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Gurren Lagann
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"Lagann" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Lagaan.
Gurren Lagann
Cover for the Japanese complete Blu-ray box set release, showing all four forms of the titular mecha. Front to back: Gurren Lagann; Arc Gurren Lagann; Super Galaxy Gurren Lagann; Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann
天元突破グレンラガン
(Tengen Toppa Guren Ragan)
Genre
Action-adventure, Comedy-drama, Mecha
Anime television series
Directed by
Hiroyuki Imaishi
Produced by
Eiichi Kamagata
Takami Akai
Yasuhiro Takeda
Written by
Kazuki Nakashima
Music by
Taku Iwasaki
Studio
Gainax
Licensed by
AUS
Madman Entertainment
NA
Aniplex of America
UK
Anime Limited
Original network
TXN (TV Tokyo), BS Japan, AT-X
English network
AU
C31
CA
Super Channel
NA
Neon Alley
SA
Animax Asia
SEA
Animax Asia
US
Syfy, Adult Swim (Toonami)[1]
Original run
April 1, 2007 – September 30, 2007
Episodes
27 (List of episodes)
Manga
Written by
Kazuki Nakashima
Illustrated by
Kotaro Mori
Published by
ASCII Media Works
English publisher
NA
Bandai Entertainment
Demographic
Shōnen
Magazine
Dengeki Comic Gao! (former)
Dengeki Daioh
Original run
June 2007 – July 2013
Volumes
10
Light novel
Written by
Kurasumi Sunayama
Illustrated by
Hiroki Shinagawa
Published by
Shogakukan
Demographic
Male
Imprint
Gagaga Bunko
Original run
August 17, 2007 – December 19, 2008
Volumes
4
Game
Developer
Konami
Publisher
Konami
Platform
Nintendo DS
Released
October 25, 2007
Manga
Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann: Gurren Gakuen-hen
Written by
Ashi Zaitsu
Illustrated by
Kabao Kikkawa
Published by
Kadokawa Shoten
Demographic
Seinen
Magazine
Comp Ace
Original run
August 26, 2008 – January 26, 2009
Volumes
1
Anime film
Gurren Lagann The Movie: Childhood's End
Directed by
Hiroyuki Imaishi
Studio
Gainax
Licensed by
AUS
Madman Entertainment
NA
Aniplex of America
Released
September 6, 2008
Runtime
112 minutes
Anime film
Gurren Lagann The Movie: The Lights in the Sky are Stars
Directed by
Hiroyuki Imaishi
Studio
Gainax
Licensed by
AUS
Madman Entertainment
NA
Aniplex of America
Released
April 25, 2009
Runtime
126 minutes
Anime and Manga portal
Gurren Lagann, known in Japan as Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann (天元突破グレンラガン, Tengen Toppa Guren Ragan, lit. "Pierce the Heavens, Gurren Lagann"), is a Japanese mecha anime television series animated by Gainax and co-produced by Aniplex and Konami. It ran for 27 episodes on Japan's TV Tokyo between April 1, 2007, and September 30, 2007. It was directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi, written by veteran playwright Kazuki Nakashima, and had been in development since the participation of the famed animator in the Abenobashi mecha-themed episodes by the same studio. Gurren Lagann takes place in a fictional future where Earth is ruled by the Spiral King, Lordgenome, who forces mankind to live in isolated subterranean villages. The plot focuses on two teenagers living in a subterranean village, Simon and Kamina, who wish to go to the surface. Using a mecha known as Lagann, Simon and Kamina reach the surface and start fighting alongside other humans against Lordgenome's forces.
In North America, although initially announced to be licensed by ADV Films in 2007, the license was transferred to Bandai Entertainment in 2008[2] and then transferred to Aniplex of America in 2013. In the United Kingdom, it was licensed by Manga Entertainment in 2007, then transferred to Beez Entertainment in 2008, and then transferred to Anime Limited in 2013. The Sci Fi Channel acquired the broadcasting rights of Gurren Lagann and began airing the anime on July 28, 2008, as part of Sci Fi's Ani-Monday anime block.[3][4] The anime won several awards at the Tokyo International Anime Fair[5] and the Animation Kobe[6] and Japan Media Arts Festivals.[7]
A manga adaptation was published by ASCII Media Works between 2007 and 2013. Bandai Entertainment licensed the manga and released it in English in North America. A series of four light novels was published by Shogakukan between 2007 and 2008. A Nintendo DS video game was released in October 2007, bundled with a special episode of the anime series.[8] Two animated film versions were produced; the first premiered in Japanese theaters on September 6, 2008, and the second premiered on April 25, 2009.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Story
1.2 Main characters
2 Production
2.1 Influences
2.2 Conflicts
3 Media
3.1 Anime series
3.1.1 Music
3.2 Manga
3.3 Video games
3.4 Anime films
4 Reception
4.1 Western critical reception
4.2 Awards
4.3 Popular culture
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Story[edit]
Gurren Lagann takes place in a future where Earth is ruled by the Spiral King, Lordgenome, who forces mankind to live in isolated subterranean villages. These villages have no contact with the surface world or other villages and are under constant threat of earthquakes. Selected villagers called diggers are conscripted to expand their homes deeper underground. Simon, a meek young digger ostracized by his peers, finds solace in his best friend and older brother figure, an eccentric delinquent named Kamina. Kamina encourages Simon to join his gang, Team Gurren, to help him achieve his dream of visiting the surface world. One day, Simon unearths a drill-shaped key called a Core Drill, followed by a small mecha resembling a face called a Gunmen.[10][11] Shortly thereafter, a huge Gunmen crashes through the ceiling and begins attacking the village, followed by a girl named Yoko, who attempts to repel the Gunmen. Simon uses his Core Drill to activate the smaller Gunmen (which Kamina names Lagann), and it is used to destroy the larger Gunmen and break through to the surface world.
Simon and Kamina learn from Yoko that humans on the surface are attacked each day by Gunmen piloted by beastmen, humanoid creatures who serve as Lordgenome's army. Kamina hijacks a Gunmen and names him Gurren, combining him with Lagann to form the mecha Gurren Lagann. Their actions inspire other humans to steal their own Gunmen and join Team Gurren, which makes Kamina rename it Team Dai-Gurren. Eventually Team Dai-Gurren captures an enemy Gunmen fortress to use as their base of operations, though Kamina is killed in the preceding battle by one of Lordgenome's four generals. Rossiu, a boy from another village, takes over the job of piloting Gurren, but Kamina's death causes Simon to sink into depression until he meets Nia, Lordgenome's daughter. Team Dai-Gurren is initially distrustful of her but allows her to join when it becomes apparent that she was abandoned by her father, like many who came before her. Nia helps Simon come to terms with Kamina's death, and the rest of Team Dai-Gurren prompt him to take up the role as the team's leader, leading them and other humans, who captured other Gunmen and Gunmen fortresses, to Lordgenome's palace. As the palace itself turns out to be a gigantic Gunmen called the Lazengann and launches armies of other Gunmen, the human forces hold them off while Simon, Nia, and Rossiu pilot Gurren Lagann against Lordgenome, who fights them in a similar Gunmen. When both Gunmen are damaged, he himself fights Simon in Lagann with his bare hands. Lordgenome emerges victorious, until Simon uses his Core Drill to defeat him once and for all.
Over the next seven years, mankind prospers on the surface world with Simon and the members of Team Dai-Gurren serving as the world's government. As soon as the world's population reaches one million people, an alien race called the Anti-Spirals emerges and uses Nia to announce the Moon's collision with Earth, which will wipe out all life on the planet and prevent them from evolving to such an extent that they will risk destroying the universe in a cataclysmic event called the Spiral Nemesis. With guidance from Lordgenome resurrected as a bio-computer, who was once part of an intergalactic group of warriors who fought the Anti-Spirals and had hidden mankind underground to protect them from the Anti-Spirals, and with help from Viral, an old enemy of Simon who pilots Gurren, Simon, Gurren Lagann and Team Dai-Gurren prevent the Moon's collision, revealing it to be Lordgenome's flagship that was reprogrammed by the Anti-Spirals. Using it, they retrieve the real Moon from the pocket dimension where the Anti-Spirals had hidden it and go to the Anti-Spiral homeworld, where after significant loss, they rescue Nia, and after a battle that spans the universe, Simon in Lagann finally destroys the Anti-Spirals. This, however, causes Nia to fade away and die as her own existence is tied to that of the Anti-Spirals. Simon, finding his life in battle over, hands his Core Drill over to Gimmy and spends the rest of his life wandering the planet as a nameless vagrant.
In the epilogue, twenty years have passed since the team’s victory over the Anti-Spirals. With many of Team Dai-Gurren retired, it is up to the new generations of pilots to prevent the Spiral Nemesis and ensure the safety of the universe. Other races across the galaxy, freed from the Anti-Spirals, contacts Earth. President Rossiu of Kamina City joins forces with them and during the twenty years, he created the Galactic Spiral Peace Conference. Yoko, now as Miss Yomako, becomes the principal of the small school she was at during her seven years absence from the team. One of her students becomes a representative the galaxy in the Grapearl Squadron. Gimmy, along with Darry and Simon’s Core Drill, become the new pilots of Gurren Lagann. Viral becomes the captain of the Super Galaxy Dai-Gurren and an emissary for Earth. Nia’s grave and the wedding ring are placed next to Kamina’s grave. Simon, still living as Simon the Digger, watches over them as many Grapearls are seen flying over Kamina City.
Main characters[edit]
Main article: List of Gurren Lagann characters
Simon (シモン, Shimon)
Voiced by: Tetsuya Kakihara (Japanese); Yuri Lowenthal (English)
Simon is the main protagonist of Gurren Lagann. He is introduced as a fourteen-year-old digger from Giha village who is looked down upon by many of his peers for his timid and weak character. He greatly admires Kamina, one of his few friends in the village, and refers to him as his brother despite them not being related by blood. Simon spends much of the first quarter of the series following after Kamina, but gradually acquires his own fighting spirit and determination over the course of the series, acting on his own more often until his personality mirrors that of Kamina. His discovery of the Core Drill and the Gunmen Lagann are what set the events of the series in motion. Throughout the series, Simon primarily pilots Lagann, which is capable of producing drills from any part of his body when he reacts to Simon's Spiral energy. He uses this ability to combine with Kamina's Gunmen, Gurren, to form Gurren Lagann. He can also take control of other Gunmen using this ability.
Team Dai-Gurren
Kamina (カミナ)
Voiced by: Katsuyuki Konishi (Japanese); Kyle Hebert (English)
Kamina is a refractory youth from Giha village who dreams of leaving his underground home and going to the surface world, which he saw as a child. His extremely passionate and self-confident personality causes him to act as a foil for the more timid and weak-willed Simon, and serves to instill courage within Simon. His actions greatly influence the entire series, as he forms Team Dai-Gurren and acts as his leader to combat the threat of Lordgenome and the beastmen. Early in the series, Kamina hijacks a Gunmen he names Gurren, which he pilots while combined with Simon's Lagann to form Gurren Lagann.
Yoko Littner (ヨーコ・リットナー, Yōko Rittonā)
Voiced by: Marina Inoue (Japanese); Michelle Ruff (English)
Yoko is a young woman from Littner, a village neighboring Giha, and is introduced as a member of a small resistance against the beastmen. She helps introduce Simon and Kamina to the surface world, and becomes a member of Team Gurren soon after. She falls in love with Kamina early in the series, and thinks little of Simon until he begins showing signs of self-confidence. After Kamina's death, she tries to help Simon cope and forms a sisterly relationship with him. Instead of piloting a Gunmen, she wields a high-powered energy rifle and uses her superb marksmanship and wise counsel to help her teammates.
Nia Teppelin (ニア・テッペリン, Nia Tepperin)
Voiced by: Yukari Fukui (Japanese); Hynden Walch (young), Bridget Hoffman (English)
Nia is a major character introduced later on in the series. Having lived a sheltered life as the daughter of Lordgenome, the main antagonist of the first half of the series, she is ignorant of the war between the humans and Lordgenome until she is abandoned by her father and discovered by Simon. She is a very polite and naive girl who is curious about the world, and acts as a soothing influence for Simon following his depression caused by Kamina's death. The two fall in love and become engaged at the start of the second half of the series, after which she is discovered to be an agent of the Anti-Spirals. During this time, Nia is taken over by a cold and uncaring personality called "Messenger Nia" and forced to fight Simon against her will until Simon rescues her. Because her existence is tied with that of the Anti-Spirals, however, she fades away with them after they are defeated, but keeps herself alive long enough to marry Simon.
Production[edit]
Gurren Lagann was first announced in July 2006 with Aniplex and Konami assisting Gainax in its making. Konami director Koichi Natsume suggested possibilities of the series getting multiple sequels.[12] The series was directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi who was a fan of the mecha genre, having previously done animation work for Neon Genesis Evangelion, and ever since he started working he had wanted to work in a mecha series.[13] After working on Re: Cutey Honey with Kazuki Nakashima, Imaishi appointed him as the writer, believing him to be the best choice. Imaishi was surprised with how much material Nakashima could condense into 27 episodes. Imaishi had finished writing the main storyline long before the reaching the end which facilitated the staff in making the episodes.[13] According to Gainax president Hiroyuki Yamaga the series was in planning phases for a long time. Producer Yasuhiro Takeda used the time to research how would the characters live underground although this aspect is briefly used. Once the series started production, the team did not have much time to research materials.[14]
In contrast to other popular series, Imaishi decided to include drills as the robot's main weapons despite its impact on the suspension of disbelief.[13] Imaishi also wanted the series to only have robots. The robots were made organic so that they would be easier to animate.[14] Nevertheless, animating episode 15 was challenging to the staff due to the amount of shots it required. Its animator Sushio called himself the "super animator" for his work.[15] Deciding the design of the Gurren Lagann was complicated since it was the basis for the other mechas appearing in the story.[15]
In the making of the series, the team wanted to focus more on the underground life and Simon's imprisonment but their ideas could not be used.[15] In the eighth episode Kamina dies in order to provide Simon character development and make him become the main character.[13] Simon's development kept on going until the final arc when staff planned ideas to make him surpass Kamina. The ending was written to finalize Simon's growth and not leave signs of a sequel. The finale had the pre-planned tragic event of Nia's death which left several staff members saddened. While the staff acknowledged how people were not satisfied with the sad conclusion, they noted that there were still issues that made her survival difficult for the characters.[16] Once the series ended, Yamaga had the idea of releasing a film that retells the events of the series to expand the audience.[14]
Influences[edit]
In an interview, the writer Kazuki Nakashima cites Ken Ishikawa, co-creator of Getter Robo, as one of Gurren Lagann's influences.[17] Gurren Lagann occasionally pays homage to Ishikawa's Getter Robo, particularly towards the end of the series, where the scale becomes absurd, with the robots steadily becoming bigger and bigger, much like Getter Robo more specifically, the manga version of Getter Robo Go. The final enemy also bears a striking resemblance to La Gooth of Records of Nothingness, another work by Ishikawa.[18] Nakashima, however, wanted to conclude the story of Gurren Lagann in a more reasonable fashion than what Ishikawa usually does in his works.[17] According to Jason Green from Anime News Network, the anime was influenced by previous Gainax anime, particularly in the character development of the protagonist Simon, who goes through three stages in his character development during the three arcs of the series. Each of these stages in his development were influenced by protagonists from several previous Gainax anime: Shinji Ikari from the Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise, Noriko Takaya from Gunbuster, and Ken Kubo from Otaku no Video.[19] The animation on the show pays special tribute to the animation and character designs of Yoshinori Kanada.
Conflicts[edit]
Takami Akai, the producer of the series and a co-founder of Gainax, announced that he would resign his position effective episode five, which aired on April 29, 2007, over comments that he made regarding posts on the Japanese textboard 2channel. Akai and another Gainax employee, Keiko Mimori, made disparaging remarks about comments criticizing the animation style of the fourth episode of Gurren Lagann, which was completely directed by guest and friend Osamu Kobayashi. With regard to reading the fan criticisms, Akai stated that it was "like putting [his] face next to an anus and breathing deeply." Fans later became aware of his comments, and he announced his departure from the company he helped found.[20]
As a result of the series airing at a child-friendly time slot, the staff members had problems with episode 6. Although that episode had a subplot involving peeking into the women's bath, the television stations believed it was suitable when reading the script. After seeing the finished episode, the station said that it could not be aired, and a revised version of the episode was produced.[15]
Media[edit]
Anime series[edit]
See also: List of Gurren Lagann episodes
Produced by the animation studio Gainax and directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi, Gurren Lagann aired in Japan on TXN stations between April 1 and September 30, 2007. The anime has 27 episodes plus two specials, the first being the uncensored version of the sixth episode, and the second is episode 5.5, a bonus that came with the Nintendo DS game.
The English version had been previously licensed by ADV Films, but was later acquired by Bandai Entertainment. A subtitle-only version was released in three volumes in July 2008, and an official English dub with the first two volumes released on November 18, 2008 called "Gurren Lagann Set 01".[citation needed] The show premiered on the Sci Fi Channel on July 28, 2008 as part of Sci Fi's Ani-Monday anime block, airing two episodes each week (and three the final week).[3] The European distribution branch of Bandai, Beez Entertainment, distributed the series in the UK and Europe but has gone out of print since January, 2012.[21] In 2013, Anime Limited announced that they have the distribution license for Gurren Lagann on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK. In 2014, they released a limited Blu-ray Ultimate Edition on October 20, 2014, featuring the entire series, both film adaptations and the complete Parallel Works series, as well as a hardcover artbook. A standard edition Blu-ray containing the complete series was also released on the same day with the DVD release following later that year.[22] The English version also aired on Animax across its English-language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia starting on May 22, 2009. It was broadcast in Italy on Rai 4 between September 24, 2009 and April 1, 2010. Aniplex of America re-released the series in a limited edition DVD box set on May 9, 2013. A Blu-ray Disc box set, which includes both the television series and the two film adaptations, was released on June 26, 2013.[23] Adult Swim began airing the series in English as part of the Toonami block on August 16, 2014.
Music[edit]
Taku Iwasaki composed the show's main background music. Four theme songs are used for the episodes; one opening theme and three ending themes. The opening theme is "Sorairo Days" (空色デイズ, Sorairo Deizu, lit. "Sky-Blue Days") by Shoko Nakagawa. Starting from episode 17, the second verse and chorus was used, as compared to the first verse and chorus used in the previous episodes. For episodes 1 through 15 the ending theme is "Underground" by High Voltage. "Happily Ever After" by Shoko Nakagawa was used in episode 16. "Minna no Peace" (みんなのピース, Minna no Pīsu, "Everyone's Peace") by Afromania was used for episodes 17 to 27.
Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann Character Song was released on July 25, 2007, by Aniplex, including image songs by the main voice cast, with songs sung by Tetsuya Kakihara (Simon), Katsuyuki Konishi (Kamina), and Marina Inoue (Yoko), the latter of which is a playable song in Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2. In addition, several music compilation albums have been released, most consisting of background music.
Manga[edit]
The Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann manga, illustrated by Kotaro Mori, started serialization in the June 2007 issue of MediaWorks' magazine Dengeki Comic Gao!. The manga ended serialization in Dengeki Comic Gao! with the April 2008 issue when the magazine was discontinued, but continued serialization in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine Dengeki Daioh with the June 2008 issue and continued until the July 2013 issue. Ten tankōbon volumes were published between September 27, 2007 and June 27, 2013 in Japan under ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Comics imprint. Bandai Entertainment licensed the manga and released an English translation of the first six volumes in North America.[24] The manga follows the same basic story as the anime, although there are some changes to the order of events, and the addition of character backstories that had been cut from the anime, such as the relationship between Dayakka and Kiyoh.
A spin-off manga entitled Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann: Gurren Gakuen-hen (天元突破グレンラガン −紅蓮学園篇−) was serialized in Comp Ace between August 26, 2008 and January 26, 2009; a single tankōbon volume was released on March 26, 2009. The manga takes the characters from the original story and puts them in a school in a parallel world. In the manga, Simon attends Dai-Gurren Academy (ダイグレン学園, Dai Guren Gakuen) with his friend Kamina, and childhood friend Yoko. Simon, who lives in a run down apartment building, wishes for a normal life, and meets the mysterious Nia one day when she trips down the stairs. She immediately takes a liking to Simon and declares him her husband. Kamina finds another "aniki" in Nia, who shares his hot-blooded style. She enrolls in Dai-Gurren Academy, and all three must deal with the threat of students from Teppelin Academy, who wish to bring Nia back to her father, the principal. Another spin-off manga titled Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann 4-koma Kingdom: Yoko no Oheso-hen (天元突破グレンラガン4コマKINGDOM ヨーコのおヘソ編, Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann 4-panel Kingdom: Yoko's Belly Button Chapter) was published by Futabasha in 2008 as a compilation of various short stories.
Video games[edit]
An online video game was developed by Konami called Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann Chōzetsu Hakkutsu ONLINE (天元突破グレンラガン 超絶発掘ONLINE, literally "Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann: Superior Excavation Online"). Beta testing had ended on April 16, 2007. The player takes up the role of a driller and drills for treasures in first person view. There is a shop to purchase drills—the shopkeeper is an original character named Asaki. The player can also collect digital trading cards. The game was canceled at the closed beta stage, as installing the game crashed Windows indefinitely. Konami even had to send out 500GB external hard drives to beta users so that they could back up files while reinstalling their operating systems.[25][26]
A game for the Nintendo DS was released October 25, 2007, not only featuring the characters from the series, but also containing a special episode set in the early stages of the story as a pre-order bonus. In June 2010, Gainax re-acquired the video game rights to the series from Konami, which allowed Banpresto to include it in the latest installment of its storied Super Robot Wars franchise, 2nd Super Robot Wars Z: Destruction Chapter, released in April 2011.
A Pachislot game based on the anime teased by Konami was later released in February 2016.[27][28]
Anime films[edit]
An animated film entitled Gurren Lagann the Movie: Childhood's End (劇場版 天元突破グレンラガン 紅蓮篇, Gekijōban Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann Gurren-hen, Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann The Movie: The Crimson Lotus Chapter), once again directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi, and written by Kazuki Nakashima, was produced by Gainax and released on September 6, 2008 in Japanese theaters and the DVD was released on April 22, 2009.[29][30][31] The film is a compilation of the events of the first arc of the series (episodes one through fifteen) with around 20 minutes of newly animated scenes. In conjunction with the release of the film, Gainax has released a series of music videos entitled Gurren Lagann Parallel Works, which contains alternative stories of Gurren Lagann set to songs from the original soundtrack.[32] The film had its first official English release at the Viz Pictures cinema in San Francisco, California on September 8, 2009.
A second film, Gurren Lagann The Movie: The Lights in the Sky are Stars (劇場版 天元突破グレンラガン 螺巌篇, Gekijōban Tengen Toppa Guren Lagann Lagann-hen, Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann the Movie: The Spiral Stone Chapter) was released in Japanese theaters on April 25, 2009.[9] It focuses on the second half of the series, contributing more new animation than the first film. The Japanese DVD for The Lights in the Sky are Stars was released on January 27, 2010. For both films, Shoko Nakagawa sang the theme songs: "Tsuzuku Sekai" (続く世界, "The World Goes On") for Childhood's End and "Namida no Tane, Egao no Hana" (涙の種、笑顔の花, "Seed of Tears, Flower of Smiles") for The Lights in the Sky are Stars. Taku Iwasaki returned to compose the films' scores.
Aniplex of America distributed both films on DVD in regular and special editions. Childhood's End was released on July 1, 2010 while The Lights in the Sky are Stars was released on July 30, 2010.[33] Aniplex of America released the films on Blu-ray Disc as part of the Gurren Lagann Blu-ray box set on June 26, 2013.[23] Aniplex of America re-released the films in a separate Blu-ray Disc set on July 15, 2014.[34]
Reception[edit]
Western critical reception[edit]
Gurren Lagann received widespread critical acclaim since its release. Anime News Network gave Gurren Lagann a full 'A' rating, with reviewer Theron Martin describing it as "one of the liveliest series of the decade" and concluding that "Gainax's paean to boisterous, macho mecha action delivers in triumphant fashion."[35] Anime News Network also gave the dubbed version of the first volume an 'A' rating.[36] IGN gave the series a score of 9.7 out of 10, with reviewer Ramsey Isler describing it as "an inspiring story" and concluding that "overall it succeeds at being a great tale of the indomitable spirit of determined people."[37] Anime World Order also gave the series a positive review, noting that it has become one of the most popular mecha anime on the internet, which reviewer Clarissa Graffeo ascribes to its crossover appeal among various audiences who do not usually watch giant robot anime, by combining aspects from a number of different anime genres, including elements of the Super Robot, Real Robot, Shōnen, Shōjo, Seinen and Josei genres.[38]
THEM Anime Reviews gave the anime a score of 4 out of 5 stars, with reviewer Tim Jones describing it as "Almost five-star material," and stating that it is "chuck full of action, comedy, drama, adventure, and sci-fi elements, managing to even entertain a person who couldn't care less about mecha in the process."[39] UK Anime Network gave the first third of the series a score of 8/10, with reviewer Ross Liversidge noting that from episode 7 onwards, "the show's newfound edge makes it far more gripping," and concludes that it is a "high quality release" and "a fun, punchy series that stands out from the crowd."[40] On the review website Mania.com, reviewer Chris Beveridge gave the first two-thirds of the series a full 'A' grade. He described the first third as "chaotic, magical and engaging,"[41] and then described the second third as captivating "with non-standard storytelling ideas for an anime series" and concluded that it was "fun, exciting, unpredictable and filled with the usual positive messages but done without any serious preaching."[42] Japanator named Gurren Lagann the fourth best anime of the 2000s, calling it "a flawless execution of storytelling".[43] WatchMojo.com named Gurren Lagann the second best anime of the 2000s[44] and the fifth best anime of all time.[45]
Awards[edit]
The Gurren Lagann anime series received an Excellence Prize at the 2007 Japan Media Arts Festival.[7] Its director Hiroyuki Imaishi received an individual award for "Personal Best" at the 12th Animation Kobe Festival that same year for his work on the series.[6]
In 2008, during the 7th annual Tokyo Anime Awards held at the Tokyo International Anime Fair, Gurren Lagann won the "Best Television Production" award. In addition, the "Best Character Design" award was given to the character designer Atsushi Nishigori for his work on the anime.[5]
Popular culture[edit]
Influences from and references to Gurren Lagann can be found in several areas of recent popular culture, ranging from Japanese anime and video games, to American comics and animation, to politics in Europe. During a political debate over whether the British Union Flag should be updated by incorporating the Welsh Dragon, The Daily Telegraph newspaper held a contest for readers to submit their designs and have other readers vote for the winning design. On December 11, 2007, a Gurren Lagann-based design submitted from Norway won The Daily Telegraph's contest, winning by a wide margin of 55% of the votes.[46][47] Gurren Lagann has had an influence on the Transformers franchise, with the creators of Transformers Animated citing it as an inspiration. The art director and lead character designer Derrick Wyatt stated that, while he "hadn't seen Gurren Lagann until after" they "had finished most of the first season of TFA," he confirmed that the creators have "definitely been inspired" by it ever since, particularly during the second and third seasons of Transformers Animated.[48] In League of Legends, Rumble's "Super Galaxy Rumble" skin, as well as many of the quotes with the skin, is based on the anime.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "#GurrenLagann To Air On Toonami!". Toonami Faithful. July 20, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Bandai Entertainment Gets Gurren Lagann TV Anime". Anime News Network. April 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gurren Lagann Listed on America's Sci-Fi Channel on July 28". Anime News Network. May 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ "'Gurren Lagann' on Sci Fi Channel". ICv2: Inside Pop Culture. May 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eva 1.0 Wins Tokyo Anime Fair's Animation of the Year". Anime News Network. February 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gurren Lagann's official blog" (in Japanese). Gainax. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Coo, Gurren-Lagann, 'Kafka' Win Media Arts Awards". Anime News Networks. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Gainax Announces New Anime". Anime News Network. July 11, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Two Gurren Lagann Movies Confirmed". Anime News Network. May 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann the Movie - Childhood's End - - The Lights in the Sky are Stars - ON DVD!". Gurren Lagann Movie Committee. Retrieved May 22, 2012. Gozu: "A giant Gunmen"; Enki: "Viral's Gunmen"
Jump up ^ "ガンメン" [Gunmen]. Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gainax Announces New Anime". Anime News Network. July 11, 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d グレンラガン：ヒロインの悲劇は「ハッピーエンドのつもり」　今石洋之監督語る (in Japanese). November 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yeh, Jason (August 26, 2008). "Interview with Gainax / Gurren Lagann Staff". Mania Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Loo, Egan (July 28, 2008). "Interview: Gainax on Gurren Lagann". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The secrets of Gurren Lagann answered!". Japanator. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Kazuki Nakajima". Retrieved July 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ishikawa, Ken (December 23, 2008). 天元突破グレンラガン [Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann] (in Japanese). Hamazo. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jason Green (September 7, 2008). "Dig For Fire: The Roots of Gurren Lagann". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Co-Founder Takami Akai Steps Down From Gainax's Board". Anime News Network. April 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Play.com (UK): Gurren Lagann: Part 1". Play.com. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann — Standard Edition Blu-Ray". All the Anime. September 24, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aniplex USA Adds Valvrave the Liberator, Gurren Lagann TV Series". Anime News Network. March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bandai Entertainment Picks Up Gurren Lagann Manga". Anime News Network. September 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Konami Hits the Brakes on Gurren Lagann MMO". Archived from the original on 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann game online service suspension notification" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann Launches 'Coming Soon' Website". Anime News Network. December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pierce the Heavens with Your Pachinko Machine? "Gurren Lagann" Pachinko Confirmed". Crunchyroll. January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann film official website" (in Japanese). Gainax. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann Movie to Open in Japan in Fall 2008". Anime News Network. March 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
Jump up ^ "TAF 2008 Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann Movie Latest News and Name: Gurren Chapter" (in Japanese). MediaWorks. March 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann Parallel Works" (in Japanese). Gainax. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Aniplex America Sells Gurren Lagann Movie DVDs In July". Anime News Network. 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Aniplex USA Offers 1st, 2nd Madoka Magica Films Dubbed, AnoHana Film Blu-ray/DVD". Anime News Network. May 24, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, Theron (November 9, 2008). "Review: Gurren Lagann". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ Michelle Yu (October 7, 2009). "Review: Gurren Lagann V1". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
Jump up ^ Ramsey Isler (November 11, 2008). "Gurren Lagann: Review". IGN. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Anime World Order Show #65 – Gurren-Lagann, Sojitz, and a .50 Cal Rampage". Anime World Order. 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann". Them Anime Reviews. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann Vol. 1". UK Anime Network. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ Chris Beveridge (August 11, 2008). "Gurren Lagann Vol. #1". Mania.com. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ Chris Beveridge (August 26, 2008). "Gurren Lagann Vol. #2". Mania.com. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ Brad Rice (January 1, 2010). "Japanator's Top 50 Anime of the Decade: #10 to #1". Destructoid. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Brianna. "Top 10 Best Anime Series of the 2000s". WatchMojo.com. WatchMojo. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Brianna; Bowman, Ashley. "Top 10 Best Anime Series of All Time". WatchMojo.com. WatchMojo. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Matthew (December 11, 2007). "The new face of Britain? Flag poll results". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Gurren Lagann Design Wins Informal British Flag Poll". Anime News Network. December 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Preview of upcoming Transformers Animated characters". Transformers Animated. April 30, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Further reading[edit]
Beveridge, Chris (June 23, 2010). "Gurren Lagann the Movie -Childhood's End- (also w/LE)". Mania. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015.
Martin, Theron (June 25, 2010). "Gurren Lagann: The Movie ~Childhood's End~ DVD". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
Finnegan, Erin (July 5, 2010). "Shelf Life: Inner Childhood". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
Santos, Carlo (July 26, 2010). "Gurren Lagann the Movie: The Lights in the Sky Are Stars". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gurren Lagann.
Official website (in Japanese)
Gainax's Gurren Lagann website (in Japanese)
Gurren Lagann film official website (in Japanese)
Konami's Gurren Lagann website (in Japanese)
Bandai Entertainment's Gurren Lagann website
Manga Entertainment's Gurren Lagann website
Aniplex of America's Gurren Lagann website
"The Secrets of Gurren Lagann" (Gainax panel)
Gurren Lagann on IMDb
Gurren Lagann (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
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Quality of life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Quality of life (disambiguation).
Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. It observes life satisfaction, including everything from physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance and the environment.[1] QOL has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, politics and employment. It is important not to mix up the concept of QOL with a more recent growing area of health related QOL (HRQOL[2]). An assessment of HRQOL is effectively an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health.
Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of living, which is based primarily on income.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Quantitative measurement
2.1 Human Development Index
2.2 World Happiness Report
2.3 Other measures
2.4 Livability
2.4.1 Crimes
2.4.2 Popsicle Index
3 In healthcare
4 In international development
5 See also
5.1 Indices
5.2 Journals
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and employment but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging.[3][4]According to the World Health Organization (WHO), quality of life is defined as “the individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals.” In comparison to WHO’s definitions, the Wang-Baker Faces scale defines quality of life as “life quality (in this case, physical pain) at a precise moment in time.”[5]
According to ecological economist Robert Costanza:
While Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal, adequate definition and measurement have been elusive. Diverse "objective" and "subjective" indicators across a range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred renewed interest.[6]
One approach, called engaged theory, outlined in the journal of Applied Research in the Quality of Life, posits four domains in assessing quality of life: ecology, economics, politics and culture.[7] In the domain of culture, for example, it includes the following subdomains of quality of life:
Identity and engagement
Creativity and recreation
Memory and projection
Belief and ideas
Gender and generations
Enquiry and learning
Wellbeing and health
Also frequently related are concepts such as freedom, human rights, and happiness. However, since happiness is subjective and difficult to measure, other measures are generally given priority. It has also been shown that happiness, as much as it can be measured, does not necessarily increase correspondingly with the comfort that results from increasing income. As a result, standard of living should not be taken to be a measure of happiness.[3][8] Also sometimes considered related is the concept of human security, though the latter may be considered at a more basic level and for all people.
Quantitative measurement[edit]
Unlike per capita GDP or standard of living, both of which can be measured in financial terms, it is harder to make objective or long-term measurements of the quality of life experienced by nations or other groups of people. Researchers have begun in recent times to distinguish two aspects of personal well-being: Emotional well-being, in which respondents are asked about the quality of their everyday emotional experiences—the frequency and intensity of their experiences of, for example, joy, stress, sadness, anger, and affection— and life evaluation, in which respondents are asked to think about their life in general and evaluate it against a scale.[9] Such and other systems and scales of measurement have been in use for some time. Research has attempted to examine the relationship between quality of life and productivity.[10] There are many different methods of measuring quality of life in terms of health care, wealth and materialistic goods. However, it is much more difficult to measure meaningful expression of one's desires. One way to do so is to evaluate the scope of how individuals have fulfilled their own ideals. Quality of life can simply mean happiness, the subjective state of mind. By using that mentality, citizens of a developing country appreciate more since they are content with the basic necessities of health care, education and child protection.[11]
Human Development Index[edit]
Main article: Human Development Index
Perhaps the most commonly used international measure of development is the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines measures of life expectancy, education, and standard of living, in an attempt to quantify the options available to individuals within a given society. The HDI is used by the United Nations Development Programme in their Human Development Report.
World Happiness Report[edit]
Main article: World Happiness Report
The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey on the state of global happiness. It ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, reflecting growing global interest in using happiness and substantial well-being as an indicator of the quality of human development. Its growing purpose has allowed governments, communities and organizations to use appropriate data to record happiness in order to enable policies to provide better lives. The reports review the state of happiness in the world today and show how the science of happiness explains personal and national variations in happiness.[12] Also developed by the United Nations and published recently along with the HDI, this report combines both objective and subjective measures to rank countries by happiness, which is deemed as the ultimate outcome of a high quality of life. It uses surveys from Gallup, real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, freedom from corruption, and generosity to derive the final score. Happiness is already recognised as an important concept in global public policy. The World Happiness Report indicates that some regions have in recent years have been experiencing progressive inequality of happiness. Without life, there is no happiness to be realised.[13]
Other measures[edit]
The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is a measure developed by sociologist Morris David Morris in the 1970s, based on basic literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy. Although not as complex as other measures, and now essentially replaced by the Human Development Index, the PQLI is notable for Morris's attempt to show a "less fatalistic pessimistic picture" by focusing on three areas where global quality of life was generally improving at the time, and ignoring gross national product and other possible indicators that were not improving.[14]
The Happy Planet Index, introduced in 2006, is unique among quality of life measures in that, in addition to standard determinants of well-being, it uses each country's ecological footprint as an indicator. As a result, European and North American nations do not dominate this measure. The 2012 list is instead topped by Costa Rica, Vietnam and Colombia.[15]
Gallup researchers trying to find the world's happiest countries found Denmark to be at the top of the list.[16] uSwitch publishes an annual quality of life index for European countries. France has topped the list for the last three years.[17]
A 2010 study by two Princeton University professors looked at 1,000 randomly selected U.S. residents over an extended period. It concludes that their life evaluations – that is, their considered evaluations of their life against a stated scale of one to ten – rise steadily with income. On the other hand, their reported quality of emotional daily experiences (their reported experiences of joy, affection, stress, sadness, or anger) levels off after a certain income level (approximately $75,000 per year); income above $75,000 does not lead to more experiences of happiness nor to further relief of unhappiness or stress. Below this income level, respondents reported decreasing happiness and increasing sadness and stress, implying the pain of life’s misfortunes, including disease, divorce, and being alone, is exacerbated by poverty.[18]
Gross national happiness and other subjective measures of happiness are being used by the governments of Bhutan and the United Kingdom.[19] The World Happiness report, issued by Columbia University[20] is a meta-analysis of happiness globally and provides an overview of countries and grassroots activists using GNH. The OECD issued a guide for the use of subjective well-being metrics in 2013.[21] In the U.S., cities and communities are using a GNH metric at a grassroots level.[22]
The Social Progress Index measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-two indicators in the areas of basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing, and opportunity show the relative performance of nations. The index uses outcome measures when there is sufficient data available or the closest possible proxies.
Day-Reconstruction Method was another way of measuring happiness, in which researchers asked their subjects to recall various things they did on the previous day and describe their mood during each activity. Being simple and approachable, this method required memory and the experiments have confirmed that the answers that people give are similar to those who repeatedly recalled each subject. The method eventually declined as it called for more effort and thoughtful responses, which often included interpretations and outcomes that do not occur to people who are asked to record every action in their daily lives.[23]
Livability[edit]
The term quality of life is also used by politicians and economists to measure the livability of a given city or nation. Two widely known measures of livability are the Economist Intelligence Unit's Where-to-be-born Index and Mercer's Quality of Living Reports. These two measures calculate the livability of countries and cities around the world, respectively, through a combination of subjective life-satisfaction surveys and objective determinants of quality of life such as divorce rates, safety, and infrastructure. Such measures relate more broadly to the population of a city, state, or country, not to individual quality of life. Livability has a long history and tradition in urban design, and neighborhoods design standards such as LEED-ND are often used in an attempt to influence livability.[24]
Crimes[edit]
Some crimes against property (e.g., graffiti and vandalism) and some "victimless crimes" have been referred to as "quality-of-life crimes." American sociologist James Q. Wilson encapsulated this argument as the Broken Window Theory, which asserts that relatively minor problems left unattended (such as litter, graffiti, or public urination by homeless individuals) send a subliminal message that disorder in general is being tolerated, and as a result, more serious crimes will end up being committed (the analogy being that a broken window left broken shows an image of general dilapidation).
Wilson's theories have been used to justify the implementation of zero tolerance policies by many prominent American mayors, most notably Oscar Goodman in Las Vegas, Richard Riordan in Los Angeles, Rudolph Giuliani in New York City and Gavin Newsom in San Francisco. Such policies refuse to tolerate even minor crimes; proponents argue that this will improve the quality of life of local residents. However, critics of zero tolerance policies believe that such policies neglect investigation on a case-by-case basis and may lead to unreasonably harsh penalties for crimes.
Popsicle Index[edit]
The Popsicle Index is a quality of life measurement coined by Catherine Austin Fitts as the percentage of people - in a community who believe that a child in their community can safely leave their home, walk to the nearest possible location to buy a popsicle, and walk back home.[25][26][27]
In healthcare[edit]
Main article: Quality of life (healthcare)
Within the field of healthcare, quality of life is often regarded in terms of how a certain ailment affects a patient on an individual level. This may be a debilitating weakness that is not life-threatening; life-threatening illness that is not terminal; terminal illness; the predictable, natural decline in the health of an elder; an unforeseen mental/physical decline of a loved one; or chronic, end-stage disease processes. Researchers at the University of Toronto's Quality of Life Research Unit define quality of life as "The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life" (UofT). Their Quality of Life Model is based on the categories "being", "belonging", and "becoming"; respectively who one is, how one is not connected to one's environment, and whether one achieves one's personal goals, hopes, and aspirations.[28][29] Experience sampling studies show substantial between-person variability in within-person associations between somatic symptoms and quality of life.[30]Hecht and Shiel measure quality of life as “the patient’s ability to enjoy normal life activities” since life quality is strongly related to wellbeing without suffering from sickness and treatment.[31]
In international development[edit]
Quality of life is an important concept in the field of international development, since it allows development to be analyzed on a measure broader than standard of living. Within development theory, however, there are varying ideas concerning what constitutes desirable change for a particular society, and the different ways that quality of life is defined by institutions therefore shapes how these organizations work for its improvement as a whole.
Organisations such as the World Bank, for example, declare a goal of "working for a world free of poverty",[32] with poverty defined as a lack of basic human needs, such as food, water, shelter, freedom, access to education, healthcare, or employment.[33] In other words, poverty is defined as a low quality of life. Using this definition, the World Bank works towards improving quality of life through the stated goal of lowering poverty and helping people afford a better quality of life.
Other organizations, however, may also work towards improved global quality of life using a slightly different definition and substantially different methods. Many NGOs do not focus at all on reducing poverty on a national or international scale, but rather attempt to improve quality of life for individuals or communities. One example would be sponsorship programs that provide material aid for specific individuals. Although many organizations of this type may still talk about fighting poverty, the methods are significantly different.
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Improving quality of life involves action not only by NGOs, but also by governments. Global health has the potential to achieve greater political presence if governments were to incorporate aspects of human security into foreign policy. Stressing individuals’ basic rights to health, food, shelter, and freedom addresses prominent inter-sectoral problems negatively impacting today’s society and may lead to greater action and resources. Integration of global health concerns into foreign policy may be hampered by approaches that are shaped by the overarching roles of defense and diplomacy.[34]
See also[edit]
Circles of Sustainability
Happiness
Eudaimonia
Flourishing
Subjective well-being
Simple living
Human security
Well-being
Canadian Index of Wellbeing
Positive psychology
Indices[edit]
Biomedical sciences
Bhutan GNH Index
Broad measures of economic progress
Disability-adjusted life year
Economics
Green national product
Gender-related Development Index
Genuine Progress Indicator
Gross National Happiness
Gross National Well-being
Happiness economics
Happy Planet Index
Human Development Index
Progress (history)
Progressive utilization theory
Legatum Prosperity Index
Leisure satisfaction
Law of Social Cycle
Money-rich, time-poor
OECD Better Life Index
Post-materialism
Psychometrics
Right to health
Subjective life satisfaction
Where-to-be-born Index
Wikiprogress
World Happiness Report
World Values Survey
Journals[edit]
Social Indicators Research
Journal of Business Ethics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barcaccia, Barbara (4 September 2013). "Quality Of Life: Everyone Wants It, But What Is It?". Forbes/ Education. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Bottomley, Andrew (2002). "The Cancer Patient and Quality of Life". The Oncologist. 7 (2): 120–125. ISSN 1083-7159. PMID 11961195. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.7-2-120. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael; et al., eds. (June 2009). "Quality of Life". Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3287-9.
Jump up ^ Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, ed. (1993). The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Description and chapter-preview links.
Jump up ^ McNally, James W. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development (vol.3 ed.). USA: Macmillan Reference. p. 317. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Costanza, R.; et al. (2008). "An Integrative Approach to Quality of Life Measurement, Research, and Policy". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 1 (1).
Jump up ^ Magee, Liam; James, Paul; Scerri, Andy (2012). "Measuring Social Sustainability: A Community-Centred Approach". Applied Research in the Quality of Life. 7 (3): 239–61. doi:10.1007/s11482-012-9166-x.
Jump up ^ Layard, Richard (6 April 2006). Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101690-0.
Jump up ^ Kahneman, D.; Deaton, A. (2010). "High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (38): 16489–16493. PMC 2944762  . PMID 20823223. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011492107.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, The Increasing Importance of Quality of Life, October 2008 Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Singer, Peter (2011). "THE BIG QUESTION: Quality of Life: WHAT DOES IT MEAN? HOW SHOULD WE MEASURE IT?". World Policy Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Happiness Report". Overview. Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2016). World Happiness Report 2016, Update (Vol. I). New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network. 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Health and Happiness". The Lancet. 387: 1251. 26 March 2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30062-9. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Morris, Morris David (January 1980). "The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)". Development Digest. 1: 95–109.
Jump up ^ "The Happy Planet Index 2.0". New Economics Foundation. 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Levy, Francesca (14 July 2010). "Table: The World's Happiest Countries". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
Jump up ^ King, Mark (29 September 2011). "Table: UK has 'worst quality of life in Europe'". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Higher income improves life rating but not emotional well-being". PhysOrg.com. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Measures of National Well-Being".
Jump up ^ John Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs (eds.). "World Happiness Report" (PDF). Columbia University. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2013. ISBN 978-92-64-19165-5. doi:10.1787/9789264191655-en.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Derek, Boc (February 2010). The Politics of Happiness : What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being. United States: Princeton University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9781400832194.
Jump up ^ Boeing; et al. (2014). "LEED-ND and Livability Revisited". Berkeley Planning Journal. 27: 31–55. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Fitts, Catherine Austin. "Understanding the Popsicle Index". SolariF. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "To lick crime, pass the Popsicle test". The Virginian-Pilot. 9 July 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Darling, John (January 2006). "Money in a Popsicle-Friendly World". Sentient Times. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Quality of Life: How Good is Life for You?". University of Toronto Quality of Life Research Unit. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
Jump up ^ About QLC : Quality of Life Care
Jump up ^ van der Krieke; et al. (2016). "Temporal Dynamics of Health and Well-Being: A Crowdsourcing Approach to Momentary Assessments and Automated Generation of Personalized Feedback (2016)". Psychosomatic Medicine: 1. PMID 27551988. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000378. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ McNally, James W. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development (vol.3 ed.). USA: Macmillan Reference. p. 317. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The World Bank" (PDF). The World Bank. 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Poverty - Overview". The World Bank. 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Spiegel and Huish. Canadian Foreign Aid for Global Health: Human Security Opportunity Lost.
Further reading[edit]
Eric Ezechieli, "Beyond Sustainable Development: Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan"
External links[edit]
Learning materials related to What Matters at Wikiversity
Ethical Markets Quality of Life Indicators
The First European Quality of Life Survey 2003
Quality of Life in a Changing Europe, A research project on the quality of lives and work of European citizens
Ensuring quality of life in Europe's cities and towns, European Environment Agency
AQoL Instruments, Quality of Life Assessment Instruments - Centre for Health Economics, Monash University Australia
The Quality-of-Life-Recorder (Shareware/Freeware) - An electronic questionnaire platform for MS Windows and Java with preconfigured adoptions of numerous important Quality-of-Life instruments (including SF-36, EORTC QLQ-C30) in multiple languages
Applied Research in Quality of Life, the official journal of the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies
Child Indicators Research, the official journal of the International Society for Child Indicators
Quality of Life Research, an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care, and rehabilitation - official journal of the International Society of Quality of Life Research
After 2015: '3D Human Wellbeing', policy briefing on the value of refocusing development on 3D human wellbeing for pro-poor policy change, from the Institute of Development Studies, UK.
Mercer Quality of Living survey
Basic Guide to the World: Quality of Life Throughout the World
Family database, OECD
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quality_of_life&oldid=799861066"
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