[28]
Italian singer/songwriter Roberto Vecchioni recorded an Italian version called "Stagioni nel sole" for his 2005 acoustic, jazz-influenced live album Il Contastorie. The title of his version is a literal translation of "Seasons in the Sun", but both the lyrics (rewritten by Vecchioni himself) and the musical structure of Vecchioni's version are much closer to Jacques Brel's original (including a vague allusion to the protagonist's wife being unfaithful) than to the Jacks/McKuen version. The accompaniment of this rendition, played on acoustic guitar, piano and double bass (with no drums) is march-like, similar to Brel's, and pointedly un-romantic.
A second French-language version, Adieu la Vie, Adieu Soleil, was recorded in 1974 by Quebec musician Jacques Amar; this version is the Québécois adaptation of Terry Jacks' version.[29]
Croatian singer-songwriter Arsen Dedić recorded a Croatian version of the song in 1983 under the title Pjesma umirućeg. Dedić's lyrics draw more heavily on McKuen's English translation.
The band Beirut has covered "Le Moribond" live on a number of occasions. A version performed for KEXP was recorded along with "My Family's Role in the World Revolution" for the third track on the Elephant Gun EP. Beirut performs a cover that is quite faithful to the original Jacques Brel version, maintaining the French lyrics and the marching up-beat tempo.
The Finnish schlager singer Arto Sotavalta have recorded a Finnish version of the song called Päivät kuin unta (Eng. Days like dreams). The Finnish translation is very similar to the English text.
The Vietnamese version, called "Những mùa nắng đẹp" was translated by musician Pham Duy. The translated lyrics are quite similar to the English ones. A number of Vietnamese singers have covered this version.
Swedish Eurodance group Alcazar covered this song for their debut album Casino.
British musician Damon Albarn recorded an acoustic version[30] of this song for a BBC Radio 2 show with Dermot O'Leary.
Parodies and alternate lyrics[edit]
The 1993 song "Twice My Age" by Shabba Ranks uses the melody of "Seasons in the Sun" with a different set of lyrics. Sean Kingston covered "Twice My Age" on his 2011 mixtape King of Kingz.
In 2002 a satirical version of the song lambasting the Canadian government's ageing Sea King helicopters was leaked to Esprit de Corps magazine. The lyrics were published in the Ottawa Citizen on November 20, 2002.
Another spoof was recorded in 2006 by Dundee United fan under the alias 'Terry Jack'. This version mocks the possible demise of Dundee United's archrivals, Dundee FC who were suffering severe financial difficulties at the time.[31] This version contains swearing and adult themes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "30 years since the death of Jacques Brel: his life, his art, his legacy - World Socialist Web Site". Wsws.org. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "My first experience with Brel (...in 1964...) consisted of doing an unauthorized adaptation of 'Le Moribund'(...written by Brel for the singer Jean Sablon...), which I called 'Seasons in the Sun'...I subsequently learned that Brel had received my recording...," liner notes from Rod McKuen Sings Rod McKuen, Jacques Brel Songbook, April 2000, posted at Rod McKuen - Flight Plan. 'Rod's gift to his many fans', maintained by Stanyan Music Group, of Hollywood CA. Accessed: 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 299. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 123.
Jump up ^ "Number One Song of the Year: 1946-2015". bobborst.com. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel, "Top Pop Hits: 1955-2006, 2007.
Jump up ^ Todd Leopold. "The worst song of all time, part II - Apr 26, 2006". CNN.com. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
Jump up ^ "In den Gärten der Zeit" at 45cat.com
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Song artist 781 - Terry Jacks". Tsort.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "TERRY JACKS".
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart". Billboard. 1974-03-09. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 3/09/74". Tropicalglen.com. 1974-03-09. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Swiss Year-End Charts, 1974
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974". Tropicalglen.com. 1974-12-28. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Westlife | Official Top 20 | MTV UK". Mtv.co.uk. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Här kommer Vikingarna" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. 1974. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Klaus Hoffmann". Klaus Hoffmann. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "JACQUES AMAR.....ADIEU LA VIE ADIEU SOLEIL (SEASONS IN THE SUN)...1974" on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Damon Albarn covers 'Seasons In The Sun'". NME.COM. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 2012-12-01 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the "Seasons in the Sun" article dated 2005-12-10, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Seasons in the Sun at Super Seventies.
"List of 'Le Moribond' covers", Brelitude.net
"Goodbye, Papa, It's Hard to Die: The enduring appeal of an abominable pop song" (Slate.com, March 16, 2005)
Rod McKuen on the song's origins
Lyrics of Andy Williams cover at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Time in a Bottle" by Jim Croce Canadian RPM 100 number-one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
January 26, 1974 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand
Preceded by
"The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand US Billboard Hot 100 number one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
March 2, 1974 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Dark Lady" by Cher
Preceded by
"Last Time I Saw Him" by Diana Ross US Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
March 9, 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"Sunshine on My Shoulders" by John Denver
Preceded by
"Billy Don't Be a Hero" by Paper Lace UK Singles Chart number one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
April 6, 1974 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"Waterloo" by ABBA
Preceded by
"Goodbye" by Spice Girls UK Singles Chart Christmas number-one single
(Westlife's version)
1999 Succeeded by
"Can We Fix It?" by Bob the Builder
Preceded by
"I Try" by Macy Gray Irish IRMA number one single
(Westlife's version)
18 December 1999 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Born to Make You Happy" by Britney Spears
Preceded by
"The Millennium Prayer" by Cliff Richard UK Singles Chart number-one single
(Westlife's version)
19 December 1999 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"The Masses Against the Classes" by Manic Street Preachers
[show]
v
t
e
Jacques Brel
Studio albums
Grand Jacques
Quand on n'a que l'amour
Au Printemps
La Valse à Mille Temps
Marieke
Les Bourgeois
Les Bonbons
Ces Gens-Là
Jacques Brel 67
J'arrive
L'Homme de la Mancha
Ne Me Quitte Pas
Les Marquises
Live albums
Enregistrement Public à l'Olympia 1961
Enregistrement Public à l'Olympia 1964
Compilation albums
Infiniment
Rarities
Chansons ou Versions Inédites de Jeunesse
Box sets
Boîte à Bonbons
Songs
"Ne me quitte pas" ("If You Go Away")
"Marieke"
"Seasons in the Sun"
"Le Plat Pays"
"Ces Gens-Là"
"Amsterdam"
"The Impossible Dream"
"Un enfant"
"Jacky"
Related articles
Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris (musical)
Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris (film)
Man of La Mancha
List of cover versions
François Rauber
[show]
v
t
e
Westlife singles
Discography
Westlife
"Swear It Again"
"If I Let You Go"
"Flying Without Wings"
"I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun"
"Fool Again"
Coast to Coast
"Against All Odds"
"My Love"
"What Makes a Man"
"I Lay My Love on You"
"Uptown Girl"
"When You're Looking Like That"
World of Our Own
"Queen of My Heart"
"Evergreen"
"World of Our Own"
"Bop Bop Baby"
Unbreakable
"Unbreakable"
"Tonight/Miss You Nights"
Turnaround
"Hey Whatever"
"Mandy"
"Obvious"
Allow Us to Be Frank
"Ain't That a Kick in the Head"
"Fly Me To The Moon"
"Smile"
Face to Face
"You Raise Me Up"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Amazing"
The Love Album
"The Rose"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Back Home
"Home"
"Us Against the World"
"Something Right"
Where We Are
"What About Now"
Gravity
"Safe"
Greatest Hits
"Lighthouse"
"Beautiful World"
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
UK Christmas number-one singles in the 1990s
"Saviour's Day" (Cliff Richard, 1990)
"Bohemian Rhapsody" / "These Are the Days of Our Lives" (Queen, 1991)
"I Will Always Love You" (Whitney Houston, 1992)
"Mr Blobby" (Mr Blobby, 1993)
"Stay Another Day" (East 17, 1994)
"Earth Song" (Michael Jackson, 1995)
"2 Become 1" (Spice Girls, 1996)
"Too Much" (Spice Girls, 1997)
"Goodbye" (Spice Girls, 1998)
"I Have a Dream" / "Seasons in the Sun" (Westlife, 1999)
Complete list
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seasons_in_the_Sun&oldid=798652844"
Categories:
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Songs about death
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Andy Williams songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
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Number-one singles in Australia
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Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Norway
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Bell Records singles
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Big man (anthropology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on
Political and
legal anthropology
Basic concepts[hide]
Status and rank
Ascribed status
Achieved status
Social status
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Age grade/Age set
Leveling mechanism
Leadership
Big man
Patriarchy
Matriarchy
Pantribal sodalities
Chief
Paramount chief
Polities
Band society
Segmentary lineage
Tribe
Chiefdom
House society
Ethnic group
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Law and custom
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Case studies[show]
Acephelous
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African Political Systems
Papuan Big man system
The Art of Not Being Governed
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Non-western state systems
Negara
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Technology, Tradition,
and the State in Africa
Legal systems
Kapu
Colonialism and resistance
Europe and the People
Without History
Cargo cult
Related articles[show]
Circumscription theory
Legal anthropology
Left–right paradigm
State formation
Political economy in anthropology
Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
Major theorists[show]
E. Adamson Hoebel
Georges Balandier
F. G. Bailey
Fredrik Barth
Jeremy Boissevain
Robert L. Carneiro
Henri J. M. Claessen
Jean Comaroff
John Comaroff
Pierre Clastres
E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Wolfgang Fikentscher
Meyer Fortes
Morton Fried
Ernest Gellner
Lesley Gill
Ulf Hannerz
Thomas Blom Hansen
Ted C. Lewellen
Edmund Leach
Ralph Linton
Elizabeth Mertz
Sidney Mintz
Sally Falk Moore
Rodney Needham
Marshall Sahlins
James C. Scott
Elman Service
Aidan Southall
Jonathan Spencer
Bjorn Thomassen
Douglas R. White
Eric Wolf
Social and cultural anthropology
v
t
e
A big man is a highly influential individual in a tribe, especially in Melanesia and Polynesia. Such a person may not have formal tribal or other authority (through for instance material possessions, or inheritance of rights), but can maintain recognition through skilled persuasion and wisdom. The big man has a large group of followers, both from his clan and from other clans. He provides his followers with protection and economic assistance, in return receiving support which he uses to increase his status.
Contents
1 Big man "system"
2 Position
3 System in Papua New Guinea
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Big man "system"[edit]
The American anthropologist Marshall Sahlins has studied the big man phenomenon. In his much-quoted[1] 1963 article "Poor Man, Rich Man, Big Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia", Sahlins uses analytically constructed ideal-types of hierarchy and equality to compare a larger-scale Polynesian-type hierarchical society of chiefs and sub-chiefs with a Melanesian-type big-man system.[2]
The latter consists of segmented lineage groups, locally held together by faction-leaders who compete for power in the social structure of horizontally arranged and principally equal groupings (factions). Here, leadership is not ascribed, but rather gained through action and competition "with other ambitious men".
Position[edit]
Main article: Moka exchange
A big man's position is never secured in an inherited position at the top of a hierarchy, but is always challenged by the different big-men who compete with one another in an ongoing process of reciprocity and re-distribution of material and political resources. As such the big man is subject to a transactional order based on his ability to balance the simultaneously opposing pulls of securing his own renown through distributing resources to other big man groups (thereby spreading the word of his power and abilities) and redistributing resources to the people of his own faction (thereby keeping them content followers of his able leadership).
The big man concept is relatively fluid, and formal authority of such figures is very low to nonexistent. His position is not inherently heritable.
In the Island of Malaita in Solomon Islands the big man system is dying away as westernization is influencing the people,[citation needed] but the big man system can be seen at the political level. Every four years in Solomon Islands' National Elections the system can be clearly seen among the people, especially in the Melanesian Islands.[citation needed]
System in Papua New Guinea[edit]
The first use of the term may be found in the English-translation of Dreissig Jahre in der Sudsee (1907) by Richard Parkinson. The term may be often found in many historical works dealing with Papua New Guinea. Andrew J. Strathern[3] applies the concept of big-men to a community in Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea.
Traditionally, among peoples of non-Austronesian-speaking communities, authority was obtained by a man (the so-called "big man") recognised as "performing most capably in social, political, economic and ceremonial activities".[4] His function was not to command, but to influence his society through his example. He was expected to act as a negotiator with neighbouring groups, and to periodically redistribute food (generally produced by his wives). In this sense, he was seen as ensuring the well-being of his community.
Such a system is still found in many parts of Papua New Guinea, and other parts of Melanesia.
See also[edit]
Moka exchange
Rom baro
Elder (administrative title)
Monarchy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James Whitley ("Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece", The Annual of the British School at Athens 86 (1991:341-365) applied Sahlins' ethnographic model to instability in settlement patterns during the Greek Dark Age, 10th-8th centuries BCE.
Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins (April 1963). "Poor Man, Rich Man, Big Man, Chief; Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia" (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 5 (3): 285–303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Strathern, The Rope of Moka: big-men and ceremonial exchange in Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea (Cambridge, 1971)
Jump up ^ Waiko, John D. (1993). A Short History of Papua New Guinea, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-553164-7, p.9
Further reading[edit]
"The Big Men: Chris Bowler, Ben Smyth, Alex Thomas, and John Zhang." Essay by John Zhang in the 18th issue of Scroop.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_man_(anthropology)&oldid=854579524"
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text:
1980 NFL season
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1980 National Football League season
Regular season
Duration
September 7 – December 22, 1980
Playoffs
Start date
December 28, 1980
AFC Champions
Oakland Raiders
NFC Champions
Philadelphia Eagles
Super Bowl XV
Date
January 25, 1981
Site
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana
Champions
Oakland Raiders
Pro Bowl
Date
February 1, 1981
Site
Aloha Stadium
← 1979
NFL seasons
1981 →
Archie Manning attempting a pass for the New Orleans Saints against the L.A. Rams in 1980.
The 1980 NFL season was the 61st regular season of the National Football League.
Prior to the season in March 1980, fellow NFL owners voted against the proposed move by the Raiders from Oakland, California to Los Angeles. Raider team owner Al Davis along with the Los Angeles Coliseum sued the NFL charging that they had violated antitrust laws. A verdict in the trial would not be decided until before the 1982 NFL season.
Meanwhile, the season ended at Super Bowl XV played on Jan. 25, 1981, in New Orlean, Louisiana, with these same Oakland Raiders defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27-10, making them the first Wild Card team ever to win the Superbowl.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Major rule changes
2 Oakland Raiders announce future move to Los Angeles in defiance of NFL vote
3 Division Races
3.1 National Football Conference
3.2 American Football Conference
4 Final standings
4.1 Tiebreakers
5 Playoffs
6 Statistical leaders
6.1 Team
7 Awards
8 Draft
9 Coaches
9.1 American Football Conference
9.2 National Football Conference
10 Footnotes
11 References
Major rule changes[edit]
A ten-second runoff will be implemented when a team commits the following actions to conserve time within the last minute of either half or overtime (later changed to after the two-minute warning in the 2017 NFL season):
Fouls by either team that prevents the snap (i.e., false start, encroachment, etc.)
Intentional grounding
Illegal forward pass thrown from beyond the line of scrimmage
Throwing a backward pass out of bounds
Spiking or throwing the ball in the field of play after a down has ended, except after a touchdown
Any other intentional foul that causes the clock to stop.
Any excess time-out taken for injuries by either team.
Teams can take a time-out (if available) to prevent the runoff.[2]
Players are prohibited from striking, swinging, or clubbing to the head, face, or neck. The personal foul could be called whether or not the initial contact was made below the neck.
A "Guidelines for Captains" section was added to the rules.
Oakland Raiders announce future move to Los Angeles in defiance of NFL vote[edit]
In 1979, Raider owner Al Davis announced his intention to move the Raiders to Los Angeles. Negotiations between Davis and the Oakland Coliseum regarding potential improvements to the facility came to an end in February 1980. At the NFL's annual meeting on March 10, 1980, team owners voted 22-0 against allowing the move, with the Raiders not participating and five teams abstaining. Davis announced he would ignore the vote and move the team anyway.[3]
The Raiders played the entire 1980 season in Oakland. At a Monday Night Football game against the Denver Broncos on Dec. 1, 1980, Raider fans protested by entering the Oakland Coliseum five minutes after the start of the game and holding up signs stating "Save Our Raiders" at each half's 2-minute warning. By some estimates, “almost two-thirds” of the Coliseum's seats had been empty at the game's kickoff.[3]
The announced move was involved in four lawsuits: the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission sued the NFL charging antitrust violations, the NFL sued the Raiders charging breach of contract, Raider season ticket holders filed a class-action lawsuit, and the City of Oakland filed for eminent domain of the team.[3]
In May 1982, a jury ruled that the NFL had violated antitrust law by attempting to prevent the move. In April 1983, a separate jury awarded the Raiders $35 million in damages.[3]
Division Races[edit]
From 1978 to 1989, ten teams qualified for the playoffs: the winners of each of the divisions, and two wild-card teams in each conference. These are the leaders for each playoff slot, week by week. Teams listed in Week 16 indicate playoff participants.
National Football Conference[edit]
Week
NFC East
NFC Central
NFC West
Wild Card
Wild Card
1 3 teams 1–0 4 teams 1–0 San Francisco 1–0
2 Philadelphia 2–0 Detroit, Tampa Bay 2–0 San Francisco 2–0
3 Philadelphia 3–0 Detroit 3–0 San Francisco 3–0 Dallas, Tampa Bay, Minnesota 2–1
4 Philadelphia, Dallas 3–1 Detroit 4–0 San Francisco 3–1 Philadelphia, Dallas 3–1 4 teams 2–2
5 Philadelphia, Dallas 4–1 Detroit 4–1 San Francisco, Los Angeles, Atlanta 3–2 Philadelphia, Dallas 4–1 San Francisco, Los Angeles, Atlanta 3–2
6 Philadelphia, Dallas 5–1 Detroit 5–1 Los Angeles 4–2 Philadelphia, Dallas 5–1 Minnesota, San Francisco, Atlanta 3–3
7 Philadelphia 6–1 Detroit 5–2 Los Angeles 5–2 Dallas 5–2 Atlanta 4–3
8 Philadelphia 7–1 Detroit 5–3 Los Angeles, Atlanta 5–3 Dallas 6–2 Los Angeles, Atlanta 5–3
9 Philadelphia 8–1 Detroit 6–3 Los Angeles, Atlanta 6–3 Dallas 7–2 Los Angeles, Atlanta 6–3
10 Philadelphia 9–1 Detroit 6–4 Atlanta 7–3 Dallas 7–3 Los Angeles 6–4
11 Philadelphia 10–1 Detroit, Minnesota 6–5 Atlanta 8–3 Dallas 8–3 Los Angeles 7–4
12 Philadelphia 11–1 Detroit 7–5 Atlanta 9–3 Dallas 9–3 Los Angeles 8–4
13 Philadelphia 11–2 Detroit, Minnesota 7–6 Atlanta 10–3 Dallas 10–3 Los Angeles 9–4
14 Philadelphia, Dallas 11–3 Minnesota 8–6 Atlanta 11–3 Philadelphia, Dallas 11–3 Los Angeles 9–5
15 Philadelphia 12–3 Minnesota 9–6 Atlanta 12–3 Dallas 11–4 Los Angeles 10–5
16 Philadelphia 12–4 Minnesota 9–7 Atlanta 12–4 Dallas 12–4 Los Angeles 11–5
American Football Conference[edit]
Week
AFC East
AFC Central
AFC West
Wild Card
Wild Card
1 3 teams 1–0 Pittsburgh 1–0 San Diego, Oakland 1–0
2 Buffalo 2–0 Pittsburgh 2–0 San Diego 2–0
3 Buffalo 3–0 Pittsburgh, Houston 2–1 San Diego 3–0 Pittsburgh, Houston, Miami, New England, Oakland 2–1
4 Buffalo 4–0 Pittsburgh, Houston 3–1 San Diego 4–0 Pittsburgh, Houston, Miami, New England 3–1 Baltimore, Cleveland, Oakland, Seattle 2–2
5 Buffalo 5–0 Pittsburgh 4–1 San Diego 4–1 New England 4–1 Miami, Baltimore, Houston, Seattle 3–2
6 Buffalo, New England 5–1 Pittsburgh 4–2 San Diego 4–2 Buffalo, New England 5–1 Baltimore 4–2
7 New England 6–1 Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Houston 4–3 San Diego 5–2 Buffalo 5–2 6 teams 4–3
8 Buffalo, New England 6–2 Cleveland, Houston 5–3 San Diego, Oakland 5–3 Buffalo, New England 6–2 Cleveland, Houston, San Diego, Oakland 5–3
9 New England 7–2 Cleveland, Houston 6–3 San Diego, Oakland 6–3 Buffalo, Cleveland, Houston, San Diego, Oakland 6–3 Baltimore, Pittsburgh 5–4
10 Buffalo, New England 7–3 Cleveland, Houston 7–3 Oakland 7–3 Buffalo, New England, Cleveland, Houston 7–3 Pittsburgh, San Diego 6–4
11 Buffalo 8–3 Houston 8–3 Oakland 8–3 New England, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, San Diego 7–4 Miami, Baltimore, Denver 6–5
12 Buffalo 9–3 Cleveland, Houston 8–4 San Diego, Oakland 8–4 New England, Cleveland, Houston, San Diego, Oakland 8–4 Pittsburgh, Denver 7–5
13 Buffalo 9–4 Cleveland 9–4 San Diego, Oakland 9–4 San Diego, Oakland 9–4 New England, Pittsburgh, Houston 8–5
14 Buffalo 10–4 Cleveland 10–4 San Diego, Oakland 9–5 San Diego, Oakland, Houston 9–5 New England, Pittsburgh 8–6
15 Buffalo 10–5 Cleveland, Houston 10–5 San Diego, Oakland 10–5 Cleveland, Houston, San Diego, Oakland 10–5 New England, Pittsburgh 9–6
16 Buffalo 11–5 Cleveland 11–5 San Diego 11–5 Oakland 11–5 Houston 11–5
Final standings[edit]
W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT = Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against
AFC East
Team
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
(3) Buffalo Bills 11 5 0 .688 320 260 Details
New England Patriots 10 6 0 .625 441 325 Details
Miami Dolphins 8 8 0 .500 266 305 Details
Baltimore Colts 7 9 0 .438 355 387 Details
New York Jets 4 12 0 .250 302 395 Details
AFC Central
Team
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
(2) Cleveland Browns 11 5 0 .688 357 310 Details
(5) Houston Oilers 11 5 0 .688 295 251 Details
Pittsburgh Steelers 9 7 0 .563 352 313 Details
Cincinnati Bengals 6 10 0 .375 244 312 Details
AFC West
Team
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
(1) San Diego Chargers 11 5 0 .688 418 327 Details
(4) Oakland Raiders 11 5 0 .688 364 306 Details
Kansas City Chiefs 8 8 0 .500 319 336 Details
Denver Broncos 8 8 0 .500 310 323 Details
Seattle Seahawks 4 12 0 .250 291 408 Details
NFC East
Team
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
(2) Philadelphia Eagles 12 4 0 .750 384 222 Details
(4) Dallas Cowboys 12 4 0 .750 454 311 Details
Washington Redskins 6 10 0 .375 261 293 Details
St. Louis Cardinals 5 11 0 .313 299 350 Details
New York Giants 4 12 0 .250 249 425 Details
NFC Central
Team
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
(3) Minnesota Vikings 9 7 0 .563 317 308 Details
Detroit Lions 9 7 0 .563 334 272 Details
Chicago Bears 7 9 0 .438 304 264 Details
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5 10 1 .344 271 341 Details
Green Bay Packers 5 10 1 .344 231 371 Details
NFC West
Team
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
(1) Atlanta Falcons 12 4 0 .750 405 272 Details
(5) Los Angeles Rams 11 5 0 .688 424 289 Details
San Francisco 49ers 6 10 0 .375 320 415 Details
New Orleans Saints 1 15 0 .063 291 487 Details
Tiebreakers[edit]
Cleveland finished ahead of Houston in the AFC Central based on better conference record (8–4 to Oilers' 7–5).
San Diego finished ahead of Oakland in the AFC West based on better net points in division games (plus 60 net points to Raiders' plus 37).
San Diego was the top AFC playoff seed based on better conference record than Cleveland and Buffalo (9–3 to Browns' 8–4 and Bills' 8–4).
Cleveland was the second AFC playoff seed based on better record against common opponents (5–2 to Bills' 5–3).
Oakland was the first AFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Houston (9–3 to Oilers' 7–5).
Kansas City finished ahead of Denver in the AFC West based on head-to-head sweep (2–0).
Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games (plus 84 net points to Cowboys' plus 50).
Atlanta was the top NFC playoff seed based on head-to-head victory over Philadelphia (1–0).
Minnesota finished ahead of Detroit in the NFC Central based on better conference record (8–4 to Lions' 9–5).
Tampa Bay finished ahead of Green Bay in the NFC Central based on better head-to-head record (1–0–1 to Packers' 0–1–1).
Playoffs[edit]
Main article: 1980–81 NFL playoffs
NOTE: The San Diego Chargers (the AFC 1 seed) did not play the Oakland Raiders (the 4 seed) in the Divisional playoff round because both teams were in the same division.
Divisional Playoffs
Jan. 4 – Cleveland Stadium
AFC Wild Card Game AFC Championship
4 Oakland 14
Dec. 28 – Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Jan. 11 – Jack Murphy Stadium
2* Cleveland 12
5 Houston 7 4 Oakland 34
Jan. 3 – Jack Murphy Stadium
4 Oakland 27 1 San Diego 27 Super Bowl XV
3 Buffalo 14
Jan. 25 – Louisiana Superdome
1* San Diego 20
A4 Oakland 27
Jan. 4 – Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
NFC Wild Card Game NFC Championship N2 Philadelphia 10
4 Dallas 30
Dec. 28 – Texas Stadium Jan. 11 – Veterans Stadium
1 Atlanta 27
5 Los Angeles 13 4 Dallas 7
Jan. 3 – Veterans Stadium
4 Dallas 34 2 Philadelphia 20
3 Minnesota 16
2 Philadelphia 31
This box:
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talk
edit
Statistical leaders[edit]
Team[edit]
Points scored Dallas Cowboys (454)
Total yards gained San Diego Chargers (6,410)
Yards rushing Los Angeles Rams (2,799)
Yards passing San Diego Chargers (4,531)
Fewest points allowed Philadelphia Eagles (222)
Fewest total yards allowed Buffalo Bills (4,101)
Fewest rushing yards allowed Detroit Lions (1,599)
Fewest passing yards allowed Washington Redskins (2,171)
Awards[edit]
Most Valuable Player Brian Sipe, Quarterback, Cleveland
Coach of the Year Chuck Knox, Buffalo
Offensive Player of the Year Earl Campbell, Running back, Houston Oilers
Defensive Player of the Year Lester Hayes, Cornerback, Oakland
Offensive Rookie of the Year Billy Sims, Running back, Detroit
Defensive Rookie of the Year Buddy Curry & Al Richardson, Linebackers, Atlanta
Draft[edit]
The 1980 NFL Draft was held from April 29 to 30, 1980 at New York City's Sheraton Hotel. With the first pick, the Detroit Lions selected running back Billy Sims from the University of Oklahoma.
Coaches[edit]
American Football Conference[edit]
Baltimore Colts: Mike McCormack
Buffalo Bills: Chuck Knox
Cincinnati Bengals: Forrest Gregg
Cleveland Browns: Sam Rutigliano
Denver Broncos: Red Miller
Houston Oilers: Bum Phillips
Miami Dolphins: Don Shula
Kansas City Chiefs: Marv Levy
New England Patriots: Ron Erhardt
New York Jets: Walt Michaels
Oakland Raiders: Tom Flores
Pittsburgh Steelers: Chuck Noll
San Diego Chargers: Don Coryell
Seattle Seahawks: Jack Patera
National Football Conference[edit]
Atlanta Falcons: Leeman Bennett
Chicago Bears: Neill Armstrong
Dallas Cowboys: Tom Landry
Detroit Lions: Monte Clark
Green Bay Packers: Bart Starr
Los Angeles Rams: Ray Malavasi
Minnesota Vikings: Bud Grant
New Orleans Saints: Dick Nolan (12 games) and Dick Stanfel (4 games)
New York Giants: Ray Perkins
Philadelphia Eagles: Dick Vermeil
San Francisco 49ers: Bill Walsh
St. Louis Cardinals: Jim Hanifan
Tampa Bay Buccaneers: John McKay
Washington Redskins: Jack Pardee
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "NFL.com: Super Bowl XV Recap". Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (First ed.). 1997. p. 1585. ISBN 0-06-270170-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Raiders fans reliving the Los Angeles nightmare, The Press Democrat, Phil Barber, Dec. 14, 2015.
References[edit]
NFL Record and Fact Book (ISBN 1-932994-36-X)
NFL History 1971–1980 (Last accessed December 4, 2005)
Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (ISBN 0-06-270174-6)
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List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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List of Audrey Hepburn's awards
Hepburn as Princess Ann in Roman Holiday (1953), her first major starring role and one of her most critically acclaimed
Award
Wins Nominations
Academy Awards
1 5
BAFTA Awards
3 5
Emmy Awards, Primetime
1 1
Golden Globe Awards
2 10
Grammy Awards
1 1
Screen Actors Guild Awards
1 1
Tony Awards
1 1
Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken-word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five-times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968.
Post-humously, Hepburn also received a number of awards and honors, including a Primetime Emmy Award for her television series Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn, while her contributions to a spoken-word recording titled Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales earned her a Grammy Award. Hepburn stands as one of few entertainers who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. She has been honored on United States postage stamps, and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The American Film Institute has repeatedly recognized her talent, placing Hepburn third on its list of the top 100 female stars of all time and placing several of the films she starred in on its 100 best... lists.
Contents
1 Awards and nominations
1.1 Academy Awards
1.2 BAFTA Awards
1.3 Emmy Awards (Primetime)
1.4 Golden Globe Awards
1.5 Grammy Awards
1.6 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
1.7 Screen Actors Guild Awards
1.8 Tony Awards
1.9 Other arts recognition
2 Humanitarian recognition
3 Style recognition
4 Other honours
5 References
Awards and nominations[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are presented annually by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry. Hepburn was nominated for five competitive awards, winning once. In addition, she was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award post-humously. Hepburn's son Sean H. Ferrer accepted the award on her behalf.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1954 Roman Holiday Best Actress Won
1955 Sabrina Nominated
1960 The Nun's Story Nominated
1962 Breakfast at Tiffany's Nominated
1968 Wait Until Dark Nominated
Non-competitive awards
1993 N/A Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Recipient
BAFTA Awards[edit]
The BAFTA Awards, presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is an annual awards show to celebrate excellence in film, television, television craft, video games, and forms of animation. Hepburn was nominated five times for a competitive award, winning three. In addition, she was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1954 Roman Holiday Best British Actress Won
1955 Sabrina Nominated
1957 War and Peace Nominated
1960 The Nun's Story Won
1965 Charade Won
Non-competitive awards
1992 N/A BAFTA Special Award Recipient
Emmy Awards (Primetime)[edit]
The Primetime Emmy Awards, presented by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), honor American prime time television entertainment. Hepburn was the recipient of one Emmy Award post-humously.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1993 Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming Won
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
The Golden Globe Awards are presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) to recognize outstanding achievements in the entertainment industry, both domestic and foreign, and to focus wide public attention upon the best in motion pictures and television. Hepburn was a 10-time nominee, winning twice. In addition, she received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1954 Roman Holiday Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Won
1955 N/A Henrietta Award for World Film Favorite – Female Won
1957 War and Peace Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated
1958 Love in the Afternoon Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated
1960 The Nun's Story Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated
1962 Breakfast at Tiffany's Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated
1964 Charade Nominated
1965 My Fair Lady Nominated
1968 Two for the Road Nominated
1968 Wait Until Dark Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated
Non-competitive awards
1990 N/A Cecil B. DeMille Award Recipient
Grammy Awards[edit]
The Grammy Awards are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry. Hepburn won one Grammy Award post-humously.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1994 Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales Best Spoken Word Album for Children Won
New York Film Critics Circle Awards[edit]
The New York Film Critics' Circle Awards are given annually to honor excellence in cinema worldwide by an organization of film reviewers from New York City-based publications. Hepburn won two of her six competitive nominations.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1953 Roman Holiday Best Actress Won
1955 Sabrina Nominated
1957 Love in the Afternoon Nominated
1959 The Nun's Story Won
1964 My Fair Lady Nominated
1968 Wait Until Dark Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]
The Screen Actors Guild Awards, presented by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), recognize outstanding performances by its members. Hepburn was the recipient of a post-humous Life Achievement Award.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1993 N/A Life Achievement Award Won
Tony Awards[edit]
The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American theatre and are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League. Hepburn won one competitive Tony Award, and was the recipient of the Special Tony Award in 1968.
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
1954 Ondine Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Won
Non-competitive awards
1968 N/A Special Tony Award Recipient
Other arts recognition[edit]
In recognition of her work in the performing arts, besides those awards aforementioned, Hepburn received several other honors. In 1987, she was awarded the Commander of the National French Order of Arts and Letters (French: Commandeur de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres) [1] and was a Gala Film Tribute honoree. In 1991, she received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award, an honorary Bambi Award, and was an Honoree at both the Film Society of Lincoln Center's Gala Tribute and the USA Film Festival's Master Screen. Then, in 1992, Hepburn was awarded The George Eastman Award,[2] given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. She was post-humously awarded the 1996 Women in Film's Crystal Award for her efforts in expanding the role of women within the entertainment industry.[3]
Humanitarian recognition[edit]
In recognition of her humanitarian work, Hepburn received the following honors:
1976
Variety Club of New York's Humanitarian Award
1988
UNICEF's International Danny Kaye Award for Children
1989
Institute for Human Understanding's International Humanitarian Award
1990
UNICEF's seventh annual ball honored Hepburn
1991
Washington UNICEF Council's Children's Champion Award
Certificate of Merit for UNICEF Ambassadorship
Variety Clubs International's Humanitarian Award
UNICEF's Sidaci per L'infanzia" (Mayors for Children) Award
Children's Institute International's Champion of Children Award
Sigma Theta Tau International Audrey Hepburn Award named after Hepburn, given to individuals in recognition for their international work on behalf of children
1992
Honorary Chair and Speaker at Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Awards held at Brown University
UNICEF Presidential Medal of Freedom
1993
The Pearl S. Buck Foundation's Women's Award
2000
Women's International Center's Living Legacy Award for "stunning contributions to humanity and enduring legacies given to humankind"
2002
Bronze sculpture entitled "The Spirit of Audrey", by sculptor John Kennedy, installed at the public plaza at UNICEF headquarters in New York
2006
Sustainable Style Foundation inaugurated the Style & Substance Award in honour of Audrey Hepburn to recognize high-profile individuals who work to improve the quality of life for children around the world (the award was given to Hepburn post-humously and received by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund)
Style recognition[edit]
Hepburn was one of only two people to wear the Tiffany Diamond[4] (the other being Sheldon Whitehouse)
Hepburn was a member of the International Best Dressed List and was elevated into its Hall of Fame in 1961
Included in People's "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" in 1990
Received the Council of Fashion Designers of America's Lifetime of Style Award in 1992
Other honours[edit]
Hepburn's handprints in front of The Great Movie Ride at Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
Hepburn's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1652 Vine Street.
She received 'The Key to the City' in five American cities: Chicago and Indianapolis in 1990; Fort Worth, Texas in 1991; and San Francisco and Providence, Rhode Island in 1992.
In 1990, she was honored with a new hybrid tulip in her name as a tribute to the actress's career and to her longtime work on behalf of UNICEF, according to the Netherlands Flowerbulb Information Center.[5] An official dedication ceremony took place at her family’s former mansion Huis Doorn in Doorn, Netherlands.[6]
In 1991 she was honored with a rose in her name. The rose was bred by Jerry F. Twomey at Leucadia, California.[7]
"Audrey Hepburn Day" was proclaimed on 28 February 1991 by the mayor of Fort Worth, Texas, and on 10 April 1992 by the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island.
She received the UNICEF Presidential Medal of Freedom[8][9] in 1992.
In 2003, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp illustrated by Michael J. Deas[10] honouring her as a Hollywood legend and humanitarian. It has a drawing of her which is based on a publicity photo from the movie Sabrina. Hepburn is one of the few non-Americans to be so honoured.
In 2008, Canada Post issued a series of pre-paid postcards based on the work of Yousuf Karsh, one of which was a portrait of Hepburn.[11]
In Arnhem There is a square named after Audrey Hepburn.
KLM named a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 PH-KCE, Audrey Hepburn in her honour.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2012-02-26. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "Eastman House award recipients · George Eastman House". 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.wif.org/crystal+lucy2011/orders/
Jump up ^ "Bejeweled by Tiffany". Modernsilver.com. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
Jump up ^ "White tulip named after screen star Audrey Hepburn". Deseret News. 1990-07-15. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Audrey Hepburn tulip dedication ceremony". Youtube.com. 1990. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Audrey Hepburn Rose". helpmefind.com. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF People: Audrey Hepburn". United Nations. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ caulley, Stephanie (2006-02-15). "CongressionalGoldMedal.com – Exclusive information on the congressional medal, medal histories, biographies, and more". Retrieved 2006-10-28. The first award is the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor – more commonly known as the Congressional Gold Medal – the nation's highest and most distinguished civilian award.
Jump up ^ Deas, Michael J. "Michael Deas: Illustrations and Portraits". Retrieved 2006-10-23. Michael has created sixteen commemorative postage stamps for the U.S. Postal Service, including three of the best-selling stamps in U.S. history: James Dean (1996), Marilyn Monroe (1995), and Audrey Hepburn (2003).
Jump up ^ Yousuf Karsh – Canada Post
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